The History of Antennas in Sweden

Transcription

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7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions
The Early Days of Radio in Sweden,
Ernst F.W. Alexanderson and
Grimeton Radio Station SAQ,
UNESCO World Heritage
Joakim Johansson
RUAG Space
Gothenburg, Sweden
[email protected]
Abstract!T he G rimeton radio station is a still operational
pre-electronic era V L F transmitter system. C reated a U N ESC O
World H eritage in 2004, it also serves as a testimonial to the
impressive productivity of the Swedish-A merican inventor
E . F . W. A lexanderson.
Index Terms!radio history, V L F
I.
THE EARLY DAYS OF RADIO IN SWEDEN
Sweden was at the beginning of the 20th century transforming into an industrialized nation. Rich in natural resources such
as iron ore and hydro-electric power, and having a working
force of relatively high literacy, Swedish companies such as
LM Ericsson, ASEA, SKF, Alfa Laval, etc. grew into multinational giants. However, within the area of wireless
communications, the Swedish success story would still have to
wait until the last decades of the century. At the time, the great
powers of wireless were Great Britain and Germany.
Figure 1. Interior from the Karlskrona spark transmitter 1914
(call sign SAA).
II.
E.F.W. ALEXANDERSON
Early on, the main stakeholder in wireless communications
was the Royal Swedish Navy (cf. e.g. [1]). The utility of wireless was obvious, and work began to equip the navy with the
needed equipment. Negotiations with Marconi were unsuccessful, and thus the main supplier would be Telefunken in Germany.
Every nation has its answer to the question of &who in8$5"$4% 9(4-0/. Scientist such as Braun, entrepreneurs such as
Marconi, and mavericks such as Tesla all made important
contributions. However, such complex technical systems would
not work without practical solutions to numerous detail problems, and thus the inventorship is by nature collective.
Major spark transmitters were commissioned in Karlsborg
!"#$% &'()*+,% )(,-"(./% 01% 23$4$567% ("% "#$% 5(8(.% ,09"% 01%
Karlskrona, and in the merchant port city of Gothenburg.
One of the less known pioneers of wireless technology is
the Swedish-American engineer Ernst F.W. Alexanderson (cf.
e.g. [2] for an authoritative biography). Alexanderson was born
in Uppsala in 1878. After studies at the Royal Institute of
Technology in Stockholm and year in Berlin, he emigrated to
the U.S.A. in 1901. After some shorter employments he ended
up at General Electric.
Sweden had by tradition good contacts with Germany, and
it was common for Swedish engineering students to study in
Germany. In the electrical engineering field, the Königliche
Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg, Berlin was generally considered as the most prestigious university. Hence, the
few Swedes that made an impression in the wireless field at
that time, notably Ragnar Rendahl and Ernst Alexanderson,
had that alma mater in common.
978-88-907018-1-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE
Alexanderson finally managed to get a position at the
prestigious testing department of GE in 1903. The testing
department was a must if aiming at higher positions in the
company:% ;$-5<% &"#$% '$="% <9(4+("$% )0+9=$% -5% $.$)"9-)(.%
engineer-5<% -5% "#$% 309.4/7% -"% 3(=% )05sidered essential for
&Americanizing/ European engineers.
3036
With help from his mentor C.P. Steinmetz, and with the
management attention his invention of the self-exciting dynamo got, his career took off, and he finally became Chief
Engineer at GE and RCA.
Alexanderson was a prolific inventor, and was awarded at
least 345 US patents. A General Electric advertisement cam"#$%&'()#*+,$&%'-.)/#&0),12&'3#0'*3)'*$*.)'4-&'5&6)&*$2&'76),8'
9)6)&':));1<='>$1'.#1*'"#*)&*'?#1'awarded 1973, at the age of
95!
He contributed to a wide variety of fields, such as control
engineering (the amplidyne), color television, radio facsimile,
power electronics, power engineering, navigation, etc.
Even though Alexanderson is less known today, it is evident that he was recognized as a major player in electrical engineering in the first decades of the century. In 1919 he became
the second recipient of the IEEE Medal of Honor (Marconi
being the third in 1920).
Alexanderson made inventions of main importance to the
early trans-oceanic communication systems [3]. The simplicity
of spark transmitters made them popular for naval applications,
even though they created damped waves that covered a wide
spectrum. However, for reliable long-range high-speed
communications, high power continuous wave transmitters
were essential. In 1905, Alexanderson filed a patent application
for a high-frequency alternator that filled that need. In the
following years, he made important inventions for key components of a complete wireless communications system:
Transmitter (High-Frequency Alternator);
U.S. Patent No. 1008577
!
Modulator (Magnetic Amplifier);
!
Multiple Tuned Antenna;
!
Receiver (Selective Tuning System):
THE GRIMETON RADIO STATION
A. Rationale and Location
One of the first acts of war of The Great War in August
1914 was when a British cable ship severed the German telegraph cables in the North Sea [4]. Later raids essentially left
Germany isolated in terms of wire telecommunications. The
German Empire had to rely on detours via neutral nations (e.g.
*3)'49?)0$13'@2+&0#A2+*<B'#&0'*3)'?$,).)11'C#"#A$.$*$)1 of its
Grossfunkstation Nauen.
The potential future consequences of the alleged Swedish
complicity in the relaying 2('*3)'4Zimmermann T).)%,#D<'E*3)'
failed attempt to instigate a Mexican declaration of war against
the then neutral U.S.A. [5, 6]) is likely to have motivated the
Swedish authorities to acquire a reliable wireless back-up system for transatlantic communications.
Figure 2. Ernst F.W. Alexanderson (1878 ! 1975).
!
III.
