Panorama - Production Type

Transcription

Panorama
Panorama is not a family, it is a typeface system. It pushes beyond the usual
barriers that limit familial proportions, elaborating a core design into an expansive
gamut of widths (six) and weights (eight). The project began in 2003, exploring
the malleability of typographic shapes. How far can one stretch a face before it
breaks from its basic nature as a quiet, congenial sans? Levée let his imagination
(and mechanical automation) wander, interrupting only when necessary to correct
a curve or maintain the spirit of the original design. The result is an unusual kit of
parts. An arsenal of nearly boundless possibilities, from ethereal thin to blinding
black, with an uncommonly handy series of steps in between.
96 styles
(6 families)
Panorama ExtraCondensed
Per family:
8 weights
Roman & Italic
Panorama Condensed
Panorama SemiCondensed
Panorama
Panorama Extended
Panorama ExtraExtended
ExtraCondensed UltraLight
ExtraCondensed ExtraLight
ExtraCondensed Light
ExtraCondensed Regular
ExtraCondensed SemiBold
ExtraCondensed Bold
ExtraCondensed Black
ExtraCondensed UltraBlack
Condensed UltraLight
Condensed ExtraLight
Condensed Light
Condensed Regular
Condensed SemiBold
Condensed Bold
Condensed Black
Condensed Black
SemiCondensed UltraLight
SemiCondensed ExtraLight
SemiCondensed Light
SemiCondensed Regular
SemiCondensed SemiBold
SemiCondensed Bold
SemiCondensed Black
SemiCondensed UltraBlack
UltraLight
ExtraLight
Light
Regular
SemiBold
Bold
Black
UltraBlack
Extended UltraLight
Extended ExtraLight
Extended Light
Extended Regular
Extended SemiBold
Extended Bold
Extended Black
Extended UltraBlack
ExtraExtended UltraLight
ExtraExtended ExtraLight
ExtraExtended Light
ExtraExtended Regular
ExtraExtended SemiBold
ExtraExtended Bold
ExtraExtended Black
ExtraExtended UltraBlack
Production Type
www.productiontype.com
ExtraCondensed UltraLight Italic
ExtraCondensed ExtraLight Italic
ExtraCondensed Light Italic
ExtraCondensed Italic
ExtraCondensed SemiBold Italic
ExtraCondensed Bold Italic
ExtraCondensed Black Italic
ExtraCondensed UltraBlack Italic
Condensed UltraLight Italic
Condensed ExtraLight Italic
Condensed Light Italic
Condensed Italic
Condensed SemiBold Italic
Condensed Bold Italic
Condensed Black Italic
Condensed UltraBlack Italic
SemiCondensed UltraLight Italic
SemiCondensed ExtraLight Italic
SemiCondensed Light Italic
SemiCondensed Italic
SemiCondensed SemiBold Italic
SemiCondensed Bold Italic
SemiCondensed Black Italic
SemiCondensed UltraBlack Italic
UltraLight Italic
ExtraLight Italic
Light Italic
Italic
SemiBold Italic
Bold Italic
Black Italic
UltraBlack Italic
Extended UltraLight Italic
Extended ExtraLight Italic
Extended Light Italic
Extended Italic
Extended SemiBold Italic
Extended Bold Italic
Extended Black Italic
Extended UltraBlack Italic
ExtraExtended UltraLight Italic
ExtraExtended ExtraLight Italic
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Family overview
Mamungkukumpurangkuntjunya
Meteorologische-Klimatologische
Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines
Überschwemmungsszenarien
Bullaunancheathrairaluinn
Kuchistiniwamiskahikan
Forschungsgegenstand
Thiruvananthapuram
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Family overview
Taumatawhakatangihangakoaua
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
Äteritsiputeritsipuolilautatsijänkä
Statistikänderungsverordnung
Kulturlandschaftsforschung
Darstellungsgegenstände
Anthropomorphization
Rhineland-Palatinate
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Panorama Condensed
Family overview
Veranschaulichungsmedien
Muckanaghederdauhaulia
Wissenschaftsgeschichte
Villingen-Schwenningen
Sättigungsdampfdruck
Champagne-Ardenne
Dornburg-Camburg
Campylospermous
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Panorama Condensed
Family overview
Koordinaten‑Referenzsystem
Bullaunancheathrairaluinn
Winchester-on-the-severn
Historisch-geographische
Schulkartographischen
Georgsmarienhütte
Kartografiehistorish
Zeulenroda-Triebes
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Light Italic
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Family overview
Geographieunterricht
Cottonshopeburnfoot
Zygomaticoauricular
Tetrakishexahedron
Schleswig-Holstein
Regelmäßigkeiten
Anthraceniferous
Chorioallantoids
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Family overview
Kulturlandschaftspflege
Forschungsgegenstand
Unsanctimoniousness
Grundwissenschaften
Radiometeorograph
Three-dimensional
Non-illuminations
Pseudosquamate
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Light Italic
Regular Italic
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Panorama
Family overview
Unconscientious
Phosphorescent
Anhydroglocose
Vaporographics
Cephalanthium
Intercatenated
Revolutionary
Interpapillary
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Panorama
Family overview
Preindependences
Authoritativeness
Geovisualizations
Understandingly
Silicocalcareous
Chrysosplenium
Alethopteroids
Contortedness
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Panorama Extended
Family overview
Forestarling
Hemisphere
Bathymetry
Electrolysis
Equidistant
Planimetric
Loxodrome
Geodetical
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Panorama Extended
Family overview
Heterodactyl
Unexculpable
Leptogenesis
Conflagrator
Inconfutable
Clinometrics
Fairyologist
Planimetric
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Family overview
Boussole
Compass
Absaroka
Spherical
Elevation
Azimuths
Topology
Spacially
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Family overview
Techniques
Equal-area
Geological
Projection
Landmark
Algorithm
Transport
Latitudes
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Panorama ExtraCondensed UltraLight
Le Détroit De Magellan
Global Positioning Systems
A Public Transport Organisation
Corps of Topographical Engineers
Contour Lines Showing 18 Elevations
44°N et 49°N–Méridien de Référence 36°E
Explorators Sailing in the Western & Eastern Pacific Ocean
A Sailor Is A Person Who Navigates Water-Borne Vessels As A Crew Member
measuring with plenty of Land surveying techniques
Intrastromal Schistosomus Physiological Aunt Demioctangular
Rhynchobdellida Anomaloscope Functionalism waste
Argillocalcareous Vegetation Venereologist Authoritativeness
Unpejorative brown Paryphodrome Electrokinematics Feminization Anthropomorphization Silicocalcareous Necessary
Vaporographic Circumclusion Recompensate ART Phosphammonium
Pseudosquamate Forestarling Hyperdicrotous Carbonometer Conscriptionists
Metrocystosis Overdramatically Squirearchical Unspectacularly
Ovatotriangular Noncontiguity Uncelebrated Uninterestedness Heterodactyl
Overimaginatively Bastardliness Non-illuminations Amphicondyla
Dynamoelectric Physicalistically Unexculpable Sacrocoxitis Anthraceniferous
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Natural Phenomena
Colonel Robert Erskine
Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer
Agathedaemon Of Alexandria
Brown 22 Idea Would Suggested
Oceanus Seven Islands Arranged Around
Oracularness Beclown Subterfuge Rheumy Bologna
Farm Fields Indicates Term Phytogeomorphology Dependencies Same
Unpejorative Brown Paryphodrome Electrokinematics Abandonment Dilatate Shamefaced Pentangular Relationism
Infrastruktur Sachverhalten Rectangular Cartogram Cormophyta Respectle Concordance Polytonalism Hypsometry
Rhynchobdellida Anomaloscope Functionalism Waste
Balanoid Romanian Romanes Lode Saururaceae Ailweed Polar
Demographers Urban Geographers Them Study Peters World Map
Synonymously Counter-Mapping Practice Encompass A Much More Landmark
Hypsography Oracularness Beclown Subterfuge Rheumy Bologna
Vaporographic Circumclusion Recompensate Art Phosphammonium Geodesy
Public Transport System—Whether Lines Tramways Rapid Transit
Ramble Astronaut Balanoid Romanian Romanes Lode Saururaceae Ailweed
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A topographic map is primarily concerned with the topographic description of a place, including
(especially in the 20th and 21st centuries) the use of contour lines showing elevation. Terrain
or relief can be shown in a variety of ways. A topological map is a very general type of map,
the kind you might sketch on a napkin. It often disregards scale and detail in the interest of
clarity of communicating specific route or relational information. Beck’s London Underground
map is an iconic example. Though the most widely used map of “The Tube,” it preserves little
of reality: It varies scale constantly and abruptly, it straightens curved tracks, and it contorts
directions. The only topography on it is the River Thames, letting the reader know whether a
station is north or south of the river. That and the topology of station order and interchanges
between train lines are all that is left of the geographic space. Yet those are all a typical
passenger wishes to know, so the map fulfils its purpose.
The name most associated with advancing cartography as a science during this formative period is the Flemish geographer Gerard Mercator who
helped free geography from its Ptolemaic infuence by his prodigious contributions in the production of globes, maps, map projections, and atlases.
Through the generosity of Melville Eastham the division received copies of his magnum opus, Atlas sive cosmographic meditationes de fabrica mundi
et fabricati figvra (Duisburg, 1595), and the first two parts of this atlas which were issued as separate publications prior to Mercator’s death in 1594,
Galliae tabule geographicæ(Duisburg, 1585) and Italiae, Sclavoniæ, et Græciætabule geographice (Duisburg, 1589). The Library has copies of these
editions as well as representative copies of subsequent editions published by Jodocus Hondius, who purchased the plates in 1606, and by his son
Henricus and Jan Jansson. Some of the earliest known maps were made in Mesopotamnia, in the area now known as Iraq, where a series of maps
showing property boundaries were drawn in about 2400 B.C. for the purpose of land taxation. A Roman map dating from about 335-366 A.D. showed
such topographical features as roads, cities and rivers.
The surface of Earth is modified by a combination of surface processes that sculpt landscapes, and geologic processes that cause tectonic uplift and subsidence. Surface processes comprise
the action of water, wind, ice, fire, and living things on the surface of the Earth, along with chemical reactions that form soils and alter material properties, the stability and rate of change
of topography under the force of gravity, and other factors, such as (in the very recent past) human alteration of the landscape. Many of these factors are strongly mediated by climate.
Geologic processes include the uplift of mountain ranges, the growth of volcanoes, isostatic changes in land surface elevation (sometimes in response to surface processes), and the formation
of deep sedimentary basins where the surface of Earth drops and is filled with material eroded from other parts of the landscape. The Earth surface and its topography therefore are an
intersection of climatic, hydrologic, and biologic action with geologic processes. Existing topographic survey maps, because of their comprehensive and encyclopedic coverage, form the basis
for much derived topographic work. Digital Elevation Models, for example, have often been created not from new remote sensing data but from existing paper topographic maps. Many
government and private publishers use the artwork (especially the contour lines) from existing topographic map sheets as the basis for their own specialized or updated topographic maps.
French geographers placed cartography on a firm scientific footing during the eighteenth century, and many of their maps reflect original surveys or rst-hand accounts obtained from French
explorers and missionaries. The division holds a large number of French atlases from this period including works by Jean Baptiste Nolin; Guillaume Delisle, the leading cartographer of his era.
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Panorama
ExtraCondensed UltraLight Italic

Geodesy Scrofulodermic
Orthophotoquad Barcelone
Cartography Hypsographic Map
18Th Century Landscape Change
Photographic Neurocentral Española
General Information Such Population Economy
Underthane Nonsensical Pleasant Recrudescences Base Map
From Perspective Counter-Mapping Only Empowering Small Subset Imagery
Hermann Berghaus Vogel Hermann Habenicht Landmark Retwine Poke Affuse Pawnage Ananias Shaky Remarkedly Polar
International Map Of The World Hobo–Dyer Projection Low Water Line Demographers Urban Geographers Them Study
Larkingly Syenogabbro Categorized Kaberu Ravenously
Bound Then Updated Until Subsequent Temptations Philorama
road intersection to the North-East-South advancing cartography
Landscape Change The Production Of Monumental Multivolume World Atlases
Exocoelar Unmoderate Shantyman Archetypical Underpile Socialism
Vaporographic Circumclusion Recompensate Art Phosphammonium Española
Augen Chaulmoogric Supergiant Thuggism Chromatocyte Transport
Calculate Surfaces Propagandas Arkosic Tuner Plauenite Ravenous Unfatherly
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Panorama ExtraCondensed UltraLight Italic
Hydrographic Survey
Landscape Change Polar
Cartogram Hypsographic Map
Uncourageous Dudes Latitude
Stereographic Projection Imagery
Understandable Asian Airport Convention
Psychometry Yurujure Ungroomed Gualaca Leiotrichy
Ramble Astronaut Retwine Affuse Pawnage Ananias Shaky Remarkedly
Movement Employment Manufacturing Away From Geoid
Counter-Mapping Should Viewed Tool Governance6 Greenwich
Hermann Berghaus Vogel Hermann Habenicht Landmark Intraossal Pantophagic Scarlety Overwelming Carnauba Geoid
Larkingly Syenogabbro Categorized Kaberu Ravenously
Balanoid Romanian Romanes Lode Saururaceae Ailweed Atlas
Strombus Uninventive Bismar Tuna Homogone Corne Sterrenkundig
The Men Who Mapped The World Roman Map Dating From About 335-366 A.d.
Consortium Dutch Merchants Professor Johannes Geomorphology
Calculate Surfaces Harpooner Lychnoscopes Aerometer Unejected Fascinations
Beck’s London Underground map WaldseemÜller and Ringmann map
Cassini Projection Dendrocygna Antares Updated Natalian Read Oxyacanthine
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Panorama ExtraCondensed UltraLight Italic
The depiction of the earth conceived by Homer, which was accepted by the early Greeks,
represents a circular flat disk surrounded by a constantly moving stream of Ocean, an idea
which would be suggested by the appearance of the horizon as it is seen from a mountaintop
or from a seacoast. Homer’s knowledge of the Earth was very limited. He and his Greek
contemporaries knew very little of the earth beyond Egypt as far south as the Libyan desert, the
south-west coast of Asia Minor, and the northern boundary of the Greek homeland. Furthermore,
the coast of the Black Sea was only known through myths and legends that circulated during
his time. In his poems there is no mention of Europe and Asia as geographical concepts. That is
why the big part of Homer’s world that is portrayed on this interpretive map represents lands
that border on the Aegean Sea. It is worth noting that even though Greeks believed that they
were in the middle of the earth.
Rand McNally has always been a privately held or «pink sheet» company, with stock held by very few parties and very thinly traded. When Rand retired
in 1899, he sold his shares in the company to McNally and the other company officers. The McNally family was the majority owner for nearly 100 years,
from 1899 until 1997, at which time the family decided to divest its majority stake. The company was sold piecemeal; in January 1997, the company
announced it was selling its Book Services Group, which employed 1,700 people in Versailles, Kentucky and Taunton, Massachusetts, to World Color Press for
$155 million. In February 1997, the DocuSystems Group, which printed airline tickets and luggage tags at its Nashville facility, was sold to Code Hennessy
& Simmons, a Chicago-based private equity firm. In April 1997, the Media Services Group, which employed 350 people with offices in Nashville, Tennessee;
Fremont, California; Shannon, Ireland; and the Asia-Pacific region, was sold to McQueen, a Scottish software company. The sole remaining group, publishing,
represented the core mapmaking business of the company. In November 1997, the McNally family completed its divestiture by selling its majority ownership
to AEA Investors for a reported $500 million. Much of the purchase price was leveraged.
An area cartogram is sometimes referred to as a value-by-area map or an isodemographic map, the latter particularly for a population cartogram, which illustrates the relative sizes of the
populations of the countries of the world by scaling the area of each country in proportion to its population; the shape and relative location of each country is retained to as large an extent
as possible, but inevitably a large amount of distortion results. Other synonyms in use are anamorphic map, density-equalizing map and Gastner map. Area cartograms may be contiguous or
noncontiguous. The area cartograms shown on this page are all contiguous, while a good example of a noncontiguous cartogram was published in The New York Times. The online resource
SHOW, provided by Mapping Worlds, creates discontiguous cartograms for different geographies (United States, Japan and World at this time) interactively, allowing users to quickly compare
various characteristics. This method of cartogram creation is sometimes referred to as the projector method or scaled-down regions. Cartograms may be classified also by the properties of
shape and topology preservation. Classical area cartograms (shown on this page) are typically distorting the shape of spatial units to some degree, but they are strict at preserving correct
neighborhood relationships between them. Scaled-down cartograms (from the NY Times example) are strictly shape-preserving. Another branch of cartograms introduced by Dorling, replaces
actual shapes with circles scaled according to the mapped feature. Circles are distributed to resemble the original topology. Demers cartogram is a variation of Dorling cartogram, but it uses
rectangles instead of circles, and attempts to retain visual cues at the expense of minimum distance.
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Panorama ExtraCondensed ExtraLight
Panoramic Extensions
Imagery Overconsiderate
Entdeckungsreisende Geodesy
Geovisualization Vaporographics
Hammer Projection Orthophotomap
Map Indexing System Rectangular Cartogram
Most Maps Were Continue Created Rectangular Cartogram
Harpooner Lychnoscopes Aerometer Unejected Fascinations Zhubov Scale
Campylodromes Alter-Modernism Expresso Propenol
Cormophyta Respectle Concordance Polytonalism Landmark
Rhynchobdellida Anomaloscope Functionalism Waste Busker Spader Music Menticulture Cangue Preventative Atlas
Strombus Uninventive Bismar Tuna Homogone Corne
Shrewdness Trapa Muskeg Nuzzled Overcoached Unbeatable
Synonymously Counter-Mapping Practice Encompass Much More3 Télescope
Sporangiferous Phlebosclerotic Hemiascomycetes Subreference
Been Proposed James Hutton 1726–1797 Rard Valley Forms Example Geoid
Surrender Hexacorallan Subterhuman Repatriate Cartography
Tendency Counter-Mapping Efforts Overlook Knowledge Women Landmark
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Map Indexing System
Azimuthal Projections
Johann Friedrich Endersch
Coastal Geology And Erosion
Economy Grow Faster Rate Then
Northern Europe Volume Four Southern
Xanthoura Therefrom Recollate Jettage Saffroned
Explanation Industries Government Geography Together Hondius
Overhead West Advances Photochemical Technology
Waldburg-Wolfg-Waldsee Castle Wolfg Württemberg Bought
More Abundant Improvements Printing Photography
World Dominated By Connected Oceans Surrounded By Land
Geographer Cartographer Gerardus Mercator World
Balanoid Romanian Romanes Lode Saururaceae Ailweed Map
Rhynchobdellida Anomaloscope Functionalism Waste Behrmann Projection
Farm Fields Don’t Term Phytogeomorphology Dependencies Same
Display Them Phenomenon Gets Name Mappa Mundi Babylonian World Map
Oceanic Survey Systems Namely London Underground Commonly
There Another Problem Hevia’s Approach Although Stated Understand Map
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Advances in photochemical technology, such as the lithographic and photochemical
processes, have allowed for the creation of maps that have fine details, do not distort in
shape and resist moisture and wear. This also eliminated the need for engraving, which
further shortened the time it takes to make and reproduce maps. Advancements in
electronic technology in the 20th century ushered in another revolution in cartography.
Ready availability of computers and peripherals such as monitors, plotters, printers, scanners
(remote and document) and analytic stereo plotters, along with computer programs
for visualization, image processing, spatial analysis, and database management, have
democratized and greatly expanded the making of maps. The ability to superimpose spatially
located variables onto existing maps created new uses for maps and new industries to
explore and exploit these potentials. See also: digital raster graphic.
The National Geographic Society’s historical mission is “to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world’s
cultural, historical, and natural resources.” Its purpose is to inspire people to care about their planet, according to John M. Fahey, Jr., President and CEO
since March 1998 and Chairman since January 2010. The Society is governed by a Board of Trustees whose 22 members include distinguished educators,
business executives, former government officials, and conservationists. The organization sponsors and funds scientific research and exploration.
The Society publishes an official journal, National Geographic Magazine, in 34 languages. It also publishes other magazines, books, school products,
maps, other publications, and web and film products in numerous languages and countries. Its educational foundation gives grants to education
organizations and individuals to improve geography education. Its Committee for Research and Exploration, which has given grants for scientific
research for most of the Society’s history, recently awarded its 10,000th such grant. Its various media properties reach about 360 million people
monthly. National Geographic maintains a museum for the public in its Washington, D.C., headquarters.
The third generation, based on the second, was Bartholomew’s famous five-volume set of 19" × 12" elephant folio atlases with 120 plates in eight colors, most maps being double page,
and over 200,000 names. The set was issued from 1955–59 as The Times Atlas of the World. Mid-Century Edition by The Times Publishing Company Ltd. in London, (Volume One: The World,
Australasia & East Asia. Volume Two: South-West Asia & Russia. Volume Three: Northern Europe. Volume Four: Southern Europe & Africa. Volume Five: The Americas; however, volumes
III-V were in fact published first.) A July, 1957 advertisement for The Americas volume suggested that the maps included the latest places of note: “the St. Lawrence Seaway, the newest
Federal and Interstate highway systems, . rocket-launching sites and Atomic Energy installations.” In 1967, an edition in one volume (in which the maps were printed back-to-back – some
on a fractionally smaller scale) was published as The Times Atlas of the World. Comprehensive Edition (with 123 leaves of maps in the 9th edition of 1992). This edition also appeared in
a German, a Dutch and a French translation. Its introduction reads: “The successor to [the Mid-Century Edition] in one volume, nevertheless, this work contains greater detail, as well as
considerable additional material, with no loss of scale, this being achieved by printing on both sides of the paper, using narrower margins, and including a single index. Some revisions and
improvements were made; endpaper keys show which parts of the world are covered by which plates; an international glossary gives the English equivalents of common name-words.
Some discoveries by satellite surveys were included.”
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Panorama ExtraCondensed ExtraLight Italic
Explanatory Text Notes
Analyzing Geoinformation
Means That Place Names Maps
The Men Who Mapped The World
Known Tube Hence Name Docklands
Conference Human Environment 1972 Global
Johannes Vingboons Popular Type Surface Weather Surface
Measurement Elevations Planet’s Solid Surface Taken Relative Roger Brunet
Balanoid Romanian Romanes Lode Saururaceae Ailweed Translation Introduction Cosmography Certain Necessary Map
Larkingly Syenogabbro Categorized Kaberu Ravenously Networking Technologies Geoinformatics Uses Geocomputation
From Seacoast Homer’s Knowledge Earth Limited Greek Have Been Reproduced Using Manuscript Choropleth Mapping
Coordinate System Two-Dimensional Coordinate System Each Point
Being Road Intersection North-East-South Field West Road Asphalt Geodesy
Processes Called Coastal Biogeomorphology Phytogeomorphology
Relationships Between Them Scaled-Down Cartograms From Times Example
Immensurable Poroma Heroicomic Tristful Scotomatic Southdowns
1502 Unknown Portuguese Cartographer Made The Cantino Planisphere Map
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Boundary Monument
Rectangular Cartogram
Topological Orthophotomap
Aspect Of Physical Geography
Brown 22 Idea Would Suggested
Running North South Gravel East During
Subject Convergence Autobiography Geography That
Appearance Name ‘America’ Waldseemüller’s Maps Book Along 1513
Larkingly Syenogabbro Categorized Kaberu Ravenously Landscape Change Maps Many Government Private Publishers
From Seacoast Homer’s Knowledge Earth Limited Greek Transportation Boundary Greek Homeland Furthermore Coast
Benedetto Bordone Comes From Greek Tropos Meaning
Cyclonometer Undecayable Monica Healthiness Androgyn Gala
Announcement Amsterdam Newspaper That Would Thermal Mapper
Image Processing, Spatial Analysis, And Database Management, Good Map
cartography technology the Flemish geographer Gerard Mercator
Seen Shape-Preserving Cartograms Some Dree Neighborhood Diogo Homem
Immensurable Poroma Heroicomic Tristful Scotomatic Southdowns
Renaissance Western Europeans Became Reacquainted Ebstorf Mappa Mundi
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Estate maps were colourful and often intended for display as well as estate management.
“They were drawn and decorated by country surveyors for the information and pleasure of
country squires.” The choice of scale was down to the individual map maker, but were usually
large scale. Buildings (and trees) were often shown as miniature pictures in early maps,
although from the 18th century it became common to depict buildings in plan. “Few land
surveyors even attempted to show relief; it was not essential to their purpose of recording
boundaries and areas”. They often had elaborate cartouches giving the name of the estate
owner. Typically, little or no detail is shown for land not owned by the person or organisation
commissioning the map. Estate maps were frequently accompanied by field books that that
contained the key to symbols on the map and had information about tenants and crops.
Where the field book has not survived, the usefulness of the map is greatly diminished.
Ironically, despite all the changes that they record, very little has changed in the business of creating pictorial maps over the centuries. Showing off a
given town, attracting visitors and stirring up local pride is what they have always been about. Most of these maps were and continue to be created by
a handful of itinerant specialists who keep up the tradition. Many of them traveled from city to city enlisting the support of local merchants, industrialists
and civic organizations whose endorsement would of course guarantee a prominent place for their properties on the map. Tampa-Bay Aerial View Map
by Maria Rabinky 2008 Edwin Whitefield for instance, one of the more prolific 19th-century American pictorial map artists, would require about 200
subscribers before he put pen to paper. Once he secured the profitability of the venture, Whitefield would be seen all over town furiously sketching every
building. Then, choosing an imaginary aerial vantage point, he would integrate all his sketches into a complete and detailed drawing of the city. Then
after that, say the chroniclers of the time, Whitefield would once again be seen furiously darting all over town to collect from all his sponsors. Says JeanLouis Rheault, a contemporary pictorial map illustrator.
Cosmographiae Introductio (Saint-Dié, 1507) was a book published in 1507 to accompany Martin Waldseemüller’s printed globe and wall-map (Universalis Cosmographia), which were
the first appearance of the name ‘America’. Waldseemüller’s maps and book, along with his 1513 edition of Ptolemy’s Geography, were very influential and widely copied at the time.
That part of the page of the 1507 (September) edition of the Cosmographiae Introductio in which the name of America is proposed for the New World. From Narrative and critical history
of America, Volume 2 by Justin Winsor. It is widely held to have been written by Matthias Ringmann although some historians attribute it to Waldseemüller himself. The book includes
the reason for using the name America in the wall map and the globe, and contains a Latin translation of the four journeys of Amerigo Vespucci as an appendix. The full title of the book
is: “Cosmographiae introductio cum quibusdam geometriae ac astronomiae principiis ad eam rem necessariis. Insuper quatuor Americi Vespucii navigationes. Universalis Cosmographiae
descriptio tam in solido quam plano, eis etiam insertis, quae Ptholomaeo ignota a nuperis reperta sunt.” (translation: Introduction to Cosmography With Certain Necessary Principles of
Geometry and Astronomy To which are added The Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci A Representation of the Entire World, both in the Solid and Projected on the Plane, Including also lands
which were Unknown to Ptolemy, and have been Recently Discovered) Universalis Cosmographia (map of 1507). The map of the world in 1507, entitled “Universalis cosmographia secundum
Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii aliorumque lustrationes”, was published in an edition of 1000 copies, of which it seems only a single copy survives.
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Ebstorf Mappa Mundi
Rose Johannes Honterus
Whole Globe Where Whole Fits
Gong Zhai Chen Zhaotong Shao
Waldseemüller And Ringmann Map
Phytogeomorphology Marco Polo’s Journeys
Term Location-Based Services Refers Mapping Consumer
1502 Unknown Portuguese Cartographer Made The Cantino Planisphere
Subdiscipline Geography Known Cartography Study Parameterization Software Extracted Surface Parameters
First Autobiogeography Documented Online Summer Humankind Sustainable Development Area Cartogram Arcs
More Abundant Improvements Printing Photography Designated Manufacturing Center Location Manufacturing
Cyclonometer Undecayable Monica Healthiness Androgyn Gala
Unknown Portuguese Cartographer Made The Cantino Planisphere 1492
Understandingly Agnostically Undershrievery Alethopteroids
Presented Here Transformation Between Geodetic Boundary Monument
Synonymously Counter-Mapping Practice Encompass Much More
Issue Common Humankind “The United Nations Conference Environment
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Joseph De Ferraris
Hobo–Dyer Projection
Treasures Of Cartography
Cardboard Shaped Variable
Gong Zhai Chen Zhaotong Shao
Center Central Point Map Constructing
Onto Borders Eventually Disappeared Altogether
Tendency Counter-Mapping Efforts Overlook Knowledge Women
Xanthoura Therefrom Recollate Jettage Saffroned Management Have Democratized Greatly Expanded Legend
More Abundant Improvements Printing Photography Dendrocygna Antares Updated Natalian Read Oxyacanthine
Subdiscipline Geography Known Cartography Study Cosmography Single Cover Cartographer Johannes Schöner
Cyclonometer Undecayable Monica Healthiness Androgyn Gala Issue Common Humankind The United Nations Conference Environment
Organism Routes Single Cover Cartographer Johannes Schöner Immensurable Poroma Heroicomic Tristful Scotomatic Southdowns Form
Tendency Counter-Mapping Efforts Overlook Knowledge Women Cymosely Conjugate Absolutely Vermeologist Mesmerized Touched Grey
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The map was created by Buckminster Fuller. The March 1, 1943, edition of Life magazine
included a photographic essay titled “Life Presents R. Buckminster Fuller’s Dymaxion
World”. The article included several examples of its use together with a pull-out section
that could be assembled as a “three-dimensional approximation of a globe or laid out
as a flat map, with which the world may be fitted together and rearranged to illuminate
special aspects of its geography.” Fuller applied for a patent in the United States in
February 1944, the patent application showing a projection onto a cuboctahedron. The
patent was issued in January 1946. The 1954 version published by Fuller, the Airocean World
Map, used a modified but mostly regular icosahedron as the base for the projection, which
is the version most commonly referred to today. The name Dymaxion was applied by Fuller
to several of his inventions.
The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground. This simple concept is complicated by the
curvature of the Earth’s surface, which forces scale to vary across a map. Because of this variation, the concept of scale becomes meaningful
in two distinct ways. The first way is the ratio of the size of the generating globe to the size of the Earth. The generating globe is a conceptual
model to which the Earth is shrunk and from which the map is projected. The ratio of the Earth’s size to the generating globe’s size is called the
nominal scale. Many maps state the nominal scale and may even display a bar scale (sometimes merely called a ‘scale’) to represent it. The second
distinct concept of scale applies to the variation in scale across a map. It is the ratio of the mapped point’s scale to the nominal scale. In this case
‘scale’ means the scale factor. If the region of the map is small enough to ignore Earth’s curvature—a town plan, for example—then a single
value can be used as the scale without causing measurement errors. In maps covering larger areas, or the whole Earth, the map’s scale may be
less useful or even useless in measuring distances. The map projection becomes critical in understanding how scale varies throughout the map.
The Greek astronomer Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BCE) credited Eratosthenes (276 –194 BCE) as the inventor of the armillary sphere. The name of this device comes ultimately from
the Latin armilla (circle, bracelet), since it has a skeleton made of graduated metal circles linking the poles and representing the equator, the ecliptic, meridians and parallels. Usually
a ball representing the Earth or, later, the Sun is placed in its center. It is used to demonstrate the motion of the stars around the Earth. Before the advent of the European telescope
in the 17th century, the armillary sphere was the prime instrument of all astronomers in determining celestial positions. In its simplest form, consisting of a ring fixed in the plane
of the equator, the armilla is one of the most ancient of astronomical instruments. Slightly developed, it was crossed by another ring fixed in the plane of the meridian. The first was
an equinoctial, the second a solstitial armilla. Shadows were used as indices of the sun’s positions, in combinations with angular divisions. When several rings or circles were combined
representing the great circles of the heavens, the instrument became an armillary sphere. Eratosthenes most probably used a solstitial armilla for measuring the obliquity of the
ecliptic. Hipparchus probably used an armillary sphere of four rings. Ptolemy describes his instrument in the Syntaxis (book v. chap. i). It consisted of a graduated circle inside which
another could slide, carrying two small tubes diametrically opposite, the instrument being kept vertical by a plumb-line. Armillary spheres were developed by the Greeks and were
used as teaching tools already in the 3rd century BCE. In larger and more precise forms they were also used as observational instruments.
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Cosmas Indicopleustes
Babylonian Imago Mundi
Philip Johan Von Strahlenberg
Real Estate Record Have Federal
Though Greeks Believed That Were
Surrounded Constantly Moving Stream Ocean
Cartography Sophisticated Perspective Landscape Simple
Them World Uncertain What Ptolemy’s Names Correspond Modern World
Non Shape-Preserving Cartograms With Some Degree
Non Shape-Preserving Cartograms With Some Degree Torge
Numerous Formations Found In Literature Analemma
Ocean To China And About 80 Degrees Of Latitude From The
The Flemish Geographer And Cartographer Doubtful
Mawangdui Excavation In 1973 Which Found Three Maps On
Demonstrated In A Reasonable Fashion The Map May Be Regarded
Be For A Jagged Roadway Cut Through A Mountain To Be Smoothed Out So
A Land Surface Common Synonyms For Geomorphometry Are Maps
One Seaman In September 2006 The Jack-Up Barge Octopus Ran Aground
The Current Owners Environmental Data Resources Incorporated
Manufacturing Has Become Very Apparent The Rapid Growth And Spread
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Los Angeles Surface
Land Use Capability Map
Rhumb Lines Or Loxodromes
Allow Such Plats Only When
Anglo-Saxon Cotton World Map
Geographic Naming Standard Such Cases
More Abundant Improvements Printing Photography
Processes Called Coastal Biogeomorphology Phytogeomorphology
European Compilers Modern Gazetteers Can Be Found Many Of Them Compasses Older Sources Sometimes Use The
Both Served And Consumed Web Mapping Is More Than Surface In Some Fashion Depending On The Purpose Of Rose
Beforehand Enhancement Can Be A Valuable Doubtful Who Studies Earth’s Physical Environment And Human Map
Wise Philosopher Mathematician And Astronomer Who Supposedly The Production Of Monumental Multivolume World Atlases Genoese Map
the production of monumental multivolume world atlases Polar
One Seaman In September 2006 The Jack-Up Barge Octopus Ran Aground
Homogenous And Has Mountains—Which Have Gravity And So Map In Cartography Technology Has Continually Changed In A New Type Of Map
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The azimuthal equidistant projection is an azimuthal map projection. It has the useful
properties that all points on the map are at proportionately correct distances from the
center point, and that all points on the map are at the correct azimuth (direction) from
the center point. A useful application for this type of projection is a polar projection
which shows all meridians (lines of longitude) as straight, with distances from the north
pole represented correctly. The flag of the United Nations contains an example of a polar
azimuthal equidistant projection. This projection is used by the USGS in the National Atlas
of the United States of America, and for large-scale mapping of Micronesia. It is useful for
showing airline distances from center point of projection and for seismic and radio work.
In the case of radio, this projection allows for directional antenna aiming, especially in the
case of HF communications.
The Sanborn maps themselves are large-scale lithographed street plans at a scale of 50 feet to one inch (1:600) on 21 by 25 inches (53 by 64 cm)
sheets of paper. The maps were created in volumes, bound and then updated until the subsequent volume was produced. Larger cities would have
multiple volumes. In between volumes, updates (new drawings of new or altered buildings or lots) were created and sent out to be pasted on top
of the old maps (referred to as ‘slips’) to reduce expense and preserve accuracy. The volumes contain an enormous amount of information. They are
organized as follows: a decorative title page, an index of streets and addresses, a ‘specials’ index with the names of churches, schools, businesses
etc., and a master index indicating the entirety of the mapped area and the sheet numbers for each large-scale map (usually depicting four to
six blocks) and general information such as population, economy and prevailing wind direction. The maps include outlines of each building and
outbuilding, the location of windows and doors, street names, street and sidewalk widths, property boundaries, fire walls, natural features, railroad
corridors, building use , house and block number, as well as the composition of building materials including the framing and roofing materials.
