View Document - Eva Crane Trust

ECTD_286(2)
TITLE:
The history of beekeeping in English gardens
SOURCE:
Garden History 28(2): 231-261
AUTHORS:
Penelope Walker & Eva Crane
DATE:
2000
CORRECTIONS
P.252, entry for 211a, add: also 211bL.
P.258, entry for 960: for Yalton read Yatton
See ECTD_286(1) for first part of text.
Reproduced with permission
242
GARDEN HISTORY 2 8 : 2
Figure n . A hive recess in a brick wall with a
straw skep on a wooden base at Quebec House,
Westerham in Kent, IBRA Register, no. 78. Photo:
John R. C. Walker, 1988.
Over half the walls with hive recesses can be dated precisely or at least to a specific
century, and the peak of building activity in England seems to have been during the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The earliest stone wall on the Register, probably
built in the twelfth century, was in a garden at Buckfast Abbey, Devon (see below).
Several brick walls in Kent are early; for instance, a 1490 garden wall in Canterbury has
three recesses on one side and twenty on the other. 31
In some garden walls the recesses were an architectural feature, as at Packwood
House, Warwickshire (Figure iz). Larger recesses — like tall alcoves •— have also been
recorded (Figure 13), and the Register includes twenty-three gardens with one or more
alcoves, in twelve counties. Most of them are larger gardens, but John Claudius Loudon
referred to a much humbler one; in An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1822) he
recommended that a labourer's cottage should have 'a Nitch in the Wall . . . to hold two
or more beehives . . .'; and his A Manual of Cottage Gardening (1830) contained plans for
three cottages, each incorporating a tall alcove with shelves.32
Bee houses
In a large garden, a bee house was occasionally built in which hives were kept on shelves,
each having a flight hole to the outside. The beekeeper entered by a door.
The twenty-three English bee houses in the Register (in fifteen counties) date mainly
from the nineteenth century, and they probably accommodated the wooden hives then
T H E H I S T O R Y OF B E E K E E P I N G IN E N G L I S H GARDENS
243
Figure 12. Some of the thirty hive recesses in the garden at Packwood House, Lapworth in Warwickshire, IBRA
Register, no. 15. Photo: by kind permission of Country Life, 1952.
coming into use. Their design varied, and the following examples show that a bee house
was often a decorative feature of a large garden. An attractive ten-sided Victorian bee
house made of wood with a zinc lattice and roof at Hall Place, now the Berkshire College
of Agriculture, was originally surrounded by an orchard and held skeps, but in the 1890s
modern hives were installed (Figure 14). A bee house in the orchard of Attingham Park,
Shropshire, has a wooden lattice front and two rows of shelves, each for six skeps (Figure
15). An octagonal bee house at Stoke Rivers, Devon, which dates from c.1685, was
originally a pigeon house, but it was converted to a bee house c.1770.33 A pair of unusual
stone bee houses erected in the large walled kitchen garden of Castle Ashby House,
Northamptonshire, was rather dilapidated in 1989.34
The frontispiece of Edward Bevan's The Honey-bee . . . (1827) shows his own
thatched bee house for wooden hives, surrounded by trees and flowers. He described it
thus:
a potatoe-cellar is sunk two thirds of its depth in the earth, and the [wooden] bee house is
raised upon it, having a couple of steps up to the door. The dimensions of both are seven feet
six inches by six feet clear within . . ,.35
James Shirley Hibberd's Rustic Adornments for Homes of Taste (1856; 1870 edn) showed
wooden box hives in a very open, ornamental 'bee house' at Stoke Newington near
London, but at his home, Bridge House in Hermitage Road, Hornsey, he had a more
robust bee house to protect hives from the east wind. 36
244
GARDEN HISTORY 2 8 : 2
Figure 13. An alcove for skeps
at Daresbury Hall, Daresbury in
Cheshire, IBRA Register, no. 16.
Photo: Cyril Lindley.
Winter bee houses
Some beekeepers wintered their beehives in windowless buildings whose inner walls
contained recesses like those for hives in outdoor walls. Most such winter bee houses are
outbuildings, but a few — including one in Stonegrave, North Yorkshire — are in gardens.
This building, of the late seventeenth century, is attached to the garden wall and has six
internal recesses.37 An early eighteenth-century building in the garden of a former rectory
in Georgeham, Devon, has nineteen recesses in two of its inside walls.
Restoration of beekeeping structures in gardens
In general, when owners understand the original function of a structure, they are likely to
do what they can to preserve it. It is fortunate that action has been taken to restore a
number of old beekeeping structures in gardens open to the public. At Heligan Gardens,
Cornwall, a brick wall with two tiers of arched recesses for skeps, fourteen in all, was
built c. 1820-40 near the kitchen garden.39 A century later, ivy and brambles were growing
THE HISTORY OF BEEKEEPING IN ENGLISH GARDENS
245
Figure 14. The bee house at Hall
Place (now the College of
Agriculture), Burchetts Green,
Maidenhead in Berkshire,
reconstructed in 1976. IBRA
Register, no. 621. Photo:
© Federation of Berkshire
Beekeepers' Associations.
.^
Figure 15. The bee house at Attingham Park, Atcham in Shropshire, restored in the 1960s, IBRA Register, no.
46. Photo: Natalie Hodgson, 1974.
246
GARDEN HISTORY 2 8 : 2
over it, but during the recent well-publicized reconstruction of the gardens, some of the
recesses — including their unusual pivoted wooden doors — were restored.
A hive recess was uncovered during clearance and restoration by the John Ruskin
Foundation of the garden at Brantwood, near Coniston, Cumbria, 40 and a bee shelter
known to have been in the vegetable garden in Ruskin's time was recently rebuilt. Ian
Townsley has written a detailed report on the feasibility of using grant funding for
preserving beekeeping structures in the Lake District National Park.41 For example, in
1999 the Park provided funds towards the restoration of a seventeenth-century drystone
garden wall near Coniston. The wall contains three hive recesses — which had been filled
in by the 1950s — and a ruined structure that was possibly a large shelter.42
At least four other walls with hive recesses in Cumbria have recently been restored.
For instance, in the garden of Sykeside, Grasmere, the Wordsworth Trust restored the
roofed bee shelter and adjoining pair of hive recesses.43 At Dove Cottage next door,
William Wordsworth and his sister had at least one hive on the 'bee stand' in the garden;44
the Trust has deduced that this stand was a raised sunny patch of ground, near a pool and
not far from the cottage.
In West Yorkshire, the Arvon Foundation repaired seven recesses in 'the bee garden'
at Lumb Bank, Heptonstall, following a public appeal for funds.45 And in the early 1990s
the Hertfordshire Building Preservation Trust restored an old forge in Much Hadham,
and also its garden where a small wooden bee shelter (perhaps eighty years old) stood in
the orchard. 46
Most walls with hive recesses are in private gardens, and several owners have
prevented the collapse of a beekeeping structure by sympathetic repairs or restoration.
For example, in Cracoe, North Yorkshire, a wall with two tall alcoves has been repaired;
each alcove has two shelves and probably held four skeps.47 Skeps were kept there until
c.1910 when this area was a garden, and the family still calls it the 'secret garden'. A bee
shelter in a garden in Grasmere, Cumbria, and eight recesses in a garden wall at Burton
Leonard, North Yorkshire, are subject to preservation orders. 48 At least one hundred
garden walls with recesses are Grade 11 listed.49
Just over the border in Wales, the gardens at Erddig Hall, Denbighshire, have been
restored to plans drawn in 1740. Near the periphery were two wide hedges with eleven
semicircular bays, each probably planned as an ornamental setting for one or more skeps.50
Occasionally, a reconstruction has not been faithful to the original, and sadly this
happened with the earliest hive recesses on the Register, at Buckfast Abbey, Devon. 51 The
Abbey was founded in 1018, and the stone wall with four or more recesses was probably
built in the twelfth century in the garden of the guest house. The wall still existed when
the Abbey was refounded in 1882, but a recess was demolished in the 1980s and then, in
1993 when the wall was rebuilt, three recesses were constructed in a style somewhat
different from the original.
A few deteriorating walls have been strengthened by filling in the recesses, but a great
many beekeeping structures must have disappeared; since recording started, at least forty
garden walls with recesses or shelters for hives have collapsed or have been demolished.
In several other walls only some of the original recesses survive.
HIVES AS AN O R N A M E N T IN THE G A R D E N
Lawson opened Chapter x of The Country Housewife's Garden as follows: 'There
remaineth one necessarie thing to bee prescribed, which in mine opinion makes as much
THE H I S T O R Y OF B E E K E E P I N G IN E N G L I S H GARDENS
247
52
for ornament as either Flowers, or forme . . . which is Bees, well ordered'. In Chapter 17
of A New Orchard and Garden, he wrote: 'Store of Bees in a dry and warme Bee-house,
comely made of Firboords, to sing, and sit, and feed upon your flowers and sprouts, make
a pleasant noise and sight . . . they will, besides the pleasure, yeeld great profit . . .'.53 In
the mid-seventeenth century, William Mew, Rector of Eastington in Gloucestershire,
devised an improved ornamented hive fitted with small glass windows so that the bees
could be seen at work. While he was away during the Civil War, Mrs Mew arranged for
the hive to be made and 'set up in the midst of [his] garden' ready for his return in 1652.54
Mew subsequently passed 'the Model or Description' of the hive to Dr John Wilkins,
Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, who 'set one up in the garden'. In 1654, Wilkins
gave one of these hives to John Evelyn, 'which I afterwards had in my Garden at SaysCourt [Kent], many Yeares after; & which his Majestie [Charles 11] came on purpose to
see & contemplate with much satisfaction'.55 Evelyn also made a drawing of his hive
(Figure 16). His diary for 24 November 1661 has the entry: 'This night his Majestie fell
into discourse with me Concerning Bees &c.' 56 Samuel Pepys's diary described his own
visit to see the hive in Evelyn's garden on 5 May 1665.57
In large gardens of country estates, hive recesses or alcoves in a wall were sometimes
made into an architectural feature, or an attractive bee house was built, as mentioned
above.
