SUCCESS Annual report 2011

Transcription

Annual report
2011
SUbsurface CO2 storage- Critical Elements and Superior Strategy
www.fme-success.no
page 1
Vision
The main objective of the SUCCESS Centre is to provide a
sound scientific base for CO2 injection, storage and monitoring, to fill in gaps in our strategic knowledge, and provide a
system for learning and development of new expertise.
The SUCCESS Centre addresses important areas for CO2
storage in the subsurface: storage performance (properties
and flow), sealing properties, monitoring, operations and
consequences for the marine environment. The “CO2-School”
is in addition a major educational program facilitated by the
project and the Norwegian universities. The CO2 school is a collaborative effort between SUCCESS and the BIGCCS Centre
on CCS in Trondheim.
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www.fme-success.no
CO2 geological storage –from resources to reserves
CO2 can be stored in producing or depleted hydrocarbon fields
as well in deep saline formations (aquifers). In a producing
oil field, CO2 can be used for enhanced recovery before it is
stored.
The evaluation of geological volumes suitable for injecting
and storing CO2 can be viewed as a step-wise approximation,
implying maturation of a CO2 storage reservoir volume from
resources to reserves. The gross, technical reservoir volume is
calculated based on bulk rock volume from area and thickness,
average porosity, permeability and net/gross values. Areas
with possible conflicts of interest with the petroleum industry or others are then removed. Storage volumes are further
reduced according to where trap, reservoir and seal have been
mapped and evaluated, and if the location can meet regulatory
and technical criteria to ensure safe and effective storage.
Building a centre portfolio
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The SUCCESS Centre has entered into collaboration agreements with several other Norwegian research projects on CO2
storage, i.e. RAMORE, MATMORA, INJECT and IGeMS CO2. The
coordination of other major CO2 projects with the SUCCESS
Centre means that industry sponsors will get access to results
from projects with a total value of more than 250 MNOK,
which represents some 50% increase relative to the CEERSUCCESS budget.
The Centre will also in future continue to collaborate with
relevant projects on CO2 storage.
www.fme-success.no
New Projects
2012
The SUCCESS research partners also host and participate in
a number of other research centres that are relevant for CO2
storage, like The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Centre
for Integrated Petroleum Research, Centre for Geobiology,
Centre for Physics of Geological Processes, International
Centre for Geohazards and The Michelsen Centre for Industrial Measurement Science and Technology. These provide
knowledge that is relevant and supportive wrt to the research
tasks of SUCCESS.
page 3
Centre partners
Research partners
Christian Michelsen Research
Institute of Energy Technology
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute
Norwegian Institute of Water Research
University of Bergen
University of Oslo
University centre on Svalbard
UniResearch
Industrial partners
CGG Veritas
ConocoPhillips
Dong Energy
RWE Dea
Statoil
Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani
page 4
www.fme-success.no
Organization
General assembly
All partners and
EB chairman
Executive board
Kåre R. Vagle
Chairman
Scientific advisory
committee
External members
Committee for
innovation
External members
Centre administration
Arvid Nøttvedt Centre Manager
Per Aagaard Scientific leader
Ivar Aavatsmark Scientific leader
Charlotte G. Krafft Centre coordinator
WP1
Storage (Geo)
WP2
Fluid flow
WP3
Sealing
WP4
Monitoring
Per Aagaard
Activity leader
Ivar
Aavatsmark
Activity leader
Harald
Johansen
Activity leader
Eyvind Aker
Activity leader
WP5
Marine
component
WP6
Operations
(Inject)
Truls
Johannessen
Activity leader
Magnus
Wangen
Activity leader
WP7
CO2 school
Alvar Braathen
Activity leader
Scientific leaders Per Aagaard (from left) and Ivar Aavatsmark, and Centre Manager Arvid Nøttvedt
www.fme-success.no
page 5
Key figures 2011
SUCCESS Centre Costs 2011 (all numbers in
kNOK)
Work package
Amount
WP 1 - Storage - Geo-characterization and geochemical/ geomechanical response
4 702
WP 2 - Fluid flow and reservoir modeling. Unstable
displacement
2 762
WP 3 - Sealing properties
3 116
WP 4 - Monitoring of reservoir and overburden
2 458
WP 5 - The marine component
3 827
WP 6 – Operations (incl. INJECT)
4 556
WP 7- CO2 SCHOOL
380
Education
75
Equipment
0
Administration (total)
Total (incl. INJECT)
3 481
Status human resources 2011
Research Scientists:
55
PhD students funded by the Centre and associated
projects:
24
Post doctorates funded by the Centre and associated projects
6
Master students
15
Results number 2011
Journal papers
Conference papers
Presentations, conferences and seminars
29
6
46
Technical reports
3
SUCCESS seminars and workshops
6
25 357
SUCCESS Centre Funding 2011 (all numbers
in kNOK)
Public funding
6 190
Private Funding (incl. INJECT)
8 704
Funding Research Council of Norway
10 463
Total (incl. INJECT)
25 357
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www.fme-success.no
Focus on CO2 pilots
Data from operational CO2 field pilots is critical from a fundamental research perspective and access to such pilots to test
new methodology is also important.
The SUCCESS Centre collaborates very closely with the
Longyearbyen CO2 Lab in Svalbard, which is hosted by UNIS.
The project use the favorable conditions in and around Longyearbyen to develop, test and demonstrate technologies for
CO2 storage, like reservoir qualities, CO2 storability and risks
of subsurface leakage. The tentative CO2 injection site targets
a suitable sandstone reservoir at 700-1000 m depth; the De
Geerdal Formation of upper Triassic age.
www.fme-success.no
Data released from Snøhvit field pilot operated by Statoil
is also available to the SUCCESS partners. Snøhvit is a fully
operational offshore gas field with CO2 injection, where CO2 is
separated from produced gas and injected in a saline aquifer
below the H/C reservoir zones offshore. Approximately 0.7
Mt/a of CO2 is injected into the Tubåen sandstone formation
2,600m under the seabed for storage.
Several of the scientific subtasks of the SUCCESS Centre
have been targeted directly towards issues related to the
Longyearbyen CO2 Lab and the Snøhvit field pilot. The Centre
also employs data and scientific challenges related to the
Sleipner field pilot.
page 7
WP1 Geo-characterization and geochemical/
geomechanical response
WP-leader
Per Aagaard
University of Oslo
Institute of GeoSciences
Safe storage of CO2 requires sufficient storage injectivity,
capacity and a proper cap-rock. Trapping mechanisms such
as capillary and mineral trapping contribute to safe storage
on the long term. The effect of reservoir heterogeneities on
potential CO2 flow patterns are not known. The distance between wells penetrating candidate storage reservoirs, such as
Johansen Formation, is large and flow pathways are therefore
uncertain.
The long-term potential for mineral storage is largely controlled by non-equilibrium thermodynamics (kinetics). The
rates and mechanisms of mineral reactions are still largely
unknown, with orders-of-magnitude uncertainties. We build
geo-models, based on analogue depositional environments,
including information on sub-gridblock heterogeneities.
Laboratory experiments on reservoir- and cap-rock minerals
and samples are done to better understand changes in geomechanical properties and the seal integrity, and the kinetics
of mineral reactions and safe long-term storage. The aim is to
build geo-models of storage reservoirs with sufficient information to ensure quality predictions for future CO2 storage
operations. Information obtained from laboratory experiments is included in numerical simulations to predict safe storage of CO2 for time scales of hundreds to thousands of years.
Activities in Work Package 1 are:
1. Complete reservoir model for one to two CO2 reservoirs
2. Review of fluid phase equilibria and fluid properties in
CO2-rich systems
3. Kinetic data on CO2 interaction with shale and sandstone
(mineral dissolution/precipitation)
4. Review of geomechanical response to CO2 injection
Carbonate minerals
Geological storage of CO2 leads to dissolution of reservoir
minerals (primary phases) and the formation of new carbonate
minerals (secondary phases) that immobilize and store carbon
for geological time scales.
One priority within CEER SUCCESS is to perform laboratory
experiments to better understand the potential for secondary carbonate formation. To give predictive value, the experiments are done over a range of environmental conditions
(temperature, pressure and aqueous chemistry). The results
this far show that the CO2-mineral interactions are much more
dynamic and complex than earlier believed.
Helge Hellevang, researcher University of Oslo
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www.fme-success.no
Anja Sundal (PhD student at UiO/SUCCESS) in Utah,
USA. Studies of sandstone-shale systems in Utah, USA,
enables the researchers to study features of storage
reservoirs that are below seismic resolution.
Review of geomechanical response and laboratory experiments
As the first phase of this project, geomechanical data from
Barents Sea shales (Hekkingen fm) were compiled and their
geomechanical strength evaluated. In additon, 36 shale
samples were collected from well DH6 at Longyearbyen,
Svalbard, during the drilling operation (September 2011). These
formations are considered to be the main seals against the De
Geerdal sandstone formation, the most desired formation for
CO2 injection.