A reliable transatlantic wireless communication system
would be based in the VLF (3 ! 30 kHz) band. The theory of
the propagation of RF surface waves over an imperfect conductor had been pioneered by Sommerfeld and Zenneck before
WW1, and it was understood that the lower the frequency, the
lower the signal attenuation. High conductivity soil or, even
better, high-salinity water would improve the propagation. The
ability to generate high power was also easier at lower frequencies, but lower antenna efficiency and a limited available bandwidth would be limiting factors.
A quick glance at a map shows that a location in the Varberg area on the west coast of Sweden would yield a great circle path towards the U.S. east coast that would pass almost
entirely over sea water, clearing both the north tip of Jutland
and the southern tip of Norway. Other boundary conditions
were the vicinity to a reliable AC power grid and being not too
far from the Swedish governmental telegraph facilities in
Gothenburg. All these factors converged to a dual facility solution with a receiving station in Kungsbacka and a transmitting
station in Grimeton outside Varberg (see the map below).
The Grimeton radio station was ready for operation in
December 1924, and the official inauguration was held on 2
July 1925 in the presence of King Gustaf V.
Through these (and other) inventions, RCA became
independent of the Marconi and de Forest patents.
Alexanderson recognized system aspects early, and is
quoted as stating that !4The problem of radio engineering is to
establish the relation between kilowatts input and words output<, which is a nice condensed version of information theory.
3037
C. The Transmitting Station Design
The schematic of the Grimeton transmitting station is
shown below. The design is the standardized General Electric
one, and the main parts are described below [8].
"
Figure 5. The schematic of the General Electric alternator based design.
Figure 3. The location of the receiving and transmitting stations on the west
coast of Sweden.
B. The Receiving Station Design
The receiving station used quite an interesting approach.
!"#$ %#&#'()#$ *+(&#,$ (-.#--($ /7] achieves a very good
directivity in the direction along the wire away from the feed
point, and the longer the wire, the better. However, the station
in Kungsbacka is close to the sea, and thus it would not be
possible to have a long antenna in the desired direction. The
problem was solved by running the antenna in the opposite
direction. Two wires were mounted on 9 m tall telephone poles
along a 13 km stretch inland. By mounting a balun device at
the far end, one could now use the two-wire common mode as
a Beverage antenna with its feed at the far end, and then use the
differential mode as a transmission line back to the receiving
station.
Nothing is left of the receiving antenna system, but the station building in Kungsbacka remains, now as an apartment
building.
1) The Alternator
The alternator is in principle comprised by three parts: a
motor, a gearbox, and the high frequency generator, comprising a 50 ton unit, see the figure below. The motor is a 370 kW
2.2 kV 50 Hz asynchronous motor which has quite a unique
wiring, with a 2-phase stator and a 3-phase rotor connected by
slip-rings to external liquid resistors. The proximity to a stable
power grid that was provided by the early hydro-electric power
generating capabilities in Halland County was essential to the
Grimeton radio station.
The gearbox provides a final rotation speed at 2115 rpm,
and the peripheral speed of the 1.6 m diameter rotor disk is
638 km/h (177 m/s). The mechanical issues encountered when
having a 1.5 ton disk spinning at such speeds, while providing
a 1 mm air gap to maximize the RF coupling, are by themselves quite difficult problems. Alexanderson solved several of
these problems and patented e.g. a self-adjusting bearing system.
The steel rotor of the alternator has 488 teeth that are filled
with non-magnetic brass to improve the aerodynamics. The
nominal frequency of the Grimeton alternator is thus
488*2115/60 = 17.2 kHz. The GE alternator gearbox was
manufactured in three versions, and the number of poles in the
drive motor could be selected to cover a frequency range of
12.5 0 28.5 kHz.
Figure 4. The principle of the two-wire Beverage antenna [7].
The stator has 64 armature windings, each providing 30 A
at 100 V, that are combined in the transformers in the RF
switchyard.
3038
The antenna top-wire system is only a transmission line,
and the antenna function is provided by the cage lines (see the
figure below) that are connected to variable inductors at each
of the six towers. The 2.7 m diameter inductors have about 75
turns of Litz wire that yield 10 mH to resonate the 50 nF antenna top capacitance. An essential, but only partly visible, part
of the system is the grounding network.
Figure 6. The Alexanderson alternator at Grimeton
(World Heritage Grimeton).
The RF switchyard comprises two transformers with 32 primary winding and one secondary winding each, lightning
arresters, switch-gear, and a variometer (variable inductor) for
tuning. An additional winding is used for modulating through a
magnetic amplifier comprising two transductors and six capacitor banks. The transductors have an RF winding for which the
inductance can be changed by a DC current. By keying the DC
current, it is thus possible to modulate the RF inductance, and
thereby the resonance conditions and the RF coupling. The RF
carrier leakage in the key-up case is about 20 dB below the
key-down case.
The transmitter has quite ingenious systems to maintain the
carrier frequency versus variations in power grid voltage and
frequency. Also, the keying results in a variable load for the
alternator. The inertia of the rotor will dampen some of this
variation, but slower variations in duty cycle of the keying have
to be compensated. The above-mentioned liquid resistors
(filled with NaOH) are used for regulation of the drive motor
asynchronous slip, and thereby the frequency.
The transmitter also includes a lot of auxiliary systems for
control, measurement, and protection, as well a water cooling
system with an outdoor cooling water pond with fountains.
Figure 7. One antenna tower with the cage type vertical radiator and tuning
coil visible (Wikimedia Commons).
The antenna height will determine the radiation resistance
of a top-loaded monopole. With a height of around 0.75 % of
the wavelength, the result is 50 m!"for the Grimeton antenna!
Despite the advanced grounding system, the ground resistance
is about 2.5 !, and the antenna efficiency would thus be
around 2 %. However, the genius of Alexanderson stepped in
again. By having several radiators he could get a multiple tuned
antenna, and in theory the efficiency should be improved
significantly. In the Grimeton case, the efficiency is above
10 %, a figure that is considered good for this type of system.