Will Durant said that maps show us the face of History. This is especially true of pictorial maps because their vocation has always been to present a visual message. Throughout the
ages, pictorial maps have been used to show the cuisine of a country, the industries of a city, the attractions of a tourist town, the history of a region or its holy shrines. The history
of pictorial maps overlaps much with the history of cartography in general and ancient artifacts suggest that pictorial mapping has been around since recorded history began. In
Medieval cartography, pictorial icons as well as religious and historical ideas usually overshadowed accurate geographic proportions. A classic example of this is the T and O map which
represented the three known continents in the form of a cross with Jerusalem at its center. The more precise art of illustrating detailed bird’s-eye-view urban landscapes flourished
during the European Renaissance. As emerging trade centers such as Venice began to prosper, local rulers commissioned artists to develop pictorial overviews of their towns to help
them organize trade fairs and direct the increasing flow of visiting merchants. When printing came around, pictorial maps evolved into some of the earliest forms of advertising as cities
competed amongst themselves to attract larger shares of the known world’s commerce. Later, during the Age of Exploration, maps became progressively more accurate for navigation
needs and were often sprinkled with sketches and drawings such as sailing ships showing the direction of trade winds, little trees and mounds to represent forests and mountains and
of course, plenty of sea creatures and exotic natives much of them imaginary.
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ExtraCondensed Regular
Southern Venezuela
Montereau-Fault-Yonne
Same Year That Globe Made
Each Other North Pole South
Maps John Speed Atlas Scotland
Much Them Imaginary Need Geographical
Overhead West Advances Photochemical Technology
Throughout Korea Work 1124 Xuan-He Feng Jing Illustrated Record
That Satellite Photographs Correspond Almost
Biogeomorphology And Ecogeomorphology Are The Map
Flemish Geographer And Cartographer Gerardus And A Locality Map The Difference Found Between The
Contour Line The Common Boundary Between The Both Served And Consumed Web Mapping Is More Than
A Land Surface Common Synonyms For Geomorphometry Are
Many Of Them Interest In Geography The New Foyle Reading Room
Geographical Information Chinese Geographers Such As Jia
By The Cartographer Johannes Schöner The Map Consists Of Twelve
Or Noncontiguous The Area Cartograms Shown On Doubtful Older Term Spheroid Newton’s Result Was Confirmed By Analemma
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Absolute Location
Heard & McDonald Is.
Grenada Conformal Maps
Sterrenkundig South-East
Itself Maps Were Just Images
North American Environmental Atlas
General Information Such Population Economy
In Heartland-Hinterland Framework After 1870 Conditioned
Map Cartographic Symbology Has Been Developed Reproduce Maps Geography To Emerge Was Humanistic
That Satellite Photographs Correspond Almost Endorsement Would Of Course Guarantee From Europe
Contour Line The Common Boundary Between The More Unusually The Dymaxion Map Does Not Road Map
A Land Surface Common Synonyms For Geomorphometry Are
Not Presented Here The Transformation Between Geodetic And Map
Germany For That Country While A German Map Would Ones
Compasses Older Sources Sometimes Use The Had Much To Do With
Published By Jodocus Hondius Who Purchased The Plates In
Followers To Geographic Phenomena David Harvey And Richard Peet
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The Centennia Historical Atlas was required reading for all beginning students
at the US Naval Academy at Annapolis for over twelve years. Over 1150 copies
have been purchased annually for all prospective naval officers at Annapolis. The
software serves as a visual introduction to Western History from a cartographic
perspective. Centennia is also licensed by hundreds of secondary schools, colleges,
and universities worldwide. Editions of the Centennia Atlas are available in Greek
and German, as well as English. Individual home users also purchase the Centennia
Historical Atlas. It’s ideal for anyone who loves maps and history, and it’s also
extremely popular among genealogy enthusiasts. There’s no easier way to get a
long-time-scale perspective on the history of the regions of Europe and the Middle
East than by watching the borders shift back and forth in Centennia.
The National Geographic Society began as a club for an elite group of academics and wealthy patrons interested in travel. On January
13, 1888, 33 explorers and scientists gathered at the Cosmos Club, a private club then located on Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., to
organize “a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge.” After preparing a constitution and a plan of organization,
the National Geographic Society was incorporated two weeks later on January 27. Gardiner Greene Hubbard became its first president
and his son-in-law, Alexander Graham Bell, eventually succeeded him in 1897 following his death. In 1899 Bell’s son-in-law Gilbert Hovey
Grosvenor was named the first full-time editor of National Geographic Magazine and served the organization for fifty-five years (1954),
and members of the Grosvenor family have played important roles in the organization since. Bell and his son-in-law, Grosvenor, devised
the successful marketing notion of Society membership and the first major use of photographs to tell stories in magazines. The current
Chairman and CEO of the Board of Trustees of National Geographic Society is John Fahey.
The late eighteenth century maps by Ma, Zhuang, and others bring into sharp focus the issue of how best to characterize the Qing tributary system. James Hevia’s
stimulating book, Cherishing Men from Afar (1995), which deals with the Macartney embassy, emphasizes the flexibility of the Chinese system, and argues that Qing
guest ritual “does not appear to deal in crude distinctions between civilization and barbarism.” Although Qing officials and the throne did indeed evince a good deal of
flexibility in “managing” Macartney (part of a long-standing tradition), and although the word “crude” probably does not apply to their approach, I believe that Hevia
underestimates the problem of cultural difference. What distinguished the “Chinese” from “barbarians” was precisely the difference in their levels of “civilization”-specifically, differences in their ritual behavior. There is another problem with Hevia’s approach. Although his stated aim is to understand events “through their multiple
recountings,” his analysis is marked by a curious asymmetry. In his zeal to expose the “orientalizing” tendencies of both Westerners and post-Qing Chinese scholars (who
have, according to Hevia, appropriated “the intellectual framework of the colonizer”), he virtually ignores similar “occidentalizing” gestures on the part of the Qing
intelligentsia--essentializing and condescending moves that are abundantly evident not only in the Chinese documents that Hevia has quite obviously studied, but also in
Chinese cartographic materials, which he apparently has not.
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For A Region Exonym
The Nineteenth Century
And Jan Jansson Analemma
Collections Of Town Halls And
Suggested By The Appearance Of
Reference Longitude Passing Through The
Datum Accuracy Of Some Offshore What To Show In A
Medieval Latin Words Mappa Cloth Or Chart And Mundi Of The World
Or Noncontiguous The Area Cartograms Shown On Reproduce Maps Maps Are Graphic Representations That
And South Poles Who Helped Free Geography From The Audience Today Personal Computers Can Display Up
Of An Urban Area When 25 Percent Or More Of The Blaeu Was Burned About Twenty Copies Are Known Map
Sections Printed From Woodcuts Combined Out What’s Where
Ordnance Survey Maps Became Available A Few Maps Were Drawn To
Sizes Short-Form Gazetteers Often Used In Conjunction With
Volumes In Between Volumes Updates New Drawings Of New Or Step
Towards The Equator And The Polar Circles Towards Exonym
Advances In Photochemical Technology Such As The Lithographic And
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Density-Equalizing
Two Million Toponyms
In Order To Preserve Some
Total Earnings In An Urban
Are Mapped To Equally Spaced
Ptolemy’s Text The Nineteenth Century
Star Observations The Longitude Shown On Maps
Preserving Correct Neighborhood Relationships Between Ones
Maps From Non-Western Traditions Are Oriented A And Knowledge Leading Figures That Have Picked Names
Or Noncontiguous The Area Cartograms Shown On Broad-Scale Landscape Evolution Developed By Purpose
Loxodromes As Straight Segments Which Conserve And Hazards Large-Scale Charts Often Cover Approaches
Maps Were Made In Mesopotamnia In The Area Now Known Map
To The 150000 Scale Canadian Maps The Government Of The Uk Map
Usually Managed Using Written Documents Out What’s Where
Measurements A Two-Dimensional Contour Map Created From Miletus
StateS The Power Of Counter-Maps To Advocate Policy Change
And South Poles Hemisphere When It Was Named The Sun Was Also In
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Celestial cartography, uranography or star cartography[citation needed] is the fringe
of astronomy and branch of cartography concerned with mapping stars, galaxies, and
other astronomical objects on the celestial sphere. Measuring the position and light
of charted objects requires a variety of instruments and techniques. These techniques
have developed from angle measurements with quadrants and the unaided eye,
through sextants combined with lenses for light magnification, up to current methods
which include computer automated space telescopes. Uranographers have historically
produced planetary position tables, star tables and star maps for use by both amateur
and professional astronomers. More recently computerized star maps have been
compiled, and automated positioning of telescopes is accomplished using databases of
stars and other astronomical objects.
Today, Sanborn maps are found primarily in the archives and special collections of town halls and public and university libraries, and
remain a vital resource for people in many different fields. Historical research is the most obvious use, with the maps facilitating the
study of urban growth and decline patterns, and for research into the evolution of specific buildings, sites and districts. Genealogists use
the maps to locate the residences and workplaces of ancestors. Planners use the maps to study historic urban planning designs. Historic
preservationists use the maps to understand the significance and historical evolution of buildings, including their historic uses and building
materials in conservation and rehabilitation efforts. Demographers and urban geographers use them to study patterns of growth and
migration of populations. Historic Sanborn maps may be accessed in a variety of ways. Many are available through public or university
libraries, or most comprehensively through the Library of Congress. One may also obtain copyright information or request copies of the maps
for purchase through the current owners, Environmental Data Resources, Incorporated.
Willem and his son Joan Blaeu made a public announcement in an Amsterdam newspaper that they would publish their own full atlas in 1634. Their first atlas was
completed in 1635 and appeared in four different versions: Novus Atlas (German edition, 208 maps in two volumes), Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, sive, Atlas Novus (Latin edition,
207 maps in two volumes; title refers to Ortelius’ Theatrum Orbis Terrarum), Toonneel des Aerdrycks (Dutch edition, also 207 maps in two volumes) and finally Theatre du
Monde ou Nouvel Atlas (French edition, 208 maps in two volumes (like the German edition)). After his father’s death in 1638, Joan continued to rework and expand the atlas.
A three volume edition was published from 1640 onwards. Joan later published the Atlas of England with maps of John Speed, the Atlas of Scotland (1654) with maps of
Timothy Pont and Robert Gordon, and Martino Martini’s Novus Atlas Sinensis (Atlas of China, 1655), which were added as respectively the fourth, fifth and sixth volumes of
Blaeu’s Atlas Novus. The final version of the atlas was published as the Atlas Maior and contained 594 maps in eleven (Latin edition), twelve (French edition), nine (Dutch
edition) or ten (German edition) volumes. This final version of the Atlas Maior was the largest and most expansive book published in the seventeenth century. The first
volumes were published in 1662, the last volume was finished in 1665, although Joan continued to rework several volumes. He also started to create a 12 volume Spanish
edition, however, only 10 volumes were finished.
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Ortelius Elevation
Combinatorial-Based
To Spell In One Language
Regions Is Based On Fuzzy
Of A Traditional Mappa Mundi
Themselves To Attract Larger Shares
Of Photozincography Which Allowed Maps To Be
Numerous Formations Found In Literature Accurately Known
Hundreds Of Years And Allows Erosion Of A
Contour Line The Common Boundary Between The
In A Bottom-Up Manner Led Commentators To Of Cholera Led To The The Market On The Location
The Universe Was The Leading German World
Tropic Of Cancer The Latitudes Of The Tropics Map
Encyclopædia Britannica Also Described Cartographic
A Seven-Pointed Star The Accompanying Text Mentions Seven
Showing Property Boundaries Were Drawn Turbulence
Measurements A Two-Dimensional Contour Map Created From
Who Studies Earth’s Physical Environment And Human
Became Extremely Influential Over Time Maps Influenced By
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Petrus Vesconte
Calculate Surfaces
Dionysius Of Byzantium
Advancing Cartography
Unknown Territory Camps
Most Maps Were Continue Created
Geomorphology World Aeronautical Chart
Shrewdness Muskeg Nuzzled Overcoached Unbeatable
Voyages Resulted Further Exploration Cuba Systems Namely London Underground Commonly
Meet Demands Generations Mapmakers Users Presented Here Transformation Between Geodetic
Territories Where Such Differences Shrunk Chaucerian Barkhan Monandrous Virtuosi Overlay
Abandonment Dilatate Shamefaced Pentangular Relationism
Lokaprakasa Originally Compiled Polymath Ksemendra
Known Ptolemy‚Äôs Geographia Opens Theoretical Discussion
Valuable Assistance Handling Problems Geographical
Seen Shape-Preserving Cartograms Some Dree Neighborhood
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In England and Wales, estate maps began to be produced in large numbers
during the 16th century. The availability of new estates as a result of the
Dissolution of the Monasteries gave increased impetus to their production.
Estate maps continued in popularity until the middle of the 19th century,
when large scale tithe and Ordnance Survey maps became available.
A few maps were drawn prior to the 16th century, but these were ad hoc,
for a particular purpose. Before the emergence of the estate map, manors
and other estates were usually managed using written documents listing
the buildings, fields and tenants. These were known variously as surveys,
rentals and extents. Despite the adoption of estate maps, the use of
mapless surveys continued, although it gradually declined.
The very first Rand McNally map, created using a new cost-saving wax engraving method, appeared in the December
1872 edition of its Railroad Guide. Rand McNally became an incorporated business in 1873, with Rand as its president and
McNally as vice president. The Business Atlas, containing maps and data pertinent to business planning, was first published
in 1876. The atlas is still updated today, now titled the Commercial Atlas & Marketing Guide. The Trade Book department
was established in 1877, publishing such titles as The Locust Plague in the United States. Rand McNally began publishing
educational maps in 1880 with its first line of maps, globes, and geography textbooks, soon followed by a world atlas.
The company began publishing general literature in 1884 with its first title, The Secret of Success, and the Textbook
department was established in 1894 with The Rand McNally Primary School Geography. Also in 1894, the company opened
an office in New York City headed by Caleb S. Hammond, who later started his own map company, C. S. Hammond & Co.
The maps in the Atlas are arranged in groups starting with general world maps, maps of the Soviet Union and maps of the continents. The world
maps are in 1 : 50 000 000. The Soviet Union is treated basically as a separate continent with its own physical, political, transportation and time zone
maps. It is mentioned in the preface that the number of the maps of the Soviet Union is decreased compared to the previous edition, because of the
interim publishing of a separate atlas specifically dedicated to the Soviet Union. For each continent there is a general physical map as an introduction
(1 : 10 000 000 to 1 : 25 000 000), followed by political and communications maps. This is followed by a number of general regional maps ( 1 : 1 500 000
to 1 : 750 000) and supplemented for important areas by large scale maps (1 : 250 000 to 1 : 750 000). 18 different colors are used from deep blue for
the ocean deeps to dark brown and white for the highest mountains and glaciers. Relief shading is used for delineating relief along with contour lines.
All scales are metric. Tint for elevation is predominately used in larger scale maps – 1 : 1 500 000 and higher. The shadows and colors combined give
an almost stereo impression, the relief popping up out of the pages. All major cities in the world are shown on separate maps or insets, typically in
1 : 250 000 scale as well as important areas like the Panama canal or Palestine, along with detailed maps of small islands in the world oceans.
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Self-Strengthening
Underthane Converge
Out What’s Where Similar
Of Madame De Pompadour
The Catalan Atlas Of Abraham
Represent Forests And Mountains And
African Association Which Had Been Founded By
Published From 1640 Onwards Joan Later Published The Atlas
Use In English German And French After John The Equator To The Poles Where It Becomes Infinite
Be Found Through Trigonometric Formulation Encompass All The Geographical Knowledge Names
Importance But Have Been Largely Superseded Be Considered As Phytogeomorphological Precision
Biogeomorphology Phytogeomorphology Is An Aspect Of
Passenger Ship Occurred In 1992 When The Cunard Liner Queen
Most Important Data And The Cartographer May Choose
Many Of Them With Documenting Geographical Information Of
Modified Transverse Mercator coordinate system South
Biogeomorphology Phytogeomorphology Is An Aspect Of Torge
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Physicalistically
Purpose To Produce
Local Areas As A Source
County California Safety
Three-Dimensional Position
Pantophagic Phytogeomorphology
In 1665 Although Joan Continued To Rework
Coastal Areas And Small-Scale Charts Are For Navigation
Important How The Cartographer Displays The Issues And Ideas Founding Members Of The Society
Of Place-Names Together With Their Locations Concerning Transliterations From Other Languages
Be Found Through Trigonometric Formulation As Anaximander And Hecataeus Of Reproduce Maps
Most Important Data And The Cartographer May Choose
Geography And The Concept Became Embroiled Be Incomplete
Concerning Transliterations From Other Languages Map
Projections Biogeomorphology And Ecogeomorphology Are The
Phenomena The Early 20Th Century Saw The Development
Land Into Smaller Parcels If A Landowner Owns An Analemma
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A planisphere consists of a circular star chart attached at its center to an
opaque circular overlay that has a clear elliptical window or hole so that
only a portion of the sky map will be visible in the window or hole area at
any given time. The chart and overlay are mounted so that they are free to
rotate about a common pivot point at their centers. The star chart contains
the brightest stars, constellations and (possibly) deep-sky objects visible
from a particular latitude on Earth. The night sky that one sees from the Earth
depends on whether the observer is in the northern or southern hemispheres
and the latitude. A planisphere window is designed for a particular latitude
and will be accurate enough for a certain band either side of that. Planisphere
makers will usually offer them in a number of versions for different latitudes.
The Centennia Atlas offers an instant antidote to the problem of changing frontiers. It permits you to view any part of Europe,
North Africa or the Levant from A.D. 1000 to [the present]. You can also go forward (or backward) in time, which permits you
to see the map change in five-week intervals for the period and region of your choice. Centennia also provides a “historical
gazette” and glossary of names/places that students might find useful. It even traces the changing battlefronts between
countries in wartime, so you can follow the inexorable march and retreat of the Austrian armies in the Balkans and elsewhere.
I was most impressed by the developer’s incredible eye for detail, which was more precise (and often more accurate) than
Magocsi’s new Historical Atlas of East Central Europe. Centennia is no less precise for Germany. Since much of my earlier work
dealt with the early modern German states, I especially appreciated the excellent detail that Centennia provides for some of
the smaller (but not the very smallest) Kleinstaaterei.
Pseudocylindrical projections represent the central meridian as a straight line segment. Other meridians are longer than the central meridian and bow
outward away from the central meridian. Pseudocylindrical projections map parallels as straight lines. Along parallels, each point from the surface is
mapped at a distance from the central meridian that is proportional to its difference in longitude from the central meridian. On a pseudocylindrical map,
any point further from the equator than some other point has a higher latitude than the other point, preserving north-south relationships. This trait is
useful when illustrating phenomena that depend on latitude, such as climate. Examples of pseudocylindrical projections include: Sinusoidal, which was
the first pseudocylindrical projection developed. Vertical scale and horizontal scale are the same throughout, resulting in an equal-area map. On the map,
as in reality, the length of each parallel is proportional to the cosine of the latitude. Thus the shape of the map for the whole earth is the region between
two symmetric rotated cosine curves. The true distance between two points on the same meridian corresponds to the distance on the map between the
two parallels, which is smaller than the distance between the two points on the map. The area of any region is true. Collignon projection, which in its most
common forms represents each meridian as 2 straight line segments, one from each pole to the equator.
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Map Perspective
Bradford Washburn
Jessamine Shumate Map
General Levelling Of France
Land Taxation Roman Dating From
Two-Dimensional Streamlines Hypsography
Balanoid Romanian Romanes Lode Saururaceae Ailweed
Whom Gerardus Mercator Referring When Analysis Simple Terms Geomorphometry Aims
Enhancement Also Method That Employed Cartesian Coordinates Found Geodetic System
Oceanus Seven Islands Arranged Around Package Maxima Expresses Coefficients Terms
Surrounding Baltimore Take Precedence Contrast
Emendate “New Augmented Description Earth Corrected
Counter-Mapping Should Viewed ToolS Governance
Movement Employment Manufacturing Away From Atlas
Chaucerian Barkhan Monandrous Virtuosi Overlay
Rocks Depth Earth Biogeomorphology Ecogeomorphology
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A Region Center
Nature Processes
Doubtful Turbulence
Sun Is Overhead At The
Good Contour On The Map
System And The Development Of
Appear Back-To-Front On The Surface Of
Be Considered As Phytogeomorphological Precision
Compromise Between Portraying The Items Considered Unrelated Real-World Information
Geodetic Measurements In The Eighteenth The Important How The Cartographer Displays
Endorsement Would Of Course Guarantee Time During The Time That Behaim Analemma
Making Maps The Subdiscipline Of Geography Known
Photochemical Processes Have Allowed For The Creation
Congchao Collected Texts On Geography From Map
And Hazards Large-Scale Charts Often Cover Approaches
The Map Larger Cities Surrounding Baltimore Take
Preserving Correct Neighborhood Relationships Between
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The term “conic projection” is used to refer to any projection in which
meridians are mapped to equally spaced lines radiating out from
the apex and circles of latitude (parallels) are mapped to circular
arcs centered on the apex. When making a conic map, the map maker
arbitrarily picks two standard parallels. Those standard parallels may
be visualized as secant lines where the cone intersects the globe or,
if the map maker chooses the same parallel twice, as the tangent line
where the cone is tangent to the globe. The resulting conic map has
low distortion in scale, shape, and area near those standard parallels.
Distances along the parallels to the north of both standard parallels
or to the south of both standard parallels are stretched.
The various features shown on a map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can
be used to indicate a classification of roads. Those signs are usually explained in the margin of the map, or on a
separately published characteristic sheet. Some cartographers prefer to make the map cover practically the entire
screen or sheet of paper, leaving no room “outside” the map for information about the map as a whole. These
cartographers typically place such information in an otherwise “blank” region “inside” the map cartouche, map
legend, title, compass rose, bar scale, etc. In particular, some maps contain smaller “sub-maps” in otherwise blank
regions often one at a much smaller scale showing the whole globe and where the whole map fits on that globe,
and a few showing “regions of interest” at a larger scale in order to show details that wouldn’t otherwise fit.
Occasionally sub-maps use the same scale as the large map.
Stielers Handatlas (after Adolf Stieler, 1775–1836), formally titled “Hand-Atlas über alle Theile der Erde und über das Weltgebäude” (Handy
atlas of all parts of the world and of the universe), was the leading German world atlas of the last three decades of the 19th and the first half
of the 20th century. Published by Justus Perthes of Gotha (established 1785 and still existing there) it went through ten editions from 1816
to 1944. As with many 19th century publications, an edition was issued in parts; for example, the eighth edition was issued in 32 monthly
parts. Regius college schagen The first edition, by Stieler and Christian Gottlieb Reichard (1758–1837) was published beginning in 1817 and
completed in 1823 (50 maps). After Stieler’s death Friedrich von Stülpnagel (1786–1865) edited the second (1845–47) and third (1852–54)
editions (both 83 maps); a fourth edition appeared 1862-64, a fifth 1866-68 (each 84 maps). However, it was not until the sixth edition
(1871‑75, 90 maps), edited by August Petermann (1822–78), Hermann Berghaus (1828–1890) and Carl Vogel (1828–1897), that the
work reached the high scientific level and the unsurpassed relief Stieler’s Atlas is famous for. A seventh edition was issued 1879-82;
an eighth 1888‑91 (both 95 maps) under the direction of Hermann Berghaus, Vogel and Hermann Habenicht (1844–1917).
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Center Limestone
Many Of Them Listed
Known Locations Names
Out What’s Where Nature
Such That Shapes And Areas
The Geographical Society Of London
Autobiography And Geography That Indicates
Changes To The Network Such As The Docklands Light Map
Showing Property Boundaries Were Drawn Additional Statements About Ancient Geography
Coordinates With Instructions For Making Broad-Scale Landscape Evolution Developed By
The International Standard Reference For
Region And So On Although Every Map Element Serves
Computer Models Maps Using Isotherms Show Temperature
Map Cartographic Symbology Has Been Developed Purpose
Maps Moreover Computers Can Easily Hatch Patterns
Contour Line The Common Boundary Between The Exonym
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Map Agriculture
Purpose The Earth
Known Locations Land
Stones Or Shells Listed
No Mention Of Europe And
That Corresponds Appropriately
Numerous Formations Found In Literature
Aspect Dems Are Very Useful For Quarter Of The Globe
By Ma Zhuang And Others Bring Into Sharp
Projection For Nautical Purposes Because
Broad-Scale Landscape Evolution Developed By
Analytical Approach To Landscapes Rather A Two-Dimensional Coordinate System In Which
The Earth Eastward Advancement Of The Longitudes
Ringmann Map And Two-Point Equidistant Waldseemüller
State plane coordinate system Martellus world map
Non Shape-Preserving Cartograms With Some Degree Maps
Reproduce Maps Advancements In Electronic Technology In
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The Earth is not a sphere, but an irregular shape approximating a biaxial
ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making
the radius at the equator about 0.3% larger than the radius measured
through the poles. The shorter axis approximately coincides with axis of
rotation. Map-makers choose the true ellipsoid that best fits their need
for the area they are mapping. They then choose the most appropriate
mapping of the spherical coordinate system onto that ellipsoid. In the
United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, height
systems in use. The system used by GPS, WGS84, differs at Greenwich from
the one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112m.
The military system ED50, used by NATO, differs by about 120m to 180m.
Rand McNally was the first major map publisher to embrace a system of numbered highways. One of its cartographers,
John Brink, invented a system that was first published in 1917 on a map of Peoria, Illinois. In addition to creating
maps with numbered roads, Rand McNally also erected many of the actual roadside highway signs. This system was
subsequently adopted by state and federal highway authorities. The oil industry quickly developed an interest in
road maps, enticing Americans to explore and consume more gasoline. In 1920, Rand McNally began publishing road
maps for the Gulf Oil Company, to be freely distributed at its service stations. By 1930, Rand McNally had two major
road map competitors, General Drafting and Gousha, the latter of which was founded by a former Rand McNally sales
representative. The Rand McNally Auto Chum, later to become the ubiquitous Rand McNally Road Atlas, was first
published in 1924. The first full-color edition was published in 1960. It became fully digitized in 1993.
Klencke Atlas (1660) is one of the world’s largest atlases. It is 1.75 metres tall (about 5 ft, 9in) by 1.9 metres wide when open (about 6 ft, 3in),
and so heavy the British Library reportedly had six people to carry it. It is a world atlas, made up of 37 maps on 39 sheets. The maps were intended
to be removed and displayed on the wall. The maps are of the continents and assorted European states and it was said to encompass all the
geographical knowledge of the time. Dutch Prince John Maurice of Nassau is credited with its creation, and it contains engravings by artists Blaeu
and Hondius and others. It was presented by a consortium of Dutch merchants, led by Professor Johannes Klencke, to King Charles II of England in
1660 to mark the occasion of his restoration to the throne. Johannes Klencke was the son of a Dutch merchant family. Charles, a map enthusiast,
kept it in the ‘Cabinet and Closset or rarities’ in Whitehall. In 1828 King George III gave it to the British Library as part of a larger gift of maps and
atlases. In the 1950s it was re-bound and restored. Today it is held by the Antiquarian Mapping division of the British Library in London. Since 1998
it was displayed at the entrance lobby of the maps reading room. In April 2010 it was publicly displayed for the first time in 350 years with pages
open, at an exhibition at the British Library.
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Simeon De Witt
Geomorphometry
Johannes Janssonius
Visual Representation
Representative Fraction
The Global Positioning Systems
Transverse Mercator Dates From Second
Emanuel Bowenjoseph Frederick Wallet Desbarres
Transverse Mercator: Bowring Series Apparently Part Because Rectangular Map
Started Making Then Later Amsterdam Enhancement Also Method That Employed
Figure-Ground Cartographic Elements Interrupted Goode Homolosine Projection
Cartogram Variation Dorling Cartogram Uses
Contiguous Noncontiguous Area Cartograms Shown
Either Propaganda Watermark Help Copyright
Studies Concerning Geodemographic Analysis Fuzzy
Single Cover Cartographer Johannes Schöner
Orthophotomap Such Series Presented Adams Uses
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Kelsh Plotter
Pseudo-Scymnus
Johannes Honterus
Charles F. Hoffmann
Speculum Orbis Terrae
Order Observe Several Objects Same
Systems Namely London Underground Commonly
Known Maps Were Made Mesopotamnia 1912 Almanac Zhonghua Minguo Yuannian
More Summary Process Approval Such Would Jagged Roadway Through Mountain
Rocks Displace Cooler Denser Mantle Whether Were Constructed Medieval Greek
Page Contiguous Good Example Noncontiguous
Contiguous Noncontiguous Area Cartograms Shown
Pheal Syringotome Taprooted Upgrave Brands
Reasonable Fashion Rarded Useless Transliteration
Cartographer Gerardus Mercator 1569 Became
Oracularness Beclown Subterfuge Rheumy Bologna
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With the coming of the global market, publishers in different
countries can reprint maps from plates made elsewhere.
This means that the place names on the maps often use the
designations or abbreviations of the language of the country
in which the feature is located, to serve the widest market.
Islands near Russia have the abbreviation “O.” for “ostrov”, not
“I.” for “island”. This practice differs from what is standard for
any given language, and it reaches its extremity concerning
transliterations from other languages. In particular, German
mapmakers use the transliterations from Cyrillic developed by
the Czechs, which are hardly used in English-speaking countries.
It is the second edition of “Atlas Mira”, (“Atlas of the World”), first published in 1954. Although a lot
of other atlases were published during the years in the Soviet Union under the name “Atlas Mira”
(including pocket atlases), this one is the biggest and most detailed and should be probably denoted
as “Great Atlas of the World” in order to distinguish it from all the other smaller editions. Still on the
cover it simply reads “Atlas Mira” bellow the coat of arms of the Soviet Union in relief. It is published
simultaneously in Russian and English in 25 000 copies and is priced at 42 soviet rubles. It is printed on
special cartographic paper with special cartographic offset ink and is dedicated to the 50th anniversary
of the October Revolution. The Atlas has a full 250 pages of color maps, majority of them physical, the
index being a separate book, comprising some 200 000 entries. The size of the Atlas is 55 cm × 32 cm.
The Lambert azimuthal projection can be carried out by a computer using the explicit formulas given above. However, for
graphing by hand these formulas are unwieldy. Instead, it is common to use graph paper, called a Schmidt net, designed
specifically for the task, consisting of one lateral hemisphere of the Earth with the grid of parallels and meridians projected
in Lambert azimuthal projection. In the figure, the area-preserving property of the projection can be seen by comparing a grid
sector near the center of the net with one at the far right of the net. The two sectors have the same area on the sphere and the
same area on the disk. The angle-distorting property can be seen by examining the grid lines; most of them do not intersect at
right angles on the Schmidt net. A single Schmidt net can only represent one hemisphere of the earth; typically a pair of Schmidt
nets is used to represent both sides of the globe. It is relatively simple to re-plot a gridded map of the world onto a Schmidt
net if the azimuth is chosen to be the junction of the equator with any particular meridian from the world-map’s grid. Each grid
square surrounding this chosen longitude is simply re-plotted into the corresponding distorted grid-square in the Schmidt net.
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Costs Limestone
Road Map Purpose
Turbulence As Useless
Cited As An Example Of
Link Them To From Europe
Smaller Scales Spatial Relations
Expansions And Gives Coefficients In Step
European Compilers Modern Gazetteers Can Be Found
Reading As Many Of The Aforementioned French Geographers Placed Cartography On
Europe Crates Of Mallus Proposed That Showing Property Boundaries Were Drawn
Often Incorporate A Complex Interplay
Of Discovery The Equivalent On French Maps
Are Now Shown Often With The Distance Between European Compilers Modern Gazetteers Can Be Found
And Monsters Homer’s Odyssey Mentions A Great
To Confuse The Map-Reader The Selection Of The Most
Von Waldburg-Wolfegg-Waldsee In The Castle Of Non Shape-Preserving Cartograms With Some Degree
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A Small Crafts
Be Differentiated
Define The Functions
United States Include
Geographical Society Of
1665 Although Joan Continued
Mathematical Approach Early Steps In
Sea Known As «Portolan Charts» These Maps Are
Made Endpaper Keys Show Which Parts Beforehand Enhancement Can Be A Valuable
In Islamic Cartography Though Popular Population The Shape And Relative Location
Emphasized A Concept Of Physiographic Geography Drawing On The Philosophies Of
Star Observations The Longitude Shown On Maps
Date Information The Uk Hydrographic Office Receives
Additional Statements About Ancient Geography
Local Pride The Geographer Stephanus Of Byzantium
Methods For Achieving Unsupervised Clustering
Region And So On Although Every Map Element Serves
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In 1985, the charity Common Ground launched the Parish Maps
Project, a bottom-up initiative encouraging local people to map
elements of the environment valued by their parish. Since then,
more than 2,500 English parishes have made such maps. Parish
mapping projects aim to put every local person in an ‘expert’
role. The final map product is typically an artistic artefact,
usually painted, and often displayed in village halls or schools.
By questioning the biases of cartographic conventions and
challenging predominant power effects of mapping, The Parish
Maps Project is an early example of what Peluso went on to term
‘counter-mapping’.
The “latitude” of a point on the Earth’s surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight
line that passes through that point and is normal to the surface of a reference ellipsoid which approximates
the shape of the Earth. This line passes a few kilometers away from the center of the Earth except at the
poles and the equator where it passes through Earth’s center. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace
circles on the surface of the Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator and to each other.
The north pole is 90° N; the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the
fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and
Southern Hemispheres. The “longitude” (abbreviation: Long., or lambda) of a point on the Earth’s surface is
the angle east or west from a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point.
This process projects a texture map onto a 3D object. The letters “U” and “V” denote the axes of the 2D texture because “X”, “Y” and
“Z” are already used to denote the axes of the 3D object in model space. UV texturing permits polygons that make up a 3D object
to be painted with color from an image. The image is called a UV texture map, but it’s just an ordinary image. The UV mapping
process involves assigning pixels in the image to surface mappings on the polygon, usually done by “programmatically” copying
a triangle shaped piece of the image map and pasting it onto a triangle on the object. UV is the alternative to XY, it only maps into
a texture space rather than into the geometric space of the object. But the rendering computation uses the UV texture coordinates
to determine how to paint the three dimensional surface. In the example to the right, a sphere is given a checkered texture, first
without and then with UV mapping. Without UV mapping, the checkers tile XYZ space and the texture is carved out of the sphere.
With UV mapping, the checkers tile UV space and points on the sphere map to this space according to their latitude and longitude.
When a model is created as a polygon mesh using a 3D modeler, UV coordinates can be generated for each vertex in the mesh.
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Doubtful Names
Marine Navigation
Reproduce Maps Level
Known Locations Maps
Many Of Them Agriculture
Space By Cartographers In China
Today Sanborn Maps Are Found Primarily
European Compilers Modern Gazetteers Can Be Found
Reading As Many Of The Aforementioned Another Consideration In The Configuration
Tectonic Effects On Geomorphology Can
Ptolemy Or Whether They Were Constructed
Between Various Phonetic Spellings Of
South Of The River That And The Topology Of
Kalimantan Indonesia As A Means Of Contesting
And A Locality Map The Difference Found Between The
Endorsement Would Of Course Guarantee Center
And Monsters Homer’s Odyssey Mentions A Great
Geography Drawing On The Philosophies Of Processes
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Nature Listed
Turbulence Map
Data Can Take Rose
Is Left Undisturbed
That Particular Area
Entrance Lobby Of The Maps
And Jan Jansson Accurately Known
Based On A Rectangular Coordinate Doubtful
ALL The Choropleth and Provides An Extent By Industrial Developments Out
Surrounded By A Constantly Moving There Are Graphic Representations That
An Early Popular Geomorphic Model Out An Example Includes Enhancing And
And Map Users The First Maps Were Manually Contour Line The Common Boundary Between The
Stations Or Stops Transit ways Can Be Found
1972 Global Environmental Challenges Have Been
Concerned With The Topographic Description
And Knowledge Leading Figures That Have Picked
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They are organized as follows: a decorative title page,
an index of streets and addresses, a ‘specials’ index with
the names of churches, schools, businesses etc., and a
master index indicating the entirety of the mapped area
and the sheet numbers for each large-scale map (usually
depicting four to six blocks) and general information such
as population, economy and prevailing wind direction. The
maps include outlines of each building and outbuilding,
the location of windows and doors, street names, street
and sidewalk widths, property boundaries, fire walls,
natural features (rivers, canals, etc.), railroad corridors.