The idea of a hive as a garden ornament is not dead. Ornamental hives for beegardens were designed in Co. Durham during the 1970s and in Gloucestershire in
1983-84.58 At the Chelsea Flower Show in 1979, Harpers & Queen magazine constructed
a Mogul Bee Garden designed by Arabella Lennox-Boyd and Michael Balston. It included
beds of nectar and pollen plants, and two modern hives each with an ornamental cupola
as a roof.
THE NUMBER OF HIVES KEPT IN R E L A T I O N TO SOCIAL CLASS
Some information can be deduced from sites in the Register where a house and garden
survive from past centuries, together with a structure built for housing hives. Contemporary woodcuts, engravings and paintings also give information, and Figures 3—7 and 9
show examples. The small garden of a labourer or cottager might have contained a few
hives (Figure 6), and if wall recesses were built in such a garden, there were only a few.
Large country estates might have as many as forty-six wall recesses for hives, and the
alcoves and bee houses were also in such gardens. A gentleman needed a good many hives
to provide honey for his extended household (Figure 5, bottom right).
Contemporary documents provide further evidence. In 167 probate inventories from
seventeen English counties (c. 1550—1730), the average number of hives increased with
social standing, from 2.0 for a labourer to 3.6 for a husbandman or yeoman, and to 4.4
for a gentleman. 59 Aileen M. Hopkinson found that cottagers in Derbyshire often shared
hives,60 and records include several examples of sharing — for instance in inventories of a
yeoman in Hampshire, a husbandman in Cheshire and a linen webster in Derbyshire.
Apart from the above data, it is general beekeeping experience that more hives are
kept in areas where honey yields are high than in those where yields are low. The former
would have a benign climate, where richer households would be likely to live.
There does not appear to be any evidence of a substantial change over the centuries
in the number of hives kept. 61
248
GARDEN HISTORY 2 8 : 2
I he >
Fig. 2, I'velyrfs transparent bee-hive
. « ii Sc 1 i ',,
j< u. is.. • >..:. • [ •••• 52,
Figure 16. John Evelyn's drawing of his 'glass hive' at Sayes Court, Deptford in Kent, c. 1660; from David
A. Smith, 'John Evelyn's manuscript on bees from Elysium Britannicum', Bee World, XLVII (1965), 53.
M E A N I N G S OF THE T E R M ' B E E G A R D E N '
According to early English books with instructions on beekeeping, the most essential
feature of the place where hives were to be kept was an enclosure, for it provided
protection against theft and damage by animals.
Butler (e.g. Figure 3), and others after him, used the term 'bee-garden' as a place
where bees were kept. 62 The term occurred in surveys made in Cornwall in 1839—42 for
tithe commutation purposes, and almost certainly had the same meaning; six of these bee
gardens were in a garden, a 'bee orchard' in an orchard, and a 'bee close' and a 'bee hive
plot' in arable land. 63 However, the word 'apiary' (from the Latin apiarium) was in use by
the 1650s, and 'bee garden' was often applied to a garden devoted to the cultivation of
plants for bees.
In certain parts of England, 'bee garden' had another connotation, being more
similar to that of 'zoological garden'. It was an enclosure within open land where the bees
THE HISTORY OF BEEKEEPING IN ENGLISH GARDENS
249
would be protected from animals; bee plants were not normally grown in it but were
a b u n d a n t on the surrounding land. Hives of bees were moved into the bee garden for a
short period each year so that the bees could produce honey from a prolific wild plant
then in bloom, especially heather {Calluna vulgaris L.). In 1976, a visit was made to some
of these bee gardens in the N e w Forest in H a m p s h i r e with a Forest Keeper w h o
remembered skeps being brought into the Forest from S o u t h a m p t o n nearby by horse and
cart, and whose family memory as foresters went back to 1850. 64 T h e N e w Forest had
been established as a royal hunting preserve in N o r m a n times, and the erection of fences
was forbidden; instead, beekeepers built banks of earth, and traces of these still remain.
T h e age of the enclosures visited was not k n o w n , but records of others — dated J u n e
1635 — have been found in the Public Records Office. 65 In that year, forty-four beekeepers
were fined for planting hedges to enclose various parcels of land in the king's demesne to
protect their hives from animals such as cattle, sheep and pigs, as well as from hunting
dogs and deer. Seventy-three bee-gardens were recorded, apparently containing over five
hundred hives — an average of seven per enclosure.
H e y w o o d Sumner referred to the bee-gardens in the N e w Forest, and to an e a r t h w o r k
called a bee garden at Holt H e a t h , Dorset, although he regarded its use for hives as
unlikely. 66 In Surrey, C h o b h a m C o m m o n had a triple-banked rectangular enclosure
marked 'bee garden' on the 1945 O r d n a n c e Survey M a p , 6 7 but no evidence has yet been
found that hives were placed in it.
G A R D E N PLANTS USEFUL TO BEES
Appendix A lists nearly seventy plants recommended for bees by three English authors in
the seventeenth century. 6 8 Nearly half of the plants, and a wide variety of others, were
also listed in a chapter on 'Bee pasturage' in Bevan's The honey-bee, and all were included
in Dr F. N . H o w e s ' s Plants and Beekeeping (1945). 69 O n e or more of the three main
R o m a n writers on bees — Varro, Virgil, Columella — also mentioned fourteen of the
plants. Varro gave the names of crops 'that are most attractive to bees', and Columella
listed many in which 'the region should . . . be rich'. 7 0 Columella said that 'round the
whole apiary, little trees of small growth ought to be planted . . . also wild marjoram and
pines and rosemary, and clumps of savory and thyme and violets . . .'. 71
Phillyrea (family Oleaceae) is of special interest because Worlidge recommended it
so highly in 1676 (other seventeenth-century beekeeping books did not mention it):
Above any other Tree, they [the bees] most affect the Phyllirea [sic]; one sort of them beareth in
those Months [spring] an abundance of greenish Blossoms, which yield great plenty of Gummy
Rosinny Sweat, which the Bees daily transport to their Hives. . . . Nothing can be more
acceptable to your Bees than a Hedge of this Tree about your Apiary. . . . Although these Trees
are not now very common, yet they are easily propagated from Seeds, Layers or Slips.72
T h e only other mention found of Phillyrea in connection with bees is in Bevan's The
honey-bee.73 T w o species had been introduced into Britain by 1597: P. angustifolia L. and
P. latifolia L. These evergreen shrubs reach up to 3 and 8 metres respectively. 74 T h e
'gummy, rosinny sweat' suggests honeydew, and this could have been produced if aphids
were present on Worlidge's Phillyrea plants.
T h e first b o o k devoted entirely to plants for bees in England was probably Henry
Dobbie's Bee Pasturage (1886). It was followed the next year by W. C. Hazlitt's Gleanings
in Old Garden Literature, which included many references to bee plants. 7 5 Garden Plants
Valuable to Bees (1981) contains nine tables listing different types of plants (e.g.
250
GARDEN H I S T O R Y
28:2
76
herbaceous, climbers, for the wild garden). In addition to horticultural details, the value
to bees of each plant is indicated, where 'N' is for nectar, 'p' for pollen and 'B' as useful to
bumble bees. Double-flowered cultivars are likely to have little relevance to bees because
their stamens are converted into petals.
A clear description of the part played by honey bees in pollination was first published
in 1750 by Arthur Dobbs who lived in Co. Antrim, Ireland.77 Honeybees pollinate many
of the flowers from which they obtain their food, and a hive of bees in a garden can benefit
fruit and seed production there and in other gardens within a kilometre or more.
In addition to harvesting honey from their hives, people in the past — as now —
derived much pleasure from watching the bees in and around the hives, and on garden
flowers.
A P P E N D I X A: PLANTS R E G A R D E D AS I M P O R T A N T FOR BEES IN THE P U B L I C A T I O N S
OF C H A R L E S B U T L E R , R I C H A R D R E M N A N T AND JOHN W O R L I D G E
Botanical name 3
English name b
Acer spp.
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
Anthemis cotula L.
Bellis perennis L.
Berberis vulgaris L.
Borago officinalis L.
Brassica oleracea L.
Brassica rapa L.
Buxus sempervirens L.
Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull.
Cannabis sativa L.
Carduusl Cirsium
Centaurea nigra L.
Corydalis officinalis
Corylus avellana L.
Crataegus monogyna Jacq.
Cucumis melo L.
Echium vulgare L.
Erica cinerea L./tetralix L.
Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz
Fagus sylvatica L.
?Geum urbanum L.
Hedera helix L.
Helleborus foetidus L.
Hyoscyamus niger L.
Ilex aquifolium L.
lsatis tinctoria L.
Eamium spp.
Lavandula angustifolia L.
Malus pumila Mill.
Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.
Malva spp.
Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br.
Melissa officinalis L.
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.
Papaverrhoeas L.
Phaseolus/Vicia
Phillyrea angustifolia L./P. latifolia L.
Pinus sylvestris L.
Pisum sativum L.
maple
alder
mayweed (matners)
daisy
barberry
borage
seed cabbage
turnip 0
box, palm-trees
heather
hemp
thistle
knapweed
fumitory
hazel, filberd
hawthorn
melon
bugloss
heath
wallflower, gilliflowerc
beech
benet, ?herb-bennet
ivy
bear's foot
henbane
holly
woad
archangel
lavender
apple c
crab apple
mallows
stock, gilliflower
balm c
daffodil, lide-flower
red-weed
bean c
phyllirea
pine0
pea0
THE H I S T O R Y OF B E E K E E P I N G IN E N G L I S H GARDENS
Botanical name"
English name b
Plantago lanceolata L.
Polygonum fagopyum L.
Prunus avium L.
Prunus x domestica L.
Prunus x domestica L. ssp. institia (L.) Schneid.
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.
Prunus spinosa L.
Pyrus communis L.
Quercus robur L.