2) The Antenna
The antenna system is supported by six free-standing towers that are 127 m tall and have top cross-members that are
46 m wide. At the time of construction, these were the tallest
(non-guyed) structures in Sweden. Each of the four inner towers weighs in at 130 tons, and the outer ones are even heavier at
160 tons. The towers are spaced by 380 m, and the total antenna length is thus around 2 km. Even at this size it is an
electrically small antenna compared to the 17 km wavelength.
The antenna signal exits the building through a balanced
two-wire cage type transmission line. A transition to the antenna top-wire system and the ground network is provided
through a balun transformer, providing an RF voltage of 60 kV.
At this point, a 50 Hz de-icing current is also injected into the
antenna wires, when needed.
3039
Figure 8. The multiple tuned antenna principle (U.S. Patent No. 1360168).
During WW2 it was realized that communications to
submarines could be accomplished by using VLF transmitters.
The range and depth penetration will be dependent on the frequency and the water salinity. Therefore Grimeton was used
for early communication experiments with submerged submarines [9]. A quite unique advantage to Sweden is the brackish
low salinity conditions in the Baltic, thereby allowing the LF
radio station at Ruda (call sign SHR) to cover the eastern waters. However, on the west coast of Sweden, Grimeton was still
needed due to the much higher salinity. Therefore the antenna
system at Grimeton could survive into our days as a matter of
national security.
Figure 9. The Grimeton station building and the six antenna towers
(Wikimedia Commons).
D. The S ignificance of Grimeton
The Grimeton station was part of a global RCA network
!"#!$%&'()$*+$%#((+)$!"+$,-.+(+//$0-1!+.1+!2$&3$!"+$!,+1!-+/4$5"+$
Morse code keying speed was typically 50 words per minute
(wpm), but the transmitter could in principle modulate up to
150 wpm. In modern terms this would correspond to 42 baud
and 125 baud, respectively. One should now consider that the
contemporary submarine telegraph cables had even less capacity, typically 25 wpm.
The total information transmitted from Grimeton in 1936
was 1.8 million words, corresponding to around 10 megabytes!
The de-regulation of the Swedish telephone state monopoly
in the late decades of the 20th century could have been the
death knell to a facility such as Grimeton. The state monopoly
was privatized into Telia (now Telia Sonera), and Grimeton fell
under the auspices of Telia Mobile. With wise people still in
high positions in the company, the towers were meticulously
renovated before the station was declared obsolete. At the same
time, the Swedish National Heritage Board found the architectural qualities of the station building important, and declared it
a protected building heritage. With all the planets in the right
positions, the radio station was now transferred to a non-profit
foundation.
F . A UNE S C O World Heritage
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) maintain a list of World Heritage
Sites. Monuments such as the Great Wall of China, the pyramids at Giza, etc. are obvious list members.
Since Grimeton Radio Station is unique as a pre-electronic
radio system, still in working order, work began to nominate it
to the UNESCO list. This work was crowned with success at
the UNESCO summit in Suzhou, China, and the station was
added to the list on 2 July 2004. The Swedish government is
now committed to preserve the radio station to future
generations as a living monument of the inventions that
changed the world for ever.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
Figure 10. Node map of the RCA ,-.+(+//$0-1!+.1+!2$&3$!"+$!,+1!-+/4
[3]
E. The Survival of a ! Dinosaur"
In a sense, the technology used in the Grimeton radio station was already obsolescent at the moment of construction.
Vacuum tube electronics and short-wave communications
could in essence provide the same long-range fixed
communications capabilities. However, within its niche it still
was more reliable due to its independence of ionospheric
propagation conditions.
With the laying of the submarine telephone cables in the
mid-fifties, the need for trans-oceanic telegram (text) messaging over a radio via would gradually disappear.
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
3040
A. Ahlström, Karlskrona Radio 1909 ! 2009, Royal Swedish Navy
Historical Collections, Stockholm, 2009, ISBN 91-7942-083-4.
J.E. Brittain, Alexanderson: Pioneer in American E lectrical E ngineering, ISBN 080184228X.
647484$ 9(+:#1)+./&1;$ 05.#1/&%+#1-%$ <#)-&$ =&>>'1-%#!-&12;$ 5.#1/4$
AIEE, Vol. XXXVIII , pp. 1269 ? 1285, July 1919.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telconia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram
B.W. Tuchman, The Zimmerman Telegram, ISBN 0345324250.
H.H. Beverage;$=484$<-%+;$#1)$6484$@+((&AA;$05"+$8#B+$91!+11#$? A
New Type of H-A"(C$ D-.+%!-B+$ 91!+11#2;$ 5.#1/4$ 9E66;$ F&(4$ GHEE;$ II4$
215 ? 266, Jan. 1923.
Alternatorn J1+,/(+!!+.$ 3&.$ !"+$ K9(+:#1)+.$? Friends of the Grimeton
F+!+.#1$<#)-&L$/&%-+!CMN$various issues 2007-2012. www.alexander.n.se.
C.-H. Walde;$0O*P!//#>*#1)$&%"$)+//$*#QA.'1)2$;$Audionen (newsletter for the Radio Historical Society of West Sweden), No. 3, 2005.
Swedish Radio Astronomy
Hans Olofsson
Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology
Swedish radio astronomy and its development are synonymous with the formation
and development of the Onsala Space Observatory at Chalmers University of
Technology. The observatory grew out of the ionospheric research activities of prof.
Olof Rydbeck, and his subsequent interest in radio astronomy that was stimulated
during his years in the US. The increasing problems with radio interference in the
Gothenburg area, eventually led to a donation of land on the Onsala peninsula,
which made it possible to create a radio astronomical observatory in the late
1940:ies. This was a time when funding for research infrastructure was not easily
obtained, and the first significant step came when the observatory bought five
German second-world-war radar antennas (7.5 m Würzburg Riese) from Norway
and brought them to the Onsala site. This made it possible to start mapping cosmic
hydrogen, through the 21 cm line, in our galaxy, the Milky Way, and also to perform
solar observations. The observatory was officially inaugurated in 1955, and Fig. 1
shows the installations in the late 1950:ies.