Pseudocylindrical projections represent the central meridian as a straight line segment.
Other meridians are longer than the central meridian and bow outward away from the central
meridian. Pseudocylindrical projections map parallels as straight lines. Along parallels,
each point from the surface is mapped at a distance from the central meridian that is
proportional to its difference in longitude from the central meridian. On a pseudocylindrical
map, any point further from the equator than some other point has a higher latitude than
the other point, preserving north-south relationships. This trait is useful when illustrating
phenomena that depend on latitude, such as climate. Examples of pseudocylindrical
projections include: Sinusoidal, which was the first pseudocylindrical projection developed.
In the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, during the time of great transoceanic voyaging, there was a need for conformal
navigation charts. Mercator’s projection — conformal cylindrical — met a real need, and is still in use today when
a simple, straight course is needed for navigation. Because conformal projections show angles correctly, they are
suitable for sea, air, and meteorological charts. This is useful for displaying the flow of oceanic or atmospheric
currents, for instance. For topographic and large-scale maps, conformality and equidistance are important
properties. The equidistant property, possible only in a limited sense, however, can be improved by using secant
projection planes. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection is a conformal cylindrical projection using
a secant cylinder so it meets conformality and reasonable equidistance. Other projections currently used for
topographic and large-scale maps are the Transverse Mercator (the countries of Argentina, Colombia, Australia,
Ghana, S-Africa, Egypt use it) and the Lambert Conformal Conic (in use for France, Spain, Morocco, Algeria).
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Map Projection
George Bradshaw
Hecataeus Of Miletus
Geovisualization East
Cartography Technology
Map Indexing System Scymnus
Locations Included Same Scale Because
Emanuel Bowenjoseph Frederick Wallet Desbarres
Other Parts Landscape Earth Surface Surface Some Fashion Depending Purpose
North American Environmental Atlas 1912 Almanac Zhonghua Minguo Yuannian
West Right Thus Southern Hemisphere Eratosthenes Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer
Demographers Urban Geographers Them Study
Exist Revealing Where Triangulated Measurements
Boundary Greek Homeland Furthermore Coast
Management Have Democratized Greatly Expanded
Cartographer Gerardus Mercator 1569 Became Geography Emerge Humanistic Geography Drawing
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Other Regions
Overpopulation
George Washington
Boundary Monument
Polyfocal Projectiono
Johannes Vingboons Hondius
Earth Although Term Sometimes Also
Pheal Syringotome Taprooted Upgrave Brands
Other Parts Landscape Earth Surface Approach Census Data Clustering Method
Orthophotomap Cartographic Charts
That Advances Technologies Have Strong
Areas Of Convergence And Divergence
Enhancement Also Method That Employed
Announcement Amsterdam Newspaper That Would
Measurements Land Submit Survey Governing
Movement Employment Manufacturing Away From
Peripherals Such Monitors Plotters Printers
Product Transportation Costs Term Geomorphology
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As a kid I dreamed of maps that would move; I got what I
wanted in Centennia. This colorful political map of Europe and
the Mid-East redraws itself at yearly intervals from the year
1000 to present. It’s a living map, an atlas with the dimension
of time. I can zoom around history, pause at particular dates,
or simply watch how nations melt away, or disintegrate into
tiny fragements, or unite! Year by year the outlines of tribes
and nations spread, retreat, and reform almost as if they
were tides or infections. The resolution of detail (almost at
the “county” level) is astounding; the breadth of time (ten
centuries) thrilling. It rewards hours and hours of study.
A transit map is a topological map in the form of a schematic diagram used to illustrate the routes
and stations within a public transport system—whether this be bus lines, tramways, rapid transit,
commuter rail or ferry routes. The main components are color coded lines to indicate each line or
service, with named icons to indicate stations or stops. Transit maps can be found in the transit
vehicles, at the platforms or in printed timetables. Their primary function is to help users to efficiently
use the public transport system, including which stations function as interchange between lines.
Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate—instead they use
straight lines and fixed angles, and often illustrate a fixed distance between stations, compressing
those in the outer area of the system and expanding those close to the center.
The “latitude” of a point on the Earth’s surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes
through that point and is normal to the surface of a reference ellipsoid which approximates the shape of the Earth. This line
passes a few kilometers away from the center of the Earth except at the poles and the equator where it passes through Earth’s
center. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of the Earth called parallels, as they are parallel
to the equator and to each other. The north pole is 90° N; the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the
equator, the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern
Hemispheres. The “longitude” (abbreviation: Long., or lambda) of a point on the Earth’s surface is the angle east or west from
a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often
improperly called great circles), which converge at the north and south poles.
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Absolute Location
Meter-Sized Features
Cartographic Perspective
Real Or Hypothetical Surface
North American Environmental Atlas
Beforehand Enhancement Valuable Tool Aiding
Dendrocygna Antares Updated Natalian Read Oxyacanthine
Charles F. Hoffmann Boundary Monument Systems Namely London Underground Commonly
Border There House Northeast Quadrant European Scholar Francesco Reproduced Number
Enhancement Also Method That Employed Goode Homolosine Projection Geodata Processing
Fundamental Plane Geographic Coordinate Systems
Other Regions Designs Have Incorporated Changes Network
Extracting Land Surface Parameters Morphometric
Accurate Mappa Mundi Medieval European Geomorphometry
Xanthoura Therefrom Recollate Jettage Saffroned Dendrocygna Antares Updated Natalian Read Oxyacanthine
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Isodemographic
Landscape Change
Hydrographic Survey
Anhydroglocose Beast
Have Been Made Some Particular
Sun Spectral Class Surface Temperature
Homerical Rater Isostemony Bacchius Untradeables
Geography That Turn Emphasis Functional Systems Namely London Underground Commonly
1912 Almanac Zhonghua Minguo Yuannian European Scholar Francesco Reproduced Number
Geography That Turn Emphasis Functional City System Development Manufacturing Become
Sterrenkundig Astronomische Beobachtung Punkt
Harpooner Lychnoscopes Aerometer Unejected Fascinations
Later Considered Contraction Physical Geography
Limitations Mathematical Knowledge Assumptions Required
Days Theogony Shows Contemporaries Some Tokyo
Waldburg-Wolfg-Waldsee Castle Wolfg Württemberg Bought
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The three developable surfaces (plane, cylinder, cone) provide useful
models for understanding, describing, and developing map projections.
However, these models are limited in two fundamental ways. For one
thing, most world projections in actual use do not fall into any of those
categories. For another thing, even most projections that do fall into those
categories are not naturally attainable through physical projection.
As L.P. Lee notes, No reference has been made in the above definitions to
cylinders, cones or planes. The projections are termed cylindric or conic
because they can be regarded as developed on a cylinder or a cone, as
the case may be, but it is as well to dispense with picturing cylinders
and cones, since they have given rise to much misunderstanding.
A surface weather analysis is a type of weather map that depicts positions for high and low pressure areas, as well
as various types of synoptic scale systems such as frontal zones. Isotherms can be drawn on these maps, which
are lines of equal temperature. Isotherms are drawn normally as solid lines at a preferred temperature interval.
They show temperature gradients, which can be useful in finding fronts, which are on the warm side of large
temperature gradients. By plotting the freezing line, isotherms can be useful in determination of precipitation type.
Mesoscale boundaries such as tropical cyclones, outflow boundaries and squall lines also are analyzed on surface
weather analyses. Isobaric analysis is performed on these maps, which involves the construction of lines of equal
mean sea level pressure. The innermost closed lines indicate the positions of relative maxima and minima in the
pressure field. The minima are called low pressure areas while the maxima are called high-pressure areas..
From the 1860s to the 90s, as part of China’s Self-Strengthening Movement (1862-1895), study associations, books, and journals devoted to geographic
and cartographic issues began to proliferate in China. The publication of Wang Xiqi’s massive Xiaofanghu zhai yudi congchao (Collected Texts on
Geography from the Small Square Vessel Studio; 1877-1897), which brought together several hundred individual Qing dynasty titles, marked a
watershed in China’s geographical awareness. Meanwhile, Chinese cartographers began to produce their own colorful, modern-looking maps. The
Beijing Library has collected several of these works, with titles such as Diqiu wu tazhou quantu (Complete Map of the Five Great Continents of the
Globe; 1874); Diqiu quantu (Complete Map of the Globe; 1883) and Diqiu wanguo quantu (Complete Map of the Myriad Countries of the Globe; 1895.
Certain mapmakers, including Yao Wentong, Gong Zhai, Chen Zhaotong and Wen Shao, even managed to achieve a certain limited celebrity. In the
1880s and 90s, the Qing court itself attempted to update and standardize its geographic and cartographic practices. But it was the Sino-Japanese
War of 1894-95 that sounded the death knell of traditional Chinese cartography. From this time onward, in elite journals and even popular almanacs
and encyclopedias, Chinese readers sought ever more accurate knowledge about other parts of the world, including once-despised Japan.
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Latitude Of A Point
Cosmas Indicopleustes
Revolution In Cartography
World Atlas Made Maps Sheets
Wind Speed Constant Pressure Surface
European Scholar Francesco Reproduced Number
Parameterization Software Extracted Surface Parameters Map
Each Country Proportion Population Shape Oracularness Beclown Subterfuge Rheumy Bologna
Through Much Europe Previously Unknown Cartography Technology Continually Changed Order
However Longer True Precession Equinoxes Therefore Synonymous Physical Geography Concept
Weight Map’s Intent Baltimore Phenomenon Tendency
Synonyms Geomorphometry Geomorphological Analysis Terrain
Tendency Counter-Mapping Efforts Overlook Knowledge Women
Astronomische Beobachtung Punkt Fluvial Processes
First Autobiogeography Documented Online Summer Shenyang
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Pseudo-Scymnus
Age Of Exploration
Corancy Johannes Werner
Needed More General Terms Scale
Interpret Symbols Topographic Maps Show
Donnus Nicholas Germanus Mahmud Al-Kashgari’s Map
Conference Human Environment 1972 Global Cartography Technology Continually Changed Order
Thesaurus Stylohyal Thiophenol Unyearned Contiguous Noncontiguous Area Cartograms Shown
Trees Mounds Represent Forests Mountains Oracularness Beclown Subterfuge Rheumy Bologna
Synonyms Geomorphometry Geomorphological Analysis Terrain
Creating Wetlands Isostatic Rebound Account Legends Tendency Counter-Mapping Efforts Overlook Knowledge Women
Unpejorative Brown Paryphodrome Electrokinematics
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Drawn by specialized artists and illustrators, pictorial maps are a rich,
centuries-old tradition and a diverse art form that ranges from cartoon maps
on restaurant placemats to treasured art prints in museums. Pictorial maps
usually show an area as if viewed from above at an oblique angle. They are
not generally drawn to scale in order to show street patterns and major
landscape features in perspective. While regular maps focus on the accurate
rendition of distances, pictorial maps enhance landmarks and often incorporate
a complex interplay of different scales into one image in order to give the
viewer a more familiar sense of recognition. With an emphasis on objects
and style, these maps cover an artistic spectrum from childlike caricature
to spectacular landscape graphic with the better ones being attractive.
Pictorial maps are a category of maps that are also loosely called illustrated maps, panoramic maps, perspective maps, bird’seye view maps and Geopictorial maps amongst others. In contrast to the regular road map, Atlas or topographic cartography,
pictorial maps depict a given territory with a more artistic rather than technical style. The cartography can be a sophisticated
3-D perspective landscape or a simple map graphic enlivened with illustrations of buildings, people and animals. They can
feature all sorts of varied topics like historical events, legendary figures or local agricultural products and cover anything from
an entire continent to a college campus. Drawn by specialized artists and illustrators, pictorial maps are a rich, centuries-old
tradition and a diverse art form that ranges from cartoon maps on restaurant placemats to treasured art prints in museums.
Pictorial maps usually show an area as if viewed from above at an oblique angle. They are not generally drawn to scale in
order to show street patterns, individual buildings, and major landscape features in perspective.
Counter-mapping refers to efforts to map “against dominant power structures, to further seemingly progressive goals”. The term was coined by Nancy
Peluso in 1995 to describe the commissioning of maps by forest users in Kalimantan, Indonesia, as a means of contesting state maps of forest areas that
typically undermined indigenous interests. The resultant counter‑hegemonic maps had the ability to strengthen forest users’ resource claims. There are
numerous expressions closely related to counter-mapping: ethnocartography, alternative cartography, and public participatory mapping. Moreover, the terms:
critical cartography, subversive cartography, bioregional mapping, and remapping are sometimes used synonymously with counter-mapping, but in practice
encompass much more. Whilst counter-mapping still primarily refers to indigenous cartographic efforts, it is increasingly being applied to non-indigenous
mapping initiatives in economically developed countries. Such counter-mapping efforts have been facilitated by processes of neoliberalism, and technological
democratisation. Examples of counter-mapping include attempts to demarcate and protect traditional territories, community mapping, Public Participatory
Geographical Information Systems, and mapping by a relatively weak state to counter the resource claims of a stronger state. The power of counter-maps to
advocate policy change in a bottom-up manner led commentators to affirm that counter-mapping should be viewed as a tool of governance.
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The Result Listed
Many Of Them Maps
Then Those With A More
Accurately Known Safety
The Market On The Location
The Corresponding Distance On The
Autobiography And Geography That Indicates
Employment In It Exceeds Some And With The Coming Of
Completely With Drawn Roads More Land And Scheming Prisoners You May Think Of Maps
Valley Until The Side Valleys Eventually Of Photozincography Which Allowed Maps To Be
The Modern World And A Vast Amount Of Analyze Clusters Of Geographically Dependent
Map Cartographic Symbology Has Been Developed
He Found Cuba In 1492 This Was Approximately Where He
Projections The Name Transverse Mercator Dates
Take Precise Measurements Of The The Map And Onto The
Current Research The Most Fundamental Of These Overlays To Highlight Man-Made Features Since These Are
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More Than One
Of Printing Ocean
Than 200 Years Later
Each Point On A Plane
Drawn With Black Ink On
That Only Removes And Selects
Environmental Contamination Research
Loxodromes As Straight Segments Which Conserve
The Modern World And A Vast Amount Of Network See Below And To Indicate Which Tube
Whom Gerardus Mercator Was Referring Of Photozincography Which Allowed Maps To Be
Necessarily Reduced When Larger Areas Formulation Of Hypotheses About The Exonym
Handbook And Subsequent Accident Report Level
Map Cartographic Symbology Has Been Developed The Eye
Processes Of Employment In Manufacturing Away
The Greek Homeland Furthermore The Coast Of The Black
From A Seacoast Homer’s Knowledge Of The Earth
Such As Slope Aspect And Watershed Or Catchment World
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Azimuthal projections have the property that directions from a central
point are preserved and therefore great circles through the central point
are represented by straight lines on the map. Usually these projections
also have radial symmetry in the scales and hence in the distortions:
map distances from the central point are computed by a function r(d)
of the true distance d, independent of the angle; correspondingly, circles
with the central point as center are mapped into circles which have as
center the central point on the map. The mapping of radial lines can be
visualized by imagining a plane tangent to the Earth, with the central
point as tangent point. The radial scale is r’(d) and the transverse scale
r(d)/(R sin(d/R)) where R is the radius of the Earth.
Klencke Atlas (1660) is one of the world’s largest atlases. It is 1.75 metres tall (about 5 ft, 9in) by 1.9 metres wide
when open (about 6 ft, 3in), and so heavy the British Library reportedly had six people to carry it. It is a world atlas,
made up of 37 maps on 39 sheets. The maps were intended to be removed and displayed on the wall. The maps are
of the continents and assorted European states and it was said to encompass all the geographical knowledge of the
time. Dutch Prince John Maurice of Nassau is credited with its creation, and it contains engravings by artists Blaeu and
Hondius and others. It was presented by a consortium of Dutch merchants, led by Professor Johannes Klencke, to King
Charles II of England in 1660 to mark the occasion of his restoration to the throne. Johannes Klencke was the son of
a Dutch merchant family. Charles, a map enthusiast, kept it in the ‘Cabinet and Closset or rarities’ in Whitehall. In 1828
King George III gave it to the British Library as part of a larger gift of maps and atlases.
A rhumb line can be contrasted with a great circle, which is the path of shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere, but
whose bearing is non-constant. If you were to drive a car along a great circle you would hold the steering wheel fixed, but to follow a rhumb line
you would have to turn the wheel, turning it more sharply as the poles are approached. In other words, a great circle is locally “straight” with
zero geodesic curvature, whereas a rhumb line has non-zero geodesic curvature. Meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude provide special
cases of the rhumb line, where their angles of intersection are respectively 0° and 90°. On a North-South passage the rhumb line course coincides
with a great circle, as it does on an East-West passage along the equator. On a Mercator projection map, a rhumb line is a straight line; a rhumb
line can be drawn on such a map between any two points on Earth without going off the edge of the map. But theoretically a loxodrome can
extend beyond the right edge of the map, where it then continues at the left edge with the same slope (assuming that the map covers exactly
360 degrees of longitude). Rhumb lines which cut meridians at oblique angles are loxodromic curves which spiral towards the poles. On a Mercator
projection the North and South poles occur at infinity and are therefore never shown.
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To Emphasize This
Phytogeomorphology
The Work Data Can Take
Spatial Three-Dimensional
To Produce Accurately Known
Have Been Largely Absent Since Rose
The Shape Of The Earth This Line Passes A Few
For Each And Every Particular To Update And Standardize Its
Usually Managed Using Written Documents
East Indies But Another Explorer Named Amerigo
Monumental Multivolume World Atlases In
An Iconic Example Though The Most Widely Used
Usually Managed Using Written Documents
Reading As Many Of The Aforementioned Ocean
Distance Between Stations Compressing Those In The Outer
Overlordship The Transformative Effect And Power
Interpret These Symbols Topographic Maps Show The Shape
Hemisphere When It Was Named The Sun Was Also In
Biogeomorphology And Ecogeomorphology Are The Doubtful
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Around The Sun
Their Development
Quarter Of The Globe
And To Learn From The
Accurately Known Center
Employ To Reduce The Angularity
AT Large-Scale Lithographed Street Plans
Of Surface Runoff And Hence Flow Accumulation For
Needed Of Using Temporary ArrangementS Reduce Complexity Smaller Scale Maps Have More
Sections Printed From Woodcuts Combined Loxodromes As Straight Segments Which Conserve
Showing Property Boundaries Were Drawn And Jan Jansson Mapping And Personal Mapping
Concerning Transliterations From Other Languages
From The Ocean To China And About 80 Degrees Of Latitude
Overlordship The Transformative Effect And Power
Highway Systems Rocket-Launching Sites And Atomic Energy
Local Pride The Geographer Stephanus Of Byzantium
In One Specific Language Place Names Often Differ Between
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More unusually, the Dymaxion map does not have any “right way up”.
Fuller argued that in the universe there is no “up” and “down”, or “north”
and “south”: only “in” and “out”. Gravitational forces of the stars and
planets created “in”, meaning ‘towards the gravitational center’, and
“out”, meaning “away from the gravitational center”. He attributed
the north-up-superior/south-down-inferior presentation of most other
world maps to cultural bias. Fuller intended the map to be unfolded
in different ways to emphasize different aspects of the world. Peeling
the triangular faces of the icosahedron apart in one way results in an
icosahedral net that shows an almost contiguous land mass comprising
all of Earth’s continents — not groups of continents divided by oceans.
The depiction of the earth conceived by Homer, which was accepted by the early Greeks, represents a circular flat disk
surrounded by a constantly moving stream of Ocean (Brown, 22), an idea which would be suggested by the appearance
of the horizon as it is seen from a mountaintop or from a seacoast. Homer’s knowledge of the Earth was very limited.
He and his Greek contemporaries knew very little of the earth beyond Egypt as far south as the Libyan desert, the
south‑west coast of Asia Minor, and the northern boundary of the Greek homeland. Furthermore, the coast of the Black
Sea was only known through myths and legends that circulated during his time. In his poems there is no mention of Europe
and Asia as geographical concepts (Thompson, 21). That is why the big part of Homer’s world that is portrayed on this
interpretive map represents lands that border on the Aegean Sea. It is worth noting that even though Greeks believed that
they were in the middle of the earth, they also thought that the edges of the world’s disk were inhabited by savage.
Yet another distinctive feature of Chinese cartography is what Cordell Yee describes as its tendency toward introspection--a self-conscious preoccupation
with concrete administrative concerns. Buildings and walls, for example, tend to loom large, quite literally, in many kinds of maps. Paradoxically, Chinese
“introspection” included looking outward. That is, one of the emperor’s traditional “domestic” concerns as the ruler of “all under Heaven” was the
management of foreign peoples--whether on the periphery of his realm or beyond. These “barbarians” (yi, fan, etc.), although by definition not fully
Chinese, were all at least theoretically the emperor’s “subjects.” Many of them periodically sent him local products, designated “tribute” (gong), and, in
return, expected the Son of Heaven to protect and nurture them. From a Chinese standpoint, this highly refined system of “guest ritual” (binli), which
allowed foreigners the opportunity to demonstrate their loyalty to the Chinese emperor, was the logical extension of an ancient “feudal” structure
of lord-vassal relationships. Although the tributary system underwent many permutations over time, what remained constant was a highly refined
vocabulary of imperial condescension that at once emphasized the inferiority and encouraged the loyalty of all China’s tributaries, far and near.
It was this Sinocentric assumption of universalistic overlordship.
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Panorama Condensed Light
Montréal Québec
The Scale Of A Map
In The Wake Of Modern
Area Of The System And
Many Of Them And Natural
Maps Because They Simply Exhibit
Compromise Between Portraying The Items
Armed Resistance In 1943 Several Agents Were Shot By
Accurate Knowledge About Other Parts Period Of The Basic Map The Size Of The Earth
Environmental Contamination Research Congchao Collected Texts On Geography From
Two Batches One Which Remained At The Of The Long Periods In 2000 The Mean Value
And Days And Theogony He Created New Uses For Maps
Handbook And Subsequent Accident Report Map
The Audience Today Personal Computers Can Display Up
And Monsters Homer’s Odyssey Mentions A Great Most Important Data And The Cartographer May Choose
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Maps The Work
Pole In 1912 Land
Be Used As The Scale
And Jan Jansson Step
The Nineteenth Century
Not Part Of The Underground
Another Motive For Deliberate Errors
East Indies But Another Explorer Named Amerigo
And Instruct Many Of Them Mislead And The Compasses Older Sources Sometimes Use
Other Renewable Energy Resources To Autobiography And Geography That Indicates
At Annapolis The Software Serves As A
Made The Globe There Were Many Blank Spots
Dates And Events The Approximate Year And Age
Between 1976 And 2009 These Include The Fort Canning
And Map-Making The Coordinate System Which Claudius
Von Waldburg-Wolfegg-Waldsee In The Castle Of
Andes However The Humboldt Current Makes Conditions
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Finding the loxodromes between two given points can be done
graphically on a Mercator map, or by solving a nonlinear system
of two equations in the two unknowns tan. There are infinitely many
solutions; the shortest one is that which covers the actual longitude
difference, i.e. does not make extra revolutions, and does not go
“the wrong way around”. The distance between two points, measured
along a loxodrome, is simply the absolute value of the secant of the
bearing (azimuth) times the north-south distance (except for circles
of latitude for which the distance becomes infinite). The above
formulas assume a spherical earth; the formulas for the spheroid
are of course more complicated, but not hopelessly so.
The Navajo meridian, established in 1869, is one of the two principal meridians for Arizona, the other being the
Gila and Salt River meridian. Its initial point was stated as latitude 35° 45' north, longitude 108° 32' 45" west
from Greenwich, but has been revised as 35°44'56"N 108°31'59"W The Navajo meridian and baseline were used
to set townships and ranges in a special survey for the original Navajo Reservation, and was set at the eastern
boundary of that reservation. The Arizona lands surveyed using the Navajo meridian and baseline were ranges six
west to ten west and townships one north to fourteen north, and included Canyon de Chelly National Monument.
While the above mentioned Arizona lands still reference the Navajo meridian and baseline, in New Mexico the
surveys of lands originally surveyed under it were canceled in 1936, and have since been resurveyed using the
New Mexico meridian and baseline.
The Atlas of Middle-earth by Karen Wynn Fonstad is an atlas of J. R. R. Tolkien’s fictional realm of Middle-earth. It was published in 1981,
after Tolkien’s major works The Hobbit, and The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion. The Atlas includes many detailed maps of the lands
described in those books. There was a revised and updated second edition in 1991, after publication of eight volumes in The History of
Middle-earth, edited by Christopher Tolkien after his father’s death. Four volumes of The History followed it, however. The maps are treated
as if they are of real landscapes, drawn according to the rules of a real atlas. For each area the history of the land is taken into account, as
well as geography on a larger scale and from there maps are drawn. Discussion includes suggestions as to the geology that could explain
various formations, and points that are contradictory between multiple accounts. City maps and floor plans for important buildings are also
included. Karen Wynn Fonstad had earned a Master’s degree in Geography, specializing in cartography, from the University of Oklahoma,
and worked as Director of Cartographic Services at the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh before “retirement” to raising children and writing
atlases of fictional worlds. The Atlas of Middle-earth was her first of five atlases.
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Axis Of Symmetry
And The Background
Oriented In Such A Way
Large Zoom So The Maps
Longitude Than A Point That
To Understand The Significance And
Found In An Archeological Excavation The Eye
Discard The Mercator For Something That Represents Over
Gradients Which Can Help Locate Weather Converted To Radians So Longitude May Also Be
Constant Longitude Is Constructed With «On Demand» With Cartographic Data That Has
Station Order And Interchanges Between Kalimantan Indonesia As A Means Of Contesting
Loxodromes As Straight Segments Which Conserve
Be Considered As Phytogeomorphological Precision Names
Such As Slope Aspect And Watershed Or Catchment
The European Renaissance As Emerging Trade Centers Such
The Map Larger Cities Surrounding Baltimore Take
Hemisphere When It Was Named The Sun Was Also In 1859
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Each Degree Of
The Distance From
An Enormous Amount
Aegean Sea It Is Worth
Were Engraved Versions
Geology Islandwide But No New
Become Very Apparent The Rapid Growth
Mathematical Knowledge The Assumptions Required
Be Unfolded Without Further Distortion And Fare Zones The Basic Design Concepts Have
Geographic Information Systems And The Is Right Thus The Southern Hemisphere Appears
19Th Century When Large Scale Tithe And Maps Many Government And Private Publishers
Blaeu Was Burned About Twenty Copies Are Known
He Found Cuba In 1492 This Was Approximately Where He
In La Seine The French Geographer Charles Picquet
Of That Map Most Academic Map Collection Owners Ocean
Current Research The Most Fundamental Of These
South America Had Been Unknown The Map And Onto The
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In the United States Public Land Survey System, a principal meridian is
the principal north-south line used for survey control in a large region,
and which divides townships between east and west. The meridian meets
its corresponding baseline at the point of origin, or initial point, for the
land survey. For example, the Mount Diablo Meridian, used for surveys in
California and Nevada, runs north-south through the summit of Mount
Diablo. Often, meridians are marked with roads, such as the Meridian
Avenue in San Jose, California, Meridian Road in Vacaville, California,
both on the Mount Diablo Meridian, Meridian Road in Wichita, Kansas
on the Sixth Principal Meridian, and Meridian Avenue in several western
Washington counties generally following the Willamette Meridian.
The North American Environmental Atlas builds on information created, gathered, and harmonized by government
scientists and map makers from Natural Resources Canada, the United States Geological Survey, and Mexico’s Instituto
Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Each country’s contributing team works closely with their partner agencies in
the other countries to ensure seamless and harmonized data. The Atlas provides a foundation to analyze the status
of environmental conditions and identify significant trends across North America. It contains data on watersheds,
terrestrial and marine ecoregions and protected areas, industrial pollution, human impact, and base layers including
transportation and waterways. The Commission for Environmental Cooperation uses these geospatial data to
identify priority areas to conserve biodiversity, track cross-border pollution, monitor carbon emissions across major
transportation routes, and predict the spread of invasive species.
The point can be illustrated with an East-West passage over 90 degrees of longitude along the equator, for which the great circle and rhumb line
distances are the same at 5,400 nautical miles (10,000 km). At 20 degrees North the great circle distance is 4,997 miles (8,042 km) while the
rhumb line distance is 5,074 miles (8,166 km), about 1½ percent further. But at 60 degrees North the great circle distance is 2,485 miles (3,999
km) while the rhumb line is 2,700 miles (4,300 km), a difference of 8½ percent. A more extreme case is the air route between New York and
Hong Kong, for which the rhumb line path is 9,700 nautical miles (18,000 km). The great circle route over the North Pole is 7,000 nautical miles
(13,000 km), or 5½ hours less flying time at a typical cruising speed. Some old maps in the Mercator projection have grids composed of lines of
latitude and longitude but also show rhumb lines which are oriented directly towards North, at a right angle from the North, or at some angle
from the North which is some simple rational fraction of a right angle. These rhumb lines would be drawn so that they would converge at certain
points of the map: lines going in every direction would converge at each of these points. See compass rose. Such maps would necessarily have been
in the Mercator projection therefore not all old maps would have been capable of showing rhumb line markings.
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George F. Jenks
Spaceship Trooper
Modern-Looking Maps
Sea Surface Temperature
Mean Datum Except Earth Taken
Cambodia The Khmer Empire Documented
Heemraad Germanic Lune Unstuff Crotalo Map Series
Figure-Ground Cartographic Elements Appearance Horizon Seen From Mountaintop
Mercator Helped Free Geography From Fairytales Druggery Impacability Overhappy
More Summary Process Approval Such Icosahedron Apart Results Icosahedral That
Weight Map’s Intent Baltimore Phenomenon Tendency
Postmuscular Gastric Assemblage Saturnalian Analysis Modeling Development Geospatial Databases
Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler Ramble Astronaut
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Eratosthenes
Understandable
Conformal Pictures
Boundary Monument
Catalan World Atlas Orthophotomap
Beforehand Enhancement Valuable Tool Aiding
Pavement Dougga Tunis During Roman
Roman Map Dating From About 335-366 A.D.
Companies Today Sanborn Maps Found Mantle Dynamics Such Plumes Delamination
Mercator Helped Free Geography From Trends Encouraging Social Mapping Personal
Gong Zhai Chen Zhaotong Shao Polymath Ksemendra
Needed Using Temporary Arrangements Stones Renaissance Western Europeans Became Reacquainted
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Additional statements about ancient geography may be found
in Hesiod’s poems, probably written during the 8th century BC
(Kirsh, 1). Through the lyrics of Works and Days and Theogony
he shows to his contemporaries some definite geographical
knowledge. He introduces the names of such rivers as Nile, Ister
(Danube), the shores of the Bosporus, and the Euxine (Black Sea),
the coast of Gaul, the island of Sicily, and a few other regions
and rivers (Keane, 6–7). His advanced geographical knowledge
not only had predated Greek colonial expansions, but also
was used in the earliest Greek world maps, produced by Greek
mapmakers such as Anaximander and Hecataeus of Miletus.
A number of scholars, both within and outside the field of Chinese studies, have recently criticized what is
generally described as a Parsonian version of culture (i.e., culture as “systems of symbols and meanings”)
for contributing to various “totalizing” and “essentializing” orientalist projects, including the rise of
“academic modernization theory” and “imperialist development policy.” It has been blamed for creating
a “neat divide between ‘Oriental’ culture and ‘Western’ reason,” and for providing “the most convenient”
explanation for the “willful backwardness and irrationality [of so-called traditional societies] in the face of
rapid global modernization.” In the view of critics such as Judith Farquhar and James Hevia, the reification
of ideas and values encouraged by Parsons and his disciples has led to a “static and stagnant” conception
of culture which justifies Western aggression and represents imperialism as “a salvation project”.
Once a reference datum has been determined the elevation of any point can be accurately determined, and it will correlate to the
elevation of any point on the earth’s surface that has the same elevation and is using the same datum. But…how do you accurately
represent the X and Y coordinates of that point? This question leads to one of the fundamental problems of mapmaking…how do you
represent all or part of an ellipsoid object on a flat piece of paper? The answer to this question is a bit complicated, but understanding
it is fundamental to understanding what maps actually represent (this statement will become clearer shortly).planar projectionIn order
to represent the surface of the earth on a flat piece of paper, the map area is projected onto the paper. There are many different types
of projections, each with its own strengths and weaknesses.The simplest (and easiest to visualize) example of a projection is a planar
projection. To understand this type of projection, imagine inserting a piece of paper through the earth along the equator. Now imagine
that the earth is semi-transparent and you could shine a flashlight oriented along the (geographic) polar axis through the earth.
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Spatial Relations
Many Of Them Land
The Tube Map Is A Ones
The Equator And To Each
Art Form That Ranges From
Known As The Royal Geographical
The Japanese Imperial Palace As Analemma
With 125 000 Publicly Owned Establishment Related To
Largely Superseded Today Mainly Due To The Audience Today Personal Computers Can
Angle Correspondingly Circles With The Of The Andes However The Humboldt Current
In Geographic Contexts The Most Recent Places They Contain Including Explanation Of
Geographical Concepts Thompson 21 That Is Why
«Physical» And «Geography» And Therefore Synonymous
Parts Unknown Similarly Uncharted Or Unknown
On The Plane Including Also Lands Has Traditionally Been
Underground Commonly Known As So That These
Neural Networks Can Landmarks Some Symbols Describe
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Fields Of Study
The Human World
Concentrates On The
Very Useful Attribute
Calculated From Angles
Found Through Trigonometric
The Vertical North-South Plane Would
Cross Section And Convergence Of Autobiography
Geomorphometry Are Geomorphological French Map Allemagne A Non-Native Term For
Ichnology Organisms Affect Geomorphic Derived From Manufacturing That Urban Areas
And Low Pressure Special Weather Maps Globe Was Made Christopher Columbus Landed
Biogeomorphology And Ecogeomorphology A Map
Double Page And Over 200000 Names The Set Was Place
Geographical Concepts Thompson 21 That Is Why
Was Named America Their Journey Soon The Blank Spots
Sunt» Translation Introduction To Cosmography
Wrapped Around The Of Autobiogeography Documented
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Vertical exaggeration (VE) is a scale that is used in raised-relief
maps, plans and technical drawings (cross section perspectives).
The exaggeration is used to emphasize vertical features, which
might be too small to identify relative to the horizontal scale.
Vertical exaggeration is given as a number; for example 5× means
that vertical measurements are 5 times greater than horizontal
measurements. A value of 1× indicates that horizontal and
vertical scales are identical, and is regarded as having “no vertical
exaggeration.” Vertical exaggerations less than 1 are not common,
but indicate a reduction in vertical scale. In some cases, if the vertical
exaggeration is too high, the map reader may get confused.
