UniBasic Commands Reference - Rocket Documentation Library

Rocket UniData
UniBasic Commands Reference
Version 8.1.1
December 2015
UDT-811-BASR-1
Notices
Edition
Publication date: December 2015
Book number: UDT-811-BASR-1
Product version: Version 8.1.1
Copyright
© Rocket Software, Inc. or its affiliates 1985-2015. All Rights Reserved.
Trademarks
Rocket is a registered trademark of Rocket Software, Inc. For a list of Rocket registered trademarks go
to: www.rocketsoftware.com/about/legal. All other products or services mentioned in this document
may be covered by the trademarks, service marks, or product names of their respective owners.
Examples
This information might contain examples of data and reports. The examples include the names of
individuals, companies, brands, and products. All of these names are fictitious and any similarity to
the names and addresses used by an actual business enterprise is entirely coincidental.
License agreement
This software and the associated documentation are proprietary and confidential to Rocket Software,
Inc. or its affiliates, are furnished under license, and may be used and copied only in accordance with
the terms of such license.
Note: This product may contain encryption technology. Many countries prohibit or restrict the
use, import, or export of encryption technologies, and current use, import, and export regulations
should be followed when exporting this product.
2
Corporate information
Rocket Software, Inc. develops enterprise infrastructure products in four key areas: storage, networks,
and compliance; database servers and tools; business information and analytics; and application
development, integration, and modernization.
Website: www.rocketsoftware.com
Rocket Global Headquarters
77 4th Avenue, Suite 100
Waltham, MA 02451-1468
USA
To contact Rocket Software by telephone for any reason, including obtaining pre-sales information
and technical support, use one of the following telephone numbers.
Country
Toll-free telephone number
United States
1-855-577-4323
Australia
1-800-823-405
Belgium
0800-266-65
Canada
1-855-577-4323
China
800-720-1170
France
08-05-08-05-62
Germany
0800-180-0882
Italy
800-878-295
Japan
0800-170-5464
Netherlands
0-800-022-2961
New Zealand
0800-003210
South Africa
0-800-980-818
United Kingdom
0800-520-0439
Contacting Technical Support
The Rocket Customer Portal is the primary method of obtaining support. If you have current
support and maintenance agreements with Rocket Software, you can access the Rocket Customer
Portal and report a problem, download an update, or find answers to in the U2 Knowledgebase.
To log in to the Rocket Customer Portal or to request a Rocket Customer Portal account, go to
www.rocketsoftware.com/support.
In addition to using the Rocket Customer Portal to obtain support, you can send an email to
[email protected] or use one of the following telephone numbers.
Country
Telephone number
North America
+1 800 729 3553
United Kingdom/France
+44 (0) 800 773 771 or +44 (0) 20 8867 3691
Europe/Africa
+44 (0) 20 8867 3692
Australia
+1 800 707 703 or +61 (0) 29412 5450
New Zealand
+0800 505 515
3
Contents
Notices................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Corporate information......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions................................................................................................................ 14
Elements of syntax statements............................................................................................................................. 14
!.................................................................................................................................................................................14
#................................................................................................................................................................................14
#<..............................................................................................................................................................................14
#>..............................................................................................................................................................................14
$BASICTYPE............................................................................................................................................................. 15
$DEFINE................................................................................................................................................................... 15
$IFDEF...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
$IFNDEF................................................................................................................................................................... 17
$INCLUDE.................................................................................................................................................................18
$INSERT................................................................................................................................................................... 19
$UNDEFINE.............................................................................................................................................................. 19
&............................................................................................................................................................................... 19
*................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
**.............................................................................................................................................................................. 20
*=.............................................................................................................................................................................. 20
+................................................................................................................................................................................20
+=..............................................................................................................................................................................21
-................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
-=.............................................................................................................................................................................. 22
/................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
/=.............................................................................................................................................................................. 23
:.................................................................................................................................................................................23
^................................................................................................................................................................................23
:=...............................................................................................................................................................................24
<................................................................................................................................................................................24
<=..............................................................................................................................................................................24
<>..............................................................................................................................................................................25
=................................................................................................................................................................................25
=>..............................................................................................................................................................................25
=<..............................................................................................................................................................................25
><..............................................................................................................................................................................25
>................................................................................................................................................................................26
>=..............................................................................................................................................................................26
@.............................................................................................................................................................................. 26
[]............................................................................................................................................................................... 29
{}............................................................................................................................................................................... 30
ABORT...................................................................................................................................................................... 31
ABS........................................................................................................................................................................... 32
acceptConnection................................................................................................................................................... 32
ACOS........................................................................................................................................................................ 33
ACTIVATEKEY........................................................................................................................................................... 34
addAuthenticationRule...........................................................................................................................................35
addCertificate..........................................................................................................................................................36
addRequestParameter............................................................................................................................................37
ALPHA...................................................................................................................................................................... 38
amInitialize.............................................................................................................................................................. 38
amReceiveMsg.........................................................................................................................................................39
4
Contents
amReceiveRequest..................................................................................................................................................40
amSendMsg............................................................................................................................................................. 41
amSendRequest...................................................................................................................................................... 42
amSendResponse................................................................................................................................................... 43
amTerminate...........................................................................................................................................................44
analyzeCertificate................................................................................................................................................... 45
AND.......................................................................................................................................................................... 45
ASCII......................................................................................................................................................................... 46
ASIN..........................................................................................................................................................................46
ASSIGN..................................................................................................................................................................... 47
ATAN.........................................................................................................................................................................47
BITAND.....................................................................................................................................................................48
BITNOT.....................................................................................................................................................................49
BITOR....................................................................................................................................................................... 49
BITXOR..................................................................................................................................................................... 50
BPIOCP.....................................................................................................................................................................50
BPIOCPN.................................................................................................................................................................. 51
BREAK...................................................................................................................................................................... 52
BYTELEN.................................................................................................................................................................. 53
CALCULATE.............................................................................................................................................................. 53
CALL......................................................................................................................................................................... 54
CALLC....................................................................................................................................................................... 56
CASE......................................................................................................................................................................... 57
CAT........................................................................................................................................................................... 59
CATS......................................................................................................................................................................... 60
CHAIN....................................................................................................................................................................... 60
CHANGE................................................................................................................................................................... 61
CHAR........................................................................................................................................................................ 61
CHARLEN..................................................................................................................................................................62
CHARS...................................................................................................................................................................... 63
CHECKSUM.............................................................................................................................................................. 63
CLEAR.......................................................................................................................................................................64
CLEARCOMMON.......................................................................................................................................................64
CLEARDATA..............................................................................................................................................................65
CLEARFILE................................................................................................................................................................66
CLEARINPUT............................................................................................................................................................ 67
CLEARSELECT.......................................................................................................................................................... 67
CLEARSQL................................................................................................................................................................ 68
CLOSE.......................................................................................................................................................................68
CLOSESEQ................................................................................................................................................................69
closeSocket............................................................................................................................................................. 70
CLOSEXMLDATA.......................................................................................................................................................70
COL1.........................................................................................................................................................................71
COL2.........................................................................................................................................................................71
COMMON..................................................................................................................................................................72
CONTINUE................................................................................................................................................................74
CONVERT................................................................................................................................................................. 75
CONVERT................................................................................................................................................................. 76
COS...........................................................................................................................................................................77
COUNT..................................................................................................................................................................... 77
COUNTS................................................................................................................................................................... 78
createCertificate......................................................................................................................................................79
createCertRequest.................................................................................................................................................. 80
createRequest......................................................................................................................................................... 82
createSecureRequest..............................................................................................................................................83
createSecurityContext............................................................................................................................................ 85
5
Contents
CRT........................................................................................................................................................................... 86
DATA.........................................................................................................................................................................86
DATE.........................................................................................................................................................................87
DBTOXML................................................................................................................................................................. 87
DCOUNT................................................................................................................................................................... 88
DEACTIVATEKEY.......................................................................................................................................................89
DEBUG......................................................................................................................................................................90
DEFFUN.................................................................................................................................................................... 91
DEL........................................................................................................................................................................... 92
DELETE.....................................................................................................................................................................93
DELETE.....................................................................................................................................................................95
DELETELIST............................................................................................................................................................. 96
DELETEU.................................................................................................................................................................. 96
DIM........................................................................................................................................................................... 97
DIGEST..................................................................................................................................................................... 99
DIR..........................................................................................................................................................................100
DISABLEDEC...........................................................................................................................................................101
DISPLAY..................................................................................................................................................................102
DISPLAYWIDTH...................................................................................................................................................... 102
DOWNCASE............................................................................................................................................................ 102
DQUOTE................................................................................................................................................................. 103
DROUND.................................................................................................................................................................103
EBCDIC................................................................................................................................................................... 104
ECHO...................................................................................................................................................................... 104
ENABLEDEC........................................................................................................................................................... 105
ENCODE................................................................................................................................................................. 106
ENCRYPT................................................................................................................................................................ 107
END.........................................................................................................................................................................109
ENTER.................................................................................................................................................................... 109
EQ........................................................................................................................................................................... 110
EQS.........................................................................................................................................................................111
EQU........................................................................................................................................................................ 111
EREPLACE.............................................................................................................................................................. 113
EXECUTE................................................................................................................................................................ 114
EXECUTESQL......................................................................................................................................................... 116
EXIT........................................................................................................................................................................ 119
EXP......................................................................................................................................................................... 119
EXTRACT................................................................................................................................................................ 120
FIELD...................................................................................................................................................................... 121
FIELDSTORE...........................................................................................................................................................122
FILEINFO................................................................................................................................................................ 123
FILELOCK............................................................................................................................................................... 126
FILEUNLOCK.......................................................................................................................................................... 127
FIND........................................................................................................................................................................128
FINDSTR................................................................................................................................................................. 129
FLUSH.................................................................................................................................................................... 130
FMT.........................................................................................................................................................................131
FOOTING................................................................................................................................................................ 133
FORMLIST.............................................................................................................................................................. 134
FOR/NEXT.............................................................................................................................................................. 135
FUNCTION..............................................................................................................................................................137
GARBAGECOLLECT................................................................................................................................................ 138
GE........................................................................................................................................................................... 138
generateKey.......................................................................................................................................................... 139
GES......................................................................................................................................................................... 140
GET......................................................................................................................................................................... 141
6
Contents
getCipherSuite.......................................................................................................................................................142
GETENV.................................................................................................................................................................. 143
getHTTPDefault.....................................................................................................................................................143
getIpv..................................................................................................................................................................... 144
GETLIST..................................................................................................................................................................145
GETPTR.................................................................................................................................................................. 146
GETPU.................................................................................................................................................................... 147
GETQUEUE.............................................................................................................................................................147
GETREADU............................................................................................................................................................. 148
getResponseHeader..............................................................................................................................................149
getSocketInformation...........................................................................................................................................150
getSocketOptions..................................................................................................................................................151
GETUSERGROUP................................................................................................................................................... 152
GETUSERID............................................................................................................................................................ 152
GETUSERNAME...................................................................................................................................................... 153
GOSUB................................................................................................................................................................... 153
GOTO......................................................................................................................................................................154
GROUP................................................................................................................................................................... 155
GROUPSTORE........................................................................................................................................................156
GT........................................................................................................................................................................... 158
GTS......................................................................................................................................................................... 158
HASH...................................................................................................................................................................... 159
HEADING................................................................................................................................................................ 160
HUSH......................................................................................................................................................................161
ICONV..................................................................................................................................................................... 162
ICONV Date (D)......................................................................................................................................................164
ICONV Group (G)................................................................................................................................................... 167
ICONV Length (L)...................................................................................................................................................167
ICONV Masked Character (MC).............................................................................................................................168
ICONV Masked Decimal (MD)............................................................................................................................... 169
ICONV Left Justify (ML).........................................................................................................................................170
ICONV Packed Decimal (MP)................................................................................................................................171
ICONV Packed Decimal (MP1).............................................................................................................................. 172
ICONV Right Justify (MR)......................................................................................................................................172
ICONV Time (MT)...................................................................................................................................................173
ICONV Hex (MX | HEX), Octal (MO), Binary (MB)..................................................................................................174
ICONV Pattern Match (P)......................................................................................................................................176
ICONV Range (R)................................................................................................................................................... 176
ICONV SOUNDEX (S)............................................................................................................................................. 177
ICONV Text Extraction (T).................................................................................................................................... 177
ICONV File Translation (Tfile)...............................................................................................................................178
ICONVS...................................................................................................................................................................178
IF/THEN/ELSE........................................................................................................................................................ 179
IN............................................................................................................................................................................ 181
INDEX..................................................................................................................................................................... 181
INDICES.................................................................................................................................................................. 182
initSecureServerSocket function......................................................................................................................... 183
initServerSocket....................................................................................................................................................184
INMAT.....................................................................................................................................................................184
INPUT..................................................................................................................................................................... 186
INPUT @................................................................................................................................................................ 188
INPUTCLEAR.......................................................................................................................................................... 190
INPUTERR.............................................................................................................................................................. 190
INPUTIF.................................................................................................................................................................. 191
INPUTNULL............................................................................................................................................................191
INPUTTRAP............................................................................................................................................................ 192
7
Contents
INS..........................................................................................................................................................................193
INSERT................................................................................................................................................................... 194
INT..........................................................................................................................................................................195
ISMB....................................................................................................................................................................... 195
ISNV........................................................................................................................................................................195
ISNVS......................................................................................................................................................................196
ITYPE...................................................................................................................................................................... 197
LE............................................................................................................................................................................199
LEN......................................................................................................................................................................... 199
LENS.......................................................................................................................................................................200
LES......................................................................................................................................................................... 201
LISTUSER............................................................................................................................................................... 201
LN........................................................................................................................................................................... 202
loadSecurityContext............................................................................................................................................. 202
LOCATE.................................................................................................................................................................. 203
LOCK...................................................................................................................................................................... 206
LOOP/REPEAT....................................................................................................................................................... 207
LOWER................................................................................................................................................................... 209
LT............................................................................................................................................................................210
LTS......................................................................................................................................................................... 211
MAT........................................................................................................................................................................ 211
MATBUILD.............................................................................................................................................................. 212
MATCH....................................................................................................................................................................214
MATCHFIELD.......................................................................................................................................................... 215
MATPARSE............................................................................................................................................................. 216
MATREAD............................................................................................................................................................... 217
MATREADL............................................................................................................................................................. 219
MATREADU.............................................................................................................................................................220
MATWRITE..............................................................................................................................................................222
MATWRITEU........................................................................................................................................................... 224
MAXIMUM............................................................................................................................................................... 225
MBLEN....................................................................................................................................................................226
MDPERFORM..........................................................................................................................................................226
MINIMUM................................................................................................................................................................228
MOD........................................................................................................................................................................229
NE........................................................................................................................................................................... 230
NEG........................................................................................................................................................................ 230
NES.........................................................................................................................................................................231
NFAUSER................................................................................................................................................................231
NOCONVERT.......................................................................................................................................................... 232
NOT........................................................................................................................................................................ 232
NOTS...................................................................................................................................................................... 233
NULL.......................................................................................................................................................................233
NUM........................................................................................................................................................................234
NUMS..................................................................................................................................................................... 234
OCONV................................................................................................................................................................... 235
OCONV byte level (CB)..........................................................................................................................................237
OCONV Date (D).................................................................................................................................................... 237
OCONV Group (G)..................................................................................................................................................239
OCONV Length (L)................................................................................................................................................. 240
OCONV Masked Character (MC)........................................................................................................................... 241
OCONV Masked Decimal (MD)..............................................................................................................................242
OCONV Left Justify (ML)....................................................................................................................................... 244
OCONV Packed Decimal (MP).............................................................................................................................. 245
OCONV Packed Decimal (MP1)............................................................................................................................ 246
OCONV Right Justify (MR).................................................................................................................................... 246
8
Contents
OCONV Time (MT)................................................................................................................................................. 248
OCONV Hex (MX | HEX), Octal (MO), Binary (MB)................................................................................................ 249
OCONV Pattern Match (P).................................................................................................................................... 250
OCONV Range (R)..................................................................................................................................................251
OCONV SOUNDEX (S)............................................................................................................................................252
OCONV Text Extraction (T)...................................................................................................................................252
OCONV File Translation (Tfile)............................................................................................................................. 253
OCONVS................................................................................................................................................................. 254
ON/GOSUB.............................................................................................................................................................255
ON/GOTO............................................................................................................................................................... 256
OPEN...................................................................................................................................................................... 257
openSecureSocket function.................................................................................................................................259
OPENSEQ............................................................................................................................................................... 260
openSocket............................................................................................................................................................262
OPENXMLDATA...................................................................................................................................................... 263
OR...........................................................................................................................................................................264
OSBREAD............................................................................................................................................................... 264
OSBWRITE..............................................................................................................................................................266
OSCLOSE................................................................................................................................................................268
OSDELETE.............................................................................................................................................................. 269
OSOPEN................................................................................................................................................................. 270
OSREAD..................................................................................................................................................................271
OSWRITE................................................................................................................................................................ 272
PAGE.......................................................................................................................................................................273
PAUSE.................................................................................................................................................................... 274
PCPERFORM.......................................................................................................................................................... 275
PERFORM............................................................................................................................................................... 276
PRECISION............................................................................................................................................................. 276
PREPAREXML......................................................................................................................................................... 276
PRINT..................................................................................................................................................................... 277
PRINTER.................................................................................................................................................................279
PRINTER CLOSE.................................................................................................................................................... 279
PRINTERR.............................................................................................................................................................. 280
PROCREAD............................................................................................................................................................. 282
PROCWRITE........................................................................................................................................................... 284
PROGRAM.............................................................................................................................................................. 285
PROMPT................................................................................................................................................................. 285
protocolLogging.................................................................................................................................................... 286
PWR........................................................................................................................................................................287
QUOTE................................................................................................................................................................... 287
RAISE......................................................................................................................................................................288
READ.......................................................................................................................................................................288
READBCK................................................................................................................................................................290
READBCKL..............................................................................................................................................................291
READBCKU............................................................................................................................................................. 293
READFWD............................................................................................................................................................... 295
READFWDL............................................................................................................................................................. 297
READFWDU............................................................................................................................................................ 299
READL.....................................................................................................................................................................301
READLIST............................................................................................................................................................... 303
READNEXT..............................................................................................................................................................304
READNEXTTUPLE...................................................................................................................................................306
READSELECT..........................................................................................................................................................307
READSEQ................................................................................................................................................................308
readSocket.............................................................................................................................................................308
READT.................................................................................................................................................................... 309
9
Contents
READU.................................................................................................................................................................... 311
READV.....................................................................................................................................................................313
READVL...................................................................................................................................................................314
READVU.................................................................................................................................................................. 316
READXBCK..............................................................................................................................................................317
READXFWD............................................................................................................................................................. 318
READXMLDATA.......................................................................................................................................................319
RECORDLOCKED....................................................................................................................................................320
RECORDLOCKL...................................................................................................................................................... 321
RECORDLOCKU......................................................................................................................................................322
RELEASE.................................................................................................................................................................323
RELEASEXML..........................................................................................................................................................324
REM........................................................................................................................................................................ 325
REMOVE................................................................................................................................................................. 325
REMOVE................................................................................................................................................................. 328
REPLACE................................................................................................................................................................ 329
RESIZET..................................................................................................................................................................331
RETURN..................................................................................................................................................................332
REUSE.................................................................................................................................................................... 332
REWIND.................................................................................................................................................................. 333
RND........................................................................................................................................................................ 334
RNDSEED............................................................................................................................................................... 335
RQM........................................................................................................................................................................335
SADD...................................................................................................................................................................... 335
saveSecurityContext............................................................................................................................................. 336
SCMP...................................................................................................................................................................... 337
SDIV........................................................................................................................................................................ 337
SELECT................................................................................................................................................................... 338
SELECTINDEX.........................................................................................................................................................340
SELECTINFO...........................................................................................................................................................342
SEND...................................................................................................................................................................... 342
SEQ.........................................................................................................................................................................344
SEQS.......................................................................................................................................................................344
setAuthenticationDepth....................................................................................................................................... 344
setCipherSuite....................................................................................................................................................... 345
setClientAuthentication........................................................................................................................................346
SETENV.................................................................................................................................................................. 347
setHTTPDefault..................................................................................................................................................... 347
setIpv..................................................................................................................................................................... 349
SETINDEX............................................................................................................................................................... 349
setPrivateKey........................................................................................................................................................ 352
setRandomSeed.................................................................................................................................................... 353
setRequestHeader.................................................................................................................................................354
setSocketOptions..................................................................................................................................................355
showSecurityContext............................................................................................................................................356
SIGNATURE............................................................................................................................................................ 357
SIN..........................................................................................................................................................................358
SLEEP..................................................................................................................................................................... 359
SMUL...................................................................................................................................................................... 360
SOAPCreateRequest..............................................................................................................................................360
SOAPCreateSecureRequest.................................................................................................................................. 361
SOAPGetDefault.................................................................................................................................................... 362
SOAPGetFault........................................................................................................................................................ 363
SOAPGetResponseHeader.................................................................................................................................... 364
SOAPRequestWrite................................................................................................................................................365
SOAPSetDefault.....................................................................................................................................................366
10
Contents
SOAPSetParameters............................................................................................................................................. 367
SOAPSetRequestBody.......................................................................................................................................... 368
SOAPSetRequestContent......................................................................................................................................368
SOAPSetRequestHeader.......................................................................................................................................369
SOAPSubmitRequest............................................................................................................................................ 370
SORT...................................................................................................................................................................... 371
SOUNDEX............................................................................................................................................................... 371
SPACE.....................................................................................................................................................................372
SPACES.................................................................................................................................................................. 373
SPLICE....................................................................................................................................................................373
SQLAllocConnect...................................................................................................................................................374
SQLAllocEnv.......................................................................................................................................................... 375
SQLAllocStmt........................................................................................................................................................ 376
SQLBindCol............................................................................................................................................................376
SQLBindParameter............................................................................................................................................... 378
SQLCancel..............................................................................................................................................................380
SQLColAttributes...................................................................................................................................................380
SQLColumns.......................................................................................................................................................... 382
SQLConnect...........................................................................................................................................................384
SQLDescribeCol.....................................................................................................................................................385
SQLDisconnect...................................................................................................................................................... 386
SQLError................................................................................................................................................................ 387
SQLExecDirect....................................................................................................................................................... 388
SQLExecute............................................................................................................................................................390
SQLFetch................................................................................................................................................................391
SQLFreeConnect....................................................................................................................................................392
SQLFreeEnv........................................................................................................................................................... 392
SQLFreeStmt......................................................................................................................................................... 393
SQLGetInfo............................................................................................................................................................ 394
SQLGetTypeInfo.................................................................................................................................................... 396
SQLNumParams.................................................................................................................................................... 399
SQLNumResultCols............................................................................................................................................... 400
SQLParamOptions................................................................................................................................................ 400
SQLPrepare............................................................................................................................................................402
SQLRowCount....................................................................................................................................................... 403
SQLSetConnectOption..........................................................................................................................................404
SQLSetParam........................................................................................................................................................ 406
SQLSpecialColumns..............................................................................................................................................406
SQLStatistics......................................................................................................................................................... 409
SQLTables..............................................................................................................................................................412
SQLTransact.......................................................................................................................................................... 413
SQRT...................................................................................................................................................................... 415
SQUOTE................................................................................................................................................................. 415
SSUB...................................................................................................................................................................... 416
STATUS.................................................................................................................................................................. 416
STOP...................................................................................................................................................................... 417
STR......................................................................................................................................................................... 418
STRS....................................................................................................................................................................... 418
submitRequest...................................................................................................................................................... 419
SUBROUTINE......................................................................................................................................................... 420
SUBROUTINE (Update Trigger)............................................................................................................................ 422
SUBROUTINE (Delete Trigger)..............................................................................................................................424
SUBSTRINGS..........................................................................................................................................................426
SUM........................................................................................................................................................................ 427
SWAP......................................................................................................................................................................427
SYSTEM.................................................................................................................................................................. 429
11
Contents
TAN.........................................................................................................................................................................432
TIME....................................................................................................................................................................... 432
TIMEDATE...............................................................................................................................................................433
TRANSACTION ABORT.......................................................................................................................................... 433
TRANSACTION COMMIT........................................................................................................................................ 434
TRANSACTION START........................................................................................................................................... 435
TRIM....................................................................................................................................................................... 436
TRIMB.....................................................................................................................................................................438
TRIMF..................................................................................................................................................................... 438
TRIMS..................................................................................................................................................................... 439
UDOArrayAppendItem.......................................................................................................................................... 440
UDOArrayDeleteItem............................................................................................................................................ 440
UDOArrayGetItem................................................................................................................................................. 441
UDOArrayGetNextItem..........................................................................................................................................441
UDOArrayGetSize.................................................................................................................................................. 442
UDOArrayInsertItem..............................................................................................................................................442
UDOArraySetItem..................................................................................................................................................443
UDOClone.............................................................................................................................................................. 443
UDOCreate.............................................................................................................................................................444
UDODeleteProperty.............................................................................................................................................. 444
UDOFree.................................................................................................................................................................445
UDOGetLastError...................................................................................................................................................445
UDOGetNextProperty............................................................................................................................................445
UDOGetOption.......................................................................................................................................................446
UDOGetProperty................................................................................................................................................... 446
UDOGetPropertyNames........................................................................................................................................447
UDOGetType..........................................................................................................................................................448
UDOIsTypeOf......................................................................................................................................................... 448
UDORead............................................................................................................................................................... 448
UDOSetOption.......................................................................................................................................................449
UDOSetProperty....................................................................................................................................................449
UDOWrite............................................................................................................................................................... 450
UDTEXECUTE......................................................................................................................................................... 450
UNASSIGNED......................................................................................................................................................... 451
UNLOCK................................................................................................................................................................. 452
UPCASE.................................................................................................................................................................. 452
WAKE...................................................................................................................................................................... 453
WEOF......................................................................................................................................................................454
WEOFSEQ...............................................................................................................................................................455
WRITE.....................................................................................................................................................................456
WRITELIST..............................................................................................................................................................458
WRITESEQ.............................................................................................................................................................. 458
WRITESEQF............................................................................................................................................................ 459
writeSocket............................................................................................................................................................460
WRITET...................................................................................................................................................................461
WRITEU.................................................................................................................................................................. 463
WRITEV...................................................................................................................................................................465
WRITEVU................................................................................................................................................................ 467
XDOMAddChild...................................................................................................................................................... 468
XDOMAppend.........................................................................................................................................................469
XDOMClone............................................................................................................................................................470
XDOMClose............................................................................................................................................................ 471
XDOMCreateNode................................................................................................................................................. 472
XDOMCreateRoot.................................................................................................................................................. 474
XDOMEvaluate....................................................................................................................................................... 475
XDOMGetAttribute.................................................................................................................................................476
12
Contents
XDOMGetChildNodes............................................................................................................................................ 477
XDOMGetElementById.......................................................................................................................................... 477
XDOMGetElementsByName..................................................................................................................................478
XDOMGetElementsByTag......................................................................................................................................479
XDOMGetNodeName.............................................................................................................................................480
XDOMGetNodeType.............................................................................................................................................. 481
XDOMGetNodeValue............................................................................................................................................. 482
XDOMGetOwnerDocument................................................................................................................................... 482
XDOMGetUserData................................................................................................................................................ 483
XDOMImportNode................................................................................................................................................. 484
XDOMInsert............................................................................................................................................................485
XDOMItem..............................................................................................................................................................486
XDOMLength..........................................................................................................................................................488
XDOMLocate.......................................................................................................................................................... 488
XDOMLocateNode................................................................................................................................................. 489
XDOMOpen............................................................................................................................................................ 491
XDOMRemove........................................................................................................................................................492
XDOMReplace........................................................................................................................................................ 493
XDOMSetNodeValue..............................................................................................................................................494
XDOMSetUserData................................................................................................................................................ 495
XDOMTransform.................................................................................................................................................... 496
XDOMValidate........................................................................................................................................................497
XDOMValidateDom................................................................................................................................................498
XDOMWrite.............................................................................................................................................................498
XLATE..................................................................................................................................................................... 500
XMAPAppendRec................................................................................................................................................... 500
XMAPClose............................................................................................................................................................. 501
XMAPCreate........................................................................................................................................................... 502
XMAPOpen............................................................................................................................................................. 502
XMAPReadNext......................................................................................................................................................503
XMAPToXMLDoc.................................................................................................................................................... 504
XMLError................................................................................................................................................................ 505
XMLExecute........................................................................................................................................................... 505
XMLGetError.......................................................................................................................................................... 508
XMLGetOptions......................................................................................................................................................509
XMLGetOptionValue.............................................................................................................................................. 510
XMLSetOptions...................................................................................................................................................... 510
XMLTODB............................................................................................................................................................... 511
Appendix A: ASCII character codes..................................................................................................................................513
Appendix B: UniBasic@variables..................................................................................................................................... 520
@variables............................................................................................................................................................. 520
Delimiter @variables............................................................................................................................................ 522
@SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE values......................................................................................................................... 522
Appendix C: Operators in UniBasic................................................................................................................................. 525
Arithmetic operators............................................................................................................................................ 525
Boolean operators................................................................................................................................................ 525
Relational operators.............................................................................................................................................526
Appendix D: Reserved words........................................................................................................................................... 527
Appendix E: Commands affected by BASICTYPEs and UDT.OPTIONS.......................................................................... 533
Appendix F: Commands that set STATUS() return values............................................................................................. 537
13
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
This section contains a detailed alphabetic listing of UniBasic commands, functions, and operators
that include descriptions and working examples.
Functions perform specialized operations that augment and enhance commands. You always use
functions as expressions or in expressions following a command.
Elements of syntax statements
This reference manual uses a common method to present syntax for Rocket UniData commands. The
syntax statement includes the command name, required arguments, and options you can use with the
command. Italics represents a variable you can replace with any valid option.
!
! is a synonym for the * and REM commands, which you can use to create comments. It also is a
synonym for the OR operator.
For information about creating comments, see REM. For information about the OR operator, see OR,
on page 264.
Synonyms
*, REM, OR
#
# is a synonym for the NE relational operator.
For more information, see NE, on page 230.
Synonyms
<>, ><, NE
#<
#< is a synonym for the GE relational operator.
For more information, see GE, on page 138.
Synonyms
<=, >=, GE
#>
#> is a synonym for the LE relational operator.
14
$BASICTYPE
For more information, see LE, on page 199.
Synonyms
>=, =<, LE
$BASICTYPE
The UniBasic $BASICTYPE command compiles data in a specified BASICTYPE. The $BASICTYPE
statement must be the first noncomment statement in the program or subroutine.
You can include only one $BASICTYPE statement per file (main program or subroutine), but you can
split a program into separately cataloged subroutines for the purpose of changing BASICTYPE.
If you do not specify $BASICTYPE, UniData compiles the program in the BASICTYPE specified in the
ECL BASICTYPE command. The default type is U.
Note: The BASICTYPE param must be in quotation marks.
Syntax
$BASICTYPE "param"
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
U
UniBasic
P
Pick BASIC
R
Advanced Revelation BASIC
M
McDonnell Douglas BASIC/ Reality BASIC
Related commands
Language
Command
UniData
BASICTYPE
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
$DEFINE
The UniBasic $DEFINE command defines a control variable you can use later to direct compilation.
Tip: Keep $DEFINE statements in a separate INCLUDE file to facilitate recompiling programs
with different definitions.
Syntax
$DEFINE var
15
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
In the following example, SMALL is defined when the program segment is compiled, and UniData
defines array1 as a 10-element array initialized with 0:
$DEFINE SMALL
$IFDEF SMALL
DIM array1(10)
MAT array1 = 0
$ENDIF
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
$UNDEFINE, EQU
$IFDEF
The UniBasic $IFDEF command conditionally compiles UniBasic statements depending on the
existence of a variable definition. Variables are defined by $DEFINE.
Syntax
$IFDEF var statements1 [$ELSE statements2] $ENDIF
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies variable to check to determine whether to compile
statements1 or statements2.
statements1
Specifies statements to compile if var is defined.
statements2
Specifies optional statements to compile if var is not defined.
Examples
In the following example, when you compile the program segment, the system defines array1 as a 10element array initialized with 0:
$DEFINE SMALL
$IFDEF SMALL
DIM array1(10)
MAT array1 = 0
$ENDIF
In the next example, when you compile the program segment, the system defines array1 as a 100element array and initializes it with 1:
$UNDEFINE SMALL
$IFDEF SMALL
PRINT 'SMALL was defined'
$ELSE
DIM array1(100)
MAT array1 = 1
16
$IFNDEF
$ENDIF
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
$DEFINE, $IFNDEF
$IFNDEF
The UniBasic $IFNDEF command conditionally compiles UniBasic statements depending on the
absence of a variable definition. Variables are defined by $DEFINE.
Syntax
$IFNDEF var statements1 [$ELSE statements2] $ENDIF
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies variable to check to determine whether to compile
statements1 or statements2.
statements1
Specifies statements to compile if var is defined.
statements2
Specifies optional statements to compile if var is not defined.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment nests the $IFDEF and $IFNDEF statements. Upon
compilation of this program, the size of array A might be 1000, 10, or 100 depending on whether LARGE
or SMALL is defined. If both are undefined, the size of A is 100 elements, and the initialized value of
array A might be 1 or 0, depending on whether ONE is defined.
$IFDEF LARGE
DIM A(1000)
$IFDEF ONE
MAT A = 1
$ELSE
MAT A = 0
$ENDIF
$ELSE
$IFNDEF SMALL
DIM A(100)
$ELSE
DIM A(10)
$ENDIF
$IFDEF ONE
MAT A = 1
$ELSE
MAT A = 0
$ENDIF
$ENDIF
17
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
$DEFINE, $IFNDEF
$INCLUDE
The UniBasic $INCLUDE and $INSERT commands insert UniBasic source code from the file you
specify into the program being compiled.
The third form of the syntax inserts code from a UNIX, or Windows platform sequential file.
Note: In $BASICTYPEs P and M, you can enter $INCLUDE or INCLUDE.
Syntax
$INCLUDE record [FROM [DICT] filename]
$INCLUDE filename {, | | > } record
$INCLUDE [pathname {, | | > }] seq.filename
Synonyms
$INSERT
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
record
Specifies the record that contains the code you want to insert.
filename
Specifies the name of a UniData directory containing the record. If you
do not specify filename, the system searches for record in the current
file where the program being compiled resides.
pathname
Specifies the directory containing seq.filename. If you do not specify
pathname, the system searches for seq.filename in the current
directory. The delimiter between the path and the file or record can be
a space, comma (,) or a greater than sign (>).
seq.filename
Specifies the name of an operating system sequential file.
Note: filename can identify a remote file as determined by the VOC entry. The code to be inserted
can also contain $INCLUDE or $INSERT statements.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement inserts into the program being compiled the code
contained in file code_seg1 in directory BP:
$INCLUDE code_seg1 FROM BP
The next example demonstrates the use of the $INCLUDE command in UniData for UNIX. The
program statement inserts into the program being compiled the code contained in sequential file
my_code in directory /usr/ud/mydir:
18
$INSERT
$INCLUDE /usr/ud/mydir/my_code
$INSERT
$INSERT is a synonym for the $INCLUDE command.
For more information, see $INCLUDE, on page 18.
Synonyms
$INCLUDE
$UNDEFINE
The UniBasic $UNDEFINE command deletes the definition of var previously defined by $DEFINE.
Syntax
$UNDEFINE var
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
$DEFINE, EQU
&
& is a synonym for the AND Boolean operator.
For more information, see AND, on page 45.
Synonyms
AND
*
The * arithmetic operator multiplies the expressions on either side of the operator.
The asterisk (*) also is a synonym for the ! and REM commands, which you can use to create
comments. For information about creating comments, see REM, on page 325.
Note: You must include the REUSE function to apply arithmetic operations to all elements of a
dynamic array.
Syntax
expr * expr
19
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Synonyms
!, REM
Examples
The following program segment uses the * operator to multiply VAR1 and VAR2:
X = VAR1 * VAR2
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
REM, SMUL
**
** is a synonym for the ^ arithmetic operator.
For more information, see ^, on page 23.
Synonyms
^
*=
The *= arithmetic operator multiplies the value of a variable by the number you specify.
Tip: Using the *= operator is a more efficient way of multiplying a variable. For example, LINES
*= 2 is more efficient than LINES = LINES * 2.
Note: You must include the REUSE function to apply arithmetic operations to all elements of a
dynamic array.
Syntax
var *= expr
Examples
In the following example, the variable LINES is multiplied by 2, which sets LINES equal to 14:
LINES = 7
LINES *= 2
+
In the first version of the syntax, the + arithmetic operator adds the two numbers on either side of the
operator.
20
+=
In the second version of the syntax, + acts as a unary plus operator (same as multiplying by +1).
Syntax
expr + expr
+expr
Examples
The following program segment is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications.
The third statement places the cursor at the location computed by 9+ENTRY, then the program
displays the seventh element of the array ORDER.REC at that location.
FOR ENTRY = 1 TO NUM_ENTRIES
NEW.PRICE = ""
DISPLAY @(10,9+ENTRY):OCONV(ORDER.REC<7,ENTRY>,"MR2$,"):
INPUT @(45,9+ENTRY):NEW.PRICE
NEW.PRICE = OCONV(NEW.PRICE,"MCN")
IF NEW.PRICE # '' AND NUM(NEW.PRICE) THEN
ORDER.REC<7,ENTRY> = NEW.PRICE
NEED.TO.WRITE = 1
END
NEXT ENTRY
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ABS, NEG, SADD, SUM
+=
The += arithmetic operator increments the value of a variable by the number you specify.
Tip: Using the += operator is a more efficient way of incrementing a variable. For example, LINES
+= 1 is more efficient than LINES = LINES + 1.
Syntax
var += expr
Examples
In the following example, the variable LINES is incremented by 1, which sets LINES equal to 8:
LINES = 7
LINES += 1
In the first version of the syntax, the - arithmetic operator subtracts the expr on the right from the expr
on the left of the operator.
21
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
In the second version of the syntax, - acts as a unary minus operator, which produces the same result
as multiplying by -1.
Syntax
expr -expr
-expr
Examples
In the following example, VAR2 is subtracted from VAR1 and the result is assigned to the variable X:
X = VAR1 - VAR2
In the next example, the - operator is used as the unary minus and changes the sign of VAR:
VAR = -VAR
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ABS, NEG
-=
The -= arithmetic operator decrements the value of a variable by the number you specify.
Tip: Using the -= operator is a more efficient way to decrement a variable. For example, LINES = 1 is more efficient than LINES = LINES -1.
Syntax
var -= expr
Examples
In the following example, the variable LINES is decremented by 1, which sets LINES equal to 6:
LINES = 7
LINES -= 1
/
The / arithmetic operator divides the two numbers on either side of the operator.
Syntax
expr1 / expr2
Examples
The following statement divides price by cost to determine quantity:
22
/=
PRICE / COST = QUANTITY
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
SDIV
/=
The /= arithmetic operator divides the value of a variable by the number you specify.
Tip: Using the /= operator is a more efficient way of dividing a variable. For example, LINES /=
2 is more efficient than LINES = LINES/2.
Syntax
var /= expr
Examples
In the following example, the variable LINES is divided by 2, which sets LINES equal to 10:
LINES = 20
LINES /= 2
:
: is a synonym for the CAT function.
For more information, see CAT, on page 59.
Synonyms
CAT
^
The ^ arithmetic operator raises expr1 to the power of expr2.
Syntax
expr1^expr2
Synonyms
**
23
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
In the following example, the program segment raises variable X to the power of 3, first using an
exponentiation operator **, second using the PWR function, and last using the exponentiation
operator ^. The results are identical.
X = 2
PRINT X**3
PRINT PWR(X,3)
PRINT X^3
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
PWR
:=
The := arithmetic operator concatenates the value of an expression to a variable.
Tip: Using the := operator is a more efficient way of concatenating a variable. For example,
LINES := 0 is more efficient than LINES = LINES CAT 0.
Syntax
var := expr
Examples
In the following example, the variable LINES is concatenated with 0, which sets LINES equal to 100:
LINES = 10
LINES := 0
<
< is a synonym for the LT (less than) relational operator.
For more information, see LT, on page 210.
Synonyms
LT
<=
<= is a synonym for the LE relational operator.
For more information, see LE, on page 199.
24
<>
Synonyms
#<, =<, LE
<>
The UniBasic <> function retrieves, inserts, or replaces elements in a dynamic array. It also acts as the
not equal to relational operator.
For information about retrieving, see EXTRACT, on page 120. For information about inserting and
replacing, see REPLACE, on page 329. For information about the not equal to relational operator, see
NE, on page 230.
Synonyms
#, ><, NE
=
= is a synonym for the EQ relational operator.
For more information, see EQ, on page 110.
Synonyms
EQ
=>
=> is a synonym for the GE relational operator.
For more information, see GE, on page 138.
Synonyms
#<, <=, GE
=<
=< is a synonym for the LE relational operator.
For more information, see LE, on page 199.
Synonyms
#<, <=, LE
><
>< is a synonym for NE relational operator.
For more information, see NE, on page 230.
25
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Synonyms
#, <>, NE
>
> is a synonym for the GT relational operator.
For more information, see GT, on page 158.
Synonyms
GT
>=
>= is a synonym for the GE relational operator.
For more information, see GE, on page 138.
Synonyms
#>,=>, GE
@
The UniBasic @ function positions the cursor on the video screen. In the first form, the system positions
the cursor at the column and row you specify.
In the second form, you can specify various terminal functions by num.expr.
Any reference to @ functions turns off automatic screen pagination.
Tip: Assign @ functions to variables if you expect to use the @ function more than once.
Use the @ function in a PRINT statement to direct the terminal to take some action before printing.
Syntax
@(col.expr [,row.expr])
@(-num.expr)
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
col.expr
Specifies the column position to place the cursor.
Can be a literal value or variable.
Must be a positive numeric value.
Value 0 is the leftmost column on the screen. For most terminals,
col.expr can range from 0 to 79 (the right-hand side of the screen).
26
@
Parameter
Description
,row.expr
Specifies the row at which to place the cursor. Defaults to the current
row.
Can be either a literal value or variable.
Must be a positive value.
Value 0 is the top of the screen. For most terminals, row.expr can
range from 0 to 23 (the last row on the screen).
-num.expr
Specifies an @ terminal function. For valid @ terminal functions and
their effects, see the next table.
Tip: Use PRINT, DISPLAY, and CRT in combination with the UniBasic @ function to position
the cursor on the screen before printing or to execute other terminal functions. Execute the ECL
REUSE.ROW command to determine whether a line feed is executed when the UniBasic PRINT @
function references column only. For example, PRINT @(10) rather than PRINT @(3,10).
@ Function Options
The following @ function options direct the terminal to take an action.
Option
Description
-1
Clear screen, home cursor.
-2
Home cursor.
-3
Clear from cursor to end of screen.
-4
Clear from cursor to end of line.
-5
Enter blink mode.
-6
Stop blink mode.
-7
Enter protected mode.
-8
Stop protected mode.
-9
Backspace one character.
-10
Move cursor up one line.
-11
Enter half-intensity mode.
-12
Stop half-intensity mode.
-13
Enter reverse video mode.
-14
Stop reverse video mode.
-15
Enter underlining mode.
-16
Stop underlining mode.
-17
Down one line.
-18
Nondestructive space (cursor right).
-19
Audible signal (bell).
-20
Delete character.
-21
Insert character.
-22
Delete line.
-23
Add new blank line.
-24
Turn on the printer.
-25
Turn off the printer.
-26
Print contents of the screen.
27
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Option
Description
-27
Start alternate character set.
-28
End alternate character set.
-29 to -49
Reserved for color combinations.
-50
Sent by the backspace key.
-51
Sent by the clear screen or erase key.
-52
Sent by the delete character key.
-53
Sent by the insert character key.
-54
Sent by the delete line key.
-55
Sent by the insert line key.
-56
Sent by the home key.
-57
Sent by the left arrow key.
-58
Sent by the up arrow key.
-59
Sent by the down arrow key.
-60
Sent by the right arrow key.
-61
Sent by the clear-to-end-of-line key.
-62
Sent by the clear-to-end-of-screen key.
-63
Sent by function key F0.
-64
Sent by function key F1.
-65
Sent by function key F2.
-66
Sent by function key F3.
-67
Sent by function key F4.
-68
Sent by function key F5.
-69
Sent by function key F6.
-70
Sent by function key F7.
-71
Sent by function key F8.
-72
Sent by function key F9.
-73
Sent by function key F10.
-74
Sent by the next-page key.
-75
Sent by the previous-page key.
-76
Sent by the scroll forward/down key.
-77
Sent by the scroll backward/up key.
-78
Sent by the set-tab key.
-79
Sent by the terminal up arrow key.
-80
Out of “keypad transmit” key.
-81
Turn bold on.
-82
Turn bold off.
-83
Turn standout on.
-84
Turn standout off.
Examples
In the following example, the statement prints the message HI in the fifth column from the left of the
screen and the tenth row down from the top:
PRINT @(5,10):"HI"
28
[]
In the next example, the program segment prints two messages at different points on the screen:
ROW = 0 ; COL = 0
PRINT @(COL,ROW):"TOP":@(COL,ROW+21):"BOTTOM"
In the next example, the program segment initiates reverse video mode, prints a prompt, and then
stops reverse video mode:
PRINT @(-13)
PRINT "ENTER NAME:":
PRINT @(-14)
In the next example, the program segment clears the screen and places the cursor in the home
position (0,0):
CLS = @(-1)
PRINT CLS
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
@variables
UniData
REUSE.ROW
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
[]
The UniBasic [] (square brackets) function extracts or replaces strings.
Null value handling
With null value handling on, when UniBasic encounters the null value in a command parameter where
a number is expected (num.expr1, num.expr2), it displays a warning message and uses 0.
Note: In BASICTYPE M and P, the [] (square brackets) function can remove a substring entirely and
can also remove parts of the substring.
Syntax
string.expr [num.expr1,num.expr2] = expr
expr = string.expr [num.expr1, num.expr2]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
string.expr
In the first form, the function replaces part or all of string.expr. In the
second form, the function extracts part or all of string.expr.
29
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
num.expr1
Indicates the starting position for the operation. It refers to the
character position where the replacement or extraction operation
occurs.
num.expr2
Indicates the number of characters involved in the operation. If
UniData performs an extraction, it returns that number of characters.
If UniData performs a replacement, it replaces that number of
characters.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment extracts the first character of the variable LAST.NAME
(in this case, an S):
LAST.NAME = 'Smith'
L.INITIAL = LAST.NAME[1,1]
In the next example, the program segment changes the first letter of the word Bind in the variable
TITLE to W. The resulting string is “Gone with the Wind”.
TITLE = 'Gone with the Bind'
TITLE[15,1] = 'W'
In the next example, the program segment changes the substring 234 spaces:
A = "12345"
A[2,3] = ""
In BASICTYPE U, system output is as follows:
A = "1 5"
In BASICTYPEs M and P, the substring is extracted as follows:
A = "15"
The following program inserts the null value into string X, which contains 12345, and then prints this
element before and after converting @NULL to the printable string “@NULL”:
X=12345
X[3,1]=@NULL
PRINT "X[3,1] is printed on the next line."
PRINT X[3,1]
X = CHANGE(X[3,1], @NULL,"@NULL")
PRINT "X[3,1] is printed on the next line."
PRINT X
This program prints the following text:
X[3,1] is printed on the next line.
X[3,1] is printed on the next line.
@NULL
{}
{}is a synonym for the CALCULATE function.
30
ABORT
For more information, see CALCULATE, on page 53.
Synonyms
CALCULATE
ABORT
The UniBasic ABORTcommand terminates the program or subroutine in progress, returning the user
to the UniData system level. ABORT returns the user to the UniData prompt, whether the aborted
program was called by another program or executed through a UniData menu or paragraph. ABORT
can include an optional string exprto display when the program aborts. The expression can contain
variables, functions, and/or arithmetic or string operators.
The UniBasic commands ABORT and PRINTERR return the system message whose ID you specify
in the command. You can also retrieve system messages using a UniBasic program by opening the
system message file and reading a message record by ID.
Note: ENGLISH.MSG is the default system message file that is activated when you install
UniData. If you execute udtlang.config to select a language group, a different system message
file could be activated. To find out which language is installed on your system, execute the ECL
command SET.LANG CURRENT. For more information, see UniData International.
The ABORT command in BASICTYPE P provides additional functions. ABORT prints either a userdefined message specified by the string expr, or a UniData system message identified by message-id:
ABORT [message-id]
ABORT [expr,...]
In the first form of the syntax, the message-id must be a variable that evaluates to a key contained in
the UniData message file. If no message exists, the number entered in message-id is returned. In the
second form of the above syntax, you can specify more than one expr.
Note: You can use the ECL ON.ABORT command so that ABORT does not terminate the process.
For information about the ECL ON.ABORT command, see the UniData Commands Reference.
Syntax
ABORT [expr]
Examples
In the following program segment, the user is prompted if an error flag ERR.FLAG has been set. The
user’s input is read into the variable “answer”. If “answer” equals “Y”, the program aborts.
ERR.FLAG = 1
IF ERR.FLAG THEN
PRINT "ABORT PROGRAM?"
INPUT answer
IF ANS = "Y" THEN ABORT
...
31
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
In the next example, in BASICTYPE P, an error message prints and the program terminates when
CLIENTS cannot be opened:
EID = "Error Message Text."
ERR_MSG = "CAN'T OPEN FILE"
OPEN "CLIENTS" TO CLIENTS.FILE ELSE
ABORT ERR_MSG, EID
END
In the next example, in BASICTYPE P, the program segment prints the error message from record
10075 in the error message file if the program aborts:
$BASICTYPE "P"
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO CLIENT.FILE ELSE STOP "CANNOT OPEN"
READ REC FROM CLIENT.FILE, "99" ELSE ABORT 10075
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
PRINTERR, STOP
UniData
ABORT, CLEAR.ONABORT
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
ABS
The UniBasic ABS function returns the positive numeric value (absolute value) of the argument. expr
can be any numeric expression.
Syntax
ABS(expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints the absolute value of the variable NUM, which is
999:
NUM = -999
PRINT ABS(NUM)
In the next example, the program statement replaces the variable NUM with its absolute value:
NUM = ABS(NUM)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
NED
acceptConnection
Use the acceptConnection function to accept an incoming connection attempt on the server side
socket.
32
ACOS
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
acceptConnection(svr_socket, blocking_mode, timeout, in_addr, in_name,
socket_handle
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
svr_socket
The handle to the server side socket returned by initServerSocket().
blocking_mode
0 - default (blocking)
1 - blocking. In this mode and the current blocking mode of svr_socket
is set to blocking, acceptConnection() blocks the caller until a
connection request is received or the specified time_out has expired.
2 - non-blocking. In this mode if there are no pending connections
present on the queue, acceptConnection() returns an error status
code. In this mode, time_out is ignored.
time_out
Timeout in milliseconds.
in_addr
The buffer that receives the address of the incoming connection. If
NULL, it will return nothing.
in_name
The variable that receives the name of the incoming connection. If
NULL, it will return nothing.
socket_handle
The handle to the newly created socket on which the actual
connection will be made. The server will use readSocket(),
writeSocket(), and so forth, with this handle to communicate with the
client.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
Non-zero
See Socket Function Error Return codes.
ACOS
The UniBasic ACOS function returns the trigonometric arc cosine (inverse cosine) of a numeric
expression in degrees. expr must be a value between -1 and +1. ACOS returns a value expressed as the
degree of the arc cosine of the input, which ranges from 0 to 180. If expr evaluates to a value outside
the range of -1 to +1, UniData displays an error message and returns 0 as the result.
With null value handling on, the result of any mathematical operation, function, or comparison
involving the null value is the null value. Therefore, ACOS returns the null value when expr is the null
value.
33
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
ACOS(expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement assigns 60, the arc cosine of 0.5, to ARCCOS:
ARCCOS = ACOS(0.5)
In the next example, the program statement prints out the arc cosine of -0.5, which is 120:
PRINT ACOS(-0.5)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ASIN, ATAN, COS, SIN, TAN
ACTIVATEKEY
Use the ACTIVATEKEY command to activate a key or wallet. It is necessary to activate a key if you
want to supply a password for key protection.
Note: You can activate only keys with password protection with this command. Keys that do not
have password protection are automatically activated.
Syntax
ACTIVATEKEY <key.id>, <password> [ON <NFA_SERVER>] [ON ERROR
<statements>]
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
key.id
The key ID or wallet ID to activate. If you provide a Wallet ID, UniData
activates all keys in the wallet.
password
The password corresponding to key.id.
ON NFA_SERVER
The name of the NFA_SERVER on which you want to activate the
encryption key. The syntax for NFA_SERVER can be either:
▪
@domain.var where domain.var specifies the ID for a VOC entry
that contains the NFA server connection parameters.
OR
▪
“MACHINE <host> PORT <port> [, UDTHOME <udthome>]”
NFA files are always encrypted and decrypted on the remote machine
by the NFA server.
ON ERROR statements
If you specify ON ERROR statements and an error occurs, UniData
executes the statements following the ON ERROR clause. Otherwise,
UniData executes the next statement.
STATUS codes
The ACTIVATEKEY statement returns the following STATUS codes regarding wallet operations:
34
addAuthenticationRule
STATUS code
Description
0
Operation successful
1
Key is already activated or deactivated. This applies to a single key,
not a wallet operation
2
Operation failed. This applies to a single key, not a wallet operation
3
Invalid wallet ID or password
4
No access to wallet
5
Invalid key ID or password
6
No access to one of the keys in the wallet
9
Other error
Examples
The following example illustrates how to activate an encryption key:
ACTIVATEKEY "test","myunidata" ON ERROR PRINT "Unable to activate key"
addAuthenticationRule
The addAuthenticationRule function adds an authentication rule to a security context. The
rules are used during SSL negotiation to determine whether or not the peer is to be trusted.
UniData currently supports the following rules:
▪
Verification Strength rule – The rule governs the SSL negotiation and determines whether or not
an authentication process is considered successful. There are two levels of security, generous and
strict. If you specify generous, the certificate need only contain the subject name (common name)
that matches the one you specify by “Peer Name” to be considered valid. If you specify strict,
the incoming certificate must pass a number of checks, including signature check, expiry check,
purpose check, and issuer check.
▪
PeerName rule – If you specify the PeerName rule and provide common names separated by
attributes marks in ruleString, UniData stores trust server/client names in the context.
For more information about the addAuthenticationRule function, see UniBasic Extensions.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
addAuthenticationRule(context, serverOrClient, rule, ruleString)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
context
The Security Context handle.
ServerOrClient
Flag 1 – Server
Flag 2 – Client
UniData treats any other value as a value of 1.
35
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
Rule
The rule name string. Valid settings are PeerName or
VerificationStrength.
RuleString
Rule content string. May be attribute mark separated.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success
1
Invalid Security Context handle
2
Invalid rule name
3
Invalid rule content
addCertificate
The addCertificate function loads a certificate, or multiple certificates, into a security context for
UniData to use as a server or client certificate. Alternatively, this function can specify a directory which
contains the certificates that are either used as CA (Certificate Authority) certificates to authenticate
incoming certificates, or act as a Revocation list to check against expired or revoked certificates.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
For detailed information about the addCertificate function, see UniBasic Extensions.
Syntax
addCertificate(certPath, usedAs, format, algorithm, context
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
certPath
A string containing the name of the OS-level file that holds the
certificate, or the directory containing certificates.
usedAs
1– Used as a client/server certificate.
2 – Used as an issuer certificate.
3 – Used as a Certificate Revocation List (CRL)
format
1 – PEM format
2 – DER format
algorithm
1 – RSA key
2 – DSA key
context
The Security context handle.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
36
Return codes
Status
0
Success
addRequestParameter
Return codes
Status
1
Invalid Security Context handle.
2
Certificate file could not be opened or directory does not exist.
3
Unrecognized format.
4
Corrupted or unrecognized certificate contents.
5
Invalid parameter value(s).
addRequestParameter
The addRequestParameter function adds a parameter to the request.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
addRequestParameter(request_handle, parameter_name, parameter_value,
content_handling
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
request_handle
The handle to the request.
parameter_name
The name of the parameter.
parameter_value
The value of the parameter.
content_handling
The dynamic MIME type for the parameter value.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid request handle.
2
Invalid parameter.
3
Bad content type.
For a GET request, content_handling is ignored. For a POST request with default content type, the
default for content_handling is “Content-Type:text/plain” if content_handling is not specified. For
a POST request with “Multipart/*” content-type, content_handling is a dynamic array containing
Content-* strings separated by field marks (@FM). They will be included in the multipart message
before the data contained in parameter_value is sent. An example of content_handling:
Content-Type: application/XML @FM
Content-Dispostion: attachment; file=”C:\drive\test.dat” @FM
Content-Length: 1923
Specifically, for a POST request with content type “multipart/form-data”, a “Content-Dispostion: formdata” header will be created (or, in the case of Content-Dispostion already in content_handling, “formdata” will be added to it).
For both a GET and a POST request with either no content type specified or specified as “application/
x-www-form-urlencoded”, as described in createRequest(), URL encoding is performed on data
in parameter_value automatically. Basically, any character other than alpha-numeric is considered
37
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
“unsafe” and will be replaced by %HH where HH is the ASCII value of the character in question. For
example, ‘#’ is replaced by %23, and ‘/’ is replaced by %2F, etc.. One exception is that by convention,
spaces (‘ ‘) are converted into ‘+’.
For a POST method with other MIME-type specified, no encoding is done on data contained in
parameter_value.
ALPHA
The UniBasic ALPHA function tests a string to see if it is composed entirely of alphabetic characters.
If str.expr is made entirely of alphabetic characters (not special characters, escape sequences, or the
null value), the function returns 1. If numeric or other characters are present in str.expr, or if str.expr
evaluates to an empty string or the null value, the function returns 0.
Because UniBasic does not recognize multibyte characters as alphabetic, ALPHA returns 0 instead of
converting them.
Syntax
ALPHA("str.expr")
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints 0 because the literal string contains the
numeric character 2:
PRINT ALPHA("ABCDEFGHIJK2")
In the next example, the program segment prints 1 because the string ALPHA contains only alphabetic
characters:
ALPHA.T=ALPHA("CORONA")
PRINT ALPHA.T
In the next example, the program statement prints 0 because the string does not contain any
characters. An empty string is not considered to be an alphabetic character.
PRINT ALPHA("")
amInitialize
The amInitialize function creates and opens an AMI session. The output parameter, hsession,
is a session handle that is valid until the session is terminated. This function returns a status code
indicating success, warning, or failure.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
amInitialize(hSession,appName, policyName, reasonCode
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
38
amReceiveMsg
Parameter
Description
hSession
Upon successful return, holds a handle to a session. You can then use
the handle in other UniData WebSphere MQ API calls. [OUT]
appName
An optional name that you can use to identify the session. [IN]
policyName
The name of a policy. If you specify ““ (null), UniData uses the system
default policy name. [IN]
reasonCode
Holds an AMI reason code when the function returns a status
indicating an AMI warning, or an AMI error occurred. You can use the
AMI reason code to obtain more information about the cause of the
warning or error. See the MQSeries Application Messaging Interface
manual for a list of AMI reason codes and their descriptions. [OUT]
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0 – AMCC_SUCCESS
Function completed successfully.
1 – AMCC_WARNING
A warning was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output
parameter contains an AMI reason code with further details about
the warning.
2 – AMCC_FAILED
An error was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output parameter
contains an AMI reason code with further details about the error.
115 –
U2AMI_ERR_SESSION_IN_USE
An active session already exists (under a different hSession variable
than the one being passed in).
Other
A non-AMI error occurred.
amReceiveMsg
The amReceiveMsg function receives a message sent by the amSendMsg function. For detailed
information about amReceiveMsg, see UniBasic Extensions.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
amReceiveMsg(hSession,receiverName,policyName, selMsgName, maxMsgLen,
dataLen, data, rcvMsgName, reasonCode)
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
hSession
The session handle returned by amInitialize. [IN]
receiverName
The name of a receiver service. If you do not specify a name, UniData
uses the system default receiver name. [IN]
policyName
The name of a policy. If you do not specify a name, UniData uses the
system default policy name. [IN]
selMsgName
Optional parameter specifying the name of a message object
containing information (such as a Correl ID) that UniData uses
to retrieve the required message from the queue. See UniBasic
Extensions for detailed information about this parameter. [IN]
39
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
maxMsgLen
The maximum message length the application will accept. Specify
as -1 to accept messages of any length. See UniBasic Extensions for
detailed information about this parameter. [IN]
dataLen
The length of the retrieved message data, in bytes. Specify ““ (null) if
not required. [OUT]
data
The received message data. [OUT]
rcvMsgName
The name of a message object for the retrieved message. You can
specify ““ (null) for this parameter, in which case UniData uses the
system default name (constant AMSD_RCV_MSG). See UniBasic
Extensions for detailed information about this parameter. [IN]
reasonCode
Holds an AMI reason code when the function returns a status
indicating an AMI warning or an AMI error occurred. You can use the
AMI reason code to obtain more information about the cause of the
warning or error. See the MQSeries Application Messaging Interface
manual for a list of AMI reason codes and their descriptions. [OUT]
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0 – AMCC_SUCCESS
Function completed successfully.
1 – AMCC_WARNING
A warning was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output parameter
contains an AMI reason code with further details about the warning.
2 – AMCC_FAILED
An error was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output parameter
contains an AMI reason code with further details about the error.
Other
A non-AMI error occurred.
amReceiveRequest
The amReceiveRequest function receives a request message. For detailed information about this
function, see UniBasic Extensions.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
amReceiveRequest(hSession, receiverName, policyName, maxMsgLen,
dataLen, data, rcvMsgName, senderName, reasonCode)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
hSession
The session handle returned by the amInitialize function. [IN]
receiverName
policyName
40
The name of a receiver service. If you specify ““ (null), UniData uses
the system default receiver name. [IN]
The name of a policy. If you do not specify a policy name, UniData
uses the system default policy name. [IN]
amSendMsg
Parameter
Description
maxMsgLen
The maximum message length the application will accept. Specify -1
to accept messages of any length. See UniBasic Extensions for detailed
information about this parameter. [IN]
dataLen
The length of the message data, in bytes. Specify ““(null) if this is not
required. [OUT]
data
The received message data. [OUT]
rcvMsgName
The name of the message object for the received message. If you
specify ““(null) for this parameter, UniData uses the system default
receiver name. UniData uses the value for rcvMsgName in the
subsequent call to the amSendResponse function. [IN]
senderName
reasonCode
The name of a special type of sender service known as a response
sender, to which the response message will be sent. This sender name
must not be defined in the repository. If you do not specify a name,
UniData uses the system default response sender service. [IN]
Holds an AMI reason code when the function returns a status
indicating an AMI warning or an AMI error occurred. You can use the
AMI reason code to obtain more information about the cause of the
warning or error. See the MQSeries Application Messaging Interface
manual for a list of AMI reason codes and their descriptions. [OUT]
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0 – AMCC_SUCCESS
Function completed successfully.