Innovation – New laboratory setup
Mineral carbonation is predicted to play a significant role for
safe CO2 storage at timescales longer than tens to hundreds
of years. The rate of mineral carbonation is, however, highly
uncertain, and there is a need for laboratory data to reduce
this uncertainty. As a part of WP1 we have developed a new experimental setup that can produce a large amount of data on
carbonate growth at low cost. The setup consists of polypropylene plates each with 24 10 ml wells, where individual experiments can be run simultaneously. Each well can have a specific
CO2 pressure, aqueous chemistry, mineral substrate etc. Metal
plates ensure that the reactors can withstand pressures up to
5-10 bars at temperatures up to 200 °C. After initial testing at
UiO the confining metal plates were further modified to the
present final setup that are now in daily use. A total of four
reactor setups are being made, giving 96 individual simultaneous experiments.
Application of a new EU FP7 project to understand pipeline
transport of impure CO2
A proposal for the EU 7th Framework Program on “Impact of
the quality of CO2 on transport and storage behaviour” (FP7ENERGY-2012-1) was accepted for the second evaluation. The
aim of the project is to increase the knowledge on impacts of
impurities (H2S, SOx, NOx, CO, amine, Mono-ethylene etc.) on
www.fme-success.no
CO2 transport properties, pressure drops, pipe corrosion, and
reservoir damage. New equations of states based on the SAFT
approach or similar will be developed and parameterized.
Building geo-models based on knowledge from well-exposed
depositional settings
Reservoir model
The development of a new reservoir model of the Johansen
Formation is in progress, and will form the frame work for
future geochemical and fluid flow simulations. Since April 2011
access to new 3D seismic data from the area (GN1001) was
granted by Gassnova. The data set is being interpreted with
respect to large scale reservoir geometries, and put in a regional setting by use of additional 2D lines. In order to evaluate
intra-formational heterogeneities, petrophysical data from
wells have been interpreted with respect to sedimentological
facies and correlated with seismic data. Ongoing work involves
fitting the data into a sequence stratigraphic framework and
to delineate porosity and permeability zonation within the
reservoir based on the facies distribution.
Analogue studies
Due to large spacing between wells (several kilometers) and
only one core from the Johansen Formation, analogue studies have been made in order to improve the understanding of
bed-set scale heterogeneities. The proposed field work took
place in Utah, USA and was executed in May 2011 (9 days). The
study aimed to evaluate whether the Early Cretaceous Panther Tounge Formation of the Mesa Verde Group, interpreted
to have been deposited in a similar setting as the Johansen
Formation, would display similar sedimentological geometries
and provide a suitable analogue
Studies of sandstone-shale systems in Utah, USA, enables the
researchers to study features of storage reservoirs that are
below seismic resolution.
page 9
WP2 Fluid flow and reservoir modeling
WP-leader
Ivar Aavatsmark
University of Bergen,
Dept. of Mathematics and CIPR
Work package 2 contains modeling of fluid flow during and
after the CO2 injection period. The work focuses on processes
which are generally not covered by ordinary petroleum reservoir simulations. Such processes are trapping mechanisms
(structural, residual, mineral and dissolution trapping) and
unstable or labile processes. Flow paths may be determined
by fine scale phenomena (leakage, mixing, capillarity), and this
requires special attention to multiscale modeling. Some of the
processes are important for the injection period while others
have much larger time constants. For special cases the dimensionality may be reduced, and this reduction may be necessary
to obtain reliable results.
Experimental study of two-phase flow in heterogeneous
porous media
A CO2 flooding experiment of brine saturated sandstone in
a CT-scanner was run to evaluate effect of sub-core level
heterogeneities on fluid distribution patterns and measured
rock physics properties of a reservoir rock. The drainage-imbibition experiments were run on two sandstone samples that
are cored from a layered sandstone block. In the experiment
a fully brine saturated sandstone was drained by liquid CO2
followed by imbibition by brine close to full brine saturation.
Ultrasonic velocity and resistivity of the core was measured at
several injection steps.
Fluid distribution patterns during drainage in layered sandstone
when fluid is injected perpendicular to layering
The activities in work package 2 are:
2.3. Interaction between numerical methods for geochemical
reactions and flow equations. Participants: Uni/UiB and
UiO.
2.4. CO2 flooding experiments with CT-scanner. Participants:
NGI and UiO.
2.7. Challenges of Utsira simulation. Participants: UiB.
2.8. Unstable processes. Participants: Uni/UiB.
Below are shown results from subtasks 2.4 and 2.8.
Fluid distribution patterns during drainage in layered sandstone
when fluid is injected parallel to layering
The first part of the study was completed last year where a
core flooding experiment was run on layered sandstone by
injecting fluid perpendicular to layering. In the current work
package the second part of this study was run on similar
sandstone and experimental setup but by varying the injection
direction (i.e., fluid was injected parallel to the layering). Such
orientation of porosity/permeability variation relative to fluid
flow direction has significantly affected the fluid distribution
pattern inside the core. This was depicted by the pronounced
fingering and channelized flow through high porosity/permeability layers.
These patterns of fluid distribution in the core were responsible for the observed differences in measured ultrasonic
compressional velocity, amplitude attenuation and electrical
resistivity between the two samples. The current and previous
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www.fme-success.no
results are compiled in one paper which will soon be submitted
to an international journal. The presented work is done in collaboration between NGI and UiO
Convective mixing in geological carbon storage
Maria Elenius got her PhD degree at the University of Bergen
in November 2011, with the dissertation “Convective mixing in
geological carbon storage”. A short review of the dissertation
is given below. The thesis first describes the background to
geological storage and trapping mechanisms with focus on dissolution trapping, and then reviews the theory on convective
mixing in detail. Convective mixing is an important contributor
to efficient dissolution trapping. Multiphase flow and numerical methods are also reviewed.
The introduction part of the thesis ends with hypotheses
based on the collected results, and suggestions for further
work, e.g. to study the effect of low-permeability zones on
dissolution trapping. In the second part of the thesis, the three
included papers are presented.
The main conclusions from the thesis are that:
• Dissolution trapping is an important trapping mechanism
that cannot be disregarded.
• Dissolution trapping is most efficient when there is a
region with co-existence of mobile water and mobile CO2.
This region is called the capillary transition zone. The
figure shows that the (non-dimensional) dissolution rate
can be up to a factor 4 enhanced with this zone.
• Enhanced dissolution trapping from convective mixing begins after a delay which is larger than previously
estimated. It is called the nonlinear onset time. The figure
shows that this time is related to the first visible finger
formations.
Nondimensional dissolution rate from simulations with/without effect of capillary transition zone.
The following table gives a summary of some important
results in dimensional form. It shows that the onset times and
length scales related to convective mixing are small in the
high-permeability Utsira (Sleipner) and Tubåen (Snøhvit) formations, and that the dissolution rates are large. The opposite
is true for the low-permeability Krechba formation (In Salah).
Table: Dimensional results for three CO2 storage sites.
Values are given without influence of the capillary transition zone. The dissolution
rate refers to the time after onset of enhanced mixing, but before contact with the
lower boundary.
Formation
Linear
onset
time
Nonlinear
onset time
Dissolution rate
Critical
wavelength
of instability
Utsira
(K=2 D)
4 days/
1 day
1 month/
<1 month
0.008 Mt/km2, year/
0.03 Mt/km2, year
0.1 m/
0.1 m
Tubåen
(K=500 mD)
9 days/
2 days
2 months/
<2 months
0.001 Mt/km2, year/
0.006 Mt/km2, year
0.2 m/
0.2 m
Krechba
(K=10 mD)
100 years
20 years
700 years/
<700 years
0.00002 Mt/km2, year/
0.00008 Mt/km2, year
10 m/
10 m
Finger velocity and dissolution rate (top) and concentration of CO2
(bottom).
www.fme-success.no
page 11
WP3 Sealing properties
WP-leader
Harald Johansen
The WP3 Sealing activities are focused on two levels:
On the large scale focus has been on the “Seal Sequence Concept”, which has involved identification of all important seal
objects, and on the small scale of individual objects, the focus
is on material properties, and specifically on their predicted
dynamic behaviour as a response to the stress introduced by
CO2 injection.
Petrographic, geochemical, experimental work on fluids and
rock samples from Longyearbyen and the Basque Cantabrian
Basin has produced a substantial amount of data, and contributed to the development of new analytical, experimental
and modeling approaches. Seal materials are rarely cored, and
the low permeabilities make fluid flow experiments difficult
to perform. Contained fluids are also very difficult to sample.
We are performing object oriented studies on various seal elements, developing new methods, and are also studying the seal
elements in a seal sequence concept in pilots and outcrops.
The total sealing capacity of a caprock overburden sequence
is the sum of the properties of beds and structures. We aim for
both qualitative seal assessment, and for a quantification of
the total retention capacity of a seal sequence.
The activities in Work Package 3 are:
1. Seal sequence concept / basis for experimental work
2. Review of geochemical reactions in faults and fractures
Figure 1 Sampling of fracture filling material in the BasqueCantabrian Basin
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3. Experimental data on individual seal elements (caprock,
well materials)
4. Modeling of seal elements (caprock, well materials)
5. Coupled geochemical-geomechanical flow model
6. Quantification of leakage
7. Integrated concepts for seal sequence
Hydrocarbon leakage patterns in the Basque-Cantabrian
Basin – An analogue to study caprock and overburden CO2
sealing capacity.
In order to study large scale fluid leakage patterns we have in
2011 initiated field work in the Basque-Cantabrian Basin (BCB).