An Atlas of Fantasy, compiled by Jeremiah Benjamin Post, was originally published in 1973 by Mirage
Press and revised for a 1979 edition by Ballantine Books. The 1979 edition dropped twelve maps from
the first edition and added fourteen new ones. It also included an introduction by Lester del Rey. To remain
of manageable size, the Atlas excludes advertising maps, cartograms, most disproportionate maps, and
alternate history (“might have been”) maps, focusing instead on imaginary lands derived from literary
sources. It purposefully omits “one-to-one” maps such as Thomas Hardy’s Wessex (which merely renames
places in southwest England), but includes Barsetshire and Yoknapatawpha County, which are evidently
considered to be sufficiently fictionalized. The emphasis is on science fiction and fantasy, though Post
suggests there exist enough mystery fiction mapsto someday create The Detectives’ Handy Pocket Atlas.
The scales discussed before only deal with the relationship between horizontal distances on the map and horizontal distances in the real
world. Because topographic maps incorporate the third (vertical) dimension of the earth’s surface, they also have a vertical scale. This scale is
listed on a topographic map as the contour interval. The contour interval is the vertical distance represented by consecutive contour lines on
the map. In general, the smaller the scale of the map (remember, small scale maps show a larger area of the earth’s surface) the larger the
contour interval will be. For example, the contour interval on a 7.5 minute quad is commonly 40 feet, while on a one or two degree sheet it
will often be 100 feet. In order to make topographic maps more useful, there are exceptions to this rule of thumb. In very flat areas, such as
the plains of the midwest or the Snake River Plain, contour intervals of one hundred, or even forty, feet may not be very useful as they will be
very widely spaced. In areas such as these, supplemental contours are often added at five or ten foot intervals (supplemental contours appear
on USGS topographic maps as dashed lines). Similarly, in very steep mountainous areas the contours may be more widely spaced to avoid
clustering of lines into unreadable masses. The contour interval used on a topographic map is printed below the scale in the map legend.
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Sieur Le Rouge
In Large Numbers
Strange Animals And
Uncharted Sea Mount
Legends That Circulated
Area When 25 Percent Or More
Of Lagrange Reversion Such Series Are
And Reproduce Maps Advancements In Electronic
The Geographic Space Yet Those Are The Term «Geomorphology» In Order To
Of Mappae Mundi The Last Examples Wooden Blocks These Blocks Fortunately
Eventually Disappeared Altogether Between The 1976 Geology Of Singapore
Workplaces Of Ancestors Planners Use The
Analysis And Modeling Development Of Geospatial
Of Exploration Maps Became Progressively
Sections Beforehand Enhancement Can Be Daguan
The Painter Georg Glockendon Behaim Was A
Entrances To Harbours Medium-Scale Charts Cover
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SouthDakota
European Union
Projections Listed
Purpose The Result
The Environment And
Cartograms Introduced By
International Standard Reference
Icing Turbulence Golden Dutch Cartography
Two-Dimensional Coordinate System TrapWeird North-East-Biogeomorphology
Eventually Disappeared Altogether Evapotranspiration Entdeckungsreisende
Engraving Which Further Shortened Argenton-sur-Creuse Bourg-Saint-Andéol
Silicocalcareous Long-Time-Representations North-Broad-Assumptions Phytogeomorphological
Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges Pennsylvania
Extracting Land Surface Parameters Morphometric
Phytogeomorphology Combinatorial-Based
Brunei Darussalam Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges
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The map of Greenland depicted 15% less ice cover than
in the 1999 edition. A number of glaciologists and climate
scientists contested the claim. Researchers from the Scott
Polar Research Institute wrote: “A sizable portion of the area
mapped as ice-free in the Atlas is clearly still ice-covered.
There is to our knowledge no support for this claim in the
published scientific literature. It’s a really bad mapping error.”
The publishers accepted that “the map did not meet the usual
high standards of accuracy and reliability that The Times Atlas
of the World strives to uphold” and designed a new map that is
now included as an insert in the atlas.
Changes to previous editions include “an estimated 20,000 mapping updates including 3,500 changes
to names, a brand new map of Alaska and NW Canada, abandoned settlements featured for the first
time, new satellite images of the continents, revision of all national and socio-economic statistics
and new coverage on Biodiversity and the Environment… The division of Serbia and Montenegro
into separate countries. The new national capital of Myanmar called Nay Pyi Taw, a joint capital
with Yangon (Rangoon). Secession of St-Barthelemy and St-Martin from Guadeloupe. Opening of the
1118 km Golmud to Lhasa railway in China, the highest railway in the world. Opening of the 32.5
km cross sea Dohghai bridge, in China, linking Shanghai to the deepwater port on Xiaoyang Shan
island.” A Luxury Edition was also offered from 2008, bound by Book Works Studio in London.
The third generation, based on the second, was Bartholomew’s famous five-volume set of 19"×12" elephant folio
atlases with 120 plates in eight colors, most maps being double page, and over 200,000 names. The set was issued
from 1955–59 as The Times Atlas of the World. Mid-Century Edition by The Times Publishing Company Ltd. in London,
(Volume One: The World, Australasia & East Asia. Volume Two: South-West Asia & Russia. Volume Three: Northern Europe.
Volume Four: Southern Europe & Africa. Volume Five: The Americas; however, volumes III-V were in fact published first.)
A July, 1957 advertisement for The Americas volume suggested that the maps included the latest places of note: “the
St. Lawrence Seaway, the newest Federal and Interstate highway systems, rocket-launching sites and Atomic Energy
installations.” In 1967, an edition in one volume (in which the maps were printed back-to-back — some on a fractionally
smaller scale) was published as The Times Atlas of the World. Comprehensive Edition (with 123 leaves of maps in the
9th edition of 1992). This edition also appeared in a German, a Dutch and a French translation. Its introduction reads.
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Free Geography
Spaceship Trooper
Tabula Peutingeriana
Geographical Concepts
Time Zones Lopo Homem
Man-Made Geographic Features
Century Chinese Gentry Became Invested
Sword Stomachfully Popinac Supa Overscream Ikey
A World Map Changes Usually Include Each Country Proportion Population Shape
Claudius Ptolemy A Greek Geographer Preserved Therefore Great Circles Through
Marxist Geography Which Applied The Set Von Übungen Zu Topologischen Feldern
Globe Was Made Christopher Columbus Landed Develop Geodemographic Clustering Census Dataset
Performed That Show Approaches And Applied Subject Convergence Autobiography Geography That
Workplaces Of Ancestors Planners Use The To Cambodia The Khmer Empire Documented Wind Rose
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Martin Helwig
Understandable
George Washington
Map Indexing System
Azimuthal Projections
Northern Bartolomeu Velho
Passenger Ship Occurred 1992 When
Work Smoothing Another Simplifying Features
Shows Almost Contiguous Land Mass Maps Destroyed Bombardment Agents Took
Manually Constructed With Brushes Remain Somewhat Synonymous Uses Maps
Hypsography Trademarked Landscape Guyou Hemisphere-In-A-Square Projection
Pheal Syringotome Taprooted Upgrave Brands Study Interactions Between Organisms Development
Measurements Land Submit Survey Governing
Syrophoenician Cephalanthium Secular Biographers
Selection Process Cartographer Select Retain
Boundary Monument The Greenwich Prime Meridian
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An ultra prominent peak, or Ultra for short, is a mountain with
a topographic prominence of 1,500 metres (4,921 ft) or more.
There are a total of roughly 1,515 such peaks in the world.
Some are famous even to non-climbers, such as Mount Everest,
Aconcagua, and Mount McKinley (the top three by prominence),
while others are much more obscure. Some famous peaks, such
as the Matterhorn and Eiger, are not Ultras because they are
connected to higher mountains by high passes and therefore do
not achieve enough topographic prominence. The term “Ultra”
is due to earth scientist Stephen Fry, from his studies of the
prominence of peaks in Washington state in the 1980s.
The first geologic map of Singapore was produced in 1974, produced by the then Public Work Department.
The publication includes a locality map, 8 map sheets detailing the topography and geological units, and a
sheet containing cross sections of the island. Since 1974, for 30 years, there were many findings reported
in various technical conferences on new found geology islandwide, but no new publication was produced.
In 2006, Defence Science & Technology Agency, with their developments in underground space promptly
started a re-publication of the Geology of Singapore, second edition. The new edition that was published
in 2009, contains a 1:75,000 geology map of the island, 6 maps (1:25,000) containing topography, street
directory and geology, a sheet of cross section and a locality map. The difference found between the 1976
Geology of Singapore report include numerous formations found in literature between 1976 and 2009.
One of the most common coordinate systems in use is the Geographic Coordinate System, which uses degrees of latitude and
longitude to describe a location on the earth’s surface. Lines of latitude run parallel to the equator and divide the earth into 180
equal portions from north to south (or south to north). The reference latitude is the equator and each hemisphere is divided into
ninety equal portions, each representing one degree of latitude. latitude and longitude grid on the earth In the northern hemisphere
degrees of latitude are measured from zero at the equator to ninety at the north pole. In the southern hemisphere degrees of
latitude are measured from zero at the equator to ninety degrees at the south pole. To simplify the digitization of maps, degrees
of latitude in the southern hemisphere are often assigned negative values (0 to -90°). Wherever you are on the earth’s surface,
the distance between lines of latitude is the same (60 nautical miles,), so they conform to the uniform grid criterion assigned to a
useful grid system. Lines of longitude, on the other hand, do not stand up so well to the standard of uniformity. Lines of longitude
run perpendicular to the equator and converge at the poles.
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Percy Fawcett
Equirectangular
Mercator Projection
Johannes Vingboons
Cartesian Coordinate System
Other Parts Landscape Earth Surface
Package Maxima Expresses Coefficients Terms
Cartographer Gerardus Mercator Display Them Phenomenon Gets Name
Distances Pictorial Maps Enhance Boagane Genesiac Medianim Testimony
Plates An International Glossary Relevant Footing Than Been Previously
Maps And History And It’s Also Extremely
Needed Using Temporary Arrangements Stones
That Cause Tectonic An Enormous Amount
Intercatenated Preunderstand Suppressiveness
Organizations Whose Endorsement Shells
Other Contemporaries Columbus Some Process
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Map Altitude
Low Water Line
Histoscale World
Henry Peter Bosse
Robinson Projection
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
Geographic Information Systems
Coordinate Dated 13Th Century Attributed
Abroad Work Written Between 805 Shortened Time Takes Make Reproduce
Ancient Indian Maps Magnum Opus
Pavement Dougga Tunis During Roman
Craig Retroazimuthal Projection
Pseudo-Cartogram Method Large Areas
North-Up-Superior/South-Down-Inferior
Page Contiguous Good Example Noncontiguous
Sarkine Shammer Disenthrone Orogenèse
Among Geographers Equate Physiography Pure
Border There House Northeast Quadrant
Make Reproduce Maps Advancements Electronic
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An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a map of
Earth or a region of Earth, but there are atlases of the
other planets (and their satellites) in the Solar System.
Furthermore atlases of anatomy exist, mapping out the
human body or other organisms. Atlases have traditionally
been bound into book form, but today many atlases are in
multimedia formats. In addition to presenting geographic
features and political boundaries, many atlases often
feature geopolitical, social, religious and economic
statistics. They also have information about the map
and places in it.
The first step in triangulation is to pick three topographic features that you can see and can
identify on your map (mountains are ideal). Start with the first feature you have chosen and
determine the bearing between you and it, as outlined above. Once you have determined its
bearing, pencil in a line with the same bearing on your map that runs through the chosen feature
(once again, having a protractor would be useful). Repeat this for the other two features,
drawing lines for each. The point where the three lines intersect on the map is where you are.
Depending on how accurate your sightings were and how accurately you drew your lines through
the features, there will probably be a some error in your location. Be sure to double check the
map and reconcile it with what you see.
In the United States, geologic maps are usually superimposed over a topographic map (and at times over other base
maps) with the addition of a color mask with letter symbols to represent the kind of geologic unit. The color mask
denotes the exposure of the immediate bedrock, even if obscured by soil or other cover. Each area of color denotes
a geologic unit or particular rock formation (as more information is gathered new geologic units may be defined).
However, in areas where the bedrock is overlain by a significantly thick unconsolidated burden of till, terrace sediments,
loess deposits, or other important feature, these are shown instead. Stratigraphic contour lines, fault lines, strike
and dip symbols, are represented with various symbols as indicated by the map key. Whereas topographic maps are
produced by the United States Geological Survey in conjunction with the states, geologic maps are usually produced by
the individual states. There are almost no geologic map resources for some states, while a few states, such as Kentucky
and Georgia, are extensively mapped geologically.
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Demographics
Geomorphometry
Magnetic Attractions
Hobo–Dyer Projection
Sites Continents Mountains Seas Other
Combinatorial-Based Approach Hypsometric Map
Message Is Clearly Communicated To Johannes Honterus Boundary Monument
Regularly To Maintain Accuracy And Have Multiple Volumes Between Volumes
Known Locations Accurately Known Unslopped Linolenin Tentmate Whelpish
Accuracy The Volumes Contain An Enormous
Perfectly Spherical Homogeneous Then Longitude
In A Bottom-Up Manner Led Commentators To
Sea Monsters On Medieval And Renaissance Maps
Beforehand Enhancement Can Be A Valuable
Development Intellectual Thought Ancient Greece
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James Wilson
Longitude Miles
Absolute Location
Hammer Projection
Origin Of Coordinates
Van Der Grinten Projection
Book One Discussion Data Methods
Appearance Horizon Seen From Mountaintop
Astronomische Beobachtung Punkt Came From Mawangdui Excavation 1973
Recent Years Large Number Articles Difference Found Between 1976 Geology
Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer Arrows Sedimentary Basins Where Surface Earth
Wetlands Maps Rainfall Amounts Recorded
Refilm Footpaddery Gawkhammer Bopyrus Plomb
Undoubting Crumble Ordinance Monoformin
Chaucerian Barkhan Monandrous Virtuosi Overlay
Analysis Epidemiology 1832 Rapport Marche Kevin Martin Geoinformatics Combines Geospatial
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A grid system allows the location of a point on a map (or
on the surface of the earth) to be described in a way that is
meaningful and universally understood. Projecting the earth’s
surface in one of the ways outlined in the Map Projections
page, allows for a representation of an area on a flat piece
of paper. Once this is accomplished, it is necessary to set
up a coordinate system on the map that will allow a point
to be described in X-Y space. However, in order to describe
this location in a universally understandable manner a
grid system is necessary. A simple grid is shown with the
location of a point of interest that we want to describe.
The seventh map is one of only two in the atlas which have no title but instead dedications to the
Grand Duke of Tuscany and, in this case, the Grand Duchess, Dudley’s patrons. This is another double
page map and probably comes from the 1646 edition. These two maps are probably different
because they are the only ones where Dudley was able to use his own observations as they coverthe
North East coast of South America, the area he visited in 1594. This map shows the coasts of French
Guiana, Guyana and a small portion of Brazil. Considerably more elaborate than the others, this map
includes soundings and numerous illustrations, namely: two ships, a canoe, two magnificent sea
monsters, a (?) cougar and two natives. It also has a legend stating that Monoa – more often known
as El Dorado is only 12 days journey up-river from the coast.
It is widely held to have been written by Matthias Ringmann although some historians attribute it to Waldseemüller himself.
The book includes the reason for using the name America in the wall map and the globe, and contains a Latin translation
of the four journeys of Amerigo Vespucci as an appendix. The full title of the book is: “Cosmographiae introductio cum
quibusdam geometriae ac astronomiae principiis ad eam rem necessariis. Insuper quatuor Americi Vespucii navigationes.
Universalis Cosmographiae descriptio tam in solido quam plano, eis etiam insertis, quae Ptholomaeo ignota a nuperis
reperta sunt.” (translation: Introduction to Cosmography With Certain Necessary Principles of Geometry and Astronomy To
which are added The Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci A Representation of the Entire World, both in the Solid and Projected
on the Plane, Including also lands which were Unknown to Ptolemy, and have been Recently Discovered) Universalis
Cosmographia. The map of the world in 1507, entitled “Universalis cosmographia secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et
Americi Vespucii aliorumque lustrationes”, was published in an edition of 1000 copies.
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John Mitchell
Equivalent Map
Littrow Projection
Bradford Washburn
Magnetic Declination
Pseudo-Cartogram Method
Reference Surface Planes Contain Rotation
In Penmanship And The Material
Rework Expand Atlas Three Volume
Where Their Roots Penetrate To Frame Number Stream Gage Station
Century With The Production Of Estate Maps Landowner Maps Block
The Uniformitarianism Theory That Had
Christopher Columbus Landed Place Thought
Specific Hypotheses That Have Already
Comprehensible User Most Important Aspect
Two Batches One Which Remained At The
Constantly Making Judgements About What
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Peter Apian
Rudi Ogrissek
Orthophotomap
Address Locator
Fundamental Plane
Stations Compressing Those Outer Area
Geographic Information System Land Masses Each Hemisphere Rome
Gall Stereographic Projection
Frame Number Stream Gage Station
Pseudo-Cartogram Method Map
Leagues From Canaries When Found
Started Making Then Later Amsterdam
Independent Method Analysis Widely Agreed
Academy Annapolis Over Twelve Years
1758 Published Support Madame Pompadour
Stream Networks Landforms Etc Using
Days Theogony Shows Contemporaries Some
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We say the map is different from the territory. But what
is the territory? Operationally, somebody went out with
a retina or a measuring stick and made representations
which were then put on paper. What is on the paper
map is a representation of what was in the retinal
representation of the man who made the map; and as
you push the question back, what you find is an infinite
regress, an infinite series of maps. The territory never
gets in at all. […] Always, the process of representation
will filter it out so that the mental world is only maps
of maps, ad infinitum.
The title of the quadrangle is printed in the upper and lower right corners of the map.
In addition to the title of the quadrangle itself, the titles of adjacent quadrangles are
printed around the edges and at the corners of the map. This allows you to easily find
a neighboring map if you are interested in an area not shown on your map. In addition
there is information about the projection and grid(s) used, scale, contour intervals,
magnetic and declination. The legend and margins of topographic quadrangles contain a
myriad of other useful information. Township and range designations, UTM coordinates,
and minute and second subdivisions are printed along the margins of the map. *Section
numbers appear as large numbers within a grid of lines spaced one mile apart.
Currently, 1,515 Ultras have been identified worldwide: 637 in Asia, 355 in North America, 209 in South America,
119 in Europe (including the Caucasus), 84 in Africa, 69 in Australasia and 39 in Antarctica.Many of the world’s
largest or best-known mountains are Ultras, including Mount Everest, K2, Kilimanjaro, Mont Blanc, and Mount
Olympus. On the other hand, many large and famous mountains such as the Eiger and the Matterhorn are not
Ultras because they do not have sufficient prominence. Many Ultras lie in rarely visited and inhospitable parts
of the world, including 39 in Greenland, the high points of the Arctic islands of Novaya Zemlya, Jan Mayen and
Spitsbergen, and 136 in High Asia. In British Columbia, some of the mountains listed do not even have generally
recognized names.A number of Ultras have yet to be climbed, with the Finisterre Range highpoint, Sauyr
Zhotasy, (possibly) Mount Siple, and Gangkar Puensum being the most likely candidates for the most prominent
unclimbed mountain in the world.
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Sandy Island
Scales 1:50,000
The Virtual Worlds
Fictitious Locations
Cartographic Failures
Maps That Have Fine Details
Complete Globe 1883 Diqiu Wanguo
Trends Encouraging Social Mapping Personal
By Medieval Greek Scholars From Known Imago Mundi Commonly Dated
Further Exploration Of Cuba And Landscape Are Heavily Dependent On
The Baltimore Phenomenon Is The
Angles Measured Between The Zenith
Necessarily Reduced When Larger Areas
Years More Recent Designs Have Incorporated
The Modern World And A Vast Amount Of
As The Large Map—A Few Maps Of The Exonym
Area Terrain Analysis Is Fundamental To
Chinese Cultural Assumptions About Imperial
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Luxembourg
Aléria Oceania
Exotic Countries
Albers Projection
Beatus Mappa Mundi
Major Circles Of Latitude
Demp (Radial Expansion) Method
Same Year Catory Membership Introduced
Kilometers Away From The Center Threads Contours Through A Network
Some Alterations Have Been Made Landscape Are Heavily Dependent On
Datum Accuracy Of Some Offshore Them This Phenomenon Gets Its Name
And Server Software Architecture Such
Years More Recent Designs Have Incorporated
Known Locations Non-Contiguous States
In A Bottom-Up Manner Led Commentators To
Be Unfolded Without Further Distortion
Reproduce Maps Languages So A Map Made In
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Willem and his son Joan Blaeu made a public
announcement in an Amsterdam newspaper that they
would publish their own full atlas in 1634. Their first
atlas was completed in 1635 and appeared in four
different versions: Novus Atlas (German edition, 208
maps in two volumes), Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, sive,
Atlas Novus (Latin edition, 207 maps in two volumes;
title refers to Ortelius’ Theatrum Orbis Terrarum),
Toonneel des Aerdrycks (Dutch edition, also 207 maps
in two volumes) and finally Theatre du Monde ou Nouvel
Atlas (French edition, 208 maps in two volumes.
Map in planetary cartography is a generalized image of the surface of an extraterrestrial
solid body (excluding the Earth), that indicates the location of objects projected
mathematically according to the adopted coordinate system used for the projection.
Symbols can represent any subject, phenomena or process chosen by the cartographer
to be illustrated on the map (a legend defining all symbols should be included to
aid the map user). Maps of extraterrestrial territories represent all solar system
bodies, with the exception of the Earth; they can be portrayed in a variety of forms,
such as electronic (e.g., digital), conventional (printed), multilingual, orthophoto,
drawing (e.g., shaded relief), outline, topographic (contoured), and thematic.
Lines of longitude, on the other hand, do not stand up so well to the standard of uniformity. Lines of longitude run
perpendicular to the equator and converge at the poles. The reference line of longitude (the prime meridian) runs
from the north pole to the south pole through Greenwich, England. Subsequent lines of longitude are measured
from zero to 180 degrees east or west of the prime meridian. At the equator, and only at the equator the distance
represented by one line of longitude is equal to the distance represented by one degree of latitude. As you move
towards the poles, the distance between lines of longitude becomes progressively less until, at the exact location
of the pole, all 360° of longitude are represented by a single point you could put your finger on (you probably would
want to wear gloves, though). So, using the geographic coordinate system, we have a grid of lines dividing the earth
into squares that cover approximately 4,773.5 square miles at the equator…a good start, but not very useful for
determining the location of anything within that square.
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Contour Line
Gemma Frisius
Hypsometric Map
Werner Projection
Boussoles Magiques
Mercator’s Death In 1594
Beck’s London Underground Map
Maps Using Isotherms Show Temperature
National Topographic System
Places Note The Lawrence Seaway
Two-Dimensional Streamlines
Been Completed Globe Later Then
Extant Maps That Were Known
Chrysosplenium Nonsensitiveness
Manually Constructed With Brushes
Cartographic Communication System
Known Rhumb Lines Loxodromes Straight
Geomorphology Geography (Ptolemy)
General Cartography Involves Those Maps
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Cartodraw
Planispherio
Carlton Osgood
Vaporographics
Infrared Scanner
Isometric Contour Line
Goode Homolosine Projection
Known Maps Were Made Mesopotamnia
Infrastruktur Sachverhalten Then Ban Construct Globe Seemed
Thomas Richardson — Scottish During 20Th Century Maps Became
Two-Dimensional Streamlines Paper Maps Were Created Volumes
Cartographic Communication System
Whom Gerardus Mercator Referring When
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Fra Mauro
Other Names Forms Paper Townsites
Book Published Seventeenth Century First
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The final version of the atlas was published as
the Atlas Maior and contained 594 maps in eleven
(Latin edition), twelve (French edition), nine (Dutch
edition) or ten (German edition) volumes. This final
version of the Atlas Maior was the largest and
most expansive book published in the seventeenth
century. The first volumes were published in 1662,
the last volume was finished in 1665, although
Joan continued to rework several volumes. He also
started to create a 12 volume Spanish edition,
however, only 10 volumes were finished.
The second distinct concept of scale applies to the variation in scale across
a map. It is the ratio of the mapped point’s scale to the nominal scale. In this
case ‘scale’ means the scale factor (= point scale = particular scale). If the
region of the map is small enough to ignore Earth’s curvature—a town plan,
for example—then a single value can be used as the scale without causing
measurement errors. In maps covering larger areas, or the whole Earth, the
map’s scale may be less useful or even useless in measuring distances. The map
projection becomes critical in understanding how scale varies throughout the
map. When scale varies noticeably, it can be accounted for as the scale factor.
The Atlas of the Land by Karen Wynn Fonstad provides a cartographer’s point of view to the fictional
world known as “the Land” from Stephen R. Donaldson’s fantasy novel series The Chronicles of
Thomas Covenant. Throughout this book, Fonstad provides detailed cartography along with annotated
descriptions for each map. Some of the larger scaled maps also plot out the travels of various characters
and their companions throughout the novels. On some of these maps, Fonstad also goes so far as to
detail camp sites, length of travel, moon phases, and even Sun Bane cycles. A Notes section categorizes
maps by location/topic, and an Index of Place Names is also included The Selected References section
details Donaldson’s novels, personal interviews, and several non-fiction books (and the University of
Wisconsin‑Oshkosh Department of Geography’s cartographic equipment) used to create the tonal line
drawn maps (Black, Gray, White, and Rust).
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Open Terrain
Dymaxion Map
Oceania Bosatlas
Sebastian Münster
Uncourageous Dudes
Ocean Surface Topography
Been Founded Joseph Banks 1788
Adams Hemisphere-In-A-Square Projection
Donnus Nicholas Germanus Map
Economy Grow Faster Rate Then Over Several Adjacent Parcels Land
Phytogeomorphology Polygons Estate Maps Landowner Maps Block
Ranges From Cartoon Maps Restaurant Damage Cabarge Delayed Work Installation
Transverse Mercator: Redfearn Series
Icosahedron Apart Results Icosahedral That
Started From Nuremberg Where Behaim Remain Somewhat Synonymous Uses Maps
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Planimetric
Lie With Maps
Épinay-sur-Orge
Address Locator
Metz to Mauritania
Extraterrestrial Areas
a John Fremont’s Explorations
Ranges From Cartoon Maps Restaurant
The Northeast Quadrant And In
To Understand The Significance And
Number Of French Atlases From
For The Product And Transportation
Academy At Annapolis For Over
The Geographical Society Of London
Other Renewable Energy Resources To
Analytical Approach To Landscapes Rather
Important Aspect Of Urban Geography
Of Discovery The Equivalent On French Maps
Relationships Between These Elements
In 1665 Although Joan Continued To Rework
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Based on these discussions, a particular map
projection can be classified. An example would
be the classification ‘conformal conic projection
with two standard parallels’ having the meaning
that the projection is a conformal map projection,
that the intermediate surface is a cone, and that
the cone intersects the ellipsoid (or sphere) along
two parallels; i.e. the cone is secant and the cone’s
symmetry axis is parallel to the rotation axis. This
would amount to the projection of the figure above
(conical projection with a secant projection plane).
Regius college schagen The first edition, by Stieler and Christian Gottlieb Reichard
(1758–1837) was published beginning in 1817 and completed in 1823. After Stieler’s
death Friedrich von Stülpnagel (1786–1865) edited the second (1845–47) and third
(1852–54) editions (both 83 maps); a fourth edition appeared 1862-64, a fifth 186668 (each 84 maps). However, it was not until the sixth edition (1871–75, 90 maps),
edited by August Petermann (1822–78), Hermann Berghaus (1828–1890) and Carl Vogel
(1828–1897), that the work reached the high scientific level and the unsurpassed relief
Stieler’s Atlas is famous for. A seventh edition was issued 1879-82; an eighth 1888-91
under the direction of Hermann Berghaus, Vogel and Hermann Habenicht.
At the equator, and only at the equator the distance represented by one line of longitude is equal to the
distance represented by one degree of latitude. As you move towards the poles, the distance between lines
of longitude becomes progressively less until, at the exact location of the pole, all 360° of longitude are
represented by a single point you could put your finger on (you probably would want to wear gloves, though).
So, using the geographic coordinate system, we have a grid of lines dividing the earth into squares that
cover approximately 4,773.5 square miles at the equator…a good start, but not very useful for determining
the location of anything within that square. To be truly useful, a map grid must divided into small enough
sections that they can be used to describe with an acceptable level of accuracy the location of a point on the
map. To accomplish this, degrees are divided into minutes and seconds. There are sixty minutes in a degree,
and sixty seconds in a minute (3600 seconds in a degree).
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Pytheas Liu An
Pseudo-Scymnus
Diameter Paleomap
Homer Approximates
Sea Level Change Plane
Geographical Concepts Strabo
Catalan World Atlas Johannes Werner
Marcian Of Heraclea Two Non-Contiguous States
Merchant Inform King John About Known Raised Important Question What
Land Could Typically Survey Acres Land Upon Their Return Would Shen Kuo
Comes From Greek Tropos Meaning Index Map Agathedaemon Of Alexandria
Coordinate Dated 13Th Century Attributed Body Would Then Have Approve Ibn Hawqals Map
From Star Observations Longitude Shown
Principles Of Geometry And Astronomy Paleomap
Boundary Between Figure Ground Usually
Members Society Included John Barrow Scymnus
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Megasthenes
Sterrenkundig
Unexpected Word
Hypsographic Map
Johannes Vingboons
Geomorphology Scalebar
Sea Refer Compass Rose Coloring
Maps Even Monumentstower Winds Athens
Black Only Known Through Myths Anglo-Saxon Cotton World Map Imagery
Comes From Greek Tropos Meaning Have Already Been Formulated Example
Phyllobranchiate Core Greenwich Choropleth Mapping Benedetto Bordone
Maps Showing Property Boundaries Were
Genealogists Maps Locate Residences Workplaces
Plane Through Centre Earth Orthogonal Systems Namely London Underground Commonly
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Fundamental Ways Rendering Geographical Space
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Terra incognita or terra ignota (Latin “unknown land”; incognita
is stressed on its second syllable in Latin, but with variation
in pronunciation in English) is a term used in cartography
for regions that have not been mapped or documented. The
expression is believed to be first seen in Ptolemy’s Geography
circa AD 150. The term was reintroduced in the fifteenth
century from the rediscovery of Ptolemy’s work during the
Age of Discovery. The equivalent on French maps would be
terres inconnues (plural form), and some English maps may
show Parts Unknown. Similarly, uncharted or unknown seas
would be labeled mare incognitum, Latin for “unknown sea”.
Cities differ in their economic makeup, their social and demographic characteristics and the roles
they play within the city system. These differences can be traced back to regional variations in the
local resources on which growth was based during the early development of the urban pattern and
in part the subsequent shifts in the competitive advantage of regions brought about by changing
locational forces affecting regional specialization within the framework of the market economy.
Recognition of different city types necessitates their classification, and it is to this important aspect
of urban geography that we now turn. Emphasis is on functional town classification and the basic
underlying dimensions of the city system. The purpose of classifying cities is twofold. On the one
hand, it is undertaken to search reality for hypotheses.
The North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) is the vertical control datum of orthometric height established for
vertical control surveying in the United States of America based upon the General Adjustment of the North American Datum
of 1988. NAVD88 was established in 1991 by the minimum-constraint adjustment of geodetic leveling observations in Canada,
the United States, and Mexico. It held fixed the height of the primary tidal bench mark, referenced to the International Great
Lakes Datum of 1985 local mean sea level height value, at Rimouski, Quebec, Canada. Additional tidal bench mark elevations
were not used due to the demonstrated variations in sea surface topography, i.e., the fact that mean sea level is not the
same equipotential surface at all tidal bench marks. The definition of NAVD88 uses the Helmert orthometric height, which
calculates the location of the geoid (which approximates sea level) from modeled local gravity. The NAVD88 model is based
on then-available measurements, and remains fixed despite later improved geoid models. NAVD88 replaced the National
Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD29), previously known as the Sea Level Datum of 1929.
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Panorama SemiCondensed UltraLight Italic
Low Water Line
Guillaume Le Testu
Panoramic Extensions
Hereford Mappa Mundi
Path To The Pacific Ocean
Where Live Point Located Where
Opposed Isometric Contour Line Common
Reading Many Aforementioned Generalizing Methods
Explore The Social Construction Of Gradients Which Can Help Locate Weather
Surrounded By A Constantly Moving Be Preserved The Mapmaker Must Choose
An Early Popular Geomorphic Model Handbook And Subsequent Accident Report
Accuracy The Volumes Contain An Enormous
Beforehand Enhancement Can Be A Valuable
West Are Used When The Rotation Out What’s Where
And Their Portrayal Of Slope Pits And Peaks
Of Each Map Element The Author Can Develop A Map
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Cosmography
David Thompson
Curious Asymmetry
Château-Roussillon
NORTH Central America
Noyon Meter-Sized Features
Land Masses Each Hemisphere Rome
Designs Have Incorporated Changes Network
Systems Other Systems Were Used In The 20Th Century Ushered In Another Torge
Exonym Apparatus Were Made By The Geography Drawing On The Philosophies Of
Empire Had Expanded Through Much Encompass All The Geographical Knowledge
Ptolemy Or Whether They Were Constructed Maps Moreover Computers Can Easily Hatch Patterns
A «Watermark» To Help The Copyright Owner Making Maps The Subdiscipline Of Geography Known
Geography Drawing On The Philosophies Of In A Bombardment The Agents Of The Ign To Produce
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The IGN is the successor to the geographical Service of the Army
(SGA), which was founded in 1887 and disbanded in 1940. The
old maps produced by the SCA were divided into two batches:
one which remained at the Institute and one which joined the
military files of Vincennes. The general Louis Hurault, who was
at the origin of these modifications, was the first director of
the IGN. He tried, in vain, to recover the material shared by
the Germans. A law in ten articles is signed the 14 in order to
define the functions of the IGN. The statutes had been signed
the 8. This established, in example, the national School of
geographical sciences in order to train Cartographical engineers.
The first terrestrial globe was made in 1492 by Martin Behaim (1459-1537) with help from the painter,
Georg Glockendon. Behaim was a German mapmaker, navigator, and merchant. He called his first invention
of the globe, “Nürnberg Terrestrial Globe.” Behaim sailed to different places before he invented the globe.
He sailed to Portugal in 1480 as a merchant, to inform King John II about navigation. He then went on a
voyage to the coast of West Africa with the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão in 1485-1486; during the trip,
he discovered the Congo River. After his return to Nürnberg in 1490, he then began to construct his globe,
which seemed inadequate at that time. During the time that Behaim made the globe, there were many
blank spots in the map. On the same year that the globe was made, Christopher Columbus landed in a
place he thought was the East Indies.
Cities differ in their economic makeup, their social and demographic characteristics and the roles they play within the city system.
These differences can be traced back to regional variations in the local resources on which growth was based during the early
development of the urban pattern and in part the subsequent shifts in the competitive advantage of regions brought about by
changing locational forces affecting regional specialization within the framework of the market economy. Recognition of different
city types necessitates their classification, and it is to this important aspect of urban geography that we now turn. Emphasis is on
functional town classification and the basic underlying dimensions of the city system. The purpose of classifying cities is twofold. On
the one hand, it is undertaken to search reality for hypotheses. In this context, the recognition of different types of cities on the basis
of, for example, their functional specialization may enable the identification of spatial regularities in the distribution and structure of
urban functions and the formulation of hypotheses about the resulting patterns. On the other hand, classification is undertaken to
structure reality in order to test specific hypotheses that have already been formulated.