1 – AMCC_WARNING
A warning was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output parameter
contains an AMI reason code with further details about the warning.
2 – AMCC_FAILED
An error was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output parameter
contains an AMI reason code with further details about the error.
Other
A non-AMI error occurred.
amSendMsg
The amSendMsg function sends a datagram (send and forget) message. For detailed information
about this function, see UniBasic Extensions.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
amSendMsg(hSession, senderName, policyName, data, sndMsgName,
reasonCode)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
hSession
The session handle returned by the amInitialize function. [IN]
41
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
senderName
The name of a sender service. If you specify ““(null), UniData uses the
system default receiver name. [IN]
policyName
The name of a policy. If you specify ““(null), UniData uses the system
default policy name. [IN]
data
The message data to be sent. [IN]
sndMsgName
The name of a message object for the message being sent. If you
specify ““(null), UniData uses the system default policy name. [IN]
reasonCode
Holds an AMI reason code when the function returns a status
indicating an AMI warning or an AMI error occurred. You can use the
AMI reason code to obtain more information about the cause of the
warning or error. See the MQSeries Application Messaging Interface
manual for a list of AMI reason codes and their descriptions. [OUT]
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0 – AMCC_SUCCESS
Function completed successfully.
1 – AMCC_WARNING
A warning was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output parameter
contains an AMI reason code with further details about the warning.
2 – AMCC_FAILED
An error was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output parameter
contains an AMI reason code with further details about the error.
Other
A non-AMI error occurred.
amSendRequest
The amSendRequest function sends a request message.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
amSendRequest(hSession, senderName, policyName, data, sndMsgName,
reasonCode)
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
hSession
The session handle returned by the amInitialize function. [IN]
senderName
42
The name of a sender service. If you specify ““(null), UniData uses the
system default sender name. [IN]
policyName
The name of a policy. If you specify ““(null), UniData uses the system
default policy name. [IN]
responseName
The name of the receiver service to which the response to this
send request should be sent. Specify ““(null) if you do not require a
response. [IN]
dataLen
The length of the message data, in bytes. [IN]
data
The message data to be sent. [IN]
amSendResponse
Parameter
Description
sndMsgName
The name of a message object for the message being sent. If you
specify ““(null), UniData uses the system default message name
(constant AMSD_SND_MSG). [IN]
reasonCode
Holds an AMI reason code when the functions returns a status
indicating an AMI warning or an AMI error occurred. You can use the
AMI reason code to obtain more information about the cause of the
warning or error. See the MQSeries Application Messaging Interface
manual for a list of AMI reason codes and their descriptions. [OUT]
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0 – AMCC_SUCCESS
Function completed successfully.
1 – AMCC_WARNING
A warning was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output parameter
contains an AMI reason code with further details about the warning.
2 – AMCC_FAILED
An error was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output parameter
contains an AMI reason code with further details about the error.
Other
A non-AMI error occurred.
amSendResponse
The amSendResponse function sends a request message.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
amSendResponse(hSession, senderName, policyName, rcvMsgName, data,
sndMsgName, reasonCode)
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
hSession
The session handle returned by amInitialize. [IN]
senderName
The name of the sender service. It must be set to the senderName you
specify for the amReceiveRequest function. [IN]
policyName
The name of a policy. If you specify ““(null), UniData uses the default
policy name.
rcvMsgName
The name of the received message to which this message is a
response. It must be set to the rcvMsgName you specify for the
amReceiveRequest function. [IN]
dataLen
The length of the message data, in bytes. [IN]
data
The message data to be sent. [IN]
sndMsgName
The name of a message object for the message being sent. If you
specify ““(null), UniData uses the system default message name
(constant AMSD_SND_MSG).
43
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
reasonCode
Holds an AMI reason code when the function returns a status
indicating an AMI warning or an AMI error occurred. You can use the
AMI reason code to obtain more information about the cause of the
warning or error. [OUT]
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0 – AMCC_SUCCESS
Function completed successfully.
1 – AMCC_WARNING
A warning was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output parameter
contains an AMI reason code with further details about the warning.
2 – AMCC_FAILED
An error was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output parameter
contains an AMI reason code with further details about the error.
Other
A non-AMI error occurred.
amTerminate
The amTerminate function closes a session.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
amTerminate(hSession, policyName, reasonCode)
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
hSession
The session handle returned by amInitialize. [IN/OUT]
policyName
The name of a policy. If you specify ““(null), UniData uses the system
default policy name. [IN]
reasonCode
Holds an AMI reason code when the function returns a status
indicating an AMI warning or an AMI error occurred. You can use the
AMI reason code to obtain more information about the cause of the
warning or error. See the MQSeries Application Messaging Interface
manual for a list of AMI reason codes and their descriptions.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
44
Return codes
Status
0 – AMCC_SUCCESS
Function completed successfully.
1 – AMCC_WARNING
A warning was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output parameter
contains an AMI reason code with further details about the warning.
2 – AMCC_FAILED
An error was returned from AMI. The reasonCode output parameter
contains an AMI reason code with further details about the error.
Other
A non-AMI error occurred.
analyzeCertificate
analyzeCertificate
The analyzeCertficate function decodes a certificate and inputs plain text in the result
parameter. The result parameter then contains such information as the subject name, location,
institute, issuer, public key, other extensions, and the signature of the issuer.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
analyzeCertificate(cert, format, result)
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
cert
A string containing the certificate file name.
format
1 – PEM
2 – DER
result
A dynamic array containing parsed cert data, in ASCII format.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success
1
Failed to open cert file
2
Invalid format
3
Unrecognized cert
4
Other errors
AND
The AND Boolean operator combines a set of expressions. If expr1 or expr2 is false, the combined
expression is false. Both expressions must be true for a true condition.
Syntax
expr1 AND expr2
Synonyms
&
Examples
In the following example, the program segment combines two expressions (X < Y) and (Y < Z). Both
expressions must be true for the program to call subroutine RETRY.
X = 1 ; Y = 2 ; z = 3
45
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
IF (X < Y) AND (Y < Z) THEN GOSUB RETRY:
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
NOT, OR
ASCII
The UniBasic ASCII function converts a string in EBCDIC format to the corresponding ASCII values.
Even though the ASCII function works with data in any format, its results are meaningful only when it
is applied to EBCDIC data.
For more information about ASCII character codes, see ASCII character codes, on page 513.
Note: Use the UniBasic commands CHAR and SEQ to convert between ASCII character and
decimal value.
Syntax
ASCII(expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement converts the EBCDIC data in the variable E.VAR to
ASCII format and assigns the value to the variable A.
VAR:A.VAR=ASCII(E.VAR)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CHAR, CHARS, EBCDIC, SEQ
ASIN
The UniBasic ASIN function returns the trigonometric arc sine (inverse sine) of a numeric expression.
expr must be a value between -1 and +1. ASIN returns a value expressed as the degree of the arc sine
of the input, which ranges from -90 to +90. If expr evaluates to a value outside the range of -1 and +1,
then UniData displays an error message and returns 0 as the result.
With null value handling on, the result of any mathematical operation, function, or comparison
involving the null value is the null value. Therefore, ASIN returns the null value when expr is the null
value.
Syntax
ASIN(expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement assigns 30, the arc sine of 0.5, to ARCSIN:
ARCSIN = ASIN(0.5)
46
ASSIGN
In the next example, the program statement prints -30, the arc sine of -0.5:
PRINT ASIN(-0.5)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ACOS, ATAN, COS, SIN, TANASSIGN
ASSIGN
The UniBasic ASSIGN command redefines some system-level parameters. The value in option
changes to the value you specify with expr.
Syntax
ASSIGN expr TO SYSTEM(option)
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
2
Page width
3
Page length
5
Page number
7
Terminal type
For parameters 2, 3, and 5, expr must be numeric. For parameter 7, expr must be a string representing
a valid terminal type and must be enclosed in quotation marks.
Examples
In the following example, the program resets the page width to 40, page length to 30, and terminal
type to vt100:
ASSIGN 40 TO SYSTEM(2)
ASSIGN 30 TO SYSTEM(3)
ASSIGN "vt100" TO SYSTEM(7)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniData
TERM
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
ATAN
The UniBasic ATAN function returns the trigonometric arc tangent (inverse tangent) of a numeric
expression expr in degrees.
47
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
With null value handling on, the result of any mathematical operation, function, or comparison
involving the null value is the null value. Therefore, ATAN returns the null value when expr is the null
value.
Syntax
ATAN(expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints the arc tangent of the variable VAL. VAL is set to
45.
VAL = 1
PRINT ATAN(VAL)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ACOS, ASIN, COS, SIN, TAN
BITAND
The UniBasic BITAND function performs the bit-wise AND logical function on the arguments
num.expr1 and num.expr2.
Syntax
BITAND(num.expr1,num.expr2)
With null value handling on, the result of any mathematical operation, function, or comparison
involving the null value is the null value. BITAND returns the null value when num.expr1 or num.expr2
is the null value.
The following table shows the results of the BITAND function on various sets of input.
num.expr1
num.expr2
Result
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
3
9
1
23
87
23
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints a 0:
PRINT BITAND(0,1)
48
BITNOT
BITNOT
The UniBasic BITNOT function performs the bit-wise NOT logical function on the argument num.expr.
Syntax
BITNOT(num.expr)
With null value handling on, the result of any mathematical operation, function, or comparison
involving the null value is the null value. Therefore, BITNOT returns the null value when num.expr is
the null value.
The following table shows the results of the BITNOT function on the valid input: 0 and 1.
num.expr
Results
0
1
1
0
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints 1:
PRINT BITNOT(0)
BITOR
The UniBasic BITOR function performs the bit-wise OR logical function on the arguments num.expr1
and num.expr2.
Syntax
BITOR(num.expr1,num.expr2)
With null value handling on, the result of any mathematical operation, function, or comparison
involving the null value is the null value. Therefore, BITOR returns the null value when num.expr1 or
num.expr2 is the null value.
The following table shows the results of the BITOR function on various sets of input.
num.expr1
num.expr2
Result
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
3
9
11
23
87
87
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints a 1:
PRINT BITOR(0,1)
49
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
BITXOR
The UniBasic BITXOR function performs the bit-wise XOR logical function on the arguments
num.expr1 and num.expr2.
Syntax
BITXOR(num.expr1,num.expr2)
With null value handling on, the result of any mathematical operation, function, or comparison
involving the null value is the null value. Therefore, BITXOR returns the null value when num.expr1 or
num.expr2 is the null value.
The following table shows the results of the BITXOR function on various sets of input.
num.expr1
num.expr2
Result
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
3
9
10
23
87
64
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints 1:
PRINT BITXOR(0,1)
BPIOCP
The UniBasic BPIOCP command turns automatic pagination on.
Syntax
BPIOCP
With pagination on, printing to a terminal (without using cursor addressing) pauses at the bottom
of each screen display. The user is prompted before the next screen is displayed as follows: Enter
<New Line> to continue...
Three user responses are valid for this prompt, which are listed in the following table.
50
Input
Description
ENTER
Pressing ENTER displays another screen of data.
N
Continues display and disables automatic pagination (no pause at
bottom of each screen display).
Q
Quits the current process and returns to the previous process.
BPIOCPN
Examples
The page control process is automatically disabled if the @ function is executed. For example, all of the
following statements disable terminal pagination:
PRINT @(1)
CRT @(2)
VARIABLE = @(3)
With page control disabled, UniData assumes that the program will control the paging of data. To turn
automatic pagination on from within a UniBasic program, use BPIOCP.
An example is provided with the BPIOCPN command.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
BPIOCPN
BPIOCPN
The UniBasic BPIOCPN command turns off automatic pagination. With pagination off, printing to a
terminal does not pause at the bottom of each screen display.
Syntax
BPIOCPN
Examples
In the following example, the program prints the first 60 records of the INVENTORY file with pagination
disabled by @(0,0). Then the BPIOCP command enables automatic pagination. The next 23 records are
printed, and the user is prompted to press ENTER to continue. At this point, the user also can enter N
to disable pagination.
After all 60 records have printed, BPIOCPN executes. A prompt displays this information. When the
user presses ENTER at the prompt, 60 records print with pagination off.
JUNK = @(0,0) ; * Disable pagination
OPEN 'INVENTORY' READONLY TO INVENTORY.FILE ELSE NULL
SELECT INVENTORY.FILE
PRINT "Printing after terminal addressing: @(0,0)"
FOR X = 1 TO 60
READNEXT REC THEN PRINT REC<1>
NEXT X
PRINT "Sixty rec ids printed."
PRINT "BPIOCP executing."
BPIOCP ; *Enable pagination
FOR X = 1 TO 60
READNEXT REC THEN PRINT X:" ":REC<1>
NEXT X
PRINT "Sixty rec ids printed."
PRINT "BPIOCPN executing."
INPUT var
BPIOCPN ; *Disable pagination
FOR X = 1 TO 60
READNEXT REC THEN PRINT X:" ":REC<1>
NEXT X
51
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
PRINT "Sixty rec ids printed."
CLEARSELECT
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
BPIOCP
BREAK
The UniBasic BREAK command enables or disables the interrupt key to exit a program to the ‘!’
debugger prompt and displays the current program line number. The program must have been
compiled and run with debugger options. For instructions, see the ECL BASIC and RUN commands
in the UniData Commands Reference.
The system increments a counter each time BREAK OFF executes and decrements that same counter
when BREAK ON executes. Until the system counter is less than or equal to zero (more BREAK ON
statements executed than BREAK OFF statements), the interrupt key is not operational. This status
continues even if you exit a program with the interrupt key disabled.
Syntax
BREAK [KEY] {ON | OFF | expr }
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
KEY
KEY is optional and has no effect. It is included for backward
compatibility only.
ON
Enables the terminal interrupt key to stop the execution of a UniBasic
program and enter the UniBasic debugger.
OFF
Disables the interrupt key. Pressing the interrupt key has no effect on
program execution.
expr
Enables the terminal interrupt key (to stop the execution of a UniBasic
program and enter the UniBasic debugger) if the expression is valid.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement decrements the system counter and enables the
interrupt key if the break counter is less than or equal to zero:
BREAK ON
In the next example, a numeric expression determines whether to enable the interrupt key. If X is
greater than 0, UniData enables the interrupt key.
BREAK X > 0
52
BYTELEN
Related commands
Language
Command
UniData
PTERM
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
BYTELEN
The UniBasic BYTELEN function returns the number of bytes required to store a character. From one
to four bytes could be required.
Syntax
BYTELEN (string)
Examples
The following figure illustrates a string that shows below each “character” the number of bytes
required to store that character. The string contains eight bytes. Therefore, BYTELEN would return 8
for this string.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CHARLEN, DISPLAYWIDTH, ISMB, LEN, MBLEN
CALCULATE
The UniBasic CALCULATE or {} (braces) function executes a virtual attribute. The dictionary.item
must be a valid virtual attribute within the dictionary previously opened to the @DICT variable with an
OPEN statement.
Note: Before you use this function, you must compile the dictionary of the file you will open to the
@DICT variable by using the ECL COMPILE.DICT or CD command.
In the CALCULATE() form, the dictionary.item can be a quoted string or a UniBasic variable. The
expression uses the data from the current @RECORD during the evaluation process.
In the {} form, the dictionary.item must be the literal dictionary name with no quotation marks.
You must open a dictionary to @DICT and read the data record into @RECORD for the function to work
properly.
53
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
If these functions are successful, they update the values in @CONV, @FORMAT, and @HEADER. You can
then use these @ variables in other UniBasic functions, such as ICONV, OCONV, and FMT. For more
information about @ variables, see UniBasic@variables, on page 520.
Syntax
CALCULATE(dictionary.item)
{dictionary.item}
Examples
In the following example, the program segment opens the ORDERS file to the variable ORDER.FILE
and the dictionary of the ORDERS file to the special @DICT variable. After selecting the ORDERS
file, the program reads the value of each record ID into @ID, reads the value of the order record into
@RECORD, then uses the {} (braces) function to evaluate the order balance (storing the total in
TOTAL.DUE). The braces function updates the @CONV and @FORMAT variables, which are used to print
the total with the correct format.
OPEN 'ORDERS' TO ORDER.FILE ELSE
STOP 'NO ORDER FILE'
END
OPEN 'DICT','ORDERS' TO @DICT ELSE
STOP 'NO DICTIONARY FOR ORDERS FILE'
END
TOTAL.DUE = 0
SELECT ORDER.FILE
MORE = 1
LOOP
READNEXT @ID ELSE MORE = 0
UNTIL NOT(MORE) DO
READ @RECORD FROM ORDER.FILE,@ID ELSE
@RECORD = ''
END
TOTAL.DUE += {GRAND_TOTAL}
REPEAT
TOTAL.DUE = OCONV(TOTAL.DUE,@CONV)
PRINT "Total Accounts Receivable":FMT(TOTAL.DUE,@FORMAT)
CLEARSELECT
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ITYPE
CALL
The UniBasic CALLv command transfers program control to an external subroutine.
▪
The first form of the syntax calls a globally cataloged subroutine.
▪
The second form of the syntax calls a subroutine named in a variable.
▪
The third form of the syntax calls a subroutine directly.
The called program or subroutine must contain a RETURN statement, which returns control to the
calling program or subroutine.
54
CALL
You can nest subroutines up to 1,024 levels deep.
Note: You must catalog subroutines before using them in a UniBasic CALL statement.
You must separate individual arguments by commas and enclose the set of arguments within
parentheses. You can place arguments on multiple lines. Each continued line must end with a comma.
Regardless of placement, the number and type of arguments in the CALL statement must match the
number and type of arguments in the SUBROUTINE statement within the external subroutine. Arrays
and singlevalued arguments can be passed in the same CALL statement.
Tip: You can also pass variables through named and unnamed common areas. Variables stored
in common area(s) are accessible to both calling and called programs without being passed as
arguments. You cannot use the same variable name in both a SUBROUTINE argument and a
common variables list.
Syntax
CALL *sub.name [[(argument1[,argument2][MAT array1 [,MAT array2]]...)]
[ASYNC | SYNC] [ON connection]
CALL @var [[(argument1[,argument2][MAT array1 [,MAT array2]]...)]
[ASYNC | SYNC] [ON connection]
CALL sub.name [[(argument1[,argument2][MAT array1 [,MAT array2]]...)]
[ASYNC | SYNC] [ON connection]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
sub.name
The name of the called subroutine.
@var
A variable that contains the name of the subroutine to call.
argument1, argument2
Any valid argument passed to the subroutine.
MAT array1, MAT array2
Any valid array passed to the subroutine.
ASYNC | SYNC
UniData no longer supports this parameter, but it remains for syntax
compatibility.
ON connection
UniData no longer supports this parameter, but it remains for syntax
compatibility.
Examples
Note: A sample program that calls an external subroutine is provided in Developing UniBasic
Applications.
In the following example, the program statement calls the subroutine VID, passing the variables TITLE
and ST:
CALL VID(TITLE,ST)
In the next example, the program segment calls the subroutine MONTHTOTAL by calling @var VID,
which holds the string “MONTHTOTAL”. Note that VID is defined before it is called.
VID = "MONTHTOTAL"
55
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
CALL @VID(TOTAL)
In the next example, the program segment calls the contents of cell (1,12) in the array cells, thus
calling the subroutine RECEIPTS with the argument “MON1_12”. In the use of @matrices, you can
select the array element by the use of an index (a variable within the dimensions of the array).
"SUBROUTINE MONTHTOTAL(TOTAL)"
SALES(1,12) = "RECEIPTS"
CALL @SALES(1,12)(MON1_12)
In the next example, the program statement calls the globally cataloged subroutine
PROMPT.ROUTINE:
CALL *PROMPT.ROUTINE
In the following example, the CALL statement is invalid because subroutine SUBS, which is shown
after this example, has a different number of arguments than the CALL statement. Called and calling
programs must pass the same number of parameters.
CALL SUBS(X,Y,Z)
The subroutine SUBS, which the program in the previous example calls, follows:
SUBROUTINE SUBS(X)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CHAIN, COMMON, ENTER, GOSUB, RETURN, SUBROUTINE
CALLC
The UniBasic CALLC command transfers program control to an external function (c.sub.name). The
second form of the syntax calls a function whose name is stored in a UniBasic variable (@var). The
program could pass back return values in variables. CALLC arguments can be simple variables or
complex expressions, but not arrays.
CALLC can be used as a command or function.
Syntax
CALLC c.sub.name [(argument1[,argument2]...)]
CALLC @var [(argument1[,argument2]...)]
Calling a C Program in UNIX
You must link the C program to UniData before calling it from a UniBasic program. Perform the
following procedure to prepare UniData for CALLC:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Write and compile the C program.
Define the C program call interface.
Build the runtime version of UniData (containing the linked C program).
Write, compile, and execute the UniBasic program.
For more information about this procedure, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
56
CASE
Calling a Function on Windows Platforms
The CALLC implementation in UniData for Windows Platforms uses the Microsoft Windows Dynamic
Link Library (DLL) facility. This facility allows separate pieces of code to call one another without being
permanently bound together. Linking between the separate pieces is accomplished at runtime (rather
than compile time) through a DLL interface.
For CALLC, developers create a DLL and then call that DLL from UniData. E-type VOC entries for each
function called from a DLL communicate interface information to UniData. For additional information
and examples, see Administering UniData on UNIX or Administering UniData on Windows Platforms.
Examples
In the following example, the called subroutine draws a circle with its center at the twelfth row and
twelfth column and a radius of 3:
RADIUS = 3
CENTER = "12,12"
CALLC DRAW.CIRCLE(RADIUS,CENTER)
In the next example, the subroutine name is stored in the variable SUB.NAME, and it is called
indirectly:
SUB.NAME = DRAW.CIRCLE
CALLC @SUB.NAME(RADIUS,CENTER)
In the next example, CALLC is used as a function, assigning the return value of the subroutine
PROGRAM.STATUS in the variable RESULT:
RESULT = CALLC PROGRAM.STATUS
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CALL
CASE
The UniBasic CASE command creates a series of branches based on conditional expressions. Case
structures must always begin with BEGIN CASE and terminate with END CASE.
The number of CASE commands within BEGIN CASE and END CASE is unlimited. The number of
statements within each CASE branch is unlimited. CASE statements can be nested.
The CASE command tests each of the expressions in sequence. If an expression evaluates as true, the
system executes the statements that follow it. When one of the CASE expressions is found to be true,
the system does not test any subsequent expressions. If none of the conditions is true, the system
does not execute any statements.
With null value handling turned on, a test of the null value returns a negative result. For an overview of
how the null value affects UniBasic, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
BEGIN CASE
[
CASE expression1
CASE expression2
statements1
statements2]...
57
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
[
CASE1 expression
statements]END CASE
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
CASE expression1
Any UniBasic conditional expression. If the expression is true, execute
statements1.
statements1
The UniBasic statements to execute if expression1 is true.
CASE expression2
Any UniBasic conditional expression. If the expression is true, execute
statements2.
statements2
The UniBasic statements to execute if expression2 is true.
CASE 1 statements
This clause always evaluates as true. By placing it at the end of the
CASE statements, you can specify a set of statements to execute if all
previous statements evaluate as false.
Examples
Note: An example of the use of CASE is included in the sample program in Developing UniBasic
Applications.
In the following example, if the variable DUE.DATE is greater than the system date, the program calls
the subroutine PRINT.OVERDUE. (Notice that both dates are in internal format.) If DUE.DATE is less
than or equal to the system date, the program prints the message “Okay” on the display terminal.
BEGIN CASE
CASE DUE.DATE > DATE()
GOSUB PRINT.OVERDUE:
CASE DUE.DATE <= DATE()
PRINT "Okay"
END CASE
Tip: The multiline indented statement layout shown in these examples makes the code easier to
read.
In the next example, the program segment transfers program control to either “CHARGE:” or “CHECK:”
based on the value of the variable VAL. If VAL is not 1 or 2, the program executes the statements after
the CASE 1 clause.
PRINT "Option number?" ; INPUT VAL
BEGIN CASE
CASE VAL = 1
GOSUB CHARGE:
CASE VAL = 2
GOSUB CHECK:
CASE 1
PRINT "Answer 1 or 2 only"
END CASE
In the following example, the statement is invalid because the evaluation expression appears on the
BEGIN CASE line:
BEGIN CASE VAR 1
58
CAT
In the next example, the statement is invalid because BEGIN CASE must appear before the first CASE
statement:
CASE VAL
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
IF/THEN/ELSE, LOOP/REPEAT
CAT
The UniBasic CAT arithmetic operator concatenates expr1 to expr2.
Syntax
expr1 CAT expr2
Synonyms
:
Examples
In the following example, the program segment concatenates A to B, and then prints 123456:
A = "123"
B = "456"
C = A CAT B
PRINT C
The following program segment compiles and runs only with null value handling on. The program
concatenates two strings, one ending with the null value, and another beginning with ‘123.’ This
produces the string @AM@NULL123@AM456. The called subroutine, print.setup, converts UniData
delimiters and the null value to printable characters. (This subroutine is printed in the entry for
CHANGE).
PRT.STG = ''
Z=123:@AM:456
Y=@AM:@NULL
STG = Y CAT Z
CALL print.setup(STG,PRT.STG)
PRINT PRT.STG
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CATS, SPLICE
59
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
CATS
The UniBasic CATS function concatenates array1 to array2. Each element of array2 is concatenated to
its corresponding element in array1.
Syntax
CATS(array1,array2)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment concatenates array A to array B and prints
300A}400B}401C}402D}100E:
A = 300:@VM:400:@VM:401:@VM:402:@VM:100
B = "A":@VM:"B":@VM:"C":@VM:"D":@VM:"E"
C = CATS(A,B)
PRINT C
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CAT, SPLICE
CHAIN
The UniBasic CHAIN command terminates the current UniBasic program and executes the ECL
command str.expr. CHAIN performs a function similar to the EXECUTE statement, except that control
is not returned to the original program. UniData treats str.expr as a command you type at the ECL
colon (:) prompt. If str.exp executes a UniBasic program, variables could be passed through common
areas, but all other variables are reinitialized when the new program begins.
Tip: Use this command to avoid system-imposed limitations on program size by sequentially
running several smaller programs rather than one large program.
UDT.OPTIONS 6 and 40 affect the operation of the CHAIN command. For more information, see the
UDT.OPTIONS Commands Reference.
Syntax
CHAIN "str.expr"
Examples
In the following example, the program terminates and UniData executes the ECL command “RUN BP
FORMLET”. FORMLET is a compiled UniBasic program. UniData does not return control to the original
program when FORMLET terminates.
CHAIN "RUN BP FORMLET"
In the next example, the current program terminates and the paragraph RUN.ACCOUNTS executes:
CHAIN "RUN.ACCOUNTS"
60
CHANGE
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CALL, COMMON, ENTER, GOSUB
CHANGE
The UniBasic CHANGE function replaces all occurrences of old.substring in string with new.substring.
If old.substring is an empty string, the system does not change string. CHANGE supports multibyte
languages.
Syntax
CHANGE(string, old.substring, new.substring)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
string
Specifies the original text string.
old.substring
Specifies the text string to replace with new.substring.
new.substring
Specifies the text string with which to replace old.substring.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints “UniBasic Release 6.1”:
STRA = "UniBasic Release 6.1"
OLDRELEASE = "6.0"
NEWRELEASE = "6.1"
STRB = CHANGE(STRA, OLDRELEASE,NEWRELEASE)
PRINT STRB
In the next example, the program segment prints “NEW STRC = A23A24A25A26”:
STRC = "123124125126"
PRINT "NEW STRC =":CHANGE(STRC,"1","A")
The following subroutine converts UniData delimiters and the null value to printable characters. (This
subroutine compiles only with null value handling turned on.)
SUBROUTINE PRINT.SETUP(STG, PRT.STG)
PRT.STG = CHANGE(STG, @NULL, "@NULL")
PRT.STG = CHANGE(PRT.STG, @AM, "@AM")
PRT.STG = CHANGE(PRT.STG, @VM, "@VM")
RETURN
CHAR
The UniBasic CHAR function changes a numeric expression to its ASCII character string equivalent.
expr can be a constant, variable, numeric function, or any combination of these. expr must evaluate
61
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
to a positive number from 0 to 255 (the range of ASCII character codes). CHAR supports multibyte
languages.
Not all ASCII codes are printable. Some represent terminal controls, and others are reserved for
special uses. For more information about ASCII character codes, see ASCII character codes, on page
513.
Tip: Use @variables to represent UniData delimiters and the null value. We recommend that you
not use the UniBasic functions CHAR or CHARS to insert these variables because the ASCII code
that represents it varies with language group.
Syntax
CHAR(expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment assigns the ASCII string equivalent of the numeric
expression VAL to the variable VSTRING. The final numeric value of the argument is 90, so VSTRING
becomes Z, the character equivalent of 90 in ASCII code.
VAL=90
VSTRING=CHAR(VAL)
In the next example, the program statement sends the ASCII code 12 to the current print device. In
ASCII, this is a form feed.
PRINT CHAR(12)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ASCII, CHARS, EBCDIC, SEQ
CHARLEN
The UniBasic CHARLEN function returns the number of characters in a character string. A multibyte
character could require from one to four bytes to encode.
Syntax
CHARLEN (string)
Examples
The following figure illustrates a string of four multibyte characters. CHARLEN would return 4 for this
string.
62
CHARS
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
BYTELEN, DISPLAYWIDTH, ISMB, LEN, MBLEN
CHARS
The UniBasic CHARS function changes a numeric value in array to its ASCII character string equivalent.
array elements can contain a constant, variable, numeric function, or any combination of these. array
elements must evaluate to a positive number 0–255 (the range of ASCII character codes). CHARS
supports multibyte languages.
Not all ASCII codes are printable. Some represent terminal controls, and others are reserved for
special uses. For more information about ASCII character codes, see ASCII character codes, on page
513.
Note: Use @variables to represent UniData delimiters and the null value. We recommend that you
not use the UniBasic functions CHAR or CHARS to insert these variables because the ASCII code
that represents it varies with language group.
Syntax
CHARS(array)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment assigns the ASCII string equivalent of the elements of
array VAL to the variable VARRAY. VARRAY now contains W}X}Y}Z, the character equivalent of 87,88,89,
and 90 in the ASCII code system.
VAL = 87:@VM:88:@VM:89:@VM:90
VARRAY = CHARS(VAL)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ASCII, CHAR, EBCDIC, SEQ
CHECKSUM
The UniBasic CHECKSUM function computes the positional checksum of the string str.expr you specify.
The positional checksum is the sum of the ASCII value of each character in the string, multiplied by the
position of the character in the string.
For more information about ASCII characters values, see ASCII character codes, on page 513.
Tip: You can use the CHECKSUM function to check whether data was copied correctly, or whether
information processed properly, by comparing the CHECKSUM of the original data with the
CHECKSUM of the copy.
63
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
CHECKSUM(str.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints out 2445, the checksum of string “123456789”:
PRINT CHECKSUM("123456789")
CLEAR
The UniBasic CLEAR command sets the values of all variables stored in local memory to 0, including
all array elements. Variables assigned to named or unnamed common areas are not affected.
Note: CLEAR can be used at any point within a program.
CLEAR performs differently with BASICTYPEs M and P. All variables in unnamed common areas are
also set to 0.
Syntax
CLEAR
Examples
In the following example, the program statement clears all variables not held in common if the
variable INITIALIZE is true and BASICTYPE is U. The variable INITIALIZE also set to 0 (false) if the
variable is not held in common.
IF INITIALIZE THEN CLEAR
In the next example, the program segment sets X, Y, and all elements in NAME, to zero in BASICTYPEs P
and M:
COMMON NAME(100)
X = 4
Y = X - 1
CLEAR
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
COMMON, CLEARCOMMON
UniData
DELETECOMMON
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
CLEARCOMMON
The UniBasic CLEARCOMMON command sets all variables in a named common area to zero. If you do
not specify common.label, CLEARCOMMON sets all variables specified in the unnamed common area to
zero.
64
CLEARDATA
The CLEARCOMMON command behaves differently depending on the BASICTYPE you are using. In
BASICTYPE “U” and BASICTYPE “R” CLEARCOMMON clears the entire unnamed common area. In
BASICTYPE “P” and BASICTYPE “M” the unnamed common area is not cleared.
Syntax
CLEARCOMMON [/common.label/]
Synonyms
CLEAR COMMON, CLEARCOM, CLEAR COM
Examples
In the following example, the program statement sets to zero all variables named in COM_1:
CLEARCOMMON /COM_1/
In the next example, the program statement sets to zero all variables held in common areas if the
variable INITIALIZE.COMMON is true:
IF INITIALIZE.COMMON THEN CLEAR COMMON
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLEAR, COMMON
UniData
DELETECOMMON, STACKCOMMON
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
CLEARDATA
The UniBasic CLEARDATA command clears data stored by any executed DATA statements.
Subsequent INPUT statements request data from the keyboard because the input queue is empty.
Syntax
CLEARDATA
Examples
In the following example, a DATA statement sets up an input queue. An INPUT statement then reads
the first item (100) into the variable VAL. Because the value of VAL is 100, a CLEARDATA statement
executes and clears the remaining list of data items. The last INPUT statement then requests
information from the keyboard rather than getting it from the input queue. If the first value had not
been 100, 120 would have been assigned from the second item in the input queue.
DATA 100,120,105,54,120
INPUT VAL
IF VAL = 100 THEN CLEARDATA
PRINT "VALUE": ; INPUT VAL2
65
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DATA, INPUT
CLEARFILE
The UniBasic CLEARFILE command clears all records from a file, but does not delete the file itself.
You can clear only one file at a time with a CLEARFILE statement.
Tip: The CLEARFILE statement clears any of the files that you can open, even if they reside in a
remote account.
The CLEARFILE command will not work if there is a DELETE event trigger on the file.
Syntax
CLEARFILE [file.var] [ON ERROR statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
file.var
Optional. Specifies a dictionary or data file to clear.
The file must have been opened previously with an OPEN statement.
If you do not specify a file.var, the system reads from the default file. If
no default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
A default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the OPEN
statement.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if a fatal error occurs because the file
is not open or is read-only.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause, the program terminates
under fatal error conditions.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement removes all records from the file PASTDUE. The
dictionary of PASTDUE remains unchanged after the execution of this statement.
CLEARFILE PASTDUE
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OPEN, OPENSEQ, OSOPEN
UniData
CLEARFILE
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
66
CLEARINPUT
CLEARINPUT
The UniBasic CLEARINPUT command clears the terminal type-ahead buffer so the next INPUT
statement forces a response from the user.
Syntax
CLEARINPUT
Synonyms
INPUTCLEAR
Examples
In the following example, the CLEARINPUT statement clears the terminal type-ahead buffer so the
user must respond to the prompt:
CLEARINPUT
PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO DELETE THIS FILE?(Y OR N)"; INPUT X,1
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLEARDATA, INPUT, SYSTEM, CLEARSELECT
CLEARSELECT
The UniBasic CLEARSELECT command clears active select lists. You can specify a particular ID list by
specifying num.expr as 0 through 9. ALL clears all active select lists. If you do not specify a parameter,
UniData clears the default ID list (zero). If you specify an ID list outside the valid range, a runtime error
occurs.
You generally create active lists by executing the ECL SELECT, SSELECT, or GET.LIST commands,
or the UniBasic SELECT or GET.LIST commands. These commands report or process a specific
subset of IDs within a file. Because multiple select lists can be active at one time, the CLEARSELECT
statement could clear one or all of the currently active lists.
Syntax
CLEARSELECT [num.expr] [ALL]
Examples
In the following example, the program segment clears select list 1:
ID.LIST=1
CLEARSELECT ID.LIST
In the next example, the program statement clears the default list 0:
CLEARSELECT
67
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
SELECT, GETLIST
UniQuery
GETLIST, SELECT, SSELECT
For information, see Using UniQuery
CLEARSQL
The UniBasic CLEARSQL command clears all active temporary tables that were created during the
current session (for example, created with the EXECUTESQL command with a corresponding TO
clause). If you do not specify file.name.expr, CLEARSQL clears all the UniData SQL file variables
created during this UniBasic session.
Note: When a program returns to the UniData prompt, UniData clears all UniData SQL file
variables regardless of whether you execute CLEARSQL.
Syntax
CLEARSQL [file.name.expr]
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
EXECUTESQL
CLOSE
The UniBasic CLOSE command closes a dictionary or data file.
Note: You can use the OPEN command to access an unlimited number of files in a single UniData
process. However, the operating system could limit the number of files that can be opened across
numerous processes and users.
Syntax
CLOSE [file.var] [ON ERROR statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
file.var
Specifies a dictionary or data file to close. If you do not specify
file.var, the default file is closed. If no default file is open, the
command has no effect.
A default file is created by omitting the file variable in the OPEN
statement.
68
CLOSESEQ
Parameter
Description
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if a fatal error occurs because the
file is not open.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause, the program terminates
under fatal error conditions.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment opens and closes the file INVENTORY:
OPEN 'INVENTORY' TO INVENTORY.FILE ELSE STOP
CLOSE INVENTORY.FILE
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OPEN
CLOSESEQ
The UniBasic CLOSESEQ command closes a sequential file that you opened with the OPENSEQ or
OSOPEN command. The CLOSESEQ command releases the exclusive file lock set by the OPENSEQ
command. If any new lines (sequential records) were added to the file, UniData writes a new end-offile mark after the new lines.
Syntax
CLOSESEQ seq.file.var [ON ERROR statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
seq.file.var
Specifies a sequential access file to close.
ON ERROR statements
The file must have been opened previously with an OPENSEQ or
OSOPEN statement.
Specifies statements to execute if a fatal error occurs because the file
is not open.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause, the program terminates
under such fatal error conditions.
Examples
In the following example, the statement closes the sequential file referred to by the file variable
DATA.59:
CLOSESEQ DATA.59
69
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSE, OPENSEQ, OSCLOSE, OSOPEN
closeSocket
Use the closeSocket function to close a socket connection.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
closeSocket(socket_handle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
socket_handle
The handle to the socket you want to close.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
Non-zero
See Socket Function Error Return codes.
CLOSEXMLDATA
The CLOSEXMLDATA function closes the dynamic array variable for an XML document.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
CLOSEXMLDATA(xml_data_handle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xml_data_handle
The name of the XML data file handle created by the OPENXMLDATA
function.
The return value is one of the following:
XML.SUCCESS: Success
70
COL1
XML.ERROR: Failure
XML.INVALID.HANDLE2: Invalid xml_data_handle
Examples
The following example illustrates use of the CLOSEXMLDATA function:
status = CLOSEXMLDATA(STUDENT_XML)
COL1
The UniBasic COL1 function returns the column position preceding a substring found by the FIELD
function. The COL1 function has no arguments. If you do not execute the FIELD function before
executing COL1, the function returns 0. COL1 supports multibyte languages.
The FIELD function examines a string for a particular delimiter and returns the substring marked by
the specified occurrence of that delimiter. While the FIELD function returns the substring itself, the
COL1 function returns the position preceding the substring.
Syntax
COL1( )
Examples
In the following example, the FIELD function searches the string STRING for the third occurrence of
the delimiter “,”. FIELD retrieves the substring “10” in the variable SSTR. The COL1 function assigns
column 6, the column position of the character before “10”, to the variable SPOS.
STRING = "11,20,10,15,20,15"
SSTR = FIELD(STRING,",",3)
SPOS = COL1()
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
COL2, FIELD, INDEX
COL2
The UniBasic COL2 function returns the column position following a substring found by the FIELD
function. The COL2 function has no arguments. If you do not execute the FIELD before executing
COL2, the function returns a zero. COL2 supports multibyte languages.
The FIELD function examines a string for a particular delimiter and returns the substring marked
by the specified occurrence of that delimiter. While the FIELD function returns the substring itself,
the COL2 function returns the position immediately after the substring within the string sent to the
FIELD function.
Syntax
COL2( )
71
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
In the following example, the FIELD function searches the string STRING for the third occurrence of
the delimiter “,”. FIELD assigns the substring “10” to the variable SSTR. The COL1 function assigns
column 9, the column position of the character after “10”, to the variable SPOS2.
STRING = "11,20,10,15,20,15"
SSTR = FIELD(STRING,",",3)
SPOS2 = COL2()
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
COL1, FIELD, INDEX
COMMON
The UniBasic COMMON command stores variables that can be accessed from any subroutine or
program. You can declare one unnamed common area and multiple named common areas. The
number of variables that a common area can contain depends on the virtual memory of your system.
For information about virtual memory, see Administering UniData on UNIX or Administering UniData on
Windows Platforms.
Syntax
COMMON [/common.name/] var1 [,var2][ARR1]...[,]
Synonyms
COM
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
/common.name/
Specifies a name for a named common variable. common.name can
have any valid variable name no longer than seven characters.
Default (no common name provided) stores the variable in unnamed
common.
var1
A variable to place in the named or unnamed common.
,var2
A second variable to place in the named or unnamed common areas.
ARR1
An array to place in the named or unnamed common area. Do not
declare common arrays with a DIM statement. Arrays in a common
cannot be dynamically redimensioned.
,
You can enter a COMMON statement on several lines by terminating
each line to be continued with a comma.
Constraints and Considerations
Keep the following points in mind when writing programs that use common to pass variables:
▪
72
Common variables are not passed when you execute CHAIN to another UniBasic program.
COMMON
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Unnamed common is removed when you return to the ECL prompt, but named common remains
in memory until deleted with the ECL DELETECOMMON command, even if the program aborts.
COMMON must be the first noncomment statement in the called program.
CLEARCOMMON sets the common variable to 0. DELETECOMMON removes common variables.
Variables in a common area must be declared the same type, dimension, and in the same order
by all programs accessing them. Programs can declare more or fewer variables, and can change
the name of the variables. The order of the names in a program’s COMMON statement determines
which names go with which values.
Common names are limited to a length of seven characters. No error message is returned when
longer names are truncated during compilation. In the following example, STRING2 overwrites
STRING1 because both names, commons1 and commons2, are truncated to “commons”:
COMMON commons1 STRING1 COMMON commons2 STRING2
COMMON BASICTYPEs
You can pass variables using common in any BASICTYPE. Here are some notes:
▪
With BASICTYPEs M and P, use of COMMON is more flexible because in these BASICTYPEs no zero
element is maintained in arrays. For example, two programs declare COMMON, which are described
in the following table.
First Program
Second Program
Declares COMMON as: A,B(5)
Declares COMMON as: U,V,W,X,Y,Z
Assigns values of: A = 4 and
B(3) = 5
▪
▪
Therefore: U = 4 and X = 5
STACKCOMMON defaults to OFF in BASICTYPEs R and U, but is always ON in BASICTYPEs P and M.
You can use the PASSCOM option for compatibility purposes, but its use is not needed to pass
common variables.
STACKCOMMON
The ECL STACKCOMMON command makes use of common areas more flexible, although it requires
additional memory. STACKCOMMON settings have the following effects:
▪
If STACKCOMMON is off when one program executes another, the contents of unnamed common
areas are passed to the executed program and back to the executing program.
▪
If STACKCOMMON is on when one program executes another program, the contents of unnamed
common areas are not passed to the program you execute. Instead, they are saved, and the called
program’s unnamed common areas are initialized to 0. When control is passed back to the calling
program, it is restored to its value before the program call. Unnamed common areas are never
passed to a phantom program.
Examples
In the following example, the COMMON statement declares the arrays NAME and DATES, and declares
the variable DCHANGE in unnamed common:
COMMON NAME(100),DATES(100,2),DCHANGE
In the next example, the program segment creates two named common areas. The second COMMON
statement continues on a second line. The comma (,) continuation character ends the continued line.
COMMON /MENU/ X,Y,XDIM,YDIM,S.CHAR
COMMON /CALC/ RATE(10),AMOUNT(10),DATE1,DATE2,LATE
73
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
In the following example, the program segment is invalid because COMMON is not the first statement
in the called program, and because variables in COMMON cannot be reassigned new values in a called
program:
VALUE = 253
COMMON VALUE,SUBVALUE,ATTRIBUTE
The following two programs demonstrate passing a variable through common. The FIRST_PROG
establishes the common variable VAR, and then NEXT_PROG declares this variable, adds 1 to it, and
prints it.
FIRST_PROG
COMMON VAR
VAR = 1
PRINT "IN FIRST_PROG"
PRINT VAR
CALL NEXT_PROG
NEXT_PROG
*Program NEXT_PROG
COMMON VAR
PRINT "IN NEXT_PROG"
VAR = VAR+1
PRINT VAR
Here is the output from these programs:
:RUN BP FIRST_PROG
IN FIRST_PROG
1
IN NEXT_PROG
2
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLEAR, CLEARCOMMON
UniData
DELETECOMMON, STACKCOMMON
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
CONTINUE
The UniBasic CONTINUE command transfers control to the next iteration of a FOR/NEXT or LOOP/
REPEAT statement.
Tip: Use CONTINUE instead of GOTO in structured programs.
Generally, the statements within a FOR/NEXT or LOOP/REPEAT structure execute one by one. If you
want to break the sequence to begin the next iteration without a CONTINUE statement, you could
use the GOTO statement. However, this makes the code more difficult to read and maintain. By using
CONTINUE, you can clearly express the program logic without degrading program structure.
74
CONVERT
Syntax
CONTINUE
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints the value of I until I reaches eight. When I is
equal to eight, the CONTINUE statement drops out of the FOR/NEXT loop, and the next statement in
the program executes.
FOR I = 1 TO 10
IF I > 8 THEN CONTINUE
PRINT "I = ":I
NEXT I
The preceding code produces the following output:
I =
I =
I =
...
I =
1
2
3
8
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
EXIT
CONVERT
The UniBasic CONVERT command changes all occurrences of the substring expr1 in var to the string
expr2. UniBasic compares each character of the replacement string expr2 and, if necessary, replaces
each character of the target string expr1 on an individual basis. UniBasic does not compare and insert
strings as a whole. CONVERT supports multibyte languages.
CONVERT can delete characters from a string, but it does not insert additional characters. If the
replacement substring expr2 contains more characters than are in the substring it replaces (expr1), the
extra characters are ignored.
Syntax
CONVERT expr1 TO expr2 IN var
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr1
Specifies the target string to replace with expr2.
expr2
Specifies the string with which to replace expr1.
var
Specifies the string to search for expr1.
75
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
In the following example, the program segment converts all occurrences of 1 to 3 and all occurrences
of 2 to 4. The new contents of NSTRING becomes 34,0,03,35,44.
NSTRING = "12,0,01,15,22"
CONVERT "12" TO "34" IN NSTRING
In the next example, the program segment converts all occurrences of AC to X, which sets NSTRING
equal to XBDEFG (notice that C is deleted):
NSTRING = "ABCDEFG"
CONVERT "AC" TO "X" IN NSTRING
In the following example, the replacement string of “F,G” is longer than the string it is intended to
replace, so the extra characters, “,G”, are ignored. After the conversion, NSTRING equals F,C,D,E.
NSTRING = "A,C,D,E"
CONVERT "A" TO "F,G" IN NSTRING
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CONVERT function, SWAP
CONVERT
The UniBasic CONVERT function changes all occurrences of the substring expr1 in expr3 to the string
expr2. The system compares each character of the replacement string expr2 and, if necessary, replaces
each character of the target string expr1 on an individual basis. UniBasic does not compare and insert
strings as a whole. CONVERT supports multibyte languages.
CONVERT can delete characters from a string expression, but it does not insert additional characters.
If the replacement substring expr2 contains more characters than are in the substring it replaces
(expr1), the extra characters are ignored.
Syntax
CONVERT(expr1, expr2, expr3)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
76
Parameter
Description
expr1
Specifies the target string to replace with expr2.
expr2
Specifies the string with which to replace expr1.
var
Specifies the string to search for expr1.
COS
Examples
In the following example, the program segment changes OLDSTR to NEWSTR, which now contains
“868,848,838,808”:
OLDSTR = "767,747,737,707"
NEWSTR = CONVERT("7","8",OLDSTR)
In the next example, the program segment displays 1AA33BB667. Note that the fives in X are dropped
because no corresponding substitute is provided.
X = "122334455667"
PRINT CONVERT("245","AB",X)
In the following example, Z becomes kakakakaka because the extra character “t” in S2 is ignored:
Y="sasasasasa"
S1="s"
S2="kt"
Z=CONVERT(S1,S2,Y)
PRINT Z
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CONVERT command, SWAP
COS
The UniBasic COS function returns the trigonometric cosine of a numeric expression.
Syntax
COS(expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement assigns the cosine of a 60-degree angle to the
variable COSINE. COSINE is assigned the value of 0.5.
COSINE = COS(60)
In the next example, the program statement prints the cosine of the variable VAL plus 10:
PRINT COS(VAL+10)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ACOS, ASIN, ATAN, COS, SIN, TAN
COUNT
The UniBasic COUNT function returns the number of times a substring appears within a string. The
string you want to search, str.expr1, must be longer than the substring str.expr2. After str.expr2 is
77
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
found, the system searches the string again with the new starting point after the entire first occurrence
of str.expr2. If str.expr2 is not found, the COUNT function returns 0. COUNT supports multibyte
languages.
Note: In BASICTYPEs P and M, after UniData finds str.expr2, it searches the string again with the
new starting point after the first character of the first occurrence of str.expr2. UniData can find
overlapping character strings.
Syntax
COUNT(str.expr1, str.expr2)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr1
Specifies the string to search. This string must be longer than str.expr2.
str.expr2
Specifies the target string to search for and count occurrences of in
str.expr1.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment searches the string STRING for the number of
occurrences of the substring II. It returns this number, 2, in the variable IC.
STRING = "JAWSII,ROCKYIII,STARTREKIV"
IC = COUNT(STRING,"II")
In the next example, the same program segment compiled under BASICTYPE P or M searches the string
STRING for the number of occurrences of the substring II and assigns that number, 3, to the variable IC.
It counts two occurrences of the substring II in ROCKYIII.
$BASICTYPE "P"
STRING = "JAWSII,ROCKYIII,STARTREKIV"
IC = COUNT(STRING,"II")COUNTS
COUNTS
The UniBasic COUNTS function returns the number of times a substring appears within each element
of an array. The elements in the array you want to search, expr, must be longer than the substring
str.expr. After str.expr is found, the system searches the array again with the new starting point after
the entire first occurrence of str.expr. If str.expr is not found, COUNTS returns 0. COUNTS supports
multibyte languages.
Note: In BASICTYPEs P and M, after UniData finds str.expr, it searches the string again with the
new starting point after the first character of the first occurrence of str.expr. UniData can find
overlapping character strings.
Syntax
COUNTS(expr,str.expr)
78
createCertificate
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies the array to search. The elements of this array must be longer
than str.expr.
str.expr
Specifies the target string to search for and count occurrences of in
elements of expr.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment searches the string STR for the number of occurrences
of substring I, and returns the answer in the variable IC. After execution, IC contains 2}3}1.
STR = "JAWSII":@VM:"ROCKYIII":@VM:"STARTREKIV"
IC = COUNTS(STR,"I")
In the next example, the same program segment compiled under BASICTYPE P or M searches the string
STR for the number of occurrences of the substring II and assigns the values to the variable IC. After
execution, IC contains 1}2}0.
$BASICTYPE "P"
STR = "JAWSII":@VM:"ROCKYIII":@VM:"STARTREKIV"
IC = COUNTS(STR,"II")
If the preceding code is compiled in BASICTYPE U or R, COUNTS returns “1}1}0” in the variable IC.
createCertificate
The createCertificate function generates a certificate. The certificate can either be a selfsigned certificate as a root CA that you can use later to sign other certificates, or it can be a CA signed
certificate. The generated certificate conforms to X509V3 standard.
The difference between CA-signing and leaf-CA-signing is that, for CA-signing, the resultant certificate
can serve as an intermediate CA certificate to sign other certificates, while leaf-CA-signing generates
certificates that are intended for end user use only.
This function is provided mainly for the purpose of enabling application development and testing. As
such, the certificate generated contains only a minimum amount of information and does not allow
any extensions specified by the X509 standard and that are supported by many other vendors. It is
recommended that you implement a complete PKI solution partnered with a reputed PKI solution
vendor.
For detailed information about the createCertificate function, see UniBasic Extensions.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
createCertificate(action, req, signKey, keyPass, CAcert, days,
extensions, certOut)
79
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
action
1 - Self-signing
2 - CA-signing
3 - leaf-CA-signing
req
A string containing the certificate request file name.
signKey
A string containing the private key file name.
keyPass
A string containing the pass phrase to protect the private key.
CAcert
A string containing the CA certificate.
days
The number of days for which the certificate is valid. The default is 365
days.
extensions
A string containing extension specifications.
certOut
A string containing the generated certificate file.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Cannot read certificate request file.
2
Cannot read the key file.
3
Cannot read the CA certificate file.
4
Cannot generate the certificate.
createCertRequest
The createCertRequest() function generates a PKCS #10 certificate request from a private key in
PKCS #8 form and a set of user specified data. The request can be sent to a CA or used as a parameter
to createCertificate() to obtain an X.509 public key certificate.
The certificate request will typically contain the information described in the following table.
Item
Description
Version
Defaults to 0.
Subject
The identification data of the certificate holder. This includes,
country, state/province, locality (city), organization, unit, common
name, email address, and so forth.
Public key
The key’s algorithm (RSA or DSA) and value.
Signature
The signature of the requester, (signed by the private key).
The subject data must be provided by the requester through the dynamic array, subjectData. It
contains @FM separated attributes in the form of “attri=value”.The following table describes the
commonly used subjectData attributes.
80
Item
Description
Examples
C
Country
C=US
ST
State
ST=Colorado
createCertRequest
Item
Description
Examples
L
Locality
L=Denver
O
Organization
O=MyCompany
OU
Organization Unit
OU=Sales
CN
Common Name
[email protected]
Email
Email Address
[email protected]
For detailed information about creating a certificate request, see UniBasic Extensions.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
createCertRequest(key, inFormat, keyLoc, algorithm, digest, passPhrase,
subjectData, outFile, outFormat)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
key
A string containing the key or name of the file storing the key.
inFormat
The key format.
1 - PEM
2 - DER
keyLoc
1 - Put the key into string privKey/pubKey.
2 - Put the key into a file.
algorithm
1 - RSA
2 - DSA
digest
1 - MD5
2 - SHA1
passPhrase
A string storing the pass phrase to protect the private key.
subjectData
The identification information of the requester.
outFile
A string containing the path name of the file where the certificate
request is stored.
outFormat
The generated certificate format.
1 - PEM
2 - DER
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Private key file cannot be opened.
2
Unrecognized key or certificate format.
3
Unrecognized key type.
81
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Return codes
Status
4
Unrecognized encryption algorithm.
5
Unrecognized key (corrupted key or algorithm mismatch).
6
Invalid pass phrase.
7
Invalid subject data (illegal format or unrecognized attribute, etc.).
8
Invalid digest algorithm.
9
Output file cannot be created.
99
Cert Request cannot be generated.
createRequest
The createRequest function creates an HTTP request and returns a handle to the request.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
createRequest(URL, http_method, request_handle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Option
URL
A string containing the URL for a resource on a web server. An accepted
URL must follow the specified syntax defined in RFC 1738. The general
format is: http://<host>:<port>/<path>?<searchpart>.
The host can be either a name string or IP address. The port is the port
number to which you want to connect, which usually defaults to 80 and
is often omitted, along with the preceding colon. The path tells the web
server which file you want, and, if omitted, means “home page” for the
system. The search path can be used to send additional information to a
web server.
http_method
A string which indicates the method to be performed on the resource.
See the table below for the available (case-sensitive) methods.
request_handle
A handle to the request object.
The following table describes the available methods for http_method.
82
Method
Description
GET
Retrieves whatever information, in the form of an entity, identified by the
Request-URI. If the Request-URI refers to a data-producing process, it is
the produced data which shall be returned as the entity in the response
and not the source text of the process, unless that text happens to be the
output of the process.
createSecureRequest
Method
Description
POST
[:<MIME-type>] For this method, it can also have an optional MIME-type
to indicate the content type of the data the request intends to send. If no
MIME-type is given, the default content type will be “application/x-wwwform-urlencoded”. Currently, only “multipart/form-data” is internally
supported, as described in function addRequestParameter() and
submitRequest(), although other “multipart/* data can also be sent
if the user can assemble it on his/her own. (The multipart/form-data
format itself is thoroughly described in RFC 2388).
HEAD
The HEAD method is identical to GET except that the server MUST NOT
return a message-body in the response. The meta information contained
in the HTTP headers in response to a HEAD request SHOULD be identical
to the information sent in response to a GET request. This method can
be used for obtaining meta information about the entity implied by the
request without transferring the entity-body itself. This method is often
used for testing hypertext links for validity, accessibility, and recent
modification.
OPTIONS
The OPTIONS method represents a request for information about
the communication options available on the request/response chain
identified by the Request-URI. This method allows the client to
determine the options and/or requirements associated with a resource,
or the capabilities of a server, without implying a resource action or
initiating a resource retrieval. HTTP 1.1 and later.
DELETE
The DELETE method requests that the origin server delete the resource
identified by the Request-URI. HTTP 1.1 and later.
TRACE
The TRACE method is used to invoke a remote, application-layer loopback of the request message. HTTP 1.1 and later.
PUT
The PUT method requests that the enclosed entity be stored under the
supplied Request-URI. HTTP 1.1 and later but not supported.
CONNECT
/* HTTP/1.1 and later but not supported */
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid URL (Syntactically).
2
Invalid method (For HTTP 1.0, only GET/POST/HEAD)
Note: If URL does include a searchpart, it must be in its encoded format (space is converted
into +, and other non-alphanumeric characters are converted into %HH format. See
addRequestParameter() for more details). However, host and path are allowed to have these
“unsafe” characters. UniBasic will encode them before communicating with the web server.
createSecureRequest
The createSecureRequest function behaves exactly the same as the createRequest()
function, except for the fourth parameter, a handle to a security context, which is used to associate the
security context with the request. If the URL does not start with “https” the parameter is ignored. If the
URL starts with “https” but an invalid context handle or no handle is provided, the function aborts and
returns with an error status.
83
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
createSecureRequest(URL, http_method, request_handle, security_context)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
URL
A string containing the URL for a resource on a web server. An accepted
URL must follow the specified syntax defined in RFC 1738. The general
format is: http://<host>:<port>/<path>?<searchpart>.
The host can be either a name string or IP address. The port is the port
number to which you want to connect, which usually defaults to 80 and
is often omitted, along with the preceding colon. The path tells the web
server which file you want, and, if omitted, means “home page” for the
system. The search path can be used to send additional information to a
web server.
http_method
A string which indicates the method to be performed on the resource.
See the table below for the available (case-sensitive) methods.
request_handle
A handle to the request object.
securityContext
A handle to the security context.
The following table describes the available methods for http_method.
84
Method
Description
GET
Retrieves whatever information, in the form of an entity, identified by the
Request-URI. If the Request-URI refers to a data-producing process, it is
the produced data which shall be returned as the entity in the response
and not the source text of the process, unless that text happens to be the
output of the process.
POST
[:<MIME-type>] For this method, it can also have an optional MIME-type
to indicate the content type of the data the request intends to send. If no
MIME-type is given, the default content type will be “application/x-wwwform-urlencoded”. Currently, only “multipart/form-data” is internally
supported, as described in function addRequestParameter() and
submitRequest(), although other “multipart/* data can also be sent
if the user can assemble it on his/her own. (The multipart/form-data
format itself is thoroughly described in RFC 2388).
HEAD
The HEAD method is identical to GET except that the server MUST NOT
return a message-body in the response. The meta information contained
in the HTTP headers in response to a HEAD request SHOULD be identical
to the information sent in response to a GET request. This method can
be used for obtaining meta information about the entity implied by the
request without transferring the entity-body itself. This method is often
used for testing hypertext links for validity, accessibility, and recent
modification.
OPTIONS
The OPTIONS method represents a request for information about
the communication options available on the request/response chain
identified by the Request-URI. This method allows the client to
determine the options and/or requirements associated with a resource,
or the capabilities of a server, without implying a resource action or
initiating a resource retrieval. HTTP 1.1 and later.
createSecurityContext
Method
Description
DELETE
The DELETE method requests that the origin server delete the resource
identified by the Request-URI. HTTP 1.1 and later.
TRACE
The TRACE method is used to invoke a remote, application-layer loopback of the request message. HTTP 1.1 and later.
PUT
The PUT method requests that the enclosed entity be stored under the
supplied Request-URI. HTTP 1.1 and later but not supported.
CONNECT
/* HTTP/1.1 and later but not supported */
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid URL (Syntactically).
2
Invalid method (For HTTP 1.0, only GET/POST/HEAD)
Note: If URL does include a searchpart, it must be in its encoded format (space is converted
into +, and other non-alphanumeric characters are converted into %HH format. See
addRequestParameter() for more details). However, host and path are allowed to have these
“unsafe” characters. UniBasic will encode them before communicating with the web server.
createSecurityContext
The createSecurityContext function creates a security context and returns a handle to the
context.
A security context is a data structure that holds all aspects of security characteristics that the
application intends to associate with a secured connection. Specifically, the following information
may be held for each context:
▪
Protocol version
▪
Sender’s certificate to be sent to the peer
▪
Issuer’s certificate or certificate chain to be used to authenticate incoming certificate
▪
Certificate verification depth
▪
Certificate Revocation List
▪
Sender’s private key for signature and key exchange
▪
Flag to perform client authentication (useful for server socket only)
▪
Context ID and time stamp
For detailed information about the createSecurityContext function, see UniBasic Extensions.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
createSecurityContext(context, version)
85
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
context
The security context handle.
version
A string with the following values: SSLv2, SSLv3, or TLSv1.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Security context could not be created.
