Women`s Football in Africa, 2007

Transcription

Women’s Football in Africa
Martha Saavedra
Center for African Studies, University of California, Berkeley
Third Transnational Meeting on Sport and Gender, Urbino
30th November – 1st December 2007
Women’s Football in Africa – 12. 2007
“Women Play?”
FIFA asserts that women's football is the fastest growing sport on the planet.
– but for African Women?
Still a question for many, a cause of surprise
-“Women in my country play football?”
- “Women in Africa play football?”
Update on Women’s Soccer in Africa
• Goal of Presentation
– Outline general situation and changes
– Introduce case studies
•Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal and South Africa
– Push, Pull Factors
•local, national, regional and global
– Distinguish between ‘elite’ and ‘grass-roots’
– Feel of what it is like on the ground
Women's Presence in Football by Confederation, FIFA's Big Count 2006
25.00%
% of Players
that are
female
20.00%
15.00%
% of Female
Population
that are
players
10.00%
% of Male
Population
that are
players
5.00%
0.00%
AF
C
CA
F
OF
CO
CO
C
NC
NM
AC
EB
OL
AF
UE
F
A
Female Footballers Comparatively
Confederation
% of Players that
are female
% of Female
Population that
are players
% of Male
Population that
are players
AFC
6.0%
0.264%
4.138%
CAF
2.9%
0.299%
9.882%
CONCACAF
23.3%
3.871%
12.754%
CONMEBOL
11.1%
1.643%
13.202%
OFC
10.3%
0.914%
7.933%
UEFA
10.3%
1.507%
13.090%
Globally
9.8%
0.796%
7.307%
Numbers Globally
Confederation
(in thousands)
Number of Women Playing
% of Total Women Players
AFC
5,102
19.63%
CAF
1,361
5.24%
CONCACAF
10,038
38.62%
CONMEBOL
3,074
11.83%
56
0.22%
UEFA
6,364
24.48%
Total
25,995
OFC
Continental Numbers
• Recorded competitions in Africa 2007
– Mostly from countries, but also territories, e.g. Mayotte, Reunion, St. Helena, Ascension
Island, and regions, Zanzibar, Somaliland.
– Women – 54 (48 countries and Mayotte, Reunion, and Zanzibar; 3
with 2 levels: Gambia, Mauritius and Reunion)
•Up from 30 countries counted in 2003.
– Men – 103 (53 countries; plus 7 territories & several levels for some)
RSSSF Data – Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation (http://rsssf.com)
– From the RSSSF Archive - Domestic Results (Africa) 2007
– Not all results are necessarily from 2007
Continental Numbers
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Algeria 2007/08, First Level (2006/07)
Angola 2007, First Level
Benin 2007, First Level (2006/07)
Botswana 2007/08, First Level
Burkina Faso 2007, First Level (2006)
Burundi 2007, First Level (2005)
Cameroon 2007/08, First Level (2007)
Cape Verde Islands 2007/08, First Level (2007)
Central African Republic 2006, First Level (2001)
Chad 2003/04, First Level (2006)
Comoros 2006, First Level (2003)
Congo-Brazzaville 2007, First Level
Congo-Kinshasa 2007/10, First Level (2007)
Djibouti 2007, First Level (2005/06)
Egypt 2007/08, First Level (2002/03)
Equatorial Guinea 2007, First Level (2005)
Eritrea 2006/07, First Level
Ethiopia 2006/07, First Level (2004/05)
Gabon 2007/08, First Level (2005/06)
Gambia 2007, First Level and Second Level
Ghana 2007/08, First Level (2006/07)
Guinea 2007, First Level (2003)
Ivory Coast 2007, First Level
Kenya 2006/11, Women (2006)
Liberia 2007, First Level
Madagascar 2007, First Level (2006)
27.