Fig. 1. The installations at the Onsala site in the late 1950:ies.
Prof. Rydbeck’s interest gradually focused on astromolecules, i.e., molecules
naturally occurring in the interstellar medium, but this required a larger telescope to
be built at Onsala. Through collaborations with the Scandinavian telecommunication
authorities a 25.6 m telescope was erected at Onsala in 1963, Fig. 3.
Simultaneously, the observatory invested in the development of extremely low-noise
978-88-907018-1-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE
3041
amplifiers, based on the maser technique, to be able to detect the weak signals
from cosmic molecules. This was a risky but eventually successful project, and it
had two important consequences. The first detection of cosmic CH, an important
component of astrochemical networks, and the first very long baseline
interferometry (VLBI) observations in which the observatory was involved. The
25.6 m telescope is still in operation for astronomical VLBI observations.
Fig. 2. Left: The Onsala 25.6 m cm-wave telescope. Right: The Onsala radomeenclosed 20 m mm-wave telescope.
An unsuccessful attempt to get funding for a 100 m telescope, lead the observatory
in a new direction, towards shorter wavelengths where an increasing number of new
astromolecules was detected. A radome-enclosed 20 m telescope for mm-wave
observations was inaugurated in 1976, Fig. 2, and it remained the world’s largest
mm-wave telescope for about a decade. A wealth of radio astronomical successes
has been achieved with this telescope, and it laid the ground for the observatory’s
international expansion. It is still in operation for single-dish astronomical
observations and for astronomical and geodetic VLBI observations.
In the early 1980:ies the observatory looked towards even shorter wavelengths,
meaning that a site different than the Onsala one must be chosen. Eventually, this
lead to the deployment of a 15 m mm/sub-mm telescope in the Chilean Andes (the
Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope, SEST, on La Silla), Fig. 3, through a
collaboration between the observatory, now under the leadership of prof. Roy
Booth, and the European Southern Observatory. This was a very successful and
scientifically rewarding collaboration, which ended in 2003 when the telescope was
moth-balled.
3042
Fig. 3. Left: The Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope on La Silla in the Chilean
Andes. Right: The Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) telescope on Llano
Chajnantor in the Chilean Andes.
In the 1980:ies the activities of the observatory had expanded to the extent that
discussions to form a national facility started. They were concluded in 1994 when
Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) became the Swedish National Facility for Radio
Astronomy, with direct funding from the Swedish Research Council and hosted by
Chalmers.
The SEST project was soon to be followed by the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment
(APEX) project. This is a 12 m sub-mm telescope, a first version of the telescope
which will later form part of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
(ALMA), located on a high (5100 m of altitude) site in the northern Chilean Andes
(Llano Chajnantor), Fig. 3. Due to the excellent site, high and dry, and the high
quality of the antenna surface it is even possible to perform THz radio astronomical
observations with this telescope, which is operated by the Max-Planck-Institute for
Radio Astronomy (in Bonn), the European Southern Observatory, and OSO since
2005. The SEST and APEX projects positioned OSO well for a substantial
involvement in the 1.3 B$ project ALMA, the world’s largest mm/sub-mm radio
interferometer array, presently being built on Llano Chajnantor.
At the same time as the sub-mm activities were flourishing within OSO, it became
clear that long-wavelength radio astronomy would be the way to go for studying a
number of astrophysically very important questions, such as the origin of large-scale
structure in the universe, and the amount and nature of dark matter and dark
energy. The Dutch project the Low-frequency Array (LOFAR) was paving the way
for an even more ambitious project, the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) with an
3043
estimated cost of at least 1.5 B!. Consequently, to prepare technologically and
scientifically for the SKA, OSO joined the international LOFAR project and a LOFAR
station was installed at the Onsala site in 2011, Fig. 4. This station is now operated
within the International LOFAR Telescope collaboration as well as in stand-alone
mode. Since 2012, OSO is also a member of the Brittish company that is presently
in charge of the SKA project.
Fig. 4. The LOFAR station at Onsala.
Simultaneously with the radio astronomical activities, OSO has over the years
become increasingly active in the field of geodesy. The central activity here is
geodetic VLBI, where some of the most distant objects in the universe are used to
measure the positions of the radio telescopes at increasing accuracy over the
years. Among other things this gives information on Earth’s crustal motion (i.e.,
plate tectonics) and, in particular, on Earth’s rotation properties. The next phase is
aimed to reach an accuracy of 1 mm in the position of a telescope (per
measurement epoch), and to achieve this OSO will install two fast 12 m radio
telescopes at the Onsala site, and equip them with modern VLBI instrumentation.
The geodetic VLBI activity has over the years been supplemented with a
national/international GPS station, a gravimeter laboratory with a superconducting
gravimeter, tide-level gauges, and seismometers, with the aim to produce multimethod observations of the Earth’s interior, crust, oceans, and atmosphere.
Thus, OSO is today an important research facility with a mission to operate its own
instrumentation and to channel Swedish interests in international radio astronomical
projects, as well as to promote geophysical activities that utilize radio astronomical
methods.
3044
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3053
Radar Antenna R&D in Sweden
Lars Josefsson
Lars Microwave, Askim, Sweden
[email protected]
Abstract!T he development of antenna technology for Swedish
radar systems is presented. T he period covered is more than 60
years, starting at the end of World W ar I I. T he presentation is no
doubt !"#$%&"'&() *+) ,-&) .%,-/012) 3&02/".$) 4!&5) /#) ,-&) 6.7/0)
achievements in this field, with examples taken mostly from
E ricsson projects.
I.