2
Invalid version.
CRT
The UniBasic CRT command sends output to the display terminal regardless of the use of the
PRINTER ON/OFF command.
print.expr can consist of any of the following:
▪
String data.
▪
Any number of strings or numeric variables.
▪
UniBasic functions.
Tip: Use the UniBasic @ function before the CRT command to position the cursor on the screen or
execute other terminal functions before printing to the terminal. Set UDT.OPTIONS 5 on if you
want the display to pause at the end of each page. For information about UDT.OPTIONS, see the
UDT.OPTIONS Commands Reference.
To suppress the line feed at the end of displayed text, end the CRT or DISPLAY statement with a
colon.
Syntax
CRT [print.expr]
Synonyms
DISPLAY
DATA
The UniBasic DATA command places data in an input queue stored in @DATA. ASCII character 013
(CR) delimits elements in the queue. Each subsequent INPUT statement reads one element. @DATA is
read-only.
For more information about @ variables, see UniBasic@variables, on page 520.
The expressions (expr1 and expr2) can be literal strings or variables. You can continue DATA
statements over several lines by placing a comma at the end of each line to be continued.
UniData places data in the queue in order of execution of DATA commands. The queue processes on a
first-in, first-out basis. When the input queue is empty, UniData requests input from the terminal. The
86
DATE
input queue remains available through program CHAIN and EXECUTE operations, but is cleared when
control returns to the UniData ECL prompt (:).
Tip: You can load inline prompts in paragraphs with the DATA command. For instructions, see the
UniData Commands Reference.
Syntax
DATA expr1 [,expr2]...
Examples
In the following example, the program segment executes a DATA statement containing variables
and constants of both string and numeric types. The first value, 10, is read by a subsequent input
statement and assigns the value to the variable COUNT.
DATA 10,"William","James",TESTVAL,135,
"Test Run"
INPUT COUNT
DATE
The UniBasic DATE function returns the current system date in internal format. Internal format is the
number of days after December 31, 1967.
Syntax
DATE( )
Examples
The following statement prints the current system date in external format:
PRINT OCONV(DATE(),"D")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV Date (D), OCONV Date (D), TIMEDATE
DBTOXML
Creates an XML document from the UniData database.
Syntax
DBTOXML(xml_document, doc_location, u2xmap_file, u2xmap_location,
condition, status)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
87
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
xml_document
The name of the XML document to create.
doc_flag
A flag defining the type of xml_documentxml_document. Valid values
are:
XML.FROM.FILE - xml_document is a file name.
XML.FROM.STRING - xml_document is the name of variable containing
the XML document.
u2xmap_file
The name of the U2XMAP file to use to produce the XML document.
u2xmap_location
The location of the U2XMAP file.
XML.FROM.FILE - u2xmap_file is a file name.
XML.FROM.STRING - is u2xmap_file the name of variable containing
the mapping rules.
condition
A query condition for selecting data from the UniData file, for
example, WHERE SCHOOL = "CO002"
status
XML.SUCCESS or XML.FAILURE.
Note: The XML options set previously at the session level through the XMLSetOptions command
or through the XMLSetOptions() API are used when you run the DBTOXML API in the current
UniData session.
DCOUNT
The UniBasic DCOUNT function returns the number of substrings delimited by delim in a string. If str
is an empty string, UniData returns 0. If str contains data but no delimiter, UniData returns 1. DCOUNT
supports multibyte languages.
Syntax
DCOUNT(str,delim)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str
Specifies the string to search for occurrences of substrings delimited
by delim.
delim
Specifies the delimiter to use in searching str.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment finds three occurrences of the value mark and prints 3:
STR = 123:@VM:456:@VM:789
SUBS = DCOUNT(STR,@VM)
PRINT SUBS
In the next example, the program segment prints 1 because no delimiter is found in the string:
STR = 123
88
DEACTIVATEKEY
DCOUNT(STR,@VM)
PRINT SUBS
The following example prints 3:
STR="A/B/C"
PRINT DCOUNT(STR,"/")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
COUNT, COUNTS
DEACTIVATEKEY
Use the DEACTIVATEKEY command to deactivate a key or a wallet. This command is useful to
deactivate keys to make your system more secure.
Note: You can deactivate only keys with password protection with this command. Keys that do not
have password protection are automatically activated and cannot be deactivated.
Syntax
DEACTIVATEKEY <key.id>, <password> [ON <NFA_SERVER>] [ON ERROR
<statements>]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
key.id
The key ID or wallet ID to deactivate. If you provide a Wallet ID,
UniData deactivates all keys in the wallet.
password
The password corresponding to key.id.
ON NFA_SERVER
The name of the NFA_SERVER on which you want to deactivate the
encryption key. The syntax for NFA_SERVER can be either:
@domain.var where domain.var specifies the ID for a VOC entry that
contains the NFA server connection parameters
OR
MACHINE <host> PORT <port> [, UDTHOME <udthome>]
NFA files are always encrypted and decrypted on the remote machine
by the NFA server.
ON ERROR statements
If you specify ON ERROR statements and an error occurs, UniData
executes the statements following the ON ERROR clause. Otherwise,
UniData executes the next statement.
STATUS codes
The DEACTIVATEKEY statement returns the following STATUS codes regarding wallet operations:
89
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
STATUS code
Description
0
Operation successful
1
Key is already activated or deactivated. This applies to a single key,
not a wallet operation
2
Operation failed. This applies to a single key, not a wallet operation
3
Invalid wallet ID or password
4
No access to wallet
5
Invalid key ID or password
6
No access to one of the keys in the wallet
9
Other error
Examples
The following example illustrates deactivating an encryption key:
DEACTIVATEKEY "test","myunidata" ON ERROR PRINT "Unable to deactivate
key"
DEBUG
The UniBasic DEBUG command stops program execution, turns control over to the interactive
UniBasic debugger, and then displays the debugger prompt (!). Pressing the interrupt key also gives
control to the debugger.
For information about the UniBasic debugger, see Using the UniBasic Debugger. To use the DEBUG
command to display the contents of variables, you must compile the program with the D option.
Note: The setting of UDT.OPTIONS 14 determines where to return control after exiting a UniBasic
program when you are using the UniBasic debugger and enter ABORT or END. For information
about UDT.OPTIONS, see the UDT.OPTIONS Commands Reference.
When you enter the debugger, a message similar to the following displays, and the cursor is placed at
the debugger prompt:
DEBUGGER called before line 1 of program BP/TEST
!
Syntax
DEBUG
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ABORT
UniData
BASIC, DEBUG.FLAG, DEBUGLINE.ATT, DEBUGLINE.DET, ON.ABORT,
RUN, SETDEBUGLINE, UNSETDEBUGLINE
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
90
DEFFUN
DEFFUN
The UniBasic DEFFUN command declares a user-written function, making the function available in a
UniBasic program. You must declare the function before you can use it in a program.
Note: You also must define the function with the UniBasic FUNCTION command in a separately
cataloged file before you can call it.
Syntax
DEFFUN function.name [([MAT] arg.1[,[MAT]arg.2]...)] [CALLING
catalog.name]
Function Naming
The function name used in the DEFFUN statement must be the same as the name of the cataloged
file that contains the FUNCTION statement. Either of the following statements declares the function
cataloged under the name func.name:
▪
▪
DEFFUN func.name(arg, arg,...)
DEFFUN name(arg, arg,...) CALLING func.name
Within the calling program, the name used in the DEFFUN statement and the name used to call the
function must be the same. This does not need to be the same name as the cataloged program file or
the name used in the FUNCTION statement.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
function.name
Specifies the function name that the calling statement uses in this
program.
(MAT arg.1 ,MAT arg.2...)
Specifies the arguments to be passed to the function. You must
enclose arguments in parentheses and separate them with commas.
Precede an argument with MAT to indicate that the argument is an
array.
CALLING file.name
Specifies the function’s cataloged file name. Include this statement
if the cataloged program name differs from function.name. Can be a
literal or variable.
Examples
The DEFFUN statement in the following example declares myfunc. The CALLING clause indicates that
the name of the cataloged file that contains the FUNCTION statement is called yourfunc. In the first
print statement, the function is called and the return value is printed.
DEFFUN myfunc(a, MAT b, c) CALLING "yourfunc" ;* Declare function.
DIM b(10)
;* Define array.
a = 2
;* Set upper bound.
FOR i = 1 TO a
;* Initialize array.
b(i) = i
NEXT i
PRINT "r from FUNCTION: ":myfunc(a, MAT b, c)
PRINT "c from FUNCTION: ":c
91
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
The preceding program calls the following function. The name of this cataloged file is yourfunc. This
is the name that must match the DEFFUN statement in the program above. Notice that the function
definition uses yet another name for the function (anotherfunc).
FUNCTION anotherfunc(a, MAT b, c)
definition.
DIM b(-1)
r = 0
c = 1
back.
FOR i = 1 TO a
in:
r += b(i)
c *= b(i)
NEXT i
RETURN r
;* Start function
;* Declare array.
;* Initialize return value.
;* Initialize value passed
;* To the upper bound passed
;* Sum array members.
;* Multiply array members.
;* Return value.
The following screen example shows the command that runs the program and the output from the
program:
:RUN BP FUNCTION.CALL
r from FUNCTION: 3
c from FUNCTION: 2
The following example calls a user-defined function named CALC.SALES.TAX:
PRINT @(-1)
DEFFUN CALC.SALES.TAX(arg.1,arg.2)
PROMPT ''
PRINT 'Enter county name':;INPUT COUNTY.NAME
PRINT 'Enter sales amount ':;INPUT SALES.AMT
TAX.AMT=0
TAX.AMT=CALC.SALES.TAX(COUNTY.NAME,SALES.AMT)
PRINT 'County name =':COUNTY.NAME
PRINT 'Sales amount =':SALES.AMT
PRINT 'Tax amount =':TAX.AMT
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
FUNCTION
DEL
The UniBasic DEL command deletes an attribute, value, or subvalue from a dynamic array. The
corresponding delimiter is also removed.
The DELETE function and the command perform the same action.
Warning: DEL destroys the data and the corresponding delimiters. Use the DEL command with
caution.
92
DELETE
Syntax
DEL dyn.array.var <attrib.expr[,val.expr [,subval.expr]]>
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies the dynamic array on which to perform the delete operation.
attrib.expr
Specifies which attribute of the dynamic array to delete. If val.expr
is omitted, DEL deletes the entire attribute, including all values and
subvalues.
,val.expr
Specifies which value of the dynamic array attribute to delete. If
subval.expr is omitted, DEL deletes the entire value, including the
subvalues.
,subval.expr
Specifies which subvalue of the dynamic array attribute value to
delete.
Examples
The following program segment is taken from Developing UniBasic Applications. It deletes the attribute
in the variable POSITION. This removes one order for a particular client from the CLIENTS file in the
demo database.
DELETE_RECORD:
* (Assuming the order #'s are on line 12)
READVU ORDER_LINE FROM CLIENT_FILE,CLIENT_NUMBER,12 THEN
LOCATE ORDER_NUMBER IN ORDER_LINE<1> SETTING POSITION THEN
DEL ORDER_LINE<1,POSITION>
END
In the following example, the program segment deletes the third attribute of the dynamic array
ARRAY1. The attribute removed is ‘Anne’.
ARRAY1 = '#543':@AM:'Dorothy':@AM:'Anne':@AM:'Parker'
DEL ARRAY1<3>
In the following example, the statement is invalid. The DEL statement has too many parameters:
ARRAY1 = '#543':@AM:'Dorothy':@AM:'Anne':@AM:'Parker'
DEL ARRAY<13,0,1,4>
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DELETE, EXTRACT, INSERT, REMOVE, REPLACE, SUBSTRINGS
DELETE
The UniBasic DELETE command deletes a record from a UniData file. In addition, the DELETE
command releases any locks on the record that have been set by previous commands.
93
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
If DELETE is trying to delete an item that does not exist, UniData sets @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE to
0. If the DELETE command was successful, UniData sets @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE to the number of
items deleted. If the DELETE statement contained an error, UniData sets @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE
to -1.
Note: The DELETEU command also deletes a record, but it does not release locks. This is the only
difference between DELETE and DELETEU statements.
UniBasic locks are advisory only. For more information, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
DELETE [file.var,] record.ID.expr [ON ERROR statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
file.var
Specifies the file from which to delete the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file.
If no default file is open, a fatal DELETE error occurs.
record.ID.expr
ON ERRORstatements
A default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies the record to delete.
Specifies UniBasic statements to execute if the DELETE statement
fails because UniData cannot find the file, or a default file is not
open. If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause, the program
terminates.
Examples
The following program statement eliminates the record with the ID of PEANUT from the default file:
DELETE "PEANUT"
The following program segment deletes the record whose ID is specified by the variable DEL_ID from
the file previously opened to the PARTS variable:
DEL_ID = "HOOK"
DELETE PARTS, DEL_ID
The following statement is invalid because the file variable is specified incorrectly in the DELETE
statement:
OPEN 'CUSTOMER'TO CUST ELSE STOP 'NO CUST'
DELETE CUSTOMER, C.ID
The following program segment is taken from Developing UniBasic Applications. The DELETE
command deletes the record in the ORDERS file after the corresponding attribute is deleted from the
CLIENTS file. Both steps are necessary to remove the order record itself, and to remove the reference
to the order in the client record (the attribute in the CLIENTS file).
DELETE_RECORD:
* (Assuming the order #'s are on line 12)
READVU ORDER_LINE FROM CLIENT_FILE,CLIENT_NUMBER,12 THEN
LOCATE ORDER_NUMBER IN ORDER_LINE<1> SETTING POSITION THEN
94
DELETE
DEL ORDER_LINE<1,POSITION>
END
WRITEV ORDER_LINE ON CLIENT_FILE, CLIENT_NUMBER, 12
END
*
DELETE ORDERS_FILE, ORDER_NUMBER
RELEASE CLIENT_FILE,CLIENT_NUMBER
RETURN
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DEL, DELETE function, DELETEU
DELETE
The UniBasic DELETE function deletes an attribute, value, or subvalue from a dynamic array. The
corresponding delimiter is also removed.
The DELETE function and the DEL command perform the same action.
Syntax
DELETE(dyn.array, attrib.expr[,val.expr [,subval.expr]])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies the dynamic array from which to delete.
attrib.expr
Specifies which attribute of the dynamic array to delete. If val.expr is
omitted, DELETE deletes the entire attribute, including all values and
subvalues.
,val.expr
Specifies which value of the dynamic array attribute to delete. If
subval.expr is omitted, DELETE deletes the entire value, including all
subvalues.
,subval.expr
Specifies which subvalue of the dynamic array attribute value to
delete.
Examples
In this first example, the program segment deletes the first attribute (125) and the attribute mark from
the dynamic array ARRAY:
ARRAY = 125:@AM:1:@VM:62:@VM:3:@AM:132:@VM:4:@VM:5:@SM:1
ARRAY=DELETE(ARRAY,1,0,0)
In the next example, the program statement removes the first subvalue of the first value of the second
attribute in ARRAY. The modified array is assigned to ARRAY2.
ARRAY2=DELETE(ARRAY,2,1,1)
95
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
In the next example, the program segment deletes the third attribute, including A, B, and C:
ARRAY = 1:@AM:2:@AM:'A':@VM:'B':@VM:'C'
ARRAY = DELETE(ARRAY,3,0,0)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DEL, DELETE command, DELETEU
DELETELIST
The UniBasic DELETELIST command deletes a saved select list.
Select lists are saved by the UniQuery SAVE.LIST command and the UniBasic WRITELIST
command.
list.name.expr is the name of the saved list to be deleted. If the list you specify cannot be found,
UniData displays an error message and takes no action.
Syntax
DELETELIST list.name.expr
Examples
The following statement deletes the saved list CUST in the current account:
DELETELIST "CUST"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
FORMLIST, READLIST, SELECT, SELECTINDEX, SELECTINFO, WRITELIST
UniData
SQLSELECT
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
UniQuery
DELETELIST, GETLIST, SAVE.LIST, SELECT, SSELECT
For information, see the UniQuery Commands Reference
DELETEU
The UniBasic DELETEU command deletes the specified record from a UniData file.
The DELETEU command retains record locks that were set by the same user process. This allows
UniData to delete a record and re-create it while retaining a lock on it.
Note: The DELETE command also deletes a record, but it releases locks. This is the only difference
between DELETE and DELETEU statements.
UniBasic locks are advisory only. For information about UniData file and record locks, see
Developing UniBasic Applications.
96
DIM
Syntax
DELETEU [file.var,] record.ID.expr [ON ERROR statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
file.var,
Specifies the file from which to delete the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal DELETE error occurs.
A default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the OPEN
statement.
record.ID.expr
Specifies the record to delete.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies UniBasic statements to execute if the DELETE statement
fails because UniData cannot find the file, or a default file is not open.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause, the program terminates.
Examples
In the following example, the statement eliminates the record with the record ID of JONES from the
most recently opened default file:
DELETEU "JONES"
The following segment deletes the record. The record ID is stored in the variable DEL_ID. The file was
opened to the variable DISCOUNT.
DEL_ID = "ACTION_FILMS"
DELETEU DISCOUNT, DEL_ID
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DEL, DELETE, RELEASE
DIM
The UniBasic DIM command creates and determines the dimensions of a dimensioned array. You can
specify arrays with one dimension (rows) or two dimensions (rows or rows, cols).
In addition, the following limitations apply:
▪
You must dimension any array before you use it within a program.
▪
Zero elements other than 0,0 (such as 0,5 or 1,0) are invalid.
▪
The maximum number of elements you can specify is based on the total amount of virtual memory
available on your system.
▪
Arrays passed to a subroutine cannot be redimensioned within the subroutine.
For information about system configurations, see Administering UniData on UNIX or Administering
UniData on Windows Platforms.
97
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
MATREAD, MATWRITE, and MATPARSE load and empty an array from left to right and from top to
bottom beginning with element 1,1 and ending by placing excess data in element 0,0.
Note: BASICTYPEs M and P do not support position 0,0 in arrays. You could lose data if an array is
too small for the amount of data you are attempting to load into it with MATPARSE.
Syntax
DIM name1(rows[,cols]) [,name2(rows[,cols])]...
Synonyms
DIMENSION
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
name1
Specifies the name of the array.
rows
Specifies the number of rows in the array.
,cols
Specifies the number of columns in the array. If cols is omitted, the
array is one-dimensional.
INMAT function return values
After you execute DIM, the UniBasic INMAT function returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Value
Description
0
The dimensioned array was not created. UniData returns an error
message, but program execution continues.
1
Memory was insufficient to create the dimensioned array. UniData
returns an error message, but program execution continues.
n
The dimensioned array was created. n is the number of elements in
the array.
Resizing Arrays
You can use the DIM statement to dynamically redimension an array without losing any data if the
size of the redimensioned array is large enough to contain all data in the original array. When you
redimension, UniBasic places the old data elements into the new array from left to right and from top
to bottom. All leftover data is placed in the 0,0 element.
Although you can change the size of an array during program execution, its configuration cannot
change. For example, a two-dimensional array cannot be changed to one-dimensional and vice versa.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement creates three arrays: one-dimensional NAME, onedimensional TITLES, and two-dimensional DATES.
DIM NAME(100),TITLES(100),DATES(100,2)
98
DIGEST
In the next example, two DIMENSION statements are included in the same program, although because
the new array is smaller than the original, all excess data is placed in element 0,0. After the execution
of the second DIMENSION statement, the array has the dimension of 100 by 10.
DIM WAGES(50,100)
DIM WAGES(100,10)
The following program segment creates the array TEST by setting variable A to 30, and then declaring
TEST as a one-dimensional array of 30 elements:
A = 30
DIM TEST (A)
The following sample code is invalid because array size is declared with nonnumeric variables “(” and
“)” and because you cannot use a variable in a dimension statement:
TEST = "(10,5)"
DIM TEST
In contrast, the following statement is valid:
DIM TEST (10,5)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
INMAT, MAT, MATBUILD, MATPARSE, MATREAD, MATREADL, MATREADU,
MATWRITE, MATWRITEU
DIGEST
The DIGEST function generates a message digest of supplied data. A message digest is the result of a
one-way hash function (digest algorithm) performed on the message. Message digest has the unique
properties that alight change in the input results in a significant difference in the resulting digest.
Therefore, the probability of two different messages resulting in the same digest (collision) is very
unlikely. It is also virtually impossible to reverse to the original message from a digest. Message digest
is widely used for digital signatures and other purposes.
The desired digest algorithm is specified in algorithm. You specify data and its location are with data
and dataLoc, respectively. UniData puts the arrived digest into a dynamic array in result. Since digest
is short and has a fixed length, it is always put into a string, and no file option is provided. The result
can be in either binary or hex format.
Syntax
DIGEST(algorithm, data, dataLoc, result)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
99
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
algorithm
A string containing the digest algorithm name (uppercase or
lowercase). UniData supports the following algorithms:
▪
“md2”
▪
“md4”
▪
“md5”
▪
“mdc2”
▪
“rmd160”
▪
“sha”
▪
“sha1”
data
Data or the name of the file containing the data to be digested.
dataLoc
1 - Data in a string
2 - Data in a file
result
A string to store the digest result.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success
1
Unsupported digest algorithm
2
The data file cannot be read
3
Message digest cannot be obtained
4
Invalid parameters
DIR
The UniBasic DIR function returns the file size (in bytes), the last date and time the file was modified
(in internal format), and the privileges for the file. UniData stores these values in the first four
attributes of the return value.file.expr must evaluate to a file name at the operating system level. If you
do not specify a path, UniData searches the current directory.
Syntax
DIR(file.expr)
Examples
The following UNIX program segment retrieves the file statistics on the UniData file stored in the
subdirectory /usr/accounting/gl. The first attribute contains the file size in bytes, the second
attribute contains the date the file was last updated, and the third attribute contains the time the file
was last updated. UniData stores the second and third attributes in internal format, and the example
converts them to the external format.
FILESTAT = DIR("/usr/accounting/gl")
SIZE = FILESTAT <1>
DATE.MOD = OCONV(FILESTAT<2>,'D2/')
TIME.MOD = OCONV(FILESTAT<2>,'MT')
PRINT 'The gl file is ':SIZE
100
DISABLEDEC
PRINT 'And was last modified: ':DATE.MOD,TIME.MOD
DISABLEDEC
Use the DISABLEDEC command to turn off decryption on a file or fields you specify.
Syntax
DISABLEDEC <filename> [, <multilevel-filename>], {ALL |<field_list> [ON
ERROR <statements>]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
filename
The name of the file on which you want to disable decryption.
ALL
If you specify ALL, UniData will disable decryption on all encrypted
fields of this file
field_list
A comma-separated list of fields for which you want to disable
decryption. Do not enter spaces between the field names.
ON ERROR statements
If you specify ON ERROR statements and an error occurs, UniData
executes the statements following the ON ERROR clause. Otherwise,
UniData executes the next statement.
STATUS codes
DISABLEDEC has the following STATUS codes:
STATUS code
Description
0
No error, operation successful
1
Decryption is already disabled
2
General operation failure, such as an open file error
3
File is not an encrypted file
4
Attempting operation on a WHOLERECORD encrypted file
5
Field(s) is not an encrypted field
6
Cannot locate information to disable decryption
7
Field is not a valid field in this file
Examples
The following example illustrates disabling decryption on two fields in a file using a quoted string:
DISABLEDEC "CUSTOMER","NAME,PHONE" ON ERROR PRINT "Unable to disable
decryption”
The next example illustrates disabling decryption on two fields using variables:
CUST="CUSTOMER"
FIELDS="NAME,PHONE"
DISABLEDEC CUST,FIELDS ON ERROR PRINT "Unable to disable decryption"
101
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
DISPLAY
DISPLAY is a synonym for the CRT command. For further information, see CRT, on page 86.
Synonyms
CRT
DISPLAYWIDTH
The UniBasic DISPLAYWIDTH function returns the number of bytes needed to display a string
expression. For instance, the display width of English characters is one. In languages that use
multibyte characters, the display width of a character can be 1, 2, 3, or 4 bytes, depending on the
language and the character.
Syntax
DISPLAYWIDTH (string)
Examples
The following illustration shows a string that indicates below each “character” the number of bytes
required to display that character. The string contains eight bytes. Therefore, DISPLAYWIDTH would
return 8 for this string.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
BYTELEN, CHARLEN, ISMB, LEN, MBLEN
DOWNCASE
The UniBasic DOWNCASE function converts all characters in a string (str.expr) to lowercase. Special
characters, including the null value, are not converted by this function. DOWNCASE does not convert
multibyte characters.
Syntax
DOWNCASE(str.expr)
102
DQUOTE
Examples
In the following example, the program segment converts the contents of the variable USTRING to
lowercase letters:
USTRING = "WHY am I HAPPY?"
DSTRING = DOWNCASE(USTRING)
DSTRING now contains “why am i happy?”.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV Masked Character (MC), OCONV Masked Character (MC), UPCASE
DQUOTE
DQUOTE is a synonym for the QUOTE function. For more information, see QUOTE, on page 287.
Synonyms
QUOTE
DROUND
The UniBasic DROUND function performs double-precision rounding on a value. Double-precision
rounding uses two words to store a number, accommodating a larger number than in single-precision
rounding, which stores each number in a single word.
Note: DROUND affects the internal representation of the numeric value. It performs the rounding
without conversion to and from string variables. This increases the speed of calculation.
Syntax
DROUND(val.expr [,precision.expr])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
val.expr
Specifies the value to round.
,precision.expr
Specifies the precision for the rounding. The valid range is 0 to 14.
Default precision is four places.
Examples
In the following example, the DROUND statement results in 18.84955596. The equation is resolved, and
then the result is rounded to eight decimal places.
A= DROUND((3.14159265999*2*3),8)
103
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
PRINT A
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
PRECISION
UniData
FLOAT.PRECISION
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
EBCDIC
The UniBasic EBCDIC function converts the ASCII data in expr to its corresponding EBCDIC values.
Note: BASICTYPE U, the standard application, converts data to EBCDIC format before the data is
written to tape.
Syntax
EBCDIC(expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement first prints a message, and then prints the EBCDIC
equivalent of the ASCII variable VAL:
PRINT "EBCDIC equivalent":EBCDIC(VAL)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ASCII, CHAR, CHARS, SEQ
ECHO
The UniBasic ECHO command controls whether characters display on the terminal screen as you type
them on the keyboard.
Note: Use ECHO for security purposes when the entry of an ID or password should not display on
the terminal screen.
Syntax
ECHO [ON | OFF | expr]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
104
Parameter
Description
ON
Enables the display of characters as you type them on the keyboard.
ENABLEDEC
Parameter
Description
OFF
Disables the display of characters as you type them on the keyboard.
expr
When expr is 0, ECHO is set to OFF. When expr is not 0, ECHO is set to
ON. expr must be numeric.
Examples
The following program segment enables echoing because A+B is not 0:
A = 1
B = 3
ECHO A+B
ENABLEDEC
Use the ENABLEDEC command to activate decryption on a file or fields you specify.
Syntax
ENABLEDEC <filename> [,<multilevel-filename>], {ALL | <field_list>} [ON
ERROR <statements>]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
filename
The name of the file on which you want to enable decryption.
ALL
If you specify ALL, UniData enables decryption on all encrypted fields
of this file.
field_list
A comma-separated list of fields for which you want to enable
decryption. Do not enter spaces between the field names.
ON ERROR statements
If you specify ON ERROR statements and an error occurs, UniData
executes the statements following the ON ERROR clause. Otherwise,
UniData executes the next statement.
STATUS codes
ENABLEDEC has the following STATUS codes:
STATUS code
Description
0
No error, operation successful
1
Decryption is already enabled
2
General operation failure, such as an open file error
3
File is not an encrypted file
4
Attempting operation on WHOLERECORD encrypted file
5
Field(s) is not an encrypted file
6
Cannot locate information to disable encryption
7
Field is not a valid field in this file
105
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
The following example illustrates enabling decryption on two fields in a file using a quoted string:
ENABLEDEC "CUSTOMER","NAME,PHONE" ON ERROR PRINT "Unable to enable decryptiON
The next example illustrates enabling decryption on two fields using variables:
CUST="CUSTOMER"
FIELDS="NAME,PHONE"
ENABLEDEC CUST,FIELDS ON ERROR PRINT "Unable to enable decryption"
ENCODE
The ENCODE() function performs data encoding on input data.
Currently, UniData supports only Base64 encoding. Base 64 encoding is designed to represent
arbitrary sequences of octets that do not need to be humanly readable. A 65-character subset of
US-ASCII is used, enabling 6-bits to be represented per printable character. The subset has the
important property that it is represented identically in all versions of ISO646, including US-ASCII, and
all characters in the subset are also represented identically in all versions of EBCDIC. The encoding
process represents 24-bit groups of input bits as output strings of 4 encoded characters. The encoded
output stream must be represented in lines of no more than 76 characters each. All line breaks must
be ignored by the decoding process. All other characters not found in the 65-character subset should
trigger a warning by the decoding process.
The function can perform either encoding or decoding, as specified by action. The data can either be in
the dynamic array, data, or in a file whose name is specified in data, determined by dataLoc.
URL encoding, is a mechanism for encoding information in a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) under
certain circumstances. Although it is known as URL encoding it is, in fact, used more generally within
the main Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) set, which includes both Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
and Uniform Resource Name (URN).
URL encoding is also used in the preparation of data of the "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
media type which is often used in the submission of HTML form data in HTTP requests.
URL Encoding replaces spaces with "+" signs, and unsafe ASCII characters with "%" followed by their
hex equivalent. Safe characters are defined in RFC 3986.
Syntax
ENCODE(algorithm, action, data, dataLoc, result, resultLoc)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
algorithm
A string containing the encode method name. UniData currently only
supports the Base64 method.
Base64 - Encoding of data with a linefeed after every 64th character.
Base64A - Base64 encoding of data on one line.
URLENCODE- Encodes special characters into a hexadecimal
representation of that character. (See RFC3986 for more information.)
106
ENCRYPT
Parameter
Description
action
1 - Encode
2 - Decode
data
Data or the name of the file containing the data to be encoded or
decoded.
dataLoc
1 - Data in a string
2 - Data in a file
result
Encoded or decoded data or the name of the file storing the
processed data.
resultLoc
1 - Result in a string
2 - Result in a file.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Unsupported algorithm.
2
Invalid parameters (invalid data or result location type, and so forth).
3
The data cannot be read.
4
The data cannot be encoded or decoded.
Examples
The following program illustrates the ENCODE function.
0001 RESULT=""
0002 DEC=""
0003 STR="ABC D=E=F"
0004 STAT=ENCODE("URLENCODE", 1, STR, 1, RESULT, 1)
0005 STAT=ENCODE("URLENCODE",2,RESULT,1,DEC,1)
0006 PRINT "Original String: ":STR
0007 PRINT "Encoded String: ":RESULT
0008 PRINT "Decoded String: ":DEC
Original String: ABC D=E=
Encoded String: ABC+D%3DE%3DF
Decoded String: ABC D=E=F
ENCRYPT
The ENCRYPT() function performs symmetric encryption operations. You can call various block and
stream symmetric ciphers through this function. The supported ciphers are listed in UniData Security
Features.
You specify ciphers by algorithm, and they are not case sensitive. You can specify Base64 encoding and
decoding with the action parameter. If you specify encoding, the encrypted data is Base64 encoded
before being entered into result. If you specify decoding, the data is Base64 decoded before being
encrypted. Specify the data and its location using data and dataLoc, respectively. You can explicitly
specify Key, read it from a file, or, alternatively, derived it on the fly by specifying keyAction, in which
case the key string is used as a pass phrase to derive the actual key. The encrypted or decrypted data
is put into the dynamic array result, or a file, as specified by resultLoc.
107
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Salt is used to provide more security against certain kinds of crypt analysis attacks, such as dictionary
attacks. If you specify an empty salt, UniData uses an internally generated salt in deriving the key.
UniData ignores Salt when action is set to decrypt. UniData uses IV (Initialization Vector) to provide
additional security to some block ciphers. It does not need to be secret but should be fresh, meaning
different for each encrypted data. If you supply an existing key, IV is generally needed. However, if the
encryption key is to be derived from a pass phrase, IV can be generated automatically. Both salt and IV
must be provided in hexadecimal format.
Syntax
ENCRYPT(algorithm, action, data, dataLoc,key, keyLoc, keyAction, salt,
IV, result, resultLoc)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
algorithm
A string containing the cipher name.
action
1 - Encrypt
2 - Base64 encode after encryption
3 - Decrypt
4 - Base64 decode before decryption
5 - One-line Base64 encoding, which does not place line breaks in the
result.
6 - One-line Base64 decoding, which does not place line breaks in the
result.
data
Data or the name of the file containing the data to be processed.
dataLoc
1 - Data in a string
2 - Data in a file
key
The actual key (password) or file name containing the key.
keyLoc
1 - Key in data
2 - Key in file
keyAction
1 - Use actual key
2 - Derive key from pass phrase
3 - Use user-specified key directly in the same manner as OpenSSL
4 - Derive the actual key using a user-specified value and an MD5
algorithm in the same manner as OpenSSL
5 - Derive actual key using a user-specified value and a SHA1
algorithm in the same manner as OpenSSL
Note: keyAction 1 and 2 may be used to exchange encrypted data
between UniVerse and UniData systems. However, if you want to
exchange encrypted data between UniData or UniVerse and third
party products such as OpenSSL-based programs, Java programs, or
MicroSoft.Net programs, you should use keyActions 3-5.
108
Salt
A string containing the Salt value.
IV
A string containing IV.
END
Parameter
Description
result
The result buffer or the name of the file storing the result.
resultLoc
1 - Result in a string
2 - Result in a file.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid cipher.
2
Invalid parameters (location/action value is out of range, etc.).
3
The data cannot be read.
4
The key cannot be derived.
5
Base 64 encoding/decoding error.
6
Encryption/decryption error.
END
The UniBasic END command declares the end of a program or a block of statements. UniBasic does
not require you to use END at the end of a program.
Syntax
END
Examples
In the following example, the END declares the end of the program segment. (The first END ELSE
ends the THEN clause in the IF/THEN/ELSE statement.)
A = 0
PRINT "Enter a number: ":
INPUT X
IF X>0 THEN
PRINT "Incrementing."
A += 1
END ELSE
PRINT "Decrementing."
A -= 1
END
PRINT A
ENTER
The UniBasic ENTER command passes control to the program you specify. It terminates the program
that is passing control and executes the cataloged program. The ENTER command allows variables to
pass through common areas, but all other variables are reinitialized when the new program begins.
109
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: This command does not return control to the original program by default. For structured
programming, use GOSUB and RETURN. This makes the program easier to read and maintain.
The ENTER command processes faster than the CHAIN command.
Syntax
ENTER filename
ENTER @variable
Examples
In the following example, the program statement transfers control to cataloged program CHECK_1:
ENTER CHECK_1
In the next example, the program segment transfers control to cataloged program CHECK_2:
NO = 2
PROG = "CHECK_":NO
ENTER @PROG
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CALL, CHAIN, COMMON, GOSUB
EQ
The UniBasic EQ operator serves as an assignment operator and a relational operator.
As an assignment operator, it assigns expr to variable. As a relational operator, it tests whether
expression expr1 is equal to expr2.expr1 and expr2 can be any valid UniBasic expressions, variables,
strings, or literals.
Relational operators make the comparisons that direct program flow in conditional statements like
the following:
IF VAR1 = VAR2 THEN GOSUB SUB1
DO UNTIL VAR1 = VAR2
Syntax
variable = expr
expr1 EQ expr2
Synonyms
=
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
110
EQS
Parameter
Description
variable
Specifies the variable to which to assign the contents of expr.
expr
Specifies a value, string, expression, or variable the value of which
variable is assigned to.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement assigns the value of 60 to the variable PAGELENGTH:
PAGELENGHTH EQ 60
In the next example, the EQ relational operator is used in a conditional test. The program segment
tests whether A equals B. In this case, the message “NOT EQUAL” prints.
A = 24
B = 23
IF A EQ B THEN
PRINT "EQUAL"
END ELSE
PRINT "NOT EQUAL"
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
EQS
EQS
The UniBasic EQS function compares each value in array1 to its corresponding value in array2.
UniData returns an array with 1 in each position where values are equal, and 0 in each position for
values that are not equal.
Syntax
EQS(array1,array2)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment compares ARRAY1 to ARRAY 2 and returns ARRAY3.
After EQS, ARRAY3 contains 1}1}1}0}0.
ARRAY1 = '11':@VM:'12':@VM:'13':@VM:'20':@VM:'21'
ARRAY2 = '11':@VM:'12':@VM:'13':@VM:'19':@VM:'22'
ARRAY3 = EQS(ARRAY1,ARRAY2)
EQU
The UniBasic EQU command replaces a constant with an array, function, number, string, or variable
name when the program is compiled.
The only difference between the statements using TO and those using LITERALLY is the use of
quotation marks. In the TO form, you cannot enclose literals in quotation marks. In the LITERALLY
form, you must enclose literals in quotation marks.
111
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
After the execution of an EQUATE statement, you can use the constant symbols and variables
interchangeably at all levels of the program.
EQUATE variables are available from within the UniBasic debugger.
The variable literal string limit is 2,048 characters. EQUATE has the same limit.
Tip: EQUATE enables you to use longer, more meaningful names as you write code. These names
are replaced with the actual value when the program is compiled. EQUATE also lets you equate
a control character to a meaningful name. UniData does not use memory for a constant symbol
because the replacement takes place during compilation.
Syntax
EQU constant1 TO value1 [[,constant2 TO value2]...]
EQU constant1 {LITERALLY | LIT} string2 [[,constant2 {LITERALLY | LIT}
string2]...]
Synonyms
EQUATE
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
constant
Specifies the constant to be replaced with value when the program is
compiled.
value
Specifies the value to replace constant with when the program is
compiled.
string
Specifies a literal string, in quotes, to replace constant with when the
program is compiled.
Examples
In the following example, all occurrences of the constant SB are replaced with the value CHAR(8) (clear
screen) during program compilation:
EQUATE SC TO CHAR(8)
In the next example, UniData replaces every occurrence of the constant TITLE with the string
ALGONQUIN:
EQUATE TITLE LITERALLY "ALGONQUIN"
In the next example, UniData replaces every occurrence of the constant TRUE with the value 1, and
every occurrence of the constant FALSE with the value 0:
EQUATE TRUE to 1, FALSE to 0
IF TRUE
PRINT "Income less than target figure."
END
IF FALSE
PRINT "Income equal to or greater than target!"
END
112
EREPLACE
In the next example, UniData replaces every occurrence of the constant FULLNAME with the
expression in the EQUATE statement. The program segment prints “Mary Jones”.
EQUATE FULLNAME LITERALLY "FIRST_NAME:' ':LAST_NAME"
FIRST_NAME = "Mary"
LAST_NAME = "Jones"
PRINT FULLNAME
After the program is compiled, the print statement looks like this:
PRINT FIRST_NAME:' ':LAST_NAME
The following example shows the same program segment using the TO form of the statement syntax.
In this case, the quotation marks around FIRST_NAME:' ':LAST_NAME are removed.
EQUATE FULLNAME TO FIRST_NAME:' ':LAST_NAME
FIRST_NAME = "Mary"
LAST_NAME = "Jones"
PRINT FULLNAME
EREPLACE
The EREPLACE function replaces substring in expression with another substring. If you do not specify
occurrence, each occurrence of substring is replaced.
Syntax
EREPLACE(expression, substring, replacement [,occurrence [,begin] ] )
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expression
The expression in which you want to replace substring.
substring
The substring you want to replace. If substring is an empty string,
replacement is prefixed to expression. If replacement is an empty
string, all occurrences of substring are removed.
replacement
The replacement value for substring.
occurrence
Specifies the number of occurrences of substring to replace. To
replace all occurrences, specify occurrence as a number less than 1.
begin
Specifies the first occurrence of substring to replace. If you omit begin,
or specify a value less than 1, it defaults to 1.
If expression evaluates to the null value, null is returned. If substring, replacement, occurrence, or begin
evaluates to the null value, the EREPLACE function fails and the program terminates with a run-time
error message.
Note: The EREPLACE function behaves like the CHANGE function except when substring
evaluates to an empty string.
113
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
EXECUTE
The UniBasic EXECUTE command executes an ECL or UniData SQL command from within a UniBasic
program.
You can execute multiple commands with a single EXECUTE statement by separating each command
by attribute marks. When the EXECUTE statement executes, UniData separates each command and
executes them in order.
Note: The settings of UDT.OPTIONS affect the way ECL commands execute. For information about
these options, see the UDT.OPTIONS Commands Reference. For information about UDT.OPTIONS
that could affect that command, see the appropriate ECL command in the UniData Commands
Reference.
When you compile EXECUTE and PERFORM in BASICTYPE P, a different parser is used. The Ptype parser scans a file of commands that are defined in the Spectrum-SMA standards or in the
McDonnell Douglas REALITY operating system. If the command is found in this file, it is parsed using
the P-type parser. If the command is not found in the REALITY file, it is parsed as if the program had
been compiled with BASICTYPE U. Because all REALITY commands are uppercase, using lowercase
commands will always result in the use of the standard UniData parser.
If you want to execute a standard UniData, UniQuery, or ECL command from within a program
compiled with BASICTYPE P, use the UniBasic command UDTEXECUTE.
Syntax
EXECUTE "str.expr" [[ASYNC | SYNC] ON connection [ON ERROR
statements]] [PASSLIST list.num.expr] [RTNLIST list.num.expr]
[CAPTURING dyn.array.var] [RETURNING dyn.array.var] [PASSCOM]
Synonyms
PERFORM
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Specifies a UniData command with appropriate parameters. If you pass
a file name to PERFORM, you must use the actual file name, not a file
variable (which is assigned in the OPEN statement).
ASYNC | SYNC
UniData no longer supports this parameter, but it remains for syntax
compatibility.
ON connection
UniData no longer supports this parameter, but it remains for syntax
compatibility.
ON ERROR statements
UniData no longer supports this parameter, but it remains for syntax
compatibility.
CAPTURING, dyn.array.var
The CAPTURING clause stores the output in a dynamic array instead
of on the display terminal. Each line of the text becomes an attribute in
the array. Output sent to the printer is not affected by this clause.
The order of CAPTURING and RETURNING is interchangeable.
114
EXECUTE
Parameter
Description
RETURNING, dyn.array.var
The RETURNING clause captures error messages resulting from the
command executed with PERFORM. This variable contains a string of
error message numbers separated by spaces. If the executed command
creates a spooler hold file, UniData also returns the hold file number in
the same variable.
RTNLIST int.expr
The RTNLIST clause must be an integer from 0–9, designating the
select list to return to the calling program. You can use the resulting list
with subsequent READNEXT statements or in the PASSLIST clause of
an EXECUTE statement. If an expression is not given after RTNLIST,
the generated select list replaces the contents of list 0. If RTNLIST is
not specified, no list is returned.
If you use EXECUTE to call a UniBasic program, no select list is
returned even though you specify RTNLIST. On the other hand,
PASSLIST is always effective and transfers a select list to the called
program.
PASSLIST int.expr
PASSCOM
The PASSLIST clause must evaluate to an integer 0, 1 or 2,
designating the select list to be sent to the called program. If you do
not specify int.expr, list 0 is assumed.
The passed list can be the result of previous SELECT or
GETLIST commands, or the result of the RTNLIST clause of a
PERFORM statement.
This parameter is provided for backward compatibility for releases
before 3.1.
Remember: The error message numbers you capture with RETURNING will vary, depending upon
which version of UniData you are running.
The ECL STACKCOMMON Command
The ECL STACKCOMMON command makes use of common areas more flexible, although it requires
additional memory. STACKCOMMON settings have the following effects:
▪
If STACKCOMMON is off when one program executes another, the unnamed common is passed to
the executed program and back to the executing program.
▪
If STACKCOMMON is on when one program executes another program, the unnamed common is
not passed to the program you execute. Instead, unnamed common is saved, and the unnamed
common of the called program is initialized to 0. When control is passed back to the calling
program, unnamed common is restored to its value before the program call. Unnamed common is
never passed to a phantom program.
Note: STACKCOMMON is always on in BASICTYPEs P and M. STACKCOMMON is off by default in
BASICTYPEs R and U.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement performs the command in cmd3 and sends output to
a dynamic array cpt_var:
PERFORM cmd3 CAPTURING cpt_var
In the next example, the program segment executes a variable containing a UniData command:
LIST.PER = "LIST PERSONNEL WAGETYPE AGE"
115
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
PERFORM LIST.PER
In the next example, the EXECUTE statement creates a record ID list using the SELECT statement.
The select list is then used to read records from the file.
EXECUTE 'SELECT CLIENTS WITH COUNTRY = "Canada"'
EXECUTE "SAVE.LIST 'canadians'"
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO CLIENT.FILE ELSE ABORT
GETLIST 'canadians' SETTING LIST.CNT
ELSE PRINT CLIENT:" SAVEDLISTS ID ‘canadians’ CANNOT BE
FOUND";STOP
PRINT @(-1)
FOR I = 1 TO 22
READNEXT ID ELSE EXIT
READ REC FROM CLIENT.FILE, ID THEN
PRINT @(5,I):REC<1>:@(20,I):REC<2>
END ELSE
PRINT "CANNOT FIND RECORD":ID
END
NEXT I
CLEARSELECT
END
In the next example, the program segment executes a paragraph from within a UniBasic program
using the EXECUTE statement:
PARA = "PA":@AM:"DISPLAY HELLO"
EXECUTE PARA
This paragraph displays the word HELLO on the terminal screen.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
COMMON, EXECUTESQL, MDPERFORM, MDPERFORM
UniData
STACKCOMMON
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
EXECUTESQL
The UniBasic EXECUTESQL command executes a UniData SQL statement within a UniBasic program.
If the UniData SQL statement includes a SELECT statement with the intent to process internal
program items, the SELECT statement must contain a TO clause with a resulting file name. Otherwise,
UniData displays the result of the statement. If you select only the @ID attribute, UniData stores the
@IDs in a select list. If the UniData SQL statement includes a TO clause, the data is stored in the output
file and is then available to the UniBasic program via the READNEXTTUPLE statement.
Note: After you execute a SELECT statement and complete processing of the selected records,
you must execute the CLEARSQL command to clear the select list and make all records in the file
available for further processing.
116
EXECUTESQL
Syntax
EXECUTESQL str.expr [ASYNC | SYNC] [ON connection [ON ERROR
statements]]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Specifies a valid UniData SQL statement for UniData to execute.
ASYNC | SYNC
UniData no longer supports this parameter, but it remains for syntax
compatibility.
ON connection
UniData no longer supports this parameter, but it remains for syntax
compatibility.
ON ERROR statements
UniData no longer supports this parameter, but it remains for syntax
compatibility.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment executes a UniData SQL command:
OUT.COMMAND = "SELECT NAME, ADDRESS, CITY"
OUT.COMMAND := " FROM CLIENTS;"
EXECUTESQL OUT.COMMAND
CLEARSELECT
The following output displays on the terminal screen when you execute the preceding program:
Page 1
Name
Address
City
------------------------------ ------------------------- -------------Paul Castiglione
45, reu de Rivoli
Paris
Fredrick Anderson
854, reu de Rivoli
Paris
Beverly Ostrovich
7925 S. Blake St.
Sydney
Cal di Grigorio
913 Montreal Ave.
Regina
Franklin Sears
213 Midland St.
Perth
Gino Lee
483 E. Silverman St.
Fonthill
JoAnn Casey
4024 South Ivywood Circle
Omaha
In the next example, the program segment executes the same UniData SQL command with a TO
clause that stores the UniData SQL output in a file that you can access using the READNEXTTUPLE
statement. (This program uses the CLIENTS file in the demo database.)
OUT.COMMAND = "SELECT NAME, ADDRESS, CITY, STATE"
OUT.COMMAND := " FROM CLIENTS TO SQL_INPUT;"
EXECUTESQL OUT.COMMAND
DONE = 0
FOR X = 1 TO 5
READNEXTTUPLE CLIENT.INFO FROM "SQL_INPUT" ELSE STOP
CONVERT @AM TO " " IN CLIENT.INFO
PRINT CLIENT.INFO
NEXT X
CLEARSELECT
END
117
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
This program produces the following results:
Paul Castiglione 45, reu de Rivoli Paris
Fredrick Anderson 854, reu de Rivoli Paris
Beverly Ostrovich 7925 S. Blake St. Sydney NSW
Cal di Grigorio 913 Montreal Ave. Regina Saskatchewan
Franklin Sears 213 Midland St. Perth
In the next example, the UniData SQL statement selects an @ID only. UniData uses a select list instead
of storing the output. In this case, the UniData SQL command does not require a TO clause, and the
UniBasic READNEXT statement processes the IDs selected.
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO CLIENT.FILE ELSE PRINT 'Open Error.'
OUT.COMMAND = "SELECT @ID"
OUT.COMMAND := " FROM CLIENTS"
OUT.COMMAND := " WHERE CITY = 'Paris';"
EXECUTESQL OUT.COMMAND
DONE = 0
LOOP
READNEXT @ID ELSE DONE = 1
UNTIL DONE DO
GOSUB PROCESS.RECS
REPEAT
CLEARSELECT
PROCESS.RECS:
*print records for clients in Paris."
READ REC FROM CLIENT.FILE,@ID
THEN PRINT REC
RETURN
END
The program output is:
Paul}Castiglione}Chez Paul}45, reu de
Rivoli}Paris}}75008}France}3342425544|3342664857}Work|Fax
Fredrick}Anderson}Otis Concrete}854, reu de
Rivoli}Paris}}75008}France}3342482815|3342481924}Work|Fax
Antonette}Larnelle}Monde Cable}19, rue Jean
Goujon}Paris}}75008}France}3438291902|3438295512}Work|Fax
Pierre}Edmond}JT Engineering}70, avenue
d'Iena}Paris}}75016}France}3391928392|3391992193}Work|Fax
Pierre}Logni}Wine College}70, avenue
d'Iena}Paris}}75016}France}3393688924|3393688523}Work|Fax
Omar}Saulnier}Maurice Salon}4, avenue
Valencia}Paris}}75016}France}3348756898 |3348589782 }Work|Fax
David}Silvers}Qinton Systems}9, avenue
Valencia}Paris}}75016}France}3441831291|3441830107}Work|Fax
Fernando}Ducrot}Monde Cable}19, rue Jean
Goujon}Paris}}75008}France}3344587968|3344668871}Work|Fax
Related commands
118
Language
Command
UniBasic
EXECUTE, READNEXT, READNEXTTUPLE
UniData SQL
For information about UniData SQL commands, see the UniData SQL
Commands Reference
EXIT
EXIT
The UniBasic EXIT command terminates a FOR/NEXT or LOOP/REPEAT structure and transfers
control to the following statement. As with the CONTINUE statement, EXIT forms well structured
programs.
Tip: Use EXIT in structured programs instead of GOTO. This makes the code easier to read and
maintain.
Syntax
EXIT
Examples
In the following example, the program segment exits the FOR/NEXT loop when I is greater than 8:
FOR I = 1 TO 10
IF I > 8 THEN EXIT
PRINT "I = ":I
NEXT I
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CONTINUE, FOR/NEXT, LOOP/REPEAT
EXP
The UniBasic EXP function raises e to the power of expr.
e is approximately 2.71828. expr must be numeric. The function ex is its own derivative. If y = ex, then x
is the natural logarithm of y.
If exp is too large or too small, a warning message is printed and 0 is returned. If exp is an empty string,
the empty string is returned.
Syntax
EXP(expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement raises e to the power of 2, and assigns this value,
7.3891, to the variable ETOX:
ETOX = EXP(2)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
LN
119
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
EXTRACT
The UniBasic EXTRACT function retrieves data from an attribute, value, or subvalue in a dynamic
array. The dynamic array itself remains unchanged. You can use either of the preceding syntax forms.
Syntax
EXTRACT(dyn.array.expr, attrib.expr,[val.expr
[,subval.expr]])dyn.array.expr <attrib.expr,[val.expr [,subval.expr]]>
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.expr
Specifies a dynamic array from which to retrieve the data.
attrib.expr
Specifies an attribute of the dynamic array from which to retrieve the
data. If the value of attrib.expr is less than 1, UniData uses 1.
val.expr
Specifies a value of attrib.expr from which to extract the data. If the
values of val.expr and subval.expr are 0, or if they do not appear in the
EXTRACT function, UniData retrieves an attribute.
subval.expr
Specifies a subvalue of the value specified by val.expr in the attribute
specified by attrib.expr, from which to retrieve data.
If the values of val.expr and subval.expr are 0, UniData retrieves an
attribute. If the value of subval.expr is 0, or if it does not appear in the
EXTRACT function, UniData retrieves a value.
Examples
The following program segment is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications.
The variable ENTRY is used to extract the user-requested values from the ORDERS record.
DISPLAY_DATA:
* Display the current information in the desired record. This is
* determined by the number the user entered (ORDER_NUMBER).
...
NUM_ENTRIES = DCOUNT(ORDER.REC<4>,@VM)
FOR ENTRY = 1 TO NUM_ENTRIES
PRODUCT_NUMBER = ORDER.REC<4,ENTRY>
COLOR = ORDER.REC<5,ENTRY>
QUANTITY = ORDER.REC<6,ENTRY>
PRICE = OCONV(ORDER.REC<7,ENTRY>,"MD2$,")
In the following example, the program segment assigns the string Joan to the variable MID. Joan is the
second attribute in the dynamic array ARR. The value and subvalue expressions are 0, resulting in the
extraction of an attribute.
ARR = "#543":@AM:"Joan":@AM:"D’Arc"
MID = EXTRACT(ARR,2,0,0)
In the next example, the program segment assigns the string Dagny, the second value of the third
attribute, to the variable MID:
ARRAY = "#143":@AM:"Gustav":@AM:"Mahler":@VM:"Dagny":@VM:"Jens"
120
FIELD
MID = EXTRACT(ARRAY,3,2)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DEL, INSERT, REMOVE, REPLACE, SUBSTRINGS
FIELD
The UniBasic FIELD function treats a string as an array, with fields delimited by any specified ASCII
character (for example, spaces, commas, or periods), and returns a substring or group of substrings.
FIELD supports multibyte languages.
Syntax
FIELD(string.expr,delim.expr,field.expr [,rep.expr])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
string.expr
Specifies the string expression to search.
delim.expr
Specifies the field delimiter.
field.expr
Specifies the field at which to begin the search.
,rep.expr
Specifies the number of fields to return. If you do not specify rep.expr, or
it is less than 1, UniData returns a default of 1 substring.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment assigns the third value (“Guy”) in the array ARR to the
array NARRAY:
ARR = "#999":@VM:"Charlemagne":@VM:"Guy":@VM:"Pierre"
NARRAY = FIELD(ARR,@VM,2,1)
In the next example, the program segment assigns the two fields following the third occurrence of the
delimiter “,” in the variable ARR to NARRAY. UniData stores the value 5,8 in NARRAY.
ARR = "10,10,5,8,7,12,15,8"
NARRAY = FIELD(ARR,",",3,2)
In the next example, the program segment assigns the second group of characters in a string delimited
by spaces in the variable NAME to LNAME. UniData stores the value Smith in LNAME.
NAME = "Harry Smith"
LNAME = FIELD(NAME," ",2)
121
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
COL1, COL2, INDEX
FIELDSTORE
The UniBasic FIELDSTORE function inserts an expression and an appropriate delimiter into a string.
Syntax
FIELDSTORE(str.expr,delimiter,b.pos,option,new.expr)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Specifies the target string.
delimiter
Specifies the character that delimits fields in str.expr.
b.pos
Specifies the occurrence of the delimiter at which to insert.
If the number of delimiters is less than b.pos, UniData inserts the
appropriate number of spaces and delimiters.
option
Specifies whether FIELDSTORE will insert before, insert after,
or replace the field at b.pos. Refer to the following FIELDSTORE
Options table for further details.
new.expr
Specifies the expression (with its associated delimiter) to insert before
or after the specified delimiter.
Options
The value of option determines the operation to be executed. The following table describes these
options and their results.
Value
Description
If option > 0
UniData replaces the number of substrings specified in option.
If option = 0
UniData inserts new.expr at the position indicated by b.pos.
If option < 0
UniData deletes the number of substrings specified in option, and
inserts new.expr at the location indicated by b.pos.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment inserts AR in the string ASTATES. After execution,
ASTATES contains the string “AL:AK:AR:AZ”.
ASTATES = 'AL:AK:AZ'
ASTATES = FIELDSTORE(ASTATES,':',3,0,'AR')
The following program segment compiles and runs only when null value handling is on. The program
segment inserts AR, and then inserts the null value into ASTATES. It calls the externally cataloged
122
FILEINFO
subroutine PRINT.SETUP to convert the null value to a printing character, and then prints the
converted ASTATES. (PRINT.SETUP is shown under CHANGE.)
PRT.STR = ''
ASTATES = 'AL:AK:AZ'
ASTATES = FIELDSTORE(ASTATES,':',3,0,'AR')
PRINT "ASTATES = ":ASTATES
ASTATES = FIELDSTORE(ASTATES,':',3,0,@NULL)
STR = ASTATES
CALL PRINT.SETUP(STR,PRT.STR)
PRINT "ASTATES = ":PRT.STR
This program prints the following:
ASTATES = AL:AK:AR:AZ
ASTATES = AL:AK:@NULL:AR:AZ
In the next example, the program segment specifies that processing begins at the fifth value (ugly),
that this value is deleted (the -1 option), and that the new.expr (orange,black) is to be inserted in
the same position. After processing, COLORS contains the string “yellow,blue,red,green,orange,
black,white”.
COLORS = 'yellow,blue,red,green,ugly,white'
COLORS = FIELDSTORE(COLORS,',',5,-1,'orange,black')
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
INS, INSERT
FILEINFO
The FILEINFO function returns information about the configuration of a file.
Syntax
FILEINFO(file.var, code)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
file.var
Specifies the file to be analyzed.
file.var is the file variable previously used in an OPEN or OPENSEQ
statement.
code
Specifies the type of information to return.
FILEINFO codes
code indicates the information requested. The following table describes the codes and the return
values of the function.
123
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
code
Information Requested
File Type
Return value
0
File open status
ALL
1= Open
1
VOC name
2
Full path name of file
ALL
Path name of file
3
File type
HASHED
2
DYNAMIC
3
DIRECTORY
4
SEQUENTIAL
5
NFA
7
OS
8
EDA
13
HASH & DYNAMIC
(KEYONLY)
Hash type (0, 1, or 3)
0= Not open
4
Hashing file type
This parameter is not
implemented.
DYNAMIC (KEYDATA)
DYNAMIC (WHOLEFILE)
Hash type (32 , 33, or 35)
Hash type (48, 49, or 51)
OTHERS
5
Modulo of file
HASH
Modulo
DIRECTORY
0
DYNAMIC
Current modulo
OTHERS
Not applicable
6
Minimum modulo of file
DYNAMIC
Minimum modulo
7
Group size of file
HASH & DYNAMIC
(Block size/1024)-1
OTHERS
Not applicable
HASH & DYNAMIC
Block size
OTHERS
Not applicable
8
Block size of file
Returns the same value as
option 18
9
10
11
Merge factor percentage
Split factor percentage
Current load percentage
DYNAMIC
Merge factor
OTHERS
Not applicable
DYNAMIC
Split factor
OTHERS
Not applicable
DYNAMIC
Percent result of the
formula:
OTHERS
(keyspace(grp)
*100)/blksize
Not applicable
12
124
Node name
This parameter is not
implemented.
FILEINFO
code
Information Requested
File Type
Return value
13
Does file contain alternate key
indexes?
HASH & DYNAMIC
1= yes; 2 = no
OTHERS
Not applicable
14
Next line number to read or write SEQUENTIAL
OTHERS
Next line number
Not applicable
15
Part number
This parameter is not
implemented.
16
Status
This parameter is not
implemented.
17
Filename
18
Block size of file
HASH & DIR & DYNAMIC
VOC entry name
OTHERS
Not applicable
HASH & DYNAMIC
Block size
OTHERS
Not applicable
Returns the same value as
option 8
19
Access permissions
ALL
Permissions the person
running the program has
expressed as total UNIX
values
(r=4,w=2,x=1, so rw= 6)
20
Index to which the last SETINDEX ALL
statement was applied
VOC entry name
21
Index record read by last
browsing statement, such as
READFWD and READBCK.
ALL
Key value
22
File type: recoverable or
nonrecoverable
ALL
1 – Recoverable
23
0 – Nonrecoverable
Numeric keys
For sequentially hashed
files.
1 – Numeric keys
0 – Non-numeric keys
24
Type of U2 Data Replication file
ALL
0 - The file is not a
replication object
1 – The file is being
published
2 – The file is being
subscribed
3 - The file is subwriteable
25
BEFORE-UPDATE-TRIGGER
ALL
catalog program name of the file
<xx>.
BEFORE-UPDATE-TRIGGER
catalog program name of
the file. If no such trigger
exists, returns and empty
string.
125
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
code
Information Requested
File Type
26
BEFORE-DELETE-TRIGGER
ALL
catalog program name of the file
<xx>.
BEFORE-DELETE-TRIGGER
catalog program name of
the file. If no such trigger
exists, returns and empty
string.
27
Is the file encrypted?
0 – File is not encrypted
ALL
Return value
1 – File is encrypted
28
Type of file encryption
ALL
Returns a dynamic array
containing the following
information:
For a file encrypted with
the WHOLERECORD option:
-1@SM<keyid>@SM<algorithm>
For a file encrypted at the
field level:
<location>@SM<keyid>@SM<algorithm>
@SM<field_name>
Returns an empty string if
the file is not encrypted.
29
AFTER-UPDATE-TRIGGER catalog ALL
program name of the file <xx>.
AFTER-UPDATE-TRIGGER
catalog program name of
the file. If no such trigger
exists, returns an empty
string.
30
AFTER-DELETE-TRIGGER catalog ALL
program name of the file <xx>.
AFTER-DELETE-TRIGGER
catalog program name of
the file. If no such trigger
exists, returns an empty
string.