^Reseda luteola L.
R/fees grossularioides Maxim.
Rosmarinus officinalis L.
Rubus fruticosus agg. L.
Sa/z'x viminalis L., etc.
Sambucus nigra L.
Satureja spp.
Sinapis arvensis L.
Taraxacum officinale Weber
Thymus vulgaris L.
Trifolium pratense L./T. repens L.
Vicza sp.
V/o/a sp.
Unidentified:
short plantain
buckwheat
cherry
plum c
bullace
peach c
blackthorn, sloe
wild pear c
oak
yellowcrea [yellow weed]
gooseberry
rosemary c
blackberry
willow, withy-palm, withy c
elder
savory
charlock
dandelion
thyme 0
red and white honeysuckle [clover]
bean,vetch
violet0
cockbell (a woodflower)
crowpickes
goar
rockers
thorn
251
a
Most probable botanical name; bEnglish name cited by the authors, but in modern spelling; °Also mentioned
by one or more Roman authors.
B
= Charles Butler, The Feminine Monarchic, or a Treatise Concerning Bees and the Due Ordering of Them
(Oxford, 1609; also 1623 edn); R "-= Richard Remnant, A Discourse or Historie of Bees . . . (London, Thomas
Slater, 1637); w = J[ohn] W[orlidge], Gent, Apiarium, or a Discourse of. . . Bees (London: Thomas Dring,
1676).
x
, Foraged by bees; s, for shelter or for swarms to settle on; - , not cited.
A P P E N D I X B: SITES IN E N G L A N D OF A WALL WITH R E C E S S E S OR A N O T H E R
S T R U C T U R E FOR S H E L T E R I N G HIVES ( T W E L F T H - T W E N T I E T H C E N T U R Y )
Sites listed were recorded in the International Bee Research Association Register from
1952 to 1999. They are listed under current county or authority name, in order of Register
number. Structures other than wall recesses (bee boles) are labelled as: H, bee house; L,
bee shelter; w, winter bee house; *, demolished. Although most structures are on private
property, many owners permit access on request; however, visitors may not be welcome
at sites marked 'f'.
Bedfordshire
45H
27 Rothsay Rd, Bedford
472W
Old School House, Studham
Berkshire
35o
Mill Green House, Church St, Wargrave
449
Willow Farm, Oakley Green, Windsor
621H
Berkshire College of Agriculture (formerly
Hall Place), Burchetts Green, Maidenhead
Ufton Court, Sulhamstead
977
1153
Finchamstead Church Centre
Bradford, see Yorkshire, West
Buckinghamshire
Hall Place, Wycombe End, Beaconsfield
333
The Limes, Lower Winchendon
403 L
Hitcham Old Garden, Burnham
406
Remnantz, Marlow
448
Burnham Abbey, nr Maidenhead
52.3
Chilton House, nr Aylesbury
55o
The Old Rectory, Wycombe End,
1007
Beaconsfield
252
1241
GARDEN H I S T O R Y
Bradenham Manor, nr High Wycombe
731.
74L
Calderdale, see Yorkshire, West
76 L*
79W
Daresbury Hall, Daresbury
Long Lane Farm, Pott Shrigley
Pedley House, Pedley Hill, Rainow
Betley Court, Betley, nr Crewe [postal
address is Staffs.]; also 1061L, 1061W
Radland Mill, St Dominick, nr Saltash
North Wall Farm, Tideford Cross, Saltash
The Rectory, Sheviock, Torpoint
Dannon Chapel Farm, Delabole
Heligan House, St Ewe, St Austell
Carthew Farm, Carthew, St Austell
Tregreenwell, Michaelstow, St Teath
Fradd's Meadow, St Tudy, Bodmin
Godolphin House, Breage, Helston
Apple Orchard Farm, Gwithian
The Haven, Mount Hawke, St Agnes
Ivey Farm, Altarnun
Garrow Farm (derelict), Altarnun
Penpol House, St Erth, Hayle; also 718b
Gurlyn Farm, Relubbus, Penzance
Vounder Vean, Jubilee Place, Pendeen
Upton Hall, Upton Cross, Liskeard
Northcombe Farm, Linkinhorne
Pencroud Farm, Menheniot, Liskeard
Bathpool, North Hill, Launceston
Bearah Farm, North Hill, Launceston
Uphill Farm, North Hill, Launceston
Trevorian, Sancreed, Penzance
Chapel Euny Farm, Sancreed, Penzance
Church Row, Sheviock, Torpoint
Polgreen Farm, St Mawgan-in-Pydar
Killivose, Camborne
Trenouth Farm, St Ervan, Wadebridge
Newton Farm, Launceston
Tempellow, Liskeard
Tregrill Vean, Menheniot, Liskeard
Harabeara, W. Harrowbarrow, Callington
Gulval Mead House, Gulval, nr Penzance
Wicca Farm, Zennor, St Ives
Arcadia, Churchdown, St Breock
site of Wheal Martyn Museum, St Austell
Coombe Farm, Bathpool, Launceston
Patrieda Farm, Linkinhorne, Launceston
Hollidge, Caradon Villa, Liskeard
Pentire Farm, Polzeath, Wadebridge
Ludgven [modern bee house]
Lavalow, Sithney Green, Helston
Uphill Farm, Rillerton
Pendoggett Farm, St Kew, Bodmin
Fairview Farm, Lanteth, St Austell
Cumbria
34
Hill Top, Near Sawrey, Ambleside
40
Greta Grove, Keswick
71
Hall Dunnerdale Farm, Seathwaite
86
871.
100
106
107L
129
130
136
137
138
150
155L
156L
157
187
190""
194L
195L
210L
211a
212
213
214
215L
216
2i7a-c
218*?
219
238
24:1
282
285
313*
3261"
454
461
482
513a
517
519
530L
53i
532
533
536
537
539
540
54i
28:2
Fairfield, Lorton, nr Cockermouth
Oak Hill, Lorton, nr Cockermouth
Combe Cottage, Borrowdale
Appleby Castle Conservation Centre
High Yewdale Farm, Coniston
Holme Ground, Coniston
High Water Head, Coniston
Whitestock Hall, Rusland
Bridge End Farm, Thirlspot
Weir Cottage, Great Langdale
Low Colwith Farm, Little Langdale
Neals Row, Urswick, Barrow-in-Furness
Church Style, Pennington
Albyfield Farm, Cumrew
Helme Farm, Cumrew
Meadow Park, Hayton, nr Carlisle
The Croft, Bouth, Ulverston
Nab Cottage, White Moss, Grasmere
Well Know, Cartmel
Rothvale, Kirkby Moor
Stanegarth, Bampton
The Old Manor House, Skelwith Fold
High Bield, Little Langdale
Oaks Farm, Langdale
The Hill, Grizebeck, Kirkby-in-Furness
Ring House, Woodland, Broughton-inFurness
Kirkby Hall, Kirkby-in-Furness
Dove Bank, Kirkby-in-Furness
Tenterbank, Grizebeck, Kirkby-in-Furness
The Cottage, Grizebeck, Kirkby-inFurness; also 2iibL
Ashlack Hall, Grizebeck, Kirkby-inFurness
The Hill, Heathwaite, Grizebeck; also
ziydh
Anna's Croft, Chapel, Kirkby-in-Furness
Yeat House, Woodland, Broughton-inFurness
Draw Well, Howgill, Sedbergh
Bank Ground, Coniston
Low Bield, Knype Fold, Outgate
Dovecote Farm, Sedbergh
near Plough Inn, nr Kirkby Lonsdale
Penrith Rd, Alston
Foulstone, Kirkby Lonsdale
Fell Foot Farm, Little Langdale
Moor House, Warcop, Appleby
Sykeside, Grasmere; also 5i3bL
Bank End, Millhouse, Hesket-Newmarket
Bradley Field House, Underbarrow Rd,
Kendal
Low Nest Farm, Keswick
Curthwaite House, Curthwaite, nr Carlisle
Light Hall, nr Windy Hill, Rusland
Bowkerstead Farm, Satterthwaite
'Bee boles', Far Sawrey
White Cottage, Cunsey, Ambleside
North View, Renwick
Holly Bank, Renwick
Grassgarth, Crosthwaite, Lyth, Kendal
Toddell, Brandlingill, Cockermouth
THE H I S T O R Y OF B E E K E E P I N G I N E N G L I S H GARDENS
593
600
60 r
604
605
606
607
608 L
609
6lo
622
6ZT,
624
626a
629
632L
636
640
641
642
643
646L
658
662
665 L
666w*
667
668L
669
670
671L
672
673 L
674
675
681
68 s
686*
687
689
690
691L
7io
7ii
712
713
754
77i
772.
797
8IOL
833L
840
841a
842H
843
844L
845L
846L*
Staingarthside H a l l , nr P e n t o n , Carlisle
7 Tudor Square, Dalton-in-Furness
O r c h a r d Rise, C a r t m e l
Lowick House, Lowick Green
Nettleslack F a r m , nr Ulverston
Little Urswick, Urswick
T o w n Yeat, H i g h N i b t h w a i t e
Laurel H o u s e , H i g h N i b t h w a i t e
L a k e End, H i g h N i b t h w a i t e , n r Ulverston
in field o p p o s i t e Abbey F a r m , St Bees
C i n d e r Hill, F i n s t h w a i t e , Ulverston
Appletree F a r m , Blawith, L o w i c k
Pithall, Blawith, nr Ulverston
W h e t s t o n e Croft, W o o d l a n d , B r o u g h t o n in-Furness; also 6z6bh
Orchard House, Dean, Cockermouth
Light H a l l C o t t a g e , R u s l a n d
'Thurston', Coniston Lake, Hawkshead
18 M a r k e t Place, D a l t o n - i n - F u r n e s s
6A M a r k e t Place, D a l t o n - i n - F u r n e s s
Wellhouse F a r m , N e t h e r h o u s e s , Ulverston
H o l m Bank H o u s e , G r e a t Urswick
G o o d y Bridge H o u s e , G r a s m e r e
Barrenthwaite Hall, Stainmore
O r c h a r d Close, Sedgewick, n r Kendal
Boot C o t t a g e , T r o u t b e c k , W i n d e r m e r e
Hill H o u s e , M a u l d s M e a b u r n , Penrith
M e a b u r n Hill F a r m , M a u l d s M e a b u r n ?