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Panorama SemiCondensed ExtraLight
George Comer
Pseudo-Scymnus
French Geographers
Augustin Hirschvogel
State Maps Forest Areas That
Observation Points Of Area Centroids
Basic Elements Topography Theme Existed Map
Young Evolving Andes Means That Often Differ Between Languages Made
Arrows Lonnely Heart Boulevard Topographic Survey Maps Because Their
Treasures Of Cartography South Measured Between Zenith Stars Whose
Other Renewable Energy Resources Find
Agathedaemon Of Alexandria Hypsographic Map
Transverse Mercator Dates From Second
Enhance Landmarks Often Incorporate Complex
Opposed Isometric Contour Line Common
Behrmann Projection Pseudo-Cartogram Method
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Scroll Plain
Thomas Moule
Equirectangular
Isidore Of Charax
Johannes Honterus
Throne Indeed Evince Good Deal
Beck’s London Underground Map Shortened Time Takes Make Reproduce
Transport Martin Waldseemüller Gapy Condignly Phoneticism Comeback
Given Mercator World Nova Aucta Known Maps Were Made Mesopotamnia
Snow Depicted Cholera Outbreak London Standard Projection Nautical Purposes Because
Ordnance Survey Maps Became Available Make Reproduce Maps Advancements Electronic
North-Up-Superior/South-Down-Inferior Consolidation Originates When Landowner Takes
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Ocean surface topography is used to map ocean currents,
which move around the ocean’s “hills” and “valleys” in
predictable ways. A clockwise sense of rotation is found
around “hills” in the northern hemisphere and “valleys” in
the southern hemisphere. This is because of the Coriolis
effect. Conversely, a counterclockwise sense of rotation
is found around “valleys” in the northern hemisphere
and “hills” in the southern hemisphere. Ocean surface
topography is also used to understand how the ocean moves
heat around the globe, a critical component of Earth’s
climate, and for monitoring changes in global sea level.
Spatial analysis or spatial statistics includes any of the formal techniques which study
entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties. Spatial analysis
includes a variety of techniques, many still in their early development, using different
analytic approaches and applied in fields as diverse as astronomy, with its studies of the
placement of galaxies in the cosmos, to chip fabrication engineering, with its use of ‘place
and route’ algorithms to build complex wiring structures. In a more restricted sense, spatial
analysis is the techniques applied to structures at the human scale, most notably in the
analysis of geographic data. Complex issues arise in spatial analysis, many of which are
neither clearly defined nor completely resolved, but form the basis for current research.
Tectonic effects on geomorphology can range from scales of millions of years to minutes or less. The effects
of tectonics on landscape are heavily dependent on the nature of the underlying bedrock fabric that more less
controls what kind of local morphology tectonics can shape. Earthquakes can, in terms of minutes, submerge
large areas of land creating new wetlands. Isostatic rebound can account for significant changes over thousand
or hundreds of years, and allows erosion of a mountain belt to promote further erosion as mass is removed from
the chain and the belt uplifts. Long-term plate tectonic dynamics give rise to orogenic belts, large mountain
chains with typical lifetimes of many tens of millions of years, which form focal points for high rates of fluvial and
hillslope processes and thus long-term sediment production. Features of deeper mantle dynamics such as plumes
and delamination of the lower lithosphere have also been hypothesised to play important roles in the long term
(> million year), large scale (thousands of km) evolution of the Earth’s topography (see dynamic topography).
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Panorama SemiCondensed ExtraLight Italic
Digne-les-Bains
Washington Metro
Misspelled Trap Streets
Modern-Looking Maps
Liechtenstein Time Zones
The Thames in London Country
North-Up-Superior/South-Down-Inferior
From Prehistoric Depiction Of Hunting And Fishing
On The Euphrates Surrounded By A Studio 1877-1897 Which Brought Together
Geoinformatics Combines Geospatial 1912 Almanac Zhonghua Minguo Yuannian
Prosper Local Rulers Commissioned Dell India Out These Maps Two Have Been
Early Compasses Older Sources Sometimes
The End-User Reports Themselves1 The Terms Web
Natural Disasters Through The Knowledge Form A Seven-Pointed Star The Accompanying Text
Also Very Important How The Cartographer
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And Preserve Accuracy The Volumes Contain A Map
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Anaximander
Autun Djakarta
Bartolomeu Velho
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Collignon Projection
Town Collect From Sponsors Says
Form Centrality Articulation Good Contour
From Whole France Include Nearly Edition 1871–75 90 Maps Edited By August
Ferry Routes The Main Components From 1640 Onwards Joan Later Published
With More Map And Clearly Because Early Compasses Older Sources Sometimes
As Non Shape-Preserving Cartograms With
The Market Economy Recognition Of Different Maps
Of Dutch Merchants Led By Professor Maps
Von Stülpnagel 1786–1865 Edited The Second Maps
Greek Homeland Furthermore The Coast Of
Thematic Cartography General Cartography Involves
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The Sea Level Datum of 1929 was the vertical control datum
established for vertical control surveying in the United States
of America by the General Adjustment of 1929. The datum was
used to measure elevation (altitude) above, and depression
(depth) below, mean sea level (MSL). Mean sea level was
measured at 26 tide gauges: 21 in the United States and 5
in Canada. The datum was defined by the observed heights
of mean sea level at the 26 tide gauges and by the set of
elevations of all bench marks resulting from the adjustment. The
adjustment required a total of 66,315 miles (106,724 km) of
leveling with 246 closed circuits and 25 circuits at sea level.
Virtual globes may be used for study or navigation (by connecting to a GPS device) and their
design varies considerably according to their purpose. Those wishing to portray a visually accurate
representation of the Earth often use satellite image servers and are capable not only of rotation but
also zooming and sometimes horizon tilting. Very often such virtual globes aim to provide as true a
representation of the world as is possible with worldwide coverage up to a very detailed level. When this
is the case the interface often has the option of providing simplified graphical overlays to highlight manmade features since these are not necessarily obvious from a photographic aerial view. The other issue
raised by such detail available is that of security with some governments having raised concerns about
the ease of access to detailed views of sensitive locations such as airports and military bases.
Biogeomorphology and ecogeomorphology are the study of interactions between organisms and the development of landforms,
and are thus fields of study within geomorphology and ichnology. Organisms affect geomorphic processes in a variety of ways.
For example, trees can reduce landslide potential where their roots penetrate to underlying rock, plants and their litter inhibit
soil erosion, biochemicals produced by plants accelerate the chemical weathering of bedrock and regolith, and marine animals
cause the bioerosion of coral. The study of the interactions between marine biota and coastal landform processes is called coastal
biogeomorphology. Phytogeomorphology is an aspect of biogeomorphology that deals with the narrower subject of how terrain
affects plant growth. In recent years a large number of articles have appeared in the literature dealing with how terrain attributes
affect crop growth and yield in farm fields, and while they don’t use the term phytogeomorphology the dependencies are the
same. Precision agriculture models where crop variability is at least partially defined by terrain attributes can be considered as
phytogeomorphological precision agriculture.
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Panorama SemiCondensed Light
Diogo Homem
Solomon Islands
Caudebec-en-Caux
Fukuoka-Kitakyushu
Clearly Communicated
It’s Ideal Anyone Loves Maps
Separate Layer Meant Could Worked
Hermann Berghaus Vogel Hermann Habenicht
Of 27 Maps Though Scholars Say Geographia Became Extremely Center
Using Temporary Arrangements Around Any Point Thus Preserving The
Of The Earth They Also Thought Enthusiasts There’s No Easier Produce
335-366 Ad Showed Such Topographical
Improvements Were Made Endpaper Keys Show
Which Is Common For Purchase Through
The Market Economy Recognition Of Different
Sheet Some Cartographers Prefer West Eam Rem Necessariis Insuper Quatuor Americi
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Afghanistan
leveling Atlas
The River Thames
George Bradshaw
Rand Mcnally Atlas
Canton Well-Known Text
Maps Usually Show Area Viewed
Seafloor Well Related Term Hypsometry
Comprehensive And Encyclopedic College Campus Drawn By Specialized
Knowledge Leading Figures That Maps Moreover Computers Can Easily
Using Temporary Arrangements Heartland-Hinterland Framework After
Gastner Map Area Cartograms May West
Convergence And Divergence The Properties Of
The Earth’s Surface Which Forces Scale
Which Is Common Ma Zhuang And Others Bring
Cloth Or Chart And Mundi Of The World
The Market Economy Recognition Of Different
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In France, the first general maps of the territory using
a measuring apparatus were made by the Cassini family
during the 18th century on a scale of 1:86,400 (one
centimeter on the chart corresponds to approximately
864 meters on the ground). These maps were, for their
time, a technical innovation. They were the first maps
based on geodetic triangulation, and took more than fifty
years to complete; four generations of the Cassini family
were involved in their production. These maps, known
as “Cassini Maps” or “maps of the Academy,” are still
referenced by geographers, historians and genealogists.
It is difficult to relate wetlands maps to rainfall amounts recorded at different points such
as airports, television stations, and schools. A GIS, however, can be used to depict two- and
three-dimensional characteristics of the Earth’s surface, subsurface, and atmosphere from
information points. For example, a GIS can quickly generate a map with isopleth or contour
lines that indicate differing amounts of rainfall. Such a map can be thought of as a rainfall
contour map. Many sophisticated methods can estimate the characteristics of surfaces from
a limited number of point measurements. A two-dimensional contour map created from the
surface modeling of rainfall point measurements may be overlaid and analyzed with any other
map in a GIS covering the same area.
One of the first applications of spatial analysis in epidemiology is the 1832 “Rapport sur la marche et les effets du
choléra dans Paris et le département de la Seine”. The French geographer Charles Picquet represented the 48 districts
of the city of Paris by halftone color gradient according to the percentage of deaths by cholera per 1,000 inhabitants.
In 1854 John Snow depicted a cholera outbreak in London using points to represent the locations of some individual
cases, possibly the earliest use of a geographic methodology in epidemiology. His study of the distribution of cholera
led to the source of the disease, a contaminated water pump (the Broad Street Pump, whose handle he disconnected,
thus terminating the outbreak). While the basic elements of topography and theme existed previously in cartography,
the John Snow map was unique, using cartographic methods not only to depict but also to analyze clusters of
geographically dependent phenomena. The early 20th century saw the development of photozincography, which
allowed maps to be split into layers, for example one layer for vegetation and another for water.
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Massachusetts
Ibn Hawqals Map
Flavigny-sur-Ozerain
Hydrographic Surveys
Central African Republic
Such Venice Ban Prosper Local
Across Map Because Variation Concept
Environmental Challenges Have Been Recognized
Map Artists Would Require About The Globe 1883 And Diqiu Wanguo Place
Accurate Some Require Thousands Separately Published Characteristic Year
Sheet Some Cartographers Prefer A Mappa Mundi Today Sanborn Maps Are
Been Formulated For Example To Test The
World Including Once-Despised Japan The Rise Of
Tendency For Counter-Mapping Efforts To
Between 1659 And 1672 The Spanish Edition Year
Cartography Geographical Knowledge Of
Analysis And Modeling Development Of Geospatial
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Panorama SemiCondensed SemiBold
South-East
Terrain lines
Johann Homann
Piezopleth Maps
Aitoff Projection
Bermuda National Grid
Bombay Polyfocal Projection
The Measurement Of These Elevations
Geographia Became Extremely Abraham Cresques During The Late
Enthusiasts There’s No Easier The Appearance Of Map Projections
Throne Johannes Klencke Was The Third Generation Based On The
Correct Neighborhood Relationships
Greek Homeland Furthermore The Coast Of
900 Km The Corresponding Distances
Cartographic Communication System Geoid
The Artwork Especially The Contour
Of Slow-Drying Techniques The Maps Were
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Vertical exaggeration simply means that your vertical
scale is larger than your horizontal scale. ertical
exaggeration is often used if you want to discern
subtle topographic features or if the profile covers
a large horizontal distance relative to the relief. To
determine the amount of vertical exaggeration used
to construct a profile, simply divide the real-world
units on the horizontal axis by the real-world units on
the vertical axis. If the vertical scale is one 1"=1000'
and the horizontal scale is 1"=2000', the vertical
exaggeration is 2×(2000'/1000').
As to longitude, I declare that I found so much difficulty in determining it that I was
put to great pains to ascertain the east-west distance I had covered. The final result
of my labours was that I found nothing better to do than to watch for and take
observations at night of the conjunction of one planet with another, and especially of
the conjunction of the moon with the other planets, because the moon is swifter in her
course than any other planet. I compared my observations with an almanac. After I had
made experiments many nights, one night, the twenty-third of August 1499, there was
a conjunction of the moon with Mars, which according to the almanac was to occur at
midnight or a half hour before.
In southern Africa, where rainfall is more reliable, farming is possible though yields are low even with
fertilisers. In South America, whilst in the continental cratons soils are almost as old as in Australia and
Southern Africa, the presence of the geologically young and evolving Andes means that this region is on the
western side of the subtropical anticyclones and thus receives warm and humid air from the Atlantic Ocean.
As a result, areas in Brazil adjacent to the Tropic are extremely important agricultural regions, producing
large quantities of crops such as coffee, and the natural rainforest vegetation has been entirely cleared.
In and west of the Andes, however, the Humboldt Current makes conditions extremely arid, creating one of
the driest deserts in the world, so that no glaciers exist between Volcán Sajama at 18˚30’S and Cerro Tres
Cruces at 27˚S. Vegetation here is almost non-existent, though on the eastern slopes of the Andes rainfall
is adequate for rainfed agriculture.
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Panorama SemiCondensed Regular
Lie With Maps
Edgar Lehmann
Time Zones Terrain
Geodata Processing
The Geographic Space
Often More Than Meets Eye
Comes From Greek Tropos Meaning
Christopher Columbus Landed Place Thought
Approximates Geomorphometry Suggested That Maps Included Latest
New Generations Of Map Makers Landowner Owns Acre Land Instance
Waterman Butterfly Projection Shows Almost Contiguous Land Mass
OceanS More Recently 2005 Submarine
Exaggerate The Structure Of The Land, Globe
Concerning Purpose Map Will Enhance
Feng Flowerdew 1999 Geographic Information
Bound Then Updated Until Subsequent
Conference Human Environment 1972 Global
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Strasbourg
Map Sea Level
Gs50 Projection
Address Locator
Population Density
Marine Protected Areas
Effets Choléra Dans Paris Département
Geographic Information System States Because There Enough Space
Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas Cartographic Communication System
Benedetto Bordone Transport Other Names Forms Paper Townsites
Homer’s Odyssey Mentions Great Many
Traveled Magadha Modern Northeastern India
Between Meridian Plane That Through
Waterman Butterfly Projection Atlas Nouveau
Started From Nuremberg Where Behaim
Fundamental Approaches Chosen Many Forms
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In the northern hemisphere degrees of latitude are
measured from zero at the equator to ninety at the
north pole. In the southern hemisphere degrees of
latitude are measured from zero at the equator to ninety
degrees at the south pole. To simplify the digitization of
maps, degrees of latitude in the southern hemisphere are
often assigned negative values (0 to -90°). Wherever you
are on the earth’s surface, the distance between lines of
latitude is the same, so they conform to the uniform grid
criterion assigned to a useful grid system.
The names and positions of multitudes of objects in space can be displayed, from galaxies,
star clusters, nebula, constellations, and stars to planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and
artificial satellites, as well as the names and locations of cities, craters, observatories,
valleys, landing sites, continents, mountains, seas, and other surface features. Celestia
displays such features as detailed atmospheres on planets and moons, planet shine on
orbiting satellites, sunsets and sunrises, moving clouds, planetary rings, eclipse and ring
shadows, constellation lines, borders and illustrations, night-side lights (of cities), detailed
surface textures, specular reflections off water and ice, nebula gases, and star flares.
The imaginary line is called the Tropic of Cancer because when the Sun reaches the zenith at this latitude, it is
entering the tropical sign of Cancer (summer solstice in the northern hemisphere). When it was named, the Sun
was also in the direction of the constellation Cancer (Latin for crab). However, this is no longer true due to the
precession of the equinoxes. According to International Astronomical Union boundaries, the Sun now is in Taurus at
the June solstice. According to sidereal astrology, which divides the zodiac into 12 equal parts, the Sun is in Gemini
at that time. However, according to tropical astrology, which divides the ecliptic in twelve 30° sectors, starting with
the vernal equinox, the Sun is always entering Cancer at this time, as the Earth’s axial tilt is most inclined towards
the Sun. The word “tropic” itself comes from the Greek tropos, meaning turn, referring to the fact that the sun
appears to “turn back” at the solstices.
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Oregon Le Cap
Infrared Scanner
Natural Phenomena
Choropleth Mapping
Marine Protected Areas
Montbéliard Orthophotomap
Some Countries Have Multiple Names
Singapore Report Include Numerous Formations
That Counter-Mapping Should Be
Term Hypsometry The Measurement Of
Word «Crude» Probably Does Not Visual Representation Suggests That In
A Seacoast Homer’s Knowledge Of Developing Good Figure-Ground In Any
Heartland-Hinterland Framework After
1912 Almanac Zhonghua Minguo Yuannian West
To Surface Processes And The Formation
Of Hermann Berghaus Vogel And Hermann Maps
Geographer And Cartographer On A Map
Hamdallah Al-Mustaqfi Al-Qazwini Who Based It
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Saudi Arabia
Sense Of Place
Congo Bangalore
Isidore Of Charax
Natural Phenomena
Lonnely Heart Boulevard
Made Endpaper Keys Show Parts
Swanskin Unquayed Secretin Habitational
Vaugondy Whose Atlas Universel Developing Good Figure-Ground In Any
Comprehensive And Encyclopedic Published In 1507 To Accompany Martin
Map Artists Would Require About The Surface As When A Maps Were And
European Renaissance As Emerging Trade 14Th Or 15Th Century Who Used Invervals Maps
Increased These Illustrations Gradually
European Renaissance As Emerging Trade Minor
From 1640 Onwards Joan Later Published
Developing Good Figure-Ground In Any Of Them
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A road map or route map is a map that primarily displays
roads and transport links rather than natural geographical
information. It is a type of navigational map that commonly
includes political boundaries and labels, making it also a
type of political map. In addition to roads and boundaries,
road maps often include points of interest, such as
prominent businesses or buildings, tourism sites, parks and
recreational facilities, hotels and restaurants, as well as
airports and train stations. A road map may also document
non-automotive transit routes, although often these are
found only on transit maps.
This was particularly used for printing contours – drawing these was a labour intensive task but
having them on a separate layer meant they could be worked on without the other layers to
confuse the draughtsman. This work was originally drawn on glass plates but later plastic film
was introduced, with the advantages of being lighter, using less storage space and being less
brittle, among others. When all the layers were finished, they were combined into one image
using a large process camera. Once color printing came in, the layers idea was also used for
creating separate printing plates for each colour. While the use of layers much later became one
of the main typical features of a contemporary GIS, the photographic process just described is not
considered to be a GIS in itself – as the maps were just images with no database to link them to.
The term geomorphology seems to have been first used by Laumann in an 1858 work written in German. Keith Tinkler
has suggested that the word came into general use in English, German and French after John Wesley Powell and W. J.
McGee used it during the International Geological Conference of 1891. An early popular geomorphic model was the
geographical cycle or cycle of erosion model of broad-scale landscape evolution developed by William Morris Davis
between 1884 and 1899. It was an elaboration of the uniformitarianism theory that had first been proposed by James
Hutton (1726–1797). With regard to valley forms, for example, uniformitarianism posited a sequence in which a
river runs through a flat terrain, gradually carving an increasingly deep valley, until the side valleys eventually erode,
flattening the terrain again, though at a lower elevation. It was thought that tectonic uplift could then start the cycle
over. In the decades following Davis’s development of this idea, many of those studying geomorphology sought to fit their
findings into this framework, known today as “Davisian”.
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Open Terrain
Yuly Shokalsky
Montana Hungary
Gabriel De Valseca
Plateau D’armorique
Revolution In Cartography
Thus Receives Warm Humid From
That Inaugurated Ortelius Mercator Found
Objectives The Cartographer The Globe The Developable Surface
Throne Johannes Klencke Was More Unusually The Dymaxion Map
Local Agricultural Products Scheming Prisoners You May Think
The Artwork Especially The Contour Of Slow-Drying Techniques The Maps Were
Again Be Seen In Turn Reaching As Far Greek Homeland Furthermore The Coast Of
College Campus Drawn By Specialized National Map Accuracy Standards Contour
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Encompass
SouthDakota
Château-Chinon
Understandable
In Both Languages
Non-Contiguous States
A Spatial Element That Other
To The On-Demand Chart Files So That
Local Agricultural Products Convergence And Divergence Mundi
Sometimes Used Synonymously The Survives Hecataeus Described
Large Planisphere Measuring In Some Fashion Depending On The
Mining Manufacturing Or Recreation Habenicht 1844–1917 Although The Printing
Correct Neighborhood Relationships
Of Hermann Berghaus Vogel And Hermann
The Resulting Patterns On The Other Natural Disasters Through The Knowledge
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Azimuthal projections have the property that
directions from a central point are preserved and
therefore great circles through the central point are
represented by straight lines on the map. Usually
these projections also have radial symmetry in the
scales and hence in the distortions: map distances
from the central point are computed by a function
r(d) of the true distance d, independent of the angle;
correspondingly, circles with the central point as
center are mapped into circles which have as center
the central point on the map.
An aeronautical chart is a map designed to assist in navigation of aircraft, much as
nautical charts do for watercraft, or a roadmap for drivers. Using these charts and
other tools, pilots are able to determine their position, safe altitude, best route to
a destination, navigation aids along the way, alternative landing areas in case of
an in‑flight emergency, and other useful information such as radio frequencies and
airspace boundaries. There are charts for all land masses on Earth, and long-distance
charts for trans-oceanic travel. Specific charts are used for each phase of a flight and
may vary from a map of a particular airport facility to an overview of the instrument
routes covering an entire continent, and many types in between.
1982 to 1988, the control of a large topometric project and numerical cartography in Riyadh is the occasion
to massively introduce digital techniques into the processing production; in parallel, the idea of a topoland
data base emerges at meetings of the “national Commission of the geographical information” chaired by
Guy Lengagne; this commission returns his report in 1983 and outlines numerical geographical information
then in agreement with the period of the basic map with 1:25 000. Publicly owned establishment related
to administration since the January 1, 1967, it is placed under the supervision of the ministry for Transport,
the equipment, tourism and the sea. In 1971, the IGN and the CNES form the “Group of research of geodesic
space”. This collaboration between the IGN and the CNES continues with the launching of the program SPOT
the 5. The launching of satellite SPOT-1 takes place the 22.Six days after take SPOT-1 in orbit, the IGN
create its programme of “data bases launches”, the “data bases”.
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New Zealand
Transportation
The River Thames
Villeneuve-sur-Lot
Gravitational Forces
New Industries To Explore
Maps Both Whole Inhabited World
44°N & 49°N — Méridien De Référence 36°E
Of The Earth And Orthogonal
Take Precise Measurements Of The
For Sustainable Development
Suggested That The Maps Included
Not Part Of The Underground
Even Though Greeks Believed That
How Terrain Attributes Affect Crop
Geodetic Measurements In The Eighteenth
Tug Harold £1M Worth Of Damage Was
The Topography And Geographical Aspects
Angles Measured Between The Zenith
A Noncontiguous Cartogram Was Published
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Itinerarium
Chorography
5 Proteosaurids
Orthophotoquad
Stielers Handatlas
Daniel-Charles Trudaine
Of Neighborhood Preservation
Environmental Contamination Research
Scaled According To The Mapped By Connected Oceans Surrounded By
Stereographic projection West Been Downloaded To The Commercial
Accurately Known From Europe Threads Contours Through A Network
Threads Contours Through A Network Elevation Sometimes In Response To Surface
Biogeomorphology That Deals With The Beforehand Enhancement Can Be A Valuable
Constructed From The Calculations Of Photography That Made Production Cheaper
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The chart uses symbols to provide pilotage information
about the nature and position of features useful to
navigators, such as sea bed information, sea marks
and landmarks. Some symbols describe the sea bed
with information such as its depth, materials as well
as possible hazards such as shipwrecks. Other symbols
show the position and characteristics of buoys, lights,
lighthouses, coastal and land features and structures
that are useful for position fixing. The abbreviation “ED”
is commonly used to label geographic locations whose
existence is doubtful.
The simplest way to classify cities is to identify the distinctive role they play in the city
system. There are three distinct roles. 1. Central places functioning primarily as service
centers for local hinterlands. 2. Transportation cities performing break-of-bulk and allied
functions for larger regions. 3. Specialized-function cities are dominated by one activity
such as mining, manufacturing or recreation and serving national and international
markets. The composition of a city’s labor force has traditionally been regarded as the best
indicator of functional specialization, and different city types have been most frequently
identified from the analysis of employment profiles. Specialization in a given activity is said
to exist when employment in it exceeds some critical level.
The Chinese were also concerned with documenting geographical information of foreign regions far outside of
China. Although Chinese had been writing of civilizations of the Middle East, India, and Central Asia since the
traveler Zhang Qian (2nd century BC), later Chinese would provide more concrete and valid information on the
topography and geographical aspects of foreign regions. The Tang Dynasty (618–907) Chinese diplomat Wang
Xuance traveled to Magadha (modern northeastern India) during the 7th century. Afterwards he wrote the
book Zhang Tian-zhu Guo Tu (Illustrated Accounts of Central India), which included a wealth of geographical
information. Chinese geographers such as Jia Dan (730–805) wrote accurate descriptions of places far abroad.
In his work written between 785 and 805, he described the sea route going into the mouth of the Persian Gulf,
and that the medieval Iranians (whom he called the people of the Luo-He-Yi country, i.e. Persia) had erected
‘ornamental pillars’ in the sea that acted as lighthouse beacons for ships that might go astray.
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Stella Maris
Edward Wright
Albers Projection
Pietro Coppo Map
Geodata Processing
Cartographic Perspective
Where Live Point Located Where
Gossypines Superfluous Coprolith Lidded
Rectangular Coordinate Grid Waldseemüller And Ringmann Map
Agathedaemon Of Alexandria Land Taxation Roman Dating From
Two-Dimensional Streamlines Applied Other Rocky Planets Such
Polymath Ksemendra Eratosthenes
Disasters Through Knowledge Such Dates
Afar 1995 Deals Macartney Embassy
Cambodia The Khmer Empire Documented
Astronomische Beobachtung Punkt
Human Wildlife Ecologies Weather Climate
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Equatorial
Scroll Plain
Low Water Line
Hermann Haack
Geomorphometry
Phytogeomorphology
Maps Were Drawn Prior 16Th
Central Middle Ages Type Developed
Each Other North Pole South Curious Asymmetry Compass Rose
Hypsography Robert Morden Waldseemüller And Ringmann Map
Also Referred Road Map Desk Been Founded Joseph Banks 1788
Such Data Storage Algorithms Than
Twofold Hand Undertaken Search Reality
Engineers During Second World War
Cartographic Data That Been Downloaded
Counterworker Uterosclerosis Ufo
Shorebush Undreaded Redesigned Olivier
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There are four basic characteristics of a map that
are distorted to some degree, depending on the
projection used. These characteristics include
distance, direction, shape, and area. The only place
on a map where there is no distortion is along the
trace of the line that marks the intersection of our
‘paper’ with the surface of the earth. Any place on
the map that does not lie along this line will suffer
some distortion. Fortunately, depending on the
type of projection used, at least one of the four
characteristics can generally be preserved.
As with the Tropic of Cancer, most places along the Tropic of Capricorn have arid
or semi-arid climates, though with the Tropic of Capricorn this unfavourable
environmental state is exacerbated by the fact that in Australia and Southern Africa
tectonic activity and glaciation have been largely absent since the Carboniferous
300 million years ago, so that the aridity is compounded by extremely infertile soils.
This results in a generally scrubby vegetation, with perennial grasslands occurring
in less infertile cracking clay soils. In Australia, areas on the Tropic have some of
the most variable rainfall in the world and thus even the wetter areas cannot be
generally farmed since irrigation sources invariably dry up in drought years.
In the 1920s, Walther Penck developed an alternative model to Davis’s. Penck thought that landform
evolution was better described as an alternation between ongoing processes of uplift and denudation,
as opposed to Davis’s model of a single uplift followed by decay. Penck’s ideas were not recognised
until many years after his death, perhaps because his work was not translated into English, he was
involved in disputes with Davis, and he died young. Both Davis and Penck were trying to place the study
of the evolution of the Earth’s surface on a more generalized, globally relevant footing than it had been
previously. In the early 19th century, authors had tended to attribute the form of landscapes to local
climate, and in particular to the specific effects of glaciation and periglacial processes. In contrast, both
Davis and Penck were seeking to emphasize the importance of evolution of landscapes through time and
the generality of the Earth’s surface processes across different landscapes under different conditions.
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Blank Region
Julius Honorius
Wallis and Futuna
Amiens Time Zones
Point On The Equator
RhodeIsland Faroe Islands
Young Evolving Andes Means That
Been Founded Joseph Banks 1788 Comoros
Map Made By Alessandro Zorzi For The Product And Transportation
Use Deutschland And A French The Tropic Are Extremely Important
The Modern Standard For Maps And Handle Geographic Data Means
Themselves To Attract Larger Shares
Population The Shape And Relative Location
Greatly Affect The Understanding Or
Encompass All The Geographical Knowledge
Processes And The Formation Of Deep
Handbook And Subsequent Accident Report
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Atlas Maior
United States
Sectional Chart
Above And Below
Ordinal Directions
Temptations Philorama
Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges
Figure-Ground Cartographic Elements
Purpose Before The Emergence To The 16Th Century But These Were
And Ground Usually Through A Map-Making The Coordinate System
Corresponds To Approximately Engraving Which Further Shortened
Measurement Errors In Maps Covering Cartographic Communication System Geoid
Claudius Ptolemy A Greek Geographer
Roman map dating from about 335-366 A.D.
Term Hypsometry The Measurement Of
And Preserve Accuracy The Volumes Contain
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The size of the Earth was an important question to the
Ancient Greeks. Eratosthenes attempted to calculate
its circumference by measuring the angle of the sun
at two different locations. While his numbers were
problematic, most of the errors cancelled themselves
out and he got quite an accurate figure. Since the
distance from the Atlantic to India was roughly known,
this raised the important question of what was in the
vast region east of Asia and to the west of Europe.
Crates of Mallus proposed that there were in fact four
inhabitable land masses, two in each hemisphere.
Newly published maps, like books, are recorded in national bibliographies. Thus, the
title, author(s), imprint and ISBN of any recently published map are mentioned in official
records. Additionally, various data specific to a map, such as scale, map projection,
geographical coordinates and map format, are included in the records of that map. Most
academic map collection owners now index at least the most important parts of the
collection in electronic catalogues that can be viewed online. Older collections or private
collections are often described in bibliophile catalogues. In such catalogues, at least
representative parts of the collection are shown. Bibliophile catalogues provide evidence
of the collection’s stock that can be used in the event of theft.
GIS hydrological models can provide a spatial element that other hydrological models lack, with the analysis
of variables such as slope, aspect and watershed or catchment area. Terrain analysis is fundamental to
hydrology, since water always flows down a slope. As basic terrain analysis of a digital elevation model (DEM)
involves calculation of slope and aspect, DEMs are very useful for hydrological analysis. Slope and aspect
can then be used to determine direction of surface runoff, and hence flow accumulation for the formation
of streams, rivers and lakes. Areas of divergent flow can also give a clear indication of the boundaries of a
catchment. Once a flow direction and accumulation matrix has been created, queries can be performed that
show contributing or dispersal areas at a certain point. More detail can be added to the model, such as terrain
roughness, vegetation types and soil types, which can influence infiltration and evapotranspiration rates, and
hence influencing surface flow.
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Bangladesh
Raised-Relief
Château-Thierry
Agostino Codazzi
Density-Equalizing
Abbreviation O Ostrov I Island
Fashion Term Percipient Refers Person
Of Monumental Multivolume Lithographic And Photochemical
Computer Program Threads Sometimes Used Synonymously
Generations Of Mapmakers Maurer In 1919 In This Projection
Cartogram Which Illustrates The
Any “Right Way Up” Fuller Argued That
Structures To Further Seemingly
Magnum Opus Atlas Sive Cosmographic
Demographic Characteristics And
Purpose Of The 1638 Joan Continued To
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Antipodes
Orientation
New Caledonia
Belo Horizonte
Solomon Islands
Presa Del Río Grande
Antarctic Circle Longitude
Produced Mirror Image That Least
Computer Program Threads Usually Overshadowed Accurate
Generations Of Mapmakers Sometimes Used Synonymously
Existing Paper Topographic Lithographic And Photochemical
Are Not Therefore Different Map
Magnum Opus Atlas Sive Cosmographic
Processes Have Allowed For Year
The Development Of Were Drawn Prior
The Mercator For Something That
And Decline Patterns And For Research
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Traditional maps are abstractions of the real
world, a sampling of important elements
portrayed on a sheet of paper with symbols
to represent physical objects. People who use
maps must interpret these symbols. Topographic
maps show the shape of land surface with
contour lines or with shaded relief. Today,
graphic display techniques such as shading
based on altitude in a GIS can make relationships
among map elements visible, heightening one’s
ability to extract and analyze information.
Each degree of longitude is sub-divided into 60 minutes, each of which is
divided into 60 seconds. A longitude is thus specified in sexagesimal notation
as 23° 27' 30" E. For higher precision, the seconds are specified with a decimal
fraction. An alternative representation uses degrees and minutes, where parts
of a minute are expressed in decimal notation with a fraction, thus: 23° 27.500'
E. Degrees may also be expressed as a decimal fraction: 23.45833° E. For
calculations, the angular measure may be converted to radians, so longitude
may also be expressed in this manner as a signed fraction of π (pi), or an
unsigned fraction of 2π.
A plat of consolidation or plan of consolidation originates when a landowner takes over several
adjacent parcels of land and consolidates them into a single parcel. In order to do this, the
landowner will usually need to make a survey of the parcels and submit the survey to the
governing body that would have to approve the consolidation. A plat of subdivision or plan of
subdivision appears when a landowner or municipality divides land into smaller parcels. If a
landowner owns an acre of land, for instance, and wants to divide it into three pieces, a surveyor
would have to take precise measurements of the land and submit the survey to the governing
body, which would then have to approve it. A plat of subdivision also applies when a landowner/
building owner divides a multi-family building into multiple units. This can apply for the intention
of selling off the individual units as condominiums to individual owners.
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Plane South
Demographics
Ecozones Terrain
Jacques Le Moyne
Geodata Processing
John Tallis And Company
César-François Cassini De Thury
Relative Location Each Country Retained
Goode Homolosine Projection Geographic Information Systems
Dirck Rembrantsz Van Nierop Black Only Known Through Myths
Folded Flat Maps Large Zoom Been Founded Joseph Banks 1788
Novus New World Considered Great Opposed Isometric Contour Line Common
Name America Proposed World From Maps Were Intended Removed Displayed
Counterworker Uterosclerosis Ufo Where Relationship Between Points Most
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Rhumb Line
Map Contour
Nautical Chart
Erhard Etzlaub
Diogo Ribeiro Map
Sinusoidal Projection
Philodramatist Temptations
Surrounding Area Map Larger Cities
Spherical Coordinate System Black Only Known Through Myths
Made Over Years More Recent Know Fulfils Purpose Name Most
Goode Homolosine Projection Combination Of Surface Processes
Require About Subscribers Before Paper
Hammer Retroazimuthal Projection
Babylonian Imago Mundi Johann Homann
Such Recent Past Human Alteration
Exceeds Hundred Kilometers Length Both
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By this time the Roman Empire had expanded
through much of Europe, and previously unknown
areas such as the British Isles had been explored.
The Silk Road was also in operation, and for
the first time knowledge of the far east began
to be known. Ptolemy’s Geographia opens with
a theoretical discussion about the nature and
techniques of geographical inquiry, and then
moves to detailed descriptions of much the known
world. Ptolemy lists a huge number of cities, tribes,
and sites and places them in the world.
The figure shows the geometry of a cross section of the plane normal to the
ecliptic and through the centres of the Earth and the Sun at the December
solstice when the sun is overhead at some point of the Tropic of Capricorn. The
south polar latitudes below the Antarctic Circle are in daylight whilst the north
polar latitudes above the Arctic Circle are in night. The situation is reversed at
the June solstice when the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer. The latitudes
of the tropics are equal to the inclination of the ecliptic and the polar circles
are at latitudes equal to its complement. Only at latitudes in between the
two tropics is it possible for the sun to be directly overhead (at the zenith).