This work is focussed towards hydrocarbon leakage patterns,
as an analogue to the study CO2 sealing capacity. The BCB
south of Bilbao and San Sebastian in Spain is an area where
fluids (oil and gas) have been leaking over an extended period
of geologic time, making it possible to study in great detail the
relation between fluid flow patterns and sediment properties.
Figure 2 Alsasua Quarry in the Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Northern
Spain
Figure 2 shows a situation from a quarry in Alsasua, which
exemplifies the kind of flowpath traces that hydrocarbon fluids leave behind, permitting migration patterns to be studied
in great detail on large and small scales. Continuous blasting of new rock surfaces reveal large numbers of oil pockets
that have been trapped during leakage in the past. These oil
pockets are today “dead”, but they represent the traces of
major fluid leakage events in the past. In this particular setting,
the oil has been migrating during repeated fracturing events.
We expect CO2 to behave qualitatively in very much the same
way, but it is much easier to find evidence for leakage patterns
when hydrocarbons are involved, because they leave behind
very clearly visible traces of their movements.
When we take a bottom-up perspective on the sediment package from the proven source rock, to the surface, we are facing
an extensive km scale succession of barriers to fluid flow.
Thousands of individual tight layers have had a very large total
capacity to stop or delay the leakage of hydrocarbons (and/
or CO2). The various beds possess variable flow resistance,
and also variable mechanical strengths. Together they represent a sealing sequence. The resistance to leakage consists
of several simultaneously operating mechanisms. One of the
www.fme-success.no
Figure 3 Experiments with dynamic poroperm variation.
most important factors is the capillary resistance from narrow
pore throats (nanometers to micrometers), which require
very strong fluid overpressures to be penetrated. This kind of
resistance has either caused hydrocarbons to become trapped
in “dead” pores, or to become accumulated beneaths such
beds. In the same way, “dead” CO2 will be left behind in pores, or
become accumulated beneath barriers. This will significantly
inhibit and delay the leakage to the surface, and also provide
sufficient time for a series of reactions between CO2 and
other fluids, and organic and inorganic solid materials in the
sediments, which in turn contribute to CO2 immobilization or
further delay of flow. A large number of samples from mineralized fractures were collected to study the physical conditions
during flow in fractures by petrographic, isotopic, and fluid
inclusion methods.
Gas baseline assessment
A new methodology for gas sampling in shales was tested
during drilling of borehole Dh6 in Longyearbyen in 2011. Core
samples were placed in a new type of tight sample container
immediately after drilling, and the fluid was analysed after several months of degassing. The high quality gas data obtained
in this way has permitted the establishment of a very accurate
depth profile, which will serve as a baseline for later CO2 monitoring. Figure 4 shows gas data from the baseline survey of
well Dh6 in the Longyearbyen pilot. Vertical axis is depth below
the surface. Notice that both the total gas content, and the
CO2 concentration in the gas is highly variable, and fairly high
in certain intervals. C isotopes (not shown) demonstrate that
biodegradation of natural gas has been an important factor for
the nature of this baseline gas distribution.
Dynamic petrophysical properties
In order to study instabilities that may develop during twophase flow, we have built a Hele-Shaw migration cell, which is a
transparent back-lit 2-dimensional monitoring setup.
Dynamic changes in porosity and permeability (porosity
waves) due to stress variation will be studied in various types
of experiments with inert and reactive particles, and associated theoretical work (numerical modeling) is simulating such
time-variations of petrophysical properties. The purpose
of experiments and simulations is to study the possible
breakdown of caprock integrity and sealing efficiency due to
pressure buildup caused by CO2 injection. Figure 3 shows a dissolution experiment with particles of Potassium-di-HydrogenPhosphate (KDP). a) Hele-Shaw cell filled with granular KDP
immersed in KDP-saturated aqueous solution. b) Injection of
H2O and formation of a cavern with branches above the inlet. c)
Partial collapse of the cavern due to the weight of the overburden.
Figure 4 Gas contents in Longyearbyen caprock sequence
www.fme-success.no
page 13
WP4 Monitoring of reservoir and overburden
WP-leader
Eyvind Aker
Norwegian Geotechnical
Institute
The purpose for CO2 monitoring can be divided into three
main objectives. The operators of the CO2 injection are
mostly interested in monitoring the reservoir performance
like injection efficiency and usage of the storage space. The
community and authorities are more focused on potential
leakage out of the reservoir and towards the surface. Finally,
monitoring will be required for future trading systems and to
receive credits for the amount stored.
WP4 focus on monitoring of reservoir and overburden with
respect to plume migration within the reservoir and leakage
detection out of the main containment. NGI, UniResearch,
UiO and CMR have been the active partners in WP4 in 2011.
Main activities have been experimental work on rock physics
effects of CO2 in sandstone and shale, modelling and sensitivity study of Controlled Source Electromagnetic (CSEM)
data of the CO2 plume at Sleipner and AVO (Amplitude variation with offset) methods to improve detection of CO2 and
seismic interpretation.
1. Controlled Source Electro-Magnetics (CSEM) to detect
CO2 in the subsurface
2. CO2 saturation dependent rock physics models (resistivity and velocity)
3. Develop prototype of gas flux sensor for monitoring CO2
leakage
4. Feasibility study on monitoring techniques for surface
deformation related to CO2 injection
5. Development of methods for early detection of leakage
from reservoir to neighboring formations
6. Fracture related rock physics
7. Uncertainty analysis for Controlled Source ElectroMagnetics (CSEM) Instrumentation related to detection
of CO2 in the subsurfaceoncepts for seal sequence
Monitoring of CO2 in the reservoir by electromagnetic
methods
In 2008 Statoil completed an electromagnetic survey of
the Utsira at Sleipner where CO2 is stored underground.
The purpose was to investigate if electromagnetic data can
assist traditional seismic data to improve the image of CO2 in
the reservoir.
Electromagnetic data are collected by using large antennas that emit electromagnetic energy through the water.
The energy propagates into the subsurface and is reflected
back to receivers on the seabed. The shape of the signal that
is captured depends on the electrical conductivity of the
subsurface. The method has been used for oil exploration by
differentiating between aquifers with high conductivity, and
oil or gas bearing strata with low conductivity.
Figure 1: The geological model for
the Sleipner area with background
resistivity values. The white horizontal line shows the CSEM survey
profile. Grid resolution of the model
was approximately 100 x 100 x 65 m.
Generated property grid of resistivity
was populated using deep resistivity
(ILD) well log data. Resistivity properties were distributed using Gaussian
random function simulation for zones
which had a random depositional
character e.g. Frigg turbiditic sands.
Zones with depositional environment
of continuous layering were populated
using a moving average with appropriate orientation and major/minor ratio
according to the possible depositional
strike and direction. The high resistivity features within and below the
Rogaland group are due to presence
of carbonates.
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Figure 2: Estimated resistivity (vertical relative to horizontal) in a two-dimensional section through the subsurface. The bright area in the
middle has a higher resistance than the surrounding structures. This area corresponds to where most of the CO2 gas is located.
The CO2 gas pumped into the Utsira reservoir is a poor
conductor compared to the salty water already present. It
is therefore assumed that the conductivity of the Utsira
reservoir will go down in areas that have high concentrations
of CO2.
As a part of the research work at the SUCCESS Centre NGI
and UniReseach have been given access to the electromagnetic data and have started the interpretation. After a first
rough analysis, it appears that the conductivity is lower (i.e.
electrical resistance increases) in areas where CO2 concentrations are assumed to be high (Figure 2). This motivates
us to continue working with the data to get a more accurate
result.
There are several pipelines crossing the seabed in the area
where the electromagnetic signals have been collected. The
pipelines affect the signals since the steel pipes are good
electrical conductors. These effects have to be taken into
account in future work. Unfortunately no electromagnetic
measurements of the reservoir were performed before storage of CO2 begun. Therefore, there is no baseline CSEM data
describing the initial conductivity. Instead, the initial conductivity is calculated based on well logs and other geological /
geophysical data from the area (Figure 1).
Uncertainty analysis for controlled source electromagnetic
(CSEM) instrumentation related to detection of CO2 in the
subsurface
There are a number of different error sources which influence on the overall measurement error for the case when the
CSEM technique is applied for CO2 monitoring. The objective
of the current subtask has been to identify error sources, to
analyze how the different error sources related to the CSEM
instrumentation influence on the overall measurement
error, and to compare the contribution from different error
sources. Error sources have been identified and related to
the output from the CSEM measurement system (Figure 3).
The next phase of the work will be to calculate how these
factors influence on the overall measurement error (i.e.
establish an uncertainty budget). Further focus will be on establishing the functional relationships and build an example
uncertainty budget.
Knowing the background values for the conductivity of the
reservoir and surrounding structures are essential for modeling the CSEM response without CO2 in the reservoir. These
model results will be compared to the acquired CSEM data
to improve their interpretation (i.e. inversion). Hopefully, this
can be used to increase the accuracy of the estimates for
CO2 concentrations in the reservoir.
Figure 3: Factors that may affect the overall accuracy of a CSEM
measurement system.
www.fme-success.no
page 15
WP5 The Marine Component
WP-leader
Truls Johannessen
Bjerknessenteret
1. Review of natural analogues
2. Methods for marine monitoring
3. Laboratory and in-situ experiments of CO2 effects on
subsurface and benthic environments
4. Baseline studies and development of reference models
Two examples of recent activities within WP5 are given below.