Fern B a n k , M a i n Street, B u r t o n
Craglands, Clawthorpe, Burton
B o o t h ' s car p a r k , H i g h g a t e , K e n d a l
4 Prospect T e r r a c e , Fellside, K e n d a l
11 R o s e m a r y L a n e , Fellside, Kendal
Sidey B a n k , T r o u t b e c k , W i n d e r m e r e
Gt H a r t b a r r o w Farm, Winster, Cartmel
847
856
8831+
918H
929L
931L
982
994
1040
1041L
1044
IO45 L
IO46
IO48"'
1049
1050
1051 *
IO52
IO53L
IO54L
IO55
IO56L
IO58
1060
1064
1065
IO73
1074
IO79
1080
I08l
I087
I098W
IO99L
Fell
IIOOL
Brinn's F a r m , Shap
W h i t Beck, G a r s d a l e , nr Sedburgh
Bridge H o u s e , C a r t m e l Fell
Irvings F a r m , Blencow, Penrith
Alma Croft, G r a h a m St, Penrith
B r o w H o u s e , Black Beck, E g r e m o n t
Keld C o t t a g e , A s k h a m
Moss Dyke, Mungrisdale
T o w e r H e a d , L o n g M a r t o n , nr Appleby
Sizergh C o t t a g e , Sizergh, Kendal
R a v e n s b a r r o w L o d g e , C a r t m e l Fell
derelict F a r m , L u p t o n , nr Kendal
H i g h L o n g m i r e C o t t a g e , B o u t h , Ulverston
Croft H e a d , H i g h R o w , Haltcliffe
Banks Foot F a r m , L a n e r c o s t , B r a m p t o n
Beckside H o u s e , C a r t m e l
T o w e r H e a d H o u s e , N e a r Sawrey
Clubs (near R o m a n Wall), nr Carlisle
Mill H o u s e , Calder Bridge, nr Seascale
Bridge Field Farm, Spark Bridge; also
84ibL
Croft H o u s e , Little Clifton, W o r k i n g t o n
Gateside B a r n , C o n i s t o n
Townfoot, Troutbeck, Windermere
L o w Fold, T r o u t b e c k , W i n d e r m e r e
T o w n E n d Farm, T r o u t b e c k , W i n d e r m e r e
IIOIH
1104
IIO5
II3OL
II3ia
II32
1149
II50
II5I
II52
H57aL
1158
1159
1160
1161L
Il62+
II63L
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1179
253
R a w Head, Great Langdale
T h a c k y , M e l k i n t h o r p e , nr Penrith
Grasmere
C r o s t h w a i t e H o u s e , C r o s t h w a i t e , Kendal
B a r r o w Wife, C a r t m e l Fell
T o w Lane House, Newbiggin-on-Lune
M i r e h o u s e , U n d e r S k i d d a w , Keswick
52 M a i n St, St Bees
Hazelmount, Thwaites, Millom
Newlands Farm, Borrowdale
H o d g e Hill, T i l b e r t h w a i t e
G r e e n w a y s , W o o d h e a d , E d e n h a l l , Penrith
Woodside Farmhouse, Dean, Workington
M o u n s e y b a n k , P l u m p t o n , nr Penrith
Elliscales F a r m , A s k h a m R d , D a l t o n - i n Furness
H i g h Stott Park, F i n s t h w a i t e
Commercial Inn, Bouth
field at W a t e r Yeat, Blawith, nr Ulverston
W a t e r Yeat G u e s t H o u s e , Blawith
Mill H o u s e , W a t e r Yeat, Blawith
K n o t t End Farm, T h w a i t e s , n r M i l l o m
Yew T r e e C o t t a g e , B o u t h
South View H o u s e , H u n s o n b y , nr Penrith
19 N e w b a r n s Village, B a r r o w - i n - F u r n e s s
L o w i c k Bridge F a r m , L o w i c k Bridge
3 Skelgate, D a l t o n - i n - F u r n e s s
Tranearth, Torver, Coniston
P l u m p t o n H a l l , Ulverston
Stone Croft, Priest L a n e , C a r t m e l
B o a d h o l e F a r m , Priest L a n e , C a r t m e l
Little Croft, Kirkby-in-Furness
Marsh Grange, Askham-in-Furness
Hole House, Ulpha
Pye H o u s e , G r e a t L a n g d a l e
Beckside H o u s e , B a r b o n , Kirkby L o n s d a l e
C a b i n e t B a n k , P e n n i n g t o n , Ulverston
nr Bell Hill C o t t a g e s , M a r t o n , Ulverston
Graystone House, Hallthwaites, Millom
Sunnybank, Broughton-in-Furness
B r a n t w o o d , C o n i s t o n ; also i i 3 i b L
Scar H e a d , T o r v e r , C o n i s t o n
2 Castle Street, H i l t o n
T h e Green Tree, Hilton
Linden H o u s e , H i l t o n
1 R o c k C o t t a g e s , M a i n R d , Baycliff
Dale G a r t h , Scales, A l d i n g h a m
Ormsgill F a r m , B a r r o w - i n - F u r n e s s
T h y m e C o t t a g e , N o r t h Scale, B a r r o w - i n Furness
H u n t i d e F a r m , G r e a t Urswick, B a r r o w - i n Furness
High Rosthwaite, Woodland, Barrow-inFurness
Burnmoor, Woodland
Raisthwaite, Woodland
2 H o l m e C o t t a g e s , Urswick
Mireside, Broughton
The Cottage, Gawthwaite
Brocklebank Ground, Torver
H u n d o w H a l l , L o w i c k Bridge, Ulverston
Bee Boles C o t t a g e , E a m o n t Bridge
254
GARDEN HISTORY 28:2
Collin Field, Cartmel Fell
Low Foxfield Cottage, Cartmel Fell
Stang End, Little Langdale
Walthwaite How, Chapel Style
Crowtrees, Satterthwaite
Houkler Hall, Blawith, Ulverston
3 The Row, Lowick Green, Ulverston
Bolton Ground, Kirby Ireleth
Elf Howe, Kentmere Rd, Staveley
Lane Head Farm, Brough
Borderside, Bowland Bridge, Crosthwaite
Roughholme Farm, Waberthwaite
Whinfell Hall, Lorton
Haberwain, Crosby, Ravensworth
The Poplars, North Scale, Walney; also
I2IlbL
12.59
1260
1261L
1262
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270L
1271
1272
12.73
1278
1279
1280L
1284L
1286
Police Houses, Kirkby-in-Furness
Greenfield House, Lower Allithwaite
Hampsfell Hall, Field Broughton, Cartmel
Cross Villa, Silecroft, Millom
Town End House, Troutbeck,
Windermere
Higher Rowell Farm, Milnthorpe
Bleaze Hall, Old Hutton, Kendal
41 Captain French Lane, Kendal
Grassgars, Ulpha; also izz6bh
Booth Holme, Ulpha
Dove Ford, Kirkby-in-Furness
Hill Park Farm, Lowick Bridge
Duddon Bank, Duddon Bridge
Stone Briggs House, Elleriggs, Brow
Finsthwaite House, Finsthwaite, Ulverston
Hollybank, Blawith, nr Ulverston
8 Tithe Barn Cottages, Kendal
Knott End Farm, Broughton Mills
Fellgate Strands, The Green, Millom
Hill Farm, Beanthwaite; also i25ibL
Low Arnside Farm, Coniston
Crook Barn, Torver
The Abbey Mill, Furness Abbey
Cornbrook House, Clogger Beck, Cartmel
Greenfield House, Station Rd, Flookburgh,
Grange-over-Sands
Beechwood, Hincaster, Milnthorpe
Church Cottage, Croglin, CA4 9RZ
Low Fold, Crook, Kendal, LA8 8LP
East Banks Farm, Dentdale
Little Clock Cottage, Troutbeck
Woodhouse Farm, Catterlen, nr Penrith
Po (Peacock) House, Whicham, nr Millom
Holly Cottage, Cartmel
1 Fern Cottages, Back Rd, Lindale
Low Kiln Bank, Seathwaite (Duddon)
The Wyke, Grasmere
Park Head, nr Renwick
Howgill Castle, nr Milburn, Penrith
Ghyll House, Greystoke Gill, Greystoke
New Arnaby, The Green, Millom
Low Torver Park, Torver
Sunny Bank Farm, Torver
Headgate, Soutergate, Kirkby-in-Furness
'Kester's Ash', Newbiggin-on-Lune
1289
1290
1291W
1292
1293
1294L
1295
1296s"
1297s'
1298s"
1299
Fold Cottage, Far Sawrey, Ambleside
Low Yeat, Green Quarter, Kentmere
Park House, Kentmere
Main St, Clapham
Skells Lodge Farm, Dalton-in-Furness
Hesleyside, Watermillock, Ullswater
Cherry Tree, Troutbeck, Windermere
Greenhow, Penrudduck, C A I I OSA
The Old Vicarage, Satterthwaite
Thorphinsty Hall, Cartmel Fell
Knott End Farm, Grizebeck, Kirkby-inFurness
see also Northumberland, 587
Derbyshire
47
Robin Hood, Baslow
48
Cuckoostone Grange Farm, Matlock
97
Mill House, Millersdale
660
Milford House Hotel, Bakewell
1003
Southwood House Farm, Ticknall
Devon
25
37
50
70
122
143
144
152s"
153
165
200
204
207
208
230LS"
231
304
305
306
308s"?