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Malawi 2007, First Level
Mali 2007/08, First Level (2007)
Mauritania 2006/07, First Level (2007
Mauritius 2007/08, First and Second Level (2007)
Mayotte 2007, First Level
Morocco 2007/08, First Level (2006/07)
Mozambique 2007 First Level
Namibia 2007/08 First Level
Nigeria 2007/08, First Level (2006)
Reunion 2007, First and Second Level
Rwanda 2007/08, First Level (2006/07)
Soa Tome Principe 2006/07, First Level (2003)
Senegal 2007, First Level
Seychelles 2007 First Level
Sierra Leone 2007, First Level
South Africa 2007/08, First Level (2005/06)
Sudan 2007, First Level (2006)
Swaziland 2007/08, First Level
Tanzania (Mainland) 2007/08, First Level (2007)
Togo 2006/07, First Level
Tunisia 2007/08, First Level (2006/07)
Uganda 2007/08, First Level (2006/07)
Zambia 2007, First Level
Zanzibar 2007, First Level
Zimbabwe 2007, First Level (2006)
Obstacles and Opportunities
1.
Local cultures mitigate against the participation of
women in sport.
2. Political economic realities for women in Africa.
3. Limited access for women in Africa to international
opportunities to play.
4. Low social priority? Limited allocation of limited
resources.
Obstacles and Opportunities
1.
Local cultures
•
•
•
2.
Asserted, but what is ‘traditional’? What is imported, especially with
‘modern’ sport?
Women’s spaces, physicality, habitus
Family/Communal honor, dress-codes and safety
Political economic realities
•
•
3.
Productive and household reproductive obligations
Limited leisure time, limited cash (fees, equipment, transport, food at away games)
International opportunities
•
•
•
4.
Push-pull of options internationally
Difficulties of playing internationally in Africa
Lack of competition
Low social priority? Limited allocation of limited resources
•
•
Development conundrum
But Sport for Development?
Case Studies
Senegal
Kenya
South Africa
Nigeria
Senegal
• Women’s basketball – extremely popular & competitive continentally
• Beginnings of organized football for women
– 1974 Eliot Khouma informally coaching girls
– Visit from Milan team, so created Gazelles. 5-2.
– Gazelles went on tour
• Dakar municipal and some FA support
• Inspired other teams
• International play – Guinea (79), Italy & Cote d’Ivoire (89)
• Mostly autonomous from established infrastructure
– Independent clubs outside of FA.
– 1993 FA involved, but still many teams unaffiliated
• 2000, New FB League for women
– Advocacy by Francoise Sek
– More teams and tournaments
– International – still spotty
• Late call up, little time to prepare
• Minimal success in international
Kenya
• 1984 league, tournament, ‘national team’ – a few references
• 1993 Kenya Women’s Football Federation
–
–
–
–
Fridah Shiroya (NOC) and Rebecca Olela
A few international tournaments
1996 KWFF disbanded unwillingly to conform with FIFA regulations
Replaced with a women’s sub-committee within the Kenya Football Federation
• Recorded play (RSSSF and other news accounts)
– 1998 KFF National Women’s Tournament
• Won by Mathare Youth Sport Association – began community leagues for girls in 1992.
– 2002 Jamhuri Cup and some matches, 2003/2004 and 2005
• 2002 KFF put former MYSA chairman in charge of women’s FB
– Qualifying matches for Olympics (2003) and African Cup of Nations (2006)
– 2006-2007 Coast Province League
• aka Lota Motors Women’s Soccer League
• Community FB
– MYSA -In 2006, over 3,500 girls playing on 250 teams in over 40 leagues.
– MTGK- In 2006, 3,000 girls in 7 leagues.