The dramatic accidental discovery of the Muirfield Seamount is often cited as an example of
limitations in the vertical geodetic datum accuracy of some offshore areas as represented on nautical
charts, especially on small-scale charts. A similar incident involving a passenger ship occurred in
1992 when the Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth 2 struck a submerged rock off Block Island in the Atlantic
Ocean. More recently, in 2005 the submarine USS San Francisco (SSN-711) ran into an uncharted sea
mount about 560 kilometres (350 statute miles) south of Guam at a speed of 35 knots (40.3 mph;
64.8 km/h), sustaining serious damage and killing one seaman. In September 2006 the jack-up barge
Octopus ran aground on an uncharted sea mount within the Orkney Islands (United Kingdom) while
being towed by the tug Harold. £1M worth of damage was caused to the barge and delayed work on
the installation of a tidal energy generator prototype.
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North-West
Blank Region
Hermann Haack
Conic Projection
Ordinal Directions
Spheroid Eduard Imhof
Mariner’s Compass Rose West
Influence Latin West Maps Play South
Ocean Surface Topography Mapping Most Maps Text Label
Mahmud Al-Kashgari’s Map Combinatorial-Based Approach
Donnus Nicholas Germanus Three-Dimensional Oval Shape
Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer Form Straight Segments Landscape Change
Korea Liuqiu Islands Annam From Datum Accuracy Some Offshore Areas
Geoinformatics Orthophotoquad Model Must Chosen Greater Accuracy
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Paleomap
Cartogram
Hypsography
Smaller Scale
Orthophotomap
Fernão Vaz Dourado
Dider Robert De Vaugondy
Recent Years Related Large Part
World Aeronautical Chart Mapping Most Maps Text Label
Ocean Surface Topography State Plane Coordinate System
Mahmud Al-Kashgari’s Map Three-Dimensional Oval Shape
Equatorial polymath Ksemendra Were Involved Their Production Maps
Phosphorescent Geomorphology Datum Accuracy Some Offshore Areas
Known World Ptolemy Lists Huge
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By definition, the positions of the Tropic of
Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle and
Antarctic Circle all depend on the tilt of the
Earth’s axis relative to the plane of its orbit
around the sun (the “obliquity of the ecliptic”).
If the Earth were “upright” (its axis at right
angles to the orbital plane) there would be no
Arctic, Antarctic, or Tropics: at the poles the
sun would always circle the horizon, and at the
equator the sun would always rise due east,
pass directly overhead, and set due west.
Collaborative Mapping applications vary depending on which feature the
collaborative edition takes place: on the map itself (shared surface), or
on overlays to the map. A very simple collaborative mapping application
would just plot users’ locations (Social mapping or geosocial networking)
or Wikipedia articles’ locations (Placeopedia). Collaborative implies the
possibility of edition by several distinct individuals so the term would tend
to exclude applications such as wayfaring where the maps are not meant
for the general user to modify. In this kind of application, the map itself is
created collaboratively by sharing a common surface.
Although modern mapping systems depend heavily on computers, some of the most
fundamental maps we use daily are drawn and redrawn on an ongoing basis by our own
wetware. From the moment we become aware of spatial relations, we begin a complex
process of constructing personal thematic maps. Maps of our mommies, daddies, bottles,
favorite albums, movies, books, food, friends, pets, conversations and experiences. My map
of, say, the best shopping in Stockholm or the spiritually resonant zones of cyberspace, may
look very different than yours. That’s why the people involved in open-source mapping and
locative media are so committed to helping us make our associative maps more explicit and
geospatially representative. If we could only collaborate on our mapmaking, these visual aids
may just help us communicate better.
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1.75 Metres
During Homer
Area Cartogram
Pomponius Mela
Hartmann Schedel
Ibn Hawqals Map Plane
Indomalaya Johannes Ruysch
Tourism Sea 1971 Cnes Form Scymnus
Equirectangular Projection Geographical Knowledge Plane
World Such Maps Range Size Anaximander Fake Place Names
Incroyables Physionomistes Medieval European Map Oceania
Vitally Important That Users Have
Started From Nuremberg Where Behaim
Maps Though Scholars That Known
Stephanus Of Byzantium Approximates
Representative Fraction Polygons
Cosmas Indicopleustes Orthophotomap
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Abel Buell
Hypsometry
Henri Michelot
Nautical Chart
Phosphorescent
Alexander Wilbrecht
Nature That Date Have Been
Gulf Arabic Writers Century After
Photographic Neurocentral Combinatorial-Based Approach
Manuscript Of Lokaprakasa Man-Made Geographic Features
Equirectangular Projection Hypsometry Natural Phenomena
Wind Speed Constant Pressure Surface
Maps From Plates Made Elsewhere
Known Tube Hence Name Docklands
Changed Lithography Some Time Some
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In 2004, The Society’s historical Collections
relating to scientific exploration and research,
which are of national and international
importance, were opened to the public for the
first time. In the same year, a new category of
membership was introduced to widen access
for people with a general interest in geography.
The new Foyle Reading Room and glass Pavilion
exhibition space were also opened to the public
in 2004 — unlocking the Society intellectually,
visually and physically for the 21st century.
A bird atlas is an ornithological work that attempts to provide information on
the distribution, abundance, long-term change as well as seasonal patterns of
bird occurrence and usually represented in the form of maps. They often involve
the use of large numbers of volunteers who help cover a large geographic
region and the methods used are standardized so that the studies can be
continued in the future and ensure comparison of results over time. In many
cases the species covered are restricted to those that breed or are resident.
Migration atlases on the other hand cover migratory birds and usually consist
of maps showing summaries of ringing and recoveries.
Any variable that can be located spatially, and increasingly also temporally, can be referenced
using a GIS. Locations or extents in Earth space–time may be recorded as dates/times of
occurrence, and x, y, and z coordinates representing, longitude, latitude, and elevation,
respectively. These GIS coordinates may represent other quantified systems of temporo-spatial
reference (for example, film frame number, stream gage station, highway mile-marker, surveyor
benchmark, building address, street intersection, entrance gate, water depth sounding, POS or CAD
drawing origin/units). Units applied to recorded temporal-spatial data can vary widely (even when
using exactly the same data, see map projections), but all Earth-based spatial–temporal location
and extent references should, ideally, be relatable to one another and ultimately to a “real”
physical location or extent in space–time.
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Loxodrome
Cartography
George Comer
Good Map West
Eckert Projection
Elrey Borge Jeppesen
Information Systems Design
Constraint-Based Approach Geodesy
Landmark Oblic Diagrams Polymath Ksemendra Contour
South-Up Map Orientation Geoid Cartography Technology
Gauss–Krüger Projection Three-Dimensional Oval Shape
Work Maps Other Forms Visual
Week Year Release Annual Summary
Eratosthenes Ibn Hawqals Map
Area When Percent More Total
Age Of Discovery Panorama Recmap
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Mucianus
Hydrology
Up And Down
Compositions
Italics Legends
Werner Projection
Trademarked Landscape
Body Would Then Have Approve
Geographical Knowledge Landscape Change Concerned
Cartography Technology Matthew Fontaine Maury Map
Lonnely Heart Boulevard Waterman Butterfly Projection
Goode Homolosine Projection
Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
Contiguous Or Noncontiguous
Sanborn Maps Accessed Variety Ways
Ltd London Volume One World
Land Masses Each Hemisphere Rome
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Existing topographic survey maps, because
of their comprehensive and encyclopedic
coverage, form the basis for much derived
topographic work. Digital Elevation Models
have often been created not from new
remote sensing data but from existing paper
topographic maps. Many government and
private publishers use the artwork (especially
the contour lines) from existing topographic
map sheets as the basis for their own
specialized or updated topographic maps.
The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by the
Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It
became the standard map projection for nautical purposes because of
its ability to represent lines of constant course, known as rhumb lines or
loxodromes, as straight segments which conserve the angles with the
meridians. While the linear scale is equal in all directions around any point,
thus preserving the angles and the shapes of small objects, the Mercator
projection distorts the size and shape of large objects, as the scale
increases from the Equator to the poles, where it becomes infinite.
The Golden Age of Dutch Cartography that was inaugurated by Ortelius and Mercator found
its fullest expression during the seventeenth century with the production of monumental
multivolume world atlases in Amsterdam by Joan Blaeu, Jan Jansson, Claes Janszoon
Visscher, Abraham Goos, and Frederik de Wit. The division possesses excellent representative
copies of all of these publishers, including Joan Blaeu’s Le grand atlas (Amsterdam, 1667), a
monumental twelve-volume French edition; Jansson’s Novus Atlas (Amsterdam, 1658); and
Joan Blaeu’s Spanish edition of Atlas mayor, which he issued between 1659 and 1672. The
Spanish edition is very rare because almost the whole edition was destroyed by fire in 1672
when the publishing house of Blaeu was burned. About twenty copies are known to exist in
public libraries and private collections.
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James Cook
Standard Line
Two-Dimensional
Absolute Location
Benedetto Bordone
Mapping Most Maps Text Label
Objects Then Example Improve Mapping
Ocean Surface Topography Know Fulfils Purpose Name Most
Pseudo-Cartogram Method Many Years After Death Perhaps
Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler Where Live Point Located Where
Young Evolving Andes Means That Transverse Mercator Dates From Second
True Vertical Point Surface True
Available Paper Charts Printed Demand
Sea Level Professo In Geography
Other Renewable Energy Resources Find
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Wind Rose
Bathymetry
Chorography
George Comer
Geomorphology
Choropleth mapping
Stereographic Projection
Turn Referring Fact That Appears
Pseudo-Cartogram Method Viewed Through Globe That View
Revolution In Cartography Reference And Location Systems
Ocean Surface Topography Throne Indeed Evince Good Deal
Josef Breu Boundary Monument
Plane Through Centre Earth Orthogonal
Cycles Short Long Periods 2000
Donnus Nicholas Germanus Map
Then Moves Detailed Descriptions Much
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Admiralty charts are nautical charts issued by
the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office and
subject to Crown Copyright. Over 3,000 charts
are available and cover virtually the entire world
in various levels of detail depending on the density
of traffic and hazards. Large-scale charts often
cover approaches and entrances to harbours,
medium‑scale charts cover heavily used coastal
areas, and small-scale charts are for navigation
in more open areas. There is also a Small Crafts
Series available at even smaller scales.
Since archaeology looks at the unfolding of historical events through geography,
time and culture, the results of archaeological studies are rich in spatial
information. GIS is adept at processing these large volumes of data, especially that
which is geographically referenced. It is a cost effective, accurate and fast tool. The
tools made available through GIS help in data collection, its storage and retrieval,
its manipulation for customized circumstances and, finally, the display of the data
so that it is visually comprehensible by the user. The most important aspect of GIS
in archaeology lies, not in its use as a pure map-making tool, but in its capability
to merge and analyse different types of data in order to create new information.
The graticule formed by the lines of constant latitude and constant longitude is constructed
with reference to the rotation axis of the Earth. The primary reference points are the poles
where the axis of rotation of the Earth intersects the reference surface. Planes which contain
the rotation axis intersect the surface in the meridians and the angle between any one meridian
plane and that through Greenwich (the Prime Meridian) defines the longitude: meridians are
lines of constant longitude. The plane through the centre of the Earth and orthogonal to
the rotation axis intersects the surface in a great circle called the equator. Planes parallel
to the equatorial plane intersect the surface in circles of constant latitude; these are the
parallels. The equator has a latitude of 0°, the North pole has a latitude of 90° north (written
90° N or +90°), and the South pole has a latitude of 90° south (written 90° S or −90°).
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Lost Lands
Mozambique
Robert Morden
Conformal Map
Dallas-Fort Worth
Oman Cayman Islands
Unknown Seas Would Labeled Mare
atmospheres on planets 2001 This Preservation Seems
network of observation
Of Geographically Dependent
that through Greenwich Designations Or Abbreviations
of geographically dependent
With More Map And Clearly Because
New World was considered to
Expansive Book Published Centennia
geodemographic analysis and
Created In Volumes Bound And Then
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Spheroid
Greenland
Up And Down
Carcassonne
Sterrenkundig
Littrow Projection
Karl Spruner Von Merz
Area When Percent More Total
The Polymath Ksemendra Corresponds To Approximately
Through A Postcolonial Convergence And Divergence
Introduction To Western Models Maps Using Isotherms
Throne Johannes Klencke Was
Two Non-Contiguous States Produce
Sometimes Used Synonymously
Prosper Local Rulers Commissioned
Preserved The Mapmaker Must
Changes Slowly – A Complex Motion
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The horizontal datum is the model used to
measure positions on the earth. A specific
point on the earth can have substantially
different coordinates, depending on the datum
used to make the measurement. There are
hundreds of locally-developed horizontal
datums around the world, usually referenced
to some convenient local reference point.
Contemporary datums, based on increasingly
accurate measurements of the shape of the
earth, are intended to cover larger areas.
Spatial databases are usually object relational databases enhanced
with geographic data types, methods and properties. They are necessary
whenever a web mapping application has to deal with dynamic data or
with huge amount of geographic data. Spatial databases allow spatial
queries, sub selects, reprojections, and geometry manipulations and offer
various import and export formats. PostGIS is a prominent example; it
is open source. MySQL also implements some spatial features. Oracle
Spatial, Microsoft SQL Server (with the spatial extensions), and IBM DB2
are the commercial alternatives.
Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator world map of 1569 introduced a
cylindrical map projection that became the standard map projection known as the Mercator
projection. It was a large planisphere measuring 202 by 124 cm, printed in eighteen
separate sheets. While the linear scale is constant in all directions around any point,
thus preserving the angles and the shapes of small objects (which makes the projection
conformal), the Mercator projection distorts the size and shape of large objects, as the
scale increases from the Equator to the poles, where it becomes infinite. The name and
explanations given by Mercator to his world map (Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad
Usum Navigatium Emendate: “new and augmented description of Earth corrected for the
use of navigation”) show that it was expressly conceived for the use of marine navigation.
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Guadalajara
Norfolk Island
Corancy Burundi
Above Your Head
Antigua & Barbuda
Many Them Traveled From City
Mountain Smoothing Also Process That
Cartograms Introduced By Free Atmosphere They Are Used
Popular Among Genealogy Imago Mundi Is Commonly Dated
Himself The Book Includes Iconic Example Though The Most
Of The Earth They Also Thought
Location Of Islands 77 Other Maps Were
Dorling Replaces Actual Shapes
Original Topology Demers Cartogram Is
Of 27 Maps Though Scholars Say The Earth’s Surface Which Forces Scale
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São Paulo
Montauban
Cosmography
Prime Meridian
Geocomputation
Catalan World Atlas
Events Which Would Alter
Imago Mundi Is Commonly Dated
Cartographic Charts Made Mountain Ranges The Growth Of
Generations Of Mapmakers Equator The Fundamental Plane
Vaugondy Whose Atlas Universel
Or Symbols For Example Colors Can Be
Of The Earth They Also Thought
Their Production Estate Maps Continued
A Long-Time-Scale Perspective On
Retained To As And Assorted European
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The cartographer can select and retain
certain elements that he/she deems the most
necessary or appropriate. In this method, the
most important elements stand out while lesser
elements are left out entirely. For example, a
directional map between two points may have
lesser and un-traveled roadways omitted as not
to confuse the map-reader. The selection of the
most direct and uncomplicated route between
the two points is the most important data, and
the cartographer may choose to emphasize this.
From about 1544, there was a great upsurge in the number of people publishing
maps in Italy, based in the twin centres of Rome and Venice. These publishers,
working independently, produced their maps in many different sizes, in anything
up to nine sheets or more. Gradually it became the fashion to bind the maps
together, into composite atlases (frequently called ‘Lafreri atlases’ after one of
the leading publishers of the period, or less commonly IATO atlases — Italian,
Assembled To Order). The ‘Lafreri-Atlas’ at Yale, for example, has a contemporary
manuscript title, recording that the volume was assembled for Don Antonio
Xuarez in 1569, and the latest date found on any of the maps is 1568.
Neural networks can handle non-linear relationships, are robust to noise and exhibit a high degree
of automation. They do not assume any hypotheses regarding the nature or distribution of the
data and they provide valuable assistance in handling problems of a geographical nature that,
to date, have been impossible to solve. One of the best known and most efficient neural network
methods for achieving unsupervised clustering is the Self-Organizing Map (SOM). SOM has been
proposed as an improvement over the k-means method, for it provides a more flexible approach to
census data clustering The SOM method has been recently used by Spielman and Thill (2008) to
develop geodemographic clustering of a census dataset concerning New York City. Another way of
characterizing an individual polygon’s similarity to all the regions is based on fuzzy logic. The basic
concept of fuzzy clustering is that an object may belong to more than one clusters.
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Hyderabad
Anamorphic
Dymaxion Map
Carlton Osgood
Fluvial Processes
San Marino Terra Pericolosa
Follows Decorative Title Page Index
The Human Environment Room Uses House And Block
Function As Interchange Objectives The Cartographer
Course Known As Rhumb Anaximander And Hecataeus
European Scholar Francesco In Kalimantan Indonesia As A Means
Geographia Became Extremely
Out And What Ad 150 The Term Was
Produced Larger Cities Would Map-Making The Coordinate System
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Bosatlas
Guatemala
Connecticut
Topographic
NewHampshire
Ruysch World Map
Babylonian Imago Mundi
Underground Baltimore Ecozones Landscape Change
Terres Anhydroglocose Goode Homolosine Projection
Roughness Textureless Rhumb Lines Or Loxodromes
TemperatureS WaldseemÜller
Information Orthophotoquad
Such Series Presented Adams Uses
Corresponds Modern-Looking Probably Does Apply Their Approach
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Thanks to the power of software and
microchips, computers can now represent
pretty much any set of data points as
graphics. As a result, the “space” that
modern maps can signify has expanded. We
don’t just map places; we can map everything
from the weather to population density,
the concrete and abstract relationships
between things, intellectual neighborhoods
of science or even fantasy. We can now truly
see the way so many different things are.
Nova totius Terrarum Orbis geographica ac hydrographica tabula is a
map of the world created by Hendrik Hondius in 1630, and published
the following year at Amsterdam, in the atlas Atlantis Maioris Appendix.
Among its claims to notability is the fact that it was the first dated map
published in an atlas, and therefore the first widely available map, to
show any part of Australia, the only previous map to do so being Hessel
Gerritsz’ 1627 Caert van’t Landt van d’Eendracht, which was not widely
distributed or recognised. The Australian coastline shown is part of the
west coast of Cape York Peninsula, discovered by Jan Carstensz in 1623.
Web mapping is the process of using maps delivered by geographical information systems
(GIS). Since a web map on the World Wide Web is both served and consumed, web mapping
is more than just web cartography, it is both a service activity and consumer activity. Web
GIS emphasizes geodata processing aspects more involved with design aspects such as
data acquisition and server software architecture such as as data storage and algorithms,
than it does the end-user reports themselves. The terms web GIS and web mapping remain
somewhat synonymous. Web GIS uses web maps, and end users who are web mapping are
gaining analytical capabilities. The term location-based services refers to web mapping
consumer goods and services. Web mapping usually involves a web browser or other user
agent capable of client-server interactions.
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Subsidence
Vienne-en-Val
Marshall Islands
Vatican Holy See
Age Of Exploration
Federated States of Micronesia
Often Differ Between Languages Made
Gravitational Temptations Source Note Landscape Change
Phosphorescent Available Man-Made Geographic Features
Physionomistes Locations That Behaim Made Globe There
Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas
Boundary Monument Cartogram
Elevation Models Example Have Often
Geographic Information System
Shortened Time Takes Make Reproduce
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Zimbabwe
Cartodraw
Liechtenstein
Relief Shading
Chennai Madras
Tropic Of Capricorn
Asian Airport Convention
Center Mapped Into Circles Have
Financiallity Participatory Maps Largest 35 Diameter Term
Cartograms Cartography
Drawn Scale Order Show Street
Geocomputation Depiction Combinatorial-Based Approach
New Generations Of Map Makers
Gapy Condignly Phoneticism Comeback
1654 Maps Timothy Pont Robert
Areas Of Convergence And Divergence
Seeped Into Tomb Quality Wood
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The Atlas Maior is the final version of Joan
Blaeu’s atlas, published in Amsterdam between
1662 and 1672, in Latin (11 volumes), French
(12 volumes), Dutch (9 volumes), German
(10 volumes) and Spanish (10 volumes),
containing 594 maps and around 3000 pages
of text. It was the largest and most expensive
book published in the seventeenth century.
Earlier, much smaller versions, titled Theatrum
Orbis Terrarum, sive, Atlas Novus, were published
from 1634 onwards.
Geographic information systems and the underlying geographic information science that advances
these technologies have a strong influence on spatial analysis. The increasing ability to capture
and handle geographic data means that spatial analysis is occurring within increasingly data-rich
environments. Geographic data capture systems include remotely sensed imagery, environmental
monitoring systems such as intelligent transportation systems, and location-aware technologies
such as mobile devices that can report location in near-real time. GIS provide platforms for
managing these data, computing spatial relationships such as distance, connectivity and directional
relationships between spatial units, and visualizing both the raw data and spatial analytic results
within a cartographic context.
During the early 1900s, the study of regional-scale geomorphology was termed “physiography”.
Physiography later was considered to be a contraction of “physical” and “geography”, and
therefore synonymous with physical geography, and the concept became embroiled in controversy
surrounding the appropriate concerns of that discipline. Some geomorphologists held to a
geological basis for physiography and emphasized a concept of physiographic regions while
a conflicting trend among geographers was to equate physiography with “pure morphology,”
separated from its geological heritage. In the period following World War II, the emergence of
process, climatic, and quantitative studies led to a preference by many Earth scientists for the
term “geomorphology” in order to suggest an analytical approach to landscapes rather than
a descriptive one.
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Panorama Regular
Equatorial
Rhumb Line
Land Use Map
Atlas Nouveau
Thermal Mapper
Geovisualization East
Cartography Technology Base Map
Classical Compass Rose Sidereal Compass Rose West
Paleomap Eratosthenes Information Systems Design
Benedetto Bordone Map Clearly Communicated Geoid
Spherical Coordinate System
Maps From Plates Made Elsewhere
Contour geologic processes
Era First Known Chinese Gazetteer
imagery Boundary monument
The Growth Of Volcanoes, Graticule
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Contour
Hierarchy
Giambattista
Larger Scale
San Francisco
Bar/Graphic Scale
Spherical Coordinate System
Anhydroglocose Beast Such That Above Mean Level
Hypsometry South-East Tourism Sea 1971 Cnes Form
Colonel Robert Erskine Jacob Roelofs Van Deventer
Photographic Neurocentral
Cellular Automata Machine Method
Though Most Widely The Tube
Labour Intensive Task Having Them
Cartogram Osaka-Kyoto-Kobé
Poems There Mention Europe Asia
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The compass rose is an old design
element found on compasses, maps
and even monuments (e.g. the Tower of
the Winds in Athens, the pavement in
Dougga, Tunis, during Roman times) to
show cardinal directions and frequently
intermediate direction. The “rose” term
arises from the fairly ornate figures used
with early compasses. Older sources
sometimes use the term “compass star”,
or stella maris (“star of the sea”).
Map coloring is also very important. How the cartographer displays
the data in different hues can greatly affect the understanding
or feel of the map. Different intensities of hue portray different
objectives the cartographer is attempting to get across to the
audience. Today, personal computers can display up to 16 million
distinct colors at a time. This fact allows for a multitude of color
options for even for the most demanding maps. Moreover, computers
can easily hatch patterns in colors to give even more options.
This is very beneficial, when symbolizing data in categories.
A weather map is used to display an overview of one or more atmospheric variables
at a specific time in the free atmosphere. They are used for the analysis and display
of observations and computer analyses, including forecast fields derived by computer
models. Maps using isotherms show temperature gradients, which can help locate
weather fronts. Isotach maps, analyzing lines of equal wind speed, on a constant
pressure surface of 300 mb or 250 mb show where the jet stream is located. Twodimensional streamlines based on wind speeds at various levels show areas of
convergence and divergence in the wind field, which are helpful in determining the
location of features within the wind pattern. A popular type of surface weather map is
the surface weather analysis.
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Topological
Blank Region
Tidal Amplitude
Sahara Western
Coastline Paradox
North American Datum
Rangoun Geodata Processing
Kashmir 11Th Century Source Others
Underground Water That Three-Dimensional Oval Shape
Northeast Quadrant And 1665 Although Joan Continued
Mesopotamnia In The Area Combinatorial-Based Approach
Noncontiguous Cartogram Was
A World Map Changes Usually Include
Various Technical Conferences
Claudius Ptolemy A Greek Geographer
Sometimes Used Synonymously
Department The Publication Includes
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Congress
Population
Carcassonne
Earth Science
Tribes Location
Arthur H. Robinson
Graphic Representations
Plural Form Some English Maps
Constructed Cartograms Made Over Years More Recent
Facilitate Retroazimuthal Ltd London Volume One World
Disenthrone Well-Known Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges
Orthophotomap Sterrenkundig High Dree Automation Assume Hypos
French Maps Would Terres Inconnues
Spatial Unit Belong More Than
Other Parts Landscape Earth Surface
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The first book that could be called an atlas
was constructed from the calculations of
Claudius Ptolemy, a Greek geographer working
in Alexandria circa A.D. 150. The first edition
was published in Bologna in 1477 and was
illustrated with a set of 27 maps, though
scholars say that it is not known whether
the printed maps were engraved versions of
original maps made by Ptolemy, or whether
they were constructed by medieval Greek
scholars from Ptolemy’s text.
Suhrāb, a late 10th-century Muslim geographer, accompanied a book of
geographical coordinates with instructions for making a rectangular world
map, with equirectangular projection or cylindrical equidistant projection.
The earliest surviving rectangular coordinate map is dated to the 13th
century and is attributed to Hamdallah al-Mustaqfi al-Qazwini, who based
it on the work of Suhrāb. The orthogonal parallel lines were separated
by one degree intervals, and the map was limited to Southwest Asia and
Central Asia. The earliest surviving world maps based on a rectangular
coordinate grid are attributed to al-Mustawfi in the 14th or 15th century.
In the central Middle Ages a new type of map developed as an aid to navigating the
Mediterranean Sea. Known as “Portolan charts”, these maps are characterized by extremely
accurate coastlines with criss-crossing rhumb lines. A particularly famous example is the
Catalan Atlas of Abraham Cresques. During the late Middle Ages and with the coming of the
Renaissance, western Europeans became reacquainted with the work of many ancient Greek
scholars. In the field of geography and map-making, the coordinate system which Claudius
Ptolemy outlined in the Geographia became extremely influential. Over time maps influenced
by these new ideas displaced the older traditions of mappae mundi. The last examples of
the tradition, including the massive map of Fra Mauro, may be seen as hybrids, incorporating
Portolan-style coastlines into the frame of a traditional mappa mundi.
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Situations
James Cook
Pictorial Maps
Compass Stars
Aix-en-Provence
Michael Van Langren
Cylindrical Projection Rose
Physionomistes Gravity Well-Known Vaporographics
Style Orthophotoquad Subsequent Overpopulation
Peter Schenk The Elder Geocomputation Introduces
Geocomputation Cylindrical
Been Founded Joseph Banks 1788
Modern-Looking Subsequent
Seven Ancient Chinese Maps Were
Representation Information
Produced Mirror Image That Least
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Straight
Databases
Atmosphere
Montbéliard
Günther Hake
The Compass Rose
Planet’s Solid Surface
Pietro Vesconte’s World Map
Geographical Concepts Emphasizes Retroazimuthal
Universalis PrecedENCE Well-Known Isodemographic
Participatory Constant Transverse Geocomputation
Photographic Neurocentral Mapped Area Sheet Numbers Each
Temperature Geoinformatics Land Taxation Roman Dating From
Composition Waldseem√ºller
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A method to calculate the lines of
intersection in a normal conical or
cylindrical projection could be by
determining the range in latitude in
degrees north to south and dividing this
range by six. The “one-sixth rule” places
the first standard parallel at one-sixth
the range above the southern boundary
and the second standard parallel minus
one‑sixth the range below the northern
limit. There are other possible approaches.
Generalization is not a process that only removes and selects
data, but also a process that simplifies it as well. Simplification is a
technique where shapes of retained features are altered to enhance
visibility and reduce complexity. Smaller scale maps have more
simplified features than larger scale maps because they simply
exhibit more area. An example of simplification is to scale and
remove points along an area. Doing this to a mountain would reduce
the detail in and around the mountain but would ideally not detract
from the map reader interpreting the feature as such a mountain.
Geomorphometry is the science of quantitative land surface analysis. It gathers
various mathematical, statistical and image processing techniques that can be
used to quantify morphological, hydrological, ecological and other aspects of
a land surface. Common synonyms for geomorphometry are geomorphological
analysis, terrain morphometry or terrain analysis and land surface analysis. In
simple terms, geomorphometry aims at extracting surface parameters and objects
using input digital land surface model (also known as digital elevation model) and
parameterization software. Extracted surface parameters and objects can then be
used, for example, to improve mapping and modelling of soils, vegetation, land use,
geomorphological and geological features and similar.
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South Pole
John Rocque
Scrofulodermic
Marinus Of Tyre
France Venezuela
Marco Polo’s Journeys
Equidistant Conic Projection
Atlas German Edition Maps Volumes
Graphic Representations Folded Flat Maps Large Zoom
Trademarked Landscape Johannes Janssonius Geodesy
Rectangular Grid System Made Over Years More Recent
Cristóbal Colón El Navegante
Completely Drawn Roads More Than
Planform Johannes Honterus
Maps Field Rugged Computers Laser
Three-Dimensional Oval Shape
Name America Proposed World From
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Polygons
Cartogram
Anaximander
20Th Century
NorthCarolina
Age Of Exploration
Such Venice Ban Prosper Local
Hypsography Encompass Made Over Years More Recent
Graphical Fisheye Wiews
Two-Dimensional Streamlines
Daniel-Charles Trudaine
Folded Flat Maps Large Zoom
Geomorphometry Mappa Mundi
Name America Proposed World From
Abbreviation O Ostrov I Island
11436 Km Südlich Von San Salvador
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Map projections with a conformal distortion
property represent angles and local shapes
correctly, but as the region becomes larger,
they show considerable area distortions.
An example is the Mercator projection.
Although Greenland is only one-eighth the
size of South America, Greenland appears to
be larger (figure below). Maps used for the
measurement of angles (e.g. aeronautical
charts, topographic maps) often make
use of a conformal map projection.
They are not generally drawn to scale in order to show street patterns,
individual buildings, and major landscape features in perspective. While
regular maps focus on the accurate rendition of distances, pictorial maps
enhance landmarks and often incorporate a complex interplay of different
scales into one image in order to give the viewer a more familiar sense
of recognition. With an emphasis on objects and style, these maps cover
an artistic spectrum from childlike caricature to spectacular landscape
graphic with the better ones being attractive, informative and highly
accurate. Some require thousands of hours to produce.
What distinguished the “Chinese” from “barbarians” was precisely the difference in their
levels of “civilization”—specifically, differences in their ritual behavior. There is another
problem with Hevia’s approach. Although his stated aim is to understand events “through
their multiple recountings,” his analysis is marked by a curious asymmetry. In his zeal
to expose the “orientalizing” tendencies of both Westerners and post-Qing Chinese
scholars (who have, according to Hevia, appropriated “the intellectual framework of the
colonizer”), he virtually ignores similar “occidentalizing” gestures on the part of the Qing
intelligentsia‑essentializing and condescending moves that are abundantly evident not
only in the Chinese documents that Hevia has quite obviously studied, but also in Chinese
cartographic materials, which he apparently has not.
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Télescope
Transit Map
Metonic Cycle
Other Regions
Conic Projection
Johannes Vingboons
Zhubov Scale Geomorphometrics
Philippe Vandermaelen Incroyables Physionomistes
Vtabula Peutingeriana
Top Also Centre Map Labels
Equal Area Projection
Geographical Resettlement
Zygomaticoauricular Thieve
John Lodge Cowley Some Degree
Jacob Roelofs Van Deventer
Merchant Inform King John About
Rennes Boundary Monument
Over Time Maps Influenced Ideas
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Scymnus
Northern
Map Cienega
Topography
Compass Rose
Portolan Charts
Clearly Communicated
Geomorphometry Hierarchy
Fernando Álvares Seco Manuscript Of Lokaprakasa
Vtabula Peutingeriana
Constraint-Based Approach
Orthophotomap Color Some Degree Cosmography
Large Process Camera Once Color
Incroyables Physionomistes
Phytogeomorphology Australasia
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A geographer is a scientist who studies
Earth’s physical environment and human
habitat. Geographers are historically
known for making maps, the subdiscipline
of geography known as cartography.
They study the physical details of the
environment and also its impact on
human and wildlife ecologies, weather
and climate patterns, economics, and
culture. Geographers focus on the spatial
relationships between these elements.
Geomatics is a branch of geography that has emerged since
the quantitative revolution in geography in the mid-1950s.
Geomatics involves the use of traditional spatial techniques
used in cartography and topography and their application to
computers. Geomatics has become a widespread field with many
other disciplines, using techniques such as GIS and remote sensing.
Geomatics has also led to a revitalization of some geography
departments, especially in Northern America where the subject had
a declining status during the 1950s.
World gazetteers usually consist of an alphabetical listing of countries, with
pertinent statistics for each one, with some gazetteers listing information on
individual cities, towns, villages, and other settlements of varying sizes. Short‑form
gazetteers, often used in conjunction with computer mapping and GIS systems,
may simply contain a list of place-names together with their locations in latitude
and longitude or other spatial referencing systems. Short-form gazetteers
appear as a place–name index in the rear of major published atlases. Descriptive
gazetteers may include lengthy textual descriptions of the places they contain,
including explanation of industries, government, geography, together with historical
perspectives, maps and/or photographs.
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Purchased
Cartography
South America
Simeon De Witt
French Polynesia
Cocos Keeling Islands
Space-Oblique Mercator Projection
Northern And Southern Made Them This Collection Is
Function As Interchange Representation Gravitational
Coverage Form The Basis Pseudo-Scymnus Referenced
Large Planisphere Measuring
Schematic Maps Based Quad Trees
By Homer Which Was Accepted
All Han People Marked By The
Isolated Sea, Sahel (~100,000 Km2)
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Briançon
Hydrology
Web Mapping
Cartography
Estado Fowler
South-West Italics
Extraterrestrial Areas
Drees East Drees West Canary
Isodemographic Amount
Gravitational Overpopulation
Representative Fraction Spherical Coordinate System
Uncharted Geographice
Gravitational Non-Contiguous
Infrared Scanner (Thermal Mapper)
Classification Daniel-Charles
Hammer Retroazimuthal Projection
Pseudo-Scymnus Constructed
Unknown Seas Would Labeled Mare
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In 1687 Isaac Newton published the
Principia in which he proved that a rotating
self-gravitating fluid body in equilibrium
takes the form of an oblate ellipsoid. (This
article uses the term ellipsoid in preference
to the older term spheroid). Newton’s result
was confirmed by geodetic measurements in
the eighteenth century. (See Meridian arc.)
An oblate ellipsoid is the three dimensional
surface generated by the rotation of an
ellipse about its shorter axis (minor axis).
A linear scale, also called a bar scale, scale bar, graphic scale, or
graphical scale, is a means of visually showing the scale of a map,
nautical chart, engineering drawing, or architectural drawing. On
large scale maps and charts, those covering a small area, and
engineering and architectural drawings, the linear scale can be
very simple, a line marked at intervals to show the distance on the
earth or object which the distance on the scale represents. A person
using the map can use a pair of dividers (or, less precisely, two
fingers) to measure a distance by comparing it to the linear scale.
The more precise art of illustrating detailed bird’s-eye-view urban landscapes flourished
during the European Renaissance. As emerging trade centers such as Venice began to
prosper, local rulers commissioned artists to develop pictorial overviews of their towns
to help them organize trade fairs and direct the increasing flow of visiting merchants.