309
310s"
311
315
316
319
320s"
321
322
332
336
338
339
344
347
413s'
442
Zephyr Cottage, Lynton
Brook Stores, Croyde, Barnstaple
Pack of Cards Inn, High St, Combe Martin
Horslake, Cheriton Bishop
Ford Farm, Manaton
Brecan Cottage, Croyde, Barnstaple
Gwynant, Chapel St, Georgeham
Old Post Office, Longdown, Exeter
Venn Farm, Morchard Bishop
Chawleigh Week Farm, Chulmleigh
Sheepwash Farm, Molland, B. Monkton
North Heathercombe, Manaton
Higher Westcott, Doccombe
Abbey Farm, Buckfast
Brownberry Farm, Dunnabridge Pound
Brook Farm, Dunsford
Virginia Cottage, Trusham, Newton
Abbot
Penny's Cottage, Penny's Hill, Upton
Myrtle Cottage, Riverside Rd West,
Newton Ferrers
Eastleigh Manor, Eastleigh, Bideford
Jasmine Cott, School Rd,
Stokeinteignhead
Grange Farm, Goodrington, Paignton
Little Marland Farm, Petrockstow
Aish House Farm, Stoke Gabriel, Totnes
Aish House, Stoke Gabriel, Totnes
Gatcombe House, Littlehempston, Totnes
Glebe House, Whitestone, Exeter [?]
Lower Somel, Witheridge
Clennon Rd/Fore St, Barton, Torquay
Young's, Kenn, Exeter
Westwood Farm, Longdown
22 Exeter Rd, Crediton, nr Exeter
Tower House, POrchard Hill, Bideford
Farlacombe, Bickington, Newton Abbot
Lake Cottage, Goodleigh, Barnstaple
Culleigh, Monkleigh, Bideford
Barnside Cottage, Uton, Crediton
T H E H I S T O R Y OF B E E K E E P I N G IN E N G L I S H GARDENS
446
450
45 1
460
497
503
555
557
558
559*?
560
56i
562
564
565*?
566
567
568
569*
57o*
571
572.*
574*
575
576
577
578*
579 f
59i
631
645
650W
653
656
682
76i
769
77o
777
787a
789a
791
792-W
868
872
873
874
875*
884
889
900
9ii
912
922
938
966
97i
981a
992.
993
L o w e r Well, B r o a d h e m p s t o n , T o t n e s
T h e R i n g o'Bells, C h e r i t o n Fitzpaine
L o w e r Churchill F a r m , E a s t d o w n
Allaleigh H o u s e , B l a c k a w t o n , T o t n e s
South H e a l e , H i g h Bickington
Yeo F a r m , N o r t h T a w t o n
Highfield, Lee, Ilfracombe
M o n k ' s W a l k , 21 Fore St, C u l l o m p t o n
G r e a t W o o d , M e r t o n , nr G r e a t T o r r i n g t o n
Yarnley, nr Sandford, C r e d i t o n
N e w l a n d s , L a n d k e y , Barnstaple
Upcott Farm, Winkleigh
U p c o t t Farm, W i n k l e i g h
H u r s c o t t F a r m , L a n d k e y , Barnstaple
site of electricity t r a n s f o r m e r , B r a u n t o n
Martin Farm, Whidden D o w n ,
Okehampton
N y m e t t Bridge C o t t a g e , L a p f o r d
C o l d h a r b o u r , Ashreigney, n r W i n k l e i g h
Lake Farm, C o r n b o r o u g h , A b b o t s h a m
Victory W o o d ? , N y m e t t Bridge, L a p f o r d
D o c h C o t t a g e , W e a r e Gifford, Bideford
Higher Thorndean, Holsworthy
Blackness Farm, East C o r n w o r t h y , T o t n e s
Landsend Barton, Colebrooke
W e s t a c o t t , Barnstaple
Mill T o w n F a r m , M e s h a w
T a w Mill, W e m b w o r t h y , Winkleigh
Braunton
Upton Farm, Wright's Lane, Upton
Elm Park, B r o a d h e m p s t o n
Kilworthy House, Tavistock
T h e O l d R e c t o r y , C l a n n a b o r o u g h , Bow
Oak House, Chard Rd, Axminster
Southdown Farm, Malborough
Lower Milton, Payhembury, Honiton
T h e G w y t h e r s , Lee Bay, Ilfracombe
R o w e s Farm, C o l e b r o o k e , nr C r e d i t o n
H o m e Farm, King's N y m p t o n Park
H a y e Farm, Plymstock, P l y m o u t h
L o w e r Soar, M a l b o r o u g h , Kingsbridge
Trehill F a r m , S a m p f o r d C o u r t e n a y ; also
789bw
M a r l b o r o u g h H o u s e , C h u r c h St, S. Brent
C o u r t B a r t o n , Aveton Gifford
D o l t o n H o u s e , 2 Fisher Street, Paignton
Spencer C o t t a g e , Coleford, n r C r e d i t o n
Lower C o o m b e Farm, Lympstone
Chilton F a r m , Bickleigh, n r T i v e r t o n
West Catkill, R o s e a s h , South M o l t o n
M o o r h a y e s Farm, C u l l o m p t o n
Star B a r t o n Farm, C o w l e y , nr Exeter
Rose Cottage, Woolfardisworthy
L o w e r B r o o k F a r m , Withleigh, T i v e r t o n
Mill F a r m , Little Silver, T i v e r t o n
The Barton, Chawleigh
H e a t h C o t t a g e , H e a t h L a n e , Weeke B a r t o n
Nymet Barton, Nymet Rowland
T h e C o u r t , N e o p a r d y , nr C r e d i t o n
Beetor F a r m , nr N o r t h Bovey; also 9 8 i b w
Poole F a r m , W a r k l e i g h , C h i t t l e h a m h o l t
2 Mill H o u s e , South Z e a l , O k e h a m p t o n
996
991
1004
1021
1024
1047
1057
1059
1063
1066
1067
1068
1070
1072
1084
1085
1086
1089
1090
1091
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1103
1106
1107W
1108
IIIO
1112
1119
1120
1127H
1145
1146
1147
1199
1200
1208
1214
255
D o w n F a r m , T e d b u r n St M a r y , Exeter
Clanacombe M a n o r , Buckland, Bantham
T h e D o n k e y Sanctuary, S a l c o m b e Regis
Whitehouse Farm, Winkleigh
Hill F a r m , East Village, nr C r e d i t o n
Boode F a r m , B o o d e , B r a u n t o n
C o u r t n e y ' s F a r m , A u n k , Clyst H y d o n
B a t w o r t h y Mill, B a t w o r t h y , nr C h a g f o r d
Spence C o m b e , nr C r e d i t o n
Scottishill F a r m , D u n s f o r d
B a r t o n b u r y , nr D o w n St M a r y
O l d Venn, P o u n d L a n e , Bridford
Beenleigh M a n o r , nr D i p t f o r d , T o t n e s
C h u r c h w a t e r C o t t a g e , Ashreigney
Ford F a r m , C h a w l e i g h
L e w d o n Farm, Black D o g , nr C r e d i t o n
C h o l h o u s e F a r m , Bondleigh, N . T a w t o n
Forge C o t t a g e , H o l l o c o m b e
Jarvis T e n e m e n t , South H u i s h
C o m b e F a r m , Loddiswell
Ash B a r t o n , B r a u n t o n
N o r t h c o t e F a r m , Patchole, Kentisbury
Ford
O x e n p a r k , M o r c h a r d Bishop
Hollocombe Barton, Chulmleigh
G o o d c o t , Ashreighey
Bourna Farm, Merton
R a m s l a n d , nr H o l b e t o n
St G e o r g e ' s H o u s e , G e o r g e h a m
G r e a t Pitford F a r m , H o l l o c o m b e
L a n d c o m b e F a r m , H a w k r i d g e [Somerset]
P a r n a c o t t , H o l s w o r t h y , EX22 7JD
C o c k i n g t o n C o u r t , T o r q u a y [new]
Pound House, Lower Longcombe, Totnes
T h e O l d R e c t o r y , Stoke Rivers, B a r n s t a p l e
Ferndale H o u s e , South Allington
R e a d s F a r m , Loddiswell
Stoke H o u s e , Stoke G a b r i e l , nr T o t n e s
H i g h e r B r o w n s h a m , nr H a r t l a n d
Hall C o t t a g e , G o o d l e i g h , n r B a r n s t a p l e
Hillview C o t t a g e , L a n d c r o s s , nr Bideford
Bagtor H o u s e , llsington, N e w t o n A b b o t
Dorset
17
42
265*?
266
4791"
Little W e s t r o w , H o l w e l l , S h e r b o r n e
Lower Farm, Corscombe
Litton Cheney
Scowles M a n o r , K i n g s t o n Hill, S w a n a g e
Kimmeridge, Wareham
Durham
475
1256
1274
1275
1285
H i g h G r e e n , M i c k l e t o n , nr B a r n a r d Castle
Pockerley M a n o r , Beamish M u s e u m [new]
Holly G a r t h , 1 H i g h G r e e n , R o m a l d k i r k
Greenside, H i g h G r e e n , R o m a l d k i r k
East E n d H o u s e , N e w b i g g i n - i n - T e e s d a l e
Essex
I8L
177
445
876
Chatley H o u s e , G r e a t Leighs
Pond H a l l , W i x , T e n d r i n g
Tilty Hill F a r m , D u t o n Hill, D u n m o w
M o a t House, Matching Green, Matching
256
877
904
905
906
GARDEN H I S T O R Y
Lambourne Hall, Lambourne
The Vicarage, Church St, Hatfield Peverel
Little Wakering Hall, Little Wakering
Toppinghoe Hall, Hatfield Peverel
Gloucestershire (including South Gloucestershire)
94+
Aston Magna, nr Moreton-in-the-Marsh
95
The Manor, Weston-sub-Edge
96
The Folly, Gotherington, Winchcombe
227
Upper Hall, Elton, Newnham-on-Severn
242L
Glos. Coll. of Agriculture, Hartpury
341
Stow House, Blind Lane, Chipping
Campden
447
Olveston Court, Olveston
(S. Gloucestershire)
527*?