South Africa
• Apartheid – racial and sexual separation
–
–
–
–
–
–
1956 Sport came under Apartheid.
CAF - Founder 1957; Expelled 1961
1964 – FIFA suspended FASA
1992 – Readmitted to FIFA as SAFA
Boys: Cricket, Rugby, Football
Girls: netball, tennis, hockey, athletics, softball,
volleyball
• Football most associated with African
population (English & Indian – Cricket; Afrikaaner and Coloured – Rugby)
South Africa
•
Early 60’s women’s competitions in Cape Town associated with SASL – multiracial independent league
•
1974 South African Women’s Football Association
squashed eventually
–
•
1991 South African Women Soccer Association
–
•
failed bid for 1995 World Cup
2000 U-19 Team Basetsana formed
1997 SAWFA incorporated into SAFA; Women’s Committee established.
1999 Women’s Football Indaba
2001 SAFA Sanlam National Women’s League
–
–
–
•
both dissolved and reformed as South African Women’s Football Association, an affiliate of SAFA,
struggle continued.
1993 – Banyana Banyana formed, first internationals
–
–
•
•
•
In the Townships, mainly for African women
Struggle between SAWFA and SAWSA
–
•
exclusively for whites and Coloureds
over 300 teams from all 25 SAFA Regions
15 million Rand over 3 years
Sanlam's Halala Cup tournament - provincial champions vie for national title
Vodocom Women's Inter-Regional Tournament; Cadbury and Nike sponsor girls tourneys.
South Africa
• Yet, huge disparities between
men’s and women’s game
– Bonuses & daily allowances
– Can’t keep kit, whereas men can
– Call to camp comes late
• 2005 Portia Modise and Ms.
Ledwaba spat in media
– Ria Ledwaba – active in SAFA
• Femininity of Banyana Banyana
deficient
• Etiquette classes and tighter
shirts
– Modise
• Who cares if some of us are
lesbians. Our sexuality doesn’t
matter.
• Excuse to cover up management
failures and lack of support from
Association.
Nigeria
• Super Falcons have dominated every continental
competitions
– Have also staged African Women’s Championship several
times, alternating with South Africa
• Women are playing abroad – US, Europe, China
• Professional Leagues
– Players can support families
– Teams recruit players from other African countries
• Yet, in some northern states (Niger, Zamfara), under
shari’a law, women’s football has been banned.
Nigeria
• References to play in 1920s in Port Harcourt. Imported FA ban.
• 1960s Women’s Amateur Football Association
– organized occasional soccer competition for 3 years
– Players from streets and big Lagos based departmental stores
• 1978 to early 80s: “Sugar Babes” Ladies FC (Lagos)
– Christopher Akintunde Abisuga & Nigeria Hotels Limited
– Played against U-15 boys’ teams and ball boys at National Stadium.
• Late 1980s – more teams around the country
– Prominent women sponsoring
• Princess Bola Jegede, the Chief Mrs Simbiat Abiola and Mrs. Gina Yeseibo
– Youth Sports Federation of Nigeria
– February 1986 in Kano – First tourney outside of Lagos
• Simbiat Abiola Cup
• 10,000 spectators
•
•
•
•
1987 Nigerian Female Football Organizers Association - club owners
1989 Womens FB included at National Sports Festival in Lagos
1990s- Nigerian Football Association took over women’s football
Nigerian Female National League
Nigeria
• Super Falcons formed to contest 1991 WWC
– NFA wasn’t going to support without sponsors
– Many did including Maryam Babangida, the First Lady
• Won African Championship, got to China
– Lost all 3 matches
– But got to international stage in one year. (It took the men’s team 32
years.)
• Women are active not only as players, but as referees
(international and international assistant referees), financiers,
administrators, officials and advocates.
• Active, lucrative
– Professional league
– Women’s academy opened
• BUT…
Super Falcons in China 2007
• Early exit – Play or Pay?
– NFA Chairman, Alhaji Sani Lulu, “No Funds”
– The players “made it clear to Ntiero [the coach] that
they are the bread winners of their families and
that football is all about making money, and that
they have been patriotic enough. In short, that
they were tired of being treated unfairly by the
NFA.”
Super Falcons in China 2007
• Early exit – Play or Pay?
– Or…according to Anoruo Chidinma (Sunshine Queens FC )
• The Nigeria Football Association (NFA) and female coaches
parade “grand mothers as players of the female national team”
• “We have more serious and talented players who would have done
better but, because of sentiments and godfatherism, they dropped
some of them. “
• “The problem with some of our coaches is that they don’t take the
pains to travel to watch female leagues... the country is blessed
with talented footballers and the only problem is proper
management.”