THE START
Already in 1939 radar experiments were under way in
Sweden. During the war Ericsson developed radar equipment
!"#$%&'()*+&,-'.&('/%#'01#*+2%'3)45'!1+/%'6&*#()/#'27$$#22-8'
After the war radar units were bought from France, Great
Britain, Germany and other countries. Later Ericsson got
contracts for license production of search and fire control
radars for the Swedish Army. Ericsson was also involved in
licence production of radar systems for the Swedish Lansen
aircraft (J 32B), based on designs by CSF in France [1,2].
II.
THE J 35 DRAGON FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
The first J 35A version was equipped with a radar from
CSF (Compagnie Generale de Telegraphie sans Fil) in France,
designated PS-02. The first all-Swedish airborne radar PS-03/A
was developed by Ericsson for versions J35 B and D, cf. Fig. 1.
This antenna had a parabolic reflector front fed by a rotating
circular waveguide feed (conical scan). The antenna platform
had 3 axes for steering and stabilizing the antenna beam.
Figure 1. (left) The PS-02 radar, (right) the PS-03/A antenna.
As the military threat changed from targets at high altitudes
to low flying aircraft the radar had difficulties detecting targets
against the strong ground echoes which entered in the antenna
wide angle sidelobes. A new antenna, Fig. 2, was needed in the
more advanced radar PS-01/A for the J 35 F version. With the
Cassegrain antenna the wide angle sidelobes were drastically
reduced compared to the previous antenna in PS-03/A. The
radiation performance is excellent over more than 10 %
bandwidth. The antenna is compact and has a low weight.
Fig. 2. The PS-01/A Cassegrain antenna.
III.
MORE ABOUT TWIST CASSEGRAIN ANTENNAS
The principle for the twist Cassegrain antenna was patented
in 1952 by C. A. Cochrane at Elliott Brothers in Great Britain.
As seen in Fig. 3 the antenna has a polarization sensitive,
relatively large subreflector and a polarization twisting main
reflector. The feed is a small forward radiating horn causing
minimum blocking of the aperture.
The (parabolic) main reflector consists of a wire grid layer
spaced one quarter of a wavelength in front of a solid metal
reflector. The wires in the grid layer are oriented 45 degrees
relative to the vertical direction, while the subreflector wires
are horizontal. Thus, the field reflected from the subreflector
(with horizontal wires) can be decomposed into two
components: one parallel to the main reflector grid and one
perpendicular to the grid. Both components are reflected in the
main reflector but with 180 degrees phase difference. When
combined the total field has been rotated 90 degrees and hence
changed to vertical polarization, passing unobstructed through
the subreflector grid.
This is the basic operation of the twisting mechanism, some
variations exist. In the basic configuration the function is good
over 10-15 % bandwidth. More bandwidth can be obtained
with multiple grids [3].
From the middle of the 1960s, different sized twist
Cassegrain antennas were developed, from 43 cm diameter to
140 cm diameter. They were used in anti-aircraft fire control
systems as well as in airborne radar systems.
978-88-907018-1-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE
Fig. 3. The principle for the
polarization twisting.
3052
Figure. 4. The monopulse feed for a twist Cassegrain antenna covering both
X- and Ka bands.
the field of phased array antennas: ESA = Electronically
Scanned Antennas. The results of this effort included several
doctor degrees at CTH, an experimental X-band ESA with
search and track capability (up to 4 simultaneous targets), lots
of microwave hardware, and of course very valuable
knowledge for both parties [4].
Figure 5. The PS-46/A doppler radar in the JA 37 Viggen aircraft.
A twist Cassegrain antenna was also chosen for the
Swedish fighter JA 37 Viggen, Fig. 5. High mechanical
stability and low sidelobes were critical for this Doppler radar,
PS-46/A. The illumination function of the dual mode
monopulse feed was optimized with excellent results in both
sum and difference channels. As shown in the Fig. there are
also two dipoles feeding the reflector (for the IFF function) and
a small waveguide horn antenna.
A flat plate waveguide slotted array antenna could have
been seen as an alternative to the Cassegrain antenna in PS46/A. However, in terms of bandwidth and radiation pattern
performance the optimized Cassegrain antenna was the better
choice. (There are even thin absorbing sheets inserted in the
conical sections in order to eliminate the feed spillover in the
wide angle region.)
Fig. 6 shows the search and track antennas of the Skyguard
anti-aircraft defence system developed for Contraves. Note the
IFF dipole array integrated with the search antenna. The
tracking antenna is a monopulse 1 m diameter twist Cassegrain
antenna.
Figure 7. ESA project, (left) X-band 4 bit diode phase shifter, (right) dynamic
scanned antenna pattern.
B. Multilayer stripline array antenna
&'()*+,- +.,/0- .,,.0- 1,(2+3)- 4'- )*+- !"#$%5- 6.5- )*+development of a monopulse flat plate array antenna with
independent sum and difference antenna patterns [5]. The
application in mind was a missile seeker antenna. The optimum
sum and difference aperture excitations were realized with a
multilayer stripline design, Fig. 8.
Figure 8. The three-layer monopulse stripline array antenna.
C. C E S AM - An experimental broadband phased array
antenna
This study demonstrated the capability of beam steering ±
60 degrees over 40 % bandwidth (7-11 GHz) with circular
polarization [6]. Compared to conventional broad beam
antennas the design demonstrated a high PG product as
required in electronic warfare applications.
Figure 6. Search and track antennas for the Skyguard system.
IV.
PHASED ARRAY R&D IN THE !"#$%S
A. The E S A project
In 1968 Ericsson and Chalmers (the latter with support
from Ericsson) embarked on a joint four year R&D program in
3053
Figure 9. (left):The CESAM phased array with ferrite phase shifters,
(right): with steering unit and wire grid polarizer mounted.
V.