WP5 “The Marine Component” is to improve the understanding of shallow marine processes and the ecological impact of
CO2 exposure, and develop marine monitoring methods. This
WP addresses CO2 seeps through the seabed in terms of (i)
knowledge gaps on processes in the upper sediment/benthic
boundary layer; (ii) ecological impact from CO2 exposure;
(iii) monitoring technologies/methods. The research activities in WP5 have four cores: The effect of CO2 leakage on
marine subsurface sedimentary biosphere; Interaction and
processes between shallow sediments and the water column;
Consequences of leakage on marine benthic ecosystems; and
Monitoring.
Developing techniques for monitoring CO2 seepage in the
water column
About half of the global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions stay in
the atmosphere while the rest of the emitted CO2 is absorbed
by the terrestrial biosphere and oceans in roughly equal
amounts. The increase of atmospheric CO2 contributes to
global warming whereas the invasion of extra CO2 into the surface ocean results in ocean acidification. Carbon Capture and
Storage (CCS) is considered as an attractive mitigation option
(IPCC Special Report on CCS, 2005). But if the stored CO2
leaks into the water column, in shallow shelf seas in particular,
it will enhance ocean acidification and weaken the intended
mitigation effect. Therefore, subsea storage projects need to
be monitored for unintended consequences.
Current knowledge about seafloor ecosystems and how these
Evaluation experiment of new instrumentation at Espegrend Marine Biological Station, University of Bergen
page 16
www.fme-success.no
Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) launched nearby Sleipner
will respond to extra carbon added through seepage of stored
CO2 is limited. Additionally, more dedicated field studies are
needed in order to optimize current excess CO2 determination
methods and technology for the detection of CO2 seepage
from subsea storage projects. In particular, the latter objective requires the use of autonomous in situ instrumentation
that can perform high frequency measurements in the water
column just above the bottom.
As part of SUCCESS infrastructure funded by the Research
Council of Norway in 2011, the Geophysical Institute and Uni
Bjerknes Centre has recently purchased two autonomous
instruments for in situ determination of pH. In February this
year, the two partners conducted an evaluation experiment of
the new instrumentation (photo page 16) using the Espegrend
Marine Biological Station (about 20 km south of Bergen)
which is run by the Department of Biology at the University of
Bergen. Later this year, the instrumentation is planned to be
deployed to measure seawater pH above/around natural CO2
vents near the Jan Mayan Island.
High resolution (10 x 10 cm) mapping of the seafloor over the
Utsira Formation
In June 2011 a group of researchers from Centre for Geobiology (CGB) at the University of Bergen had a cruise to the area
around the Sleipner platform in the North Sea with the mission
to do in-depth mapping of the seafloor above the injected CO2
gas in the Utsira Formation. Since 1996 about 12 million tons
of CO2 has been injected into the formation resulting in a CO2
storage site being approximately 4 km long, 600 m wide and
300 m deep. It is important to acquire knowledge about the
seafloor over the injected CO2 as well as to develop and test
www.fme-success.no
equipment that can be used for near-future monitoring of subseafloor CO2 storage sites.
This CGB cruise with RV G.O. Sars brought a lot of high-tech
equipment for the seafloor mapping down to 10 cm2 resolution:
1. The AUV, a free-swimming autonomous underwater
vehicle used by CGB (in collaboration with the Norwegian
Defence Research Establishment) to do in-depth mapping
of large areas (km2) over short time periods (h). These data
gives up to 10 times better resolution compared to previously used sonars, so on the 2011 cruise the seafloor was
mapped down to 10 x 10 cm resolution!
2. A Multibeam and Singlebeam Echosounder systems that
simultaneously picture the seabed and the water column
were installed onboard RV G.O. Sars ahead of the cruise.
The systems detect gas in the water column and were
tested on several sites where methane bubbled up from
the seafloor.
3. A sub bottom profiler installed at the research vessel
was used to characterize and identify layers of sediment
located under the seafloor.
4. The ROV is a cable-based remotely operated vehicle used
on this cruise to sample gas, liquids and seafloor sediments overlying the Utsira Formation. In addition, the ROV
was equipped with a HD digital camera taking hundreds of
photos for photomosaicing of selected seafloor features.
5. The CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth) was
used as the primary tool for precise and comprehensive
determination of essential physical properties of the
water column.
page 17
WP6 Operations (INJECT)
WP-leader
Magnus Wangen
Institute for Energy Technology
jection. Both techniques are commonly used in the petroleum
industry. Although these two techniques are not new there are
several poorly understood aspects of the processes.
Hydraulic-fracturing is also a feared process. It is a risk that
hydraulic fracturing will cause CO2 leakage if the aquifer pressure increases during long term injection of CO2.
The objectives for WP6 are experimental and computational
work that enhances our understanding of reservoir injectivity
– work that will be useful in the planning and management of
CO2 injection operations.
Injectivity is a term that describes how easy it is to inject fluid
into an aquifer or a reservoir. Good injectivity means that it
is easy to fill the reservoir. The pressure that pumps the fluid
is “low” and the filling rate is “high” for good injectivity. Good
injectivity is necessary to assure that high CO2 filling rates can
be maintained without an unwanted increase in the well pressure. There are at least two well-known methods to increase
the injectivity of a reservoir: Hydraulic fracturing and acid in-
There are a number of activities in WP6 that addresses the injectivity. We have developed, and continue to develop, models
for how a pore fluid may interact with the rock to enhance or
reduce injectivity, and we develop models of hydraulic-fracturing. Several activities are connected to the Longyearbyen CO2laboratory, which includes characterisation and geomechanical
testing of the reservoir rocks.
WP6 is divided into four tasks:
1. Evaluation of reservoir properties of DeGeerdalen Fm and
validity of the LYB PILOT_L
2. Develop numerical tools for modelling of near well pressure and deformation
3. Workflow for injection well monitoring.
4. Experimental data and models for near well flow and reactions.
The geology is suitable for CO2 storage in Svalbard. Photo from the DeGeerdal formation.
page 18
www.fme-success.no
Hydraulic-fracturing of reservoir rocks
The figure below shows a model of a hydraulic-fracture. Fluid
is injected at the center of the grid, which then fills the fracture. The filling of the fracture with fluid pushes the fracture
walls apart and creates a stress enhancement at the fracture
tips. This process makes the tips of the fracture the most
likely place for fracture propagation. The fluid pumped into
the rock leaks from the fracture, through the fracture walls
and further into the rock. The more easily the fluid flow into
the rock, the lower the concentration of stress will be at the
fracture tips. Another point with fractures is that they also act
as channels into the rock, which eases the injection.
The burning of natural gas in power plants generates large
quantities of CO2. The rates of CO2 production are so large
that the injection rates into aquifers also must be very large.
A major challenge with large injection rates is to assure that
hydraulic fracturing only increases the injectivity, and do not
lead to fracturing of the sealing rocks of the reservoir.
Geomechanical testing and characterization of rocks from
the Svalbard CO2 storage test site.
Longyearbyen at Svalbard was selected as a test site for
storage of CO2. The reservoir rock found here are fractured
sandstones, which are covered by more than 700 m of shale
and sandstone. The shale will act as a barrier against leakage.
These rocks were once buried at the depths of 3 - 4 km beneath the earth’s surface, before the overburden was eroded
and the reservoir rock was elevated to its current location. The
burial history has had an important impact to the rock properties, which are currently strong and stiff, compared to their
present depth.
A possible problem with the CO2 injection site in Longyearbyen
is the risk of fracturing the sealing shale when the injection
pressure increases. This could lead to the unwanted result of
CO2 leaking into the atmosphere.
Knorringfjell Fm. 678.1m. Left: High porosity (blue) in pebbly sandstone Right: detail of pore cemented by dolomite (C)and clay (Fechamosite and illite)
The INJECT project carries out geomechanical testing at
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute on cores from wells drilled
at the storage test site. Mineral characterisations of the same
rocks are done at the Institute for Energy Technology. Detailed
geomechanical- and mineralogical analyses form the basis for
decisions of how to build and operate the CO2 storage site in
Adventdalen, Longyearbyen.
The figure shows the stress field around a hydraulic fracture. Notice
that there is a stress enhancement at the tip of the fractures. That is
why the tips are the most likely place for fracture propagation.
www.fme-success.no
Left: Testing of tensile strength of the rock in the laboratories of NGI.
Right: Preliminary test results.
page 19
WP 7 CO2 school
The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) has made an overview of university courses nationwide that are suitable for
MSc and PhD students focusing on CCS. UNIS successfully
started a new course (AG-341) on capture and storage of CO2 in
May 2011. In addition, a specially designed CO2 storage course
was started by Christian Hermanrud in Bergen (Hydrocarbon
Exploration and CO2 storage).
1.
Mapping of CCS relevant courses at Norwegian universities
2. Establishment of new, special designed CCS classes and
short courses (MSc and PhD)
3. Plan for public outreach
GEOV367 / Hydrocarbon Exploration and CO2 storage; University of Bergen.
Responsible: Christian Hermanrud professor II Statoil/UiB
The course aims to give students an understanding of the
important geological factors that influence decisions in hydrocarbon exploration and CO2 storage.