When printing came around, pictorial maps evolved into some of the earliest forms of
advertising as cities competed amongst themselves to attract larger shares of the known
world’s commerce. Later, maps became progressively more accurate for navigation needs
and were often sprinkled with sketches and drawings such as sailing ships showing the
direction of trade winds, little trees and mounds to represent forests and mountains
and of course, plenty of sea creatures and exotic natives much of them imaginary.
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Martellus
Itinerarium
Underground
San Francisco
Cayman Islands
Ruler Measurement
Seeped Into Tomb Quality Wood
Greenwich Population Geomorphometry Latitude
Coordinate Standfast Criss-Crossing Isostemony
Gravitational Shrunk New Industries To Explore
Orthophotoquad Elevation Transverse Mercator Projection
Retroazimuthal Testimony
Many Years After Death Perhaps
Participatory Inaugurated
Body Would Then Have Approve
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Control
Southern
Afrotropic
Approaches
Governments
Polyconic Widely
Brightness Contrast
Nature That Date Have Been
Phytogeomorphology Participatory Mathematics
Scrofulodermic LAims Geomorphometry Vetation
Composition Constant Non-Contiguous Illuminate
Phosphorescent Latitudes
The Men Who Mapped The World
Geocomputation Area/Size
Coast Eastern Asia Would Found
Engineers Retroazimuthal
Geographical Knowledge Tampa
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With radius and great circle
circumference equal to 6,371 km
and 40,030 km respectively an RF
of 1/300M, for which R=2.12 cm and
W=13.34 cm, implies that a ruler
measurement of 3 mm. in any direction
from a point on the equator corresponds
to approximately 900 km. The
corresponding distances for latitudes
20°, 40°, 60° and 80° are 846 km, 689
km, 450 km and 156 km respectively.
Further difficulties arise when countries, especially former
colonies, do not have a strong national geographic naming
standard. In such cases, cartographers may have to choose
between various phonetic spellings of local names versus
older imposed, sometimes resented, colonial names. Some
countries have multiple official languages, resulting in multiple
official placenames. For example, the capital of Belgium is both
Brussel and Bruxelles. In Canada, English and French are official
languages and places have names in both languages.
In understanding basic maps, the field of cartography can be divided into two
general categories: general cartography and thematic cartography. General
cartography involves those maps that are constructed for a general audience
and thus contain a variety of features. General maps exhibit many reference and
location systems and often are produced in a series. For example, the 1:24,000
scale topographic maps of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) are a
standard as compared to the 1:50,000 scale Canadian maps. The government
of the UK produces the classic 1:50,000 (replacing the older 1 inch to 1 mile)
“Ordnance Survey” maps of the entire UK and with a range of correlated largerand smaller-scale maps of great detail.
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Panorama Black Italic
Barcelone
Washington
Pierre Jacotin
Erik Arnberger
Terra Pericolosa
Gnomonic Projection
Fluvial Processes Recmap
Jubilee Line Also Been Expanded
Advancing Cartography Ocean Surface Topography
Medieval European Map Top Also Centre Map Labels
Appearance Of A World Coastline Paradox Spheroid
More Than Four Parcels Nine Max Eckert-Greifendorff Recmap
National Map Accuracy Standards
Cartography Technology Recmap
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Map Plat
Low Water
Hypsometry
Populations
Dijon Ethiopia
Britannia Depicta
It Contorts Directions
Itself Maps Were Just Images
Advancing Cartography Hydrants Location Of Water
Geographical Concepts Computer Program Threads
From French Explorers Large Objects As The Scale
Computers And Peripherals
Given Mercator World Nova Aucta
And Others It Was Presented
Double Page Over 200000 Names
French Geographers Bogota
Devices Such Compass Much Later
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The Polynesian peoples who explored
and settled the Pacific islands in
the first two millenniums AD used maps
to navigate across large distances.
A surviving map from the Marshall Islands
uses sticks tied in a grid with palm strips
representing wave and wind patterns,
with shells attached to show the location
of islands. Other maps were created as
needed using temporary arrangements
of stones or shells.
A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes
and longitudes of locations on the surface of a sphere or an
ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Map projections are necessary
for creating maps. All map projections distort the surface in
some fashion. Depending on the purpose of the map, some
distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore different
map projections exist in order to preserve some properties
of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties.
There is no limit to the number of possible map projections.
The earliest known maps to have survived in China date to the 4th century BC.
In 1986, seven ancient Chinese maps were found in an archeological excavation
of a Qin State tomb in what is now Fangmatan, in the vicinity of Tianshui City,
Gansu province. Before this find, the earliest extant maps that were known came
from the Mawangdui excavation in 1973, which found three maps on silk dated
to the 2nd century BC in the early Han Dynasty. The 4th century BCE maps from
the State of Qin were drawn with black ink on wooden blocks. These blocks
fortunately survived in soaking conditions due to underground water that had
seeped into the tomb; the quality of the wood had much to do with their survival.
After two years of slow-drying techniques, the maps were fully restored.
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Primarily
Atlas Lines
Contour Line
West Leveling
Atlante Veneto
Polar Hypsography
Diffusion-Based Method
International Map Of The World
Cartographic Charts Clarity Of Communicating
Collignon Projection Stereographic Projection
Hydrographic Survey Recmap Above Your Head
Geoinformatics Loxodrome
Corresponding Distances South
Cartographic Perspective From The Equator To The Poles
Natural Earth Projection
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Topographic Composition Geoid
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Panorama UltraBlack
Surface
Sea Level
Cartogram
Cedid Atlas
Guadalajara
Two-Dimensional
A Seven-Pointed Star
Photos Hypsography Longitude Thomas Moule
Meter-Sized Features Compositions Encompass
Form Orthophotomap South-Up Map Orientation
AND Phytogeomorphology
Trademarked Landscape Plane
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
Guam Speed Knots 403 Mph South Trademarked Landscape
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Panorama UltraBlack
A good map has to compromise
between portraying the items of
interest in the right place on the
map, and the need to show that item
using text or a symbol, which take up
space on the map and might displace
some other item of information.
The cartographer is thus constantly
making judgements about what to
include, what to leave out and what
to show in a slightly incorrect place.
Hypsography is the study of the distribution of elevations
on the surface of the Earth, although the term is sometimes
also applied to other rocky planets such as Mars or Venus.
Most often it is used only in reference to elevation of land
but a complete description of Earth’s solid surface requires
a description of the seafloor as well. Related to the term
hypsometry, the measurement of these elevations of a planet’s
solid surface are taken relative to mean datum, except
for Earth which is taken relative to the sea level.
Contour lines are curved or straight lines on a map describing the intersection
of a real or hypothetical surface with one or more horizontal planes. The
configuration of these contours allows map readers to infer relative gradient
of a parameter and estimate that parameter at specific places. Contour lines
may be either traced on a visible three-dimensional model of the surface, as
when a photogrammetrist viewing a stereo-model plots elevation contours,
or interpolated from estimated surface elevations, as when a computer
program threads contours through a network of observation points of
area centroids. In the latter case, the method of interpolation affects the
reliability of individual isolines and their portrayal of slope, pits and peaks.
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Panorama UltraBlack Italic
Isochrone
John Senex
Level Surface
Compass Rose
Orthophotomap
Mercator Projection
Nautical Chart Pausanias
Anhydroglocose Beast Pseudo-Cartogram Method
It Contorts Directions Ocean Surface Topography
Pergamon World Atlas Photographic Neurocentral
Philodramatist Temptations Were Combined Into Image Using
Throne Indeed Evince Good Deal
Geomorphometrics Equator
Scale Remove Points Along Area
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NovMore
Antarctic
Los Angeles
Australasia
Cartographic
Comprehensively
Entdeckungsreisende
Phytogeomorphological Eye
Anthropomorphization Pseudo-Scymnus Direction
Self-Strengthening Km Representative Concerning
Orientation Indicators Ocean Surface Topography
Ahmadabad Ptolemy, Geography
Hand Original Maps Have Mostly
Disenthrone Geoinformatics
Geographic Information Systems
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Whatever the truth of the story,
on May 20th 1570, Ortelius published
his ‘Theatrum Orbis Terrarum’, containing
53 map-sheets covering the countries
of the World. The ‘Theatrum’ was
“the world’s first regularly produced
atlas”, in that “it was the first
undertaking of its kind to reduce
the best available maps to an uniform
format, and was an immediate critical
and commercial success.
The quality of a map’s design affects its reader’s ability to
extract information and to learn from the map. Cartographic
symbology has been developed in an effort to portray the world
accurately and effectively convey information to the map reader.
A legend explains the pictorial language of the map, known as its
symbology. The title indicates the region the map portrays; the
map image portrays the region and so on. Although every map
element serves some purpose, convention only dictates inclusion
of some elements, while others are considered optional.
The European Age of Discovery during the 16th and the 17th centuries, where
many new lands were discovered and accounts by European explorers such as
Christopher Columbus, Marco Polo, and James Cook revived a desire for both
accurate geographic detail, and more solid theoretical foundations in Europe.
The problem facing both explorers and geographers was finding the latitude
and longitude of a geographic location. The problem of latitude was solved long
ago but that of longitude remained; agreeing on what zero meridian should be
was only part of the problem. It was left to John Harrison to solve it by inventing
the chronometer H-4 in 1760, and later in 1884 for the International Meridian
Conference to adopt by convention the Greenwich meridian as zero meridian.
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Cambrai
Produces
Longitudes
South-West
Giambattista
Johann Homann
Rubber Map Method
Placed Undreaded Introduces Coordinate
Sidereal Variously Polar Phosphorescent
Vertical different Subsequent Remotely
Style Chrysosplenium
Compressing Classification
Modern-Looking Maps
Latitudes Pseudo-Scymnus
Buildings Topography
Longitude Geocomputation
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Placed
Factors
Portugal
Geometry
Merchants
Scale Factors
Isidore Of Charax
Jacques-Nicolas Bellin
French Continued Some Geoinformatics
Represented Held Development Through
World Population The Geographic Space
Positions Underthane
Sinusoidal Projection Tokyo
Gravitational Germans Representative Perspective
Workplaces Displayed
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Cartography Point-To-Point
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The time has come to discard for
something that represents the
continents and directions less
deceptively. Although its usage
has diminished. it is still highly
popular as a wall map apparently
in part because, as a rectangular
map, it fills a rectangular wall
space with more map, and clearly
because its familiarity breeds
more popularity.
In cartography, technology has continually changed
in order to meet the demands of new generations
of mapmakers and map users. The first maps were
manually constructed with brushes and parchment;
therefore, varied in quality and were limited in
distribution. The advent of magnetic devices, such as
the compass and much later, magnetic storage devices,
allowed for the creation of far more accurate maps
and the ability to store and manipulate them digitally.
French geographers placed cartography on a firm scientific footing
during the eighteenth century, and many of their maps reflect
original surveys or rst-hand accounts obtained from French
explorers and missionaries. The division holds a large number of
French atlases from this period including works by Jean Baptiste
Nolin; Guillaume Delisle, the leading cartographer of his era; Philippe
Buache, a theoretical geographer; Jean Baptiste Bourguignon
d’Anville; and Gilles and Didier Robert de Vaugondy, whose Atlas
universel (Paris, 1757 1758) was published with the support of
Madame de Pompadour.
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Panorama Extended UltraLight Italic
Thematic
Mauritania
Cartography
South Sudan
Creating Maps
Calculate Surfaces
Jean-Dominique Cassini
Areas There Also Small Crafts
Map Geoinformatics Land Use Capability Map
Representation One Modern-Looking Statute
Renewable Analysis
Gravitational Unresigned
Inscription Millenniums
General Type Map Kind Might
Geocomputation Ionians
Also Referred Road Map Desk
Bourguignon Wetlands
Eight Colors Most Maps Being
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Islands
Between
Wind Rose
Bangalore
John Ogilby
Sieur Le Rouge
Population Density
Ireland Geomorphology
Fukuoka-Kitakyushu Cartographic Perspective
Published Hillslope Polar Coordinate System
Detailed converted Samuel Gustaf Hermelin
Representation General
General Type Map Kind Might
Modern-Looking Damage
Also Referred Road Map Desk
Universally Destination
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Spatial measurement scale is a
persistent issue in spatial analysis;
more detail is available at the
modifiable areal unit problem
topic entry. Landscape ecologists
developed a series of scale invariant
metrics for aspects of ecology
that are fractal in nature. In more
general terms, no scale independent
method of analysis is widely agreed
upon for spatial statistics.
Color is a very useful attribute to depict different features
on a map. Typical uses of color include displaying different
political divisions, different elevations, or different kinds of
roads. A choropleth map is a thematic map in which areas are
colored differently to show the measurement of a statistical
variable being displayed on the map. The choropleth map
provides an easy way to visualize how a measurement varies
across a geographic area or it shows the level of variability
within a region.
Ancient Greek gazetteers are known to have existed since the Hellenistic
era. The first known Chinese gazetteer was released by the 1st century, and
with the age of print media in China by the 9th century, the Chinese gentry
became invested in producing gazetteers for their local areas as a source of
information as well as local pride. The geographer Stephanus of Byzantium
wrote a geographical dictionary (which currently has missing parts) in the
6th century which influenced later European compilers. Modern gazetteers
can be found in reference sections of most libraries as well as on the
internet. The word was occasionally used in newspaper titles (for example,
see The York Gazetteer), although it has long since fallen out of fashion.
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Phoenix
Southern
Geography
Humanistic
Burkina Faso
Well-Known Text
Gnomonic Projection
Bordeaux Phosphorescent
Polar Directional Base Aéronavale 056
Compass Meridian
Map Indexing System
Infrared Scanner Behrmann Projection
Fra Mauro World Map
Big Part Of Homer’s World
Gnomonic Projection
Orthogonal Parallel
Atlas Ebstorf Mappa Mundi
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Called
LIMOGES
Glossary
Parallels
Kilometers
Map Mongolia
Caudebec-en-Caux
Bonne Projection Abingdon Monks’ Map
Chalon-sur-Saône Panoramic Extensions
Matthäus Seutter
Mean High Water Line
Modern-Looking Maps
Hydrographic Survey
Johannes Ruysch Pytheas
Polyfocal Projection
Took More Than Fifty Years
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One way of describing a
projection is first to project
from the Earth’s surface to a
developable surface such as
a cylinder or cone, and then to
unroll the surface into a plane.
While the first step inevitably
distorts some properties of
the globe, the developable
surface can then be unfolded
without further distortion.
Good contour on the map can be described as the
viewer’s ability to continue the line throughout
the map. The figure is formed by a contour or outline
(as opposed to an isometric contour line), the common
boundary between the figure and ground, usually
through a brightness contrast. If a figure is not
separated entirely from the ground, a simple black
contour line can be drawn around the figure enclosing
it and thus differentiating it from the ground.
Another consideration in the configuration of a projection is its
compatibility with data sets to be used on the map. Data sets are
geographic information; their collection depends on the chosen
datum (model) of the Earth. Different datums assign slightly
different coordinates to the same location, so in large scale maps,
such as those from national mapping systems, it is important
to match the datum to the projection. The slight differences in
coordinate assignation between different datums is not a concern
for world maps or other vast territories, where such differences
get shrunk to imperceptibility.
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Grenoble
Mountains
Unimpinging
Saint-Paulien
Percy Fawcett
Leonardo Da Vinci
Point-To-Point Coastal Survey
Geomorphometrics Diffusion-Based Method
Calculate Surfaces Geographical Knowledge
Hammer Projection Cartography Technology
Peter Schenk The Elder
Babylonian Map Of The World
More Than Four Parcels Nine
Rectangular Cartogram National Topographic System
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Colors
Between
European
Countries
Map Poland
Isaak De Graaf
Planimetry Sweden
Mariner’s Compass Rose
Dreux Cartography Graphic Representations
John Lodge Cowley Behaim’s Erdapfel Globe
Non-Existent Lands Stereographic Projection
Each Other North Pole South
That Maps Show Face History
Rectangular Cartogram Also Referred Road Map Desk
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In Rome a large globe was created
depicting this world. That some of
the figures Eratosthenes had used in
his calculation were considerably in
error became known, and Posidonius
set out to get a more accurate
measurement. This number actually
was considerably smaller than the
real one, but it became accepted
that the eastern part of Asia was
not a huge distance from Europe.
Autobiogeography is a self-referential map or other
geographic document created by the subject. It is a
convergence of autobiography and geography that indicates
geolocation of personal experiences such as travel, personal
migration or important experiences. The first use of
autobiogeography documented online was in the Summer
2002 Reconstruction.org academic peer review journal.
The technique was popularized in 2005 by internet trends
encouraging social mapping and personal mapping.
Enhancement is also a method that can be employed by the cartographer
to illuminate specific elements that aid in map reading. As many of
the aforementioned generalizing methods focus on the reduction and
omission of detail, the enhancement method concentrates on the
addition of detail. Enhancement can be used to show the true character
of the feature being represented and is often used by the cartographer
to highlight specific details about his or her specific knowledge, that
would otherwise be left out. An example includes enhancing the
detail about specific river rapids so that the map reader may know
the facets of traversing the most difficult sections beforehand.
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Panorama Extended Light
Imagery
Azimuths
Concerned
Time Zones
Chorography
Orthophotomap
Gnomonic Projection
Infrared Scanner Polymath Ksemendra
Smaller Sub-Maps Phytogeomorphology
Matthew Flinders Abingdon Monks’ Map
Orthogonal Parallel
Strabo Landscape Change
Behrmann Projection
Anamorphic George Comer
Martellus World Map
Equirectangular Projection
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North
Arrows
Base Map
Ecozones
Transport
Standard Line
Address Locator
Fra Mauro World Map
Terra Pericolosa
Phytogeomorphology
Navigators Blues
Polymath Ksemendra
Pietro Coppo Map
Abingdon Monks’ Map
Hydrographic Survey
New Industries To Explore
Behrmann Projection
That Time Were Made Map
John Adair (Surveyor)
Josef Breu George Comer
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Maps do not simply lead and
instruct; many of them mislead
and deceive. The maps in this
section hide an assortment
of jokes, half-truths and crafty
lies. While some exaggerate the
structure of the land, making
countries seem bigger or more
orderly, others incorporate
mythical, non-existent lands
and slip in fake place names.
A gazetteer is a geographical dictionary or directory
used in conjunction with a map or atlas. They typically
contain information concerning the geographical
makeup, social statistics and physical features of a
country, region, or continent. Content of a gazetteer
can include a subject’s location, dimensions of
peaks and waterways, population, GDP and literacy
rate. This information is generally divided into
topics with entries listed in alphabetical order.
Nautical charts are essential tools for marine navigation; many
countries require vessels, especially commercial ships, to carry
them. Nautical charting may take the form of charts printed on
paper or computerized electronic navigational charts. Recent
technologies have made available paper charts which are printed
“on demand” with cartographic data that has been downloaded
to the commercial printing company as recently as the night
before printing. With each daily download, critical data such as
Local Notice to Mariners is added to the on-demand chart files
so that these charts will be up to date at the time of printing.
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Panorama Extended Light Italic
Required
Producing
Rectangular
Isogonic Line
Specific Route
Saint-Pétersbourg
Hereford Mappa Mundi
Planimetric John C. Sherman
Temperature From
Vertical Sometimes Cartography Technology
Agriculture Issues
Georg Matthäus Vischer
Difference Geographer
Cartesian Coordinate System
Primary Indicopleustes
Dirck Rembrantsz Van Nierop
Science Geoinformatics
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Beaune
Scanner
Longitude
Palearctic
North-West
Relief Shading
Projector Method
Oklahoma 18Th Century
Tours Briançonnet Samuel Gustaf Hermelin
Road Map Randstad Heinrich Theodor Menke
George Washington Dream Of Northern Line
Data Storage And Algorithms
Geographical Concepts
That Item Using Text Symbol
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The European Atlas of the Seas is
an interactive electronic atlas on the
coasts and seas within and around
Europe. The atlas is freely accessible
on the internet and is available
in English, French and German.
It is provided by the European
Commission, Directorate-General
for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries,
in the context of the implementation
of the integrated maritime policy.
Though positivist approaches remain important in
geography, critical geography arose as a critique of
positivism. The first strain of critical geography to emerge
was humanistic geography. Drawing on the philosophies of
existentialism and phenomenology, humanistic geographers
(such as Yi-Fu Tuan) focused on people’s sense of, and
relationship with, places. More influential was Marxist
geography, which applied the social theories of Karl Marx
and his followers to geographic phenomena.
The Baltimore Phenomenon is the tendency for a city to be omitted from
maps due to space constraints while much smaller cities are included
on the same map simply because space is available to display them.
This phenomenon gets its name from Baltimore, Maryland, which, despite
its large population, is commonly omitted on maps of the United States
because there is not enough space in the surrounding area of the map.
Larger cities surrounding Baltimore take precedence. In contrast, much
smaller cities in other geographic locations are included at the same
scale because the level of competition for map space may not exist
in that particular area.
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Panorama Extended Regular
Mapped
Polygons
Landscape
North-West
Herman Moll
Star Of The Sea
Republic of Moldova
Ecozones Geomorphology
Method Direction Khartoum Indomalaya
Distances Shrunk Abingdon Monks’ Map
Rather Unusually Lines Geoinformatics
Scrofulodermic Fact
Piri Reis/Hadji Muhammad
Topographic Equator
Carlton Osgood Télescope
Entrance Kindersley
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Monde
Number
Accurate
Le Croisic
Time Zones
Geographers
Changes Mapping
Origin Of Coordinates
Their Approaches Isopach Map Location
Sanborn Account Straight-Line Diagram
Osaka-Kyoto-Kobé Ultra Prominent Peak
Martellus World Map
Benedetto Bordone Street
Behrmann Projection Geovisualization Ouessant
Orthogonal Parallel Ramble Astronaut Climate
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An electronic navigational chart
is an official database created
by a national hydrographic
office for use with an Electronic
Chart Display and Information
System. An electronic chart must
conform to standards stated in
the International Hydrographic
Organization Special Publication
S-57 before it can be certified as
an ENC.
Transliteration systems are based on relating
written symbols to one another, while transcription
is the attempt to spell in one language the
phonetic sounds of another. Chinese writing is now
usually converted to the Latin alphabet through
the Pinyin phonetic transcription systems. Other
systems were used in the past, such as Wade‑Giles,
resulting in the city being spelled Beijing on
newer English maps and Peking on older ones.
The modern standard for maps of Mars (since about 2002) is to
use planetocentric coordinates. The meridian of Mars is located
at Airy-0 crater. Tidally-locked bodies have a natural reference
longitude passing through the point nearest to their parent body:
0° the center of the primary-facing hemisphere, 90° the center
of the leading hemisphere, 180° the center of the anti-primary
hemisphere, and 270° the center of the trailing hemisphere.
However, libration due to non-circular orbits or axial tilts causes
this point to move around any fixed point on the celestial body
like an analemma.
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Panorama Extended Italic
Changes
Divergent
Correspond
Cartography
Porto-Vecchio
Early World Maps
Planimetry Itinerarium
Fundamental Plane Explanatory Text Notes
Dallas-Fort Worth Jean-Dominique Cassini
North Tramontane Sea Level Eratosthenes
Montereau-Fault-Yonne Nature That Date Have Been
Phyllobranchiate Core
Medieval European Map
Sea Worth Noting That Even
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Search
Detailed
Perfectly
Hecataeus
Continents
Cartographer
Density-Equalizing
Criss-Crossing Out Rectangular Cartogram
Curious Asymmetry Appearance Of A World
Chaucerian Employ Max Eckert-Greifendorff
Participatory Wetlands
Mars Venus Most Often Only
Merchants Coordinate
South North Down East Left
Distortions Discovered Information Systems Design
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As a schematic diagram, it shows
not necessarily the geographic but
rather the relative positions
of stations along the lines, stations
connective relations with each
other and fare zones. The basic
design concepts have been widely
adopted for other network maps
around the world, especially
that of mapping topologically
rather than geographically.
The first edition appeared in 1881. The 4th and 5th
editions were edited by Albert Scobel (1851-1912);
the 6th through 8th editions, by Ernst Ambrosius; and
the final edition, by Konrad Frenzel. Cartographers
were G. Jungk (†1932), R. Kocher, E. Umbreit (†1904),
A. Thomas (†1930), H. Mielisch (†1925), and K.
Tänzler (†1944) although production of a number of
maps was contracted out to geographical institutes
like Peip, Wagner & Debes, Sternkopf, Sulzer.
The formulae in the previous sections give the auxiliary latitude in
terms of the geodetic latitude. The expressions for the geocentric and
reduced latitudes may be inverted directly but this is impossible in the
four remaining cases: the rectifying, authalic, conformal and isometric
latitudes. There are two methods of proceeding. The first is a numerical
inversion of the defining equation for each and every particular value
of the auxiliary latitude. The methods available are fixed-point iteration
and Newton-Raphson root finding. The other, more useful, approach is
to express the auxiliary latitude as a series in terms of the geodetic
latitude and then invert the series by the method of Lagrange reversion.
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Panorama Extended SemiBold
Surface
Northern
Josef Breu
Encompass
Larger Scale
Geomorphology
Atlas Of Exploration
Hachure Infrared Scanner
Orienteering Map Phytogeomorphology
Navigators Blues A Seven-Pointed Star
Pieter Van Der Aa Meter-Sized Features
Mercator Projection
Argenton-sur-Creuse Beatus Mappa Mundi Map
Johannes Janssonius
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South
Graphs
Contour
Bosatlas
Graphical
John Rocque
Above Your Head
Straight-Line Diagram
Petrus Vesconte
Johannes Vingboons
Address Locator
Augustin Hirschvogel
Above And Below
Polymath Ksemendra
Choropleth Mapping
The Growth Of Volcanoes
French Geographers
Orthogonal Parallel The Holy Babylonian Land
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Advances in photochemical
technology, such as the
lithographic and photochemical
processes, have allowed for the
creation of maps that have fine
details, do not distort in shape
and resist moisture and wear.
This also eliminated the need
for engraving, which further
shortened the time it takes
to make and reproduce maps.
The intent of the map should be illustrated in
a manner in which the percipient acknowledges
its purpose in a timely fashion. The term percipient
refers to the person receiving information and was
coined by Robinson. The principle of figure‑ground
refers to this notion of engaging the user by
presenting a clear presentation, leaving no confusion
concerning the purpose of the map. This will enhance
the user’s experience and keep his attention.
The Geographical Society of London was founded in 1830 under
the name Geographical Society of London as an institution to
promote the ‘advancement of geographical science’. It later
absorbed the older African Association, which had been founded
by Sir Joseph Banks in 1788, as well as the Raleigh Club and the
Palestine Association. Like many learned societies, it had started
as a dining club in London, where select members held informal
dinner debates on current scientific issues and ideas. Founding
members of the Society included Sir John Barrow, Sir John
Franklin and Sir Francis Beaufort.
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Panorama Extended SemiBold Italic
Pictorial
Preserves
Transit Map
Dicaearchus
Klencke Atlas
Making Countries
The Atlantic Coastline
South Sudan Specific Route
Cracking Attribute Cahill-Keyes Projection
Henry Peter Bosse Transverse Undertaken
Merchants Europe Fraction Point-To-Point
Geoinformatics Divided
Retroazimuthal Millenniums
Fingers Indicopleustes Representation Topographic
Louis Isidore Duperrey Uterosclerosis Participatory
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Greece
Percent
Contrast
Montargis
Astronomy
New Caledonia
Landscape Change
French Southern Terr.
Eratosthenes Map
Richard Edes Harrison
Gabriel De Valseca
Colonel Robert Erskine
Bartolomeu Velho
North American Datum
Global Positioning Systems
Cartogram Algorithms
Pergamon World Atlas
Information Systems Design
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Road maps come in many shapes,
sizes and scales. Small, single‑page
maps may be used to give an
overview of a region’s major
routes and features. Folded maps
can offer greater detail covering
a large region. Electronic maps
typically present a dynamically
generated display of a region,
with its scale, features, and level
of detail specified by the user.
For planetographic longitude, west longitudes are used
when the rotation is prograde, and east longitudes
when the rotation is retrograde. In simpler terms,
imagine a distant, non-orbiting observer viewing a
planet as it rotates. Also suppose that this observer
is within the plane of the planet’s equator. A point
on the Equator that passes directly in front of this
observer later in time has a higher planetographic
longitude than a point that did so earlier in time.
Being geographically-based presented restrictions in this early map;
to enable sufficient clarity of detail in the crowded central area of
the map, the extremities of the District and Metropolitan lines were
omitted, so a full network diagram was not provided. The problem
of truncation remained for nearly half a century. Although all of the
western branches of the District and Piccadilly lines were included for
the first time in 1933 with Harry Beck’s first map, the portion of the
Metropolitan line beyond Rickmansworth did not appear until 1938
and the eastern end of the District line did not appear on the map
until the mid-1950s.
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Panorama Extended Bold
Poitiers
Journeys
Concerned
Techniques
Lagos Fields
Arkansas Detail
Alexander Wilbrecht
One Temperature Geography Illuminate
Observe Through Transparent Fraction
Address Locator One Degree Intervals
Traced Constructed
Ptolemaic Representation
Johannes Janssonius
Disenthrone Classification
Tectonic Employment
Composition Development
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Mexico
Spacing
Diameter
Map Form
Low Water
21St Century
Visual Hierarchy
Dell’arcano Del Mare
Portolan Charts Boundary Monument
The Human World Pterodactylus Bands
Johannes Ruysch A Seven-Pointed Star
Alexander Wilbrecht
Hydrology Southern The Holy Babylonian Land
French Geographers
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Digital Elevation Modeling
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A mappa mundi is any medieval
European map of the world.
Such maps range in size
and complexity from simple
schematic maps an inch or less
across to elaborate wall maps,
the largest of which was 11 ft.
(3.5 m.) in diameter. The term
derives from the Medieval Latin
words mappa (cloth or chart)
and mundi (of the world).
The First Principal Meridian falls on the Van Wert
and Paulding County Lines for Ohio, being a road
intersection to the North-East-South and a field to
the West. The road is asphalt running North and
South and is gravel to the East. the Meridian runs
along the Ohio Indiana Border. There is a house
in the Northeast quadrant and in the Southeast
quadrant there is an iron post with brass cap set
in 1911 by the United States Geological Survey.
An effectively designed map is one in which the intended
message is clearly communicated to the map user. By employing
the concept of figure-ground, a viewer can easily distinguish
between the main figure on a map and the background
information. Several concepts that are key to developing good
figure-ground in any cartographic design are differentiation,
closed form, centrality, articulation and good contour. In addition,
by considering the intended intellectual hierarchy, or the order of
importance of each map element, the author can develop a visual
hierarchy on the map that corresponds appropriately.
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Panorama Extended Bold Italic
Physical
Locations
Manuscript
Antiquarian
Eratosthenes
Vatican Holy See
Cook Islands Geodesy
First Maps Of The Americas
Ramble Astronaut
Fernando Álvares Seco
Straight Segments Bermuda National Grid
World Population
Guernsey and Alderney
Alteration Of Borders
Loxodrome Kyrgyzstan Often More Than Meets Eye
S Vincent & Grenadines Two Non-Contiguous States
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Refers
Century
Antarctic
Antipodes
Coordinate
Shield Typical
Groups Triangles
Hydrographic Surveys
Coastline Paradox Sao Tome and Principe
Hartmann Schedel Cosmas Indicopleustes
Absolute Location Saint-Pierre & Miquelon
Châlons-en-Champagne
Geographical Resettlement
Kano Address Locator
Infrastruktur Sachverhalten
Pergamon World Atlas
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Geoinformatics combines
geospatial analysis and modeling,
development of geospatial
databases, information systems
design, human-computer
interaction and both wired
and wireless networking
technologies. Geoinformatics
uses geocomputation
and geovisualization for
analyzing geoinformation.
A Babylonian world map, known as the Imago Mundi, is
commonly dated to the 6th century BCE. The map as
reconstructed by Eckhard Unger shows Babylon on the
Euphrates, surrounded by a circular landmass showing
Assyria, Urartu and several cities, in turn surrounded
by a “bitter river” (Oceanus), with seven islands
arranged around it so as to form a seven-pointed star.
The accompanying text mentions seven outer regions
beyond the encircling ocean.
Hecataeus of Miletus (died ca. 476 BCE) is credited with a work
entitled Ges Periodos (“Travels round the Earth” or “World Survey’),
in two books each organized in the manner of a periplus, a pointto-point coastal survey. One on Europe, is essentially a periplus of
the Mediterranean, describing each region in turn, reaching as far
north as Scythia. The other book, on Asia, is arranged similarly to the
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea of which a version of the 1st century
CE survives. Hecataeus described the countries and inhabitants of the
known world, the account of Egypt being particularly comprehensive;
the descriptive matter was accompanied by a map.
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Panorama Extended Black
Marked
City Map
Herodotus
South-East
Topographic
Vast Territories
The 1:24,000 Scale
Rectangular Grid System
The Human World Pterodactylus Bands
Norway Calcutta Johannes Janssonius
Nantes Paleomap Were Physionomistes
Vanuatu Luxembourg Landmark Oblic Diagrams
System Bourguignon
Representation Hillslope
Gravitational Detail
Topographic Monandrous
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Aléria
Photos
Tectonic
Database
Emphasize
Rectangular
Groups Surface
Eckert-Greifendorff
Thermal Mapper
Zygomaticoauricular
Antarctic Shield
Topographic Distorts
Nantes Paleomap Century Temptations
Evapotranspiration
Sea Surface Temperature
Actually Fascinating The St. Lawrence Seaway
Spoonway Reference
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The Earth being spherical, any
flat representation generates
distortions such that shapes
and areas cannot both be
conserved simultaneously,
and distances can never all
be preserved. The mapmaker
must choose a suitable map
projection according to the
space to be mapped and
the purpose of the map.
Since the 1991 death of J.B Harley, formerly
a professor in Geography at the University of
Wisconsin at Milwaukee, the field of cartography
has flourished with theories and writing that
identify maps as social issues and expressions
of power and knowledge. Leading figures that
have picked up where Harley left off include Denis
Cosgrove, Denis Wood, Jeremy Crampton, John
Krygier, and Kevin St. Martin.
The Erdapfel (German: earth apple, potato) produced by
Martin Behaim in 1492 is considered to be the oldest surviving
terrestrial globe. It is constructed of a laminated linen ball
reinforced with wood and overlaid with a map painted by Georg
Glockendon. The Americas are not included yet, as Columbus
returned to Spain no sooner than March 1493. It shows a rather
enlarged Eurasian continent and an empty ocean between
Europe and Asia. Interestingly, the Caribbean islands may
already be represented as well, even before Colombus’s return,
under the name of the mythical Saint Brendan’s Island.
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Panorama Extended Black Italic
Imagery
Hierocles
Preference
Consortium
Uniformalize
Petrus Vesconte
Saint-Germer-de-Fly
Also Topographic
Representative Geoid
Method Engraving
Cartogram Algorithms
Charts Generally
Information Facilitate
Participatory Reader
Singapore Chrysosplenium
Reference Geological
Non-Existent Lands Meters
Positions Transverse
Hypsography Saint-Paulien
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And/Or
Jakarta
Features
Complete
Martellus
International
Accurate Groups
Myanmar ex-Burma The Encircling Ocean
Section Planetary Meter-Sized Features
Participatory New Ultra Prominent Peak
Cosmographiae Introductio
North American Datum Explorer Amerigo Vespucci
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Aix-en-Provence Longitude
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The Tube map is a schematic
transit map of the lines and
stations of London’s public
rapid transit railway systems,
namely the London Underground
(commonly known as the Tube,
hence the name), Docklands Light
Railway, London Overground
and Emirates Air Line, as well as
being incorporated into Greater
London connections maps.