HARD
In the 1980!"# $# mobile short range 3D air defence search
radar was introduced. It was named HARD for Helicopter and
Airplane Radio Detection, Fig. 10.
Figure 13. (left) Giraffe AMB, (right) flexible search patterns.
Figure 10. (left The rotating radar unit. (right) Waveguide array with
radome removed.
The HARD antenna is phased scanned in elevation. Each
horizontal row of waveguide slots is connected to a solid state
transmit/receive module. In order to minimize the beam squint
over the frequency band the waveguides are fed in the center
with different slot spacings in the two halves [7]. The
waveguide array in Fig. 10 is made in metallized CFRP.
It is obvious that the antenna function in the HARD radar is
not realized by an antenna separate from the rest of the radar,
but is rather integrated into the system, Fig. 11. This is typical
at this time in many advanced radar applications.
As seen in Fig. 12 the Giraffe AMB (Agile Multi Beam)
has two separate beam forming systems. The received signals
for each row in the aperture are digitized and sent to a digital
beamforming unit in the main radar cabinet. The transmitted
signals are phased steered by ferrite phase shifters.
VII. ERIEYE % THE SWEDISH AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING
SYSTEM
Ground based long range radars installed in masts have
limited coverage due to the curvature of the earth. Furthermore,
they are vulnerable and have limited, if any mobility. The
advantage of airborne solutions is apparent and several studies
had been undertaken in this area "&'()#*+)#,-./!"0
The system finally arrived at was an S-band active phased
array antenna mounted on a small turboprop aircraft, Figs. 1416.
Figure 11. The paradigm shift: the antenna is integrated in the overall system.
VI.
GIRAFFE AMB
The Giraffe search radar had in its first versions a rotating
reflector antenna. The more advanced recent units have
multiple beams phased steered in elevation while still rotating
in azimuth.
.
Figure 14. The ERIEYE radar mounted on a Saab 340 turboprop aircraft.
Fig. 15. The ERIEYE phased array during near field testing in an anechoic
chamber.
Figure 12. The Giraffe AMB antenna (!).
3054
100 active transmit/receive elements had been developed [9],
Fig. 18.
Fig. 16. Cross section of the ERIEYE dorsal unit.
The dorsal unit has two 8 meter long slotted waveguide
arrays, one on each side, Fig. 16. There are about 200 solid
state transmit/receive modules. The unit is air-cooled. To
compensate for temperature variations a built-in calibration
system is used. Very low sidelobes in azimuth are achieved by
a Taylor weighting on receive.
Following successful tests of a functional model 6 AEW
systems were ordered by the Swedish FMV in 1993. Today the
system is operational in many countries.
Figure 18. (left) AESA testbed, (right) dual polarized dielectric loaded
radiating elements.
The development of a full-scale operational AESA system
is a major undertaking. For the continued work foreign partners
have been sought in order to share the development costs. A
joint Swedish!Italian program called M-AESA has started,
aiming at technologies with multifunctional capabilities [10].
One recent Ericsson contribution in this field is the Generic
AESA Demonstrator program ! GENA. An S-band hardware
test bed is shown in Fig.19.
VIII. THE ARTHUR PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA
ARTHUR stands for Artillery Hunting Radar. By electronic
steering of the beam both in azimuth and elevation it can detect
projectiles before impact and calculate the launch site with high
accuracy. Phase shifters are used for azimuth steering of the
beam and in elevation the beam is steered by frequency
variation.
In ARTHUR, as well as in HARD and ERIEYE, slotted
ridge waveguides are used in order to achieve a large scan
sector. In ARTHUR the vertical aperture waveguides are more
than 2 m long which means that the longitudinal slot radiators
are displaced very little from the waveguide center line. The
manufacturing tolerances are therefore stringent. The detailed
design was based on high accuracy slot measurements
combined with theoretical slot models [8].
Figure 19. The Gena S!band demonstrator with 96 active elements, out of
total 200. Front and rear views.
With international collaboration Saab is now able to offer
AESA solutions in future JAS Gripen aircraft, Fig. 20. It could
be of some interest to compare this approach with a proposed
AESA from 1981, Fig. 21.
Fig. 17. The ARTHUR phased array antenna.
IX.
AESA ! ACTIVE ELECTRONICALLY SCANNED
ANTENNA
For the next generation multi-role airborne radars studies
"#$#% &'(#')&*&#+% &'% (,#% -../0)1% % 2'% -..3% 4% (#)(5#+% "&(,% 4567(%
3055
Figure 20. AESA radar for Gripen (Saab AB).
microwave relay links became an important area [14]. The
technical spinoff between these activities has contributed
greatly to the proficiency and knowhow of the Ericsson
Antenna Department, and to the results obtained.
From the start KFF, later FMV (The Swedish Defence
Material Administration), took active part also in the technical
development of radar systems, incl. antennas, especially during
the first 10-20 years of the Swedish radar history. Another
important contributor has been FOI (Swedish Defence
Research Agency). Collaboration between Ericsson and other
companies as well as several technical universities should also
be remembered.
REFERENCES
[1]
Figure 21. A 1981 proposal. The numbers indicate:
[2]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Radiating elements
TR modules
Power divider
Composite structure
Signal cable
Turntable (roll)
Optical channel
Power unit
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
X.
THE FUTURE
[7]
Radar antennas that conform to the shape of an aircraft or
other vehicle, conformal antennas, might seem as the ultimate
future solution. However, it will require advances in areas such
as: electromagnetic modelling, system design, building
technology, and signal processing. Research on conformal
antennas in Sweden started some 30 years ago and many
interesting results have been reported [11, 12], Fig. 22.
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
Figure 22. Measurements on a convex array (inside).
XI.
REMARKS.