31
Defines the bit type
0 – 32–bit file
HASH & DYNAMIC
1 – 64–bit file
FILELOCK
The UniBasic FILELOCK command locks the dictionary or data portion of a file against access by
READL, READU, READVU, MATREADL, MATREADU, MATWRITEU, WRITEU, and WRITEVU statements.
Other file input/output commands ignore FILELOCK.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. For more information, see Developing UniBasic
Applications.
Syntax
FILELOCK [file.var] [ON ERROR statements] LOCKED statements
126
FILEUNLOCK
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
file.var
Specifies the file to lock.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal error occurs.
A default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the OPEN
statement.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to perform if the FILELOCK statement fails with
a fatal error condition because the file is not open.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause, the program terminates
abnormally.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if the file is already locked.
STATUS function return values
After you execute of the FILELOCK command, the UniBasic STATUS function returns 0 if the file
was locked successfully. If the file was already locked, and if the LOCKED clause was included in the
FILELOCK statement, STATUS returns the user number of the process that locked the file.
Examples
In the following example, the FILELOCK statement locks the file STAT, preventing lock-checking
commands from accessing this file:
FILELOCK STAT LOCKED STOP
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
FILEUNLOCK, RECORDLOCKED, RELEASE
FILEUNLOCK
The UniBasic FILEUNLOCK command unlocks a file previously locked with a FILELOCK command.
Syntax
FILEUNLOCK [file.var] [ON ERROR statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
127
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
file.var
Specifies the file to unlock.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal error occurs.
A default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the OPEN
statement.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to perform if the FILEUNLOCK statement fails
with a fatal error condition because the file is not open.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause, the program terminates.
Examples
In the following example, the FILEUNLOCK statement unlocks the file referred to by the file variable
INVENTORY.FILE:
FILEUNLOCK INVENTORY.FILE
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
FILELOCK, RECORDLOCKED, RELEASE
FIND
The UniBasic FIND command determines the position of the given expression in a dynamic array.
FIND returns the attribute, value, and subvalue position of the found string. The expression must
match the entire array element to make a match.
Syntax
FIND expr IN dyn.array[,occur] SETTING f [,v[,s]] {THEN statements |
ELSE statements}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
128
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies the expression to find. expr must be either a numeric value
or a string value.
dyn.array
Specifies the dynamic array in which to find expr.
,occur
Specifies the occurrence of expr to find. The default is 1 (the first
occurrence).
FINDSTR
Parameter
Description
f,v,s
Specifies variables in which to place the position of expr
f – Attribute
v – Value
s – Subvalue
If the attribute found has neither multivalues nor subvalues, then v
and s, if specified, are set to 0. If only multivalues are present, s is set
to 0. If only subvalues exist, v is also set to 0.
Specifies statements to execute if the expr is found in the array. END
is required when statements extend over more than one line. Either a
THEN statement or an ELSE statement is required.
THEN statements
ELSE statements
Specifies statements to execute if the expr is not found in the array.
END is required when statements are multiline. Either a THEN
statement or an ELSE statement is required.
For more information about writing THEN...ELSE parameters, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
The UniBasic FIND and LOCATE commands are compared in this manual.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment searches for an occurrence of 31 in the string DA. This
results in F=3, V=1, and S=0 because 31 is found in the third attribute as the first multivalue, and this
attribute has no subvalues.
001:
002:
003:
004:
005:
006:
DA = 1:@AM:2:@AM:31:@VM:32:@VM:41:@VM:41:@VM:42:@VM:43
FIND 31 IN DA SETTING F,V,S THEN
PRINT "F=":F:" V=":V:" S=":S
END ELSE
PRINT "NOT FOUND"
END
In the next example, the program segment searches for the second occurrence of 41 in the string DA.
This results in F=3, V=4, and S=0 because the second occurrence of 41 is found in the third attribute as
the fourth multivalue, and this attribute has no subvalues.
DA = 1:@AM:2:@AM:31:@VM:32:@VM:41:@VM:41:@VM:42:@VM:43
FIND 41 IN DA,2 SETTING F,V,S ELSE PRINT "NOT FOUND"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
[], FINDSTR, LOCATE
FINDSTR
The UniBasic FINDSTR command determines the position of a given substring in a dynamic array.
FINDSTR supports multibyte languages.
129
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
FINDSTR substr IN dyn.array[,occur] SETTING f[,v[,s]] {THEN statements
| ELSE statements}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
substr
Specifies the substring to find. substr must be either a numeric value
or a string value.
dyn.array
Specifies the dynamic array in which to find substr.
,occur
Specifies which occurrence of substr you want to find in the array. The
default for occur is 1 (the first occurrence).
f,v,s
Specifies variables in which to place the position of substr
f – Attribute
v – Value
s – Subvalue
If the attribute found has neither multivalues nor subvalues, then v
and s, if specified, are set to 0. If only multivalues are present, s is set
to 0. If only subvalues exist, v is also set to 0.
THEN statements
Specifies statements to execute if the substr is found in the array.
Either a THEN statement or an ELSE statement is required.
ELSE statements
Specifies statements to execute if the substr is not found in the array.
Either a THEN statement or an ELSE statement is required.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment searches for 3 in the string DA. This results in F=3,
V=1, and S=0 because 3 is found in the third attribute as the first multivalue, and this attribute has no
subvalues.
DA = 1:@AM:2:@AM:31:@VM:32:@VM:41:@VM:41:@VM:42:@VM:43
FINDSTR 3 IN DA SETTING F,V,S ELSE PRINT "NOT FOUND"
In the next example, the program segment searches for the second occurrence of 4 in the string DA.
This results in F=3, V=4, and S=0 because the second occurrence of 4 is found in the third attribute as
the 4 multivalue, and this attribute has no subvalues.
DA = 1:@AM:2:@AM:31:@VM:32:@VM:41:@VM:41:@VM:42:@VM:43
FINDSTR 4 IN DA,2 SETTING F,V,S ELSE PRINT "NOT FOUND"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
FIND, LOCATE
FLUSH
The FLUSH command flushes output to the terminal when UDT.OPTIONS 46 is on.
130
FMT
Note: For more information about UDT.OPTIONS 46, see the UDT.OPTIONS Commands Reference.
Syntax
FLUSH
FMT
The UniBasic FMT function formats data in expr for display purposes. FMT can format a dynamic array
that contains multivalues. The statement can be no longer than 2,046 characters.
In the first form of the syntax, L, R, C, or T and len are required.
The second form is the same as the first form with the elements in a different order.
The third form does not include the keyword FMT, but the elements are in the same order as in the
second form.
In the fourth form, you provide the pattern format in a variable, pattern.var.
Note: The FMT function can produce different results based on the BASICTYPE setting. The
parameter descriptions that follow represent BASICTYPE U.
Syntax
FMT(expr, "len [f.char] {L | R | T | C} [n] [$] [,] [Z] [mask]")
FMT(expr, "{L | R | T | C} # len [f.char] [n] [$] [,] [Z] [mask]")
expr "[L | R | T | C] # len [f.char] [n] [$] [,] [Z] [mask]"
FMT(expr, pattern.var)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
len
Specifies the total number of single-byte characters to appear in the
output string.
f.char
Specifies a single-byte fill character to be used if the formatted string
is not long enough to fill len; the default is a space. Cannot be a
multibyte character.
Prefix a numeric f.char with \ to indicate it is the fill character.
L
Specifies left-justification in a string of len spaces. If the text is longer
than len, the text is broken in len intervals. Has no effect in multibyte
languages.
R
Specifies right-justification in a string of len spaces. Has no effect in
multibyte languages.
C
Specifies centered text in the column of width len. Has no effect in
multibyte languages.
T
Specifies text justification. If data must be broken to fit in a column,
it is justified on a word basis (from space to space). Has no effect in
multibyte languages.
131
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
n
Specifies the maximum number of decimal places allowed, rounding
as necessary. If n = 0, the number is rounded to an integer.
$
Prints a dollar sign before the formatted string. Valid for numeric data
only.
,
Prints numbers with commas separating each level of thousands.
Valid for numeric data only.
Z
Specifies the suppression of leading zeros.
mask
Specifies a pattern mask composed of numbers and other characters.
Numeric data is placed sequentially in the mask before justification.
#
Truncates the output.
STATUS function return values
After you execute FMT, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following table.
Value
Description
0
Successful completion.
1
String expression is invalid or exceeds the allowable string size.
2
Conversion code is invalid.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints the variable SS.NUM as a formatted string using
a pattern mask. The result printed is a string with 11 characters, left-justified:“543-70-4128”.
SS.NUM=543704128
PRINT FMT(SS.NUM,"11L###-##-####")
In the next example, the program segment prints the variable NUM as a 12-character, right-justified
number with two decimal places, preceded by a dollar sign and composed with commas. The segment
prints the value “$16,526.00”.
NUM = 16526
PRINT FMT(NUM, "12R2$,")
In the next example, the program segment formats the string OUT.STRING with 0 as the fill character,
right-justified, and in a column of four spaces. The segment prints 0044.
OUT.STRING = 44
OUT.STRING = FMT(OUT.STRING,"4\0R")
PRINT OUT.STRING
In the next example, the program statement saves the variable STR as a right-justified, eight column
string:
STR = STR "R#8"
In the next example, the program segment uses a variable to specify the pattern format. UniData
formats STR according to the variable PATTERN:
PATTERN = "12R2$,"
STR = STR PATTERN
132
FOOTING
FOOTING
The UniBasic FOOTING command causes the specified string to print or display at the bottom of each
page of a report. You can specify a footer of any length. The ECL LIMIT command has no effect on
this command.
Note: Turn on UDT.OPTION 64 to force the footing to appear on the last page or screen. With this
option turned off, the footing does not appear on the last page or screen. For more information
about UDT.OPTION 64, see the UDT.OPTIONS Commands Reference.
The PRINTER command directs the output of a FOOTING command not sent to a print file as follows:
▪
▪
PRINTER OFF causes a report, together with its footings, to appear on the user’s terminal screen.
PRINTER ON causes all subsequent footings, headings, and PRINT output to be sent to the
destination specified by the current SETPTR setting.
Syntax
FOOTING [ON num.expr] str.expr ['option']...
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
ON num.expr
Specifies a print file to which you want to send the footing: 0-254.
str.expr
Specifies the string to display at the bottom of each page.
option...
option must be enclosed in single quotation marks. You can place
option(s) anywhere in the footing expression. option can be any of the
following:
ASCII code – Passes to the printer or file code controlling paging
characteristics.
P or S – Prints current page number.
N – Suppresses the pagination prompt after each page.
L – Advances one line. Used for multiline footings.
D – Prints date in MM-DD-YY format.
T – Prints time/date in MM-DD-YY HH:MM:SS format.
C – Centers the footing text.
G – Forces the line to fill the width of the page.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement produces a footing using a character string:
FOOTING "Copyright 1999, Genius, Inc."
In the next example, the program statement prints Page and the current page number. It advances
one line and then prints Paul’s Produce. Notice the two single quotation marks in the middle of the
strings. They are necessary to print a single apostrophe in the footer. The ON 2 clause sends the
footing to print file 2.
133
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
FOOTING ON 2 "Page 'PL'Paul''s Produce"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
GETPTR, HEADING, PRINTER
UniData
SETPTR
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
FORMLIST
The UniBasic FORMLIST command creates an active select list from a dynamic array. FORMLIST
uses the attribute marks in dynamic.array.var to create a select list that you can use with READNEXT
statements or other list processing commands such as external LIST statements.
Syntax
FORMLIST dynamic.array.var [TO list.num.expr]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dynamic.array.var
Specifies a dynamic array from which to create a select list.
TO list.num.expr
Specifies which list, 0 through 9, you want the list sent to. 0 is the
default list.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment creates a select list and then uses that list to print four
records in the CLIENTS file:
ARRAY.LIST = 9999:@AM:10034:@AM:9980:@AM:10015
FORMLIST ARRAY.LIST TO 0
PRINT "PROCESSING THE FOLLOWING ITEMS:"
PERFORM "LIST CLIENTS NAME COMPANY"
END
This program segment produces the following results:
LIST CLIENTS NAME COMPANY 17:33:03 Apr 27 1999 1
CLIENTS... Name.......................... Company
Name..................
9999 Paul Castiglione
Chez Paul
10034 Fredrick Anderson
Otis Concrete
9980 Beverly Ostrovich
Riley Architects
10015 Cal di Grigorio
Regina Flooring
4 records listed
134
FOR/NEXT
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DELETELIST, READLIST, SELECT, SELECTINDEX, SELECTINFO, WRITELIST
UniData SQL
SELECT
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
UniQuery
DELETELIST, GETLIST, SELECT, SSELECT, SAVE.LIST
For information, see the UniQuery Commands Reference
FOR/NEXT
The UniBasic FOR/NEXT command executes statements repeatedly while incrementing a variable
over a range until it reaches the end of the range, or until the condition in the WHILE or UNTIL clause
is achieved. You can nest FOR/NEXT constructions. Each FOR statement must end with a NEXT
statement.
FOR/NEXT should be constructed so termination occurs based on the WHILE or UNTIL condition.
Use the CONTINUE statement to transfer control to the next iteration of the command.
The valid range of values for the size of the integer in the FOR/NEXT counter is -2 gigabytes up to 2
gigabytes -1.
Syntax
FOR var = val1 TO val2 [STEP val3]
statements]
[UNTIL | WHILE expr]
statements
NEXT [var]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies the variable to increment.
val1
Specifies the beginning of the range for incrementing var.
val2
Specifies the end of the range for incrementing var.
STEP val3
Specifies the change to use in incrementing var. The increment can be
negative or positive, making the variable decrease or increase.
statements
Specifies the statements to carry out for each loop.
UNTIL | WHILE expr
statements
Specifies a condition, expr, to test after each loop. If the UNTIL
keyword is used, the loop continues until expr is true. If the WHILE
keyword is used, the loop continues until expr is not true. In either
case, when the loop stops, the statements are executed before the
program continues.
NEXT var
The NEXT statement defines the end of the block of statements to be
repeated. The optional var is the same variable as in the beginning of
the FOR/NEXT statement.
135
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
The following program segment is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications.
This segment prints multivalues from the ORDERS file when a client has ordered multiple items.
DISPLAY_DATA:
* Display the current information in the desired record. This is
* determined by the number the user entered (ORDER_NUMBER).
.
.
. FOR ENTRY = 1 TO NUM_ENTRIES
PRODUCT_NUMBER = ORDER.REC<4,ENTRY>
COLOR = ORDER.REC<5,ENTRY>
QUANTITY = ORDER.REC<6,ENTRY>
PRICE = OCONV(ORDER.REC<7,ENTRY>,"MD2$,")
IF PRODUCT_LINE = '' THEN
PRODUCT_LINE = PRODUCT_NUMBER "R#10"
COLOR_LINE = COLOR "R#10"
QUANTITY_LINE = QUANTITY "R#10"
PRICE_LINE = PRICE "R#10"
END ELSE
PRODUCT_LINE := " ":PRODUCT_NUMBER "R#10"
COLOR_LINE := " ":COLOR "R#10"
QUANTITY_LINE := " ":QUANTITY "R#10"
PRICE_LINE := " ":PRICE "R#10"
END
NEXT ENTRY
In the following example, the program segment prints the string 10,8,6,4,2,. The loop terminates
before printing 0 because the FOR/NEXT statement specifies that when the variable I falls below 1,
the loop terminates.
FOR I = 10 TO 1 STEP -2
PRINT I:",":
NEXT I
In the next example, the optional WHILE expression clause creates a secondary condition for the
termination of the FOR/NEXT structure. While a normal FOR/NEXT loop repeats the contained
statements 10 times, the WHILE clause results in this example stopping after only three repetitions.
This occurs because the value read from the DATA statement by the INPUT command exceeds the
value of I on the third iteration. The WHILE clause with the same statements results in the loop
terminating after one iteration. After the iteration, I is less than K, satisfying the condition and causing
the loop to stop.
K=50
DATA 3,4,2,51,8,10,15,3,2,8
FOR I = 1 TO 10 WHILE I < K
INPUT K
PRINT I,K
NEXT I
Related commands
136
Language
Command
UniBasic
CASE, LOOP/REPEAT
FUNCTION
FUNCTION
The UniBasic FUNCTION command begins the definition of a user-written function. The FUNCTION
command must be the first noncomment line in the file, which must be cataloged locally or globally.
The cataloged file name must be included in the DEFFUN statement in the calling program.
The calling program must specify the same number and type of arguments in the calling statement as
are included in the FUNCTION statement.
Note: UniData triggers are UniBasic subroutines or functions that are called when a user attempts
to update or delete a record. For more information about coding a UniBasic function that is called
by a trigger, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
FUNCTION function.name [([MAT] arg.1[, [MAT] arg.2]...)]
RETURN var
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
function.name
Specifies the name of the function (for documentation purposes only).
It need not be the same as the name used to call the function.
You must include this function’s cataloged file name in the DEFFUN
statement in the calling program.
(MAT arg.1 ,MAT arg.2...)
Specifies the arguments to be passed from the calling program.
Arguments must be enclosed in parentheses and separated by
commas. Precede an argument with MAT to indicate that the argument
is an array. Up to 254 arguments can be passed.
RETURN var
Returns control to the calling program. Can pass back an argument.
Examples
The following function performs calculations on a dimensioned array, returning values in the function
arguments and return value, r. The name of the cataloged file that contains this function definition is
yourfunc. This name must be used in the DEFFUN statement in the calling program. Notice that the
function definition uses yet a different name (anotherfunc). The name anotherfunc is not referenced
anywhere.
FUNCTION anotherfunc(a, MAT b, c) ;*
definition.
DIM b(-1)
r = 0
c = 1
back.
FOR i = 1 TO a
in:
r += b(i)
c *= b(i)
NEXT i
RETURN r
Start function
;* Declare array.
;* Initialize return value.
;* Initialize value passed
;* To the upper bound passed
;* Sum array members.
;* Multiply array members.
;* Return value.
137
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
The following program calls the preceding function. Because the function is called myfunc within this
program, the CALLING clause is included in the DEFFUN statement to identify the cataloged program
file yourfunc. Note that values in arguments a and b are passed back, although they are not used by
the program.
DEFFUN myfunc(a, MAT b, c) CALLING "yourfunc"
DIM b(10)
a = 2
FOR i = 1 TO a
b(i) = i
NEXT i
PRINT "r from FUNCTION: ":myfunc(a, MAT b, c)
PRINT "c from FUNCTION: ":c
;*
;*
;*
;*
Declare function.
Define array.
Set upper bound.
Initialize array.
The program runs and prints out the following text:
:RUN BP FUNCTION.CALL
r from FUNCTION: 3
c from FUNCTION: 2
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DEFFUN
GARBAGECOLLECT
The UniBasic GARBAGECOLLECT command releases all reserved but nonactive memory allocated for
UniBasic variables.
Syntax
GARBAGECOLLECT
GE
The UniBasic >= relational operator tests whether expression expr1 is greater than or equal to expr2.
expr1 and expr2 can be any valid UniBasic expressions, variables, strings, or literals.
Relational operators make the comparisons that direct program flow in conditional statements like
the following:
IF VAR1 GE VAR2 THEN GOSUB SUB1
DO UNTIL VAR1 >= VAR2
Syntax
expr1 GE expr2
Synonyms
#<, =>, >=
138
generateKey
Examples
In the following example, the program segment tests whether A is greater than or equal to B. Because
A is greater than B, the message “Greater Than or Equal To” prints.
A = 24
B = 22
IF A GE B THEN
PRINT "Greater Than or Equal To"
END ELSE
PRINT "Less Than"
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
GES
generateKey
The generateKey() function generates a public key cryptography key pair and encrypts the private
key. You should then put it into an external key file protected by the provided pass phrase. UniData
SSL sessions can use the protected private key later to secure communication. The public key will not
be encrypted.
The generated private key will be in PKCS #8 form and is encoded in either PEM or DER format
specified by format. The generated public key is in traditional form. If keyLoc is 1, the resulted key is
put into a dynamic array in privKey and pubKey. Otherwise, they are put into OS level files specified by
privKey and pubKey.
To make sure the private key is protected, you must provide a pass phrase. UniData uses a one-way
hash function to derive a symmetric key from the pass phrase to encrypt the generated key. When
installing the private key into a security context with the setPrivateKey() function, or generating a
certificate request with the generateCertRequest() function, you must provide this pass phrase
to gain access to the private key.
For detailed information about the generateKey function, see UniBasic Extensions.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
generateKey(priveKey, pubKey, format, keyLoc, algorithm, keyLength,
passPhrase, paramFile)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
privKey
A string storing the generated private key or name of the file storing
the generated private key.
pubKey
A string storing the generated public key or name of the file storing
the generated public key.
139
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
format
1 - PEM
2 - DER
keyLoc
1 - Put the key into string privKey/pubKey.
2 - Put the key into a file.
algorithm
1 - RSA
2 - DSA
keyLength
Number of bits for the generated key. Between 512 and 2048.
passPhrase
A string storing the pass phrase to protect the private key.
paramFile
A parameter file needed by DSA key generation.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Key pair cannot be generated.
2
Unrecognized key file format.
3
Unrecognized encryption algorithm.
4
Unrecognized key type or invalid key length (must be between 512
and 2048).
5
Empty pass phrase.
6
Invalid DSA parameter file.
7
Random number generator cannot be seeded properly.
8
Private key cannot be written.
GES
The UniBasic GES function compares each value in array1 to its corresponding value in array2.
UniData returns an array with 1 in each position where the value in array1 is greater than or equal to
the value in the corresponding position in array2. UniData returns 0 in each position for values that are
less than array2.
Syntax
GES(array1,array2)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment compares ARRAY1 to ARRAY2 and returns ARRAY3.
ARRAY3 then contains 1}1}1}0}0.
ARRAY1 = 10:@VM:20:@VM:30@VM:40:@VM:50
ARRAY2 = 9:@VM:10:@VM:30:@VM:50:@VM:60
ARRAY3 = GES(ARRAY1,ARRAY2)
140
GET
GET
The UniBasic GET command receives unprompted input from an attached line. UniData accepts all
control characters, including the carriage return and line feed as input characters. All data read from
the attached line is placed in var. GET supports multibyte languages.
Performance of the GET statement varies according to the termination conditions specified, and
whether the THEN or ELSE clauses are specified.
Input from the attached line is terminated in four ways:
▪
UniData has read the number of characters specified in length.
▪
After a single character is read (when length and UNTIL are not coded).
▪
When any character you specify in term.exp is encountered in input.
▪
When UniData reads the record mark character, @RM, and the number of seconds has elapsed.
Note: UniData never executes the ELSE clause if you include UNTIL without WAITING or length.
If you code the WAITING clause, UniData executes the ELSE clause only after the number of seconds
specified for timeout. If the input is terminated for any other reason, UniData executes the THEN
clause.
In special cases, UniData executes the ELSE clause if the line has not been attached before executing
the GET statement.
Syntax
GET[X] var[,length] [SETTING count.var] FROM line.expr [UNTIL
term.expr] [RETURNING term.var] [WAITING seconds] [THEN statements |
ELSE statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
X
Specifies that GET return var as hexadecimal. This feature allows
binary data to contain a 255 value (hexadecimal FF). For instance, if a
user enters HELLO, the input data variable contains 48454C4C4F.
var
Specifies a variable to receive input.
,length
Specifies the number of characters to accept as input from the
attached line. The default is one character unless you use UNTIL in the
statement.
SETTING count.var
count.var is the number of characters received from the attached line.
FROM line.expr
line.expr is the attached line receiving input.
UNTIL term.expr
term.expr is a string of characters, any of which terminate input. The
terminating character does not appear in the returned text variable.
If you use UNTIL and do not specify term.expr, any number of
characters is accepted. Characters often used for the UNTIL clause
are carriage return and line feed.
141
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
RETURNING term.var
Assigns the character that terminates the input to term.var. Input
terminates due to:
Reaching the maximum number of characters.
Timeout.
Record mark encountered in input. In this case, term.var contains an
empty string.
WAITING seconds
Specifies the number of seconds to wait before UniData times out.
THEN statements | ELSE
statements
If the line is not attached, UniData performs the ELSE clause. If the
line is not attached and there is not an ELSE clause, a runtime error
displays and the user enters the UniBasic debugger.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment waits 15 seconds for 10 characters of input from line
0. If time expires before 10 characters are received from the attached line, UniData stops receiving,
returns the data received, and performs the ELSE clause.
GET TMP,10 FROM 0 WAITING 15
ELSE PRINT "Input time has expired"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
SEND
UniData
PROTOCOL
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
getCipherSuite
The getCipherSuite() function obtains information about supported cipher suites, their version,
usage, strength and type for the security context you specify.
The result is put into the dynamic array ciphers, with one line for each cipher suite, separated by a field
mark (@FM). The format of the string for one cipher suite is as follows.
Suite, version, key-exchange, authentication, encryption, digest,
export
Refer to the cipher tables in UniBasic Extensions for definitions of all suites. The following is an
example of a typical Suite.
EXP-DES-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=RSA(512) Au=RSA Enc=DES(40) Mac=SHA1 export
The suite is broken down as follows. The suite name is EXP-DES-CBC-SHA. It is specified by SSLv3. The
Key-exchange algorithm is RSA with 512-bit key. The authentication is also done by RSA algorithm.
The Data encryption uses DES (Data Encryption Standard, an NIST standard) with CBC mode. MAC
(Message Authentication Code, a hash method to calculate message digest) will be done with SHA-1
(Secure Hash Algorithm 1, also an NIST standard) algorithm. The suite is exportable.
UniData only retrieves those methods that are active for the protocol.
142
GETENV
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
getCipherSuite(context,ciphers)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
context
The Security Context handle.
ciphers
A Dynamic array containing the cipher strings delimited by @FM.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid Security Context handle.
2
Unable to obtain information.
GETENV
The UniBasic GETENV function returns the contents of the UNIX, or Windows platform environment
variable. If you include the environment variable explicitly (as opposed to including it in a variable),
you must enclose it in quotation marks.
Syntax
GETENV(var | "envir.var")
Examples
In the following example, the program statement retrieves the value of UDTBIN in X:
X = GETENV("UDTBIN")
In the next example, the program retrieves the value of UDTBIN in X, but uses a variable to define
UDTBIN:
VAR = "UDTBIN"
X = GETENV(VAR)
getHTTPDefault
The getHTTPDefault function returns the default values of the HTTP settings.
See the section under setHTTPDefault, on page 347 for additional information.
143
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
getHTTPDefault(option, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
option
Currently, the following options are defined:
PROXY_NAME
PROXY_PORT
VERSION
BUFSIZE
AUTHENTICATE
HEADERS
value
A string containing the appropriate option value.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid option.
getIpv
The getIpv function, without an option, returns the current IPv setting. If a network choice is entered
as an option, it returns only that network’s IPv setting.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
getIpv(option[, sockettype])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
option
A string containing an option name. See the table below for the
options currently defined.
The following table describes the available socket types for getIpv.
144
GETLIST
Socket Type
Description
“SOCKET”
Specifies the socket network type.
“NFA”
Specifies the NFA network type.
GETLIST
The UniBasic GETLIST command restores a select list from a saved list.
Tip: Use GETLIST to access a list without having to issue multiple SELECT or SSELECT
commands.
Syntax
GETLIST list.name [,acct.name] [TO list.num] [SETTING count.var] {THEN
| ELSE} statements [END]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
list.name
Specifies the saved list.
acct.name
Specifies a full path of a directory where the list resides if list.name is
not in the current account.
TO list.num
Specifies the number of the active list. list.num can be 0 through 9.
The default list is 0.
SETTING count.var
Specifies a variable to contain the number of elements the GETLIST
command generates.
THEN | ELSE statements
Specifies statements to execute if the command succeeds (THEN) or
fails (ELSE). Either a THEN or an ELSE statement is required. END is
required to terminate multiline statements.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment retrieves the previously saved list CS_STAFF and
assigns it to active list 2. If the list is not found, the program aborts and displays an error message.
GETLIST "CS_STAFF" TO 2 ELSE
ABORT "NO CS_STAFF saved list found."
In the next example, the program segment creates a select list and saves it. GETLIST then retrieves
the saved list to active list 0 (the default). The program then uses the IDs in list 0 to retrieve the first 22
Canadian clients.
EXECUTE 'SELECT CLIENTS WITH COUNTRY = "Canada"'
EXECUTE "SAVE.LIST 'canadians'"
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO CLIENT.FILE ELSE ABORT
GETLIST 'canadians'
ELSE PRINT "SELECT LIST CANNOT BE FOUND";STOP
PRINT @(-1)
FOR I = 1 TO 22
READNEXT ID ELSE EXIT
READ REC FROM CLIENT.FILE, ID THEN
145
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
PRINT @(5,I):REC<1>:@(20,I):REC<2>
END ELSE
PRINT "CANNOT FIND RECORD":ID
END
NEXT I
CLEARSELECT
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DELETELIST, FORMLIST, READLIST, READNEXT, SELECT, SELECTINDEX,
SELECTINFO, WRITELIST
UniData SQL
SELECT
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
UniQuery
DELETELIST, GETLIST, SELECT, SSELECT, SAVE.LIST
For information, see the UniQuery Commands Reference
GETPTR
The UniBasic GETPTR function returns a string variable containing the values of the current printer
settings for the unit.no specified.
Tip: GETPTR can store the values associated with a print unit so those values can be reset to their
initial values at the end of a process.
Syntax
GETPTR(unit.no)
GETPTR function return values
The GETPTR function returns a string containing the same set of values as specified in the ECL
SETPTR function, including the print unit and the options. The following table describes these values.
146
Return
Description
unit
The number assigned to a given printer through UniData, from 0
through 255. (The default is 0.)
width
The number of characters per line, from 0 to 256 characters.
length
The number of lines per page, from 1 to 32,767 lines.
topmargin
The number of lines to leave blank at the top of each page, from 0 to
25.
bottommargin
The number of lines to leave blank at the bottom of each page, from 0
to 25.
mode
Destination of output. For mode values, see SETPTR in the UniData
Commands Reference.
options
Print options such as BANNER, COPIES, NHEAD, and FORM. For
option values, see SETPTR in the UniData Commands Reference.
GETPU
STATUS function return values
After you execute GETPTR, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Description
0
If success.
1
If there are no more rows.
2
Other error.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment assigns the printer settings to the variable
PRINTER.STRING:
PRINTER.STRING = GETPTR(1)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniData
SETPTR
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
GETPU
The UniBasic GETPU function returns the full path of the current print or hold file ID created by the
current user process. unit.number is the number of the logical printer unit.
Tip: Use the ECL SETPTR command to determine the current printer unit of your system.
Syntax
GETPU(unit.number)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
GETPTR
UniData
SETPTR
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
GETQUEUE
The UniBasic GETQUEUE function returns a dynamic array containing information about all records
currently locked and waiting to be released.
UniBasic commands that check for locks, such as READU and READV, cause processes to wait for locks
to be released before proceeding.
147
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
This command delivers the same information as the ECL command LIST.QUEUE, but in a different
format. A value mark separates these pieces of information. An attribute mark separates the
information about different locks.
If GETQUEUE is successful, UniData sets @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE to the number of locks waiting to be
released. If unsuccessful, UniData sets @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE to -1.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. For more information, see Developing UniBasic
Applications.
Syntax
GETQUEUE()
GETQUEUE function return values
The GETQUEUE function returns the values described in the following table.
Value
Description
UDTNO
The number of the UniData process that locked the file.
USERNBR
The ID of the process that ran the UniData application that locked the
file.
UID
The user ID of the user who ran the UniData application that locked
the file.
USERNAME
The user name of the user who ran the UniData application that
locked the file.
TTY
The terminal ID of the user who ran the UniData application that
locked the file.
FILE NAME
The name of the locked file.
INBR
The i-node number used by the locked file.
For Windows platforms, this value consists of the high integer and low
integer of the i-node used by the locked file. The high integer and the
low integer are separated by a space.
DNBR
The device number used by the locked file.
RECORD ID
The ID of the record in the file that is being updated.
MODE
The mode of the command that locked the file.
GETREADU
The UniBasic GETREADU function returns a dynamic array containing information about all records
that have been locked by any UniBasic or ECL command that updates any record.
This command delivers the same information as the ECL command LIST.READU, but in a different
format. A value mark separates these pieces of information. An attribute mark separates the
information about different locks.
If GETREADU is successful, UniData sets @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE to the number of locks set. If
unsuccessful, UniData sets @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE to -1.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. For more information, see the Developing UniBasic
Applications.
148
getResponseHeader
Syntax
GETREADU()
GETREADU function return values
The GETREADU function returns the values described in the following table.
Value
Description
UDTNO
The number of the UniData process that locked the file.
USERNBR
The ID of the process that ran the UniData application that locked the
file.
UID
The user ID of the user who ran the UniData application that locked
the file.
USERNAME
The user name of the user who ran the UniData application that
locked the file.
TTY
The terminal ID of the user who ran the UniData application that
locked the file.
FILE NAME
The name of the locked file.
INBR
The i-node number used by the locked file.
For Windows platforms, this value consists of the high integer and low
integer of the inode used by the locked file. The high integer and the
low integer are separated by a space.
DNBR
The device number used by the locked file.
RECORD ID
The ID of the record in the file that is being updated.
MODE
The mode of the command that locked the file.
TIME
The time the lock was set.
DATE
The date the lock was set.
getResponseHeader
This function gets a specific response header value from response headers returned by
submitRequest(). It can be used to query if a specific header, for example, Content-encoding, is
present in the response.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
getResponseHeader(request_handle, header_name, header_value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
request_handle
The handle to the request.
header_name
A string containing a response header name.
header_value
The value of the header, if present. Otherwise, an empty string.
149
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid request handle.
2
Header not found.
getSocketInformation
Use the getSocketInformation function to obtain information about a socket connection.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
getSocketInformation(socket_handle, self_ or_ peer, socket_info)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
socket_handle
The handle to the open socket.
self_ or_ peer
Get information on the self end or the peer end of the socket. Specify 0
to return information from the peer end and non-zero for information
from the self end.
socket_info
Dynamic Array containing information about the socket connection.
For information about the elements of this dynamic array, see the
following table.
The following table describes each element of the socket_info dynamic array.
Element
Description
1
Open or closed
2
Name or IP
3
Port number
4
Secure or Non-secure
5
Blocking mode
The following table describes the status of each return code.
150
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
Non-zero
See Socket Function Error Return codes.
getSocketOptions
getSocketOptions
The getSocketOptions function gets the current value for a socket option associated with a
socket of any type.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
getSocketOptions(socket_handle, Options)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
socket_handle
The socket handle from openSocket(), acceptSocket(), or
initServerSocket().
options
A Dynamic Array containing information about the socket options and
their current settings. When querying for options, the dynamic array is
configured as:
optName1<FM>
optName2<FM>
optName...
When the options are returned, the dynamic array is configured as:
optName1<VM>optValue1a[<VM>optValue1b]<FM>
optName2<VM>optValue2a[<VM>optValue2b]<FM>
optName3...
Where optName contains an option name string listed below. The
first optValue describes if the option is ON or Off and must be one of
two possible values: “1” for ON or “2” for OFF. The second optValue is
optional and may hold additional data for a specific option. Currently,
for option “LINGER”, it contains the delayed time (in milliseconds)
before closing the socket.
The following table describes the available options (case-sensitive) for getSocketOptions().
Option
Description
DEBUG
Enable/disable recording of debug information.
REUSEADDR
Enable/disable the reuse of a location address (default).
KEEPALIVE
Enable/disable keeping connections alive.
DONTROUTE
Enable/disable routing bypass for outgoing messages.
LINGER
Linger on close if data is present.
BROADCAST
Enable/disable permission to transmit broadcast messages.
OOBINLINE
Enable/disable reception of out-of-band data in band.
SNDBUF
Get buffer size for output (default 4KB).
151
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Option
Description
RCVBUF
Get buffer size for input (default 4KB).
TYPE
Get the type of the socket.
ERROR
Get and clear error on the socket.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
Non-zero
See Socket Function Error Return codes.
GETUSERGROUP
For UNIX, the UniBasic GETUSERGROUP function returns the group number for the user ID you specify
by uid. For Windows platforms, it returns 0.
Syntax
GETUSERGROUP(uid)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement assigns the user group to variable X:
X = GETUSERGROUP(@UID)
In the next example, the program statement assigns the user group for 1023 to variable X:
X = GETUSERGROUP(1023)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
GETUSERID, GETUSERNAME
GETUSERID
The UniBasic GETUSERID function returns the user ID for a user name. For UNIX, this is the systemrecognized user ID. For Windows platforms, the returned user ID is meaningful in UniData only.
Syntax
GETUSERID(user.name)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement assigns the user ID for “John” to variable X:
X = GETUSERID("John")
152
GETUSERNAME
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
GETUSERGROUP, GETUSERNAME
GETUSERNAME
The UniBasic GETUSERNAME function returns the user name for a user ID. To obtain the ID of the
current user, use the UniBasic @UID variable (or, for UNIX, enter “id” at the UNIX prompt). After you
obtain the user ID, you can specify it explicitly in the GETUSERNAME function.
Syntax
GETUSERNAME(uid)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement assigns the user name to variable X:
X = GETUSERNAME(@UID)
In the next example, the program statement assigns the user name for 1023 to variable X:
X = GETUSERNAME(1023)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
GETUSERGROUP, GETUSERID
GOSUB
The UniBasic GOSUB command transfers program control to an internal subroutine. UniData
requires a valid statement label. Control returns to the main program when the RETURN statement is
encountered in the subroutine.
Syntax
GOSUB label[:]
Examples
The following program segment is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications.
This is an example of subroutines used in structured programming style.
*-------------- Main Logic ----------------------------GOSUB INITIALIZE
LOOP
GOSUB DISPLAY_SCREEN
GOSUB GET_ORDER_NUMBER
UNTIL ORDER_NUMBER[1,1] = 'Q'
GOSUB DISPLAY_DATA
IF RECORD_FOUND THEN GOSUB GET_RECORD_COMMAND
RELEASE
REPEAT
153
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
GOSUB EXIT
In the next example, the program segment prints:
▪
“Now we go to the subroutine.”
▪
“Now in subroutine BRANCHOUT.”
▪
“Back from subroutine BRANCHOUT.”
PRINT "Now we go to the subroutine."
GOSUB BRANCHOUT
PRINT "Back from subroutine BRANCHOUT."
STOP
BRANCHOUT:
PRINT "Now in subroutine BRANCHOUT."
RETURN
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
GOTO, ON/GOSUB, RETURN
GOTO
The UniBasic GOTO command branches unconditionally to a statement label within a program or
subroutine. A statement label must exist in the program or subroutine. If the label you specify does
not exist, the compiler generates an error message and the program aborts. After a program executes
a GOTO, it does not keep track of the point of departure, but simply moves to the new statement and
begins executing there.
You cannot use the UniBasic RETURN command in conjunction with a GOTO statement.
Tip: Use GOSUB instead of GOTO to make your programs easier to follow and maintain.
Syntax
GOTO label [:]
Synonyms
GO
Examples
In the following example, the program statement transfers program control to the statement label
2510:
GOTO 2510
In the next example, the program statement transfers control to the statement label START if the
variable RETRY is true:
IF RETRY GOTO START
154
GROUP
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
GOSUB, ON/GOTO
GROUP
The UniBasic GROUP function extracts the number of continuous groups you specify from the given
string.
GROUP functions similar to option G of the OCONV Group (G) function (group extraction conversion),
but allows any single character, including a system delimiter, null value, number, or minus sign (-) as
a delimiter. Another difference is that the start parameter of the GROUP function specifies the starting
group to return, while OCONV specifies the number of leading groups to skip.
Syntax
GROUP(str, delim, start, rtn.num)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str
Specifies the string from which to extract groups.
delim
Specifies any ASCII character that delimits groups in the string.
start
Specifies the first of the groups to return.
rtn.num
Specifies the number of continuous groups included in the result.
If the rtn.num is greater than the number of groups remaining in the string,
the function finishes after the entire remaining string is exhausted.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement assigns 1231 to the variable A:
A = GROUP("123124125126","2",1,2)
In the next example, the program segment prints “Boulder” because it is the second group separated
by ‘:’, and only one group is returned:
ST = "Denver:Boulder:Aurora:Littleton"
PRINT GROUP(ST,':',2,1)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
FIELD, OCONV Group (G)
155
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
GROUPSTORE
The UniBasic GROUPSTORE command inserts a given substring or portion of a substring into a
string, and replaces all, part, or none of the string. The string can be delimited by the single character
delimiter. The unit of replacement is called an element in this section.
Syntax
GROUPSTORE substr IN str USING start.num,replace.num [,delimiter]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
substr
Specifies the substring you want to insert into the string. substr
can contain any combination of numeric, alphabetic, or special
characters.
str
Specifies the target string into which substr is inserted.
start.num
Specifies the position from which to begin replacing elements of the
string. start.num must be at least 1. If you specify a value of less than
1, start.num defaults to 1. If start.num is negative and replace.num is
not negative, UniBasic uses the absolute value of start.num.
If start.num is greater than the number of elements in the target
string, UniBasic appends the substr to the end of the string with the
appropriate number of delimiters in between.
replace.num
Specifies the number of elements in the string to replace with
elements of substr.
Refer to the next table for values for replace.num.
,delimiter
Specifies a single ASCII character to use as a delimiter. The default
delimiter is @AM. If you specify more than one character for delimiter,
UniBasic uses the first character.
The replace.num option controls whether GROUPSTORE replaces all, part, or none of the substring.
The following table describes these options.
replace.num value
Description
>0
The first replace.num elements of the substr replaces elements of the
string starting from the position specified by start.num. If the string
contains fewer than replace.num elements starting from start.num,
the replacement stops after the string is exhausted.
0
The entire substr is inserted before the start.num position in the string.
<0
The number of elements specified in replace.num are deleted starting
at start.num, and substr replaces them.
If both start.num and replace.num are less than 0, replacement does
not take place. Only the number of elements specified in replace.num
are deleted, starting at start.num.
156
GROUPSTORE
Examples
In the following example, the program segment assigns the value stored in string SUB in string A.
Because the starting number is 2, and no delimiter is specified, UniData uses the attribute mark (@AM)
as the delimiter.
A = "123":@AM:"ABC":@AM:"456":@VM:"DEF":@AM:"012":@VM:"GHI"
SUB = "***"
GROUPSTORE SUB IN A USING 2,1
This results in:
A =
"123":@AM:"***":@AM:"456":@VM:"DEF":@AM:"012":@VM:"GHI"
In the next example, the program segment replaces both values in the third attribute in A with SUB.
Though the replacement number is 2, UniData replaces only one attribute because SUB has only one
element.
A = "123":@AM:"ABC":@AM:"456":@VM:"DEF":@AM:"012":@VM:"GHI"
SUB = "###"
GROUPSTORE SUB IN A USING 3,2
This results in:
A = "123":@AM:"ABC":@AM:"###":@AM:"012":@VM:"GHI"
In the next example, the program segment inserts SUB before position 1 in A:
A = "123":@AM:"ABC":@AM:"456":@VM:"DEF":@AM:"012":@VM:"GHI"
SUB = "begin"
GROUPSTORE SUB IN A USING 1,0
This results in:
A = "begin":@AM:"123":@AM:"ABC":@AM:"456":
@VM:"DEF":@AM:"012":@VM:"GHI"
In the next example, the program segment replaces the first two attributes and their associated
subvalues with SUB using @VM as the delimiter:
A = "123":@AM:"ABC":@AM:"456":@VM:"DEF":@AM:"012":@VM:"GHI"
SUB = "mv1":@VM:"sub1":@SM:"sub2":@VM:"mv2"
GROUPSTORE SUB IN A USING 1,2,@VM
This results in:
A = "mv1":@AM:"sub1":@AM:"sub2":@VM:"GHI"
This next example compiles and runs only with null value handling turned on. The program segment
replaces the third element with three asterisks. This program segment calls the externally cataloged
subroutine PRINT.SETUP, which converts the null value and UniData delimiters to printable
characters, and then prints the converted string.
PRT.STR = ''
A
="123":@AM:"ABC":@AM:"456":@VM:"DEF":@VM:@NULL:@AM:"012":@VM:@NULL
:@VM:"GHI"
SUB = "***"
157
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
GROUPSTORE SUB IN A USING 3,1,@VM
STR = A
CALL PRINT.SETUP(STR,PRT.STR)
PRINT "A = ":PRT.STR
This program segment prints:
A = 123@AMABC@AM456@VMDEF@VM***@VM@NULL@VMGHI
GT
The UniBasic relational operator GT tests whether expression expr1 is greater than expr2.
expr1 and expr2 can be any valid UniBasic expressions, variables, strings, or literals.
Relational operators make the comparisons that direct program flow in conditional statements such
as the following:
IF VAR1 GT VAR2 THEN GOSUB SUB1
DO UNTIL VAR1 > VAR2
Syntax
expr1 GT expr2
Synonyms
>
Examples
In the following example, the program segment tests whether A is greater than B. Because A is greater
than B, the message “Greater Than” prints.
A = 24
B = 22
IF A GT B THEN
PRINT "Greater Than"
END ELSE
PRINT "Less Than"
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
GTS
GTS
The UniBasic GTS function compares each value in array1 to its corresponding value in array2.
UniData returns an array with 1 in each position where the value in array1 is greater than the value in
the corresponding position in array2, and 0 in each position for values that are less than array2.
158
HASH
Syntax
GTS(array1,array2)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment compares ARRAY1 to ARRAY2 and returns ARRAY3.
ARRAY3 then contains 1}1}0}0}0.
ARRAY1 = 10:@VM:20:@VM:30@VM:40:@VM:50
ARRAY2 = 9:@VM:10:@VM:30:@VM:50:@VM:60
ARRAY3 = GTS(ARRAY1,ARRAY2)
HASH
The UniBasic HASH function determines to which group a particular record key is hashed, depending
on the modulo and the file type. HASH returns the group number in which a record with a key of
rec.key is stored. HASH includes a file type parameter.
When rec.key, modulo, and type are passed to the function, HASH returns the group number to which
the record key will hash.
Note: Hash Type 3 and WHOLEFILE Split style were added at UniData 8.1.0. The type values used
in the HASH function are also shown in the fileview output. However, in fileview, the hash type is
shown in hex.
Syntax
HASH(rec.key,modulo,type)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
rec.key
Specifies the record key to hash.
modulo
Specifies the file modulo, the number of groups specified when the file was created.
type
For the file being tested, specifies static or dynamic and hash type, as determined when
the file was created. You can use the following
159
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
Type #
File Type
Split Style
Hash Type
0
Static
N/A
0
1
Static
N/A
1
3
Static
N/A
3
64
Dynamic
KEYONLY
0
65
Dynamic
KEYONLY
1
67
Dynamic
KEYONLY
3
96
Dynamic
KEYDATA
0
97
Dynamic
KEYDATA
1
99
Dynamic
KEYDATA
3
112
Dynamic
WHOLEFILE
0
113
Dynamic
WHOLEFILE
1
115
Dynamic
WHOLEFILE
3
HEADING
The UniBasic HEADING command prints a string you specify at the top of each report page on the
current print device.
Note: The HEADING command clears the screen before displaying a report.
Syntax
HEADING [ON expr] str.expr ['option']...
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
160
Parameter
Description
ON expr
Directs UniData to send output to print file expr. As many as 31 print
files can be active at a time. The print files can have identifiers of
0-254.
str.expr
Specifies a string to print at the top of each report page. You can use
special characters, such as unmatched single and double quotation
marks, in str.expr.
HUSH
Parameter
Description
'option'
option must be enclosed in single quotation marks. You can place
option(s) anywhere in the heading expression. option can be any of the
following:
ASCII code – Passes code controlling paging characteristics.
P or S – Prints current page number.
N – Suppresses the pagination prompt after each page.
L – Advances one line. Used for multiline headings.
D – Prints date in MM-DD-YY format.
T – Prints time/date in MM-DD-YY HH:MM:SS format.
C – Centers the heading text.
G – Forces the line to fill the width of the page.
W – Causes a page to fill completely before breaking and printing
the heading when the HEADING statement is first encountered. If
you do not specify W, UniData creates a new page break when it first
encounters the HEADING statement.
Examples
In the following example, the HEADING statement sends a heading to print file 3: “current page
number Shareholders Report current date”.
HEADING ON 3 "'P' Shareholders Report 'D'"
In the next example, the HEADING statement prints the current page number, and the current date
and time, on the top of the default print device. The N code causes the report to print continuously,
not requiring a carriage return after each page.
HEADING "'PTN'"
This results in the following heading: 1207-21-91 12:13:00.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
FOOTING, GETPTR, PRINTER
UniData
SETPTR
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
HUSH
The UniBasic HUSH command enables or disables terminal output.
Syntax
HUSH {ON | OFF | expr} [SETTING pre.status.var]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
161
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
ON
Disables the terminal output.
OFF
Enables the terminal output.
expr
Disables the terminal output if expr is not 0. Enables terminal output if
expr is 0. expr must be a numeric value.
SETTING pre.status.var
The SETTING clause sets the previous terminal status (1 for ON and 0
for OFF) to pre.status.var.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints 1 and -1 on the terminal screen because the
HUSH command enables the terminal (A + B evaluates to 0). The second PRINT statement produces
nothing on the screen because HUSH ON is set. The third PRINT command prints C = 1 on the screen
because terminal output is enabled.
A = 1; B = -1
HUSH A + B
PRINT A,B
HUSH ON
PRINT A + B
HUSH OFF SETTING C
PRINT "C = ":C
ICONV
The UniBasic ICONV function converts string or numeric data to internal representation format based
on conversion codes. ICONV supports multibyte languages. If the input value or conversion code is
invalid, UniData returns the input value.
With null value handling turned on, the presence of the null value in data produces a result of the null
value, and the STATUS function return value is set to 5.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
ICONV(expr,conv.code.expr, “MM [H] [S[M]]”)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
162
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies the expression (a string or numeric data) to convert.
conv.code.expr
Specifies an internal representation format to use when converting
expr.
H
Indicates that 'num.expr' is formatted in 12-hour format with a.m. or
p.m. suffixes.
S
Indicates that seconds are included in the input value.
M
Indicates that milliseconds are included in the input value. If this
parameter is used the S parameter must also be used.
ICONV
The following table summarizes the valid conversion codes. A detailed discussion of each follows
under separate topics.
Code
Format
D
System date.
G
Extracts one or more strings separated by a delimiter.
L
Length.
MB
Binary.
MC
Masked character.
MD
Masked decimal.
ME
Masked extended.
ML
Left justify.
MP
Packed decimal.
MP1
Convert to packed decimal without truncating at the first CHAR(0) or
altering this character.
MO
Octal.
MR
Right justify.
MT
System time.
MX
Hexadecimal.
P
Pattern match.
R
Range.
S
SOUNDEX.
T
Text extraction.
Tfile
File translation.
STATUS function return values
After you execute ICONV, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Description
0
Successful conversion.
1
Invalid input data.
2
Invalid conversion specification.
3
Invalid date for “D” conversion code only.
5
Null value if null value handling is turned on.
Examples
The following program segment demonstrates the date and time conversions:
ORDER.REC<1> = ICONV(ORDER_DATE,"D")
ORDER.REC<2> = ICONV(ORDER_TIME,"MT")
The following program segment is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications.
It demonstrates the alternate syntax that does not use the ICONV function name. This code rightjustifies a string of 10 characters so that the data lines up on the right.
PRODUCT_LINE := " ":PRODUCT_NUMBER "R#10"
COLOR_LINE := " ":COLOR "R#10"
163
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
QUANTITY_LINE := " ":QUANTITY "R#10"
PRICE_LINE := " ":PRICE "R#10"
The next example illustrates the ICONV command using milliseconds:
CRT '**** Using only "MM" ICONV Code ****' CRT
'ICONV("16:18","MM"): ':ICONV("16:18","MM")
CRT 'ICONV("04:18PM","MM"): ':ICONV("04:18PM","MM") CRT
'ICONV("04:18:05PM","MM"):
':ICONV("04:18:05PM","MM") CRT 'ICONV("16:18:05","MM"):
':ICONV("16:18:05","MM")
CRT 'ICONV("04:18:05.456PM","MM"): ':ICONV("04:18:05.456PM","MM")
CRT 'ICONV("16:18:05.456","MM"):
':ICONV("16:18:05.456","MM") CRT '' CRT '**** Using optional codes
****' CRT 'ICONV("04:18PM","MMH"):
':ICONV("04:18PM","MMH") CRT 'ICONV("04:18:05PM","MMHS"):
':ICONV("04:18:05PM","MMHS")
CRT 'ICONV("16:18:05","MMS"): ':ICONV("16:18:05","MMS") CRT
'ICONV("04:18:05.456PM","MMHSM"):
':ICONV("04:18:05.456PM","MMHSM") CRT
'ICONV("16:18:05.456","MMSM"): ':ICONV("16:18:05.456","MMSM")
Result:
**** Using only "MM" ICONV Code **** ICONV("16:18","MM"): 58680000
ICONV("04:18PM","MM"):
58680000 ICONV("04:18:05PM","MM"): 58685000
ICONV("16:18:05","MM"): 58685000 ICONV("04:18:05.456PM","MM"):
58685456 ICONV("16:18:05.456","MM"): 58685456
**** Using optional Codes ****
ICONV("04:18PM","MMH"): 58680000 ICONV("04:18:05PM","MMHS"):
58685000 ICONV("16:18:05","MMS"):
58685000 ICONV("04:18:05.456PM","MMHSM"): 58685456
ICONV("16:18:05.456","MMSM"):58685456
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OCONV
ICONV Date (D)
The ICONV date (D) function converts display representations of dates into simple integer
internal format. Internal date format is the number of days before or since December 31, 1967. If the
input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
UniData ignores leading and trailing spaces around the input date.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
ICONV(ext.date, "D [y] [c]")
164
ICONV Date (D)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
ext.date
Specifies the date, in display format, to convert to internal format.
Valid delimiters include the slash, comma, hyphen, and period.
D
Indicates a date conversion.
yc
The ICONV function does not use y and c, but they are accepted to
maintain consistency with the OCONV Date (D) function.
Points to remember when entering dates
To avoid unexpected results when you convert dates into internal date format by using ICONV, be
aware of the following:
▪
If you do not enter a year, UniData defaults to the current year. For example, if you enter 12/1 and
the year is 1996, UniData stores 10563 (12/1/96).
▪
If you enter a number between 1 and 12 for month, UniData defaults to the first day of the month in
the current year. For example, if you enter just 12 during 1996, UniData stores 10563 (12/1/96).
▪
Any two-digit year entered in the range 00-29 defaults to the twenty-first century. For example,
UniData interprets 12/31/29 as December 31, 2029. Any two-digit year entered in the range 30-99 is
considered to be 1930-1999.
Converting more than once
Depending on the date range, if an application performs ICONV on an already converted date,
UniData could produce unexpected results. Dates that convert into four- or five-digit internal formats
and meet the following conditions fall into this category:
▪
The first two digits are 10, 11, or 12.
▪
The second two digits are 01 through 31.
▪
The fifth digit is any number from 0 through 9. Where there is no fifth digit, UniData assigns the
current year.
For example, assuming 5/28/95 is the input, the code segment shown on the left results in the displays
on the right:
INPUT VAR
VAR=ICONV(VAR,'D')
PRINT VAR
PRINT OCONV(VAR,'D')
VAR=ICONV(VAR,'D')
PRINT VAR
PRINT OCONV(VAR,'D')
10010
28 MAY 1995
11963
01 OCT 2000
The first ICONV returns a value of 10010. OCONV correctly returns the external format. The date
matches the initial entry. However, the second ICONV accepts the internal format, 10010, as input;
UniData translates this as October 1, 2000, and ICONV returns an internal format of 11963. The final
OCONV returns 01 OCT 2000.
Note: To prevent the preceding scenario, you can make all numeric input of fewer than six
characters invalid by turning UDT.OPTIONS 82 on. However, your applications will no longer be
able to process the abbreviated input dates.
165
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
STATUS function return values
After you execute ICONV D, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Description
0
Successful conversion of a valid date.
1
Invalid input date.
2
Invalid conversion specification.
3
Date was converted correctly, but month and day were inverted in
input value.
Note: After you execute the ICONV D function, the STATUS function returns a code indicating the
execution status of the conversion of the last array element only.
Examples
The following table describes common date conversions and their results.
Value
Code
Result
09/15/85
D
6468
12/31/67
D
0
December 31, 1967
D
0
01/29/1988
D
7334
In the following example, the program segment prints the date in internal and display format:
INPUT IN_DATE
INTERNAL = ICONV(IN_DATE,"D")
OUTPUT = OCONV(INTERNAL, "D4/")
PRINT IN_DATE,INTERNAL,OUTPUT
The following table describes various dates you can input in the previous program and their
conversions.
166
In_Date
Internal
Output
1
8402
01/01/1991
11
8706
11/01/1991
011
8402
01/01/1991
12
8736
12/01/1991
121
8736
12/01/1991
110389
8709
11/03/1989
1/1
8402
01/01/1991
1/1/89
8402
01/01/1989
1/1/02
12420
01/01/2002
ICONV Group (G)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DATE, OCONV Date (D), TIMEDATE
ICONV Group (G)
The ICONV Group (G) function extracts one or more strings separated by a delimiter. If the input
value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
ICONV(str.expr, "G[m]*n")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Indicates a string separated by a delimiter.
G
Group extraction code.
m
Indicates the number of strings to skip. If m is omitted, no strings are
skipped.
*
Specifies any single nonnumeric character that is the delimiter. A
minus sign (-) is not valid. UniData system delimiters are valid also.
n
The number of strings to be extracted.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints (303):
X = "(303)+555+0988"
PRINT ICONV(X,"G0+1")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OCONV Group (G)
ICONV Length (L)
The ICONV Length (L) function extracts a string of a specified length or that falls within a range of
acceptable lengths. If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
167
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
ICONV(str.expr, "Ln[,m]")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Indicates a string to be searched.
L
Length conversion code.
n
Specifies the number of characters the string must match to be
extracted. When m is present, n is the shortest string to be extracted.
m
Specifies the longest string to be extracted.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints “123” and an empty string because the value of
X has fewer than five characters and more than three:
X = 123; Y = 456789
PRINT ICONV(X,"L3,5")
PRINT ICONV(Y,"L3,5")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OCONV Length (L)
ICONV Masked Character (MC)
The ICONV Masked Character (MC) function provides many conversion functions that
retrieve and/or convert values in strings and arrays. This function performs the same conversions and
extractions as OCONV Masked Character (MC). UniData returns the input value if either the
value to be converted or the conversion code is invalid.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
ICONV(expr, "MC [A | /A | B | /B | C | U | L | T | N | /N | P| X[D] | D
| D[X] | X]")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
168
Parameter
Description
expr
The expression to be searched or converted.
A
Extracts all alphabetic characters.
/A
Extracts all nonalphabetic characters.
ICONV Masked Decimal (MD)
Parameter
Description
B
Extracts all alphabetic and numeric characters.
/B
Extracts all special characters (not alphabetic nor numeric).
C;x;y
Converts all occurrences of substring x to substring y.
U
Converts data to uppercase.
L
Converts characters to lowercase.
T
Converts to initial cap style. The first letter of each word is uppercase,
and all other letters are lowercase. Space and tab are word
separators.
N
Extracts all numeric characters (0–9).
/N
Extracts all nonnumeric characters.
P
Converts all nonprinting characters to tildes (~).
X[D] or D
Assumes input is in decimal; converts to hexadecimal.
D[X] or X
Assumes input is in hexadecimal; converts to decimal.
Examples
You can use ICONV to remove special characters in a formatted price. For example, the following
program segment extracts 1234 from $12.34:
NEW.PRICE = ICONV("$12.34","MCN")
PRINT NEW.PRICE
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ALPHA, CONVERT, DOWNCASE, NUM, OCONV Masked Character (MC), UPCASE
ICONV Masked Decimal (MD)
The ICONV Masked Decimal (MD) function converts a decimal number to internal format after
rounding, as specified by f. If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input
value.
Syntax
ICONV(num.expr, "MDn [f] [ [ [prefix], [thsnd_mark], [dec_symbl],
[suffix] ] ] [,] [$] [-| < | E | C | D] [P] [Z] [T] [xc]")
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
The ICONV MD, ML, and MR functions have the same result. They exist separately to maintain
consistency with the OCONV MD, ML, and MR functions, which produce different results.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
169
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
num.expr
The decimal number to be converted. num.expr can be any numeric
value with or without a decimal.
n
The ICONV function ignores n (for example, if you specify MD32,
UniData ignores the 3), but it is included in the syntax to maintain
consistency with the OCONV Masked Decimal (MD) function.
f
Scales the input value num.expr by moving the decimal point f places
to the right. If omitted, f defaults to the value assigned to n (for
example, if you specify MD2, UniData reads it as MD22, and then
ignores the first 2).
dec_symbl
You can specify a symbol to represent the decimal point in the input
number by including dec_symbl. An example is provided in the
following section.
[prefix], [thsnd_mark],
[suffix]] ] [,] [$] [-| < | E | C | D]
[P] [Z] [T] [(xc)]
The ICONV function ignores these options, but they are included in
the syntax to maintain consistency with the OCONV Masked Decimal
(MD) function.
Examples
In the following example, UniData converts the value 12.339 to 1234 by rounding to two decimal
places and converting to internal format:
INTERNAL.VAL = ICONV("12.339","MD2")
The following example demonstrates how to specify that an alternate symbol is used to represent the
decimal point in the input number. This example prints 12350.
PRINT ICONV("123@499","MD2[,,@]")
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OCONV Masked Decimal (MD)
ICONV Left Justify (ML)
The ICONV Left Justify (ML) function converts a decimal number to internal format after
rounding, as specified by f. If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input
value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
The ICONV MD, ML, and MR functions have the same result. They exist separately to maintain
consistency with the OCONV MD, ML, and MR functions, which produce different results.
Syntax
ICONV(num.expr, "MLn [f] [ [ [prefix], [thsnd_mark], [dec_symbl],
[suffix] ] ] [,] [$] [C] [Z] [(mask)]")
170
ICONV Packed Decimal (MP)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
num.expr
The decimal number to be converted. num.expr can be any numeric
value with or without a decimal.
n
The ICONV function ignores n (for example, if you specify ML32,
UniData ignores the 3), but it is included in the syntax to maintain
consistency with the OCONV Left Justify (ML) function.
f
Scales the input value expr by moving the decimal point f places to the
right. If omitted, f defaults to the value assigned to n (for example, if
you specify ML2, UniData reads it as ML22, and then ignores the first
2).
dec_symbl
You can specify a symbol to represent the decimal point in the input
number by including dec_symbl. An example is provided in the
following section.