21 October 2007
DECLARATION BY THE 4th FIFA WOMEN’S FOOTBALL SYMPOSIUM
Shanghai, 28-29 September, 2007
The representatives of the 200 FIFA member Associations of Federation Internationale de
Football Association (FIFA) attending the 4th FIFA Women’s Football Symposium
unanimously agree to: …
–
Express satisfaction to FIFA for its decision to establish the FIFA U-17 Women’s World Cup (to
commence in 2008), for its decision to expand the FIFA U-20 Women’s World Cup tournament from
12 to 16 teams, for establishing a coordinated international match calendar for women’s football, as
well as thanks to the IOC for expanding the women’s Olympic football tournament from 10 to 12
teams
–
–
–
Express satisfaction with the 5th FIFA Women’s World Cup, and to the organisers of the
tournament, the Chinese LOC, which set new standards in the quality of women’s football and
women’s refereeing, and to recommend to FIFA that it consider expanding the FIFA Women’s World
Cup from 16 to 24 teams in the future, thereby giving more countries the opportunity to compete
at the highest level as well as stimulating further growth in the game
Recommend to FIFA that it continue to place more emphasis on creating opportunities for women
to serve in football, including increasing the number of women on its
committees, notably the FIFA Executive Committee and the FIFA Referees Committee
Recommend to FIFA that it increase the minimum percentage of financial assistance allocated to
women’s football from 10% to 20%.
…and to commit themselves to:
– Building partnerships by calling on governments, in particular sports, health and
education ministries, to discuss how their objectives can be realised through
football and especially football for girls and women
– Establishing women’s football development plans and developing the funding
strategies to achieve them
– Creating or reinforcing structures in their associations to support the development of
women’s football and to provide it with the necessary human and financial resources,
as well as the commitment from the associations’ leadership to ensure its success
– Establishing grassroots programmes in schools, communities and clubs, to create more
opportunities for girls and women to participate in football
– Establishing or reinforcing football competitions at national and regional levels
to give young women and girls the opportunity to continue to develop their skills in the
sport
…and to commit themselves to:
– Promoting the inclusion of women in technical committees, executive
committees, and in leadership roles in their administration
– Promoting the development of female coaches, referees, administrators and
executives as role models for women and girls, thereby sustaining the growth of the
sport
– Building awareness and promoting women’s football in the media by creating the
necessary networks and structures to facilitate its coverage
– Taking the initiative to dismantle cultural or social barriers to women’s and
girls’ readiness to participate in the sport of football, and to take whatever actions are
necessary to promote the acceptance of football as a sport for women and girls
– Empowering themselves with the knowledge gained from this symposium and from
other experiences to take the initiative to implement the above actions
– Deciding to assess the results of their actions in favour of women’s football every four
years, the next time being the 6th FIFA Women’s World Cup in 2011.
FIFA’s Role
• FIFA’s 10% Rule
– At least 10% of FIFA's financial assistance
payments to the confederations and member
associations must be dedicated to women's
football development.
– For those who get FAP means at least $25,000 per
year.
– Recommendation from 2007 Symposium – Double
to $50,000.
FIFA’s Role
• Increasing number of global competitions to
encourage development at younger levels
– Women’s World Cup
• China 1991, Sweden 1995, USA 1999, USA 2003, China 2007
– Olympic Tournament
• Atlanta 1996, Sydney 2000, Athens 2004, Beijing 2008
– U-20 Tournament (U-19 in ’02 and ’04)
• Canada ‘02, Thailand ‘04, Russia ‘06, Chile ‘08/09
– U-17 Inaugural Women’s World Cup –in 2008 (10/30 – 11/16)
• New Zealand (16 teams) - AFC, CAF, CONCACAF, CONMEBOL and UEFA: 3 each; Oceania: 1
FIFA’s Role
• Increasing number of global
competitions
– But limited slots to African Teams
• Women’s World Cup
– China 1991, Sweden 1995, USA
1999, USA 2003, China 2007
• Olympic Tournament
– Atlanta 1996 (8/0), Sydney 2000
(10/1), Athens 2004 (10/1), Beijing
2008 (12/1)
• (U-19) U-20 Tournament
– Africa
¾
¾
¾
1 slot of 12 in 2002 and 2004 – Nigeria (10th and 6th*)
2 slots of 16 in 2006 – Nigeria (6th), DR Congo (14th).