!"#$%%&'(%) *+#') ,-%#'.%%) /+%) 0"+1#0#&'+223) ,..')
telecommunication. The radar unit in Mölndal, initially
devoted to airborne radar, provided the basis for an expansion
into other applications. As a result we have seen the growth of
ground based and naval radar systems. Antennas and systems
were also developed for weather radar and satellites, and soon
3056
J. Meurling and R Jeans, The Ericsson Chronicle, Informationsförlaget,
Stockholm, 2000, pp. 251-257.
45)6"#,,.7).157)8!+"23)+#",&"'.)"+1+"97):;<:=>?@:)ABBC>DE7)?#%0&"3)&F)
Science and Technology, KTH, Stockholm.
G5)4&%.F%%&'7)8H+%%.I"+#')"+1+")+'0.''+%)J#0/),"&+1,+'1)+'1)*-20#,+'1)
K."F&"*+'$.97) Proc. IEEE Natl. Radar Conf., March 12-13 1986, pp.
115-119.
G5)4&%.F%%&'7)8;+1#+0#&')K."F&"*+'$.)&F)+').LK."#*.'0+2)K/+%.1)+""+397)
Proc. Europ. Microw. Conf. Aug. 23-28 1971, pp. B2/2:1-4.
L. Josefsson, L. Moeschlin, and M5) @&/0.227) 8=) *&'&K-2%.) F2+0) K2+0.)
antenna for missile seeker97)N"&$5)O#25)!2.$0"5)Pefence Expo, Wiesbaden
Sept. 1977.
G5)4&%.F%%&'7)8)Designing a broadband phased array antenna suitable for
-%.)#')!HO)%3%0.*%97))P.F.'%e Electronics, Feb. 1980, pp. 85-88.
!5);5)Q+"2%%&'7)8R+S.I-#1.).2.*.'0)F&")+').2.$0"#$+223)$&'0"&22.1)"+1+")
+'0.''+97)T)S Pat. 4788552 (1988).
A. Derneryd and :5) G&".'0U&'7) 8P.%#I') &F) +) K/+%.>F".V-.'$3) %$+''.1)
array antenna with non-".%&'+'0) %2&00.1) "#1I.) J+S.I-#1.) .2.*.'0%97
Proc. IEEE AP-S Symp. 1991, pp. 1728-1731.
L. Josefsson, L. Erhage, and H5)M+W0'X%7)8=')=!@=)1.S.2&pment model
F&")'.L0)I.'."+0#&')F#I/0.")+#"$"+F0)"+1+"97)N"&$5)<!!!)<'05)@3*K5)N/+%.1)
array systems and technology, Boston 15-18 Oct. 1996. pp. 454-457.
=5) R.'',."I7) [email protected]) %'+$W+) &$/) %0Y") *.1) %+**+) +'0.''97)
Elektroniktidningen, 13 Dec. 2012.
V. Sohtell, Microwave antennas on cylindrical structures, Ph. D. thesis,
Chalmers University of Technology, Sept 1987.
L. Josefsson and P. Persson, Conformal Array Antenna Theory and
Design, IEEE/Wiley 2006.
Z5)P+/2%[Y7)8='0.''+)".%.+"$/)+'1)1.S.2&K*.'0)+0)!"#$%%&'97)<!!E Ant.
Prop. Mag., April 1992, pp. 7-17.
The Story of Allgon: HF, VHF, Cellular and
Microwave Antennas During Allmost 60 Years
Claes Beckman
Bo Karlsson
Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@KTH
KTH Royal Institute of Technology
164 40 Kista, Sweden
E-mail: [email protected]
CellMax Technologies AB
Gullfossgatan 3A
164 40 Kista Sweden
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract— Allgon, “The Antenna Specialist”, was a leading
international design house and manufacturer of antennas for
almost 60 years. The company was started in Stockholm in 1947
under the name of “Antennspecialisten”, by the Swedish engineer
Torbjörn Cramner and his wife Veronica. In 1951 the company
moved to Åkersberga north of Stockholm where its main
facilities where located until the late 90’s. During its life time the
company designed and produced antennas for HF, VHF, Cellular
and Microwave frequency bands, and for military, emergency,
private and cellular radio systems. The company was in 2004
acquired by the US based company Powerwave but still today
many of its original antenna designs are in production and many
thousands of its base station antennas for mobile networks are
still deployed all around the World
Index Terms— Allgon HF, VHF, Cellular, Microwaves Antennas
I.
HISTORIC OVERVIEW
The story of Allgon begins in 1947 when the Swedish
antenna engineer Torbjörn Cramner and his Hungarian born
wife Veronica, founds the company “Antennspecialisten” at
Idungatan in the center of Stockholm [1]. The product portfolio
is focused on antennas for “private radio” (citizen bands) and
FM radio antennas for cars. In 1951 the company moved to
Åkersberga, a small city some 50 km North of Stockholm
where its main facilities where located until the late 90’s.
In the late 1960s, the Cramner couple decided to go
separate ways which led to a split of the company. Torbjörn
continued one part including HF antennas etc. and also
continuing the brand name Allgon. Veronica named her part
Carant (short for “car antenna”) which also reflected the
company’s product portfolio
Carant was very succesfull in its field and in the year 2000,
acquired by Smarteq, a company then focusing on hands free
products. At the same time, Smarteq also acquired the car
antenna and application division of Allgon, which actually led
to that two parts of Allgon that had been separated for some 30
years, finally came together again. Today Smarteq develops a
number of antennas for vehicles, some of them produced in
Hungary by a company named Carant! The final remains after
the Hungarian antenna entrepreneur Veronica Cramner
In 1974 Allgon went bankrupt. The main reason for this
economical failure was the enormous effort put into the
development of HF log –periodic antennas (see Fig. 3) used for
diplomatic communications at a time when there were no
communication satellites available. These antennas, with a
length of over 25m and a weight sometimes exceeding several
tons, were produced in Norberg, in the county of Västmanland,
some 200km from Åkersberga where they were designed. The
development and production of these grandiose HF antennas
was a big economical gamble for the company which
eventually caused its bankruptcy. However, several of these
magnificent antennas are still in use today and can be found
even on the internet [2]
The company was then instead aquired by Hjalmar and
Jonas Kämpe and renamed Allgon Antenna AB (Allgon AB).