Manor House, Bourton-on-the-Hill
750*
Filton Rectory, Filton (S. Gloucestershire)
923
The Bank, Bourton-on-the-Hill
9261"
Horsley [new]
961
Thornbury Castle, Thornbury
(S. Gloucestershire)
1020
The Malt House, Broad Campden
Hampshire (including Southampton)
175
St Margarets Priory, Titchfield, Fareham
594
The Palace House, Bishop's Waltham
638
Little Dean, Bramdean
684
Tudor House Museum, Bugle St,
Southampton
709
Place House, Mill Lane, Titchfield
Hereford
158
202
283
741L
742H
743H
744L
783H
8O8H
827H*
932
and Worcester
The Rock, Lugwardine, nr Hereford
The Thorn, Glewston, Ross-on-Wye
Manor House, Porters Mill, nr Claines
photo: Watkins Collection, no. 1653, City
Library, Hereford
photo: Watkins Collection, no. 1652
Caerswall, Much Marcle, Ledbury
photo: Watkins Collection, no. 3111
plan of a bee-house by T. Baylis, Ledbury
Bretforton, Evesham
Mansion House, Widemarsh St, Hereford
Bannut Tree Farm, Arley, nr Bewdley
Hertfordshire
410
next to The Palace East, Much Hadham
556
The Old Rectory, Much Hadham
886L
The Forge, Much Hadham
1121
Wheathampstead Place, Wheathampstead
1122
Theobalds Palace, Waltham Cross
Isle of Man
26
Ballachurry, Rushen
Ronaldsway Farm, Malew
43*
Ballakeighan, Arbory [by appointment
66
only]
The Vicarage, Laxey
103
Baladoole, Malew
119*?
The Neary, Sky Hill
120
Ballachurry, Rushen
141W
The Cottage, New Rd, Baldrine, Laxey
142
Baldromma, Maughold
352
Moorescroft, Bellafesson, Rushen
353
354
1036
Kent
44
49
78
90a
91
126H
188
196
201
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
253
269
287
288
289
290
337
375a
375b
405
471
502
522
524
525
526
529
534
739
823
898
973
1014W
1028
io29H::'
1042
1155
1177
1300W
1301W
1302W
28:2
Riverside, Colby, Arbory
Lancashire Hotel, Castletown Rd, Santon
Roydon Hall, East Peckham
Wrotham Water, Wrotham
Quebec House, Westerham
The Yews, Boxley, Maidstone
Boroughs Oak Farm, East Peckham
Arnold Hill, Leeds, nr Maidstone
Nearly Corner, Heaverham, Kemsing
Underberg, High St, Eynsford
Scadbury Manor, Southfleet, Gravesend
Pett Place, Charing
Dane Court, Chilham
Higham Hall, Higham, Rochester
Peckham Place, Paddock Wood
The Tree House, Plaxtol, nr Sevenoaks
Farningham (near bypass)
Burton Farm House, Kennington, Ashford
Austens, High Street, Sevenoaks
was National Provincial Bank, High St,
Maidstone
Cathedral Close, Canterbury
Memorial Gardens, Canterbury
Great Wenderton Manor*,
Wickhambreux, nr Wingham
Museum, St Faith's St, Maidstone
Cossington, Aylesford
Old Vicarage, St Stephens, Canterbury
Manor House, St Stephens, Canterbury;
also 375cw
The Palace, Maidstone
Cramond House, 11 Harnet St, Sandwich
22 Church Street, St Mary's, Sandwich
8 Cattle Market, Sandwich
5 Strand Street, Sandwich
7 Harnet Street, Sandwich
Noud's Farm, Lynsted
County Primary School, Sandwich
1 Guildcount Lane, Sandwich
Park Farm House, Rushmore Hill,
Knockholt
Farningham
6 Moat Sole, Sandwich
behind R. Bank of Scotland, Canterbury
Forge House, Charing, Ashford [?]
Tancrey House, Fordwich
David Salomon's House, Broomhill Rd,
Southborough, Tunbridge Wells
Colets Well, The Green, Otford
Library, The Market Place, Charing
Milner Court, Sturry, nr Canterbury
Joyce Hall, Betsham, nr Gravesend
Westwood House, High Cross Rd,
Betsham, nr Gravesend
Betsham House, Betsham, nr Gravesend
Kirklees, see Yorkshire, West
Lancashire
14L
The Willows, Allowdesley, Ormskirk
THE HISTORY OF B E E K E E P I N G IN ENGLISH GARDENS
88
89L
102
189
191
198
2-54
2-86
581*?
635
661
854L
909
ion
1012
1013
1027
1077
1263
Church House, Wray
Church House, Warton, nr Carnforth
Lune Bank Cottage, Aughton, Lancaster
Ribby Hall, Kirkham
Entwistle Hall, Entwistle, Bolton
Heskin New Hall, Heskin, Chorley
Blands, Wennington
Hillside Farm, Wennington
Hall Green House, Upholland,
Skelmersdale
Quaker House and cemetery, Trawden,
Colne
Oak Cottage, Silverdale
Lowgill House, Lowgill, Tatham Fells
Hilderstone, Hilderstone Lane, Burton
Town End Farm, Nether Kellet, Carnforth
Old Hall Farm, Over Kellet, Carnforth
Hall Farm Cottage, 2nd Terrace,
Sunderland Point
Hammerton Farm House, Staidburn
Intack Farm, Littledale, Caton
West View, Vicarage Lane, Burton
Leeds, see Yorkshire, West
Leicestershire
946
Church Farm, Edmondthorpe, nr Melton
Mowbray
Lincolnshire (including North Lincolnshire)
68
Old Hall, Parnell St, Gainsborough
72.H
Appleby Hall, Appleby (N. Lines.)
2.84*?
Well Vale, Alford
936
The Deanery, Lincoln
U76
Torkington Gardens, West St, Stamford
London,
2-51
2-52
2-68
401
476
478
496
510
839H"
1186
12.33
Greater (with authorities)
Gatehouse, Eltham Palace (Greenwich)
Well Hall Pleasaunce, Eltham (Greenwich)
Church House Gardens, Bromley
(Bromley)
West Drayton (Hillingdon)
Northumberland Ave, off Syon Lane,
Isleworth (Hounslow)
Breton's Manor House, South Hornchurch
(Havering)
Eastbury House, Barking (Barking and
Dagenham)
30 Bark Hart Rd, Orpington (Bromley)
Tegetmeier's Experimental Bee House, 101
St James's Lane, Muswell Hill (Haringey)
Morden Hall Park, Morden (Merton)
Waterlow Park, Highgate Hill (Camden)
Midlands: Sandwell and Wolverhampton
Manor House, Hall Green Rd,
404
W. Bromwich (Sandwell)
580
Wightwick Manor, Wolverhampton
Haden Hill House, Cradley Heath
(Sandwell)
Old Blacksmith's shop, opposite Post
Office, Wergs, Tettenhall
(Wolverhampton)
257
Newcastle upon Tyne
263
West Farm, Black Callerton
Norfolk
518
585
664
828L
859W
1196
Middleton Hall, Mendham, nr Harleston
Sea Peeps, Burnham Norton, Kings Lynn
Lifeboat Public House, Thornham
North View, Larling, Norwich
Wilby Hall, Quidenham
1 Bleach Cottage, Crostwight,
N. Walsham
Northamptonshire (including Peterborough)
161H
Castle Ashby House, Castle Ashby
228
The Stone House, Barnett's Hill, Eydon
260
(Woodland Apiaries?), Fawsley Park
407
The Manor House, Lower Boddington
602
Dallington Grange Farm, New Duston
611
Manor Farm, Brockhall
612"?
Manor Rd, Kingsthorpe, Northampton
613"'
East Haddon, nr Northampton
888
Spratton House, Spratton
Northumberland
Otterburn Towers, Otterburn
123
Lincoln Hill, Humshaugh, Hexham
124
garage, West Woodburn, Hexham
125
4 Mill Cottages, Allendale
206
Castle View, Henshaw
261
Prestwick Hall, Prestwick
262
Melkridge, nr Haltwhistle
264
Longwitton Farm, Longwitton, Morpeth
351
Wester Hall, Humshaugh, Hexham
408
Longhirst Hall, Longhirst, Morpeth
464H}'
Holy Island
500*?
Close House, Kirkhaugh, Alston
587
[Cumbria]
620
Dyke Row Farm, Whitfield, Hexham
803
Buteland, Bellingham, Hexham
Plane Trees, Brunton Bank, Humshaugh
Ingoe, Newcastle upon Tyne
850
Ridley common, nr Whitfield
Thropton, nr Rothbury
North Barton, nr Whittingham, Alnwick
Catton, nr Allendale
853+
top of Brunton Bank, nr Humshaugh
857
Park House, Melkridge
Nottinghamshire
55H
Watnall Hall, Watnall Chaworth
Oxfordshire
67
Southams Farm, Stonesfield, nr Charlbury
225
Netherton, Fyfield
392
The Manor House, Warborough
444H
Greys Piece, Rotherfield Greys
480
Bolney Court, Shiplake
82iab
Champs Folly, Frilford; also 821CW?
962
Grey's Court, Rotherfield Greys
974
Jenkins Garage, Wallingford
1223
10 The High Street, Bampton
Peterborough, see Northamptonshire
258
GARDEN H I S T O R Y
Rutland
592
The Bede House, Lyddington
28:2
495H507a
Tickner Edwardes' bee house, Burpham
New Hall, Small Dole, Henfield; also
507bw
St Oswald's, Knockhundred Row
Sandwell, see Midlands
Shropshire
46H
Attingham Park, Atcham
274L
Home Farm, Cruckton
637
Preesgweene Hall, Weston Rhyn
930
Dinham House, Dinham, Ludlow
Somerset (including North Somerset)
131
Charity Farm, Lovington
132*
Laws Farm, Compton Dundon, Somerton
133
The Cedars, Compton Dundon, Somerton
140H*
Butleigh Court, Street
199
Royal Oak Farm, Winsford
2
Hillview, Ridgeway, Frome
75
312
Estate Farm, Pitney, Langport
Knoll Maternity Home, Chapel Hill,
314
Clevedon (N. Somerset)
Sand Hall, Wedmore
509
Westport, Ilminster
829L
Lower Cockhill Farm, Castle Cary
882W
Hillside, Higher Allerford
1166
Blagdon Water Garden Centre, Bath Rd,
1240
Upper Langford
Warwickshire
15
Packwood House, Lapworth
93b
The Rectory, Maxstoke
4851.