2 of 16 in 2008 - AFC (3), CAF (2), CONCACAF (3), CONMEBOL (2),
OFC (1), UEFA (4), plus host, Chile.
FIFA’s Role
• Increasing number of
global competitions
– Fan support and social
acceptance
– Local media interest in
international
appearances
– Expose masses to
women’s game
– Prestige factor
– Changing gendered
presumptions
Ghana fans at WWC in China, 2007
FIFA’s Role
• Hosting Tournaments ¾ Development?
–
–
–
–
Increase of Administrative Capacity?
Mega-event infrastructural development?
Health benefits?
Social attitudinal changes?
• “There are many companies falling on one another because of women
football in those countries…Perhaps, this should sound as a major
challenge for countries like Nigeria and others in Africa because, for
women's football to become a standard-bearer in your country, everybody
must be ready to work. The government, the corporate organizations and
all the stakeholders in the game must be ready to contribute their quotas.
Now, there are many countries in UEFA, CONCACAF and OCEANIA
wanting to host FIFA'S women competitions unlike in the past…These
countries have equally achieved developmental and health-related goals
through the hosting of women's football. We are waiting for Nigeria and
other African countries to come forward and bid for the hosting of
subsequent editions of the U-17 or the U-20 competitions.”
Sepp Blatter
quoted in The Guardian (Nigeria) 27 Oct 2007
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Number of African Team
Number of African National Teams In FIFA Rankings
35
WWC Tournaments
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Date of Ranking
FIFA’s Role
• Infrastructure
– Developing and Supporting
Referees, Coaches,
Administrators
• There are 52 Female
International Referees in Africa
• Data on coaches not found yet
• More on Administrators later
– GOAL and FAP Programs
• Buildings, fields
Fatou Gaye, Senegal
and
Fran Hilton-Smith,
South Africa
FIFA’s Role
Despite said promotion of
women’s football – basic
emphasis is still on men’s
game.
Web site provides myriad of
options for interrogating
aspects of men’s game that are
not programmed for women’s
game.
http://fifa.com/worldfootball/ranking/compare/compareTe
ams.html#g=m&t1=NGA&t2=GHA&t3=RSA&t4=ITA&fm
=8&fy=1993&tm=11&ty=2007
Confédération Africaine de Football
2007 ORGANISING COMMITTEE FOR WOMEN’S FOOTBALL AND FUTSAL
– Molefi Oliphant (RSA) –
President
– Dr. Amos Adamu (Nigeria)
– Vice President*
– Said Belkhayat (Morocco)
– Nastasia Tchislas (RSA)
– Izzetta Sombo Wesley*
(Liberia)
– Manga Obiang Bonifacio (Eq
Guinea)
– José Medina Lobato (Guinea
Bissau)
– Palmira Francisco
(Mozambique)
–
–
–
–
–
–
Ibrahima Barry (Guinea)
Leon Ababe (Gabon)
Lydie Nsekera (Burundi)
John Muinjo (Namibia)
Nahim Khadi (Sierra Leone)
Salemane John Phaphane
(Lesotho)
– Saadatou Djallo-Kalkaba
(Cameroon) ?
– Hamadoune Cissé (Mali)
– Solomon Ogba (Nigeria)
5 of 17 (29%) are women.
*Two of three Africans on FIFA’s Committee for Women's Football and the FIFA Women's
World Cup. The other is Sahar El Hawary (Egypt).