[prefix], [thsnd_mark],
[suffix]] ] [,] [$] [C] [Z]
[(mask)]
The ICONV function ignores these options, but they are included in
the syntax to maintain consistency with the OCONV Left Justify (ML)
function.
Examples
In the following example, UniData converts the value 12.339 to 12339 based on the ML3 conversion
code:
INTERNAL.VAL = ICONV("12.339","ML3")
The following example demonstrates how specify an alternate symbol to represent the decimal point
in the input number. This example prints 12350.
PRINT ICONV("123@499","ML2[,,@]")
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OCONV Left Justify (ML)
ICONV Packed Decimal (MP)
The ICONV Packed Decimal (MP) function converts an integer expr into packed decimal
representation by compressing two digits of the integer into one byte. UniData returns the input value
if either the value to be converted or the conversion code is invalid.
Use this function to conserve disk space.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
ICONV(expr, "MP")
171
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OCONV Packed Decimal (MP)
ICONV Packed Decimal (MP1)
The ICONV Packed Decimal (MP1) function converts an integer expr in packed decimal
representation into its display format without truncating at the first CHAR(0) character or altering
CHAR(0). If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
ICONV(expr, "MP1")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OCONV Packed Decimal (MP1)
ICONV Right Justify (MR)
The ICONV Right Justify (MR) function converts a decimal number to internal format after
rounding, as specified by f. If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input
value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
The ICONV MD, ML, and MR functions have the same result. They exist separately to maintain
consistency with the OCONV MD, ML, and MR functions, which produce different results.
Syntax
ICONV(num.expr, "MRn [f] [ [ [prefix], [thsnd_mark], [dec_symbl],
[suffix] ] ] [,] [$] [C] [Z] [(mask)]")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
172
Parameter
Description
num.expr
The decimal number to be converted. num.expr can be any numeric
value with or without a decimal.
n
The ICONV function ignores n (for example, if you specify MR32,
UniData ignores the 3), but it is included in the syntax to maintain
consistency with the OCONV Right Justify (MR) function.
ICONV Time (MT)
Parameter
Description
f
Scales the input value expr by moving the decimal point f places to the
right. If omitted, f defaults to the value assigned to n (for example, if
you specify MR2, UniData reads it as MR22, and then ignores the first
2).
dec_symbl
You can specify a symbol to represent the decimal point in the input
number by including dec_symbl. An example is provided in the
following section.
[prefix], [thsnd_mark],
[suffix]] ] [,] [$] [C] [Z]
[(mask)]
The ICONV function ignores these options, but they are included in
the syntax to maintain consistency with the OCONV Right Justify (MR)
function.
Examples
In the following example, UniData converts the value 12.339 to 1234 based on the MR2 conversion
code:
INTERNAL.NUM = ICONV("12.339","MR2")
The following example demonstrates how to specify that an alternate symbol is used to represent the
decimal point in the input number. This example prints 12350.
PRINT ICONV("123@499","MR2[,,@]")
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OCONV Right Justify (MR)
ICONV Time (MT)
The ICONV Time (MT) function converts the time of day from display format into internal format.
The value of the internal format is the number of seconds since midnight (00:00:01 as 1, and 24 as
86400).
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
ICONV(str.expr, "MT [H] [S] [c]")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
173
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Time input must be in the form HH:MM:SS.
MM and SS are not required and, if you do not specify them, UniData
assumes the values to be zero. You must use a separating character
(any nonnumeric character, such as a colon or comma) between
units (for example, HH, MM, SS). The suffixes AM, PM, A, and P also
are accepted at the end of the string. UniData hours are the same as
standard hours, with 12PM as noon (12:00:00) and 12AM as midnight
(00:00:00).
A value greater than 24:00:00 (for example, 24:00:01) results in an
invalid conversion.
HSc
The remaining options are ignored but are allowed to maintain
consistency with the OCONV Time (MT) function.
Examples
The following table describes the time conversion code and the resulting value.
Value
Code Specification
Result
12:30
MT
45000
12AM
MT
0
12PM
MT
43200
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DATE, OCONV Time (MT), TIME, TIMEDATE
ICONV Hex (MX | HEX), Octal (MO), Binary (MB)
The ICONV hex (MX), octal (MO), and binary (MB) functions convert a number from one of three
numbering systems to decimal value. UniData returns the input value if either the value to be
converted or the conversion code is invalid.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
ICONV(num.expr, ["HEX | MX [0C] | MO [0C] | MB [0C]"])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
174
Parameter
Description
num.expr
Specifies the decimal value, in display format, to convert to an
alternate numbering system.
ICONV Hex (MX | HEX), Octal (MO), Binary (MB)
Parameter
Description
HEX |
Indicates conversion from hexadecimal (base 16). The optional 0C
specifier converts into ASCII character rather than decimal value. HEX
is equivalent to MX0C.
MX [0C]
MO [0C]
Indicates conversion from octal (base 8). The optional 0C converts to
ASCII character rather than decimal value.
MB [0C]
Indicates conversion from binary (base 2). The optional 0C converts to
ASCII character rather than decimal value.
The following table lists conversion codes to be used with ICONV to convert from other numbering
systems to decimal value or ASCII character.
From
To
Function
Binary
Decimal value
Binary
ASCII character
ICONV MB
Octal
Decimal value
Octal
ASCII character
Hexadecimal
Decimal value
Hexadecimal
ASCII character
ICONV MB0C
ICONV MO
ICONV MO0C
ICONV MX
ICONV MX0C
ICONV HEX
ICONV conversions into other numbering systems produce multiple characters in the target
numbering system:
▪
Hexadecimal – One ASCII character produces two hexadecimal characters. For example, ASCII
character “0” is equal to hexadecimal “30”.
▪
Octal – One ASCII character produces three octal characters. For example, ASCII character “0” is
equal to octal “060”.
▪
Binary – One ASCII character produces eight binary characters. For example, ASCII character “0” is
equal to octal “00110000”.
Examples
The following table demonstrates some ICONV MO, MX, and MB conversion codes and their results.
Input
Code
Result
123123
MO
42579 (decimal)
123123 (octal)
MO0C
SS (ASCII characters)
100 (hexadecimal)
MX
256 (decimal)
101010101010 (binary)
MB
170 (decimal)
4B (hexadecimal)
MX
75 (ASCII characters)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CHAR, OCONV Hex (MX | HEX), Octal (MO), Binary (MB), SEQ
175
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
ICONV Pattern Match (P)
ICONV Pattern Match (P) function performs the same function as the OCONV pattern match
(P) function.
For information, see OCONV Pattern Match (P), on page 250.
Syntax
ICONV(str.expr, "P(op)[;(op).....]")
ICONV Range (R)
The ICONV Range (R)function returns only those data values that fall within a specified range of
decimal values. When including a negative range, you must specify the highest negative number first.
If range specifications are not met, UniData returns an empty string. If the input value or conversion
code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
ICONV(num.expr, "Rndm[;ndm.....]"
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
num.expr
Indicates a string to be searched.
n
Specifies the smallest number to be extracted.
d
Specifies a delimiter separating numbers in a range. Any character
except system delimiters can be used to separate the numbers in a
range. However, the minus sign (-) should not be used as a delimiter
because it refers to a negative number in the range.
m
Specifies the longest string to be extracted.
;
Separates multiple ranges.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints “123” and a blank line because X is within the
range and Y is not:
X = 123; Y = 456789
PRINT ICONV(X,"R100,200")
PRINT ICONV(Y,"R100,200")
176
ICONV SOUNDEX (S)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OCONV Range (R)
ICONV SOUNDEX (S)
The ICONV SOUNDEX (S) function converts string or numeric data specified by str.expr to phonetic
format based on SOUNDEX conversion codes. The S conversion code can be used in an ICONV virtual
attribute formula. If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
For more information about SOUNDEX conversion codes, see the SOUNDEX command.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
ICONV(str.expr, "S")
Examples
The following example is virtual attribute, SDX_LNAME, that converts the value of the variable LNAME
to its SOUNDEX expression:
ICONV(LNAME,"S")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OCONV SOUNDEX (S), SOUNDEX
ICONV Text Extraction (T)
The ICONV Text Extraction (T) function extracts a substring from a string. If the input value
or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
ICONV(str.expr, "T[m,]n")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Indicates a string to be searched.
m
Extracts a contiguous string of characters starting from character m.
177
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
n
Extracts a contiguous string of characters of length n.
Examples
The following table describes some ICONV text extraction codes and their results.
Input
Code
Result
QRSTUV
“T3”
TUV
DAMN THE TORPEDOES
“T3,5”
MN TH
CONVERSION IS THE KEY
“T1,9”
CONVERSIO
457 COLORADO BLVD
“T4,7”
[space]COLORA
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
[], FIND, FINDSTR, OCONV Text Extraction (T)
ICONV File Translation (Tfile)
The ICONV File Translation (Tfile) function performs the same action as OCONV File
Translation (Tfile).
For information, see OCONV File Translation (Tfile) .
Syntax
ICONV(rec.id, "T[DICT] [filename;cn;I-Attribute;O-Attribute]")
ICONVS
The UniBasic ICONVS function converts string or numeric data from display format to internal format,
based on a conversion code, for each element of a dynamic array. If the input value or conversion code
is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, ICONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
ICONVS(dyn.array.expr, conv.code.expr)
Null value handling
With null value handling turned on, the presence of the null value in data produces a result of the null
value, and the STATUS function return value is set to 5.
Note: ICONVS conversion codes are the same as ICONV conversion codes. For information about
conversion codes, refer to ICONV.
178
IF/THEN/ELSE
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.expr
Specifies a dynamic array, each element of which to convert.
conv.code.expr
Specifies a code to use in converting each element of the dynamic
array.
STATUS function return values
After you execute ICONVS, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Description
0
Successful conversion.
1
Invalid input data.
2
Invalid conversion specification.
3
Invalid date for “D” conversion code only.
5
Null value if null value handling is turned on.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment converts each element of ARR1 to internal format:
ARR1 = "$12.34":@VM:5678:@VM:9876
ARR2 = ICONVS(ARR1,"MR2")
PRINT ARR2
END
This program segment prints the following converted array elements:
1234 567800 987600
Note: The blanks in the number are value marks, which are nonprinting characters. The value
marks could display as some other character on your terminal screen.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV, OCONVS
IF/THEN/ELSE
The UniBasic IF/THEN/ELSE command executes one of two blocks of statements based on a
conditional expression. If expr is true, UniData executes the first group of statements. If expr is false,
UniData executes the second group of statements.
Syntax
IF expr THEN statements [ELSE statements]
IF expr THEN
179
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
statements...
END [ELSE
END]
statements...
IF expr ELSE statements
IF expr ELSE
statements
END
Points to Remember when Writing IF/THEN/ELSE Statements
The ELSE clause is optional.
An IF/THEN/ELSE structure can occupy either a single line or several lines. When coding single- line
and multiline statements:
▪
▪
▪
The single-line form does not require an END before the ELSE.
In the multiline form, each clause must contain at least one statement. If you do not want to take
any action, use the NULL command. THEN and ELSE clauses must be delimited by END.
A single-line statement that includes the INPUT command as a part of the THEN clause might not
produce the results you expect. For example, the following statements produce no output:
IF X = 1 THEN INPUT TEST ELSE PRINT "X NE 1"
To correct this problem, enter each clause of the statement on a separate line, or use the IN()
function to obtain input from the terminal or input queue.
With null value handling turned on, a test on expr that is the null value returns false. For an overview of
how the null value affects UniBasic, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Tip: You can nest IF/THEN/ELSE statements, but a CASE statement might be more efficient.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement tests if the variable SUPPLY is less than the variable
DEMAND. If the comparison is true, program control is transferred to the statement labeled REORDER.
IF SUPPLY < DEMAND THEN GOSUB REORDER
In the next example, the program segment compares INCOME to TARGET. UniData executes the first
branch if the comparison is true, or executes the second group of statements if the comparison is
false.
IF INCOME < TARGET THEN
PRINT "Income less than target figure."
END ELSE
PRINT "Income equal to or greater than target!"
END
Related commands
180
Language
Command
UniBasic
CASE, LOOP/REPEAT, NULL
IN
IN
The UniBasic IN function captures raw data from an input queue or from a terminal.
Note: IN can capture function, arrow, and other special keys from the keyboard.
Use SYSTEM(14) or -1 with the INPUT statement to check the contents of the input buffer before
using the IN() function.
Syntax
IN( )
Examples
In the following example, the program segment assigns the value y to ANSWER:
DATA y
ANSWER = IN()
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DATA, INPUT, INPUT @, INPUTTRAP, SYSTEM
INDEX
The UniBasic INDEX function returns the starting position of the num.expr occurrence of str.expr2
within str.expr1. INDEX supports multibyte languages.
Syntax
INDEX(str.expr1,str.expr2,num.expr)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr1
Specifies the string to search.
str.expr2
Specifies the string for which to search in str.expr1.
num.expr
Specifies which occurrence of str.expr2 to return.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment searches STR.VAR for the second occurrence of the
letter t and returns that location in the variable LOC. In this example, it returns a value of 8.
STR.VAR = "It was the best of times"
LOC = INDEX(STR.VAR,"t",2)
181
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
In the next example, the INDEX function operates like the COL() functions used in conjunction with
the FIELD function. It returns the beginning position of the string 212 within the string variable STR.
The result stored in the variable NY.STR is 15.
STR = "303-433-3199, 212-999-1212"
NY.STR = INDEX(STR,"212",1)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
COL1, COL2, FIELD
INDICES
The UniBasic INDICES function returns one of the following:
▪
Names of alternate key indexes.
▪
Information about a particular alternate key index.
Syntax
INDICES(file.var[, index.name.expr])
Retrieving Names of Alternate Key Indexes
If you specify only file.var, the INDICES function returns a dynamic array containing the alternate key
index names for all indexes in the file you specify. The index names are not returned in any particular
order. Index names are separated by attribute marks.
Note: If the index you specify does not exist, the function returns an empty string.
Retrieving Information About Indexes
If you specify the name of an alternate key index (indexname.expr), the INDICES function returns
information about that index in a dynamic array, which consists of six attributes:
▪
182
Attribute 1 – Four values representing the following information in this order:
▫ Type of key (I or D).
▫
Build required (1 or “ ”).
▫
No meaning.
▫
Automatic update enabled (1 or “ ”).
▪
Attribute 2 – Location of the alternate key in the record.
▪
Attribute 3 – An ASCII string with the time stamp of the last time the index was built (updated by
BUILD.INDEX).
▪
Attributes 4 and 5 – Empty.
▪
Attribute 6 – Type of attribute:
▫ S for singlevalued.
▫
M for multivalued.
▫
MS for multi-subvalued.
initSecureServerSocket function
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
file.var
Specifies the file about which to return index information.
, index.name.expr
Specifies an alternate key index about which to return information.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
SELECTINDEX, SETINDEX
UniData
BUILD.INDEX, CREATE.INDEX
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
initSecureServerSocket function
Use the initSecureServerSocket() function to create a secured connection-oriented stream
server socket. It does exactly the same as the initServerSocket() function except that the
connection will be secure.
Once the server socket is opened, any change in the associated security context will not affect the
opened socket.
Syntax
initSecureServerSocket(name_or_IP, port, backlog, svr_socket, context)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
name_or_IP
DNS name (x.com) or IP address of a server or empty. Empty is
equivalent to INADDR_ANY which means the system will choose one
for you. Generally, this parameter should be left empty.
port
Port number. If the port number is specified as a value <= 0, CallHTTP
defaults to a port number of 40001.
backlog
The maximum length of the queue of pending connections (for
example, concurrent client-side connections).
svr_socket
The handle to the server side socket.
context
The handle to the security context.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1 - 41
See Socket Function Error Return codes.
101
Invalid security context handle.
183
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
initServerSocket
Use the initServerSocket function to create a connection-oriented (stream) socket. Associate
this socket with an address (name_or_IP) and port number (port), and specify the maximum length the
queue of pending connections may grow to.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
initServerSocket(name_or_IP, port, backlog, svr_socket)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
name_or_IP
DNS name (x.com) or IP address of a server or empty. Empty is
equivalent to INADDR_ANY which means the system will choose one
for you. Generally, this parameter should be left empty.
port
Port number. If the port number is specified as a value <= 0, CallHTTP
defaults to a port number of 40001.
backlog
The maximum length of the queue of pending connections (for
example, concurrent client-side connections).
svr_socket
The handle to the server side socket.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
Non-zero
See Socket Function Error Return codes.
INMAT
The UniBasic INMAT function, in the first form, returns the number of elements (rows) in a
dimensioned array. The second form returns the current dimension of the dimensioned array
array.name. If the dimensioned array has two dimensions, the bounds are separated by value marks.
After you open a file, the value of INMAT contains the number of modulos that make up the file.
Subsequent file operations using dimensioned array commands also set the value returned by INMAT.
Syntax
INMAT( )
INMAT(array.name)
INMAT function return values
INMAT is set by the dimensioned array-oriented commands, as shown in the following table.
184
INMAT
Command
Meaning
DIM
0 – The array was created.
1 – Not enough memory was available to create the array.
MATREAD
n – The number of attributes loaded into the array.
MATREADL
0 – More attributes existed in the record than elements existed in the
array. Excess data is stored in the 0,0 element.
MATREADU
MATPARSE
OPEN
n – The number of modulos in the file.
0 – The file opened is a directory (DIR type).
OSBWRITE
n – The number of bytes written to a file or named pipe.
WRITE
0 – The WRITE completed successfully
2 – The WRITE completed, but data type enforcement checking failed.
If you specify the LOG DTE.OPT, the errors appear in the
file_level log. If you specify the IGNORE option, use the
SET.DTELOG command to set up your log file
3 – The WRITE completed, but EDA inserted nonconforming data.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment fills the array MAIN.MAT with values from REC. If
a sufficient number of elements are available in the target array, the value of INMAT is set to the
number of elements filled. If the number of values exceeds the number of elements in the target array,
excess data is lumped in the 0 position, and the value of INMAT is set to 0.
MATPARSE MAIN.MAT FROM REC, @VM
PRINT INMAT()
In the next example, the program segment dimensions two arrays and then prints the dimensions
using the PRINT statement and INMAT function:
DIM LARGE.ARRAY(23,14)
DIM SMALL.ARRAY(9)
PRINT INMAT(LARGE.ARRAY)
PRINT INMAT(SMALL.ARRAY)
This results in the following:
23}14
9
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DIM, MAT, MATBUILD, MATPARSE, MATREAD, MATREADL, MATREADU,
MATWRITE, MATWRITEU
185
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
INPUT
The UniBasic INPUT command requests data from an input queue or from the terminal screen.
INPUT supports multibyte languages.
If INPUT is successful, UniData sets @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE to 0. If unsuccessful (the INPUT
statement with a FOR or WAITING clause timed out), UniData sets @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE to -1.
One variable is read by each INPUT statement. If you press Enter in response to an INPUT statement,
an empty string is assigned to the variable.
Tip: Precede INPUT with a PRINT statement to display a prompt.
UDT.OPTIONS 83 enables the escape character (usually ASCII code 27) to be accepted by INPUT
while screening out or converting other control characters.
THEN | ELSE is associated with the WAITING clause except in the case described in the following
warning note.
Warning: Processing differs when you include INPUT within a single-line IF/THEN/ELSE
statement, which is illustrated by the following program segment:
RESP = 5
IF RESP = 10 THEN INPUT TEST ELSE PRINT "NO INPUT"
END
This program produces no output because UniData interprets the ELSE as being a part of the
INPUT statement, even though no WAITING clause is included. To avoid this, place the INPUT
statement on its own line, as shown in the following example:
RESP = 5
IF RESP = 10 THEN
INPUT TEST
END ELSE
PRINT "NO INPUT"
END
Syntax
INPUT var [,length [ _ ]] [:] [{FOR | WAITING} time.expr] [UNFILTERED]
[THEN statements | ELSE statements]
INPUT var [,-l] [{FOR | WAITING} time.expr] [UNFILTERED] [THEN
statements | ELSE statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
186
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies a variable to receive the input. In the first form, if data
(received by a DATA statement) is present in an input queue, INPUT
assigns the next value to the variable var. If a DATA statement was not
executed, INPUT prompts the user for input by displaying a question
mark on the terminal.
,length
Specifies the maximum number of characters accepted.
INPUT
Parameter
Description
_
UniData waits for the user to press Enter before processing data input at
the keyboard. If the underscore is not included, UniData stops accepting
input when the user enters the maximum number of characters.
Use the underscore parameter to allow the user to backspace after
entering the maximum number of characters. For example, if you specify
“INPUT X,5_”, the user can backspace to modify the entry after entering
five characters.
:
Normally, when a user types something and presses Enter in response to
an INPUT statement, UniData issues a line feed. The : parameter inhibits
this line feed.
,-l
UniData checks the type-ahead buffer. The following values are returned
in var:
1 – Data is present in the buffer.
0 – No data is present in the type-ahead buffer.
Use the -1 parameter to periodically check for input in an application
that runs continuously.
FOR | WAITING time.expr
Specifies the length of time to wait for input. If you do not enter the
input before the wait period expires, var does not change, and the
ELSE clause executes. If no ELSE nor THEN clause exists, the session
terminates at the end of the wait period.
UNFILTERED
Sets INPUT to capture raw characters (such as backspace, up arrow,
down arrow, or ENTER) from the keyboard.
THEN statements
Specifies statements to execute when input is received within the time
specified in the FOR | WAITING clause and input is not an empty string.
ELSE statements
Specifies statements to execute if no input is received by the time
specified in the FOR | WAITING clause or if the input is an empty string.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment reads the first value established by the DATA
statement and assigns it to the variable TEST. In this case, the value 10 is read.
DATA 10,20,30,40,50
INPUT TEST
In the next example, the program statement prints the prompt “Enter name:”. The INPUT statement
then enables the user to enter any number of characters, stopping only when the user presses ENTER.
The first 10 characters the user enters are assigned to the variable NAME.
PRINT "Enter name: "; INPUT NAME,10_
In the next example, the INPUT statement with the -1 parameter checks the type-ahead buffer. If
S.FLAG is 0, the buffer is empty. If it is 1, the buffer contains data. In the latter case, UniData prints the
current value of RECS.PROCESSED.
INPUT S.FLAG,-1
IF S.FLAG THEN PRINT RECS.PROCESSED
In the next example, the user has 30 seconds to input data. Otherwise, the program prints “No input
within 30 seconds”.
INPUT ANSWER FOR 30
187
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
ELSE PRINT "No input within 30 seconds"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLEARINPUT, DATA, IN, PROMPT, SYSTEM
INPUT @
The UniBasic INPUT @ command places the cursor at a specific location on the terminal screen and
prompts the user for input. INPUT @ supports multibyte languages.
Tip: The UniBasic @ function also positions the cursor on the terminal screen, but does not accept
input as does INPUT @.
If INPUT @ is successful, UniData sets @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE to 0. If unsuccessful (the INPUT @
statement with a FOR or WAITING clause timed out), UniData sets @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE to -1.
Syntax
INPUT @(col,row | option) [ , | : ] var [,length] [ _ ] [mask] [{FOR |
WAITING} time.expr] [UNFILTERED] [THEN statements | ELSE statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
col,row
Specifies the column and row on the screen at which the cursor is to
be placed for input.
:
Normally, when you type a value and press Enter in response to an
INPUT statement, UniData issues a line feed. The : parameter inhibits
this line feed.
var
Specifies a variable to receive the input data.
,length
Specifies the maximum number of characters accepted.
_
UniData waits for you to press Enter before processing data input at
the keyboard. If you do not use the underscore parameter, UniData
stops accepting input when you exceed the maximum number of
characters.
Use the underscore parameter you want the capability of backspacing
after entering the maximum number of characters. For example, if
you specify “INPUT X,5_”, you can backspace to modify the entry after
entering five characters.
188
mask
Specifies a format or conversion mask. For format options and
instructions about building a conversion mask, see OCONV Masked
Decimal (MD).
FOR | WAITING time.expr
Specifies the amount of time to wait for input. If the input is not
entered when this period expires, var does not change, and the ELSE
clause executes. If no ELSE nor THEN clause exists, the session
terminates at the end of the wait time.
INPUT @
Parameter
Description
UNFILTERED
Sets INPUT @ to capture raw characters (such as backspace, up
arrow, down arrow, or RETURN) from the keyboard.
THEN statements | ELSE
statements
If the ECL TIMEOUT command has been executed:
THEN executes if the input variable contains at least one character.
ELSE executes if the input variable contains an empty string. If no
ELSE clause is coded, UniData logs you out and displays the ECL
prompt.
If the ECL TIMEOUT command has not been executed, the program
waits indefinitely for input.
Examples
The following example is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications. Notice
that the DISPLAY command is combined with the UniBasic @ function to clear the screen and
display messages. Then INPUT @ accepts the user’s response (a corrected price).
ALTER_RECORD:
* Create a new screen, and allow PRICE and ADDRESS to be changed.
* Initialize variables and draw the screen
NEED.TO.WRITE = 0
DISPLAY @(-1):@(15,5):"Alter ORDER":
DISPLAY @(10,8):"(Press RETURN to leave un-changed)"
DISPLAY @(8,9):"Old Price":@(42,9):"New Price (Enter 2 decimal
places)"
* Change the PRICE field (if desired)
FOR ENTRY = 1 TO NUM_ENTRIES
NEW.PRICE = ""
DISPLAY @(10,9+ENTRY):OCONV(ORDER.REC<7,ENTRY>,"MR2$,"):
INPUT @(45,9+ENTRY):NEW.PRICE
Later in the same sample program, the @ function is again combined with DISPLAY to paint the
screen with prompts. After all prompts have been displayed, INPUT @ returns the cursor to the end
of the first line, accepting input on that line before moving to the end of the next. In this manner, it
accepts input at the end of each line in turn.
* Display the current ADDRESS information
DISPLAY @(21,12):"Change Address to: ":
DISPLAY @(21,13):"Street Line1: ":@(40,13):ADDRESS<2>
DISPLAY @(21,14):"Street Line2:"
DISPLAY
@(40,14):ADDRESS<3>:@(21,15):"City:":@(40,15):CLIENT.REC<6>
DISPLAY @(21,16):"State:":
DISPLAY
@(40,16):CLIENT.REC<7>:@(21,17):"Zip:":@(40,17):CLIENT.REC<8>
* Accept INPUT to change values of address
INPUT @(40,13):STREET1
IF STREET1 = '' THEN STREET1 = CLIENT.REC<4>
INPUT @(40,14):STREET2
IF STREET2 = '' THEN STREET2 = CLIENT.REC<5>
INPUT @(40,15):CITY
IF CITY = '' THEN CITY = CLIENT.REC<6>
INPUT @(40,16):STATE
IF STATE = '' THEN STATE = CLIENT.REC<7>
INPUT @(40,17):ZIP
189
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
IF ZIP = '' THEN ZIP = CLIENT.REC<8>
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLEARINPUT, DATA, IN, INPUT, INPUTERR, INPUTIF, INPUTNULL, INPUTTRAP,
PROMPT, SYSTEM
UniData
TIMEOUT
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
INPUTCLEAR
INPUTCLEAR is a synonym for the CLEARINPUT command. For more information, see CLEARINPUT,
on page 67.
Synonyms
CLEARINPUT
INPUTERR
The UniBasic INPUTERR command displays an error message at the bottom line of the terminal
screen. error.expr can be any valid UniBasic statement, including a literal string enclosed in quotation
marks.
Tip: Use INPUTERR to prompt for errors when soliciting data with an INPUT statement.
The next INPUT command erases previous error messages printed on the bottom line of the screen.
The UniBasic program must control the movement of the cursor so it does not enter the bottom line.
Note: INPUTERR sends output to the screen regardless of PRINTER on/off status.
Syntax
INPUTERR error.expr
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints an error message at the bottom of the screen if
the input does not match the pattern mask:
PRINT @(-1)
PRINT @(5,5):'Hourly Wage'
LOOP
PRINT @(16,5)
INPUT HOURLY.WAGE
UNTIL HOURLY.WAGE MATCHES '1NON.2N'
INPUTERR 'Hourly wage must be entered as x.xx'
REPEAT
PRINT @(5,7):'Accepted.'
190
INPUTIF
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
INPUT, INPUT @
INPUTIF
The UniBasic INPUTIF command retrieves input from the type-ahead buffer and assigns the input to
a variable.
Syntax
INPUTIF var [THEN statements] [ELSE statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies the target variable for input data.
THEN statements
Executes statements if data is available in the type-ahead buffer.
ELSE statements
Executes statements if data is not available in the type-ahead buffer.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLEARINPUT, INPUT, INPUT @, PROMPT, SYSTEM
INPUTNULL
The UniBasic INPUTNULL command enables you to change the default INPUTNULL character from
the default, underscore, to any other single character. When you enter the INPUTNULL character in
response to an INPUT or INPUT @ prompt, UniData stores an empty string in place of the character
entered. expr specifies the character to serve as the INPUTNULL character for this session.
Note: You must enclose expr in quotation marks.
Syntax
INPUTNULL 'expr'
Examples
In the following example, the pound sign (#) is set as the new INPUTNULL character:
PROMPT ""
INPUTNULL "#"
PRINT @(-1):@(0,10):"Enter a character: "
INPUT @(20,10):inpt
191
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
PRINT "Input is ":inpt
PRINT "SEQ = ":SEQ(inpt)
PRINT "LEN = ":LEN(inpt)
The preceding program segment results in the following output when user input is an underscore
character:
Enter
Input
SEQ =
LEN =
a character:
is _
95
1
_
INPUTTRAP
The UniBasic INPUTTRAP command sets a trap for a particular character or characters in a program.
INPUTTRAP enables you to specify characters which, if entered at an INPUT or INPUT @ statement,
will branch to another statement label.
Syntax
INPUTTRAP string.expr GOSUB label [:] [,label [:]]
INPUTTRAP string.expr GOTO label [:] [,label [:]]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
string.expr
Specifies the user input upon which to branch to another statement
label. To set a trap for both uppercase and lowercase characters,
use the following pattern INPUTTRAP ‘Xx’, as in the following:
INPUTTRAP ‘Aa’ GOSUB 10,10.
GOSUB
GOTO
These keywords direct program execution to execute or branch to a
specified label in the program.
GOSUB ensures that program execution returns to the statement
below the subroutine call.
GOTO is a branch only, and does not return processing to the calling
routine.
These keywords operate just like the commands of the same names.
For more information about the GOTO and GOSUB commands, see
their entries in this manual.
label
Specifies the label to which to branch.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement performs a GOSUB to label ASUB if the user enters H
or to label BSUB if the user enters B:
INPUTTRAP 'HB' GOSUB ASUB,BSUB
INPUT@ (10,10) VALUE
192
INS
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
IN, INPUT, INPUT @, INPUTERR
INS
The UniBasic INS command inserts an expression with the appropriate delimiter before the specified
attribute, value, or subvalue mark in a dynamic array.
Note: UniData does not insert a delimiter at the end of the array.
Syntax
INS expr BEFORE dyn.array<attrib.expr[,val.expr [,subval.expr]]>
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies an expression to insert.
dyn.array<attrib.expr,val.expr,subval.expr>
Specifies a dynamic array and attribute, value, and
subvalue at which to insert the expression. If any one of
these expressions is -1, UniData inserts the expr as the
last element in the array position.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment inserts Zelda, with a new attribute mark, before the
second attribute:
ARRAY = "H.L. Mencken":@AM:"John":@AM:"Mary"
INS "Zelda" BEFORE ARRAY<2>
This results in:
ARRAY = "H.L. Mencken":@AM:"Zelda":@AM:"John":@AM:"Mary"
In the next example, the program segment inserts Stephen at the end of the array because val.expr is
-1:
ARRAY = "Carmen":@AM:"Sally":@AM:"Billy":@AM:"Mark"
INS "Stephen" BEFORE ARRAY<-1>
This results in:
ARRAY="Carmen":@AM:"Sally":@AM:"Billy":@AM:"Mark":@AM:"Stephen"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
FIELDSTORE, INSERT
193
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
INSERT
The UniBasic INSERT function inserts an expression (with its delimiter) before or after the specified
attribute, value, or subvalue mark in a dynamic array.
There is no short form for the INSERT function. However, you can append data by using the short
version of the REPLACE function.
Syntax
INSERT(dyn.array.expr,attrib.expr,[,val.expr[,
subval.expr]];insert.expr)
INSERT(dyn.array.expr,attrib.expr,[,val.expr[,
subval.expr]],insert.expr)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.expr, attrib.expr,
val.expr, subval.expr,
Specifies a dynamic array and attribute, value, and subvalue
of that dynamic array at which to insert the expression. For
more information about the type of insertions available, see the
following table.
insert.expr
Specifies the string to insert.
Elements in dyn.array.expr,attrib.expr,val.expr, and subval.expr can be any of the following three types.
If the element is:
then insert expr:
a positive number
after delimiter, before data.
-1 (attrib.expr, val.expr,
subval.expr)
after the position indicated.
0 (val.expr, subval.expr)
at the next higher level.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement inserts HARRY at the end of the values in attribute 2:
STR = INSERT(STR,2,-1,0,'HARRY')
In the next example, the program statement inserts HARRY in the first value of attribute 2:
STR = INSERT(STR,2,1,0,'HARRY')
In the next example, the program statement inserts HARRY in the first subvalue of the first value of
attribute 2:
STR = INSERT(STR,2,1,1,'HARRY')
In the next example, the program segment specifies Alias in the second attribute position:
ARRAY = "#111":@AM:"Jones":@AM:"Smith"
ARRAY2 = INSERT(ARRAY,2,0,0,"Alias")
When you execute this program segment, UniData inserts Alias in the second attribute position:
194
INT
ARRAY2 = "#111":@AM:"Alias":@AM:"Jones":@AM:"Smith"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DEL, FIELDSTORE, INS, REMOVE, REPLACE, SUBSTRINGS
INT
The UniBasic INT function returns the integer value of numeric expression num.expr.
Note: This function does not round num.expr, but truncates decimals.
Syntax
INT(num.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints 1, which is the integer part of the number 1.
734:A = 1.734
PRINT INT(A)
ISMB
The UniBasic ISMB function returns a code indicating whether the currently installed language is
made up of a single-byte or multibyte character set.
This function returns 0 to indicate a single-byte character set, or 1 for a multibyte character set. For
example, if you execute the ISMB function in a UniData session for which the language is English,
the function returns 0. If you execute this function in a UniData session for which the language is
Japanese, the function returns 1.
Syntax
ISMB()
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
BYTELEN, CHARLEN, DISPLAYWIDTH, LEN, MBLEN
ISNV
The UniBasic ISNV function tests an expression for the null value. If expr is the null value, this function
returns a code of 1. If the expression is not null, or if it contains a null value as well as other characters,
this function returns a code of 0.
195
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: The udtconfig parameter NULL_FLAG must be on for a program that contains ISNV to
compile. With this flag on, the null value represents an unknown value (represented by @NULL in
UniBasic programs), as opposed to an empty string (represented as “”). We recommend that you
use @ variables to represent UniData delimiters and the null value because the ASCII value used to
represent these characters can vary with language group.
Syntax
ISNV(expr)
Examples
The following program example demonstrates testing for the null value in a variable:
A=@NULL
IF ISNV(A) THEN PRINT "A is the null value."
This program results in the following output:
A is the null value.
The following program uses the function ISNV to determine if a string consists of the null value:
PRINT "1.a ISNV(@NULL) = ":ISNV(@NULL)
PRINT "2.a NOT(ISNV(@NULL)) = ":NOT(ISNV(@NULL))
A = "abc":@NULL:"def"
PRINT "1.b ISNV('abc':@NULL:'def') = ":ISNV(A)
PRINT "2.b NOT(ISNV('abc':@NULL:'def')) = ":NOT(ISNV(A))
This program produces the following results. Notice that ISNV executed on a string containing the
null value and other characters produces a negative result (0).
1.a
2.a
1.b
2.b
ISNV(@NULL) = 1
NOT(ISNV(@NULL)) = 0
ISNV('abc':@NULL:'def') = 0
NOT(ISNV('abc':@NULL:'def')) = 1
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ISNVS
ISNVS
The UniBasic ISNVS function tests dynamic array elements to see if any of them is the null value.
This function is meaningful only when null value handling is on. It returns an array with 0 or 1 in each
element. If the array element is the null value, this function returns a code of 1. If the element is not
null, or if it contains the null value as well as other characters, this function returns a code of 0.
196
ITYPE
Note: The udtconfig parameter NULL_FLAG must be on for a program that contains ISNVS to
compile. With this flag on, the null value represents an unknown value (represented BY @NULL in
UniBasic programs), as opposed to an empty string (represented as “”). We recommend that you
use @ variables to represent UniData delimiters and the null value because the ASCII value used to
represent these characters can vary with language group.
Syntax
ISNVS(dynamic.array)
Examples
The following program demonstrates the ISNVS function by printing the return values stored in array
D:
B=@FM:"stereo":@FM:@NULL:@FM:"234":@FM
D=ISNVS(B)
STG=B
GOSUB PRINT.SETUP
PRINT "Dynamic array = "
PRINT PRT.STG
FOR X = 1 TO 4
PRINT "D<":X:"> = ":D<X>
NEXT X
PRINT.SETUP:
PRT.STG = CHANGE(STG, @NULL, "@NULL")
PRT.STG = CHANGE(PRT.STG, @FM, "@FM")
PRT.STG = CHANGE(PRT.STG, @AM, "@AM")
PRT.STG = CHANGE(PRT.STG, @VM, "@VM")
RETURN
This program results in the following output:
Dynamic array =
@FMstereo@FM@NULL@FM234@FM
D<1> = 0
D<2> = 0
D<3> = 1
D<4> = 0
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ISNV
ITYPE
The UniBasic ITYPE function enables a UniBasic program to execute a UniData virtual attribute from
the dictionary of a UniData file. The value of the function is the same as if it were run using UniQuery or
UniData SQL.
197
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: ITYPE generally requires you to open both the dictionary and data portions of the
file. Before you use this function, you must compile the dictionary of the file by using the ECL
COMPILE.DICT or CD command.
In most cases, you also must assign the @ID and @RECORD variables. These variables resolve the
value of the ITYPE function. However, if neither the ID of the file nor the data from the record is used
in the ITYPE, you do not need to assign these variables.
Note: Conversion or formatting codes in the dictionary record of the virtual attribute does not
affect the value ITYPE returns.
Syntax
ITYPE(itype.expr)
Examples
The following virtual attribute exists in the dictionary file of the demonstration database file ORDERS:
YV
PRICE*QTY; SUM(SUM(@1))
MD2,$
Grand Total
14R
S
The following program segment opens both the ORDERS file and the dictionary of the ORDERS file,
then reads the compiled virtual attribute into the program variable GRAND_TOTAL. After prompting
for an order number and reading the record, the virtual attribute is evaluated with the ITYPE
function. In this case, it performs a summation on the value of GRAND_TOTAL in @RECORD. ITYPE
does not invoke the conversion and format functions in the dictionary item.
OPEN 'ORDERS' TO ORDERS.FILE ELSE STOP
OPEN 'DICT','ORDERS' TO DICT.ORDER ELSE STOP
READ GRAND_TOTAL FROM DICT.ORDER,'GRAND_TOTAL' ELSE
PRINT 'DICTIONARY ITEM GRAND_TOTAL NOT FOUND'
STOP
END
LOOP
PRINT 'Enter order number ':
INPUT ORDER.ID
WHILE ORDER.ID DO
@ID = ORDER.ID
READ @RECORD FROM ORDERS.FILE,ORDER.ID ELSE
PRINT 'ORDER NOT FOUND'
@RECORD = ''
END
IF @RECORD THEN
TOT.AMT = ITYPE(GRAND_TOTAL)
TOT.AMT = OCONV(TOT.AMT,'MD2,$')
PRINT "Total accounts receivable is ":TOT.AMT
END
REPEAT
198
LE
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CALCULATE
UniData
COMPILE.DICT
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
Virtual attributes
For information, see Using UniData.
LE
The UniBasic LE relational operator tests whether expression expr1 is less than or equal to expr2.
expr1 and expr2 can be any valid UniBasic expressions, variables, strings, or literals.
Relational operators make the comparisons that direct program flow in conditional statements like
the following:
IF VAR1 LE VAR2 THEN GOSUB SUB1
DO UNTIL VAR1 <= VAR2
Syntax
expr1 LE expr2
Synonyms
#<, >=, =>
Examples
In the following example, the program segment tests whether A is less than or equal to B. Because A is
less than B, the message “Less than or equal to” prints.
A = 21
B = 22
IF A LE B THEN
PRINT "Less than or equal to"
END ELSE
PRINT "Greater than"
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
LES
LEN
The UniBasic LEN function returns the length of character expression str.expr. LEN supports multibyte
languages.
With null value handling on, the null value has a length of one byte.
199
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
LEN(str.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment displays 14, the length of the string NAME:
NAME = "Arthur Fiedler"
PRINT LEN(NAME)
The following figure illustrates a string that indicates below each “character” the number of bytes
required to store that character. The string contains eight bytes. Therefore, LEN would return 8 for this
string.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
BYTELEN, CHARLEN, DISPLAYWIDTH, ISMB, LENS, MBLEN
LENS
The UniBasic LENS function returns the length of the values within each element of a dynamic array.
LENS supports multibyte languages.
With null value handling on, the null value has a length of one byte.
Syntax
LENS(dyn.array)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment creates a new array ARRAY1, which contains the
length of each element of ARRAY:
ARRAY = '1':@VM:'22':@VM:'333':@VM:'4444':@VM:'55555'
ARRAY1 = LENS(ARRAY)
ARRAY1 now contains 1}2}3}4}5.
Related commands
200
Language
Command
UniBasic
BYTELEN, CHARLEN, DISPLAYWIDTH, ISMB, LEN, MBLEN
LES
LES
The UniBasic LES function compares each value in array1 to its corresponding value in array2.
UniData returns an array with 1 in each position where the value in array1 is less than or equal to the
value in the corresponding value in array2, and 0 in each position when the value in array1 is greater
than that in array2.
Syntax
LES(array1,array2)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment compares ARRAY1 to ARRAY2 and returns ARRAY3.
ARRAY3 then contains 1}1}1}0}0.
ARRAY1 = 9:@VM:10:@VM:30:@VM:50:@VM:60
ARRAY2 = 10:@VM:20:@VM:30@VM:40:@VM:50
ARRAY3 = LES(ARRAY1,ARRAY2)
LISTUSER
The LISTUSER function returns information about UniData processes currently running in a dynamic
array.
In the event a UniData user session aborts through a power failure or other abnormal circumstance,
UniData registers the aborted process as an active user, and it appears as such in the LISTUSER
array. Eventually, the cleanupd daemon will detect these processes and remove the aborted process
from the user list.
Syntax
LISTUSER()
LISTUSER Dynamic Array (UNIX)
The following table describes the information in the LISTUSER array, by position.
Parameter
Description
UDTNO
Sequential number UniData assigns to each user.
USRNBR
System-level process ID (pid) assigned to a UniData session.
UID
System-level ID assigned to a user.
USRNAME
Login name of the user.
USRTYPE
Type of process the user is running.
TTY
Device ID.
TIME
Time the user process started.
DATE
Date the user process started.
Examples
The following example displays the output from the LISTUSER function on UNIX:
201
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
1}5131}0}root}udt}pts/1}10:20:03}Oct 16 2002
LISTUSER Dynamic Array (Windows Platforms)
The following table lists the LISTUSER command display attributes.
Parameter
Description
UDTNO
Sequential number UniData assigns to each user.
USRNBR
Process ID of the UniData session.
UID
Windows ID of the user.
USRNAME
Login name of the user.
USRTYPE
Type of process the user is running.
TTY
Session identifier, formed by concatenating the string “pts/” and the
UDTNO.
IP-ADDRESS
Location where the session is logged in; either “Console” or a valid IP
address.
TIME
The time at which the user process started.
DATE
The date on which the user process started.
LN
The UniBasic LN function returns the natural base logarithm of numeric expression num.expr. This
function is the inverse of the EXP function.
Syntax
LN(num.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement assigns the natural logarithm of 12 to the variable
VAL. The result is 2.4849.
VAL = LN(12)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
EXP
loadSecurityContext
The loadSecurityContext() function loads a saved security context record into the current
session.
The name and passPhrase parameters are needed to retrieve and decrypt the saved context. UniData
creates an internal data structure and returns its handle in the context parameter.
202
LOCATE
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
loadSecurityContext(context, name, passPhrase)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
context
The handle to be returned.
name
String containing the name of the file storing the security contents.
PassPhrase
String containing the passPhrase needed to decrypt the saved data.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Context record does not exist.
2
Context record could not be accessed (e.g. wrong password).
3
Invalid content (file was not saved by the
saveSecurityContext() function).
4
Other problems that caused context load failure. Refer to the log file
for more information.
LOCATE
The UniBasic LOCATE command locates an element within a dynamic array. For LOCATE to be
successful, the search string, element, must match the entire array element (including any associated
lower-level elements). LOCATE does not modify the data in the array.
Note: UDT.OPTIONS 85 changes the sort order for an array of mixed negative and positive
numbers. With UDT.OPTIONS 85 on, negative and positive numbers are sorted in numeric order
regardless of sign. This is effective for the first form of the syntax only.
Syntax
LOCATEelement
INdyn.array<[attribute.expr[,val.expr[,subval.expr]]]>[,var]
[BYsearch.type] SETTINGlocation [THENstatementsEND] ELSEstatementsEND
For backward compatibility, UniData supports the following alternate syntax:
LOCATE(element,dyn.array
[,attrib.expr[,val.expr[,subval.expr]]];location [;search.type])
[THEN statements] [END] ELSE statements
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
203
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
element
Specifies the string to search for. element can be a variable, array
element, function, or literal.
dyn.array <attrib.expr
,val.expr, subval.expr>
Specifies a dynamic array and level (attribute, value, or subvalue) to
search. The search operates as follows:
The search begins at the lowest level specified.
Only the specified level is searched.
Returns the position of the located string relative to the beginning of
the search.
1 in attrib.expr causes a search starting with the first attribute in the
file.
0 in any expression is treated as 1.
If the arguments cause the search to begin beyond the end of the
dynamic array, the ELSE clause executes.
,var
BY search.type
See also the LOCATE in BASICTYPEs U, P, and M table.
Specifies the attribute, value, or subvalue in the array at which to
begin the search.
Selects a type of search appropriate for the physical arrangement of
a sorted array.
AL – Ascending, contents left-justified.
AR – Ascending, contents right-justified.
DL – Descending, contents left-justified.
DR – Descending, contents right-justified.
When UniData first retrieves the data, it sorts the data in the
requested order.
Do not use a BY clause in a LOCATE statement on an unsorted array.
The search could terminate before checking all elements.
UDT.OPTIONS 85 modifies the sort to place negative numbers first
rather than sort them in ASCII order.
SETTING location
Returns the location of the string. If the search is not successful,
execution depends on the presence of the BY clause:
If the BY clause is included, the array is assumed to be sorted, and a
location is returned indicating where the element should be inserted
to maintain the array in sorted order.
If the BY clause is not included, the array is assumed to be unsorted,
and the location returned is of the last element plus one.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
204
THEN (optional) is executed when the search is successful. Multiple
line THEN or ELSE statements require an END keyword.
ELSE (required) is executed if the search is unsuccessful. Multiple
line THEN or ELSE statements require an END keyword.
LOCATE
Note: The syntax for BASICTYPEs P and M differs in the number of array elements you can include
and the search driven by those elements. Syntax variants for P and M are as follows:
LOCATE element IN dyn.array<attribute.expr [,val.expr]>
[BY search.type] SETTING location [THEN statements END]
ELSE statements END
and
LOCATE(element,dyn.array [,attrib.expr[,val.expr]];location
[;search.type]) [THEN statements] [END] ELSE statements
LOCATE in BASICTYPEs U, P, and M
The following table compares the searches performed in BASICTYPEs U, P, and M.
LOCATE Parameter
in BASICTYPE U
in BASICTYPEs P and M
no expr
Performs no search; invalid syntax.
Searches all attributes; match must
include associated values and
subvalues.
attrib.expr
Searches the attribute specified;
match must include associated
values and subvalues.
Searches values associated with
the specified attribute; match must
include associated subvalues.
val.expr
Searches the value specified; match
must include associated subvalues.
Searches subvalues associated with
the specified value.
subval.expr
Searches subvalues associated with
the specified value; begins with the
specified subvalue.
Performs no search; invalid syntax.
Examples
The following program segment is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications.
LOCATE returns the position of the order number to be deleted.
DELETE_RECORD:
* (Assuming the order #'s are on line 12)
READVU ORDER_LINE FROM CLIENT_FILE,CLIENT_NUMBER,12 THEN
LOCATE ORDER_NUMBER IN ORDER_LINE<1> SETTING POSITION THEN
DEL ORDER_LINE<1,POSITION>
END
WRITEV ORDER_LINE ON CLIENT_FILE, CLIENT_NUMBER, 12
END
In the following example, the program statement searches the entire array, FILMS, element by
element, for the literal string “BATMAN.” If the search is successful, UniData assigns the location of the
element to the variable NDX. If UniData does not find the string, it sets NDX to the location of the last
value plus 1, and it executes the STOP command. The LOCATE command performs the search on the
attribute level.
LOCATE "BATMAN" IN FILMS<1> SETTING NDX ELSE STOP
Because the LOCATE statement compares the entire element (including associated lower-level
elements), a match will not be successful on either of the following arrays:
"CARMEN":@AM:"BATMANII":@AM:"JAWS"
or
"CARMEN":@AM:"BATMAN":@VM:"KEATON":@VM:"DEVITO"@VM:"CARREY":@AM:"JAWS"
205
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
In the next example, the program segment prints “BATMAN IS IN POSITION 2 IN THE ARRAY”:
FILMS = "CARMEN":@AM:"BATMAN":@AM:"JAWS"
LOCATE "BATMAN" IN FILMS<1> SETTING NDX ELSE
PRINT "NOT FOUND"
STOP
END
PRINT "BATMAN IS IN POSITION ":NDX:" IN THE ARRAY"
In the next example, the program segment searches the array FILMS, starting at attribute 2, value 2, for
the contents of the variable DEVITO. UniData assumes the array elements are in ascending order and
left-justified.
LOCATE DEVITO IN FILMS<2,2> BY "AL" SETTING NDX THEN
PRINT "THIS TITLE IS IN THE LIBRARY"
END ELSE
PRINT "TITLE NOT FOUND, TRY AGAIN."
END
When executed on the following array, DEVITO is located in position 3 in the array at the value level,
and UniData executes the first PRINT statement:
"CARMEN":@AM:"BATMAN":@VM:"KEATON":@VM:"DEVITO"@VM:"CARREY ":@AM:"JAWS"
However, in the following array, the LOCATE command does not find DEVITO, and UniData executes
the second PRINT statement:
"CARMEN":@AM:"BATMAN":@VM:"KEATON"@VM:"CARREY":@AM:"BATMANIII":
@VM:"KILMER":@VM:"DEVITO"@AM:"JAWS"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
FIND, FINDSTR
LOCK
The UniBasic LOCK command reserves a computer resource (such as a device or file) for the current
user process.
The lock is associated with resource.num, not the resource itself. Therefore, a command that does not
check for locks against the resource number will access the resource even if it is locked. For example,
an installation might assign locks 1 through 4 to four system printers. When an application needs to
reserve printer 1, the application executes LOCK 1. For lock effectiveness, all other applications must
check for locks before accessing the resource.
Resources are not automatically unlocked by the termination of the locking program. The UniBasic
UNLOCK or ECL QUIT commands must release them. Otherwise, you can release resources by
executing the ECL CLEAR.LOCKS command at UniData level.
For more information about UniData locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
LOCKresource.num{THEN statements[END] |ELSE statements [END]}
206
LOOP/REPEAT
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
resource.num
Specifies a number associated with a resource. resource.num can
be any number from 0 through 63.
For assistance in assigning resource numbers, see your system
administrator.
THEN statements END
Specifies statements to execute if the LOCK statement executes
successfully.
ELSE statements END
Specifies statements to execute if another user has reserved the
resource (using the same resource number) so that the LOCK
statement fails to lock it.
If you do not specify an ELSE clause and the requested resource
has already been locked, the current program waits until that
resource is released.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to
make the terminal beep while you wait for UniData to release the
lock.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement reserves resource 12 if another program is not using
it. If resource 12 is already in use, the current program suspends execution and waits until UniData
unlocks resource 12.
LOCK 12
In the next example, the program segment locks resource 44 if it is available. If it has already been
locked, the program attempts to lock resource 45. If both resources are unavailable, the program
stops.
T1 = 44; T2 = 45
LOCK T1 ELSE LOCK T2 ELSE STOP
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
UNLOCK
UniData
CLEAR.LOCKS, LIST.LOCKS, SUPERCLEAR.LOCKS,
DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
LOOP/REPEAT
The UniBasic LOOP/REPEAT command repeats any contained statements while or until a specified
condition is met, depending on whether you use the WHILE or UNTIL clause. statements can precede
and/or follow the test condition. If space permits, you can write the structure on one line. Otherwise,
you can extend the structure on as many lines as necessary. REPEAT is required and finishes the LOOP
operation.
207
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
UniData executes the first set of statements on the first entry into the loop, and then evaluates
the WHILE or UNTIL clause. If expr is true (using the WHILE keyword) or false (using the UNTIL
keyword), UniData executes the second set of statements. If you have statements after a WHILE
or UNTIL clause, the DO clause is required. Otherwise, it is optional. When the program execution
reaches REPEAT, it returns to the first set of statements.
Tip: We recommend that you construct loops that terminate based on the WHILE or UNTIL
condition. The LOOP statement is flexible enough to incorporate almost any logical progression.
Use the CONTINUE keyword to transfer control to the beginning of the next loop.
Syntax
LOOP
[statements]
[UNTIL expr [DO]
statements]
[WHILE expr [DO]
statements]
REPEAT
LOOP {WHILE | UNTIL} expr DO
statements
REPEAT
LOOP
statements
{WHILE | UNTIL} expr DO REPEAT
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies an expression to check to for the UNTIL or WHILE clause.
statements
expr can be any valid statement that includes a READNEXT statement
or LOCATE statement.
Specifies statements to execute each time the loop statement
repeats.
WHILE statements
Specifies statements to execute if the expression in the WHILE clause
is true.
UNTIL statements
Specifies statements to execute if the expression in the UNTIL clause
is false.
Examples
The following example is taken from the sample program in in Developing UniBasic Applications. This
subroutine loops until the user enters a valid order number, or Q (the prompt for order number is
already displayed on the screen).
GET_ORDER_NUMBER:
* Have the user enter a valid key to a record in the ORDERS file.
LOOP
DISPLAY @(15,6):
INPUT ORDER_NUMBER
ORDER_NUMBER = OCONV(ORDER_NUMBER,"MCU")
IF NUM(ORDER_NUMBER) OR ORDER_NUMBER[1,1] = "Q" THEN
VALID_ORDER_NUMBER = 1
208
LOWER
END ELSE
VALID_ORDER_NUMBER = 0
MESSAGE = "Order # must be a Number, or the letter 'Q'"
CALL DISPLAY_MESSAGE(MESSAGE)
END
UNTIL VALID_ORDER_NUMBER
REPEAT
In the next example, the program segment prints and increments POS until it reaches the value of 10:
POS=0
LOOP WHILE POS < 10 DO
PRINT POS
POS +=1
REPEAT
In the next example, the program segment prints “Counting” and then increments C. It then evaluates
C to see if it is less than eight, and if so, executes the second statement. On the eighth iteration, the
program executes the top statement and the loop stops because the condition (C > 8) is met. The
program continues execution at the statement following REPEAT. The program does not execute the
second statement on the final iteration.
C = 0
PRINT "Counting:"
LOOP
C = C+1
UNTIL C > 8 DO
PRINT "C = ":C
REPEAT
The result of this program:
Counting:
C = 1
C = 2
C = 3
C = 4
C = 5
C = 6
C = 7
C = 8
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CASE, CONTINUE, FOR/NEXT
LOWER
The UniBasic LOWER function converts all attribute marks to value marks, and, in a dynamic array, it
converts all value marks to subvalue marks.
Syntax
LOWER(dyn.array.expr)
209
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
In the following example, the program segment lowers the dynamic array D.STR:
D.STR = "A":@AM:"B":@AM:"C":@VM:"D"
D.STR = LOWER(D.STR)
The dynamic array D.STR now contains the string:
D.STR = "A":@VM:"B":@VM:"C":@SM:"D"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
RAISE
LT
The UniBasic LT relational operator tests whether expression expr1 is less than expr2.
expr1 and expr2 can be any valid UniBasic expressions, variables, strings, or literals.
Relational operators make the comparisons that direct program flow in conditional statements such
as the following:
IF VAR1 LT VAR2 THEN GOSUB SUB1
DO UNTIL VAR1 < VAR2
Syntax
expr1 LT expr2
Synonyms
<
Examples
In the following example, the program segment tests whether A is less than B. Because A is less than B,
the message “Less than” prints.
A = 21
B = 22
IF A LT B THEN
PRINT "Less than"
END ELSE
PRINT "Greater than"
END
Related commands
210
Language
Command
UniBasic
LTS
LTS
LTS
The UniBasic LTS function compares each element in array1 to its corresponding value in array2.
UniData returns an array with 1 in each position where the value in array1 is less than the value in
the corresponding position in array2, and 0 in each position for values in array1 that are greater than
those in array2.
Syntax
LTS(array1,array2)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment compares ARRAY1 to ARRAY2 and returns ARRAY3.
ARRAY3 then contains 1}1}0}0}0.
ARRAY1 = 9:@VM:10:@VM:30:@VM:50:@VM:60
ARRAY2 = 10:@VM:20:@VM:30@VM:40:@VM:50
ARRAY3 = LTS(ARRAY1,ARRAY2)
MAT
The first form of the UniBasic MAT command assigns new values to all elements of a dimensioned
array based on an expression. The second form assigns the contents of a dimensioned array to
another dimensioned array.
If you assign a dimensioned array the values of a second dimensioned array, the assignment proceeds
from element to element in consecutive order. The program assigns the first element of the first array
to the first element of the second array, then assigns the second element to the second element of
the second array, and so on. The two arrays do not have to match in configuration of dimensions, but
must contain the same number of elements. UniData does not alter the second dimensioned array in
the assignment process.
Use the DIM command to dimension all arrays before you assign new values to the elements. You can
place MAT in any looping structure and assign the elements with a variable or function.
Syntax
MAT dim.array = expr
MAT dim.array = MAT dim.array2
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dim.array
Specifies a dimensioned array to receive new values.
expr
Specifies the value to assign to the array elements. expr can be any
UniBasic expression.
expr can be an empty string, a formula, a single value, a literal string, or
a function.
dim.array2
Specifies a dimensioned array from which to assign values.
211
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
In the following example, the program segment assigns 1.5 to all elements of the array FEES:
DIM FEES(100,100)
MAT FEES = 1.5
In the next example, the program segment assigns the values in dimensioned array FEE2 to the
dimensioned array FEE1. Note the differing dimensions but the same number of elements in the two
matrices.
DIM FEE1(2,4),FEE2(4,2)
MAT FEE1 = MAT FEE2
If the arrays contain the following values before the assignment:
the values assigned to FEE1 would be:
Notice how the elements are assigned: from left to right, top to bottom, element by element. UniData
maintains all values in dimensioned array FEE2. The positions are shifted to fit the dimensions of
dimensioned array FEE1.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DIM, INMAT, MATBUILD, MATPARSE, MATREAD, MATREADL, MATREADU,
MATWRITE, MATWRITEU
MATBUILD
The UniBasic MATBUILD command generates a dynamic array from a dimensioned array based
on specified starting and ending positions and the delimiter given. The dimensioned array can be
multidimensional. The statement retrieves elements from the multidimensional array according to the
order in which its elements are stored.
212
MATBUILD
Syntax
MATBUILD dyn.array FROM dim.array [,start.num [,end.num [USING delim]]]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array
Specifies the dynamic array to be created.
FROM dim.array
Specifies the dimensioned array from which to build the dynamic
array.
,start.num
Specifies the starting position in the dimensioned array. If start.num is
less than or equal to 0, UniData defaults to 1. The dynamic array is not
generated if start.num is greater than end.num.
,end.num
Specifies the ending position in the dimensioned array.
If end.num is less than or equal to 0, or if it is beyond the end of
the dimensioned array, UniData retrieves data to the end of the
dimensioned array.
The USING clause specifies the delimiter delim in the dyn.array
generation. If you do not specify delim, or if you specify an empty
string, delim defaults to @AM (attribute mark). If you specify more
than one character, only the first character is used. UniData inserts
delim between the elements if dyn.array.
USING delim
Examples
In the following example, A is a dimensioned array with five elements:
A(1)=11, A(2)=22, A(3)=33, A(4)=44, and A(5)=55
The following program statement:
MATBUILD NEW.ARRAY FROM A ,2,4
generates the following dynamic array:
NEW.ARRAY = "22":@AM:"33":@AM:"44"
The next program statement:
MATBUILD ARRAY FROM A ,1 USING ','
generates the following dynamic array:
ARRAY = "11,22,33,44,55"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DIM, INMAT, MAT, MATPARSE, MATREAD, MATREADL, MATREADU, MATWRITE,
MATWRITEU
213
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
MATCH
The UniBasic MATCH or MATCHES function determines if a variable matches a specific pattern of
characters, numbers, or a literal string. If var matches the pattern, MATCH or MATCHES returns 1. If var
does not match the pattern, MATCH or MATCHES returns 0.
Tip: You can mix codes and literal strings. To differentiate between the two, enclose the literal in
single quotation marks within the larger pattern, which is enclosed in double quotation marks.
Syntax
var MATCH "[~] len [X, A, N] [text]"
Synonyms
MATCHES
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies the variable to compare with the MATCH expression.