WP leaders: Alvar Braathen (UNIS), Per Aagaard (UiO) and
Ivar Aavatsmark (UniResearch)
page 20
The course consists of two distinct but related parts. In hydrocarbon exploration, emphasis is placed on assssment of the
likely reservoir, trap and seal of hydrocarbons. The exercises
include practical prospect evaluation and ranking of various
search options. In CO2 storage, emphasis is placed on the
evaluation of storage security. The exercises include review
of current storage problems in which analysis of the results of
numerical modeling is essential.
www.fme-success.no
After completing the course, students will be able to understand how geological work affects decisions in hydrocarbon
exploration and CO2 storage.
AG 341 Geological Constraints of CO2 Sequestration, The
University Centre in Svalbard.
Responsible: Snorre Olaussen, professor in Arctic Petroleum
Geology
The main focus of the course will be on geologically based
strategies and decision-making for optimal subsurface CO2
storage, using the Longyearbyen CO2 project as a case. The
course will also take advantage of the local coal geology as
well as potential CO2 reservoirs in the vicinity of Longyearbyen
to illustrate the general carbon cycle, including the techniques
available for power generation from coals and the different
carbon capture technologies.
After completing the course, the students will gain insight in
the value chain of CCS, knowledge of reservoir characterization and use of geological and geophysical data as input to
reservoir modelling, and learn about methods of sub surface
monitoring of the subsurface.
In addition University of Bergen (UiB) and University of Oslo
(UiO) offers relevant courses:
• MNF-CO2: Carbon Capture & Geologic Sequestration, (UiB
and Princeton University)
• GEO9900 - Chemical processes in soil and ground water,
Credits: 10 Level: Ph.D. level course (UiO)
• GEO5900 - Chemical processes in soil and ground water,
Credits: 10, Level: Advanced course MSc level
The course lasts for four weeks and runs 29. May - 22. June
2012. and offers 5 days of excursion and field work, emphasizing traps (seal) and reservoirs, geology of coal, coal production, power generation, and CO2 storage.
www.fme-success.no
page 21
Scientific Advisiory Committee
In 2011, the Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) for the Centre was established. SAC is composed of internationally renowned
experts in fields relevant to the SUCCESS Centre themes and goals. This external advisory will assume an active role in monitoring the performance and scientific excellence of the Centre and provide strategic advice to the SUCCESS board.
Stefan Bachu
Principal Scientist of CO2 Geological Storage at Alberta Research Council Inc. , Canada
Stefan Bachu received his doctorate in civil engineering at the Technion – Israel Institute of Tech-nology. Bachu has spent more than a decade researching carbon storage, and over 20 years of researching the subsurface flow of fluids and heat in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Bachu holds
advanced degrees in water resources, hydrogeology and transport processes and has participated in
several national and international carbon management initiatives. In addition, Bachu is associate editor
(for CO2 geological storage) of the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control.
Dag Nummedal
Director, Institute at the Colorado School of Mines, USA
Prior to joining CSM, Nummedal was professor of Geology and Geophysics at Louisiana State University (1978-1996) and the University of Wyoming (2000-2004), and served as manager of E&P geosciences at the Unocal Corporation, Houston, TX (1996-2000). Nummedal’s research over the past 30 years
has covered coastal and shallow marine sediment dynamics, planetary geology, sequence stratigraphy,
lacustrine sedimentation, tectonics and stratigraphy, energy systems analysis, carbon sequestration,
and sustainable energy technologies.
Claus Otto
Programme Manager Exploratory Research and CO2 Solutions, Shell International Exploration and
Production , The Netherlands
Otto received his PhD in 1992 at the Department of hydrogeology, University of Alberta, USA. Prior
to this Otto graduated as diplomgeologe in 1983 at Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Geologie, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg. Before joining Shell in 2007, he worked for 15 years in Australia on exploration, water management and CO2 solutions. He is a part of a team at Shell Exploration & Production Technology
in Rijswijk, the Netherlands, working on carbon dioxide (CO2) storage demonstration projects.
Nick Riley
Head of Science Policy (Europe) & Grants, British Geological Survey (Natural Environment Research
Council), United Kingdom
Riley graduated 1977 from Bristol University, Geology & Zoology, PhD (Geology- 1981). He joined BGS
in 1980 working on UK coal exploration and development (Plan 2000) and supporting BGS’ geological
mapping programmes (Upper Palaeozoic). Riley has been involved in geotechnical aspects of major
civil engineering projects (dams, tunnels, roads,), as well as petroleum geology (UK onshore, N. Sea and
USA). In 2008 Riley became responsible for BGS’ research funding derived from external grant awards
and in promoting BGS’ science policy in Europe. He is an advisor, on cleaner fossil fuel and energy issues, to the EC, governments, research councils, intergovernmental initiatives and industry.
page 22
www.fme-success.no
SUCCESS Executive Board 2011
Kåre R. Vagle, Conoco Phillips (Chair)
Bjørg Andresen, Institute for Energy Technology
Fabrice Cuisiat, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute
Helge Dahle, University of Bergen
Jørgen Rentler Neumann, Dong Energy
Arne Rokkan, CGG Veritas
Arne Skauge, Uni Research
Anne Skjærstein, RWE Dea
Gunn M.G. Teige, Statoil
Aage Stangeland, Research Council of Norway (Observer)
Arvid Nøttvedt, Christian Michelsen Research (Centre Manager)
2011 has been a year of growth
and strengthening of the SUCCESS Centre.
The research activity has grown
significantly. The number of students and Post Doc’s has raised
from 25 to 45 and the count of
publications and reports has
increased from 37 to 47.
Seminars and workshops have facilitated significant crossfunctional knowledge exchange between the various research
teams. The CO2-School, which is a collaboratory effort between Norwegian Universities and the SUCCESS and BIGCCS
Centres, provide a strong educational program for the next
generation of scientists. Implementation of a new web based
solution for documentation handling (ProjectPlace) has contributed to improved communication, reporting routines and
efficiency.
Collaboration agreements have been signed with three projects on CO2 storage, Ramore, IGems Co2 and MatMora. Moreover, collaboration with the Longyearbyen CO2-Lab headed
by UNIS at Svalbard has been very beneficial and provide
opportunities for testing of new concepts in field. Data kindly
released from the Snøhvit field, operated by Statoil, will act as
a valuable case study going forward.
The SUCCESS centre was fully financed in 2011. Store Norske decided to join the SUCCESS centre as industry partner,
whereas, regrettably, DONG E&P for strategic reasons withdrew from the centre. There is a clear potential for recruiting
new industry partners to the centre and this issue will be given
adequate attention.
Kåre R. Vagle
Chairman of the Board
A Scientific Advisory Committee has been established to
ensure scientific excellence and to provide strategic advice to
the Board.
www.fme-success.no
page 23
Communication and outreach
In 2011, the SUCCESS Centre has established good procedures
regarding centre management with a Centre Administrative
Group (centre manager, two scientific leaders and centre
coordinator) and a Centre Management Team consisting of the
work package leaders and institution contact persons. Regular
meetings are established, and we now have well functioning
forums for discussions and cooperation.
In 2011 we also have focused on the internal communication in
the Centre. To establish a good flow of information a project eroom has been established through the ProjectPlace software.
This has proven to be a good tool to facilitate communication
between the industry and research partners, the PhD students
and the Executive Board. The system helps building cooperation within the work packages and other shared activities in
the Centre.
SUCCESS wishes to further improve the quality and activity of
our web page, increase the flow of information and to present
activities and results in the SUCCESS Centre and associated
projects. The increased focus on presenting and communicating results will continue.
page 24
The SUCCESS Centre has been very active presenting at
several major national and international conferences and
events in 2011, including the Tekna conference Trondheim, the
30th Nordic Geological Winter meeting, Oslo, Oslo Society
of Exploration Geophysicist , the TCCS-6 Conference, Trondheim, NPD CO2 forum, Stavanger, Transatlantic Science Week
and side event, California. Members of the Centre has given
presentations at more specialized international conferences
like The CO2GeoNet open Forum 2011, Venice, NUPUS meeting, Freudenstadt, Goldsmith Conference and Conference on
Flows and Mechanics in Natural Porous Media from Pore to
Field Scale, Paris.
In addition, SUCCESS researchers and PhD students have
given several oral presentations, and presented results to
Norwegian public institutions like the Ministry of Petroleum
and Energy, the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, as well as
educational lectures on CO2 Storage within the framework of
EAGE Student Lecture Tour 2010–2011.
www.fme-success.no
Cooperation
North American and Norwegian CO2 storage sites and pilot
projects have benefitted greatly from industrial and academic
cooperation and brought the CCS development forward.
The experience and data collected from these operations in
US/Canada and Norway, offer potential for more extensive
cooperation among the research communities. Transatlantic
Science Week is an annual event focusing on education and
research collaboration between Norway, USA and Canada. At
the 2011 Science Week, taking place in Berkeley and Stanford,
SUCCESS in cooperation with BIGCCS, organized a workshop
October 27 as a side event to the official program.
The focus was on “Geological Carbon Storage Research –
Challenges and Approaches”. This workshop discussed results
from ongoing field storage sites/pilots and modeling of CO2
reservoir injection and the corresponding geomechanical and
geochemical response, and how these results can be applied in
further CO2 storage management practice.