Astronomical latitude is the angle between the
equatorial plane and the true vertical at a point on
the surface: the true vertical, the direction of a plumb
line, is the direction of the gravity field at that point.
(The gravity field is the resultant of the gravitational
acceleration and the centrifugal acceleration
at that point. See Torge.) Astronomic latitude is
calculated from angles measured between the zenith
and stars whose declination is accurately known.
If the Earth were perfectly spherical and homogeneous,
then longitude at a point would just be the angle between a
vertical north-south plane through that point and the plane
of the Greenwich meridian. Everywhere on Earth the vertical
north‑south plane would contain the Earth’s axis. But the Earth
is not homogenous, and has mountains—which have gravity
and so can shift the vertical plane away from the Earth’s axis.
The vertical north-south plane still intersects the plane of the
Greenwich meridian at some angle; that angle is astronomical
longitude, the longitude you calculate from star observations.
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Panorama Extended UltraBlack
District
Satellite
Totalizing
Tithe Maps
Information
Groups Spatial
Self-Strengthening
Pequeña Playa De Arena
North And South Leagues Techniques
Vast Territories Environmental Form
Jodocus Hondius Improvements Based
Circular Cartogram
Travel Through The Moon
Conformal Pictures
Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
Base Aéronavale 056 Svalbard & Jan Mayen Is.
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Human
Second
Schools
Recently
Graphical
Anaximander
Groups Debates
Björn Gunnlaugsson
Bradshaw Model Martellus World Map
Organism Routes Republic of Moldova
Spatial Planning Argenton-sur-Creuse
Caudebec-les-Elbeuf
Kangnido World Map
Topographic Composition
Calculate Surfaces
Polar Coordinate System
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Maps are graphic
representations that facilitate
a spatial understanding of
things, concepts, conditions,
processes, or events in the
human world. Maps are graphic
representations that facilitate
a spatial understanding of
things, concepts, conditions,
processes, or events in the
human world.
Below is a chronological list of political or
geological events, which would alter the
appearance of a world map. Changes usually
include the alteration of borders, the creation and
fall of nations, the changes of geographical names,
as well as some unusually destructive natural
disasters. Through the knowledge of such dates
and events, the approximate year and age of a
world map could be calculated and estimated.
Quantitative symbols give a visual measure of the relative
size/importance/number that a symbol represents and to
symbolize this data on a map, there are two major classes
of symbols used for portraying quantitative properties.
Proportional symbols change their visual weight according to
a quantitative property. These are appropriate for extensive
statistics. Choropleth maps portray data collection areas, such
as counties or census tracts, with color. Using color this way,
the darkness and intensity (or value) of the color is evaluated
by the eye as a measure of intensity or concentration.
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Panorama Extended UltraBlack Italic
Boulder
Alphabet
Lost Lands
Orientation
Compressing
Further Equator
The 1:50,000 Scale
Not-Quite-Vertical Groups
The Coast Of Gaul Meter-Sized Features
Equatorial Guinea Mean High Water Line
Interaktive Karte Tabula Peutingeriana
Alexander Polyhistor Path To The Pacific Ocean
Topological Modeling
The Holy Babylonian Land
Clearly Communicated Big Part Of Homer’s World
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States
Loosely
Halftone
Furiously
EcoLoGiCAL
Guinea-Bissau
John James Abert
Uzbekistan Transport
The Coast Of Gaul Hobo–Dyer Projection
Infrared Scanner
Matthias Seutter
United Arab Emirates
Elrey Borge Jeppesen Dider Robert De Vaugondy
Away From The Center
National Geodetic Vertical
The Geographic Space
Interaktive Karte Legends
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The spherical form of the
transverse Mercator projection
was one of the seven ‘new’
projections presented, in 1772,
by Johann Heinrich Lambert
(also available in a modern
English translation) Lambert did
not name his projections; the
name transverse Mercator dates
from the second half of the
nineteenth century.
While regular maps focus on the accurate rendition
of distances, pictorial maps enhance landmarks
and often incorporate a complex interplay of
different scales into one image in order to give the
viewer a more familiar sense of recognition. With
an emphasis on objects and style, these maps cover
an artistic spectrum from childlike caricature to
spectacular landscape graphic with the better ones
being attractive, informative and highly accurate.
The cartography can be a sophisticated 3-D perspective
landscape or a simple map graphic enlivened with illustrations
of buildings, people and animals. They can feature all sorts
of varied topics like historical events, legendary figures or
local agricultural products and cover anything from an entire
continent to a college campus. Drawn by specialized artists and
illustrators, pictorial maps are a rich, centuries-old tradition and
a diverse art form that ranges from cartoon maps on restaurant
placemats to treasured art prints in museums. Pictorial maps
usually show an area as if viewed from above at an oblique angle.
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Panorama ExtraExtended UltraLight
Street
Béziers
Spheroid
Polygons
Pausanias
14.75 Metres
Area Cartogram
Geography (Ptolemy)
Smaller Scale Joannes De Laet
Atlas Nouveau Bonne Projection
Creating Maps Chalon-sur-Saône
Amerigo Vespucci
Map Indexing System
Matthäus Seutter Fra Mauro World Map
Conic Projection
Production Type
Johannes Van Keulen
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Right
Polar
Atlanta
Imagery
Hachure
Equatorial
Eratosthenes
John James Abert
Eratosthenes
A Spermogenesis
Smaller-Scale Aerotriangulation
Isaak De Graaf Hazard Transport
Topographic Map
Entdeckungsreisende
Portolan Charts
Ebstorf Mappa Mundi
Conic Projection
Behrmann Projection
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The positions of the
Tropical and Polar circles
are not fixed because
the axial tilt changes
slowly a complex motion
determined by the
superimposition of many
different cycles with short
to very long periods. In
2000 the mean value of
the tilt was 23° 26' 21".
The main long-term cycle causes the
axial tilt to fluctuate between about 22.1°
and 24.5° with a period of 41,000 years.
Currently, the average value of the tilt is
decreasing by about 0.47" per year. As
a result the Tropical Circles are drifting
towards the equator by 15 metres per year,
and the area of the Tropics is decreasing
by 1100 square km per year.
Some of the earliest known maps were made in
Mesopotamnia, in the area now known as Iraq, where
a series of maps showing property boundaries were
drawn in about 2400 B.C. for the purpose of land
taxation. A Roman map dating from about 335-366
A.D. showed such topographical features as roads,
cities, rivers, and mountains. The word topography is
derived from the Greek words topos, meaning a place,
and graphien, meaning to write. Thus, topography is
the written, or drawn, description of a place.
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Panorama ExtraExtended UltraLight Italic
Society
Survived
Pausanias
Population
Topography
Atlante Veneto
Sebastian Münster
Representation Retroazimuthal Key
Willem Hondius Transverse Fraction
Gazetteer River Fukuoka-Kitakyushu
Scanner Clusters
Rectangular Topography
Symbology Angles
Tectonic Isodemographic
London Sometimes
Georg Matthäus Vischer
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Earth
Mount
Valence
Auxerre
Standard
North-West
Le Puy-en-Velay
Fields Corrections
Château-Chinon Unsigned Condignly
Their Locations Analysis Population
Navigation Have
Groups Corrections
North Tramontane
Watershed Gravitational
Indicopleustes Art
Geographice Historians
Environment Form
Cartography Navigation
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Cary served his apprenticeship
as an engraver in London,
before setting up his own
business in the Strand in
1783. He soon gained a
reputation for his maps and
globes, his atlas, The New
and Correct English Atlas
published in 1787, becoming
a standard reference work
in England.
Another motive for deliberate errors is
cartographic “vandalism”: a mapmaker wishing
to leave his or her mark on the work. Mount
Richard, for example, was a fictitious peak on
the Rocky Mountains’ continental divide that
appeared on a Boulder County, Colorado map
in the early 1970s. It is believed to be the
work of draftsman Richard Ciacci. The fiction
was not discovered until two years later.
Smoothing is also a process that the map maker can
employ to reduce the angularity of line work. Smoothing
is yet another way of simplifying the map features, but
involves several other characteristics of generalization that
lead into feature displacement and locational shifting. The
purpose of smoothing is to exhibit linework in a much less
complicated and a less visually jarring way. An example of
smoothing would be for a jagged roadway, cut through a
mountain, to be smoothed out so that the angular turns
and transitions appear much more fluid and natural.
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Panorama ExtraExtended ExtraLight
Points
Saintes
Volumes
Polygons
Paleomap
Isogonic Line
Phosphorescent
Gnomonic Projection
Vincennes Age Especially France
Rio de Janeiro Fluvial Processes
Overflight Km Conference Both
Papua New Guinea
Onward Classification
Beacons Subject
Style Understandable
Temperature Key
Flow Isodemographic
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Leave
Series
Differs
Oceania
Thematic
Star Chart
The Map Book
Leveling Contour
Guiana French Above Your Head
John Mitchell
Geosciences Map
Scale Factors Johannes Werner
Thomas Jefferys
Map Indexing System
Netherlands Gap
Behrmann Projection
Diodorus Siculus Polymath Ksemendra
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South-up map orientation
places the labeling on a
map so that south is up,
north is down, east is left
and west is right. Thus
the Southern Hemisphere
appears at the top of
the map instead of the
usual bottom. Maps in this
orientation are sometimes
called upside down maps.
A good map has to compromise between
portraying the items of interest in the right
place on the map, and the need to show
that item using text, which take up space
on the map and might displace some other
item of information. The cartographer is
thus constantly making judgements about
what to include, what to leave out and
what to show in a slightly incorrect place.
European scholar Francesco I reproduced a number
of ancient Indian maps in his magnum opus La
Cartografia Antica dell India. Out these maps,
two have been reproduced using a manuscript of
Lokaprakasa, originally compiled by the polymath
Ksemendra (Kashmir, 11th century), as a source.
The other manuscript, used as a source by Francesco
I, is titled Samgrahani. The early volumes of the
Encyclopædia Britannica also described cartographic
charts made by the Dravidian people of India.
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Panorama ExtraExtended ExtraLight Italic
Seattle
Traveled
According
Properties
Referenced
Uterosclerosis
Recorded Tectonic
Chroniclers Corrections
Geoid Direction Latitude Knowledge
Belo Horizonte Representative Ago
Clusters Inside Circular Cartogram
Vetation Mountains Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ruysch World Map Mountaintop Population
Murdoch Mckenzie Calculation Constructed
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Plane
Places
Efforts
Academy
Lectoure
Processing
Color Existing
Important Account
Trajectory City Dominican Republic
Ago Astronomy Modern-Looking Its
NorthCarolina
Constant Direction
Example Longitude
Clusters Representative
Polar Employment
Coordinates Residences
Ordinance Latitude Concept Overpopulation
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The other approach is to
express the auxiliary latitude
as a series in terms of
the geodetic latitude and
then invert the series by
the method of Lagrange
reversion. Such series are
presented by Adams who
uses Taylor series expansions
and gives coefficients in
terms of the eccentricity.
Some maps contain deliberate errors or
distortions, either as propaganda or as a
“watermark” to help the copyright owner
identify infringement if the error appears in
competitors’ maps. The latter often come
in the form of nonexistent, misnamed, or
misspelled “trap streets”. Other names and
forms for this are paper townsites, fictitious
entries, and copyright easter eggs.
The seabed and the features charted change regularly
and it is vitally important that users have the most up to
date information. The UK Hydrographic Office receives a
vast amount of new information and sifts and filters this
to identify that which is most important to its users. These
updates are released in Admiralty Notices to Mariners
weekly, indexed by a serial number and the week and year
of release. An annual summary is also released shortly
before the start of the sailing season. All charts should
be updated regularly to maintain accuracy and safety.
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Panorama ExtraExtended Light
Mainly
Volume
Mapping
Diameter
Spoonway
Pantophagic
Groups Ptolemy
Classical Catalogues
Crab Rainfall
Essential Surface
Surface From
Clermont-Ferrand
LAims Scanner The National Map
Provide Latitudes Ago Two-Dimensional
Agostino Codazzi
Johannes Janssonius
Auch Strasbourg Representation Such
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Some
Other
Circles
Usually
Londres
Boulevard
Angular Over
Atlases Entrance
Reduce Topics French Polynesia
Detail Extract Seine Mapmakers
Style Created
No Loss Of Scale
Army Map Service
Entdeckungsreisende
Marshall Islands Pennsylvanian Flanks
Myriad Countries Hightest Peaks In An
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Collaborative Mapping
applications vary
depending on which
feature the collaborative
edition takes place: on
the map itself (shared
surface), or on overlays
to the map. A very simple
collaborative mapping
application would just
plot users’ locations
Since the United Nations Conference
on the Human Environment in 1972,
global environmental challenges have
been recognized as an issue which is
common to humankind. “The United
Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (the Earth Summit)” in
Brazil in 1992 adopted “An action plan of
humankind for sustainable development.
The Greenwich prime meridian became the
international standard reference for cartographers
in 1884. During the 20th century, maps became
more abundant due to improvements in printing and
photography that made production cheaper and
easier. Airplanes made it possible to photograph large
areas at a time. Two-Point Equidistant projection
was first drawn up by Hans Maurer in 1919. In this
projection the distance from any point on the map
to either of the two regulating points is accurate.
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Panorama ExtraExtended Light Italic
Create
Vetation
Longitude
Coastlines
Indomalaya
Rio de Janeiro
Spaceship Trooper
Trademarked Annapolis
Chassenon Dax Services Purchased
Geoinformatics Dominican Republic
Rue parmentier Representative Out
Albers Projection
Indicopleustes Cracking
Remote Greenwich
Rocky Mountain South
Followers Golden
Started to New Mexico
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Angle
Shows
Modern
Degrees
Valognes
Determined
Atlante Veneto
Age Of Exploration
Morphological Radius Proportions
Cosmographiae Method Inscription
Postmodernist Either Cartography
Were Represented
Published Nevertheless
Jessamine Shumate
Hemisphere-In-A-Square
Languages Makeup
Surface Phlebosclerotic
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In constructing a map on
any projection, a sphere is
normally chosen to model
the earth when the extent
of the mapped region exceeds
a few hundred kilometers in
length in both dimensions.
For maps of smaller regions,
an ellipsoidal model must be
chosen if greater accuracy
is required; see next section.
Many, but not all, maps are drawn to a scale,
expressed as a ratio such as 1:10,000,
meaning that 1 of any unit of measurement on
the map corresponds exactly, or approximately,
to 10,000 of that same unit on the ground.
The scale statement may be taken as exact
when the region mapped is small enough for
the curvature of the Earth to be neglected,
for example in a town planner’s city map.
Christopher Columbus modified this geography further by
using 53 ¾ Italian nautical miles as the length of a degree
instead of the longer degree of Ptolemy, and by adopting
Marinus of Tyre’s longitude of 225 degrees for the east
coast of the Magnus Sinus. This resulted in a considerable
eastward advancement of the longitudes given by Martin
Behaim and other contemporaries of Columbus. By some
process Columbus reasoned that the longitudes of eastern
Asia and Cipangu respectively were about 270 and 300
degrees east.
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Panorama ExtraExtended Regular
Towns
London
Portolan
Released
Difference
Contour Line
Conformal Maps
Must Transformation
Accumulation
Counter-Hemonic
Contaminated
French Polynesia
Disconnected
Descriptions Key
Counter-Mapping
Dependencies Zones
Unspectacularly
Manchester-Liverpool
Were Functioning Specialized-Function
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Pékin
Resist
Applies
Atlases
Showing
Port royal
Turkmenistan
Angle Comprising
Bouvet Island Central Recently
Communicated Station Journeys
Geographical
Technology From
Omission Foreign
Representative Equal
Overconsiderate
Characterize Surface
Topic Mesmerized Specialized-Functions
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King Atlas was
according to legend
a wise philosopher,
mathematician and
astronomer who
supposedly made the
first celestial globe. It
was this Atlas to whom
Gerardus Mercator was
referring when he first
used the name “atlas”.
The main components are color coded
lines to indicate each line or service, with
named icons to indicate stations or stops.
Transit maps can be found in the transit
vehicles, at the platforms or in printed
timetables. Their primary function is to
help users to efficiently use the public
transport system, including which stations
function as interchange between lines.
Islamic cartographers inherited Ptolemy’s Almagest
and Geographia in the 9th century which is said
to have stimulated an interest in geography and
map-making, however, they made almost no direct
use of the latter in map-making. The way in which
earlier knowledge reached Muslim scholars is
crucial. For example, since Muslims inherited Greek
writings directly without the influence of the Latin
west, T-O maps play no role in Islamic cartography
though popular in the European counterpart.
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Panorama ExtraExtended Italic
Classic
Located
Produces
Increasing
Extremities
Water Cycling
Cours d’eau étang
Sao Tome and Principe
Equivalent Map Gravel To The East
Geoinformatics Bourg-Saint-Andéol
Location-Aware Cartographic Geoid
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Uniformitarianism Nine
Strahlenberg Key
Contained Respectively
Barbarism Shrunk
Authoritativeness Were
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Space
Amiens
Highway
Surface
Barotaxy
Apparently
Kelsh Plotter
Fast watercourse
Greenland One Large Representes
Oceanic Survey Trinidad & Tobago
Geoinformatics Sceaux-du-Gâtinais
Antigua & Barbuda
Brive-la-gaillarde
Institute Hypsographic
Lake River & Ocean
Odontographically Also
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The “longitude” of a point
on the Earth’s surface is
the angle east or west from
a reference meridian to
another meridian that passes
through that point. All
meridians are halves of great
ellipses (often improperly
called great circles), which
converge at the north and
south poles.
Such series are presented by Adams who uses
Taylor series expansions and gives coefficients
in terms of the eccentricity. Osborne derives
series to arbitrary order by using the computer
algebra package Maxima and expresses the
coefficients in terms of both eccentricity and
flattening. The series method is not applicable
to the isometric latitude and one must use the
conformal latitude in an intermediate step.
At an arbitrary point P consider the line PN which is
normal to the reference ellipsoid. The geodetic coordinates
P are the latitude and longitude of the point N on the
ellipsoid and the distance PN. This height differs from the
height above the geoid or a reference height such as that
above mean sea level at a specified location. The direction
of PN will also differ from the direction of a vertical
plumb line. The relation of these different heights requires
knowledge of the shape of the geoid and also the gravity
field of the Earth.
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Panorama ExtraExtended SemiBold
Model
Nagoya
Spatially
Tarascon
San Diego
Anaximander
Conformal Maps
Gnomonic Projection
San Francisco Hypsometric Map
Earth Science Eastern Mississipi
Compass Rose Hong Kong China
Address Locator Covers An Area Of 21
Solomon Islands
And 81 Squares Miles
the New lost city Largest State Roads
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Index
Ports
Danube
Nations
Leveling
Time Zones
Approximates
Papua New Guinea
Faroe Islands French Polynesia
Earth Science George Bradshaw
Compass Rose Vieux-la-Romaine
Conic Projection Map Indexing System
Solomon Islands
Hypsometric Map
Deep Blue Sea Areas
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Map distances from
the central point are
computed by a function
r(d) of the true distance d,
independent of the angle;
correspondingly, circles
with the central point as
center are mapped into
circles which have as
center the central point
on the map.
Most maps use text to label places and
for such things as the map title, legend
and other information. Although maps are
often made in one specific language, place
names often differ between languages. So
a map made in English may use the name
Germany for that country, while a German
map would use Deutschland and a French
map Allemagne.
A potential issue arises regarding the “handedness”
of celestial globes. If the globe is constructed so
that the stars are in the positions they actually
occupy on the imaginary celestial sphere, then the
star field will appear back-to-front on the surface of
the globe (all the constellations will appear as their
mirror images). This is because the view from Earth,
positioned at the centre of the celestial sphere, is
of the inside of the celestial sphere, whereas the
celestial globe is viewed from the outside.
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Panorama ExtraExtended SemiBold Italic
Arrows
Printers
Resented
Antipodes
Australasia
East City Map
Florence Meridian
A Geography Professor
Willem Hondius Nadir (Topography)
Sense Of Place Calculate Surfaces
Nautical Chart Joseph De Ferraris
Aerotriangulation Guernsey and Alderney
Antigua & Barbuda
French Polynesia Tours
Osaka-Kyoto-Kobé
Sao Tome and Principe
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Place
Mobile
Primary
Seutter
Features
Techniques
More ChaPlate
Six Occidentalizing
Equivalent Map Sebastian Münster
Longitude East Straight Segments
Willem Hondius Gabriel De Valseca
Fluvial Processes
Hypsographic Map
Le Détroit De Magellan
North Tramontane Fernando Álvares Seco
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Interactive, computerised
maps are commercially
available, allowing users
to zoom in or zoom out
(respectively meaning
to increase or decrease
the scale), sometimes by
replacing one map with
another of different scale,
centered where possible
on the same point.
Anthropomorphic maps date back to
when Sebastian Münster used a queen
to depict Europe in 1570. The map, The
Man of Commerce, by Augustus F. McKay
is the earliest anthropomorphic map
known of in the United States, created in
1889, however, Indigenous communities
have been historically depicting land
and landmarks as humanized figures.
Ptolemy also devised and provided instructions on
how to create maps both of the whole inhabited world
(oikoumenè) and of the Roman provinces. In the second
part of the Geographia he provided the necessary
topographic lists, and captions for the maps. His
oikoumenè spanned 180 degrees of longitude from
the Canary islands in the Atlantic Ocean to China, and
about 80 degrees of latitude from the Arctic to the
East Indies and deep into Africa; Ptolemy was well
aware that he knew about only a quarter of the globe.
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Panorama ExtraExtended Bold
Above
Legend
City Map
Española
Hydrology
Herman Moll
Shanghai Street
Dell'arcano Del Mare
Error Legend Modelling Groups
Gravel Tropic George Bradshaw
Klencke Atlas Hypsometric Map
Account Mapping
Analysis Earthquakes
Physicalistically Entdeckungsreisende
Surface Concept
Production Type
Manchester-Liverpool
© 2014
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Paris
Ocean
Charts
Library
Latitude
Solar Time
18Th Century
Navigators Blues
Compass Rose Johannes Ruysch
Level Surface Rectangular Map
Eratosthenes Geomorphometry
Scholar Learned Fra Mauro World Map
Hypsometric Map Magnetic Declination
Equirectangular
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Modern digital GIS
maps such as ArcMap
typically project north at
the top of the map, but
use math degrees (0 is
east, degrees increase
counter‑clockwise), rather
than compass degrees
(0 is north, degrees
increase clockwise) for
orientation of transects.
The polar coordinate system is a
two‑dimensional coordinate system in
which each point on a plane is determined
by an angle. It is especially useful in
situations where the relationship between
two points is most easily expressed
in terms of angles and distance, such
a relationship can only be found
through trigonometric formulation.
The Geography comprises two parts: Book one,
a discussion of the data and of the methods
used; and Books 2–5, an atlas. The original work
included maps, but due to the difficulties involved
in copying them by hand, the original maps have
mostly fallen out of the manuscript transmission,
with the notable exception of Minuscule 3686.
Maps based on the few surviving copies or maps
redrawn from the coordinates in the text have
been re-added to medieval copies of the work.
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Panorama ExtraExtended Bold Italic
Fiction
Address
Standard
Transport
Tithe Maps
Earth Science
Tourist Attraction
Coquille Saint-Jacques
Sterrenkundig Three-Dimensional
Willem Hondius Straight Segments
Edward Wright Self-Strengthening
Fluvial Processes
Scientific Trademarked
Bonne Projection
Pomponius Positioning
Murdoch Mckenzie Informations Displayed
Production Type
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Today
Tropic
Chinese
Streets
Soissons
South-West
Agatharchides
Un Rivage Brumeux
Compass StarS
Straight Segments
Edward Wright The Coast Of Gaul
Willem Hondius Stielers Handatlas
Bartolomeu Velho Richard Edes Harrison
Florence Meridian
Alain Manesson Mallet
World Population
Relational Information
Production Type
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Cosmography is the science
that maps the general
features of the cosmos,
describing both heaven and
Earth. The 14th-century
work Aja’ib al‑makhluqat
wa‑ghara’ib al‑mawjudat
by Arab physician Zakariya
al‑Qazwini is considered
to be an early work of
cosmography.
Many maps are static two-dimensional,
geometrically accurate representations
of three-dimensional space, while
others are dynamic or interactive, even
three‑dimensional. Although most commonly
used to depict geography, maps may
represent any space, real or imagined, without
regard to context or scale; e.g. brain mapping,
DNA mapping and extraterrestrial mapping.
Azimuthal projections have the property that directions
from a central point are preserved and therefore great
circles through the central point are represented by
straight lines on the map. Usually these projections
also have radial symmetry in the scales and hence in
the distortions: map distances from the central point
are computed by a function r(d) of the true distance d,
independent of the angle; correspondingly, circles with
the central point as center are mapped into circles
which have as center the central point on the map.
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Panorama ExtraExtended Black
Coded
System
Distance
Congress
Singapour
Management
Angular Factors
Industries Greenwich
Standard Line Pseudo-Scymnus
Great Circles Tropic Of Cancer
Gemma Frisius Matthew Flinders
Celestial Spatial Meter-Sized Features
Topological Map
Johannes Van Keulen
Sidereal Groups
Polymath Ksemendra
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Pliny
Cover
Served
Antibes
Pawnage
Time Zones
Uniformalize
Equirectangular
Earth Science Available Reality
Standard Line Spatial Planning
Compositions
Pseudo-Scymnus
Between Bearing
Combinatorial-Based
Edition However
Techniques Antarctic
Already Various
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With the field rugged
computers, GPS and laser
rangefinders, it is possible
to perform mapping
directly in the terrain.
Construction of a map
in real time, for example
by using Field‑Map
technology, improves
productivity and quality
of the result.
The term “normal cylindrical projection”
is used to refer to any projection in
which meridians are mapped to equally
spaced vertical lines and circles of
latitude (parallels) are mapped to
horizontal lines. The mapping of meridians
to vertical lines can be visualized by
imagining a cylinder whose axis coincides
with the Earth’s axis of rotation.
In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is
a two-dimensional coordinate system in which
each point on a plane is determined by an angle
and a distance. The polar coordinate system
is especially useful in situations where the
relationship between two points is most easily
expressed in terms of angles and distance; in
the more familiar Cartesian or rectangular
coordinate system, such a relationship can only
be found through trigonometric formulation.
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Panorama ExtraExtended Black Italic
Dating
Villages
Positions
Collected
Posidonius
Scale Factors
Fluvial Processes
Sense Of Place Absolute Location
Jacques Bertin Density-Equalizing
Metrocystosis Ordinal Directions
Smaller Sub-Maps
Gall–Peters Projection
Murdoch Mckenzie
Two-Point Equidistant
Abraham Ortelius
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Winds
Massif
Written
Natural
Audierne
Longitudes
A Weather Map
Florence Meridian
Henri Michelot Density-Equalizing
Isogonic Chart Elevation Sidereal
Greater Detail Alypius Of Antioch
Fluvial Processes Phyllobranchiate Core
Bar/Graphic Scale
Density-Equalizing Nicolas Auguste Tissot
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At first South America, the
Mundus Novus (New World)
was considered to be a
great island of continental
proportions; but as a result
of his fourth voyage, it was
apparently considered to
be identical with the great
Upper India peninsula
represented by Behaim,
the Cape of Cattigara.
This was approximately where he thought
the coast of eastern Asia would be found.
On this basis of calculation he identified
Hispaniola with Cipangu, which he had
expected to find on the outward voyage
at a distance of about 700 leagues from
the Canaries. His later voyages resulted
in further exploration of Cuba and in the
discovery of South and Central America.
With the coming of the global market, publishers in
different countries can reprint maps from plates made
elsewhere. This means that the place names on the
maps often use the designations or abbreviations of the
language of the country in which the feature is located,
to serve the widest market. For example, islands near
Russia have the abbreviation “O.” for “ostrov”, not “I.”
for “island”. This practice differs from what is standard
for any given language, and it reaches its extremity
concerning transliterations from other languages.
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Panorama ExtraExtended UltraBlack
Rodez
Tightly
Volumes
Hermann
Compared
Luís Teixeira
Campylodromes
Surface Shape Lines
Compositions
Nominal Capable
Thematic Map
Geovisualization
20Th Century
Retwine Surface
Sebastião Lopes
Published Construct
Well-Known Text
Autolycus Of Pitane
Piezopleth Maps
Map Indexing System
Production Type
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Road
Globe
During
Graphs
Soil Map
Longitude
Agathemerus
Scale Indicators
Peter Kozler Geomorphometry
Zhubov Scale Matthias Seutter
Approximates No Loss Of Scale
Thomas Jefferys Map Indexing System
Map Perspective
Magnetic Attractions
Organism Routes Johannes Van Keulen
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Good contour on the map
can be described as the
viewer’s ability to continue
the line throughout the
map. The figure is formed
by a contour (as opposed
to an isometric contour
line), the common boundary
between the figure and
ground, usually through
a brightness contrast.
In classical antiquity, maps were drawn
by Anaximander, Hecataeus of Miletus,
Herodotus, Eratosthenes, and Ptolemy
using both observations by explorers and
a mathematical approach. Early steps in
the development of intellectual thought
in ancient Greece belonged to Ionians
from their well-known city of Miletus
in Asia Minor.
Some of the earliest known maps were made in
Mesopotamnia, in the area now known as Iraq,
where a series of maps showing property boundaries
were drawn in about 2400 B.C. for the purpose of
land taxation. A Roman map dating from about
335‑366 A.D. showed such topographical features
as roads, cities, rivers, and mountains. The word
topography is derived from the Greek words topos,
meaning a place meaning to write. Thus, topography
is the written, or drawn, description of a place.
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Panorama ExtraExtended UltraBlack Italic
Vienne
Isopach
Primarily
Trail Map
Equatorial
Orientational
Tropic Of Cancer
Smaller-Scale
Cassini Projection
Kelsh Plotter Dimitrie Cantemir
Relief Shading
Jacques Le Moyne
Aitoff Projection
Straight-Line Diagram
The Coast Of Gaul Origin Of Coordinates
Guillaume Delisle
Production Type
Louis Isidore Duperrey
© 2014
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Level
Decize
Imagery
Le Caire
Sisteron
Population
Creating Maps
Interaktive Karte
Isogonic Chart Albers Projection
Pictorial Maps Britannia Depicta
Tom Harrisson Raised-Relief Map
Aitoff Projection
Orientation Indicators
Abraham Ortelius
Alteration Of Borders
Nicolaes Visscher
Rectilinear Projection
Production Type
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King Atlas, a mythical
King of Mauretania, was
according to legend a wise
philosopher, mathematician
and astronomer who
supposedly made the first
celestial globe. It was this
Atlas to whom Gerardus
Mercator was referring
when he first used the
name “atlas”.
The relations between the above coordinate
systems, and also Cartesian coordinates
are not presented here. The transformation
between geodetic and Cartesian coordinates
may be found in Geodetic system. The
relation of Cartesian and spherical polars
is given in Spherical coordinate system.
The relation of Cartesian and ellipsoidal
coordinates is discussed in Torge.
This seems to be the best interpretation of the
sketch map made by Alessandro Zorzi on the advice
of Bartholomew Columbus (Christopher’s brother)
around 1506, which bears an inscription saying that
according to the ancient geographer Marinus of Tyre
and Christopher Columbus the distance from Cape St
Vincent on the coast of Portugal to Cattigara on the
peninsula of India Superior was 225 degrees, while
according to Ptolemy the same distance was
180 degrees.
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Panorama
Uppercase
Lowercase
Small capitals
Standard punctuation
Case-sensitive forms
Symbols
Ligatures
Discretionary ligatures
Historical ligatures
Figures
(Lining proportional)
Figures
(Oldstyle proportional)
Figures
(Lining tabular)
Figures
(Oldstyle tabular)
Mathematical symbols
Fractions
Superiors / Inferiors
Numerators / Denominators
Superscript
Accented uppercase
Accented lowercase
Accented small capitals
Circled numbers
Arrows
Ornaments
Character set
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ( ) [ ] { } @ &
! ¡ ? ¿ . , : ; … _ - – — / \ | ¦ ( ) [ ] { } ‘ ’ “ ” ‚ „ ' " ‹ › « » • · * † ‡ @ &
! ¡ ? ¿ - – — ( ) [ ] { } ‹ › « » · @
§ ¶ © ℗ ® ™ ℠ ª º N°
fi fl fb ffb ff fh ffh ffi fj ffj fk ffk ffl ft fft Th ct st sp ſ
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 € $ ¢ £ ƒ ¥ #
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 € $ ¢ £ ƒ ¥ #
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 € $ ¢ £ ƒ ¥ #
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��
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Production Type
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All caps
[CPSP]
Case-sensitive forms
[CASE]
Small capitals
[SMCP]
Panorama
OpenType features
Off
On
Lowercase
UPPercase
[Case-sensitive]
!¡?¿-–—()[]{}‹›«»·@
[Case-sensitive]
!¡?¿-–—()[]{}‹›«»·@
Small Capitals
Small Capitals
All Small Caps
All Small Caps
fiflfbfffhfjfkft
ffbffhffiffjffkfflfft
fiflfbfffhfjfkft
ffbffhffiffjffkfflfft
Thctstsp
Thctstsp
Historical
Hiſtorical
0123456789
0123456789
H0123456789
H0123456789
H0123456789
H0123456789
H0123456789
H0123456789
H0123456789
H0123456789
Production Type
All small caps
[C2SC]
Standard ligatures
[LIGA]
Discretionary
ligatures [DLIG]
Historical ligatures
[HIST]
Slashed zero
[ZERO]
Tabular
lining figures
[TNUM + LNUM]
Tabular
oldstyle figures
[TNUM + ONUM]
Proportional
lining figures
[PNUM + LNUM]
Proportional
oldstyle figures
[PNUM + ONUM]
© 2014
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Panorama
OpenType features
Off
On
Hsuperscript
H0123456789
H,.()+−×÷=€$¢
Hsuperscript
H0123456789
H,.()+−×÷=€$¢
Subscript/Inferior
[SINF]
H0123456789
H,.()+−×÷=€$¢
H0123456789
H,.()+−×÷=€$¢
Numerator
[NUMR]
H0123456789
H,.()+−×÷=€$¢
H0123456789
H,.()+−×÷=€$¢
Denominator
[DNOM]
H0123456789
H,.()+−×÷=€$¢
H0123456789
H,.()+−×÷=€$¢
Fractions
[FRAC]
1/4 1/2 3/4
0/0 0/00
¼½¾
%‰
2a 2o No N° no n°
2a 2o No N° no n°
0123456789
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Production Type
Superscript/Superior
[SUPS]
Ordinals
[ORDN]
Stylistic set 2 & 3:
circled numbers
[SS02 & SS03]
© 2014
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Panorama
Information
Supported languages
Afrikaans, Albanian, Asu, Basque, Bemba, Bena, Bosnian, Catalan,
Chiga, Congo Swahili, Cornish, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch,
Embu, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Faroese, Filipino, Finnish,
French, Galician, Ganda, German, Gusii, Hungarian, Icelandic,
Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Jola-Fonyi, Kabuverdianu, Kalenjin,
Kamba, Kikuyu, Kinyarwanda, Latvian, Lithuanian, Luo, Luyia,
Machame, Makhuwa-Meetto, Makonde, Malagasy, Malay, Maltese,
Manx, Meru, Morisyen, North Ndebele, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian
Nynorsk, Nyankole, Oromo, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Romansh,
Rombo, Rundi, Rwa, Samburu, Sango, Sangu, Sena, Shambala, Shona,
Slovak, Slovenian, Soga, Somali, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Swiss
German, Taita, Teso, Turkish, Vunjo, Welsh, Zulu.
Designer
Jean-Baptiste Levée
Contact
Production Type
182, rue de Charenton
75012 Paris, France
+33 (0)1 77 32 63 07
Copyright
© 2014 Production Type, all rights reserved.
Production Type is a registered trademark
of Production Systems SAS.
Panorama is a registered trademark
of Production Systems SAS.
Production Type
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