Great Alne, Alcester
795
near Maxstoke
920
Bee Garden, National Agricultural Centre,
Stoneleigh, Kenilworth [new]
Wiltshire
342
355
654
908
913
914W
915
916
917
919
933
934
935
960
Southampton, see Hampshire
Staffordshire
98H
Ecton Lees, Manifold Valley
229
Pipe Ridware Hall, Hill Ridware, Rugeley
763
Walbrook Cottage, Coton
965
Hamstall Ridware Hall, Hamstall
Ridware
1167
Moseley Old Hall, Fordhouses
see also Cheshire, 1061
Suffolk
41
457
551
Surrey
i6z
334
346
359
633
832L
1239
West Stow Hall, nr Bury St Edmunds
Assington Hall, Assington, nr Colchester
175 High St, Aldeburgh
Abbot Hospital/Blessed Trinity, Guildford
Batchelors Hall, 97 High St, Th. Ditton
Pitt House (ruins), Farley Green, Peaslake
Temple Elfande House, Capel
King John House, Guildford Rd,
Gomshall
Wrecclesham Farmhouse, Wrecclesham
Holmwood
Moleshill House, The Fairmile, Cobham
[by appointment only; new]
Sussex, East
634H
Cherry Croft Farm, Herstmonceux
Sussex, West
409a
Denne Court, East St, Petworth
409b
Boles House, East St, Petworth
963^
964L
972
1038
14-15 Farleigh Wick, Monkton Farleigh
Uffcott Farm, Broad Hinton
St Denys Convent, Warminster
Widbrook Farm, Bradford-on-Avon
Ridge Farm, Corsham
The Wilderness, Box
Honeybrook Farm, Slaughterford
Little House, Cuttle Lane, Biddestone
22 Farleigh Wick, Monkton-Farleigh
Little Ashley Farm, Winsley
Littleton House, Littleton Panell, Devizes
5 St Margaret's Place, Bradford-on-Avon
258 Cottles Lane, Turleigh
Roselea Cottage, Biddlestone Lane, Yalton
Keynall
Easton
Bewley Court, nr Lacock
Belcombe Croft, Bradford-on-Avon
Willoughby's, White Street, Easterton
Wolverhampton, see Midlands
Yorkshire: Barnsley
499"'
Skyers House, Hemmingfleld, nr Barnsley
Yorkshire, East Riding
1019
Faxfleet Hall, South Cave
Yorkshire, North Riding
1
Edgley, West Burton, nr Aysgarth
2
Shaw Paddock, Hawes
3
nr Camshouse, Askrigg
4
Warnford House, Thoralby
5
Grange Farm, Linton, nr Grassington
6
Hutton Mount, Thirsk Rd, Ripon
7
Nutwithcote Farm, Masham
27
Parkside House, Follifoot, Harrogate
29
The Cottage, Ruddings, nr Follifoot
35
Spen House, Askrigg, nr Leyburn
39
West Scrafton, Coverdale
53L*
Barlow Hall, Barlow, Selby
54
Paradise Field, Topham House Farm,
Cracoe
56
Bridge End, Arncliffe, nr Skipton
57
The Falcon Inn, Arncliffe, nr Skipton
58
Well House, Bankwell Rd, Giggleswick
59
Queens Rock, Bankwell Rd, Giggleswick
60
Tems House, Giggleswick
THE HISTORY OF BEEKEEPING IN ENGLISH GARDENS
61
62
63
64
75*
77
82W
83
99
116
117
121
128L
*45
146
148
1-6
178
*79
180
181
i82aL
182b
186
197L
205
209
124
2.40
2
55
Z8IL
340
455
469
47o
473
477
498
504
639
644
651W
652
657
663
6
~7
678
679
740
756
757
758
759
760
762
804
809
Lane Tope, Arncliffe, nr Skipton
Eldroth Old Hall (1), Giggleswick
Eldroth Old Hall (2), Giggleswick
Taitlands, Stainforth, nr Settle
Old Hall Farm, Feizor, Giggleswick
Stockdale House, Feizor, Giggleswick
New Wath Apiaries, Goathland
Dale Head Farm, Westerdale, nr Whitby
Higher Wham Farm, Giggleswick
Common
Bilton Hall, Harrogate
Field House, Darley
Cottage, Dacre, Harrogate
Hollins Farm, High Farndale
Sweet Briar Cottage, Starbotton, Skipton
Bridge House, Starbotton, Skipton
Wood House Farm, Austwick/Feizor
East Camshouse, Askrigg
Closed Garth, Conistone, Grassington
Swinton Castle, Masham
above Appletreethwaite Farm, Muker
Slack Hills Farm, Hurst
cottage in West Ings, Muker
West Ings, Muker
Linley House, Barkston Ash, Tadcaster
Great Fryup [PEllers House], Lealholm
Holly Hill, Well, Bedale
High House, Snayze Holme, Hawes
Hill Top Farm, Burton Leonard,
Harrogate
Burton Hall, Burton Leonard, Harrogate
Holly Cottage, Giggleswick School, Settle
Manor House, Town Head, Newby, nr
Settle
East Witton, Masham
Holme House, Gargrave, Skipton
Leyland House, Conistone, Skipton
Milford Cottage, South Milford, Leeds
Low Hall Cottage, Appletreewick, Skipton
Lower Camshouse, Askrigg
Countersett Hall, Askrigg, Wensleydale
Bent Hill Farm, Hazlewood, nr Skipton
6 Park Street, Ripon
Lythe House, Grassington, nr Skipton
Stonegrave House, Stonegrave, York
behind 2 Keld Close, Scalby Rd, Newby,
Scarborough
Howe House (or Farm), Old Malton
Hogg Hall, Sawley, Ripon
Bank End Farm, Lawkland, Settle
Lawkland Hall Farm, Lawkland, Settle
Lawkland Green, Lawkland, Settle
Whaley's cottage, Preston-under-Scar
The Cafe, Osmotherley, nr Northallerton
Loand House, Wrelton
The Lund, Hutton-le-Hole
Tickhill Farm, Wetherby Rd,
Knaresborough
Steeton Hall Cottage, South Milford
Cropten Lane, Pickering
Ings House, Hawes
Binks Cottage, Penn Lane, Hawes
811
831L
861
862
879
896
969
980
983*
1043
1113
1154
1164
1165
1184
1187
1188
1189
1190L
1191
1192
1281
1288
259
Rome Farm, Giggleswick, nr Settle
[address unknown] Muker
road to Cam Beck, Kettlewell
bridge wall at Hebden, nr Grassington
Winterburn Hall, nr Gargrave, Skipton
Virginia Croft, Long Preston, Skipton
Summer House, High Close, nr Hawes
Old Cottage, Swincliffe, Hampsthwaite
Gate Inn, Thruscross
Crakehill Water Mill, Bedale
Tarn Head Farm, Austwick
Rowe House, Horton-in-Ribblesdale
Wharfe House, Hartlington, Skipton
Gate Cottage, Austwick
Sunny Bank, Thorpe, Skipton
Capple Bank, Austwick
Springfield Flat, Austwick
Fech's Shieling, Feizor, Austwick
White House, Wharfe, Austwick
Wharfe House, Wharfe, Austwick
'Wilson's Meadow', Ewecross, Austwick
Kex Moor Farm, Ringbeck, K. Malzeard
High Shaw, Simonside, Hawes
Yorkshire, West (B, Bradford; c, Calderdale; K,
Kirklees; L, Leeds)
30
Reynard Ing, Addingham, Ilkley (B)
Smallbanks (1), Addingham, Ilkley (B)
31
32
Smallbanks (2), Addingham, Ilkley (B)
Wood Nook Farm, Horsforth (L)
65*
104
Cowburn Farm, Silsden Moor, Silsden (B)
105
Prospect House, Brunthwaite, Silsden (B)
127
Overwood Farm, Savile Estate, Hebden
Bridge (c)
149
Kershaw House, Luddenden Foot (c)
Swan Bank Farm, Cragg Vale,
I51
Mytholmroyd (c)
Thornton Hall, Thornton, Bradford (B)
154
Moat House, East Keswick (L)
192
Catholes Jump Farm, Hudson Clough,
203
Todmorden (c)
220
Turley Hole Farm, Cragg Vale, M'royd (c)
221
Higher House Farm, Cragg Vale, M'royd
(c)
222
Lumb Bank Farm, Heptonstall (c)
271
Owlet Cote, Ewood Estate, M'royd (c)
272
281 Howe Croft Head, Greetland (c)
Highgate House Farm, Clayton Heights (B)
358
456
Ponden Hall, Stanbury, nr Haworth (B)
466='?
Rishworth Hall, Bingley (B)
52O
Lower Woodside Farm, Silsden (B)
Wilshaw Vicarage, Meltham (K)
552708a
field nr Buckley House, Stanbury (B); also
7o8bL
863
Middle Marchup Farm, Silsden (B)
87O
Flat Head, Soyland, Ripponden (c)
Stoney Royd, Ewood, Mytholmroyd (c)
87I
878
23 Dowlersley Lane, Milnsbridge (K)
88l
Rosemary Cottage, High St, Boston Spa
(L)
924
925
Giles House, Hove Edge, Brighouse (c)
Doldrum, Cornholme, Todmorden (c)
GARDEN H I S T O R Y
260
927
939
944
984
989
990
Mayroyd Hall, Burnley Rd, Hebden Br. (c)
Foxstone Edge, Lingards Moor,
Slaithwaite (K)
Rose Farm, Burley Woodhead (B)
Walton Hole, Silsden Moor, Silsden (B)
Upper Limed House Farm, Northowram
(c)
Hoghe? House Farm, Bankhouse Lane,
Booth (c)
991
1025
1032
1033
1034L
1035w?