~
Reverses the pattern. To match 4N, a string must contain four numeric
characters. To match ~4N, a string must contain four characters that
are not all numeric.
len
Specifies the number of characters to match.
X
Specifies that characters can be of any type.
A
Specifies that only alphabetic characters match the pattern.
N
Specifies that only numbers match the pattern.
text
Specifies a literal string to search for. Enclose this literal text within
single quotation marks if combined with a pattern (made up of X, A,
and N).
Examples
In the following example, the program segment determines if the variable SSN is a valid social security
number:
SSN = "522-13-5124"
SSNTEST = SSN MATCH "3N'-'2N'-'4N"
The following program accepts as input a pattern to match and a string to search:
PRINT "This program tests the MATCH function"
PRINT "Enter pattern ":
INPUT pattern
PRINT "Enter string to match":
INPUT string1
answer = string1 MATCH pattern
PRINT \"\ : answer : \"\
214
MATCHFIELD
In the following test executions of the preceding program, the user tests for a string that consists of
three alphabetic characters followed by the literal “3A”. The literal (3A) is enclosed in quotation marks
to differentiate it from the pattern 3A.
:RUN BP match.test
This program tests the MATCH function
Enter pattern ?3A'3A'
Enter string to match?AAA3A
"1"
:RUN BP match.test
This program tests the MATCH function
Enter pattern ?3A'3A'
Enter string to match?3AAAA
"0"
MATCHFIELD
The UniBasic MATCHFIELD function returns a substring that matches a pattern or literal. If no match
is made, UniData returns an empty string. MATCHFIELD supports multibyte languages.
Syntax
MATCHFIELD(str.expr,"[~] {len [X | ,A | ,N]} [text]", field.expr)
You can mix the codes and a text string to search for specific patterns separated by characters.
With null value handling on, if a function encounters the null value in a parameter when a number is
expected (field.expr),a warning message displays and UniBasic uses 0.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Specifies the variable to compare with the MATCH expression.
~
Inverses the pattern. To match 4N, a string must contain four numeric
characters. To match ~4N, a string must contain four characters that
are not numeric.
len
Specifies the number of characters to match.
X
Specifies that characters can be of any data type.
A
Specifies that only alphabetic characters match the pattern.
N
Specifies that only numbers match the pattern.
text
Specifies a literal string to search for.
field.expr
Specifies a portion of the str.expr to return. Each code segment is
considered to be a field for the purposes of field.expr.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment returns the value 56 because the entire string matches
the specified criteria, and the third field contains the number 56:
SSN = "534-56-5565"
MID = MATCHFIELD(SSN,"3N'-'2N'-'4N",3)
215
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
In the next example, the program segment searches the string and returns the second and fourth fields
and prints “99922”:
STRING = "ALL999WERE22ABSENT"
NUM1 = MATCHFIELD(STRING,'3A3N4A2N6A',2)
NUM2 = MATCHFIELD(STRING,'3A3N4A2N6A',4)
PRINT NUM1:NUM2
MATPARSE
The UniBasic MATPARSE command distributes elements of a delimited string or dynamic array to
consecutive elements of a dimensioned array. Delimiters can be the standard UniData delimiters or
any other ASCII character.
Syntax
MATPARSE dim.array FROM str.expr, delim.expr
When you specify an alternate delimiter, UniData returns a two-dimensional array. The delimited
string is placed in the first dimensioned array element, and the delimiter is placed in the second
element. When UniData encounters two delimiters in a row, both are placed in the first element.
Note: BASICTYPEs P and R do not support the 0,0 element in dimensioned arrays. If more
elements are delimited in the string than can be placed in the dimensioned array, a runtime error
results and data is lost.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dim.array
Specifies the target dimensioned array.
str.expr
Specifies a delimited string to place in the dimensioned array.
delim.expr
Specifies the delimiter to use for parsing str.expr. You can use any
ASCII character including commas or spaces.
INMAT function return values
After you execute MATPARSE, the INMAT function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Description
n
The number of elements loaded into the array.
0
The array was too small to contain all elements in the string. All excess
data (including delimiters) is placed in the 0,0 element.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment fills the dimensioned array ALPHA with consecutive
characters from a literal string. An empty string is the delimiter, causing one character to be assigned
to each dimensioned array cell. In this case, the value returned by the INMAT function would be 7.
DIM ALPHA(7)
216
MATREAD
MATPARSE ALPHA FROM "ABCDEFG",""
The preceding program segment produces the following dimensioned array:
ALPHA(1) = "A"
...
ALPHA(7) = "G"
In the next example, the program segment dimensions the dimensioned array T and then fills it with
data from a dynamic array. The delimiter specified is the attribute mark, so each attribute is assigned
to consecutive elements of the array. Note that the string “ITEM” has five elements, but the array is
dimensioned with four elements. After the MATPARSE command, the INMAT function is 0 and the
value of the zero element T(0) is 443.
DIM T(4)
ITEM = "123:@AM:33:@AM:199:@AM:821:@AM:443"
MATPARSE T FROM ITEM, CHAR(254)
The preceding program segment produces the following dimensioned array:
T(0)
T(1)
T(2)
T(3)
T(4)
=
=
=
=
=
443
123
33
199
821
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DIM, INMAT, MAT, MATBUILD, MATREAD, MATREADL, MATREADU, MATWRITE,
MATWRITEU
MATREAD
The UniBasic MATREAD command assigns the values found in successive attributes of a record to
corresponding elements of a dimensioned array — regardless of lock status.
You must use the DIM command to create a dimensioned array before you execute MATREAD.
Note: This command does not check for locks. If you are operating in a multiuser environment,
you must use record locks to prevent users from overlaying data updated by others. For more
information about the UniBasic record locking, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
MATREAD dim.array [FROM [file.var,]record.ID.expr [ON ERROR statements]
{THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dim.array
Specifies the dimensioned array into which the values are read.
217
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
FROM file.var,
Specifies the file from which to read.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
A default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the OPEN
statement.
record.ID.expr
Specifies the record from which to read.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the MATREAD statement fails with a
fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData
cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
INMAT function return values
After you execute MATREAD, the INMAT function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Meaning
n
The number of attributes loaded into the array.
0
The array was too small to contain all attributes in the record. The
excess data (including delimiters) is placed in the 0,0 element.
Note: BASICTYPEs P and R do not support the 0,0 element. If more attributes are read from the file
than can be placed in the dimensioned array, a runtime error results and data is lost.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment reads the record with ID NAMES from the CUSTFILE,
and assigns the elements to the dimensioned array TEST. If the program does not find the record, it
assigns the value 0 to the variable FOUND.
DIM TEST(10,10)
MATREAD TEST FROM CUSTFILE,"NAMES" ELSE FOUND = 0
In the next example, the program segment reads the record with ID NAMES and assigns the data from
the record to the dimensioned array TEST:
OPEN "CUSTFILE" TO CF ELSE STOP "NO CUSTFILE"
MATREAD TEST FROM CF,"NAMES" ELSE FOUND = 0
In the next example, the MATREAD statement includes multiline THEN and ELSE clauses:
FILE.ERR = 0
DIM CUST.ITEM(22)
MATREAD CUST.ITEM FROM CUST.FILE,CUST.ID THEN
GOSUB PROCESS.CUSTOMER:
END ELSE
MAT CUST.ITEM = "
218
MATREADL
FILE.ERR = 1
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DIM, INMAT, MAT, MATBUILD, MATPARSE, MATREADL, MATREADU, MATWRITE,
MATWRITEU
MATREADL
The UniBasic MATREADL command assigns the values found in successive attributes of a record to
corresponding elements of a dimensioned array. MATREADL checks for locks and will not read a
record locked with an exclusive (U) lock. If the record is available, MATREADL reads and sets a shared
(L) lock on it.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
MATREADL dim.array FROM [file.var,]record.ID.expr [ON ERROR statements]
[LOCKED statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
MATREADL dim.array FROM [file.var,]record.ID.expr [LOCKED statements]
[ON ERROR statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dim.array
Specifies the dimensioned array into which the values are read.
FROM file.var,
Specifies the file from which to read.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
A default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the OPEN
statement.
record.ID.expr
Specifies the record from which to read the attributes.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the MATREADL statement fails
with a fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or
UniData cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if the record is locked by another
user. If you do not specify a LOCKED clause, the program waits until
UniData releases the lock on the record. You can place the LOCKED
clause after the FROM clause.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to make
the terminal beep while you wait for UniData to unlock the record.
219
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
ELSE statements END
INMAT function return values
After you execute MATREADL, the INMAT function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Description
n
The number of attributes loaded into the array.
0
The array was too small to contain all attributes in the record. The
excess data (including delimiters) is placed in the zero element.
Note: BASICTYPEs P and R do not support the 0,0 element. If UniData reads more attributes from
the file than it can place in the dimensioned array, a runtime error results and data is lost.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment reads a tape record with the ID specified in
TAPE.ID from the TAPES.FILE. If the program finds the record, it transfers control to the subroutine
TAPE.PROCESS. Otherwise, the program displays a message and aborts. If the record is locked with
an exclusive lock, the program does not execute the subroutine. Instead, it displays the message
“RECORD LOCKED” and waits for the lock to be released.
MATREADL TAPE.REC FROM TAPES.FILE,TAPE.ID THEN
GOSUB TAPE.PROCESS:
PRINT "TAPE PROCESSED:":TAPE.ID
END
LOCKED PRINT "RECORD LOCKED"
ELSE PRINT "RECORD NOT FOUND:":TAPE.ID; ABORT
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DIM, INMAT, MAT, MATBUILD, MATPARSE, MATREAD, MATREADU, MATWRITE,
MATWRITEU
UniData
DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
MATREADU
The UniBasic MATREADU command assigns the values found in successive attributes of a record to
corresponding elements of a dimensioned array. MATREADU checks for locks and will not read a
locked record. If the record is available, MATREADU reads and sets an exclusive (U) lock on it.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
220
MATREADU
BASICTYPEs P and R do not support the 0,0 element. If UniData reads more attributes from the file
than it can place in the dimensioned array, a runtime error results and data is lost.
Syntax
MATREADU dim.array FROM [file.var,] record.ID.expr [ON ERROR
statements] [LOCKED statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE
statements [END]}
MATREADU dim.array FROM [file.var,] record.ID.expr [LOCKED statements]
[ON ERROR statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dim.array
Specifies the dimensioned array into which the values are read.
FROM file.var,
Specifies the file from which to read.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
A default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the OPEN
statement.
record.ID.expr
Specifies the record from which to read the attributes.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the MATREADL statement fails
with a fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or
UniData cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if the record is locked by another
user. If you do not specify a LOCKED clause, the program waits until
UniData releases the lock on the record. You can place the LOCKED
clause after the FROM clause.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to make
the terminal beep while you wait for UniData to unlock the record.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
INMAT function return values
After you execute MATREADU, the INMAT function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Description
n
The number of attributes loaded into the array.
0
The array was too small to contain all attributes in the record. All
excess data (including delimiters) is placed in the zero element.
221
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
In the following example, the program segment reads the record with ID “NAMES” from the CUST file.
Because no LOCKED clause is provided, the program waits for access if the record is locked by another
user.
DIM TEST(10,10)
MATREADU TEST FROM CUST,"NAMES" ELSE GOSUB 105
In the next example, the program segment reads the record with the ID CUST.ID and assigns each
attribute to successive elements in the dimensioned array CUST.REC. If the record is found, UniData
executes the THEN clause. If the record is locked, UniData displays RECORD LOCKED and waits for the
lock to be released. If the record is not found, UniData displays RECORD NOT FOUND FOR CUSTOMER
and the customer ID.
MATREADU CUST.REC FROM CUSTFILE,CUST.ID THEN
PRINT "PROCESSING CUSTOMER: ":CUST.ID
GOSUB PROCESS.CUSTOMER:
END LOCKED
PRINT 'RECORD LOCKED '
END ELSE
PRINT 'RECORD NOT FOUND FOR CUSTOMER ':CUST.ID
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DIM, INMAT, MAT, MATBUILD, MATPARSE, MATREAD, MATREADL, MATWRITE,
MATWRITEU
UniData
DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
MATWRITE
The UniBasic MATWRITE command writes successive elements of a dimensioned array to the
corresponding attributes of a record.
If the dimensioned array size exceeds the number of attributes in the target record, the MATWRITE
command does not write the trailing spaces. If the 0 element is not empty, the command writes the
contents of the element after the final element in the record (as element N+1).
Note: This command must be preceded by MATREADU or another locking command to prevent
the type of inconsistency that results when multiple users access files at the same time. For more
information, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
MATWRITE dim.array {ON | TO file.var,} record.ID.expr [ON ERROR
statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
222
MATWRITE
Parameter
Description
dim.array
Specifies the dimensioned array from which to assign the values read
to the successive attributes of the record record.ID.expr.
You must name and dimension an array before you can use it in the
MATWRITE statement.
Specifies the file on which to write the record. You must specify an ON
or TO clause.
ON | TO file.var,
Specifies the record on which to write the attributes.
record.ID.expr
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if MATWRITE fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
STATUS function return values
After you execute MATWRITE, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Value
Description
0
Successful write.
1
System error, such as a damaged file.
2
Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
WRITE is not allowed.
3
Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine (for
example, the trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
Non-RFS files – WRITE created a duplicate alternate index key and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on; or WRITE failed because a duplicate value
exists in the index, and NO.DUPS was specified when the index was
created.
10
RFS files – WRITE created a duplicate value in the index, and ECL
DUP.STATUS is on.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment writes the dimensioned array RECEIPTS to the file
REC87 as a record with ID “RENTALS”:
COMMON RECEIPTS(12)
MATWRITE RECEIPTS ON REC87,"RENTALS"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DIM, INMAT, MAT, MATBUILD, MATPARSE, MATREAD, MATREADL, MATWRITE,
MATWRITEU
223
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
MATWRITEU
The UniBasic MATWRITEU command writes successive elements of a dimensioned array to the
corresponding attributes of a specified record. MATWRITEU does not release locks set by READU,
READVU, or MATREADU statements.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
MATWRITEU dim.array {ON | TO} [file.var,] record.ID.expr [ON ERROR
statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dim.array
Specifies the dimensioned array from which to assign the values read
to the successive attributes of the record record.ID.expr.
ON | TO file.var,
record.ID.exp
ON ERROR statements
You must name and dimension an array before you can use it in the
MATWRITE statement.
Specifies the target file. You must specify an ON or TO clause.
Specifies the target record.
Specifies statements to execute if MATWRITEU fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
STATUS function return values
After you execute MATWRITEU, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Value
Description
0
Successful write.
1
System error, such as a damaged file.
2
Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
WRITE is not allowed.
3
224
Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine (for
example, the trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
MAXIMUM
Value
Description
10
Non-RFS files – WRITE created a duplicate alternate index key and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on; or WRITE failed because a duplicate value
exists in the index, and NO.DUPS was specified when the index was
created.
RFS files – WRITE created a duplicate value in the index, and ECL
DUP.STATUS is on.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement writes the dimensioned array NEW.CLIENTS to the
file CLIENTS as a record with an ID of ‘050887’. If the record is locked, UniData maintains the lock.
MATWRITEU NEW.CLIENTS TO CLIENTS,'050887'
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DIM, INMAT, MAT, MATBUILD, MATPARSE, MATREAD, MATREADL, MATREADU,
MATWRITEU
MAXIMUM
The UniBasic MAXIMUMfunction returns the largest numeric value found in a dynamic array. This
function ignores nonnumeric elements. If the array you specify contains only nonnumeric elements,
MAXIMUM returns an empty string. If an element is empty, UniData treats it as 0.
UniData treats all system marks (attribute, value, and subvalue marks) indiscriminately. That is, any
value between two marks of any kind is taken as an element with respect to this function.
Syntax
MAXIMUM(dyn.array.var)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints 22:
X = "12":@VM:"2":@FM:"dd":@FM:"9":@FM:"22"
PRINT MAXIMUM(X)
In the next example, the program segment prints 0 because W contains an empty element and no
other numeric elements exist:
W = "A":@FM:"B":@VM:"":@SM:"C"
PRINT MAXIMUM(W)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
MINIMUM
225
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
MBLEN
The UniBasic MBLEN function returns the number of bytes in the first character of a string.
Syntax
MBLEN (str.expr)
Examples
The following figure illustrations a string that indicates below each “character” the number of bytes
required to display that character. MBLEN returns 2 for this string, which indicates that the first
character is made up of two bytes.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CHARLEN, DISPLAYWIDTH, ISMB, LEN
MDPERFORM
The UniBasic MDPERFORM command executes various UniData commands, sentences, or paragraphs
within a UniBasic program while transferring lists to and from the executed commands.
You can nest MDPERFORM. For example, in program A an MDPERFORM statement, which has a
“CAPTURING var1” clause, invokes program B. Program B contains a second MDPERFORM statement
that also has a “CAPTURING var2” clause. The output of programs A and B is sent to var1 and var2
respectively.
You can nest only two MDPERFORM statements. To increase the number of nested levels:
▪
For the entire system – Enter a higher number for the udtconfig file variable MAX_CAPT_LEVEL.
▪
For this process only – Enter a higher number for the environment variable MAX_CAPT_LEVEL.
Note: MDPERFORM does not pass select lists unless you explicitly specify them. In this way, you
maintain full control and protection over them.
STACKCOMMON
The ECL STACKCOMMON command makes use of common areas more flexible, although it requires
additional memory. STACKCOMMON settings have the following effects:
226
MDPERFORM
▪
If STACKCOMMON is off when one program executes another, the unnamed common is passed to
the executed program and back to the executing program.
▪
If STACKCOMMON is on when one program executes another program, unnamed common is
not passed to the program you execute. Instead, unnamed common is saved, and the unnamed
common of the called program is initialized to 0. When control is passed back to the calling
program, unnamed common is restored to its value before the program call. Unnamed common is
never passed to a phantom program.
Note: STACKCOMMON is always on in BASICTYPEs P and M. The default setting for STACKCOMMON
is off in BASICTYPEs R and U.
Syntax
MDPERFORM str.expr [CAPTURING, dyn.array.var] [RETURNING,
dyn.array.var] [RTNLIST int.expr] [PASSLIST int.expr] [PASSCOM]
MDPERFORM str.expr [RETURNING, dyn.array.var] [CAPTURING,
dyn.array.var] [RTNLIST int.expr] [PASSLIST int.expr] [PASSCOM]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Specifies a UniData command with appropriate parameters. If you
pass a file name to MDPERFORM, you must use the actual file name,
not a file variable (which is assigned in the OPEN statement).
CAPTURING, dyn.array.var
The CAPTURING clause stores the output in a dynamic array instead
of on the display terminal. Each line of the text becomes an attribute
in the array. Output sent to the printer is not affected by this clause.
RETURNING, dyn.array.var
The RETURNING clause captures error messages resulting from
the command executed with MDPERFORM. This variable contains a
string of error message numbers separated by spaces. If the executed
command creates a spooler hold file, UniData also returns the hold
file number in the same variable.
RTNLIST int.expr
The RTNLIST clause must evaluate to an integer 0–9, designating
the list to return to the calling program. You can use the resulting list
with subsequent READNEXT statements or in the PASSLIST clause
of a MDPERFORM statement. If you do not include an expression after
RTNLIST, the generated list replaces the contents of list 0. If you do
not specify RTNLIST, the MDPERFORM command does not return a
list.
PASSLIST int.expr
The PASSLIST clause must evaluate to an integer 0, 1, or 2,
designating the select list to be sent to the called program. If you do
not specify int.expr, UniData assumes list 0.
PASSCOM
The passed list can be the result of previous SELECT or GETLIST
commands, or the RTNLIST clause of an MDPERFORM statement.
This parameter is provided for backward compatibility for releases
before 3.1.
227
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
In the following example, the program segment lists all the items in the VOC file and returns the result
in select list 2:
list_var = 2
MDPERFORM "list dict VOC all" RTNLIST list_var
In the next example, the program segment performs a selection on the CUSTOMER file, passes the
result back in select list 1, and then sorts the result:
list_var = 1
cmd1 = "select CUSTOMER with @ID = '200'"
cmd2 = "sort CUSTOMER by DATE_OUT"
MDPERFORM cmd1 RTNLIST list_var
MDPERFORM cmd2 PASSLIST list_var
In the next example, the program segment builds different commands based on conditions generated
by MDPERFORM. According to the value of input_var, one of three UniQuery commands is executed.
list_var = 1
frg1 = "select CUSTOMER with "
frg2 = " NAME like '...Jones...'
frg3 = " DATE_DUE > '04/22/87' "
frg4 = " AMT_DUE < 30"
frg5 = " by NAME"
BEGIN CASE
CASE input_var = 1
MDPERFORM frg1:frg2:frg5 RTNLIST
CASE input_var = 2
MDPERFORM frg1:frg3:frg5 RTNLIST
CASE input_var = 3
MDPERFORM frg1:frg4:frg5 RTNLIST
END CASE
"
list_var
list_var
list_var
In the next example, the program segment performs the command stored in cmd3, passing the list
specified by list_var, and sends output to a dynamic array cpt_var:
MDPERFORM cmd3 PASSLIST list_var CAPTURING cpt_var
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
COMMON, EXECUTE, EXECUTESQL, PCPERFORM, UDTEXECUTE
UniData
STACKCOMMON
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
MINIMUM
The UniBasic MINIMUM function returns the smallest numeric element found in a dynamic array.
UniData ignores nonnumeric elements with this function. If dyn.array.var contains only nonnumeric
elements, the function returns an empty string. If an array element is empty, it is treated as 0.
All system marks (attribute, value, and subvalue marks) are treated indiscriminately. That is, any value
between two marks is taken as an element.
228
MOD
Syntax
MINIMUM(dyn.array.var)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints 2:
X = "12":@VM:"2":@AM:"dd":@AM:"9":@AM:"22"
PRINT MINIMUM(X)
In the next example, the program segment assigns U an empty string because V contains only
nonnumeric elements:
V = "":@AM:"assignment":@AM:"test"
U = MINIMUM(V)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
MAXIMUM
MOD
The UniBasic MOD and REM functions return the remainder of the division of num.expr2 into
num.expr1. These functions divide integers and decimals. The sign of the result is the same as that of
num.expr1.
The formula used by MOD and REM is:
REM(x,y) = x - (INT(x/y) * y)
where x and y are numeric expressions. The first expression, x, is divided by y, and INT truncates the
result. UniData multiplies the resulting integer by y, and subtracts the result from the value of x.
Note: The value of num.expr2 cannot be 0.
Syntax
MOD(num.expr1, num.expr2)
Synonyms
REM
Examples
In the following example, the program segment assigns to Z the remainder of the division of Y into X. In
this case, the remainder is 2.
X = 12 ; Y = 5
Z = MOD(X,Y)
229
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
NE
The UniBasic NE relational operator tests whether expression expr1 is not equal to expr2.expr1 and
expr2 can be any valid UniBasic expressions, variables, strings, or literals.
Tip: You can also use the # symbol to negate other relational operators. For example, the following
statement uses the # symbol to negate the > symbol. In this case, if X is not greater than Y, the
program branches to label 1000.
IF X #> Y THEN GOSUB 1000
Syntax
expr1 NE expr2
Synonyms
#, <>, ><
Examples
The following program segment is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications.
In the first statement, if the variable NEW.PRICE is not equal to an empty string, the variable is written
to the seventh element in array ORDER.REC.
IF NEW.PRICE NE '' AND NUM(NEW.PRICE) THEN
ORDER.REC<7,ENTRY> = NEW.PRICE
NEED.TO.WRITE = 1
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
NES
NEG
The UniBasic NEG function changes the value of expr to its opposite sign. If the value of expr is positive,
NEG returns a negative value. If the value of expr is negative, NEG returns a positive value.
Syntax
NEG(expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment changes the value of variable A to a negative number
and prints -1:
A = 1
A = NEG(A)
PRINT A
230
NES
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ABS
NES
The UniBasic NES function compares each value in array1 to its corresponding value in array2.
UniData returns an array with a one in each position where the value in array1 is not equal to the value
in the corresponding position in array2, and a zero in each position for values that are equal to array2.
Syntax
NES(array1, array2)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment compares ARRAY1 to ARRAY2 and returns ARRAY3.
ARRAY3 now contains 0}0}0}1}1.
ARRAY1 = 10:@VM:20:@VM:30@VM:40:@VM:50
ARRAY2 = 10:@VM:20:@VM:30:@VM:50:@VM:60
ARRAY3 = NES(ARRAY1,ARRAY2)
NFAUSER
Beginning at UniData 5.0, a Network File Access (NFA) connection from an NFA client requires a
valid user name and password. If the client connection is made through udtelnet, this information is
available and passed to the NFA server for connecting. If the session is a console session, the system
prompts for the user name and password when a connection is requested, such as when you OPEN the
first NFA file on a database. UniBasic now provides the NFAUSER function which enables you to set
the user name and password in a UniBasic program.
Syntax
NFAUSER(“username”, “password”)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
username
A valid user name on the NFA server to which you are connecting.
password
The password corresponding to username.
After running this function and providing a valid user name and password combination, an NFA
connection no longer prompts for this information, regardless if it is from the console or via udtelnet.
NFAUSER does not validate the user name/password combination, but registers them in an internal
variable for later use.
231
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
NOCONVERT
The UniBasic NOCONVERT command controls the conversion of the special character CHAR(0). The
following UniBasic commands read and write non-UniData files or tapes and convert CHAR(0) to
CHAR(128) on input. They also convert CHAR(128) to CHAR(0) on output. This can cause problems
under some circumstances, especially if you use the character CHAR(128) in an application or in stored
data. NOCONVERT provides a way of switching the conversion OFF or ON. The default is OFF.
Syntax
NOCONVERT {OFF | ON}
The following UniBasic commands convert CHAR(0) and CHAR(128) when NOCONVERT is turned on:
▪
OSBREAD
▪
OSBWRITE
▪
OSREAD
▪
OSWRITE
▪
READT
▪
WRITET
Note: The and CRT functions do not work with strings that contain CHAR(0).
Warning: Do not use UniBasic READ and WRITE commands to open or modify binary data in DIRtype files (for example, BP). Doing so can corrupt data in the file. Instead, use OSREAD or OSBREAD
after executing the UniBasic NOCONVERT command.
The following functions work with strings containing CHAR(0), regardless of the setting of the
NOCONVERT command:
▪
▪
▪
▪
Assignment (X = Y)
Bracket function ([])
Substring assignment (A[1,3] = B)
String concatenation (A:B)
▪
CHAR
▪
CONVERT
▪
COUNT
▪
DCOUNT
▪
INDEX
▪
LEN
▪
SEQ
▪
SWAP
NOT
The UniBasic NOT Boolean operator inverts the logical result of the argument expr. If the expression is
true, the function returns 0 (false). If the expression is not true, the function returns 1 (true).
232
NOTS
Syntax
NOT(expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment compares X to Y (false because X is not greater than
Y) and inverts the result, evaluating to true instead. Next, the THEN statement executes, sending
program control to the label specified by RETRY.
X = 1 ; Y = 2
IF NOT(X > Y) THEN GOSUB RETRY:
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
#, NOTS
NOTS
The UniBasic NOTS Boolean operator inverts the logical result of each element of a dynamic array. If
the element is true, the operator returns 0 (false) in the corresponding position of the new array. If the
expression is not true, the operator returns 1 (true) in the corresponding position of the new array.
Syntax
NOTS(dyn.array)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment evaluates the dynamic array A, inverts each result of
the evaluation, and returns the results in a corresponding array. B now contains 0}1}0}0.
A = 1:@FM:0:@FM:1:@FM:30
B = NOTS(A)
NULL
The UniBasic NULL command acts as a dummy statement. You can use the NULL statement anywhere
a statement is required.
Tip: Use NULL when a statement or command clause is mandatory, but you do not want to
initiate any action.
Syntax
NULL
Examples
In the following example, if the length of the variable NAME$ is zero, the program prints nothing:
PRINT "NAME: ": ; INPUT NAME$
233
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
BEGIN CASE
CASE LEN(NAME$) = 0
NULL
CASE LEN(NAME$) > 0
PRINT "HI, ":NAME$
END CASE
NUM
The UniBasic NUM function determines if an expression is numeric. If expr is numeric, NUM returns 1.
Otherwise, it returns 0. expr can be any valid UniBasic expression. The NUM function returns 0 for any
multibyte character.
Syntax
NUM(expr)
With null value handling on, this function returns 1 for the null value.
The nonnumeric characters in the following table produce a result of 1.
Character
Description
+
Plus sign
-
Negative sign
.
Decimal point
Nonprinting
Null value
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints 0 because VAR contains alphabetic characters:
VAR = 'ABC'
PRINT NUM(VAR)
In the next example, the program segment prints 1 because VAR contains an integer:
VAR = -123
PRINT NUM(VAR)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ALPHA, ICONV Masked Character (MC), NUMS, OCONV Masked Character (MC)
NUMS
The UniBasic NUMS function determines, for each element of an array, if that element is numeric. If the
element is numeric, NUM returns 1 in the corresponding position of the new array. For nonnumeric and
multibyte characters, it returns 0.
234
OCONV
Syntax
NUMS(dyn.array)
With null value handling on, this function returns 1 for the null value.
The nonnumeric characters in the following table produce a result of 1.
Character
Description
+
Plus sign
-
Negative sign
.
Decimal point
Nonprinting
Null value
Examples
In the following example, the program segment determines whether each element of array
CHARACTERS is numeric. The resulting array B contains 1}1}1}0}0.
CHARACTERS = 123:@FM:456:@FM:-789:@FM:"ABC":@FM:"CDE"
B = NUMS(CHARACTERS)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV Masked Character (MC), OCONV Masked Character (MC)
OCONV
The UniBasic OCONV function converts string or numeric data from internal format to display format
based on conversion codes. If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input
value. OCONV supports multibyte languages.
Syntax
OCONV(expr, conv.code.expr, "MM [H] [S[M]]")
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies the expression, a string or numeric data, to convert. Time
input must be in the form 'SSSSSmmm', where SSSSS are seconds
and mmm are milliseconds. If a value is not given then zero is
assumed.
conv.code.expr
Specifies an internal representation format to use when converting
expr.
235
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
H
Indicates that hours are to be formatted in 12-hour format with a.m.
or p.m. suffixes.
S
Indicates that seconds are to be included in the output.
M
Indicates that milliseconds are to be included in the output. If this
parameter is used the S parameter must also be used.
The following table summarizes the valid conversion codes. A detailed discussion of each follows
under separate topics.
Code
Format
CB
Handles data at the byte level when running in multibyte character mode.
D
System date.
G
Extracts one or more strings separated by a delimiter.
L
Length.
MB
Binary.
MC
Masked character.
MD
Masked decimal.
ML
Left-justify.
MP
Packed decimal.
MP1
Convert to packed decimal without truncating at the first CHAR(0) or altering
this character.
MO
Octal.
MR
Right-justify.
MT
System time.
MX
Hexadecimal.
P
Pattern match.
R
Range.
S
SOUNDEX.
T
Text extraction.
Tfile
File translation.
Examples
The following example illustrates using the OCONV command using milliseconds:
CRT 'OCONV("58685456","MM"): ':OCONV("58685456","MM") CRT
'OCONV("58685456","MMH"):
':OCONV("58685456","MMH") CRT 'OCONV("58685456","MMHS"):
':OCONV("58685456","MMHS")
CRT 'OCONV("58685456","MMS"): ':OCONV("58685456","MMS") CRT
'OCONV("58685456","MMHSM"):
':OCONV("58685456","MMHSM") CRT 'OCONV("58685456","MMSM"):
':OCONV("58685456","MMSM")
Result:
OCONV("58685456","MM"): 16:18 OCONV("58685456","MMH"): 04:18PM
OCONV("58685456","MMHS"):
04:18:05PM OCONV("58685456","MMS"): 16:18:05
OCONV("58685456","MMHSM"): 04:18:05.456PM
OCONV("58685456","MMSM"): 16:18:05.456
236
OCONV byte level (CB)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV
OCONV byte level (CB)
The CB option handles data at the byte level substring when running in multibyte character mode.
Syntax
OCONV(string, "CB;start;length”)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
string
Indicates a string to be searched
start
The byte position in the string to start extracting data.
length
The number of bytes to extract.
For more information, see SUBSTRINGS, on page 426.
OCONV Date (D)
The OCONV Date (D) function converts an integer in internal date format to date display format. If
the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value. UniData ignores leading
zeros in the input date.
The internal format of the date is the number of days before or after December 31, 1967. Days before
are represented as negative numbers.
With UDT.OPTIONS 4 on, this command converts the text of dates to uppercase. For example, May 13
is converted to MAY 13.
With UDT.OPTIONS 29 on, this command converts Sunday to 7 instead of 0. For information about
UDT.OPTIONS, see the UDT.OPTIONS Commands Reference.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
OCONV(integer.exp, "D [y] [c] [fmt]")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
integer.exp
Indicates a date in internal format.
y
Number of digits to represent the year in the formatted date.
237
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
c
Delimiter separating day, month, and year. Can be a space, slash,
period, comma, hyphen, or asterisk.
fmt
Format for date display. The following formats are available:
mm dd yy[yy]
day month year
yy[yy] mm dd
Combine the output format codes in the following table to format the
date. The syntax for format codes is the following:
[D | W | WA] [ [M] [Y] | Q | QA]] [J] [[,] {An | Zn} [[,] {An | Zn}...]
Format codes
The following table describes the valid output format codes.
Code
Description
D
Includes day in the output date.
M
Includes month in the output date.
Y
Includes year in the output date.
Q
Converts to quarter numeric format.
QA
Converts to quarter alphabetic format.
W
Valid for day only. Specifies numeric format.
WA
Valid for day only. Specifies alphabetic format.
An
Valid for day, quarter, and month only (WAn, QAn, and MAn
respectively). A specifies alphabetic format, and n indicates number of
characters.
Zn
Valid for month and day only. Z specifies numeric format; and n
indicates number of digits. Z without a digit and Z0 suppress zeros.
J
Displays the Julian date (the number of days since January 1).
Note: Following SMA standards, Monday is the first day of the week (1). If UDT.OPTIONS 29 is on,
Sunday converts to 7 instead of 0.
STATUS function return values
After you execute OCONV D, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Description
0
Successful conversion of a valid date.
1
The input date was invalid.
2
The conversion code was invalid.
Examples
The following statements are taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications. It
converts the date stored in internal format in the ORDERS file. The formatted date is in MM/DD/YYYY
format.
238
OCONV Group (G)
ORDER_DATE = OCONV(ORDER.REC<1>,"D4/")
In the following example, the program statement prints a three-character month name, a numeric
day, and a four-digit year (suppressing zeros if necessary):
PRINT OCONV(ORDER.REC<1>, "DMDYA3,Z,Z4")
In the following example, the program statement prints J 1970 4:
PRINT OCONV(732,"dmywa1z3")
Some sample format codes are applied in the following table.
Input value
Conversion code
Output
744
DDMY
13 Jan 1970
744
DMDY
01 13 1970
1006
D
02 Oct 1970
1006
DDMY
02 10 1970
1006
DDMYZ0,Z,Z
2 10 1970
0
D4/
12/31/1967
7334
D
29 Jan 1988
7334
DDMY,A,Z4
29 January 1988
7334
DDMY,A3
29 Jan 1988
7334
DDMY
29 01 1988
7334
DD
29
7334
DM
01
7334
DW
5
7334
DWA
Friday
7334
DQ
1
7334
DQA
Winter
7334
DJY
029 1988
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DATE, ICONV Date (D), TIMEDATE
UniData
DATE, DATE.FORMAT, SET.TIME
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
OCONV Group (G)
The OCONV Group (G) function extracts one or more strings separated by a delimiter. If the input
value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
239
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
OCONV(str.expr, "G[m]x n")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.exp
Indicates a string separated by a delimiter.
m
Indicates the number of strings to skip. If m is omitted, no strings are
skipped.
x
Specifies any single nonnumeric character to be the delimiter.
UniData system delimiters are valid. Hyphen or minus sign is not valid.
n
The number of strings to be extracted.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints (303):
X = "(303)+555+0988"
PRINT OCONV(X,"G0+1")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV Group (G)
OCONV Length (L)
The OCONV Length (L) function extracts a string of a specified length or that falls within a range of
acceptable lengths. If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
OCONV(str.expr, "Ln[,m]")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
240
Parameter
Description
str.exp
Indicates a string to be searched.
n
Specifies the number of characters the string must match to be
extracted. When m is present, n is the shortest string to be extracted.
m
Specifies the longest string to be extracted.
OCONV Masked Character (MC)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints “123” and an empty string because X has fewer
than five characters and more than three:
X = 123; Y = 456789
PRINT OCONV(X,"L3,5")
PRINT OCONV(Y,"L3,5")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV Length (L)
OCONV Masked Character (MC)
The OCONV Masked Character (MC) function converts alphabetic characters to uppercase or
lowercase, or extracts alphabetic or numeric characters from strings. This function performs the same
conversions and extractions as ICONV MC. If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData
returns the input value.
Syntax
OCONV(str.expr, "MC [A | /A | B | /B | C;x;y | U | L | T | N | /N | P |
X[D] | D | D[X] | X]")
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
The expression to be searched or converted.
A
Extracts all alphabetic characters.
/A
Extracts all nonalphabetic characters.
B
Extracts all alphabetic and numeric characters.
/B
Extracts all special characters (not alphabetic nor numeric).
C;x;y
Converts all occurrences of substring x to substring y.
U
Converts data to uppercase.
L
Converts characters to lowercase.
T
Converts to initial cap style. First letter of each word is uppercase, and
all other letters are lowercase. Space and tab are considered word
separators.
N
Extracts all numeric characters (0-9).
/N
Extracts all nonnumeric characters.
P
Converts all nonprinting characters to tildes (~).
X[D] or D
Assumes input is in hexadecimal; converts to decimal.
241
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
D[X] or X
Converts input to hexadecimal.
Examples
The following subroutine is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications. The
subroutine converts user input to uppercase, then compares that input with Q to determine if the user
is ready to quit the application. The user can enter any string starting with Q or q, or an order number.
GET_ORDER_NUMBER:
* Have the user enter a valid key to a record in the ORDERS file.
LOOP
DISPLAY @(15,6):
INPUT ORDER_NUMBER
ORDER_NUMBER = OCONV(ORDER_NUMBER,"MCU")
IF NUM(ORDER_NUMBER) OR ORDER_NUMBER[1,1] = "Q" THEN
VALID_ORDER_NUMBER = 1
END ELSE
VALID_ORDER_NUMBER = 0
MESSAGE = "Order # must be a Number, or the letter 'Q'"
CALL DISPLAY_MESSAGE(MESSAGE)
END
UNTIL VALID_ORDER_NUMBER
REPEAT
The following statement, taken from the same sample program, extracts the numbers from user input.
This use of OCONV removes the special characters the user might have entered in a formatted date.
For example, the statement extracts 1234 from $12.34.
NEW.PRICE = OCONV(NEW.PRICE,"MCN")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ALPHA, CONVERT, DOWNCASE, ICONV Masked Character (MC), NUM, @UPCASE
OCONV Masked Decimal (MD)
The OCONV Masked Decimal (MD) function scales, rounds, and formats a number for display
with up to nine decimal places. num.expr can be any numeric value. If the input value or conversion
code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
OCONV(num.expr, "MDn [f] [ [ [prefix], [thsnd_mark], [dec_symbl],
[suffix] ] ] [,] [$] [- | < | E | C | D] [P] [Z] [T] [xc]")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Some parameters set the same values. Results are unpredictable if you make conflicting assignments.
242
OCONV Masked Decimal (MD)
Parameter
Description
num.expr
Indicates a number to be formatted.
n
Sets precision (the number of decimal places represented). It can be
a number between 0 and 9. If n is less than the number of decimal
points in the input data, the resulting value is rounded.
f
Scales the input value num.expr by moving the decimal point f
places to the left. If omitted, f defaults to the value assigned to n (for
example, if you specify MD2, UniData reads it as MD22).
prefix], [thsnd_mark],
[dec_symbl], [suffix]
The square brackets enclosing these parameters are required.
prefix – Nonnumeric character(s) to precede the formatted number.
For example, MD2[**] produces "**nnn...".
thsnd_mark – Nonnumeric character(s) to delimit thousands. To
specify a comma, enclose it in single quotation marks, and then use
double quotation marks to enclose the conversion code. For example,
MD2[,',' ] produces "...,nnn,nnn".
dec_symbl – Alternate symbol to represent the decimal point.
suffix – Nonnumeric character(s) to follow the formatted number. For
example, MD2[, , ,**] produces "...nnn**".
,
Inserts commas to separate thousands, millions, and so forth.
$
Precedes the output with a dollar sign ($).
-
Specifies the negative sign (for negative data) to precede negative
numbers.
< or E
Specifies that negative data is surrounded by brackets.
C
Specifies that negative data is followed by CR, indicating a credit.
D
Specifies that negative data is followed by DB, indicating a debit.
P
Specifies that no scaling is performed if a decimal is present in the
input value.
Z
Specifies that zeros are to be suppressed.
T
Specifies that the number is to be truncated, not rounded to the
number of decimal places specified in n.
xc
Specifies that the character c is used to fill spaces left to the left of
the number after output data is formatted. x indicates the size of the
mask.
Examples
The following table describes some OCONV masked decimal conversion codes and their results.
Input
Code
Result
12.339
MD3
0.012
MD2,$
$12.34
MD2$,D
$9,123.91DB
MD24P
123.46
12.339
1234
-1234
912391
456789
123.456
11111112339
MD32
0.123
MD2$,-
<12.34>
MD2$,11*
$**4,567.89
MD12[@,*,,%]
@111*111*123.4%
243
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
The following statement is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications. It
converts the price stored in internal format in the ORDERS file for display, including two decimal
places, commas separating thousands of dollars, preceded by a dollar sign.
PRICE = OCONV(ORDER.REC<7,ENTRY>,"MD2$,")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV Masked Decimal (MD)
OCONV Left Justify (ML)
The OCONV Left Justify (ML) function scales, rounds, and formats a number, or left-justifies it
in a mask. str.expr can be any valid text or a numeric value with or without a decimal. If the input value
or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: The OCONV ML and MR functions produce the same output. However, formatting differs
slightly in the following way: if a mask is specified that is larger than the formatted number,
UniData left- or right-justifies the number within a “column” the width of the mask.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
OCONV(str.expr, "MLn [f] [ [ [prefix], [thsnd_mark], [dec_symbl],
[suffix] ] ] [,] [$] [C] [Z] [(mask)]")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Note: Some parameters set the same values. Results are unpredictable if you make conflicting
assignments.
244
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Indicates a text string or number to be left-justified and formatted.
n
Sets precision (the number of decimal places represented). It can be
a number between 0 and 9. If n is less than the number of decimal
points in the input data, the resulting value is rounded.
f
Scales the input value num.expr by moving the decimal point f
places to the left. If omitted, f defaults to the value assigned to n (for
example, if you specify ML2, UniData reads it as ML22).
OCONV Packed Decimal (MP)
Parameter
Description
prefix], [thsnd_mark],
[dec_symbl], [suffix]
The square brackets enclosing these parameters are required.
prefix – Nonnumeric character(s) to precede the formatted number.
For example, ML2[**] produces "**nnn...".
thsnd_mark – Nonnumeric character(s) to delimit thousands. To
specify a comma, enclose it in single quotation marks, and then use
double quotation marks to enclose the conversion code. For example,
ML2[,',' ] produces "...,nnn,nnn".
dec_symbl – Alternate symbol to represent the decimal point.
suffix – Nonnumeric character(s) to follow the formatted number. For
example, ML2[, , ,**] produces "...nnn**".
,
Inserts commas to separate thousands, millions, and so forth.
$
Precedes the output with a dollar sign ($).
C
Specifies that negative data is followed by CR, indicating a credit.
Z
Specifies that zeros are to be suppressed.
mask
Specifies a mask to be used for formatting. Use # to represent number
placement. Include special characters as desired.
Results are adversely affected if the mask contradicts other
parameters. For example, placement of the decimal in the mask
overrides n.
Examples
In the following statement, UniData moves the decimal three places to the left (0.012339), rounds to
three decimal places, and then prints 0.012:
PRINT OCONV("12.339","ML3")
In the following statement, UniData moves the decimal two places to the left (0.12339), rounds to
three decimal places, and then prints 0.123:
PRINT OCONV("12.339","ML32")
In the following example, UniData converts the value 123456789 to 1234-56-789 because it left-justifies
it in the mask “####-##-####”:
OUTPUT.VAL = OCONV("123456789","ML(####-##-####)")
In the following example, UniData converts the value 12.339 to 0.012 based on the ML3 external
conversion:
INTERNAL.VAL = OCONV("12.339","ML3")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV Left Justify (ML)
OCONV Packed Decimal (MP)
The OCONV Packed Decimal (MP) function converts an integer from packed decimal
representation into display format. If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the
input value.
245
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
OCONV(expr, "MP")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV Packed Decimal (MP)
OCONV Packed Decimal (MP1)
The OCONV packed decimal (MP1) function converts an integer from packed decimal representation
into its display format without truncating at the first CHAR(0) character or altering CHAR(0). If the input
value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
OCONV(expr, MP1)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV Packed Decimal (MP1)
OCONV Right Justify (MR)
The OCONV right justify (MR) function scales, rounds, and formats a number, or right-justifies it in a
mask. str.expr can be any valid text or a numeric value with or without a decimal. If the input value or
conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
The OCONV ML and MR functions produce the same output. However, formatting differs slightly in the
following way: if you specify a mask that is larger than the formatted number, UniData left- or rightjustifies the number within a “column” the width of the mask.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
OCONV(str.expr, "MRn [f] [ [ [prefix], [thsnd_mark], [dec_symbl],
[suffix] ] ] [,] [$] [C] [Z] [(mask)]")
246
OCONV Right Justify (MR)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Some parameters set the same values. Results are unpredictable if you make conflicting assignments.
Parameter
Description
str.exp
Indicates a text string or number to be right-justified and formatted.
n
Sets precision (the number of decimal places represented). It can be
a number between 0 and 9. If n is less than the number of decimal
points in the input data, the resulting value is rounded.
f
Scales the input value num.expr by moving the decimal point f
places to the left. If omitted, f defaults to the value assigned to n (for
example, if you specify MR2, UniData reads it as MR22).
prefix], [thsnd_mark],
[dec_symbl], [suffix]
The square brackets enclosing these parameters are required.
prefix – Nonnumeric character(s) to precede the formatted number.
For example, MR2[**] produces "**nnn...".
thsnd_mark – Nonnumeric character(s) to delimit thousands. To
specify a comma, enclose it in single quotation marks, and then use
double quotation marks to enclose the conversion code. For example,
MR2[,',' ] produces "...,nnn,nnn".
dec_symbl – Alternate symbol to represent the decimal point.
,
suffix – Nonnumeric character(s) to follow the formatted number. For
example, MR2[, , ,**] produces "...nnn**".
Inserts commas to separate thousands, millions, and so forth.
$
Precedes the output with a dollar sign ($).
C
Specifies that negative data is followed by CR, indicating a credit.
Z
Specifies that zeros are to be suppressed.
mask
Specifies a mask to be used for formatting. Use # to represent number
placement. Include special characters as desired.
Results are adversely affected if the mask contradicts other
parameters. For example, placement of the decimal in the mask
overrides n.
If the conversion to display format is unsuccessful, UniData returns the original value.
Examples
In the following statement, UniData moves the decimal three places to the left (0.012339), rounds to
three decimal places, and then prints 0.012:
PRINT OCONV("12.339","MR3")
In the following statement, UniData moves the decimal two places to the left (0.12339), rounds to
three decimal places, and then prints 0.123:
PRINT OCONV("12.339","MR32")
In the following example, UniData converts the value 123456789 to 123-45-6789 because it rightjustifies it into the mask “####-##-####”:
OUTPUT.VAL = OCONV("123456789","MR(####-##-####)")
247
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
The following example is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications. It
converts a price stored in internal format in the ORDERS file to display format, including two decimal
places, commas separating thousands of dollars, and a preceding $.
DISPLAY @(10,9+ENTRY):OCONV(ORDER.REC<7,ENTRY>,"MR2$,"):
The following statement is taken from the same sample program. This statement displays the price
right-justified and formatted with commas separating thousands of dollars and a preceding $ as in
$12,386.34. The right justification aligns data on the right.
DISPLAY @(10,9+ENTRY):OCONV(ORDER.REC<7,ENTRY>,"MR2$,"):
In the following example, UniData converts the value 123456 to 1,234.56:
OUTPUT.VAL = OCONV("123456","MR2$,")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV Right Justify (MR)
OCONV Time (MT)
The OCONV time (MT) function converts the internal time of day from an integer between 0 and 86400
(the number of seconds in a day) to display format.
Syntax
OCONV(num.expr, "MT [H] [S] [c]")
Time is output in the following form:
HH MM [SS]
If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
num.expr
Indicates a number to be converted.
H
Indicates that hours are to be formatted in 12-hour format with a.m.
or p.m. suffixes.
S
Indicates that seconds are to be included in the output.
c
Specifies a delimiter to be placed between hours, seconds, and
fractions of seconds.
Note: A program that you can use to try out ICONV and OCONV conversion codes is provided in
Developing UniBasic Applications.
248
OCONV Hex (MX | HEX), Octal (MO), Binary (MB)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DATE, ICONV Time (MT), TIME, TIMEDATE
OCONV Hex (MX | HEX), Octal (MO), Binary (MB)
The OCONV hex (MX), octal (MO), and binary (MB) functions convert from decimal or ASCII characters
into other numbering systems. If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the
input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
OCONV(str.expr, ["HEX | MX [0C] | MO [0C] | MB [0C]"])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.exp
Specifies the number to convert to an alternate numbering system.
HEX |
Indicates conversion to hexadecimal (base 16). The optional 0C
converts from ASCII character rather than decimal value. HEX is
equivalent to MX0C.
MX [0C]
MO [0C]
Indicates conversion to octal (base 8). The optional 0C converts from
ASCII character rather than decimal value.
MB [0C]
Indicates conversion to binary (base 2). The optional 0C converts from
ASCII character rather than decimal value.
The following table indicates which parameters to use with OCONV to convert from decimal value or
ASCII character to other numbering systems.
From
To
Function
Decimal value
Binary
OCONV MB
Decimal value
Octal
OCONV MO
Decimal value
Hexadecimal
OCONV MX
ASCII character
Binary
OCONV MB0C
ASCII character
Octal
OCONV MO0C
ASCII character
Hexadecimal
OCONV MX0C
OCONV HEX
Examples
The following table demonstrates some OCONV MX, MO, and MB conversion codes and their results.
249
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Input
Code
Result
SS (ASCII
character)
MO0C
123123 (octal)
256 (decimal)
MX
100 (hexadecimal)
0 (ASCII character) MX
4F (hexadecimal)
5 (decimal)
MB
00000101 (binary)
33288 (decimal)
MO
101010 (octal)
Qat (ASCII
character)
MX0C
516174 (hexadecimal)
U (ASCII character) MB0C
01010101 (binary)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CHAR, ICONV Hex (MX | HEX), Octal (MO), Binary (MB), SEQ
OCONV Pattern Match (P)
The OCONV pattern match (P) function checks a string for a match with one of the patterns or strings
specified in op. If the entire string does not match one of the patterns or strings, UniData returns an
empty string. If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value. OCONV
pattern match performs the same function as the ICONV pattern match function.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
OCONV(str.expr, "P(op)[;(op).....]")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Indicates a string to be searched.
op
Specifies the pattern to search for in str.expr.
nN – Integer followed by N tests for that number of numeric
characters.
nA – Integer followed by A tests for that number of alpha characters.
nX – Integer followed by X tests for that number of alphanumeric
characters.
lit.str – Indicates a literal string to be searched for in str.expr.
;
Separates multiple patterns.
Examples
The following statement prints an empty string because the entire input string does not match a
pattern or string specified in op:
250
OCONV Range (R)
PRINT OCONV("abc123","P(3N);(abc)")
The following statement prints “abc” because the input string matches the string provided in op:
PRINT OCONV("abc","P(3N);(abc)")
OCONV Range (R)
The OCONV range (R) function returns only those data values that fall into a specified range of decimal
values. When including a negative range, you must specify the highest negative number first. If range
specifications are not met, UniData returns an empty string. If the input value or conversion code is
invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
OCONV(num.expr, "Rndm[;ndm.....]")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
num.expr
Indicates a string to be searched.
n
Specifies the smallest number to be extracted.
d
Specifies a delimiter separating numbers in a range. Any character
except system delimiters can be used to separate the numbers in a
range.
Do not use the minus sign (-) as a delimiter because it refers to a
negative number in the range.
m
Specifies the longest string to be extracted.
;
Separates multiple ranges.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints “123” and a blank line because X is within the
range and Y is not:
X = 123; Y = 456789
PRINT OCONV(X,"R100,200")
PRINT OCONV(Y,"R100,200")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV Range (R)
251
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
OCONV SOUNDEX (S)
The OCONV SOUNDEX (S) function converts string or numeric data to phonetic format based on
SOUNDEX conversion codes. You can use the S conversion code in a virtual attribute formula. If the
input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
For more information on SOUNDEX conversion codes, see the SOUNDEX command.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
OCONV(str.expr, "S")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Indicates a string to be converted.
Examples
The following example is a virtual attribute (SDX_LNAME) that converts the value of the variable
LNAME to its SOUNDEX expression:
OCONV(LNAME,"S")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV SOUNDEX (S), SOUNDEX
OCONV Text Extraction (T)
The OCONV text extraction (T) function extracts a substring from a string. If you omit m, extraction
begins from the rightmost character, and n characters to the left are extracted. If you include m,
extraction begins with the position specified, and n characters to the right are extracted.
If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Syntax
OCONV(str.expr, "T[m,]n")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
252
OCONV File Translation (Tfile)
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Indicates a string to be searched.
m
Extracts a contiguous string of characters starting from character m.
n
Extracts a contiguous string of characters of length n.
Examples
The following table describes some OCONV text extraction codes and their results.
Input
Code
Result
1234567890
“T3”
890
Three characters are extracted, counting to the left
from 0.
1234567890
"T1,3"
123
Three characters are extracted, counting to the right
from 1.
DAMN THE
TORPEDOES
“T3,5”
MN TH
CONVERSION IS
THE KEY
“T1,9”
CONVERSIO
457 COLORADO
BLVD
“T4,7”
[space]COLORA
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
[], FIND, FINDSTR, ICONV Text Extraction (T)
OCONV File Translation (Tfile)
The OCONV file translation (Tfile) function retrieves attributes from a file without the file being
explicitly opened first. This function performs the same conversion as the ICONV file translation
function. If the input value or conversion code is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Syntax
OCONV(rec.id, "T[DICT] [filename;cn;I-Attribute;O-Attribute]")
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
rec.id
Specifies the ID of the record to be accessed. Can be a literal or a
variable.
DICT
Include to access the dictionary file.
253
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
filename
Specifies the name of the file to be accessed (any valid UniData file in
your VOC file containing the required attribute or data).
c
One of the following translate subcodes:
V – If the record does not exist, or if the attribute is an empty string,
return an empty string and print an error message.
C – If the record does not exist, or if the attribute is an empty string,
substitute id.expr for the value of the function.
X – If the record does not exist, or if the attribute is an empty string,
return an empty string.
n
Indicates the number of the value of a multivalued attribute to
retrieve. If n is not included, UniData retrieves all values of the
attribute.
I-Attribute
Specifies the number of the attribute to be retrieved during input
conversion. If I-Attribute is omitted, UniData retrieves the record ID.
O-Attribute
Number of the attribute to be retrieved during output conversion
(OCONV). If the O-Attribute is omitted, UniData retrieves the record ID.
Examples
The first line of the following program segment reads the demo database file ORDERS, accessing the
record with @ID 912, and retrieving the second attribute. OCONV T also converts the internal date to
display format. The second line prints the value in that attribute.
record.ret = OCONV("912","TORDERS;V;;2")
PRINT "Record retrieved: ":record.ret
END
The following output is obtained by running the preceding program:
Record retrieved: 12:30PM
In the next example, the program statement translates the TAPE_ID to the TAPES file and returns the
name of the tape:
TAPE_ID = CUSTOMER.REC<7,X>
TAPE_NAME = OCONV("TAPE_ID","TTAPES;X;;1")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV Text Extraction (T)
OCONVS
The UniBasic OCONVS function converts string or numeric data from internal format to output format,
based on a conversion code, for each element of a dynamic array. If the input value or conversion code
is invalid, UniData returns the input value.
Note: In BASICTYPE P, OCONV returns an empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the input value
or conversion code is invalid.
254
ON/GOSUB
OCONVS conversion codes are the same as OCONV conversion codes. For information about
conversion codes, see OCONV.
Syntax
OCONVS(dyn.array.expr, conv.code.expr)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.expr
Specifies a dynamic array, each element of which to convert.
conv.code.expr
Specifies a code to use in converting each element of the dynamic
array.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment converts each element of ARR1 to output format:
ARR1 = 1234:@VM:5678:@VM:9876
ARR2 = OCONVS(ARR1,"MR2$")
PRINT ARR2
END
The preceding program segment prints the following output:
$12.34 $56.78 $98.76
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OCONV, ICONVS
ON/GOSUB
The UniBasic ON/GOSUB command transfers program control to a subroutine label based on the
value of expr.
ON GOSUB can appear on one line, or it can be spread over as many successive lines as necessary.
Labels must be separated by commas.
When the program encounters a RETURN statement in the called subroutine, UniData transfers
control to the statement immediately following ON GOSUB. If the subroutine contains a RETURN TO
label statement, control resumes at the label specified in the RETURN statement.
Note: In BASICTYPE M or P, if expr is nonnumeric or less than 1, UniData bypasses the GOSUB
clause and the next program statement executes.
Syntax
ON expr GOSUB label[:][, label[:]...]
255
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies a numeric expression. UniData evaluates the expression, and
then truncates it to an integer. Control passes to a subroutine based
on the following rules.
If expr is less than or equal to 1, UniData transfers program control
to the subroutine starting at the first label in the list. If the number is
2, UniData transfers control to the subroutine starting at the second
label, and so forth.
If expr is higher than the number of labels, UniData transfers control
to the last label in the list.
If expr is nonnumeric, control transfers to the first label.
label
Specifies a subroutine label or multiple subroutine labels.
:
Optional. A colon is required to identify a nonnumeric label in the
statement label itself only, not in the reference to it in the ON/GOSUB
statement.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment divides the variable BALANCE by 100. If the result
is less than or equal to 1, the program transfers control to subroutine U100. If the value is 2 or 3,
it transfers control to U200 or U300 respectively. If the value is greater than or equal to 4, UniData
transfers control to subroutine U400.
ON BALANCE/100 GOSUB U100,U200,U300,U400
In the next example, the program segment transfers control to a subroutine after prompting the user
for a screen item to modify. In this case, depending on the number the user enters, UniData transfers
control to one of the five subroutines in the GOSUB clause. If the user response is nonnumeric or
less than 1, UniData transfers control to the first subroutine. If the user enters a value greater than 5,
UniData transfers control to the last subroutine (500).
GOSUB DISPLAY.SCREEN:
PRINT "Enter Item number to modify (1-5): ":
INPUT ACTION
ON ACTION GOSUB 100,200,300,400,500
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
GOSUB, GOTO, ON/GOTO, RETURN
ON/GOTO
The UniBasic ON/GOTO command transfers program control to a statement label based on a numeric
expression.
The ON GOTO statement, like the GOTO statement, is one-way branch. If you use an ON GOTO
statement to transfer control to a subroutine with a RETURN statement, the subroutine’s RETURN
256
OPEN
statement works if a previous GOSUB statement is still waiting for a RETURN statement in the
subroutine. Otherwise, the program aborts with a runtime error.
Tip: Use ON/GOSUB instead of ON/GOTO to make your programs easier to follow and maintain.
Syntax
ON expr GOTO label1[:] [, label2[:] ...]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies a numeric expression. UniData evaluates the expression, and
then truncates it to an integer. Control passes to a subroutine based
on the following rules.
If expr is less than or equal to 1, UniData transfers program control
to the subroutine starting at the first label in the list. If the number is
2, UniData transfers control to the subroutine starting at the second
label, and so forth.
If expr is higher than the number of labels, UniData transfers control
to the last label in the list.
If expr is nonnumeric, control transfers to the first label.
label
Specifies a subroutine label or multiple subroutine labels.
:
Optional. A colon is required to identify a nonnumeric label in the
statement label itself only, not in the reference to it in the ON/GOTO
statement.
Note: In BASICTYPE M or P, if expr is nonnumeric or less than 1, UniData bypasses the GOTO clause
and the next program statement executes.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement transfers program control to the statement label
TEST if the variable X is less than or equal to 1. If X is 2, UniData transfers control to statement label
2500. If X is greater than or equal to 3, UniData transfers control to statement label YESNO.
ON X GOTO TEST,2500, YESNO
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
GOSUB, GOTO, GOSUB
OPEN
The UniBasic OPEN command opens a UniData hashed data or dictionary file, so you can read, write,
or delete records from it. The number of files you can open is determined by operating system and
UniData configuration parameters. For information about file performance, see Administering UniData
on UNIX or Administering UniData on Windows Platforms.
257
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Warning: Do not use UniBasic READ commands to open or modify binary data in DIR-type files
(for example, BP). Doing so could corrupt data in the file. Instead, use OSREAD or OSBREAD after
executing the UniBasic NOCONVERT command.
Syntax
OPEN ["expr",] "filename" [READONLY] [TO file.var]
[ON ERROR statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies the portion of file type to open:
“” – UniData opens a data file.
DICT – UniData open a dictionary file.
filename
Specifies the name of the file to open.
READONLY
Directs UniData to open the file for reading only. If the program
attempts to write to a file opened in READONLY mode, UniData
displays a runtime error message and does not update the file. For
information about security procedures, see Administering UniData on
UNIX or Administering UniData on Windows Platforms.
TO file.var
Specifies a file variable in which to place a pointer to the opened file.
If you do not specify file.var, the file you open becomes the default
file. UniData performs all default file operations on this file. (Default
file statements include all types of read, write, or delete when no file
variable specified).