This initiative had a total of 12 speakers from “both sides of
the pond”. Participants attended from UC Berkeley, Lawrence
Berkeley National Lab., Lawrence Livermore National Lab.,
Stanford University, SINTEF / BIGCCS, NTNU, University of
Bergen, University of Oslo, CIPR, CMR / SUCCESS, as well
as from Stanford University (professors, post doc and PhD
students), the Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy
and consulting companies.
www.fme-success.no
Our partners also cooperate with several European universities in geochemical mineral reactions resulting from CO2 injection into reservoirs and aquifers, such as CNRS Laboratoire de
mécanismes de transfert en géologie (LMTG) at the Université
Paul Sabatier in Toulouse. Project and cooperation also exists
with Deutsches Geoforschungszentrum (GFZ) Potsdam, Germany, University of Durham (England), University of Barcelona,
Technical University of Denmark (DTU.
Existing and active agreements concerning exchange of
students from the Institut Français Petrol is strengthened
similar to the collaboration regarding shared supervision with
the Universität Stuttgart. In addition, SUCCESS partners have
collaboration with CO2-related technology companies such as
ITT (Aanderaa Data Instruments) and Petrobras in Brazil, and
are involved in the projects CO2GeoNet, EC-ECO2 and NUPUS.
Several initiatives were made from the SUCCESS partners in
terms of new project applications, both towards EU and RCN.
This resulted in funding for new KPN`s, and the Oslo node of
SUCCESS is presently chairing an international consortium
applying for EU funding.
page 25
SUCCESS seminars and workshops
“I thought this was a very useful session.
It is nice to get feedback on how the audience perceives the presentation. I also
think that the tips about the content and
presentation technique that we received in
advance of the session were very interesting and useful. It is also great exercise to
evaluate and comment on other presentations. “
Elin Skurtveit, PhD student NGI/ IMPACT
The SUCCESS Centre aims to organize biannual seminars 1)
Winter Seminar, with focus on PhD and student projects, and
2) a Scientific seminar in the fall where current results and
status of the total SUCCESS Centre activities are presented.
In 2011, the Centre held its first Winter seminar at Finse February 21-22, where 16 presentations and talks were held by PhD
students and Post docs on different themes connected to CO2
Subsurface Storage. Interesting topics and discussions followed the presentations which had attendees from the SUCCESS industry and research partners, Norwegian Research
Council and the Centre administration.
September 26-27 SUCCESS arranged the second 2011 seminar
at Gardermoen. This event was organized more thematic and
with invited external speakers from BigCCS and DNV, and a
session on CO2 pilot studies with presentations from UNIS CO2
lab and Statoil.
During the September seminar a PhD session was held open to
all SUCCESS partners, prepared and led by Christian Hermanrud from Statoil/adjunct professor position at the University
of Bergen. A selection of PhD students gave 13 minute presentations where they presented their results and research focus.
page 26
Afterwards several questions were raised to the speakers
were they were challenged on their decisions and choices and
the audience evaluated each presentation. The students’ presentations achieved similar results in the evaluation, but Elin
Skurtveit, employed at NGI and PhD student on the project
IMPACT, was awarded the best presentation.
A workshop was organized with the purpose to discuss how
to achieve more cooperation between SUCCESS and UNIS
CO2 lab. This was very valuable and led to concrete cooperation activities across institutions and work packages and was
included in the Work Plan for SUCCESS Centre in 2011.
An equally important workshop took place in connection with
SUCCESS seminar in the fall in regards to Statoil releasing
data sets from Snøhvit to the disposal of SUCCESS partners. These data sets will lead to activities which even more
strongly integrate the various research institutions in the
centre and strengthen the communication between research
partners and industrial partners.
In addition, some of the Work Packages held workshops
related to their activities and to coordinate the scientific work
done throughout the year.
www.fme-success.no
Scientific staff 2011
Scientists
Name
Institution
Per Aagaard
UiO
Tor Langeland
CMR Computing
Roy Helge Gabrielsen
UiO
Jan Kocbach
CMR Instrumentation
Martha Lien
Uni CIPR
Kjetil Folgerø
CMR Instrumentation
Sara Gasda
UNI CIPR
Bjørg Andresen
IFE
Shaaban Bakr
Uni CIPR
Harald Johansen
IFE
Trond Mannseth
Uni CIPR/UiB
Kjersti Iden
IFE
Ivar Aavatsmark
UNI Research AS
Kristin Tyldum Kjøglum
IFE
Abdirahman M. Omar
UniBCCR
Magnus Wangen
IFE
Alvar Braathen
UNIS
Nina Simon
IFE
Riko Noormets
UNIS
Øyvind Brandvoll
IFE
Snorre Olaussen
UNIS
Anne Gunn Rike
NGI
Elin Skurtveit
NGI
Eyvind Aker
NGI
Fabrice Cuisiat
NGI
Inge Viken
NGI
Joonsang Park
NGI
Magnus Soldal
NGI
Sara Basin
NGI
Tore Bjørnarå
NGI
Zhong Wang
NGI
Øistein Johnsen
NGI
Leiv-J. Gelius
NGI/UiO
Andrew Sweetman
NIVA
Astri Kvasness Sweetman
NIVA
Name
Dominique Durand
NIVA
Kine Kristiansen, UiB,
Eyvind Farmer
NIVA
Malene Halkjelsvik, UiB,
F
Kevin Thomas
NIVA
Remi Ersland, UiB,
M
Lars Golmen
NIVA
Lillian Klungtvedt, UiB,
F
Uta Brandt
NIVA
Paul Odeh, UiB,
M
Malte Jochmann
SNSK
Saideh Shekari, UiB,
M
Christian Hermanrud
UiB
Silje Rognsvåg, UiB,
F
Truls Johannessen
UiB/BCCR
Are Gabriel Høyland, UiB,
M
Guttorm Alendal
UiB/BCCS
Pål Sævik, UiB
M
Laila Reigstad
UiB/CGB
Zhu Sha, UiB,
F
Rolf-Birger Pedersen
UiB/CGB
Silje Rognsvåg, UiB,
F
Steinar Hesthammer
UiB/CGB
Svenn Tveit, UiB
M
Bjørn Kvamme
UiB/IFT
Camilla Bø CGB, UiB
F
Morten Jakobsen
UiB/Uni CIPR
Abednego Tetteh, UiO
M
Helge Hellevang
UiO
Beyene Girma Haile, UiO
M
Henning Dypvik
UiO
Jan Inge Faleide
UiO
Jens Jahren
UiO
Johan Petter Nystuen
UiO
www.fme-success.no
Administrative staff
Name
Institution
Arvid Nøttvedt
CMR , Centre Manager
Charlotte Gannefors Krafft
CMR, Centre coordinator
Gudmund Anders Dalsbø
UiO, CO2 project coordinator
Masters students working on projects in the
Centre
Sex M/F
F
page 27
PhD students working on projects in the Centre
Name
Funding
Period
Elin Skurtveit
NGI,IMPACT
2011-2014
Sex M/F
F
Topic
Localization of deformation bands and application
to CO2 reservoir characterization
Tore Ingvald Bjørnarå
NGI; Univ of Durham,
INJECT
2011-2014
M
Coupled fluid flow and geomechanical modeling
John Clark
UiB
2011-2014
M
Sand injection at Utsira
Leonid Vasilyev
UiB, MatMoRA
2008-2010
M
Mathematical modeling of non-Fickian diffusion
Meisam Ashraf
UiB, SINTEF ICT,MatMoRa
2008-2011
M
Impact of geological uncertainty on CO2 Storage
Maria Elenius
SUCCESS, UiB, MatMoRA
2008-2011
F
Mathematical modeling of CO2 dissolution
Hilde Kristine Hvidevold
UiB, SUCCESS
2010-2013
F
Parameter estimation in models tailored to simulate CO2 seeps to marine waters
Karin Landschulze,
UiB, SUCCESS
2010-2013
F
Modeling of CO2 leakage
Trine Mykkeltvedt
UiB, SUCCESS
2010-2013
F
Homogenization of vtically averaged modelser
Elsa du Plessis
UiB, VAMP
2010-2013
F
Mathemical modeling of flow with hysteresis
Bjørnar Jensen
UIB/INJECT
2010 -2013
M
Molecular simulation studies of reactions between minerals and CO2
John Clark
UiB/NERC
2011-2013
M
Sand injection at Utsira
Binyam L. Alemu
UiB/Ramore/SUCCESS
2009-2011
M
Transport of CO2 in caprock and reservoir rock
Erlend Morisbak Jarsve
UiO
2009-2013
M
Oligocene succession in the North Sea area
Irfan Baig
UiO
2011-2014
M
CO2 storage reservoirs in the SkagerakKattegat
Mohsen Kalani
UiO
2010-2013
M
Screening potential for CO2 storage
Van Thi Hai Pham
UiO
2011-2014
F
CO2-water-rock-interactions
Oluwakemi Ogebule
UiO/CO2 Seal
2010-2014
F
CO2 Seal, WP 3,6 in SUCCESS
Anja Sundal
UiO/SUCCESS
2010-2014
F
Screening potential for CO2 storage
Javad Naseryan Moghadam
UiO/SUCCESS
2011-2015
M
Effects of Injected CO2
Reza Alikarimi
Uni/IMPACT
2011-2014
M
Impact of faults on the mechanical and petro
physical properties of sandstone reservoirs
Helle Botnen
UNI / SECURE
2011-2014
F
CO2 leakage
Karoline Bælum
UNIS
2007-2011
F
Geophysical and geological investigations of
subsurface reservoirs - case studies of Spitsbergen, Norway
Kim Senger
UNIS/Outcrop/SUCCESS
2010-2013
M
The impact of geological heterogeneity on CO2
sequestration
Post docs working on projects in the Centre
Name
Funding
Period
Kei Ogata
UNIS/Outcrop
2011-2013
Sex M/F
M
Caroline Sassier
UiO
2010-2013
F
Manzar Fawad
UiO
2007-2011
M
Matthieu Angeli
UiO
2010-2013
M
Therese K. Flaathen
UiO/CO2 Seal
2009-2014
F
Ingrid Anell
UNIS/SUCCESS
2012-2014
F
page 28
www.fme-success.no
Publications and reports 2011
Journal Papers
Aker E., Bjørnarå, T.I., Braathen A., Brandvoll Ø., Dahle H., Nordbotten J.M., Aagaard P., Hellevang H., Alemu B., Pham V.T.H., Johansen H.,
Wangen M., Nøttvedt A., Aavartsmark I., Johannessen T. and Durand D.