The company under its new leadership maintained the car and
CB radio antenna products but during the 1970’s they also
initiated a new product area: antennas for the Swedish defense.
During the “cold war” the Swedish defense industry grew
strong with Bofors, Saab, Philips, Ericsson and many small
national sub-contractors all benefitting from Sweden’s policy
of staying neutral and hence needing to build its defense using
mainly domestic equipment suppliers. Allgon then developed
antenna products for all military branches: Navy, Army (see
Fig. 4) and Air force.
In 1980 the NMT 450MHz analog mobile phone system
was introduced in the Nordic countries. At the beginning
Allgon lacked base station products for this system but did
produce car mounted antennas for the terminals. Soon a system
version for the 900MHz band was introduced and then Allgon
was prepared with product for both base stations as well as
handhelds.
In 1989 the company was listed on the Stockholm stock
exchange and in the wake of the exponential growth in the
cellular industry, the company grew enormously during the
1990’s. The company was during this period divided into 3
separate business areas with focus on: 1) antennas and near
antenna products for mobile systems, 2) terminals and 3) cars.
Its main facility was still in Åkersberga but for the system
products division, design and production had moved to the
Stockholm suburb Täby. Also, a repeater design group was set
up in Solna and microwave link development was set up in
Gothenburg.
On the base station antenna side, the main developments
during the mid 90’s were to include dual polarizations for
diversity (which dramatically reduced the size of base station
antenna installations, Fig. 5), and dual bands for combined
operations of the two 2G bands (the GSM 1800 band become
available after 1997). Later the dual band antenna products
were extended to also include several GSM and 3G bands for
networks all around the World
II.
HF, VHF, CELLULAR AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS
Below follows illustrations of some of Allgon’s more
memorable antenna designs
A. Car mounted FM antennas
On the terminal side the antenna development was also
rapid during the 90’s. With the introduction of the pocket size
mobile phone there was also a need for smaller, but still wellfunctioning terminal antennas. Allgon solved this issue by
inventing the extractable terminal antenna which combined an
extractable quarter wave antenna with a helix at its bottom. At
the end of the millennium Allgon produced around 100 million
terminal antennas per year.
At the beginning of the third millennium, Allgon was
probably the world’s second or third largest antenna company.
It had a market cap exceeding three billion Swedish krona but
since the Kämpe family had sold off their share in the late 90ties, it became an easy victim for bankers with greater interests
in mergers and acquisitions than antennas
In 2002 the terminal antenna division was sold off to US
based company Centurion. The remaining part of Allgon was
first merged together with LGP Telecom before it in 2004 was
sold to the US based RF sub-supplier Powerwave. In 2005, one
year after the acquisition, the brand name Allgon was gone and
most of Allgon’s former employees had left the company.
Figure 2. Allgon Car mounted whip antennas for FM radio. The brand name
Allgopn originally comes from the nam of a car antenna mount that coiuld be
pointed at all angles: “all-gon”.
B. The Allgon Log Periodic Dipole Antenna
The story of Allgon could as well have ended here. But it
didn’t! Today the Kämpe family runs a new antenna business:
CellMax. The company designs high gain base station antennas
for 3G and 4G networks, and produces them at Allgon’s former
subcontractor, Gelab (Gäddede Elektronik AB), in the north of
Sweden. The car and vehicular antennas are continued within
Smarteq. The repeater part is still active within DeltaNode
Allgon was throughout its life time a world leading design
house for antennas. But it was also an environment filled with
entrepreneurial spirit. The Allgon spirt continues to live on and
so do also many thousands of its products, e.g. the base station
antennas for mobile networks that are still deployed and in full
use all around the World!
Figure 1. The Allgon logotype, illustrating the flexibleantenna mount
Figure 3. An Allgon LPD16 antenna during its dismounting in Switserland.
The Allgon LPD 16 K was a steerable log-periodic antenna for
communication over medium and long distances in the HF range. It was
designed for transmitters up to 250kW per carrier and 100% AM modulation
over the entire frequency range 6-30MHz. The boom was tillable allowing for
beam shaping to optimize the communication.
C. HF military broadband antennas
Figure 4. The reflection free directional broadband antenna RFD707. The
reflection free directional broadband antenna RFD707, was a lightweight HF
antenna for military field operations. Similar products are still in use by
armies all over the world today. Since it was a thin wire antenna, it was
internally at Allgon referred to as the “Hallén- antenna”(referring to the great
Swedish antenna professor [3]).
D. Cellular base station antennas
E. Terminal antennas
Figure 6. The evolution of Allgon’s terminal antenna designs: a) is a
extractable !/4 wave antenna with a bottom helix, b) is a short helix and c) is
an inbuildt PIFA (Planar Inverted F Antenna), not seen.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is dedicated to all the fantastic people that
contributed with their skills and personalities to the creation of
one of history’s greatest antenna companies. In particular we
would like to mention: Torbjörn and Veronica Cramner,
Hjalmar and Jonas Kämpe, Erland Cassel and Ulf Saldell,
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
Figure 5. Base station antennas for GSM: a) in a space diversity
configuration b) using polarization diversity which dramatically reduced the
space and windload for the same performance
Österåkers
hembygdsoch
fornminnesförening.
http://milstolpen.org/agaria.html
http://ref.awr.org/ForSale/Allgon.htm
Carl-Henrik Walde, and Gunnar Petersson, "Erik Hallén and His Integral
Equation, Swedish Defence Activities, the ANTENN Conferences,
Stealth Craft Smyge.". Swedish Antenna Veterans’ Day at EuCAP 2013,
Thursday 11th April 2013
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