28:2
13 Old Gate, Hebden Bridge (c)
Wapping Nick Lane, Huddersfield (K)
Upper Longbottom Farm, Luddenden Foot
(c)
New House, Upper Ryburn Valley,
Ripponden (c)
Upper Hathershelf Farm, Mytholmroyd
(c)
Snow Hill, Ripponden (c)
REFERENCES
1
Charles Butler, The Feminine Monarchie, or a
Treatise Concerning Bees and the Due Ordering of
Them (Oxford: Joseph Barnes, 1609), ch. 6, items 38,
40; facs. reprs: The English Experience no. 81
(Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1969); and
(Mytholmroyd: Northern Bee Books, 1985).
2
Eva Crane, The World History of Beekeeping
and Honey Hunting (London: Duckworth, 1999),
5773
Virgil, Georgics, iv.8-12.
4
H. Malcolm Fraser, Beekeeping in Antiquity,
2nd edn (London: University of London Press, 1951),
345
[John] Fitzherbert, [Book of Husbandry]
(London: R. Pynson, 1523 [eleven further edns
between 1525 and 1598]), sect. 122.
6
Thomas Hill, A Profitable Instruction of the
Perfect Ordering of Bees (London: Thomas Marshe,
1568).
7
Thomas Tusser, Five Hundred Pointes of Good
Husbandrie (London: R. Tottel, 1580 edn [first
published 1557]), 'September', lines 21-2.
8
Butler, Feminine Monarchie (1609), ch. 2, items
9, 1. The title of the chapter in the 1623 edn (London,
Roger Jackson) was 'Of the Bee-Garden, and Seats
for the Hives'; see items 1, 18.
9
Ibid. (1623 edn), ch. 2, item 1.
10
Tusser, Five Hundred Pointes of Good
Husbandrie, 'September', line 20; 'December', line
23; The Compact Edition of the Oxford English
Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971),
518.
11
William Lawson, A New Orchard and Garden
. . . with The Country Housewife's Garden for
Hearbes of Common Use . . . as also the Husbandry
of Bees, with their Several Uses and Annoyances, 2nd
edn (London, [first published 1618] 1623), Country
Housewife's Garden, 17.
12
John Levett, The Ordering of Bees . . . (London:
J. Harison, 1634).
13
J[ohn] Wforlidge], Systerna Agricultural . . .
with Kalendarium Rusticum . . . (London: S. Speed,
1669). In his Apiarium, or a Discourse of. . . Bees
(London: Thomas Dring, 1676), Worlidge is given as
'J.W.Gent'.
14
John Gedde, A New Discovery of an Excellent
Method of Bee-houses and Colonies . . . (London:
D. Newman, 1675), 13.
15
H. Malcolm Fraser, History of Beekeeping in
Britain (London: Bee Research Association, 1958),
chs 5, 6.
16
Crane, World History of Beekeeping, 430.
17
Butler, Feminine Monarchie (1623 edn), ch. 2,
items 12, 13.
18
Hampshire Record Office, Winchester, 1718
P22.
19
International Bee Research Association [IBRA]
Register of Bee Boles and Other Beekeeping
Structures, no. 475. The Register is a collection of
nearly 1500 mostly hand-written record forms, plus
sketches and photographs/slides.
20
Penelope Walker and Eva Crane, 'Bee shelters
and bee boles in Cumbria', Transactions of the
Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian &
Archaeological Society, xci (1991), 237—62.
21
Lawson, New Orchard and Garden (1623 edn),
56.
22
See note 19. This paper includes all records in
the Register as at 31 December 1999.
23
Eva Crane, The Archaeology of Beekeeping
(London: Duckworth, 1983), chs 7, 8.
24
C. H. Laycock, 'The old Devon farm house',
Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the
Advancement of Science, Literature & the Arts, LII
(1920), 1 5 8 - 9 1 .
25
Lawson, Country Housewife's Garden (1618
edn), 18.
26
Jacob Isaac, The General Apiarian (Exeter:
R. Trewman & Son, 1803), 16-21, figs 1,11.
27
IBRA Register, no. 230.
28
Walker and Crane, 'Bee shelters and bee boles in
Cumbria'; Eric Green, 'Bee boles and related
structures in Furness and CartmeP, Transactions of
the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian &
Archaeological Society, xcvn (1997), 231-6.
29
IBRA Register, no. 242; Crane, Archaeology of
Beekeeping, fig. 199.
30
Columella, De re rustica, ix.v.i.
31
32
IBRA Register, no. 375.
John Claudius Loudon, An Encyclopaedia of
Gardening (London: Longman Hurst, 1822); idem, A
Manual of Cottage Gardening (London:
Spottiswoode for the author, 1830), 24, 28-9, 38; a
design showing nine skeps is reproduced in Crane,
Archaeology of Beekeeping, fig. 183.
33
IBRA Register, no. 1127; Penelope Walker and
Robert Ogden, 'Bee boles and other beekeeping
structures in Devon', Transactions of the Devonshire
T H E H I S T O R Y OF B E E K E E P I N G I N E N G L I S H GARDENS
Association for the Advancement of Science,
Literature & the Arts, cxxvn (1995), 97-119.
34
IBRA Register, no. 161.
35
Edward Bevan, The Honey-bee . . . (London:
Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, 1827), frontispiece and
p. 52.
36
James Shirley Hibberd, Rustic Adornments for
Homes of Taste (London: Groombridge &t Sons,
1856; 1870 edn); Anne Wilkinson, 'The preternatural
gardener: the life of James Shirley Hibberd
(1825-90)', Garden History, xxvi/2 (1998), 153-75,
fig. 4.
37
IBRA Register, no. 651.
38
Ibid., no. 1107; Walker and Ogden, 'Bee boles
and other beekeeping structures in Devon', 115.
39
IBRA Register, no. 356.
40
Ibid., no. 1131.
Ian Townsley, Feasibility Study of Using Grant
Funding for Conserving Bee Boles and Related
Structures in the Lake District National Park
(Manchester: Department of Environmental and
Geographical Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan
University, 1999), 65-7.
42
IBRA Register, no. 86.
43
Ibid., no. 513.
M. Moorman (ed.), Journals of Dorothy
Wordsworth (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1971), 81, 116; Walker and Crane, 'Bee shelters and
bee boles in Cumbria', 250.
IBRA Register, no. 222.
46
Ibid., no. 886.
Ibid., no. 54.
Ibid., nos 883 and 240 respectively.
English Heritage, National Monuments Record
Centre.
Penelope Walker and William Linnard, 'Bee
boles and other beekeeping structures in Wales',
Archaeologia Cambrensis, cxxxix (1990), 56-73.
IBRA Register, no. 208.
Lawson, Country Housewife's Garden (1623
edn), 17.
Lawson, New Orchard and Garden (1623 edn),
56
54
Samuel Hartlib, The Reformed CommonWealth of Bees (London: Giles Calvert, 1655), 47;
Crane, World History of Beekeeping, 407-8.
David A. Smith (ed.), 'John Evelyn's manuscript
on bees from Elysium Britannicum', Bee World, XLVII
(1965), 48-64, 116-31.
Ibid., 119.
Ibid., ii9n.
26l
58
Lucinda Lambton, Beastly Buildings (London:
Cape, 1988), 68-70.
59
Penelope Walker and Eva Crane, 'English
beekeeping between 1150 and 1850: evidence from
local records', The Local Historian (forthcoming,
2000).
60
Aileen M. Hopkinson, personal communication,
1987.
61
Walker and Crane, 'English beekeeping between
1150 and 1850'.
62
Butler, Feminine Monarchie (1623 edn), ch. 2.
63
Cornwall Record Office, Truro, Tithe
Commutation Documents.
64
Crane, Archaeology of Beekeeping, 88-9.
65
Pam Willis, 'Beekeepers in the New Forest in
1635', Bee Craft, LXVIII/6 (1986), 172-4; D. J. Stagg
(ed.), A Calendar of New Forest Documents
(Hampshire County Council, 1979), v, 102-9.
66
Heywood Sumner, The Ancient Earthworks of
the New Forest (London: Chiswick Press, 1917), 12;
idem, 'The "bee-garden", Holt Heath', in Local
Papers, Archaeological and Topographical.
Hampshire, Dorset and Wiltshire (London: Chiswick
Press, 1931), 32-5.
67
Map reference su 974643.
68
Butler, Feminine Monarchie (1609 and 1623
edn), chs 2, 6; Richard Remnant, A Discourse or
Historie of Bees . . . (London, Thomas Slater, 1637),
10, 17-18; W[orlidge], Apiarium, or a Discourse of
. . . Bees, 22—7.
69
Bevan, Honey-bee . . ., ch. iv; F. N. Howes,
Plants and Beekeeping (London: Faber & Faber,
1945; repr. 1946, 1948).
70
Varro, Res rusticae, 1n.xvi.13; Columella, De re
rustica, ix.iv.2—3.
71
Columella, De re rustica, ix.v.6.
72
W[orlidge], Apiarium, or a Discourse of. . .
Bees, 23.
73
Bevan, Honey-bee . . ., 61.
74
Christopher Brickell (ed.), The Royal
Horticultural Society Gardeners' Encyclopedia of
Plants and Flowers (London: Dorling Kindersley,
1990), 536-7.
75
Henry Dobbie, Bee Pasturage (London: Jarrold,
[1886]); W. C. Hazlitt, Gleanings in Old Garden
Literature (London: Elliott Stock, 1887).
76
Garden Plants Valuable to Bees (London: IBRA,
1981).
77
Eva Crane, Arthur Dobbs (1689-1765) and
pollination by bees', Bee World, LXXiv/4 (1993),
221-2.