A single default file can be declared in each UniBasic program or
subroutine, and the default file is specific to the program or subroutine
in which it is defined. If a main program opens a default file, and then
calls an display subroutine that also opens a default file, UniData
restores the original default file when returning to the main program.
ON ERROR statements
The ON ERROR clause enables the program to continue to perform
when a fatal error occurs such as when the file is not open, an I/O error
occurs, or UniData cannot find the file.
If a VOC entry exists for a file that does not exist, the ON ERROR
clause executes. However, if no VOC entry exists, the ELSE statement
executes.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs, the
program terminates.
THEN statements END
258
THEN executes if the open is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
openSecureSocket function
Parameter
Description
ELSE statements END
ELSE executes if the OPEN is not successful or the record does not
exist.
If the file exists, but some other error occurs, the ELSE statement
executes. However, if a file does not exist and no VOC entry exists, the
ELSE statement executes.
END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
INMAT function return values
After you execute OPEN, the INMAT function returns one of the values described in the following table.
Value
Description
n
The number of modulos for the file.
0
The file opened is a directory.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement opens the data file ACCREC in read-only mode.
Because no file variable is specified, ACCREC becomes the default file.
OPEN 'ACCREC' READONLY ELSE STOP 'Cannot open ACCREC'
In the next example, the program statement opens the dictionary file ACCPAY, assigning it to the file
variable AP. If UniData does not find the file, “File not found” displays.
OPEN 'DICT', 'ACCPAY' TO AP ELSE PRINT 'File not found'
In the next example, the program segment opens the CLIENTS file to the file variable CLIENT. If it is not
found, UniData executes the ELSE statements, printing an error and setting a flag to 1.
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO CLIENT ELSE
PRINT 'NO CLIENT'
OPEN.ABORT = 1
END
IF OPEN.ABORT THEN PRINT 'Aborting on open error';STOP
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSE, DELETE, OPENSEQ, OSOPEN, READ, WRITE
openSecureSocket function
Use the openSecureSocket() function to open a secure socket connection in a specified mode and
return the status.
This function behaves exactly the same as the openSocket () function, except that it returns the handle
to a socket that transfers data in a secured mode (SSL/TLS).All parameters (with the exception of
context) have the exact meaning as the openSocket() parameters. Context must be a valid security
context handle.
Once the socket is opened, any change in the associated security context will not affect the
established connection.
259
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
openSecureSocket(name_or_IP, port, mode, timeout, socket_handle,
context)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
name_or_IP
DNS name (x.com) or IP address of a server.
port
Port number. If the port number is specified as a value <= 0, CallHTTP
defaults to a port number of 40001.
mode
0: default (blocking mode)
1: blocking mode
2: non-blocking mode
timeout
The timeout value, expressed in milliseconds. If you specify mode as
0, timeout will be ignored.
socket_handle
A handle to the open socket.
context
A handle to the security context
The following table describes the return status of each mode.
Return codes
Description
0
Success.
1-41
See Socket Function Error Return codes.
101
Invalid security context handle.
102
SSL/TLS handshake failure (unspecified, peer is not SSL aware).
103
Requires client authentication but does not have a certificate in the
security context.
104
Unable to authenticate server.
OPENSEQ
The UniBasic OPENSEQ command opens a sequential file for access, starting at the specified record.
UniData limits to 150 the number of sequential files you can open in a UniBasic program.
Tip: Use OPENSEQ to open files that use CHAR(10) as a delimiter. You can then use READSEQ to
read the next line delimited by CHAR(10), or WRITESEQ to write a line delimited by CHAR(10). You
also can use OSBREAD to read a block of data from the file, or OSBWRITE to write a block of data
to the file.
For UniData for Windows Platforms only: When you use OPENSEQ, UniData uses the fopen function
to open files in Text mode and converts NEWLINE [CHAR (10)] line delimiters to CARRIAGE RETURN–
NEWLINE pairs [CHAR(13) and CHAR(10)].
260
OPENSEQ
Syntax
OPENSEQ [absolutepath | seq.filename,record.id] [READONLY] TO
seq.file.var [ON ERROR statements] [LOCKED statements] {THEN statements
[END] | ELSE statements [END]}
OPENSEQ [absolutepath | seq.filename,record.id] [READONLY] TO
seq.file.var [LOCKED statements] [ON ERROR statements] {THEN statements
[END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
absolutepath
The operating system path and sequential file name.
seq.filename
Specifies a UniData directory type file name.
record.id
Specifies a record in the sequential file at which to start accessing.
READONLY
Opens the file for reading only. If the program attempts to write to
a file opened in READONLY mode, UniData displays a runtime error
message and does not update the file. For information about security
procedures, see Administering UniData on UNIX or Administering
UniData on Windows Platforms.
TO seq.file.var
Specifies a file variable to contain a pointer to the opened file.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the OPENSEQ statement fails with a
fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData
cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if the record is locked by another
user. If you do not specify a LOCKED clause, the program waits until
the lock on the record is released. You can place the LOCKED clause
after the FROM clause.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to make the
terminal beep while you wait for UniData to unlock the record.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
STATUS function return values
After you execute OPENSEQ, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Description
0
The record does not exist.
1
The file you specify is not a sequential-access file.
2
The file does not exist.
3
The READONLY clause was included in the command statement and
the record does not exist.
261
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Value
Description
4
An unknown error occurred (such as having too many files open or
permission problems).
Examples
In the following example, the program statement opens the sequential file INV.SOURCES in the
directory PRINTERS, and assigns the file variable PRNT:
OPENSEQ 'PRINTERS','INV.SOURCES' TO PRNT ELSE GOSUB CLOSED:
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSESEQ, OPEN, OSBREAD, OSBWRITE, OSCLOSE, OSDELETE, OSOPEN,
OSREAD, OSWRITE, READSEQ, WEOFSEQ, WRITESEQ, WRITESEQF
UniData
DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
openSocket
Use the openSocket function to open a socket connection in a specified mode and return the status.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
openSocket(name_or_IP, port, mode, timeout, socket_handle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
name_or_IP
DNS name (x.com) or IP address of a server.
port
Port number. If the port number is specified as a value <= 0, CallHTTP
defaults to a port number of 40001.
mode
0: default (blocking mode)
1: blocking mode
2: non-blocking mode
timeout
The timeout value expressed in milliseconds. If you specify mode as 0,
timeout will be ignored.
socket_handle
A handle to the open socket.
The following table describes the return status of each mode.
262
OPENXMLDATA
Mode
Return Status
0 - Non-blocking
The function will return immediately regardless of whether or not
the socket is successfully opened. The return code indicates if the
operation is successful. The timeout value is ignored.
1 - Blocking
If a positive timeout is specified, the function will either return with a
valid socket handle or will time out after the specified timeout period.
If the timeout value is 0, the function will block until either the socket
is successfully opened, the underlying TCP/IP connection times out or
some other error prevents the socket from opening.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
Non-zero
See Socket Function Error Return codes.
OPENXMLDATA
Use the OPENXMLDATA function to open an XML document after preparing it using the PREPAREXML
function.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
OPENXMLDATA(xml_handle,xml_data_extraction_rule, xml_data_handle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xml_handle
The XML handle generated by the PREPAREXML() function.
xml_data_extraction_ rule
xml_data_handle
The path to the XML extraction rule file.
The XML data file handle. The following are the possible return values:
XML.SUCCESS: Success.
XML.ERROR: Failed
XML.INVALID.HANDLE: Invalid XML handle
Examples
The following example illustrates use of the OPENXMLDATA function:
status = OPENXMLDATA(“STUDENT_XML”,
“_XML_/MYSTUDENT.ext”,STUDENT_XML_DATA)
If status = XML.ERROR THEN
STOP “Error when opening the XML document. “
END
IF status = XML.INVALID.HANDLE THEN
STOP “Error: Invalid parameter passed.”
263
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
END
OR
The OR Boolean operator combines a set of expressions. If expr1 or expr2 is true, the combined
expression is true. Either expression must be true for a true condition.
Syntax
expr1 OR expr2
Synonyms
!
Examples
In the following example, the program segment combines expressions (X < Y) and (Y < Z). If either
expression is true, the program calls subroutine RETRY.
X = 1 ; Y = 2 ; z = 3
IF (X < Y) OR (Y < Z) THEN GOSUB RETRY:
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
AND, NOTS, OR
OSBREAD
The UniBasic OSBREAD command reads data from a file starting at a specified byte location for a
certain length of bytes, and assigns the data to a variable. OSBREAD performs an operating system
block read on a UNIX, or Windows platform file.
Note: Before you use OSBREAD, you must open the file by using the OSOPEN or OPENSEQ
command.
UniData uses the ASCII 0 character [CHAR(0)] as a string-end delimiter. Therefore, ASCII 0 cannot be
used in any string variable within UniBasic. OSBREAD converts CHAR(0) to CHAR(128) when reading a
block of data.
Syntax
OSBREAD var FROM file.var [AT byte.expr] LENGTH length.expr [NODELAY]
[ON ERROR statements]
Reading from a named pipe
Keep these points in mind when you write programs that read from named pipes:
▪
264
Unlike a typical read, reading a named pipe removes the data.
OSBREAD
▪
Your application should check the length of var after reading a pipe. The value returned could be
shorter than length.expr.
▪
UniData truncates the data if it is longer than length.expr.
Reading other types of files
Processing of files that are not named pipes is determined by the presence or absence of the AT
clause:
▪
If the AT clause is included, UniBasic begins reading from the file at the offset specified by
byte.expr.
▪
If the AT clause is not included, UniBasic begins reading from the current location of the file
pointer.
▪
Because named pipes must be read from the beginning, the AT clause is not appropriate for
accessing them. If the AT clause is specified, the ON ERROR executes, and the UniBasic STATUS
function is set to 2. If the ON ERROR clause is not included, the program aborts.
▪
After successful execution of OSBREAD against a file that is not a named pipe, the file pointer
remains at the next byte after the data read.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies a variable to which to assign the data read.
FROM file.var
Specifies a file from which to read the data.
AT byte.expr
Specifies a location in the file from which to begin reading data.
If byte.expr is 0, the read begins at the beginning of the file.
When reading a named pipe, do not specify an AT clause. Pipes are
always read with no offset.
LENGTH length.expr
AT byte.expr cannot exceed 2,147,483,648 bytes.
Specifies a length of data to read from the file, starting at byte.expr.
length.expr cannot be longer than the maximum string length
determined by your system configuration.
NODELAY
ON ERROR statements
Forces an immediate read of a named pipe regardless of whether
the pipe contains data. If you do not specify NODELAY, the process
attempting to read waits until the pipe is opened for writing and data
is written to it.
If filename is not a named pipe, NODELAY has no effect.
Specifies statements to execute if a fatal error occurs (if the file is
not open, or if the file is a read-only file). If you do not specify the
ON ERROR clause, the program terminates under such fatal error
conditions.
STATUS function return values
After you execute OSBREAD, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
265
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Value
Description
0
The read was successful.
1
The file name is invalid.
2
Access is denied by the operating system.
3
The file does not exist.
4
An unknown error occurred.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement reads 10,000 bytes of the file RFILE starting from the
beginning of the file. The program assigns the data it reads to the variable TEST.
OSBREAD TEST FROM 'RFILE' AT 0 LENGTH 10000
In the next example, the program segment reads 15,000 bytes from an NTFS or UNIX file, starting at
the first byte. It then converts ASCII value 10 (a line feed) to a value mark and processes each line
sequentially.
OSBREAD BLOCK FROM INPUT.DIR AT 0 LENGTH 15000
CONVERT CHAR(10) TO @FM IN BLOCK
LOOP
REMOVE REC FROM BLOCK SETTING MORE.RECS
GOSUB PROCESS.REC:
WHILE MORE.RECS REPEAT
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSESEQ, OPENSEQ, OSBWRITE, OSCLOSE, OSDELETE, OSOPEN, READSEQ,
WRITESEQ, WRITESEQF
OSBWRITE
The UniBasic OSBWRITE command writes an expression to a sequential file starting at a specified
byte location. OSBWRITE immediately writes a file segment out to the UNIX, or Windows platform file.
You do not have to specify a length expression because the number of bytes in expr is written to the
file.
Note: Before you use OSBWRITE, you must open the file by using the OSOPEN or OPENSEQ
command.
UniData uses the ASCII 0 character [CHAR(0)] as a string-end delimiter. Therefore, ASCII 0 cannot be
used in any string variable within UniBasic. If UniBasic reads a string that contains CHAR(0) characters
by using OSBREAD, those characters are converted to CHAR(128). OSBWRITE converts CHAR(128)
back to CHAR(0) when writing a block of characters.
Syntax
OSBWRITE expr {ON | TO} file.var [AT byte.expr] [NODELAY] [ON ERROR
statements]
266
OSBWRITE
Writing to named pipes
The combination of the following conditions and command options determine the action taken by
UniBasic when OSBWRITE is executed against a named pipe:
▪
Presence and length of data in the pipe
▪
Open/closed status of the pipe
▪
Presence or absence of the AT and NODELAY command options
For information about writing applications that access named pipes, see the Developing UniBasic
Applications manual.
Writing to other types of files
For files that are not named pipes, processing is determined by the presence or absence of the AT
clause:
▪
AT clause specified – UniBasic begins writing to the file at the offset specified by byte.expr.
▪
AT clause not specified – UniBasic begins writing to the current location of the file pointer.
▪
After successful execution of OSBWRITE against a file that is not a named pipe, the file pointer
remains at the next byte after the data is written.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies the expression to write to the file.
ON | TO file.var
Specifies the file on which to write the expression.
AT byte.expr
If byte.expr is 0, the write begins at the beginning of the file.
NODELAY
AT byte.expr cannot exceed 2,147,483,648 bytes.
Forces an immediate write.
Include NODELAY to write to a named pipe immediately regardless of
whether the pipe contains data. If you do not specify NODELAY, the
process attempting to write waits until the pipe is opened for reading.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the OSBWRITE statement fails
with a fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or
UniData cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
STATUS function return values
After you execute OSBWRITE, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Value
Description
0
The write was successful.
1
The file name is invalid.
2
You do not have permission to access the file.
4
The file does not exist.
267
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
In the following example, the program statement writes the data in TEST to the RFILE starting from the
beginning of the file:
OSBWRITE TEST ON RFILE AT 0
In the next example, the program segment reads REC.ID from a select list, reads the associated record
from the CLIENT file, and appends the record onto a variable (BLOCK), terminating each record with
an ASCII 10 (line feed). When it is complete, the code writes the block to the NTFS or UNIX file name
opened to the variable CLIENT.SEQ.
DONE = 0
LOOP
READNEXT REC.ID ELSE DONE = 1
UNTIL DONE DO
READ REC FROM CLIENT,REC.ID ELSE REC = ' '
IF REC THEN
REC = REC.ID:@FM:REC
BLOCK := REC:CHAR(10)
END
REPEAT
OSBWRITE BLOCK ON CLIENT.SEQ AT 0
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSESEQ, OPENSEQ, OSBREAD, OSCLOSE, OSDELETE, OSOPEN, READSEQ,
WRITESEQ, WRITESEQF
OSCLOSE
The UniBasic OSCLOSE command closes a sequential file that you opened with the OSOPEN or
OPENSEQ command.
Syntax
OSCLOSE file.var [ON ERROR statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
file.var
Specifies the file to close.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the OSCLOSE statement fails with a
fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData
cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
STATUS function return values
After you execute OSCLOSE, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
268
OSDELETE
Value
Description
0
The file is closed successfully.
5
The file did not close.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement closes the file UNDEF:
OSCLOSE UNDEF
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSE, CLOSESEQ, OPENSEQ, OSOPEN
OSDELETE
The UniBasic OSDELETE command deletes an NTFS or UNIX sequential file.
Warning: The UniBasic OSDELETE command is intended for use on OS-type files (not UniData
hashed files). If you execute the command against a recoverable hashed file, UniData could crash
immediately or at the next Recoverable File System (RFS) checkpoint. If you execute the command
against a nonrecoverable hashed file, UniData will not crash, but other unpredictable problems
could occur.
Syntax
OSDELETE filename [ON ERROR statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
filename
Specifies the file to delete. filename must include the file path. If you
do not specify a path, UniData searches the current directory.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the OSDELETE statement fails
with a fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or
UniData cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
STATUS function return values
After you execute OSDELETE, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Value
Description
0
The file was deleted.
1
The directory name is invalid.
269
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Value
Description
2
UniData cannot access the file (such as user does not have
permission).
4
The file does not exist.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement deletes the file NAMES in the current directory:
OSDELETE "NAMES"
In the next example, the program statement deletes the file client.rec in the UNIX subdirectory /u/
trans:
OSDELETE '/u/trans/client.rec'
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSESEQ, DELETE, OPENSEQ, OSOPEN, OSCLOSE
OSOPEN
The UniBasic OSOPEN command opens a sequential file that does not use CHAR(10) as the line
delimiter.
Read/write access mode is the default. Specify this access mode by omitting READONLY and
WRITEONLY.
Tip: After opening a sequential file with OSOPEN, use OSBREAD to read a block of data from the
file, or OSBWRITE to write a block of data to the file. You also can use READSEQ to read a record
from the file, or WRITESEQ or WRITESEQF to write a record to the file, if the file is not a named
pipe. (READSEQ, WRITESEQ, and WRITESEQF are line-oriented commands that use CHAR(10) as
the line delimiter.)
On UniData for Windows Platforms only: When you use OSOPEN, UniData uses the open function to
open files in binary mode, but does not convert NEWLINE [CHAR(10)] delimiters to CARRIAGE RETURN–
NEWLINE pairs [CHAR(13) and CHAR(10)] as the OPENSEQ command does.
Syntax
OSOPEN filename [READONLY | WRITEONLY] TO file.var [NODELAY] [ON ERROR
statements] {THEN | ELSE} statements [END]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
270
Parameter
Description
filename
Specifies the file to open. filename must include the entire path name
unless the file resides in the current directory. The maximum length of
the path is 254 characters.
OSREAD
Parameter
Description
READONLY
Directs UniData to open the file for reading only. If the program
attempts to write to a file opened in READONLY mode, UniData
displays a runtime error message and does not update the file. For
information about security procedures, see Administering UniData on
UNIX or Administering UniData on Windows Platforms.
WRITEONLY
Specifies that the pipe or file is open for write access only.
TO file.var
Specifies a variable to contain a pointer to the file.
NODELAY
Forces a pipe to be opened immediately. This enables a process to
continue even when the pipe is not open in the opposite access mode.
The application must then manage access to the pipe to ensure that it
is opened for the opposite process before reading from or writing to it.
ON ERROR statements
If filename is not a named pipe, NODELAY has no effect.
Specifies statements to execute if the OSOPEN statement fails with a
fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData
cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
ELSE statements END
Examples
In the following example, the program statement opens the file INVENTORY as INVENT unless UniData
cannot access the file.
OSOPEN 'INVENTORY' TO INVENT ELSE STOP "Can't open INVENTORY"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSESEQ, OPEN, OPENSEQ, OSBREAD, OSBWRITE, OSCLOSE, OSDELETE,
READSEQ, WRITESEQ, WRITESEQF
UniData
REUSE.ROW
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
OSREAD
The UniBasic OSREAD command reads an entire sequential file and assigns the contents of the file to a
variable.
Warning: Do not use OSREAD on large files. If the file is too large for the program memory,
the program aborts and a runtime error message is generated. On large files, use OSBREAD or
READSEQ.
UniData uses the ASCII 0 character [CHAR(0)] as a string-end delimiter. ASCII 0 cannot be used in any
string variable within UniBasic. OSREAD converts CHAR(0) to CHAR(128) when reading a block of data.
271
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
OSREAD var FROM filename [ON ERROR statements] {THEN statements [END] |
ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies the variable to which to assign the data from the file.
FROM filename
The filename must include the entire path to the file unless filename
exists in the current directory.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the OSREAD statement fails with a
fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData
cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
ELSE statements END
Examples
In the following example, the program segment reads the data stored in the UNIX file ‘BILLING’ in the
subdirectory ‘disk1’ and assigns it to the variable BILL.REC:
OSREAD BILL.REC FROM "disk1/BILLING" ELSE
PRINT "NO BILLING RECORD FOUND"
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OSWRITE
OSWRITE
The UniBasic OSWRITE command writes the contents of an expression to a sequential file.
UniData uses the ASCII 0 character [CHAR(0)] as a string-end delimiter. For this reason, you cannot use
ASCII 0 in any string variable in UniBasic. If UniBasic reads a string with a CHAR(0) character, and then
the character is converted to CHAR(128), OSWRITE converts CHAR(128) to CHAR(0) when writing a
block of characters.
Syntax
OSWRITE expr {ON | TO} filename [ON ERROR statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
272
PAGE
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies the expression to write to filename.
ON | TO filename
Specifies the name of a sequential file to which to write.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the OSWRITE statement fails with a
fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData
cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment writes the contents of MAIL.LIST to the file called
“mergefile” in the UNIX subdirectory /u/maildir:
OSWRITE MAIL.LIST ON "/u/maildir/mergefile"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
OSREAD
PAGE
The UniBasic PAGE command prints the current output page. UniData prints the page with any
specified header or footer.
If you do not specify any parameters, the result depends on the last PRINTER command executed:
▪
▪
PRINTER OFF – The new page is generated on the user’s terminal.
PRINTER ON – The new page is generated on the system printer.
Syntax
PAGE [ON num.expr] [expr]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
ON num.expr
Specifies the page number of the next output page. Each subsequent
page is incremented by one.
expr
Specifies a target print file for the completed page where num.expr
is the number assigned to the file. When you specify a num.expr, the
PRINTER command setting is disregarded.
For assistance assigning print files, see your system administrator.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement completes the current page with footings, then
advances to a new page. The PRINTER command setting determines where the page is printed.
PAGE
273
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
In the next example, the program statement sends the completed page to the file assigned to print
unit 5. If UniData cannot find the print unit specified, the program prints nothing.
PAGE ON 5
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
PRINTER
UniData
SETPTR
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
PAUSE
The UniBasic PAUSE command suspends the UniData process that issues the command for the
amount of time you specify with wait_time, or until a UniBasic WAKE command is executed for this
process.
Keep in mind the following points when executing PAUSE:
▪
▪
▪
PAUSE has no effect if wait_time is a negative number, or if another UniData process has
previously issued a WAKE command for this process.
To pause a process indefinitely, omit wait_time, or specify a wait_time of 2.
PAUSE must be executed by the process to be paused.
Syntax
PAUSE [wait_time]
Examples
The following sample program executes the UniBasic PAUSE command to pause the current session:
PAUSE_WAKE
PRINT "How long do you want to pause this session":
INPUT pause_time
PAUSE pause_time
END
The following example executes the preceding program. In this execution, the user does not enter an
amount of time to pause the session, so it is paused indefinitely. (The cursor rests on the line following
the prompt.)
:RUN BP PAUSE_WAKE
How long do you want to pause this session?
From another UniData session, the user executes the LIST.PAUSED command to obtain the process ID
for the paused process, and then wakes it up by specifying WAKE 1052:
:LIST.PAUSED
Number of Paused Users
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1
UDTNO USRNBR UID USRNAME USRTYPE TTY
LEFTTIME TOT_TIME
1 1052 1283 carolw udt pts/0 274
PCPERFORM
:WAKE 1052
:
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
WAKE
UniData
LIST.PAUSED, PAUSE, SLEEP, WAKE
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
PCPERFORM
The UniBasic PCPERFORM command executes an operating system command from within a UniBasic
program.
PCPERFORM is similar to the EXECUTE and PERFORM commands except that PCPERFORM executes
an operating system command.
If PCPERFORM is successful, UniData sets @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE to 0. If unsuccessful, UniData sets
@SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE to -1.
Note: The settings of UDT.OPTIONS affect the way ECL commands execute. For information about
these options, see the UDT.OPTIONS Commands Reference. For information about UDT.OPTIONS
that could affect that command, see the appropriate ECL command in UniData Commands
Reference.
Syntax
PCPERFORM str.expr [CAPTURING, dyn.array.var]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Specifies a string to execute as a host operating system command.
CAPTURING, dyn.array.var
Specifies a target dynamic array to capture the output of the host
operating system command.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement executes the operating system date command:
PCPERFORM "date" CAPTURING DATE.TIME
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
EXECUTE, EXECUTESQL, MDPERFORM, UDTEXECUTE
275
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
PERFORM
PERFORM is a synonym for the EXECUTE command. For more information, see EXECUTE, on page
114.
Synonyms
EXECUTE
PRECISION
The UniBasic PRECISION command rounds numbers to the number of decimal places indicated in
num.expr. num.expr can be a number from 0 to 14. If the number is not within this range, UniData does
not change the setting. The default is four decimal places.
Tip: UniData converts the operands in numeric operations from string to numeric data type,
performs the operations, and then converts the results back to string data type. When making
calculations for which you require a high degree of precision, use the PRECISION command to
force UniData to represent a particular level of decimal representation.
Set the UniData FLOAT.PRECISION to 4 to truncate rather than round at the PRECISION setting.
Syntax
PRECISION num.expr
Examples
In the following example, the program statement results in all numeric variables being truncated to
eight decimal places:
PRECISION 8
In the next example, the program statement truncates all digits to the right of the decimal point:
PRECISION 0
In the next example, the program statement sets precision based on the variable DEC:
PRECISION DEC
Related commands
Language
Command
UniData
FLOAT.PRECISION
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
PREPAREXML
Use the PREPAREXML function to prepare the XML document in the UniBASIC program. This step
allocates memory for the XML document, opens the document, determines the file structure of the
document, and returns the file structure.
276
PRINT
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
PREPAREXML(xml_file,xml_handle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xml_file
The path to the file where the XML document resides.
xml_handle
The return value. The return value is the UniBASIC variable for
xml_handle. Status is one of the following return values:
XML.SUCCESS: Success
XML.ERROR: Error
Examples
The following example illustrates use of the PREPAREXML function:
STATUS = PREPAREXML(“_XML_/MYSTUDENT.XML”,STUDENT_XML)
IF STATUS=XML.ERROR THEN
STATUS = XMLError(errmsg)
PRINT “error message “:errmsg
STOP “Error when preparing XML document “
END
PRINT
The UniBasic PRINT command prints data on the display terminal or the system printer, or sends
data to a print file.
Separate multiple items in a single PRINT statement with commas or colons. A comma directs the
printer to execute a tab. Tab stops are set to 10 spaces. If you use a colon to separate statements,
UniData concatenates the items.
Unless a PRINT expression ends with a colon, UniData executes a carriage return after printing the
line. If the output from the PRINT statement exceeds the current page width, it wraps to the next line.
Tip: You can use the UniBasic @ function with the PRINT command to place the cursor and/or
direct the terminal to take some action. Execute the ECL REUSE.ROW command to determines
whether a line feed is executed when the UniBasic PRINT @ function references column only. For
example, PRINT @(10) rather than PRINT @(3,10).
The PRINT statement interprets two consecutive nonprinting ASCII characters (such as
CHAR(192):CHAR(192)) as one character when displaying data. To suppress the line feed at the end of
displayed text, place a colon at the end of the PRINT or DISPLAY statement.
277
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
PRINT [ON num.expr] [print.expr]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
ON num.expr
Specifies a target print file. If you do not use the ON clause, the data is
printed based on the last PRINTER command executed:
PRINTER OFF – The data prints on the display terminal.
print.expr
PRINTER ON – The data prints on the system printer.
Specifies an expression to print. It can be any valid UniBasic
expression. If you do not specify a print.expr, a PRINT statement
sends a line feed character to the printer or file.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints HI THERE on the system printer:
PRINTER ON
PRINT "HI THERE"
In the next example, the program statement sends the value of variable X concatenated to "X = " to the
file specified by unit 10:
PRINT ON 10 "X = ":X
In the next example, the @ function is included with a terminal option. -1 clears the screen before
printing.
PRINT @(-1):"Enter true or false: "
INPUT answer,5_
In the next example, the comma separation character prints X, Y, a string separated by tabs, X+Y, tabs
twice, then prints another string, and finally print the average of X and Y using the INT function:
X = 5 ; Y = 7
PRINT X,Y,"Total = ":X+Y,,"Average = ":INT((X+Y)/2)
The result is:
5 7 Total = 12 Average = 6
Each item is separated by tabs as the result of the comma separation character. A colon causes all
data items to be concatenated.
The following program demonstrates the use of the colon at the end of the PRINT statement to
suppress the line feed issued by UniBasic at the end of displayed text. The first PRINT statement does
not end in a colon. Therefore, UniBasic issues a carriage return and prints a question mark (the default
prompt character). The second PRINT statement ends in a colon. In this case, UniBasic displays the
default prompt character and waits on the same line with the PRINT statement.
PRINT
INPUT
PRINT
PRINT
278
"Enter character to display"
X
"The character you entered was(1): ":X
"Enter character to display":
PRINTER
INPUT X
PRINT "The character you entered was(2): ":X
This program produces the following output (with input from the
user):
Enter character to display
?*
The character you entered was(1): *
Enter character to display?#
The character you entered was(2): #
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
@, CRT, GETPTR, INPUTERR, PRINTER, PRINTER CLOSE
UniData
SETPTR
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
PRINTER
The UniBasic PRINTER command directs output of PRINT, FOOTING, HEADING, and PAGE
statements not sent to a file (those executed without the ON clause). If you specify ON, UniData directs
all output to the system printer. If you specify OFF, UniData directs all output to the terminal screen.
PRINTER ON causes runtime error messages to print on the system printer.
Note: If the printer and your computer are not communicating properly when you execute a print
command (for example, a PRINT statement after a PRINTER ON command), UniData generates
an error.
Syntax
PRINTER {ON | OFF}
Examples
In the following example, the program statement sends all future report output (data from PRINT,
FOOTING, HEADING, and PAGE commands) to the printer:
PRINTER ON
PRINTER CLOSE
The UniBasic PRINTER CLOSE command sends data stored in either a print file or a print buffer to
the print queue. The ON clause does not physically close the print file. Instead, it sends its contents to
a print buffer, leaving the file empty. Then you can send additional data to the same print file to begin
a new set of data to be printed. As many as 31 print files can be open at the same time. The PRINTER
CLOSE statement does not generate a new line at the end of a page. UniBasic is in control of page
feeds or generating new line equivalents.
Note: Data in a print file is automatically sent to the print queue if the program ends or issues a
PRINTER CLOSE statement.
279
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
PRINTER CLOSE [ON num]
Examples
In the following example, the program statement sends the current contents of print file 5 to the print
queue:
PRINTER CLOSE ON 5
Related commands
Language
Command
UniData
SETPTR
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
PRINTERR
The UniBasic PRINTERR command prints error messages stored in the UniData system message file
or in a user-defined file.
To obtain a message from a user-defined error message file, you must open the file first.
The UniBasic commands ABORT and PRINTERR return the system message you specify by ID in the
command. You can also retrieve system messages using a UniBasic program by opening the system
message file and reading a message record by ID.
Note: ENGLISH.MSG is the default system message file that is activated when you install UniData.
If you execute udtlang.config to select a language group, a different system message file could
be activated. To find out which language is installed on your system, execute the ECL command
SET.LANG CURRENT. For more information, see UniData International.
Syntax
PRINTERR expr [FROM file.var]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies a dynamic array that consists of two elements. The first
element is the key for a record in the error message file. The second
element is a parameter that some of the format codes use. For format
codes, see the following table. Attribute marks (@AM or @FM) delimit
elements.
FROM file.var
Specifies a file from which to extract a user-defined error message.
The default is the UniData error message file.
Creating a user-defined error message
Error messages in the UniData error message file consist of format codes and literal strings. The
following table describes the codes you can include in error messages.
280
PRINTERR
Code
Description
A
Extracts the next element in expr.
A(n)
Extracts the next element in expr, left-justified in a string of length n.
C
Clears the screen.
D
Enters the date in internal format.
E literal
Enters the message ID at the beginning of the message enclosed in
brackets, followed by an optional literal string.
H literal
Prints literal.
L
Prints a carriage return/line feed. You must specify L (carriage return/
line feed) explicitly.
L(n)
Prints n carriage returns/line feeds.
R(n)
Extracts the next element in expr, right-justified in an attribute of n
blanks.
S(n)
Prints n spaces.
T
Enters the time in internal format.
W(n)
Pauses for n seconds before continuing to display the message.
X
Skips the next parameter passed to the UniData message printing
routine.
Examples
In the following example, the UniData udtlang.MSG file contains error message 4432 and a userdefined file (S_ERR) contains error message E009. These messages contain the following:
Message 4432
in udtlang.MSG
L
E FILE
A(10)
H DOES NOT EXIST
L
H CAN’T PROCEED!
L
D
L
T
L
Message E009
in S_ERR
E
A
L(2)
H => ERR
S(6)
L
H IS NOT PROPERLY SPECIFIED
L
The following code segment produces an error message if the file you enter for FNAME cannot be
found or you enter 12 for VAR1:
OPEN "S_ERR" TO E_FILE ELSE STOP "S_ERR NOT FOUND"
INPUT FNAME
INPUT VAR1
ER1 = "4432":@FM:FNAME
ER2 = "E009":@FM:"VAR1"
OPEN FNAME TO TFILE ELSE
PRINTERR ER1
STOP
END
IF VAR1 > 10 THEN PRINTERR ER2 FROM E_FILE
281
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
If you enter file_test for FNAME and file_test cannot be found, the program segment produces the
following error message:
[4432] FILE test_file DOES NOT EXIST
CAN'T PROCEED!
19 Jan 1996
10:34:19
If you enter 12 for VAR1, the program segment produces the following error message:
=>ERR [E009]
VAR1 IS NOT PROPERLY SPECIFIED
PROCREAD
The UniBasic PROCREAD command assigns the string value of the primary input buffer of the calling
Proc to a variable. PROCREAD can be used to access the primary input buffer of a calling proc.
Note: A proc is a PQ-type VOC record.
Syntax
PROCREAD var {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies variable to which to assign the string value of the primary
input buffer of the calling proc.
THEN statements END
THEN executes if this program was called by a proc. END is required to
terminate multiline THEN statements.
ELSE statements END
ELSE executes if this program was not called by a proc. END is
required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment assigns the string value in the primary input buffer to
ARGUMENTS. If the program had been called by something other than a proc, the program prints a
two-line error message.
PROCREAD ARGUMENTS ELSE
PRINT "ERROR!"
PRINT "DIALOUT MUST BE CALLED FROM A PROC"
ABORT
END
The following sample Proc loads the UniBasic program name proc.test into the data stack
(Hproc.test), turns on that stack (STON), and loads “ONE” into the primary output buffer (HONE).
The next command (P) executes the data stack entry, which runs proc.basic. Finally, D0 displays
282
PROCREAD
the contents of the active input buffer. The program proc.test prints after the proc, and a sample
execution of the proc follows the program:
PQ
C
C name: proc.one
C test the interface of basic and PROC.
C
Hproc.test
STON
HONE
P
D0
The following globally cataloged program, proc.test, is executed by the preceding proc. The INPUT
statement reads from the currently active output buffer, which the proc loaded with “ONE”.
*------------------------------------------------------------------------* subdirectory: interface
* program name: proc.test
* version : 1.6 or later
* compile mode: any
* catalog : y
* catalog flag: local
* test for : accepting passed arguments from a proc and
writing
* data to PROC data buffer (PROCWRITE).
* called by : any proc or executed at the ECL prompt
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*
*
PROGRAM proc.basic
$BASICTYPE 'R'
PRINT '*******************'
PRINT 'TEST --> PROCREAD '
PRINT '*******************'
PROCREAD pname
THEN
len = LEN(pname)
PRINT "The last command executed is stored in the primary input
buffer."
PRINT "The last 10 characters of the 1st buffer are
:":pname[0,len]
PRINT "The length of the primary input buffer is :":LEN(pname)
END ELSE
PRINT "Not run from PROC."
END
PRINT '*******************'
PRINT 'TEST --> PROCWRITE'
PRINT '*******************'
INPUT procname
IF procname = 'ONE' THEN
letters = "abcdefg,1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,"
string = ''
limit = 512
FOR I = 1 TO limit STEP 32
string := letters
NEXT I
PRINT "String length = ":LEN(string)
END ELSE
string = "ONE TWO THREE FOUR FIVE"
283
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
END
PROCWRITE string
END
The preceding proc and program produce the following output:
:wproctest
*******************
TEST --> PROCREAD
*******************
The last command executed is stored in the primary input buffer.
The last 10 characters of the 1st buffer are :wproctest
The length of the primary input buffer is :9
*******************
TEST --> PROCWRITE
*******************
?ONE
String length = 512
abcdefg,1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcdefg,1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,ab
cdefg,1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcdefg,1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcd
efg,1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcdefg,1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcdef
g,1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcdefg,1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcdefg,
1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcdefg,1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcdefg,12
34567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcdefg,1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcdefg,1234
567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcdefg,1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcdefg,123456
7,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,abcdefg,1234567,ABCDEFG,tuvwxyz,
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
PROCWRITE
PROCWRITE
The UniBasic PROCWRITE command writes data to the primary input buffer of the calling Proc.
PROCWRITE overlays any data in the primary input buffer with the new data in PROCWRITE.
Syntax
PROCWRITE expr
Examples
In the following example, the program segment writes the contents of ANSWER to the primary input
buffer:
PRINT "SEND RESULTS TO THE PRINTER? (Y OR N)"
INPUT ANSWER, Y
IF ANSWER = "Y" THEN
PRINTER ON
...
END
PROCWRITE ANSWER
Note: Another example is provided with PROCREAD.
284
PROGRAM
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
PROCREAD
PROGRAM
The UniBasic PROGRAM command defines the name of the current main program. This statement
is optional. It is used for documentation purposes only. The PROGRAM statement must be the first
noncomment statement in the program.
Syntax
PROGRAM prog.name
Examples
In the following example, the program segment declares the program name as BOOKS:
REM This is a program to bill customers
PROGRAM BILLS
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
SUBROUTINE
UniData
BASIC, CATALOG
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
PROMPT
The UniBasic PROMPT command sets the prompt displayed by the INPUT command to a specified
single-byte character. If str.expr is longer than one character, UniData uses the first character as the
prompt. You cannot set the prompt to a multibyte character.
Data received from a DATA statement displays after the prompt.
If you want to suppress the default prompt character, set the prompt to an empty string. The default
prompt character is the question mark.
Tip: Setting the prompt to an empty string also suppresses display of input from a DATA
statement on the terminal screen. For example:
PROMPT ""
DATA "mypassword"
INPUT PASSWD
will not echo “mypassword” to the terminal screen. The PROMPT statement must precede the
DATA statement. Data input from the keyboard will still echo on the display terminal.
When you want to display text on the screen and have the cursor remain at the end of the
displayed text awaiting user input, place a colon at the end of the PRINT or DISPLAY statement.
285
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
PROMPT str.expr
Examples
In the following example, the contents of variable PSTRING (in this case, an asterisk) become the new
prompt. When an INPUT command is used in the program, an asterisk appears at the current cursor
position on the display terminal.
PSTRING = "*"
PROMPT PSTRING
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
IN, INPUT, INPUT @, INPUTIF, INPUTTRAP
protocolLogging
This function will start or stop logging.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
protocolLogging(log_file, log_action, log_level)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
log_file
The name of the file to which the logs will be recorded. The default log
file name is httplog which is created under the current directory.
log_action
log_level
Either “ON” or “OFF.” The default is “OFF”.
The detail level of logging from 0 - 10. See table below.
The following table describes each log level and detail.
Parameter
Description
0
No logging.
1
Socket open/read/write/close action (no real data) HTTP request:
host inform)
2
Level 1 logging plus socket data statistics (size, and so forth).
3
Level 2 logging plus all data actually transferred.
4-10
More detailed status data to assist debugging.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
286
PWR
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Failed to start logging.
PWR
The UniBasic PWR function raises expr1 to the power of expr2.
Note: PWR is synonymous with two asterisks (**) or ^.
Syntax
PWR(num.expr1, num.expr2)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment raises variable X to the power of 3, first using
exponentiation operator **, then using the PWR function, and finally using the exponentiation
operator ^. The results are identical.
X = 2
PRINT X**3
PRINT PWR(X,3)
PRINT X^3
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
^
QUOTE
The UniBasic QUOTE function encloses a string expression in double quotation marks.
Syntax
QUOTE(str.expr)
Synonyms
DQUOTE
Examples
In the following example, the program segment encloses the string stored in VAR2 with double
quotation marks, and then stores that string (“STRING2”) in VAR3:
VAR2 = "STRING2"
VAR3 = QUOTE(VAR2)
In the following example, the program statement uses DQUOTE to print “This is a test”:
287
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
PRINT DQUOTE ('This is a test')
In the next example, the program segment prints “‘This is another test’”:
X = "This is another test"
PRINT DQUOTE(X)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
SQUOTE
RAISE
The UniBasic RAISE function raises all UniData delimiters to the next level. UniData raises attribute
marks to record marks, value marks to attribute marks, and subvalue marks to value marks.
Syntax
RAISE(str.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment raises all delimiters to the next level:
ARRAY = 'Harry Sims':@VM:'114 W. Smith':@SVM:'Suite 220'
ARRAY = RAISE(ARRAY)
This results in the following array:
ARRAY = 'Harry Sims':@FM:'114 W. Smith':@VM:'Suite 220'
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
LOWER
READ
The UniBasic READ command reads a record from a file and assigns its contents to a dynamic array.
UniData assigns the first attribute of the record to the first position of the array, the second attribute
to the second position, and so on. If UniData cannot find the record you specify, it executes the ELSE
clause and returns dyn.array.var empty.
Note: This command does not check for locks. If you are operating in a multiuser environment,
you must use record locks to prevent more than one user from accessing the same record at
the same time. For more information about UniBasic record locking, see Developing UniBasic
Applications.
288
READ
Warning: Do not use UniBasic READ commands to open or modify binary data in DIR-type files
(for example, BP). Doing so could corrupt data in the file. Instead, use OSREAD or OSBREAD after
executing the UniBasic NOCONVERT command.
Syntax
READ dyn.array.var FROM [file.var,]
record.ID.expr [ON ERROR statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE
statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies a target dynamic array for the data being read.
FROM file.var,
Specifies a file variable from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the OPEN
statement.
record.ID.expr
Specifies a record to read.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the statement fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot find
the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs, the
program terminates.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does not
exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
STATUS function return values
After you execute READ, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Description
0
Successful read.
2
A read error occurred.
5
An encryption error occurred during the READ operation.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment reads a record from the CLIENTS file with ID
CLIENT.ID. If the record ID is found, UniData executes the subroutine PROCESS.CLIENT. Otherwise,
UniData prints a message and the program performs the subroutine REPROMPT.
READ CLIENT.REC FROM CLIENT, CLIENT.ID THEN
GOSUB PROCESS.CLIENT
END ELSE
289
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
PRINT 'NO CLIENT REC FOR 'CLIENT.ID
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSE, DELETE, OPEN, READL, READU, READV, READVL, READVU, WRITE
READBCK
The first READBCK command retrieves the alternate key set by SETINDEX, then each subsequent
READBCK retrieves the previous alternate key value in the index. The corresponding record is read
into a dynamic array, and the record ID is assigned to the @ID variable.
Note: This command does not check for locks. If you are operating in a multiuser environment,
you must use record locks to prevent more than one user from accessing the same record at
the same time. For more information about UniBasic record locking, see Developing UniBasic
Applications.
Using this command in a loop, a UniBasic program retrieves records in descending order based on an
indexed attribute.
Before executing READBCK, , you must set the alternate key value with the SETINDEX command. The
SETINDEX parameters BUFFER.KEYS and VALIDATE.KEY determine, respectively, whether the
buffering mechanism is used and whether keys are validated when READBCK executes. For details,
see SETINDEX.READBCK sets the STATUS function return value to 10 if UniBasic detects a duplicate
alternate index key value and you have executed the ECL command DUP.STATUS ON during the
current session.
Syntax
READBCK dyn.array.var [FROM file.var] [ON ERROR statements] {THEN
statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies a target dynamic array for the data being read.
FROM file.var,
Specifies a file variable from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
ON ERROR statements
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies statements to execute if the statement fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
290
READBCKL
Parameter
Description
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
ELSE statements END
STATUS function return values
After you execute READBCK, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Parameter
Description
0
Successful read.
10
UniBasic found and read a duplicate alternate index key value, and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment sets the index to the first record that contains Smith,
and then reads that record and the previous four:
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO tmp ELSE STOP
SETINDEX 'LNAME', 'Smith' ON tmp
FOR X = 1 TO 5
READBCK rec FROM tmp THEN PRINT rec<1>:", ":rec<2>:" ":rec<3>
ELSE STOP
NEXT X
END
The preceding program produces the following results:
Marge, Smith Smith Widgets
Pearl, Sloane Harvard Assoc.
Reginald, Sklar Culver Excavating
Alexandria, Singleton Vintech Inc.
Larry, Singh Smith Widgets
Note: This program reads the records even if the records are locked by another user.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
READBCKL, READBCKU, READFWD, READFWDL, READFWDU, READXBCK,
READXFWD, SELECTINDEX, SELECTINFO
UniData
BUILD.INDEX, CREATE.INDEX, DUP.STATUS
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
READBCKL
The first READBCKL command retrieves the alternate key set by SETINDEX, and then each
subsequent READBCKL retrieves the previous alternate key in the index. The corresponding record
291
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
is read into a dynamic array, and the record ID is assigned to the @ID variable. READBCKL checks for
locks. If the record is available, it sets a shared (L) lock before reading the record.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Using this command in a loop, a UniBasic program retrieves records in descending order based on an
indexed attribute.
Before executing READBCKL, , you must set the alternate key value with the SETINDEX command.
The SETINDEX parameters BUFFER.KEYS and VALIDATE.KEY determine, respectively, whether
the buffering mechanism is used and whether keys are validated when READBCKL executes. For
details, see SETINDEX.READBCKL sets the STATUS function return value to 10 if UniBasic detects
a duplicate alternate index key value and you have executed the ECL command DUP.STATUS ON
during the current session.
Syntax
READBCKL dyn.array.var [FROM file.var] [ON ERROR statements] [LOCKED
statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
READBCKL dyn.array.var [FROM file.var] [LOCKED statements] [ON ERROR
statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies a target dynamic array for the data being read.
FROM file.var,
Specifies a file variable from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
ON ERROR statements
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies statements to execute if the statement fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if the record is already locked. If you
do not specify the LOCKED clause, and if the record is locked, UniData
waits until the record is available.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to make
the terminal beep while you wait for UniData to unlock the record.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
292
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful, the current alternate
key value is not set by the SETINDEX command, or UniData cannot
locate the current alternate key value (for example, when UniData
reaches the end of the alternate index). END is required to terminate
multiline ELSE statements.
READBCKU
STATUS function return values
After you execute READBCKL, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Value
Description
0
Successful read.
10
UniBasic found and read a duplicate alternate index key value, and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
Examples
This example uses the following program to lock the CLIENT file for two minutes:
OPEN "CLIENTS" TO CLIENT.FILE ELSE STOP
FILELOCK CLIENT.FILE LOCKED PRINT "CLIENTS FILE already locked."
SLEEP 120
FILEUNLOCK CLIENT.FILE
If you execute the following program:
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO tmp ELSE STOP
SETINDEX 'LNAME', 'Smith' ON tmp
FOR X = 1 TO 5
READBCKL rec FROM tmp THEN PRINT rec<1>:", ":rec<2>:" ":rec<3>
ELSE STOP
NEXT X
END
Notice that execution halts on the second program until the first program unlocks the CLIENTS file.
This is because commands that set shared locks cannot access files locked with exclusive locks
(FILELOCK sets an exclusive lock).
Note: If the first program had set a shared lock, the second program would have been able to read
the records.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
READBCK, READBCKU, READFWD, READFWDL, READFWDU, READXBCK,
READXFWD, SELECTINDEX, SETINDEX
UniData
BUILD.INDEX, CREATE.INDEX, DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION,
DUP.STATUS
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
READBCKU
The first READBCKU command retrieves the alternate key set by SETINDEX, and then each
subsequent READBCKU retrieves the previous alternate key value in the index. The corresponding
record is read into a dynamic array, and the record ID is assigned to the @ID variable. READBCKU
checks for locks. If the record is available, it sets an exclusive (U) lock before reading the record.
293
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Using this command in a loop, a UniBasic program retrieves records in descending order based on an
indexed attribute.
Before executing READBCKU, you must set the alternate key value with the SETINDEX command.
The SETINDEX parameters BUFFER.KEYS and VALIDATE.KEY determine, respectively, whether
the buffering mechanism is used and whether keys are validated when READBCKU executes. For
details, see SETINDEX.READBCKU sets the STATUS function return value to 10 if UniBasic detects
a duplicate alternate index key value and you have executed the ECL command DUP.STATUS ON
during the current session.
Syntax
READBCKU dyn.array.var [FROM file.var] [ON ERROR statements] [LOCKED
statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
READBCKU dyn.array.var [FROM file.var] [LOCKED statements] [ON ERROR
statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies a target dynamic array for the data being read.
FROM file.var,
Specifies a file variable from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
ON ERROR statements
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies statements to execute if the statement fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if the record is already locked. If you
do not specify the LOCKED clause, and if the record is locked, UniData
waits until the record is available.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to make
the terminal beep while you wait for UniData to unlock the record.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
294
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful, the current alternate
key value is not set by the SETINDEX command, or UniData cannot
locate the current alternate key value (for example, when UniData
reaches the end of the alternate index). END is required to terminate
multiline ELSE statements.
READFWD
STATUS function return values
After you execute READBCKU, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Value
Description
0
Successful read.
10
UniBasic found and read a duplicate alternate index key value, and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
Examples
This example uses the following program to lock the CLIENT file for two minutes:
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO tmp ELSE STOP
SETINDEX 'LNAME', 'Smith' ON tmp
READBCKU rec FROM tmp THEN PRINT rec<1>:", ":rec<2>:" ":rec<3>
ELSE STOP
SLEEP 60
END
If you execute the following program:
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO tmp ELSE STOP
SETINDEX 'LNAME', 'Smith' ON tmp
FOR X = 1 TO 5
READBCKU rec FROM tmp THEN PRINT rec<1>:", ":rec<2>:" ":rec<3>
ELSE STOP
NEXT X
END
Notice that execution halts on the second program until the first program unlocks the record
associated with “Smith.” This is because commands that set exclusive locks cannot access records
lock with any kind of lock.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
READBCK, READBCKL, READFWD, READFWDL, READFWDU, READXBCK,
READXFWD, SELECTINDEX, SETINDEX
UniData
BUILD.INDEX, CREATE.INDEX, DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION,
DUP.STATUS
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
READFWD
The first READFWD command retrieves the alternate key set by SETINDEX, and then each subsequent
READFWD retrieves the next alternate key value in the index. UniData reads the corresponding record
into a dynamic array, and then assigns the record ID to the @ID variable.
295
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: This command does not check for locks. If you are operating in a multiuser environment,
you must use record locks to prevent more than one user from accessing the same record at
the same time. For more information about UniBasic record locking, see Developing UniBasic
Applications.
Using this command in a loop, a UniBasic program retrieves records in ascending order based on an
indexed attribute.
Before executing READFWD, you must set the alternate key value with the SETINDEX command. The
SETINDEX parameters BUFFER.KEYS and VALIDATE.KEY determine, respectively, whether the
buffering mechanism is used and whether keys are validated when READFWD executes. For details,
see SETINDEX.READFWD sets the STATUS function return value to 10 if UniBasic detects a duplicate
alternate index key value and you have executed the ECL command DUP.STATUS ON during the
current session.
Syntax
READFWD dyn.array.var [FROM file.var] [ON ERROR statements] {THEN
statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies a target dynamic array for the data being read.
FROM file.var,
Specifies a file variable from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
ON ERROR statements
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies statements to execute if the statement fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
STATUS function return values
After you execute READFWD, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
296
Value
Description
0
Successful read.
10
UniBasic found and read a duplicate alternate index key value, and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
READFWDL
Examples
In the following example, the program segment sets the index to the first record that contains Smith,
and then reads that record and the next four:
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO tmp ELSE STOP
SETINDEX 'LNAME', 'Singh' ON tmp
FOR X = 1 TO 5
READFWD rec FROM tmp THEN PRINT rec<1>:", ":rec<2>:" ":rec<3>
ELSE STOP
NEXT X
This program produces the following results:
Charles, Singh Goddard Fabrics
Larry, Singh Smith Widgets
Alexandria, Singleton Vintech Inc.
Reginald, Sklar Culver Excavating
Pearl, Sloane Harvard Assoc.
Note: This program reads the records even if the records are locked by other users.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
READBCK, READBCKL, READBCKU, READFWDL, READFWDU, READXBCK,
READXFWD, SELECTINDEX, SETINDEX
UniData
BUILD.INDEX, CREATE.INDEX, DUP.STATUS
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
READFWDL
The first READFWDL command retrieves the alternate key set by SETINDEX, and then each
subsequent READFWDL retrieves the next alternate key value in the index. UniData reads the
corresponding record into a dynamic array, and then assigns the record ID to the @ID variable.
READFWDL checks for locks. If the record is available, it sets a shared (L) lock.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Using this command in a loop, a UniBasic program retrieves records in ascending order based on an
indexed attribute.
Before executing READFWDL, you must set the alternate key value with the SETINDEX command.
The SETINDEX parameters BUFFER.KEYS and VALIDATE.KEY determine, respectively, whether
the buffering mechanism is used and whether keys are validated when READFWDL executes. For
details, see SETINDEX.READFWDL sets the STATUS function return value to 10 if UniBasic detects
a duplicate alternate index key value and you have executed the ECL command DUP.STATUS ON
during the current session.
Syntax
READFWDL dyn.array.var [FROM file.var] [ON ERROR statements] [LOCKED
statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
297
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
READFWDL dyn.array.var [FROM file.var] [LOCKED statements] [ON ERROR
statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies a target dynamic array for the data being read.
FROM file.var,
Specifies a file variable from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
ON ERROR statements
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies statements to execute if the statement fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if the record is already locked. If you
do not specify the LOCKED clause, and if the record is locked, UniData
waits until the record is available.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to make
the terminal beep while you wait for UniData to unlock the record.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
STATUS function return values
After you execute READFWDL, the STATUSfunction returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Value
Description
0
Successful read.
10
UniBasic found and read a duplicate alternate index key value, and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
Examples
This example uses the following program to lock the CLIENT file for two minutes:
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO tmp ELSE STOP
SETINDEX 'LNAME', 'Smith' ON tmp
READFWDU rec FROM tmp THEN PRINT rec<1>:", ":rec<2>:" ":rec<3>
ELSE STOP
SLEEP 120
END
298
READFWDU
If you execute the following program:
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO tmp ELSE STOP
SETINDEX 'LNAME', 'Smith' ON tmp
FOR X = 1 TO 5
READFWDU rec FROM tmp THEN PRINT rec<1>:", ":rec<2>:" ":rec<3>
ELSE STOP
NEXT X
END
Notice that execution halts on the second program until the first program unlocks the CLIENTS file.
This is because commands that set shared locks cannot access files locked with exclusive locks
(FILELOCK sets an exclusive lock).
Note: If the first program had set a shared lock, the second program would have been able to read
the records.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
READBCK, READBCKL, READBCKU, READFWD, READFWDU, READXBCK,
READXFWD, SELECTINDEX, SETINDEX
UniData
BUILD.INDEX, CREATE.INDEX, DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION,
DUP.STATUS
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
READFWDU
The first READFWDU command retrieves the alternate key set by SETINDEX, and then each
subsequent READFWDU retrieves the next alternate key value in the index. UniData reads the
corresponding record into a dynamic array, and then assigns the record ID to the @ID variable.
READFWDU checks for locks. If the record is available, READFWDU sets an exclusive (U) lock before
reading the record.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Using this command in a loop, a UniBasic program retrieves records in ascending order based on an
indexed attribute.
Before executing READFWDU, you must set a pointer to the alternate key value with the SETINDEX
command. READFWDU sets the STATUS function return value to 10 if UniBasic detects a duplicate
alternate index key value and you have executed the ECL command DUP.STATUS ON during the
current session.
Syntax
READFWDU dyn.array.var [FROM file.var] [ON ERROR statements] [LOCKED
statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
READFWDU dyn.array.var [FROM file.var] [LOCKED statements] [ON ERROR
statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
299
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies a target dynamic array for the data being read.
FROM file.var,
Specifies a file variable from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
ON ERROR statements
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies statements to execute if the statement fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if the record is already locked. If you
do not specify the LOCKED clause, and if the record is locked, UniData
waits until the record is available.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to make
the terminal beep while you wait for UniData to unlock the record.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
STATUS function return values
After you execute READFWDU, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Value
Description
0
Successful read.
10
UniBasic found and read a duplicate alternate index key value, and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
Examples
This example uses the following program to lock the CLIENT file for two minutes:
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO tmp ELSE STOP
SETINDEX 'LNAME', 'Smith' ON tmp
READFWDU rec FROM tmp THEN PRINT rec<1>:", ":rec<2>:" ":rec<3>
ELSE STOP
SLEEP 120
END
If you execute the following program:
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO tmp ELSE STOP
SETINDEX 'LNAME', 'Smith' ON tmp
FOR X = 1 TO 5
READFWDU rec FROM tmp THEN PRINT rec<1>:", ":rec<2>:" ":rec<3>
300
READL
ELSE STOP
NEXT X
END
Notice that execution halts on the second program until the first program unlocks the record
associated with “Smith.” This is because commands that set exclusive locks cannot access records
lock with any kind of lock.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
READBCK, READBCKL, READBCKU, READFWD, READFWDL, READXBCK,
READXFWD, SELECTINDEX, SETINDEX
UniData
BUILD.INDEX, CREATE.INDEX, DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION,
DUP.STATUS
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
READL
The UniBasic READL command reads the specified record from a file and assigns its contents to a
dynamic array. UniData assigns the first attribute of the record to the first position of the array, the
second attribute to the second position, and so on. READL checks for locks. If the record is available, it
sets a read-only lock on the record, preventing other lock-checking commands from updating it.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Warning: Do not use UniBasic READ and WRITE commands to open or modify binary data in
DIR-type files (for example, BP). Doing so could corrupt data in the file. Instead, use OSREAD or
OSBREAD after executing the UniBasic NOCONVERT command.
Syntax
READL dyn.array.var FROM [file.var,]
record.ID.expr [ON ERROR statements] [LOCKED statements] {THEN
statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
READL dyn.array.var FROM [file.var,] record.ID.expr [LOCKED statements]
[ON ERROR statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies a target dynamic array for the data being read.
FROM file.var,
Specifies a file variable from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
301
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the statement fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if the record is already locked. If you
do not specify the LOCKED clause, and if the record is locked, UniData
waits until the record is available.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to make
the terminal beep while you wait for UniData to unlock the record.
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
ELSE statements END
STATUS function return values
After you execute READL, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Description
0
Successful read.
1
UniData was unable to read the record.
n
The record is locked. The user number of the user who locked the
record.
Examples
This example uses the following program to lock the ORDERS file for two minutes:
OPEN "ORDERS" TO ORDER.FILE ELSE STOP
FILELOCK ORDER.FILE LOCKED PRINT "ORDERS FILE already locked."
SLEEP 120
FILEUNLOCK ORDER.FILE
If you immediately execute the following program:
OPEN "ORDERS" TO tmp ELSE STOP
READL rec FROM tmp,'941' THEN PRINT rec LOCKED PRINT "Record
locked, try again later"
END
the second program prints “Record locked, try again later.”
Related commands
302
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSE, DELETE, OPEN, READBCKREAD, READU, READV, READVL, READVU,
WRITE
READLIST
Language
Command
UniData
DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
READLIST
The UniBasic READLIST command assigns the values in an active select list to a dynamic array. Each
select list element becomes an attribute in the dynamic array.
Syntax
READLIST dyn.array.var [FROM list.num] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE
statements [END]}
Note: Use the following syntax in BASICTYPE M:
READLIST dyn.array.var FROM list.num [, acct.name] [SETTING
count.var] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
If you create a list under an account other than the current one, you can specify the account with
acct.name. The SETTING clause sets the number of elements in the list to count.var.
In BASICTYPE P, use the READSELECT command with the following syntax:
READSELECT dyn.array.var [FROM list.name] {THEN statements [END] |
ELSE statements [END]}
Synonyms
READSELECT (BASICTYPE P only)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies a dynamic array to contain the values removed from the
select list.
FROM list.num
Specifies which select list (0-9) you want to use. If you do not specify a
list.num, UniData reads the default list (0). If no items are available in
the list, UniData executes the ELSE clause.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the list does not exist.
END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment selects the IDs in the INVENTORY file to select list 0,
and then builds a dynamic array of the items for which quantity in stock is greater than 10. The last
program statement prints the select list to show its contents.
OPEN 'INVENTORY' TO INV.FILE ELSE STOP
SELECT INV.FILE
DONE = 0
LOOP
303
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
READNEXT INV.ID ELSE DONE = 1
WHILE NOT(DONE) DO
READ INV.REC FROM INV.FILE,INV.ID ELSE
PRINT "No INVENTORY RECORD: ":INV.ID
END
IF INV.REC<6> > 9 THEN
READLIST LIST.ITEM ELSE LIST.ITEM = " "
END
REPEAT
PRINT LIST.ITEM
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DELETELIST, FORMLIST, GETLIST, READNEXT, SELECT, SELECTINDEX,
SELECTINFO, WRITELIST
UniData SQL
SELECT
For information, see the UniData SQL Commands Reference
UniQuery
DELETELIST, GETLIST, SELECT, SAVE.LIST, SSELECT
For information, see the UniQuery Commands Reference
READNEXT
The UniBasic READNEXT command assigns the next record ID from an active select list to a variable.
Note: READNEXT does not actually read the record, but assigns it to a variable. After the variable
is assigned, you can use it within a READ statement to access it.
As an example, a customer transaction might require that data be read in a particular sequence. The
sequence is determined by using a sorted SELECT statement to select IDs in the appropriate order
and then using the READNEXT statement to assign an ID to a variable.
Note: READNEXT performs differently with BASICTYPEs M and P as shown in the following syntax:
READNEXT var FROM list.name {, acct.name} [SETTING count.var] {THEN
statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
The SETTING clause assigns the number of elements in the list to the variable count.var.