Continental - CAF’s Role
• Organizing continental championships
– African Women Championship
•Equatorial Guinea 2008
– African U-20 Women Championship
•First ever U-19 tournament Canada ‘02. Of 14 teams, 8
eventually withdrew during qualifiers.
– All Africa Games Tournament
•2003 Nigeria, 2007 Algeria
Preliminary
round for the
6th African
Women
Championship
Equatorial
Guinea 2008
• Providing Recognition
– African Female Player of
the Year Award
established in 2002

2002 Alberta Sackey, Ghana
2003 Adjoa Bayor, Ghana
2004 Perpetua Nkwocha, Nigeria
2005 Perpetua Nkwocha, Nigeria
2006 Cynthia Uwak, Nigeria
– Yet not prominently
promoted.
– Only one award for
women vs 7 categories
for men.
National Associations
• Three women are presidents of their
national associations.
• Two of those are in Africa
– Izetta Sombo Wesley -Liberia
– Lydie Nsekera – Burundi
• Africa – ahead of the curve?
–
True for NOC Presidents
9 Présidente de la Fédération de
Football du Burundi( FFB)
9Trésorier-Adjoint au Comité National
Olympic
9Vice-Présidente du Club de Football
Féminin « les Onze Etoiles de Kinama »
9Présidente de la Commission
d’Organisation des Compétitions
9Vice-Présidente de la Commission Foot
Jeune&Féminin
Lydie Nsekera
9Directrice du garage Tanganyika Cars
9Auditeur interne à la Brarudi
When our national U-20 team was to play
Algeria in the Fifa World Cup qualifiers, the
government said they didn't have any money.
But I went to Fifa and got them to fund our
trip. But after we beat Algeria and then drew
with Nigeria in the first leg of the last round
of qualifiers, suddenly everyone wanted to be
part of the trip to Nigeria. Suddenly the
money became available for government
officials to travel to Nigeria.
Izetta Sombo Wesley
2006
Influence of Foreign Clubs & Leagues
• Migration Abroad –
“Foot Drain” or Opportunity?
– FC Indiana sign Nigeria Super Falcons, 3
time World Cup midfielder, Ifeanyi
Chiejine of Nigeria
• (USA W-League team as of 2008; WPSL
champs in ‘05 and ’07; Ranked 5th in the
world.)
• Developmental Linkages or Recruiting
Pipelines?
– FCI has an “Officially Accredited
Representative for Africa,” Prince Moruf
Adams, a Nigerian football scout.
– Agreement: Exchanges, friendlies,
promotion of Nigerian women’s game.
– Moruf also negotiated Cynthia Uwak
transfer from Finnish to Swedish team.
Grassroots vs elite?
Pan African Reflections
• Documentary –Zanzibar Soccer Queens
– By Cameroonian director, Florence Ayisi, Sisters In Law (2005)
– Features the Women Fighters Football Club
• formed in 1988 after a Swedish women’s team, Tyresö FC, visited Zanzibar as part of their
African tour, promoting women’s football in Africa.
• Women’s League established in 2004
–
–
Zanzibar FA finally responded to lobbying by WFFC.
4 other teams: Nyuki FC, Koani Sisters, Bungi Sisters, Policewomen FC.
• East and Central African Challenge Cup for Women, Zanzibar, October 2007.
– Themes
•
•
•
•
Asserting individual identities
Mostly Muslim; Many school leavers
Breaking cultural barriers – clothes, body exposure, husbands, spatiality
Opportunity vectors – travel, work (Army netball team), health
P.S.~ New study on women’s football
• A Beautiful Game by Jean
Williams (Berg, Nov 2007)
–
Examines contemporary women’s football
internationally, with case studies from
England, the United States, China and
Australia. In each case study, Jean
Williams considers the evolution of the
women’s game against a backdrop of
issues, such as media representation,
access to facilities, lack of resources,
coaching, sponsorship, talent
identification, training and
professionalisation.
• But African case (Namibia)
study dropped.