SUCCESS: SUbsurface CO2 storage – Critical Elements and Superior
Strategy. Energy Procedia 4, 6117-6124
Alemu B.L., Aker E., Soldal M., Johnsen Ø. and Aagaard P.: Influence of CO2 on rock physics properties in typical reservoir rock: A CO2
flooding experiment of brine saturated sandstone in a CT-scanner.
Energy Procedia, volume 4, 2011, pages 4379–4386.
Alemu B.L., Aker E., Soldal M., Johnsen Ø., Aagaard P. Influence of
CO2 on rock physics properties in typical reservoir rock: A CO2 flooding experiment of brine saturated sandstone in a CT-scanner. Energy
Procedia 4, 4379-4386.
Alemu, B.L., Aagaard, P., Munz, I.A., Skurtveit, E. Caprock interaction with CO2: a laboratory study of reactivity of shale with supercritical CO2 and brine. Accepted for publication in Applied Geochemistry
Bakr, S.A, Mannseth, T. Order-of-magnitude analysis of the
range of validity of a low-frequency approximation for CSEM, SEG
Expanded Abstracts, San Antonio.
Berre, I., Lien, M., Mannseth, T. Identification of three-dimensional electric conductivity changes from time-lapse electromagnetic
observations, J. Comput. Phys 230 (10).
Bjørlykke K., Hellevang, H., Aagaard, P., Konsekvensene av surere
hav – Noen geokjemiske betraktninger av betydning for livet I havet.
Biologen 2, 28-34.
Celia, M. A., J. M. Nordbotten, B. Court, M. Dobossy and S. Bachu
Field-scale application of a semi-analytical model for estimation of
leakage potential along old wells, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 5, 257-269, doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2010.10.005.
Court, B, K. W. Bandilla, M. A. Celia, T. A. Buscheck, J. M. Nordbotten, M. Dobossy, A. Janzen, Initial evaluation of synergies associated
with simultaneous brine production and CO2 geological sequestration, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, accepted.
Court, B., K. W. Bandilla, M. A. Celia, A. Janzen, M. E. Dobossy, J. M.
Nordbotten, Applicability of vertical-equilibrium and sharp-interface
assumptions in CO2 sequestration modeling, submitted to International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control.
Elenius M.,
Nordbotten J. M. and Kalisch H. : Effects of a capillary transition zone
on the stability of a diffusive boundary layer. Submitted to IMA J.
Appl. Math.
Elenius, M., Convective mixing in geological carbon storage, PhD
thesis, Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen.
Elenius, M., and Johannsen, K., (2011): On the time scales of nonlinear instability in miscible displacement porous media flow. Submitted to Computational Geosciences.
Gasda, S. E., J. M. Nordbotten and M. A. Celia (2011), Verticallyaveraged approaches to CO2 injection with solubility trapping, Water
Resources Research, 47, W05528, doi:10.1029/2010WR009075.
Hellevang, H., Declercq, J., Aagaard, P., 2011. Why is dawsonite
absent in CO2 charged reservoirs? Oil & Gas Science and Technology Revue de l’IFP 66 (1), 119-135.
Keilegavlen, E., J. M. Nordbotten, A. Stephansen, Anisotropic
relative permeability: Origins, modeling and numerical discretization,
International Journal of Numerical Analysis and Modeling, accepted.
Khattri, S.K., Fladmark, G.E., Hellevang, H., Kvamme, B. 2011.
Simulation of long-term fate of CO2 in the sand of Utsira. Journal of
Porous Media 14 (2), 149-166.
www.fme-success.no
Lien, M., Mannseth, T. Structural joint inversion of AVO and CSEM
data using flexible representation, SEG Expanded Abstracts, San
Antonio.
Mitrovic, D., J. M. Nordbotten, H. Kalisch, Dynamics of the
interface between immiscible liquids of different densities with low
Froude number, submitted to Nonlinear Analysis Series B: Real World
Applications.
Munz, I.A, Brandvoll, Ø, Haug, T.A., Iden, K. , Smeets R., Kihle, J. and
Johansen, H. Mechanisms and rates of plagioclase carbonation reactions. Submitted to Geochim Cosmochim Acta
Nogues, J. P., B. Court, M. E. Dobossy, J. M. Nordbotten, M. A. Celia,
Quantifying CO2 Leakage in a Geological Sequestartion Operation
given Parameter Uncertainty, submitted to International Journal of
Greenhouse Gas Control.
Nordbotten, J. M. and H. K. Dahle (2011), Impact of the capillary fringe in vertically integrated models for CO2 storage, Water
Resources Research, 47, W02537,doi:10.1029/2009WR008958.
Pham, V.T.H., Lu, P., Aagaard, P., Zhu, C., Hellevang, H., 2011. On the
potential of CO2-water-rock interactions for CO2 storage: A modified
kinetics model. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, in
press.
Pruess, K., and J. M. Nordbotten (2011), Numerical simulation
studies of the long-term evolution of a CO2 plume in a saline aquifer with a sloping caprock, Transport in Porous Media, doi:10.1007/
s11242-011-9729-6.
Rike, A.G., Børresen, M., Håvelsrud, O.E., Haverkamp, T.H.A.,
Kristensen, T. and Jakobsen, K.S. Microbial characterization of seabed sediments overlaying the proposed CO2 storage site Johansen
formation. Biogeochemical and microbial aspects of geological
carbon capture and storage. Geophysical research Abstracts Vol. 13.
European Geoscience Union General Assembly 2011, Vienna. Sandve, T. H., I. Berre, J. M. Nordbotten, An efficient Multi-Point
Flux Approximation based approach for Discrete Fracture Matrix
simulation, submitted to Journal of Computational Physics.
Sandvin, A., J. M. Nordbotten, I. Aavatsmark (2011), Multiscale
mass-conservative domain-decomposition preconditioners for elliptic problems on irregular grids, Computational Geosciences, 15(3),
587-602, doi:10.1007/s10596-011-9226-6.
Skogestad, J. O., E. Keilegavlen, J. M. Nordbotten, Domain decomposition strategies for non-linear flow problems in porous media,
submitted to Journal of Computational Physics.
Skurtveit, E., Aker, E., Soldal, M., Angeli, M. & Wang, Z. (2011). Experimental investigation of CO2 breakthrough and flow mechanisms
in shale. Accepted for publication in Petroleum Geoscience.
Vasiliev, L., Raoof, A. J. M. Nordbotten, Effect of mean network
coordination number on dispersivity characteristics, submitted to
Transport in Porous Media.
Published conference papers
Aagaard, P., Hellevang, H., Alemu, B.L., Pham, V.T.H., 2011. On the
potential for secondary carbonate growth in sedimentary basins.
21st V.M. Goldschmidt conference. Prague, Czech Republic.
Alemu, B.L., Aagaard, P., Hellevang, H., 2011. Effect of temperature
and mineralogical composition on the reactivity of shale: A comparison study of potential caprock from two potential CO2 storage sites.
21st V.M. Goldschmidt conference. Prague, Czech Republic.
page 29
Hellevang, H., Thyberg, B., Jahren, J., Albite precipitation in
mudstone - comparison of natural and synthetic systems. 21st V.M.
Goldschmidt conference., Prague, Czech Republic.
Omar et al. Spatiotemporal Variations of fCO2 in the North
Sea, has been accepted as an Oral Presentation at the ESA-SOLAS
Conference: Earth Observation for Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions
Science, which will be held at ESRIN, Frascati, Italy.
Simon, N.S.C., Loberg, M., Podladchikov, Y.Y. and Huismans, R.S.,
Is enhanced heat and tracer transfer an important process in deep
geothermal systems? Geophysical Research Abstracts, 13(EGU2011).
Simon, N.S.C., Semprich, J. and Podladchikov, Y.Y., A phase transition model for basins. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 13(EGU2011,
invited talk).
Presentations
Aagaard P., “Mineral trapping in CO2 storage - Geochemical
modeling”, Geological Carbon Storage Research - Challenges and Approaches Seminar, Stanford
Aavatsmark I., “Long-term modeling of CO2 storage “, Geological Carbon Storage Research - Challenges and Approaches Seminar,
Stanford
Aavatsmark I., “What does it take to get a good model?”; Success
Scientific days, Gardermoen Oslo
Aker E., Coupling rock physics and monitoring, SUCCESS Scientific days, Gardermoen, Norway
Aker E., How could an integrated monitoring system for CO2 storage look like? Invited talk to Oslo Society of Exploration Geophysicist, Oslo, Norway
Aker, E., Wang, Z., Skurtveit, E. & Soldal, M. (2011). On the sealing capacity of cap-rock: The effect of micro-fractures and fluid on
acoustic properties of shale. Trondheim CCS-6 Conference, Trondheim, Norway.
Cuisiat F., Cap rock fracturing criteria for assessment of CO2
storage capacity, SUCCESS Scientific days, Gardermoen, Norway
du Plessis E., Relative permeability for imbibition. SUCCESS seminar,
Finse
. Durand D., Kvassnes A.and Sweetman A.). Objectives and workplan of SUCCESS. Presented in the CO2GeoNet open Forum 2011,
Venice,
Elenius M., Capillarity and fingering in CO2 storage. NUPUS
meeting, Freudenstadt
Elenius M., Time scales of linear and non-linear instability in
porous media flow. SUCCESS seminar, Finse.
Fawad, M., Sassier, C., Jarsve, E.M., Aagaard, P., et al. 2011. A Potential CO2 storage play in Skagerrak - Depositional environment and
reservoir geology of the Gassum Formation. 6th Trondheim Conference on CO2 Capture, Transport and Storage,.
Fawad M., Use of AVO for CO2 sequestration monitoring - Tentative models of Gassum Formation, SUCCESS workshop, Finse.
Gabrielsen R., “Fault architecture and fault leakage”; Success
Hellevang H., “What kind of experiments are needed for CO2 storage? ”, Success Scientific days, Gardermoen Oslo
Johansen, H., Iden, K. and Hjelmseth, H. (2011) CO2 storage efficiency factor: wildcard for cost and safety. TCCS6 Trondheim. Johnsen, Ø., Alemu, B.L., Aker, E., Soldal, M., Cuisiat, F., & Aagaard,
P. (2011). Rock physical properties and CT imaging of CO2-brine displacement in reservoir sandstone. Pore2Field - International Conference on Flows and Mechanics in Natural Porous Media from Pore to
Field Scale, Paris,. Kalani M.: Petrophysical analyses of the Upper Jurassic-Lower
Cretaceous succession in the Egersund Basin, implications for seal
characterization; a preliminary outline, SUCCESS workshop, Finse
Kjøglum K.T., Absorption and adsorption at different scales, SUCCESS workshop, Finse
Aker, E., Wang, Z., Skurtveit, E. & Soldal, M. (2011). On the sealing capacity of cap-rock: The effect of micro-fractures and fluid on
acoustic properties of shale. Trondheim CCS-6 Conference, Trondheim, Norway.
Kvamme B., “Hydrate formation during CO2 injection and storage”
Geological Carbon Storage Research - Challenges and Approaches
Seminar, Stanford
Alemu B, Experimental study on the influence of CO2 on rock
physics properties of a typical reservoir rock with the use of ultrasonic velocity, resistivity and X-ray CT-skanner,SUCCESS workshop,
Finse.
Kvamme B., “Present status of Retraco-code bright”, Success
Mykkeltvedt T., Qualitative effects of convective mixing in
coarse models, 3. Interpore Conference on Porous Media, Bordeaux,
Alemu B.L., Aker E., Soldal M., Johnsen Ø. and Aagaard P. (2011):
Experimental study on the influence of CO2 on rock physics properties of a typical reservoir rock with the use of ultrasonic velocity,
resistivity and X-ray CT-scanner. The Trondheim CCS-6 Conference.
Mykkeltvedt T., Representing convective mixing in coarse models. SUCCESS seminar, Finse
Alemu, B.L., Aker, E., Soldal, M., Johnsen, Ø., Aagaard, P. (2011).
Influence of CO2 on rock physics properties in typical reservoir rock:
A CO2 flooding experiment of brine saturated sandstone in a CTscanner. Trondheim CCS-6 Conference, Trondheim, Norway
Alemu, B.L., Aker, E., Soldal, M., Johnsen, Ø., Aagaard, P., 2011.
Experimental study on the influence of CO2 on rock physics properties of a typical reservoir rock with the use of ultrasonic velocity,
resistivity and X-ray CT scanner. 6th Trondheim Conference on CO2
Capture, Transport and Storage. Angeli M.: A study of the Oligocene succession in the eastern
North Sea area, SUCCESS workshop, Finse.
Bergmo, P.E.S., Pham, V.T.H., Nielsen, L.H., et al., 2011. A potential
CO2 storage play in Skagerrak - Injection strategy and capacity of
the Gassum Formation. 6th Trondheim Conference on CO2 Capture,
Transport and Storage,
Brandvoll Ø., Iden K., Skurtveit E., “Experimental assessment of
induced reactions on well cement”, abstract accepted for oral presentation at TCCS-6 conference, Trondheim, Norway
page 30
Nøttvedt A., The SUCCESS centre on CO2 storage - theory and
field pilots. The 16th Field Reservoir Management Conference,
Stavanger,
Nøttvedt, A., Energy and climate change: Technology development in the Bergen region, 7-fjellskonferansen, Bergen,
Nøttvedt, A., FME SUCCESS. Kursdagene 2011/Tekna, Trondheim
Nøttvedt, A., Norwegian CO2 research and field pilots - hand in
hand, Transatlantic Science Week, San Francisco,
Nøttvedt, A., The SUCCESS centre on CO2 storage. Norsk Geologisk Forening, Vinterkonferansen 2011, Stavanger,
Ogebule O., Mudstones: Sealing Capacity and Fluid Transport,
SUCCESS workshop, Finse
Omar, A. M., Johannessen, T., and Haugan, P. Konsekvenser av CO2
lekkasje (in Norwegian). Oral presentation for Forum for CO2 Storage,
, Petroleum Directorate, Stavanger, Norway.
Park, J., Viken, I., Bjørnarå T.I. & Aker, E. CSEM data analysis for
Sleipner CO2 storage. Trondheim CCS-6 Conference, Trondheim,
Norway.
www.fme-success.no
Pham, V.T.H., Aagaard, P. CO2 storage: Fluid flow modeling coupled
with geomechanics, Snøhvit field. 6th Trondheim Conference on CO2
Capture, Transport and Storage,.
Pham, Van Thi Hai; CO2 Storage: Fluid flow modeling copupled
with geomechanics, Snøhvit field,SUCCESS workshop, Finse.
Skurtveit E., Experimental investigation of CO2 breakthrough
and flow mechanisms in shale. “Challenges in CO2 sequestration”,
Workshop, Moab region.
Skurtveit, E., Impact of fault rock roperties on CO2 storage in
sandstone reservoirs, SUCCESS workshop, Finse.
Sundal A. Geological Reservoir Characterization for Subsurface
CO2 storage - a case study of the Johansen Formation, SUCCESS
workshop, Finse.
Reports
Håvelsrud, O.E. Characterization of seabed sediments overlaying the Johansen formation using metagenomic analyses, NGI report
no. 20081351-00-26-R
Rike A.G. Baseline characterization of seabed sediments from
the Johansen formation area using metagenomic analysis. NGI working report no. 20081351-00-23-R.
Kocbach J.,Folgerø K. Uncertainty analysis for CSEM instrumentation related to detection of CO2 in the subsurface, CMR working
report no.CMR-11-F10755-RA-01
Wangen M., “Hydraulic fracturing modeled with FEM”, Success
PhD student Karin Landschulze and scientist Laila Reigstad (both
at CGB) presented their role, data and projects in SUCCESS for the
20 students from the Colgate University of Liberal Arts, New York,
US, visited CIPR and CGB, Bergen.
www.fme-success.no
page 31
Photos and illustrations
Kjetil Alsvik - Statoil
Hans Fredrik Asbjørnsen - University of Oslo
Alvar Braathen - University Centre in Svalbard
Gudmund Dalsbø – University of Oslo
Daniele Di Domenico - Kairòs Studio
Helge Hansen - Statoil
Laila Reigstad - Centre of GeoBiology, University of Bergen
Signe Steinnes – Utdanning.no
Alberta Innovates – Technology Futures, Canada
Christian Michelsen Research
Colorado School of Mines, USA
Durham University, UK
Norwegian Geotechnical institute
Norwegian Petroleum Directorate
Shell
Shutterstock
Uni Research
University Centre in Svalbard
University of Oslo
Contact info
Arvid Nøttvedt, Centre Manager
Per Aagaard , Scientific leader
Ivar Aavatsmark, Scientific leader
Charlotte Gannefors Krafft, Centre Coordinator
Postal Address
CEER-SUCCESS
Christian Michelsen Research AS
P.O. Box 6031
NO-5892 Bergen, Norway
Visiting Address
Christian Michelsen Research AS
Fantoftvegen 38
Bergen, Norway
post(at)fme-success.no
charlotte(at)cmr.no
www.fme-success.no
page 32
www.fme-success.no

SUCCESS Annual report 2011

Transcription

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