Syntax
READNEXT id.var [, val.var[, subval.var]] [FROM list.num.expr]
[ON ERROR statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
READNEXT and multivalued attributes
Select lists used by READNEXT can contain an optional value and subvalue positions (if you create
the list using the BY.EXP keyword). The select list created by using this keyword is sorted based on
a multivalued or subvalued attribute. The select list contains, in each of two attributes, the record ID
and position of the sorted value or subvalue. The READNEXT command passes the value or subvalue
positions to val.var and subval.var. A subsequent READ statement might access the appropriate value
using val.var (and subval.var).
304
READNEXT
Note: When you create a select list using the BY.EXP keyword against a multivalued or multisubvalued attribute, the resulting select list contains the multivalue position in the second value of
the attribute and the multi-subvalue position in the third value of the attribute. If a BY.EXP select
statement is executed against an attribute with a value code specifier of MV, the third value in each
attribute in the resulting select list is -5 as the following shows:
001: 785}1}-5
002: 796}1}-5
003: 812}1}-5
...
READNEXT assigns the values and subvalues of each record ID to val.var and subval.var. The
val.var and subval.var each can contain more than one data value (separated by value or subvalue
marks) if you use more than one BY.EXP keyword when you create the select list. In this case, the first
subvalue in val.var and in subval.var corresponds to the value and subvalue position of the attribute
in the first BY.EXP expression. The second subvalue in val.var and in subval.var corresponds to the
value and subvalue position of the attribute in the second BY.EXP clause, and so forth for each
successive BY.EXP clause.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
id.var
Specifies a variable to contain the value of the next record ID.
,val.var,subval.var
Specifies a value and subvalue to read.
FROM list.num.expr
Specifies which select list (0-9) you want to use. If you do not specify
list.num, the default (0) list is used. If no items are available in the list,
UniData executes the ELSE clause.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the statement fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment reads 10 IDs from select list 1, and then reads the
records associated with those IDs. If a record ID is not found in the default system file, the program
displays the message NOT FOUND.
FOR I = 1 TO 10
READNEXT ID FROM 1 ELSE SHORT.LIST = 1 THEN
READU REC FROM CUST,ID ELSE PRINT "NOT FOUND"
END
NEXT I
305
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
In the next example, the program selects all Canadian clients, and then executes READNEXT to read
and display the records for the first 22:
EXECUTE 'SELECT CLIENTS WITH COUNTRY = "Canada"'
EXECUTE "SAVE.LIST 'canadians'"
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO CLIENT.FILE ELSE ABORT
GETLIST 'canadians' SETTING LIST.CNT
ELSE PRINT CLIENT:" SAVELISTS ID ‘canadians’ CANNOT BE
FOUND";STOP
PRINT @(-1)
FOR I = 1 TO 22
READNEXT ID ELSE EXIT
READ REC FROM CLIENT.FILE, ID THEN
PRINT @(5,I):REC<1>:@(20,I):REC<2>
END ELSE
PRINT "CANNOT FIND RECORD":ID
END
NEXT I
CLEARSELECT
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DELETELIST, FORMLIST, GETLIST, READLIST, SELECT, SELECTINDEX,
SELECTINFO, WRITELIST
UniData SQL
SELECT
For information, see the UniData SQL Commands Reference
UniQuery
DELETELIST, GETLIST, SELECT, SAVE.LIST, SSELECT,
For information, see the UniQuery Commands Reference
READNEXTTUPLE
The UniBasic READNEXTTUPLE command assigns the next entire record to a variable. The record ID
is obtained from an active select list that was created by a UniData SQL SELECT statement during the
current work session.
READNEXTTUPLE creates a dynamic array delimited by attribute marks (@AM). The attribute marks
are entered by the UniData SQL SELECT statement.
Tip: Do not use the UniData SQL UNNEST command in the SQL statement that creates the ID list.
UniData might not return the entire record with attribute marks, value marks, and/or subvalue
marks if you use UNNEST.
Syntax
READNEXTTUPLE dyn.array.var FROM file.name.expr {THEN statements [END]
| ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
306
READSELECT
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies the dynamic array to contain the record.
FROM file.name.expr
Specifies the file from which to read the next record ID.
file.name.expr must have been created during the current session by:
An EXECUTESQL statement with a TO clause in the UniBasic
program.
A UniData SQL statement executed at the ECL prompt before the
program was run.
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
ELSE statements END
Examples
In the following example, the program segment executes a UniData SQL statement and stores the
output in an internal result file called SQL_INPUT. The READNEXTTUPLE statement then reads the
records stored in SQL_INPUT until the last record item is read. The process converts the attribute
marks to spaces and prints each record read.
OUT.COMMAND = "SELECT NAME, ADDRESS, CITY"
OUT.COMMAND := " FROM CLIENTS TO SQL_INPUT; "
EXECUTESQL OUT.COMMAND
DONE = 0
BPIOCP
LOOP
READNEXTTUPLE CLIENT.REC FROM "SQL_INPUT" ELSE
DONE = 1
END
UNTIL DONE DO
CONVERT @AM TO " " IN CLIENT.REC
CONVERT @VM TO","IN CLIENT.REC
PRINT CLIENT.REC
REPEAT
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
EXECUTE, EXECUTESQL, @variables
UniData
SQLSELECT
For information, see the Using UniData SQL
READSELECT
READSELECT is a synonym for the READLIST command. For more information, see READLIST, on
page 303.
307
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Synonyms
READLIST
READSEQ
The UniBasic READSEQ command reads the next record from a sequential file and assigns the data
read to a variable.
Note: Before you use READSEQ, you must open the file by using the OSOPEN or OPENSEQ
command.
If the file is a named pipe, you cannot use READSEQ to read it. You must use the OSBREAD
command.
Each read from the sequential file searches for a line feed character [CHAR(10)] to determine the
end of the record. READSEQ maintains a pointer to the current position in the file (where the last
record terminated).
Syntax
READSEQ var FROM seq.file.var {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements
[END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies a variable to which to assign the record.
FROM seq.file.var
Specifies a sequential file from which to read the record.
THEN statements END
seq.file.var must be a sequential file opened by using an OPENSEQ or
OSOPEN statement.
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record does not
exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
ELSE statements END
Examples
In the following example, the program statement reads the next record in the file PORT.FILE and
assigns it to the variable TAX.REC:
READSEQ TAX.REC FROM PORT.FILE ELSE STOP "Can’t READSEQ TAX.REC"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSESEQ, OPENSEQ, OSBREAD, OSBWRITE, OSCLOSE, OSDELETE, OSOPEN,
WRITESEQ, WRITESEQF
readSocket
Use the readSocket function to read data in the socket buffer up to max_read_size characters.
308
READT
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
readSocket(socket_handle, socket_data, max_read_size, time_out,
blocking_mode, actual_read_size)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
socket_handle
The handle to the open socket.
socket_data
The data to be read from the socket.
max_read_size
The maximum number of characters to return. If this is 0, then the
entire buffer should be returned.
time_out
The time (in milliseconds) before a return in blocking mode. This is
ignored for non-blocking read.
blocking_mode
0: using current mode
1: blocking
2: non-blocking
actual_read_size
The number of characters actually read. -1 if error.
The following table describes the return status of each mode.
Mode
Return Status
0 - Non-Blocking
The function will return immediately if there is no data in the socket.
If the max_read_size parameter is greater than the socket buffer then
just the socket buffer will be returned.
1 - Blocking
If there is no data in the socket, the function will block until data is put
into the socket on the other end. It will return up to the max_read_size
character setting.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
Non-zero
See Socket Function Error Return codes.
READT
The UniBasic READT command reads the next record from a tape and assigns it to a variable.
309
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: Before you use the READT command, you must attach a tape drive with the T.ATT
command. For information about tape commands, see the UniData Commands Reference. You
must use the TAPELEN option for the T.ATT command and specify the length of the tape in
megabytes. This command is intended for use with UniData tapes only.
UniData uses the ASCII 0 character (CHAR(0)) as an end-of-record mark. Therefore, you cannot use
ASCII 0 in any string variable in UniBasic. READT converts (CHAR(0)) to CHAR(128).
Syntax
READT [UNIT (mu.expr)] var {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements
[END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
UNIT (mu.expr)
Specifies the conversion code (first digit), and the unit number
(second digit). UniData allows unit numbers from 0 through 9. mu.expr
is optional. The default value is 00, indicating tape unit 0 and no
conversion:
0 – No conversion (ASCII assumed)
1 – EBCDIC conversion
2 – Invert high bit
3 – Swap bytes
var
Specifies a variable to contain the record.
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE statements END
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record does not
exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
STATUS function return values
After you execute READT, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
310
Value
Description
0
Successful read.
1
End of file encountered.
2
End of tape encountered.
3
Tape not assigned.
4
Parity error.
5
Unknown hardware error.
6
Other unspecified error.
READU
Examples
In the following example, the program segment first uses the ECL T.ATT command to reserve tape
unit 0 and perform no conversion. Then the program segment reads all the records on the tape (until
the end of the file or tape) and calls an internal subroutine that processes the record.
PERFORM "T.ATT"
DONE = 0
LOOP
READT UNIT (00) TAX.RECORD ELSE DONE = 1
UNTIL DONE DO
GOSUB PROCESS.RECORD
REPEAT
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
RESIZET, REWIND, WEOF, WRITET
UniData
SETTAPE, T.ATT, T.DET
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
READU
The UniBasic READU command reads a record from a file and assigns its contents to a dynamic array.
READU checks for locks. If the record is available, it sets an exclusive lock and reads the record.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Warning: Do not use UniBasic READ and WRITE commands to open or modify binary data in
DIR-type files (for example, BP). Doing so could corrupt data in the file. Instead, use OSREAD or
OSBREAD after executing the UniBasic NOCONVERT command.
Syntax
READU dyn.array.var FROM [file.var,]
record.ID.expr [ON ERROR statements] [LOCKED statements] {THEN
statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
READU dyn.array.var FROM [file.var,] record.ID.expr [LOCKED statements]
[ON ERROR statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies a dynamic array to contain the record.
311
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
FROM file.var,
Specifies a file variable from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
record.ID.expr
ON ERROR statements
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies the record ID to use to retrieve the record.
Specifies statements to execute if the statement fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if the record is locked by another
user. If you do not specify a LOCKED clause, the program waits until
the lock on the record is released.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to make
the terminal beep while you wait for UniData to unlock the record.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
STATUS function return values
After you execute READU, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Description
0
Successful read.
1
UniData was unable to read the record.
n
The record is locked. The user number of the user who locked the file
is returned in n.
Examples
The following program segment is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications.
READU checks for locks. If the record is available, it sets an exclusive lock and reads the record into
ORDER.REC.
DISPLAY_DATA:
* Display the current information in the desired record. This is
* determined by the number the user entered (ORDER_NUMBER).
READU ORDER.REC FROM ORDERS_FILE,ORDER_NUMBER THEN
* Read with a lock so that no one else can modify it at the same
time.
RECORD_FOUND = 1
The record remains locked until the following program executes, which releases locks:
WRITE ORDER.REC ON ORDERS_FILE,ORDER_NUMBER
In the following example, the program segment assigns the record, read from the default file, to the
variable INFO, and sets an exclusive lock on that record. UniData prints “Record locked” if the record
312
READV
is locked by another program, or prints “File not found” if the record does not exist. If the default file is
not found, the program ends.
READU INFO FROM "IDENT" LOCKED PRINT "Record locked"
ELSE PRINT "Record not found"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSE, DELETE, OPEN, READ, READL, READV, READVL, READVU, WRITE
UniData
DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
READV
The UniBasic READV command assigns the data from an attribute of a record to a variable.
Note: READV ignores locks. To update a record, you should use the READVU command, which
checks for locks. For an explanation of UniData locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Tip: To improve efficiency, use READV when only one or two attributes are needed from a record.
If access to more attributes is needed, READ or MATREAD is more efficient.
Syntax
READV var FROM [file.var,] record.ID.expr, attribute.expr [ON ERROR
statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies a dynamic array to contain the attribute.
FROM file.var,
Specifies the file from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal error occurs.
record.ID.expr
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies the record to read.
attribute.expr
Specifies the attribute to read.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the READV statement fails with a
fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData
cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
313
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
ELSE statements END
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record does not
exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment reads CLIENT.NAME from the CLIENTS file, record ID
10034, attribute 2. If the record exists, UniData appends the attribute to string NAME.ARRAY1 using the
short form of the replace command. Otherwise, UniData executes the ELSE clause.
NAME.ARRAY1 = "Smith Jones Brown"
OPEN "CLIENTS" TO CLIENT.FILE ELSE STOP
READV CLIENT.NAME FROM CLIENT.FILE,"10034",2 THEN
NAME.ARRAY1<-1> = CLIENT.NAME
PRINT NAME.ARRAY1
END ELSE
PRINT 'NO FILE FOR CLIENT ':CLIENT.ID
END
In the next example, you can use the READV command with an attribute.expr of 0 to verify that a
record exists (for example, if you are assigning IDs sequentially in the CLIENTS file). Each time you
need to create a new ID, you need to verify that the ID you selected is not in use. The following code
accomplishes this task, incrementing the ID until an ID is available.
LOOP
READV CHECK FROM CLIENT,NEXT.ID,0 ELSE CHECK = 0
UNTIL CHECK NE 0 DO
NEXT.ID += 1
REPEAT CLIENT.ID = NEXT.ID
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSE, DELETE, OPEN, READ, READL, READU, READVL, READVU, WRITE
READVL
The UniBasic READVL command assigns the data from an attribute of a record to a variable. READVL
checks for locks. If the record is available, it sets a shared lock before it reads the record.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
You generally use the READVL command when only one or two attributes are needed from a record. If
access to more attributes is needed, READ or MATREAD is more efficient.
Syntax
READVL var FROM [file.var,] record.ID.expr, attribute.expr [ON
ERROR statements] [LOCKED statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE
statements [END]}
314
READVL
READVL var FROM [file.var,] record.ID.expr, attribute.expr [LOCKED
statements] [ON ERROR statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE
statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies the variable to contain the attribute.
FROM file.var,
Specifies the file from which to read the attribute.
If you do not specify a file with file.var, the data is read from the most
recently opened default file.
Specifies a record from which to read an attribute.
record.ID.expr
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal error occurs.
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies an attribute from which to read.
attribute.expr
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the READVL statement fails with a
fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData
cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if the record is locked by another
user. If you do not specify a LOCKED clause, the program waits until
the lock on the record is released.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to make
the terminal beep while you wait for UniData to unlock the record.
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
ELSE statements END
Examples
In the following example, READVL checks for locks on the record CARS in the default file. If the record
is available, it sets a shared lock and reads the third attribute of the record. If the data is not found,
UniData displays the message “NOT FOUND”.
READVL MODEL FROM "CARS",3 ELSE PRINT "NOT FOUND"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSE, DELETE, OPEN, READ, READL, READU, READV, READVU, WRITE
UniData
DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
315
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
READVU
The UniBasic READVU command assigns the data from an attribute of a record to a variable. READVU
checks for locks. If the record is available, it sets an exclusive lock before it reads the record.
Tip: You can improve efficiency by using the READVU command when you need only one or two
attributes from a record. If more attributes are necessary, or if you need to update more attributes,
use the READU or MATREADU commands.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
READVU var FROM [file.var,] record.ID.expr, attribute.expr [ON
ERROR statements] [LOCKED statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE
statements [END]}
READVU var FROM [file.var,] record.ID.expr, attribute.expr [LOCKED
statements] [ON ERROR statements] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE
statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies a variable to contain the data read from the attribute.
FROM file.var,
Specifies the file from which to read the attribute.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal error occurs.
record.ID.expr
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies a record in the file from which to read the data.
attribute.expr
Specifies an attribute within the file from which to read the data.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the READVU statement fails with a
fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData
cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if the record is locked by another
user. If you do not specify a LOCKED clause, the program waits until
the lock on the record is released.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to make
the terminal beep while you wait for UniData to unlock the record.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
316
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
READXBCK
Examples
The following program segment is taken from Developing UniBasic Applications. READVU checks for
locks. If the record is available, it sets an exclusive lock and reads the multivalued attribute containing
the order number the user wants to delete.
DELETE_RECORD:
* (Assuming the order #'s are on line 12)
READVU ORDER_LINE FROM CLIENT_FILE,CLIENT_NUMBER,12 THEN
LOCATE ORDER_NUMBER IN ORDER_LINE<1> SETTING POSITION THEN
DEL ORDER_LINE<1,POSITION>
END
WRITEV ORDER_LINE ON CLIENT_FILE, CLIENT_NUMBER, 12
END
In the next example, the program segment reads the seventh attribute of the record named in the
variable ID from the INV file and stores the attribute in the variable SUPPL. If the record is locked, or if
the default file cannot be found, UniData displays a read-error message.
READVU SUPPL FROM INV,ID,7 LOCKED PRINT "Locked"
ELSE GOTO 2010:
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSE, DELETE, OPEN, READ, READL, READU, READV, READVL, WRITE
UniData
DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
READXBCK
The UniBasic READXBCK command reads the previous key in an alternate key index in much the same
manner as the READBCK command, but does not read the associated record. READXBCK enables a
program to read alternate keys without incurring the overhead of retrieving a record every time.
Syntax
READXBCK dyn.array.var [FROM file.var] [ON ERROR statements] {THEN
statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies a dynamic array to which to assign the values read.
FROM file.var,
Specifies a file variable from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
317
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the statement fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
ELSE statements END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
READBCK, READBCKL, READBCKU, READFWD, READFWDL, READFWDU,
READXFWD, SELECTINDEX, SETINDEX
UniData
BUILD.INDEX, CREATE.INDEX
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
READXFWD
The UniBasic READXFWD command reads the next value in an alternate key index in much the same
manner as the READFWD command, but does not read the associated record. READXFWD enables a
program to read alternate keys without incurring the overhead of retrieving a record every time.
Syntax
READXFWD dyn.array.var [FROM file.var] [ON ERROR statements] {THEN
statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies a dynamic array to which to assign the values read.
FROM file.var,
Specifies a file variable from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal READ error occurs.
ON ERROR statements
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies statements to execute if the statement fails with a fatal error
because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
THEN statements END
318
THEN executes if the read is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
READXMLDATA
Parameter
Description
ELSE statements END
ELSE executes if the read is not successful or the record (or ID) does
not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
READBCK, READBCKL, READBCKU, READFWD, READFWDL, READFWDU,
READXBCK, SELECTINDEX, SETINDEX
UniData
BUILD.INDEX, CREATE.INDEX
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
READXMLDATA
After opening the XML document with the OPENXMLDATA function, read the document using the
READXMLDATA function. UniBASIC returns the XML data as a dynamic array.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
READXMLDATA(xml_data_handle, rec)
Syntax
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xml_data_handle
A variable that holds the XML data handle created by the
OPENXMLDATA function.
rec
A mark-delimited dynamic array containing the extracted data.
After you read the XML document, you can execute any UniBASIC statement or function against the
data.
Status codes
The status code can be one of the following:
Status code
Description
XML.SUCCESS
Success
XML.ERROR
Failure
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
Invalid xml_data_handle
XML.EOF
End of data
Examples
The following example illustrates use of the READXMLDATA function:
MOREDATA=1
319
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
LOOP WHILE (MOREDATA=1)
status = READXMLDATA(STUDENT_XML,rec)
IF status = XML.ERROR THEN
STOP “Error when preparing the XML document. “
END ELSE IF status = XML.EOF THEN
PRINT “No more data”
MOREDATA = 0
END ELSE
PRINT “rec = “:rec
END
REPEAT
RECORDLOCKED
The UniBasic RECORDLOCKED function returns the lock status of the specified record or file. For
an explanation of UniData locks, and for a sample program you can use to test this command, see
Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
RECORDLOCKED (file.var, rec.id.expr)
Null value handling
With null value handling on, the null value in file.var results in a RECORDLOCKED return value of -2
and a STATUS function return value of -12. The null value is a valid record ID and can be passed to the
function in rec.id.expr.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
file.var
Specifies the file on which to check lock status. The null value in
file.var results in a RECORDLOCKED return value of -2.
rec.id.expr
Specifies the record on which to check lock status.
RECORDLOCKED function return values
The RECORDLOCKED function returns one of the values described in the following table.
320
Value
Lock type
Lock owner
Locking command
4
exclusive
you
FILELOCK, SQL LOCK TABLE,
implicit SQL TP lock escalation.
3
shared
you
FILELOCK, SQL LOCK TABLE,
implicit SQL TP lock escalation.
2
exclusive
you
READU, RECORDLOCKU, SQL TP
implicit record locking.
1
shared
you
READL, RECORDLOCKL, SQL TP
implicit record locking.
0
The record is not locked.
-1
shared
another user
READL, RECORDLOCKL, SQL TP
implicit record locking.
RECORDLOCKL
Value
Lock type
Lock owner
Locking command
-2
exclusive
another user
READU, RECORDLOCKU, SQL TP
implicit record locking.
-3
shared
another user
FILELOCK, SQL LOCK TABLE,
implicit SQL TP lock escalation.
-4
exclusive
another user
FILELOCK, SQL LOCK TABLE,
implicit SQL TP lock escalation.
Note: When UDT.OPTIONS 35 is on, this function returns a value of -2 when another user has a
READU lock on the record or file.
STATUS function return values
After you execute RECORDLOCKED, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Value
RECORDLOCKED return value Meaning
n
A number between -1 and
-4.
The record is locked. The user number of the user
who owns the lock is returned in n.
0
0
The record is not locked.
-1
-11
The file is NFA. Currently, RECORDLOCKED does
not support NFA files.
-2
-12
Invalid file type. file.var can contain the null value.
-3
-13
System error: unknown user.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
FILELOCK, FILEUNLOCK, RECORDLOCKL, RECORDLOCKU, RELEASE
RECORDLOCKL
The UniBasic RECORDLOCKL command checks for record locks. If the record is available, it sets a
shared lock on the record. For an explanation of UniData locks, and for a sample program that you can
use to test this command, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
RECORDLOCKL [file.var,] record.ID.expr [ON ERROR statements] [LOCKED
statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
321
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
file.var,
Specifies the file from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal error occurs.
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies a record to lock.
record.ID.expr
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the RECORDLOCKL statement fails
with a fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or
UniData cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if another user has an exclusive lock
on the record. If you do not specify a LOCKED clause, the program
waits until the lock on the record is released.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to make
the terminal beep while you wait for UniData to unlock the record.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement sets a shared lock on the record HOLLY in the default
file. If the record is already locked by another user, the program waits until the record is released.
RECORDLOCKL "HOLLY"
In the next example, the program segment sets a lock on the record with the ID Smith from file
CLIENT.FILE. If the record is locked, UniData displays the message “THE RECORD IS ALREADY
LOCKED”.
RECORDLOCKL CLIENT.FILE,"Smith"
LOCKED PRINT "THE RECORD IS ALREADY LOCKED"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
FILELOCK, FILEUNLOCK, RECORDLOCKED, RECORDLOCKU, RELEASE
UniData
DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
RECORDLOCKU
The UniBasic RECORDLOCKU command checks for record locks. If the record is available, it sets an
exclusive lock on the record. For an explanation of UniData locks, and for a sample program that you
can use to test this command, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
RECORDLOCKU [file.var,] record.ID.expr [ON ERROR statements] [LOCKED
statements]
322
RELEASE
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
file.var,
Specifies the file from which to read the record.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal error occurs.
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
record.ID.expr
Specifies a record to lock.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the RECORDLOCKU statement fails
with a fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or
UniData cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
LOCKED statements
Specifies statements to execute if the record is locked by another
user. If you do not specify a LOCKED clause, the program waits until
the lock on the record is released.
Use the ECL command DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION BELL to make
the terminal beep while you wait for UniData to unlock the record.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
FILELOCK, FILEUNLOCK, RECORDLOCKED, RECORDLOCKL, RELEASE
UniData
DEFAULT.LOCKED.ACTION
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
RELEASE
The UniBasic RELEASE command unlocks records and files locked by the same user process. If no
files or records are locked, RELEASE has no effect.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
RELEASE [file.var [, record.ID.expr]] [ON ERROR statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
file.var
Specifies a file to unlock. If you do not specify a file or a record,
UniData releases all locks set by the same user process.
323
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
,record.ID.expr
Specifies a record ID to unlock. If you do not specify a record with
record.ID.expr, UniData releases all locked records within the file.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the RELEASE statement fails with a
fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData
cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
Examples
The following program segment is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications.
In this program, the WRITE statement unlocks records so that locks are retained only as long as
required. However, some error conditions could result in processing returning to the main routine with
a record still locked. For this reason, the program segment includes a RELEASE statement.
*-------------- Main Logic ----------------------------GOSUB INITIALIZE
LOOP
GOSUB DISPLAY_SCREEN
GOSUB GET_ORDER_NUMBER
UNTIL ORDER_NUMBER[1,1] = 'Q'
GOSUB DISPLAY_DATA
IF RECORD_FOUND THEN GOSUB GET_RECORD_COMMAND
RELEASE
REPEAT
GOSUB EXIT
In the next example, the program statement releases the record “COLO” in the file CONTACTS. Other
locked records in this file remain locked.
RELEASE CONTACTS,"COLO"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
FILELOCK, FILEUNLOCK, RECORDLOCKED, RECORDLOCKL, RECORDLOCKU
RELEASEXML
Release the dynamic array variable using the RELEASEXML function. RELEASEXML destroys the
internal DOM tree and releases the associated memory.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
RELEASEXML(XMLhandle)
Parameter
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
324
REM
Parameter
Description
XMLhandle
The XML handle created by the PREPAREXML function.
REM
The UniBasic REM command enables you to enter remarks in a program. You can enter the comment
on a line by itself by entering the comment command followed by text. You also can enter a comment
on a line that contains another UniBasic command by preceding the comment command with a
semicolon.
Tip: In structured programming, a single command is entered on each line. This makes programs
easier to read and maintain.
Syntax
REM [comment text]
Synonyms
!, *
Note: REM is also a synonym for the MOD function. For more information, see MOD, on page 229.
Examples
In the following example, comments describe the subroutine’s functionality. The program uses !, *,
and REM.
! Subroutine to test user input validity.
SUBROUTINE TEST
COMMON N,DATA.IN,VAL,SCORE(10)
BEGIN CASE
CASE DATA.IN=VAL
** answer correct, then
SCORE(N)=1 REM add one to SCORE(N)
PRINT "Got it right!"
! print message.
CASE IN <> VAL
SCORE(N)=0
PRINT "Incorrect, try again."
END CASE
RETURN
REM end of error check subroutine.
REMOVE
The UniBasic REMOVE command extracts an element from a dynamic array and assigns the removed
element to a variable. REMOVE does not change the value of the dynamic array. REMOVE supports
multibyte languages.
REMOVE searches a dynamic array for system delimiters. When UniData finds a delimiter, it assigns the
contents of the array element and the delimiter to the variable. UniData maintains a pointer to the last
substring you remove so that successive REMOVE statements move progressively through a dynamic
array.
325
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Tip: Use REMOVE to sequentially process the elements of a dynamic array.
Syntax
REMOVE var FROM dyn.var [AT col.pos] SETTING delim.var
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies the element to contain the extracted array element.
FROM dyn.var
Specifies a dynamic array from which to remove elements.
AT col.pos
Specifies the position in the array at which to start removing
elements.
This position is the number of characters, including system delimiters,
from the beginning of the array. To process the entire array, set
col.pos to 1 (0 defaults to 1). The value of col.pos changes as the array
is processed, indicating the current position of the pointer.
SETTING delim.var
Specifies the delimiter code. When the end of the array is
encountered, delim.var is set to 0.
The SETTING clause assigns the variable delim.var a value based on the type of delimiter
encountered. The following table describes the values of the delimiter codes.
Delimiter code
Description
ASCII value*
0
array end
1
record mark
255
2
attribute mark
254
3
value mark
253
4
subvalue mark
252
5
text mark
251
6
not used; nonprinting
250
7
not used; nonprinting
249
*ASCII value is language-dependent and can be reassigned.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment processes the dynamic array CLIENT:
DIM VAR(5,2)
CLIENT = "G.Flaubert":@VM:"Guy":@SM:"12":@VM:"Yvette":@SM:"7"
FOR I = 1 TO 5
REMOVE VAR(I,1) FROM CLIENT SETTING VAR(I,2)
NEXT I
CLIENT = CLIENT;*reset REMOVE pointer
After the loop terminates, VAR contains the following:
VAR(1,1) = "G.Flaubert" VAR(1,2) = 3
VAR(2,1) = "Guy" VAR(2,2) = 4
326
REMOVE
VAR(3,1) = "12" VAR(3,2) = 3
VAR(4,1) = "Yvette" VAR(4,2) = 4
VAR(5,1) = "7" VAR(5,2) = 0
Notice that each element in the array VAR contains the extracted array element and the associated
delimiter.
In the next example, the program segment starts at the beginning of the array AMOUNTS, successively
removes each element from the array, calculates a 3.5 percent tax amount, and adds it into the
variable TAX.AMT. When MARK = 0 (delim.var is 0), processing terminates.
COL = 1
LOOP
REMOVE INV.AMT FROM AMOUNTS AT COL SETTING MARK
TAX.AMT += INV.AMT*.035
WHILE MARK DO REPEAT
In the next example, the program segment demonstrates the difference between UniBasic and other
implementations of BASIC:
ARRAY = "AB":@AM:"CD":@AM:"EF"
COL = 1
LOOP
REMOVE LINE FROM ARRAY AT COL SETTING MARK
PRINT LINE, COL, MARK
WHILE MARK REPEAT
In UniBasic, the result is the following:
AB 4 2
CD 7 2
EF 9 0
In some implementations, the values are different:
AB 3 2
CD 6 2
EF 8 2
In the next example, the program segment compares processing time for the REMOVE statement
versus the EXTRACT statement:
MAINLINE
OPEN ' ', 'VOC' TO VOC ELSE STOP 'CANNOT OPEN VOC FILE!'
READ ITEM FROM VOC, 'BIGTEST' THEN
LINE.CNT = DCOUNT (ITEM, @AM)
PRINT "Bigtest in file VOC: "; LINE.CNT: " lines, ":
PRINT LEN(ITEM): "bytes."
GOSUB TIME.EXTRACT
GOSUM TIME.REMOVE
END ELSE
PRINT 'COULD NOT READ ITEM BIGTEST'
END
STOP
TIME.EXTRACT:
LINE.IDX = 1
START.TIME = TIME()
LOOP
UNTIL LINE.IDX LINE.CNT DO
LINE = ITEM<LINE.IDX>
327
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
LINE.IDX += 1
REPEAT
END.TIME = TIME()
PRINT "EXTRACT: ": OCONV(END.TIME-START.TIME, 'MTS'):
RETURN
TIME.REMOVE
START.TIME = TIME()
LOOP
REMOVE LINE FROM ITEM SETTING MORE.LINES
WHILE MORE.LINES DO
REPEAT END.TIME = TIME()
PRINT "REMOVE: ": OCONV(END.TIME-START.TIME, 'MTS'):
RETURN
This results in the following:
Bigtest in file VOC: 6000 lines, 59999 bytes.
Processing time:
EXTRACT: 00:07:26
REMOVE: 00:00:03
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DEL, EXTRACT, INSERT, REMOVE, REPLACE, SUBSTRINGS
REMOVE
The UniBasic REMOVE function extracts an element from a dynamic array and assigns the removed
element to a variable. REMOVE does not change the value of the dynamic array.
REMOVE searches a dynamic array for system delimiters. When UniData finds a delimiter, it assigns the
contents of the array element and the delimiter to the variable. UniData maintains a pointer to the last
substring you remove so that successive REMOVE statements move progressively through a dynamic
array.
The REMOVE function performs the same action as the REMOVE command, but you cannot use it to
specify a starting position.
Tip: Use REMOVE to sequentially process the elements of a dynamic array.
Syntax
REMOVE(dyn.array.var,
delim.var
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.var
Specifies a dynamic array from which to remove elements.
delim.var
Specifies the delimiter code. When the end of the array is
encountered, delim.var is set to 0.
The variable delim.var is a value based on the type of delimiter encountered. The following table
describes the values of the delimiter codes.
328
REPLACE
Delimiter code
Description
ASCII value*
0
array end
1
record mark
255
2
attribute mark
254
3
value mark
253
4
subvalue mark
252
5
text mark
251
6
not used; nonprinting
250
7
not used; nonprinting
249
*ASCII value is language-dependent and can be reassigned.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DEL, EXTRACT, INSERT, REMOVE, REPLACE, SUBSTRINGS
REPLACE
The UniBasic REPLACE function replaces data in a dynamic array with an expression. If an attribute,
value, or subvalue is less than 0, the replacement string is placed after the last attribute, value, or
subvalue as appropriate. If the position given does not exist (for example, attribute 6 specified in an
array with two attributes), the necessary number of attribute, value, and subvalue marks are added to
create the specified position.
Syntax
REPLACE(dyn.array.expr, attrib.expr, val.expr, subval.expr,
replace.expr)
dyn.array.expr<attrib.expr, val.expr, subval.expr> = replace.expr
Null value handling
With null value handling on, when UniBasic encounters the null value in a command parameter when
a number is expected (attrib.expr, val.expr, subval.expr), it displays a warning message and uses 0.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array.expr
Specifies the dynamic array to modify.
attrib.expr
Specifies the attribute to replace. The following rules also apply:
If attrib.expr is a negative number, replace.expr is appended to the
existing value instead of replacing it.
If attrib.expr is 0, the preceding level (attribute, value, subvalue) is
replaced by replace.expr. 329
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
val.expr
Specifies the value of the attribute to replace. The following rules also
apply:
If attrib.expr is a negative number, replace.expr is appended to the
existing value instead of replacing it.
If attrib.expr is 0, the preceding level (attribute, value, subvalue) is
replaced by replace.expr.
subval.expr
Specifies the subvalue of the value of the attribute to replace. The
following rules also apply:
If attrib.expr is a negative number, replace.expr is appended to the
existing value instead of replacing it.
If attrib.expr is 0, the preceding level (attribute, value, subvalue) is
replaced by replace.expr.
replace.expr
Specifies the replacement value.
Examples
In this example, the program statement replaces the first value of attribute 2 with the value ‘220 W.
44TH’:
CLIENT.REC = REPLACE(CLIENT.REC,4,1,0,'220 W. 44TH')
In the next example, the program segment replaces “Blue” with the null value in STG, prints STG,
then replaces the null value with “Blue” in STG, and prints STG again. The subroutine PRINT.SETUP
converts attribute marks, value marks, and the null value to characters that can be displayed and
printed.
STG = "Movies":@AM:"The Sacrifice":@VM:"Blue":@AM:"Rocky IV"
STG = REPLACE(STG,2,2,0,@NULL)
GOSUB PRINT.SETUP
PRINT "STG = ":PRT.STG
STG = REPLACE(STG,2,2,0,"Blue")
GOSUB PRINT.SETUP
PRINT "STG = ":PRT.STG
PRINT.SETUP:
PRT.STG = CHANGE(STG, @NULL, "@NULL")
PRT.STG = CHANGE(PRT.STG, @AM, "@AM")
PRT.STG = CHANGE(PRT.STG, @VM, "@VM")
RETURN
This program prints the following:
STG = Movies@AMThe Sacrifice@VM@NULL@AMRocky IV
STG = Movies@AMThe Sacrifice@VMBlue@AMRocky IV
In the next example, the first REPLACE places Harry Smith in the first attribute position. The second
REPLACE places an array with two values in the fifth attribute.
CUST.REC =''
CUST.REC = REPLACE(CUST.REC,1,0,01'Harry Smith')
CUST.REC = REPLACE(CUST.REC,5,0,0,"V220":@VM:"v230")
This results in:
CUST.REC = "Harry
330
RESIZET
Smith":@AM::@AM::@AM::@AM:"V220":@VM:"V230"
In the following example, the program uses the short form of the REPLACE command to append
CLIENT.NAME to NAME.ARRAY1:
NAME.ARRAY1 = "Smith Jones Brown"
OPEN "CLIENTS" TO CLIENT.FILE ELSE STOP
READV CLIENT.NAME FROM CLIENT.FILE,"10034",2 THEN
NAME.ARRAY1<-1> = CLIENT.NAME
PRINT NAME.ARRAY1
END ELSE
PRINT 'NO RECORD FOR CLIENT ':CLIENT.ID
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DEL, DELETE, EXTRACT, INSERT, REMOVE, REPLACE
RESIZET
The UniBasic RESIZET command changes the block size the WRITET command uses. When UniData
processes a variable length record, the record length is less than the block length and UniData fills the
remaining portion of the block with blanks.
Tip: Use this command when the block size in a file is not the same as the block size in T.ATT.
Syntax
RESIZET [UNIT(mu.expr)] expr {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements
[END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Paragraph
Description
UNIT(mu.expr)
Specifies the conversion code and unit number. The mu.expr is
optional. The default value is UNIT (00) for tape unit 0 with no
conversion (ASCII assumed).
0 – No conversion (ASCII assumed).
1 – EBCDIC conversion.
2 – Invert high bit.
3 – Swap bytes.
expr
Specifies the block size to which to resize.
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the resize is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline THEN statements.
ELSE statements END
ELSE executes if the resize is not successful. END is required to
terminate multiline ELSE statements.
331
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
In the following example, the program segment changes the block size the WRITET statement uses for
the length of REC:
RESIZET LEN(REC) ELSE PRINT 'RESIZET ERROR'
WRITET REC ELSE PRINT 'WRITET ERROR'
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
READT, REWIND, WRITET
UniData
SETTAPE, T.ATT, T.DET
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
RETURN
The UniBasic RETURN command transfers program control from a subroutine back to the calling
program or subroutine.
The optional TO clause returns to a statement label. This clause is valid only for internal subroutine
returns. If you do not specify a TO clause, control passes to the statement immediately following the
GOSUB or CALL statement in the calling program or subroutine.
Syntax
RETURN [TO label[:]]
Examples
The following externally cataloged subroutine is called by the sample program in Developing UniBasic
Applications. The RETURN statement returns control to UPDATE_ORDERS.
SUBROUTINE DISPLAY_MESSAGE(MESSAGE)
DISPLAY @(5,20):MESSAGE
DISPLAY @(5,21):"Press the (Return) key.":
INPUT PAUSE,1_
RETURN
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CALL, GOSUB, ON/GOSUB
REUSE
The UniBasic REUSE function affects the application of arithmetic operations on dynamic arrays.
Syntax
REUSE(dyn.array.expr)
332
REWIND
When REUSE Is Not Used
When you execute an arithmetic operation on an array and you do not include the REUSE function,
one of the following happens:
▪
▪
Array and constant – When you apply an arithmetic operation to an array and a constant, the
operation is executed against only the first element of the array. If you want the operation to
execute on every element in the array, apply REUSE to the constant.
Two arrays – When you execute an arithmetic operation on arrays of different lengths, the
operation is performed on the number of elements in the shortest array only. The remaining
elements are each filled with 1 or 0, depending on the operation performed:
▫ Division – 1.
▫
Addition, subtraction, and multiplication – 0.
If you apply REUSE to the shorter array, the last element in this array is used to perform the
operation on the remaining elements in the longer array.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment multiplies the arrays without using the REUSE
function:
VIEWERS = 100:@VM:200:@VM:300
COST = 40:@VM:1
VCOST = VIEWERS*COST
This results in:
VCOST = 4000:@VM:200:@VM:0
VCOST takes its length from VIEWERS, the longest of the two arrays, but multiplication is performed
on only the first two elements of each array because the other array, COST, has only two elements.
The final element in the result array (VCOST) is filled with 0. 0 is used to fill because the arithmetic
operation is multiplication.
However, if you apply the REUSE function to the shorter array:
VCOST = VIEWERS*REUSE(COST)
This results in:
VCOST = 4000:@VM:200:@VM:300
The final element in COST (1) is used to multiply with the final element of VIEWERS and fill the final
element of the result array, VCOST.
REWIND
The UniBasic REWIND command rewinds a tape.
Note: Before you can use the REWIND command, you must reserve a tape drive for use with the
T.ATT command. For information about ECL T.ATT, see the UniData Commands Reference.
Syntax
REWIND [UNIT(mu.expr)] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
333
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
UNIT(mu.expr)
Specifies the conversion code (first digit), and the unit number
(second digit). UniData allows unit numbers from 0 through 9.
The mu.expr is optional and the default value is UNIT (00) for tape unit
0 with no conversion (ASCII assumed).
0 – No conversion (ASCII assumed).
1 – EBCDIC conversion.
2 – Invert high bit.
3 – Swap bytes.
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the rewind is successful. END is required to
terminate multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the rewind is not successful. END is required to
terminate multiline ELSE statements.
ELSE statements END
Examples
In the following example, the program segment first uses the ECL T.ATT command to reserve tape
unit 0 and specifies no conversion code. Then a routine reads all the records on the tape (until the
end of the file or tape) and calls an internal subroutine that processes the record. After the process is
finished, the REWIND command rewinds the tape.
PERFORM "T.ATT DO"
DONE = 0
LOOP
READT UNIT (00) TAX.RECORD ELSE DONE = 1
UNTIL DONE DO
GOSUB PROCESS.RECORD
REPEAT REWIND UNIT (00) ELSE PRINT 'REWIND UNSUCCESSFUL'
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
READT, RESIZET, WRITET
UniData
SETTAPE, T.ATT, T.DET
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
RND
The UniBasic RND function returns a random integer from 0 through num.expr minus 1.
Syntax
RND(num.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints a random number from 0 through 9:
334
RNDSEED
PRINT RND(10)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
RNDSEED
RNDSEED
The UniBasic RNDSEED command enables you to “seed” the pseudo random number generator. The
RND function gives you a different sequence of numbers each time. RNDSEED generates the same
sequence of random numbers each time you run a program with the same seed. expr is a numeric seed
point. Each time you use the same expr, RND generates the same sequence of random numbers.
Syntax
RNDSEED expr
Examples
In the following program segment, RND produces an array of random numbers to replace the values
in VCOST. Because RNDSEEN is a constant, this program always produces the same series of random
numbers. Without this statement, the program produces a different set of random numbers each time
it is run.
RNDSEED 234
VCOST = 100:@VM:200:@VM:0@VM:100:@VM:200:@VM:300
VCOST = RND(VCOST)
PRINT VCOST
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
RND
RQM
RQM is a synonym for the SLEEP function.
For more information, see SLEEP, on page 359.
Synonyms
SLEEP
SADD
The UniBasic SADD function adds two string numbers and returns the result as a string number.
SADD is the string addition function. Arguments can be any valid numbers or string numbers of any
magnitude or precision.
If x or y contains nonnumeric data, UniData displays an error message and returns a result of 0.
335
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
The SADD function results in a string number, so you can use the function in any expression in which
a string number is valid. Because string numbers can exceed the range of numbers that standard
arithmetic operators can accommodate, you might not want to use the SADD function in any
expression in which a standard number is valid.
Note: The result of the SADD function cannot exceed the maximum allowable number determined
by your hardware.
Syntax
SADD(x, y)
Tip: Processing string data type numbers rather than numeric data type numbers degrades
processing speed. Numbers specified in quotation marks are string data type. Numbers specified
without quotation marks are numeric data type. The data type in a variable is determined by the
data first loaded into it.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement assigns to variable B the sum of the string constant
(1.4149) and variable A:
B = SADD("1.4149",A)
saveSecurityContext
The saveSecurityContext() function encrypts and saves a security context to a system security
file. UniData maintains this file on a per account basis for. and uses the name as the record ID to
access the saved security information. Since the information is encrypted, you should not attempt to
directly manipulate the information.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
You may want your application to a security context to be used later. You can create multiple contexts
to suit different needs. For example, you may want to use different protocols to talk to different
servers. These contexts can be saved and reused.
When creating a saved context, you must provide both a name and a passPhrase to use to encrypt the
contents of the context. You must provide the name and passPhrase to load the saved context back.
To ensure a high level of security, we recommend that the passPhrase be relatively long, yet easy to
remember.
Syntax
saveSecurityContext(context, name, passPhrase)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
336
Parameter
Description
context
The Security context handle.
SCMP
Parameter
Description
name
String containing the file name of the saved context.
passPhrase
String containing the password to encrypt the context contents.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid security context handle.
2
Invalid parameters (empty name or passPhrase).
3
Context could not be saved.
SCMP
The UniBasic SCMP function compares two string numbers and returns a value depending on the
result of the comparison. Arguments can be any valid numbers or string numbers of any magnitude or
precision. If x or y contains nonnumeric data, UniData displays an error message, and the comparison
returns 0.
Syntax
SCMP(x, y)
SCMP function return values
The SCMP function returns one of the values described in the following table.
Comparison
Returning value
x<y
-1
x=y
0
x>y
1
Tip: Processing string data type numbers rather than numeric data type numbers degrades
processing speed. Numbers specified in quotation marks are string data type. Numbers specified
without quotation marks are numeric data type. The data type in a variable is determined by the
data first loaded into it.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment compares FA to FB. If the result of the IF statement is
true (the SCMP function returns 1), UniData executes the PRINT statement.
IF SCMP(FA,FB) GT 0 THEN
PRINT FA:" IS GREATER THAN ":FB
SDIV
The UniBasic SDIV function divides two string numbers and returns the result as a string number.
SDIV divides x by y. Arguments can be any valid numbers or string numbers of any magnitude or
precision. However, result precision is limited to 14 significant digits.
337
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
If x or y contains nonnumeric data, UniData displays an error message, and the operation results in 0.
If y is 0, UniData displays an error message that indicates you cannot divide by 0 and returns a result of
0.
The SDIV function results in a string number, so you can use the function in any expression in which
a string is required. Because the resulting string numbers can be longer than the arithmetic operator
can accommodate, you might not want to use the SDIV function in expressions requiring numeric
data type.
Syntax
SDIV(x, y)
Tip: Processing string data type numbers rather than numeric data type numbers degrades
processing speed. Numbers specified in quotation marks are string data type. Numbers specified
without quotation marks are numeric data type. The data type in a variable is determined by the
data first loaded into it.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement divides the constant (1.4149) by variable A and
assigns the result to variable B:
B = SDIV("1.4149",A)
SELECT
The UniBasic SELECT command creates an active select list of all record IDs in a file. Records appear
in the list in the order in which they are stored in the file.
You can access the select list with a READNEXT statement.
The UniBasic SELECT command differs from EXECUTE "SELECT ...", which executes the UniQuery
SELECT command. The UniBasic SELECT command immediately makes available to READNEXT one
group of IDs at a time. The program does not have to wait for the entire ID list to be constructed.
If changes occur in a group that has not been selected yet, those changes are reflected in the select
list that is being read by the program. If an ID is deleted before the group is selected by the UniBasic
program, that ID does not appear in the list.
Record IDs are truncated at 96 characters when they are copied into the select list.
When using the UniQuery SELECT command, SYSTEM(11) returns the number of items remaining in
the list. With the UniBasic SELECT command, SYSTEM(11) returns the number of items remaining in
the group.
Note: You can specify named or numbered lists (using list.num.expr or list.var.expr) in BASICTYPEs
R and U. Only named lists (list.var.expr) are supported in BASICTYPEs M and P.
Syntax
SELECT file.var [TO {list.num.expr | list.var.expr}]
[ON ERROR statements]
SELECT dyn.array [TO {list.num.expr | list.var.expr}]
[ON ERROR statements]
338
SELECT
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
file.var
Specifies a file variable from which to read record IDs.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData reads from the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal error occurs.
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the OPEN
statement.
dyn.array
Specifies a dynamic array from which to select a list of attributes.
TO list.num.expr
Supported in BASICTYPEs R and U only. Specifies a numbered select list,
0-9, to contain record IDs. If you do not specify a list, SELECT creates list 0.
TO list.var.expr
Supported in all BASICTYPEs. Specifies a named select list to contain
record IDs.
Initialize list.var.expr with a statement like
list.name = ''
before using it in the SELECT statement to avoid a compiler warning for an
uninitialized variable.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the SELECT statement fails with a fatal
error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData cannot
find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs, the
program terminates.
Examples
The following program segment places in select list 1 all record IDs in the CLIENTS file, and then prints
the ID of the first record:
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO CLIENT ON ERROR PRINT "File open error." THEN
PRINT "OPEN"
SELECT CLIENT TO 1
READNEXT var FROM 1 ON ERROR PRINT "Error in READNEXT." THEN
PRINT var
END ELSE
PRINT "Record not found."
END
The following sample program creates a select list that is named rather than numbered. This program
is compiled in BASICTYPE P, but compiles and runs in all BASICTYPEs.
$BASICTYPE "P"
list = ''
OPEN 'INVENTORY' TO INV_FILE ELSE PRINT "OPEN error"
SELECT INV_FILE TO list
FOR X = 1 TO 10
READNEXT ID FROM list ELSE
PRINT "No more IDs in list"
END
READU REC FROM INV_FILE,ID THEN
PRINT "Record ":X:" is ":REC<1>:" ":REC<3>
END ELSE
PRINT "Record not found."
339
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
END
NEXT X
END
Here is the output for this program:
Record
Record
Record
Record
Record
Record
Record
Record
Record
Record
1 is 10105 Memory
2 is 10076 Telephone
3 is 10020 Adapter
4 is 10086 Modem
5 is 10092 Adapter
6 is 10073 Monitor
7 is 10041 Computer
8 is 10071 Computer
9 is 10103 Telephone
10 is 10101 Computer
In the following example, the program statement creates a list of all record IDs in the INVENTORY file in
active select list 0:
SELECT INVENTORY
In the next example, the program segment first creates a list of all IDs in the ORDERS file and assigns
the ID list to list 1. It then uses the READNEXT command to read the IDs from the list sequentially,
executing a subroutine, PROCESS.ORDERS, each time.
SELECT ORDERS TO 1
LOOP
READNEXT ORDER.ID FROM 1 ELSE TAPE.ID = " "
WHILE ORDER.ID
GOSUB PROCESS.ORDERS
REPEAT
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DELETELIST, FORMLIST, READLIST, SELECTINDEX, SELECTINFO, WRITELIST
UniData SQL
SELECT
For information, see the UniData SQL Commands Reference
UniQuery
DELETE.LIST, GET.LIST, SAVE.LIST, SELECT, SSELECT
For information, see the UniQuery Commands Reference
SELECTINDEX
The UniBasic SELECTINDEX command creates a select list based on an alternate key index.
Note: SELECTINDEX is not supported with EDA files.
Syntax
SELECTINDEX index.name.expr[, key.val.expr] FROM file.var [TO
list.num.expr]
340
SELECTINDEX
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
index.name.expr
Specifies an alternate key index from which to select all key values if
the key.val.expr is not specified.
, key.val.expr
Specifies a key value expression for SELECTINDEX to create a select
list of record IDs (associated with the alternate key value) found in the
alternate key index.
FROM file.var
Specifies a file variable from which to select the list.
TO list.num.expr
Specifies the list to which to select keys.
STATUS function return values
After you execute SELECTINDEX, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Value
Description
0
The select list is loaded with alternate key values or record IDs for the
specified file.
1
No alternate index key exists for this attribute using the name
specified. The select list is empty.
Examples
The following program creates a select list based on alternate index LNAME, and then reads the record
using the first ID retrieved from that list:
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO CLIENT.FILE ELSE ABORT
SELECTINDEX 'LNAME' FROM CLIENT.FILE TO 2
PRINT @(-1)
READNEXT ID FROM 2 THEN
READ REC FROM CLIENT.FILE, ID THEN
PRINT @(5,I):REC<1>:@(20,I):REC<2>
END ELSE
PRINT "CANNOT FIND RECORD":ID
END
CLEARSELECT
END
In the following example, SELECTINDEX uses the alternate key index LNAME and creates a list of all
the last names contained in the CLIENTS file:
SELECTINDEX "LNAME" FROM CLIENTS
In the next example, SELECTINDEX uses the alternate key value “Smith” and creates a list of all
occurrences of Smith contained in the CLIENTS file:
SELECTINDEX "LNAME","Smith" FROM CLIENTS
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DELETELIST, FORMLIST, INDICES, READLIST, SELECT, SELECTINFO,
SELECTINDEX, WRITELIST
341
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Language
Command
UniData SQL
SELECT
For information, see the UniData SQL Commands Reference
UniQuery
DELETE.LIST, GET.LIST, SAVE.LIST, SELECT, SSELECT
For information, see the UniQuery Commands Reference
SELECTINFO
The UniBasic SELECTINFO function returns the state of a select list. list.num.expr is an expression
evaluating to the number of the select list (0-9).
Syntax
SELECTINFO([list.num.expr,] 1)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
list.num.expr
The select list number (0-9).
1
The only code.expr currently implemented is 1, which returns the
values described in the following table.
SELECTINFO function return values
The SELECTINFO function returns one of the values described in the following table.
Value
Description
1
The select list you specify is active.
0
The select list you specify is not active.
-1
The select list does not exist, or code.expr is not valid, or (in
BASICTYPE P) list.num.expr is not a list variable.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DELETELIST, FORMLIST, READLIST, SELECT, SELECTINDEX, WRITELIST
UniData SQL
SELECT
For information, see the UniData SQL Commands Reference
UniQuery
DELETE.LIST, GET.LIST, SAVE.LIST, SELECT, SSELECT
For information, see the UniQuery Commands Reference
SEND
The UniBasic SEND command sends output data to a specified line. You usually use SEND after a line is
attached.
342
SEND
Syntax
SEND[X] expr[:expr2...] [:] TO line.expr {THEN | ELSE} statements [END]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
X
Directs UniData to convert expr from an exploded ASCII hexadecimal
representation string to its binary equivalent, and then transmit it on
the specified line. The conversion process ends when UniData reads
the first nonhexadecimal character.
expr:expr2...
A string that contains data formatting expressions. You can specify
more than one string to send.
:
Suppresses the sending of a terminating carriage return and line feed.
TO line.expr
Specifies a line number. line.expr must be valid or an error message
displays and the user enters the UniBasic debugger.
THEN statements END
If the line is attached, the process has exclusive use of it. If the line is
not attached, UniData performs the ELSE clause.
THEN executes if the SEND is successful. END is required to terminate
multiline statements.
ELSE executes if the SEND is not successful. END is required to
terminate multiline statements.
ELSE statements END
Note: SEND with the X option suppresses the output of return/line feed. However, you cannot
include both quotation marks and the colon (‘:’) in the same statement.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement sends the string to line 0 unless line 0 is not
attached. If line 0 is not attached, UniData displays the message “Line not attached”.
SEND BEGIN_TRANSMISSION TO 0
ELSE PRINT "Line not attached"
In the next example, the program statement converts the string to HELLO WORLD before sending it to
line 0:
TESTVAR = "48454C404F WORLD"
SENDX TESTVAR TO 0 ELSE PRINT "Line not attached"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
GET
UniData
PROTOCOL
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
343
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
SEQ
The UniBasic SEQ function converts a single character to its ASCII code value. The SEQ function is the
complement of the CHAR function. SEQ supports multibyte languages.
Tip: Use SEQ(@NULL) to determine the ASCII code that represents the null value on your system.
Syntax
SEQ("char.expr")
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints the ASCII code corresponding to the character
“#” (in this case, 35):
PRINT SEQ("#")
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ASCII, CHAR, CHARS, EBCDIC
SEQS
The UniBasic SEQS function converts the first character in each element of a dynamic array to its ASCII
code value. SEQS supports multibyte languages.
Syntax
SEQS("char.expr")
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints the ASCII code corresponding to the value in
each element of the dynamic array ARR1. The result is 65}66}67}68.
ARR1 = "A":@AM:"B":@AM:"C":@AM:"D"
PRINT SEQS(ARR1)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ASCII, CHAR, CHARS, EBCDIC, SEQ
setAuthenticationDepth
The setAuthenticationDepth() function sets how deeply UniData should verify before deciding
that a certificate is not valid.
344
setCipherSuite
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
You can use this function to set both server authentication and client certification, determined by the
value in serverOrClient parameter. The default depth for both is 1.
The depth is the maximum number of intermediate issuer certificate, or CA certificates which must be
examined while verifying an incoming certificate. Specifically, a depth of 0 means that the certificate
must be self-signed. A default depth of 1 means that the incoming certificate can be either self-signed,
or signed by a CA which is known to the context.
Syntax
setAuthenticationDepth(context, depth, serverOrClient)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
context
The Security Context handle.
depth
Numeric value for verification depth.
serverOrClient
1 - Server
2 - Client
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid Security Context handle.
2
Invalid depth (must be greater than or equal to 0).
3
Invalid value for serverOrClient (must be 1 or 2)
setCipherSuite
The setCipherSuite() function enables you to identify which cipher suites to support for the
specified context. It affects the cipher suites and public key algorithms supported during the SSL/TLS
handshake and subsequent data exchanges.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
setCipherSuite(context,cipherSpecs)
When a context is created, its cipher suites will all be set to SSLv3 suites by default.
The CipherSpecs parameter is a string containing cipher-spec separated by colons. An SSL cipher
specification in cipher-spec is composed of 4 major attributes as well as several, less significant
attributes. These are defined below.
345
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Some of this information on ciphers is excerpted from the mod_ssl open source package of the Apache
web server.
▪
Key Exchange Algorithm - RSA or Diffie-Hellman variants.
▪
Authentication Algorithm - RSA, Diffie-Hellman, DSS or none.
▪
Cipher/Encryption Algorithm - DES, Triple-DES, RC4, RC2, or none.
▪
MAC Digest Algorithm - MD5, SHA or SHA1.
An SSL cipher can also be an export cipher and is either an SSLv2 or SSLv3/TLSv1 cipher (here TLSv1
is equivalent to SSLv3). To specify which ciphers to use, one can either specify all the ciphers, one at a
time, or use aliases to specify the preference and order for the ciphers.
For detailed information about cipher algorithms, see UniBasic Extensions.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
context
The Security Context handle.
CipherSpecs
String containing cipher suite specification described above.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid Security Context handle.
2
Invalid cipher suite specification.
setClientAuthentication
The setClientAuthentication() function turns client authentication for a server socket on or
off. When option is set to on, during the initial SSL handshake, the server sends a client authentication
request to the client. It will also receive the client certificate and perform authentication according to
the issuer’s certificate (or certificate chain) set in the security context.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
setClientAuthentication(context,option)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
context
The Security Context handle.
option
1 - ON
2 - OFF
346
SETENV
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid Security Context handle.
SETENV
Use the SETENV function to set an environment variable from UniBasic.
Syntax
SETENV(var_name, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var_name
The name of the environment variable.
value
The value of the environment variable.
If the var_name is umask and the command is issued while a running udapi_slave process (such as
a UniObjects or UniObjects for Java connection) on UNIX, then the return code is the original umask
setting of the udapi_slave process. In addition, the command changes the umask of the process.
Note: The umask value is interpreted as an octal value, just as a normal umask value is. Although
this will work to change the permissions for newly created sequential files, some UniData functions
like CREATE.FILE are unaffected by the change.
Return codes
The following table describes the SETENV return codes.
Return codes
Description
0
Setting the environment variable was successful.
-1
Setting the environment variable was not successful.
setHTTPDefault
The setHTTPDefault function configures the default HTTP settings, including proxy server and
port, buffer size, authentication credential, HTTP version, and request header values. UniBasic uses
these settings with every HTTP request that follows.
If you require all outgoing network traffic to go through a proxy server, you should call
setHTTPDefault() with value containing the proxy server name or IP address as well as the port (if
other than the default of 80).
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
347
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
setHTTPDefault(option, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
option
A string containing an option name. See the table below for the
options currently defined.
value
A string containing the appropriate option value.
The following table describes the available options for setHTTPDefault.
Option
Description
PROXY_NAME
Name or IP address of the proxy server.
PROXY_PORT
The port number to be used on the proxy server. This only needs to be
specified if the port is other than the default of 80.
VERSION
The version of HTTP to be used. The default version is 1.0, but it can
be set to 1.1 for web servers that understand the newer protocol. The
string should be ”1.0” or “1.1”.
BUFSIZE
The size of the buffer for HTTP data transfer between UniData and
the web server. The default is 4096 however, the buffer size can be
increased to improve performance. It should be entered as an integer
greater than or equal to 4096.
AUTHENTICATE
The user name and password to gain access. The string should be
“user-name:password”. Default BASIC authentication can also be set.
If a request is denied (HTTP staus 401/407), UniBasic will search for
the default credential to automatically re-submit the request.
HEADERS
The header to be sent with the HTTP request. If default_headers
contains an empty string, then any current user-specified
default header will be cleared. Currently, the only default
header UniBasic sets automatically is “User-Agent” UniData
6.0.” If you do not want to send out this header you should
overwrite it with setHTTPDefault(). Per RFC 2616, for “net
politeness,”an HTTP client should always send out this header.
UniBasic will also send a date/time stamp with every HTTP
request. According to RFC 2616, the stamp will represent time
in Universal Time (UT) format. A header should be entered as
a dynamic array in the form of <HeaderName>@VM<HeaderValue>@Fm<HeaderName>@VM<HeaderValue>.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
348
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid option.
2
Invalid Value.
setIpv
Note: All defaults set by setHTTPDefault() will be in effect until the end of the current UniData
session. If you do not want the setting to affect subsequent programs, you will need to clear
it before exiting the current program. If the user wishes to set the “Authorization” or “ProxyAuthorization” header as defaults, see the description under setRequestHeader(). To clear the
default settings, pass an empty string with PROXY_NAME, AUTHENTICATE and HEADERS, and 0 for
PROXY_PORT and BUFSIZE.
setIpv
The setIpv function configures which IP setting to use; IPv4 or IPv6. If the machine is IPv6 enabled,
all server side sockets will use IPv6, which can accept client connections on both IPv4 and IPv6. If the
machine is not IPv6 enabled, server and client will remain working on IPv4. This function can accept
one or two options. For example, setIpv(IPV6) or setIpv(IPV6,SOCKET).
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
setIpv(option[, sockettype])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
option
A string containing an option name. See the table below for the
options currently defined.
The following table describes the available options for setIpv.
Option
Description
IPV4
Specifies using IPv4 only.
IPV6
Specifies using IPv6 only.
IPVANY
Specifies using whichever IPv option is available.
IPV4_IPV6
Specifies using IPv4 as the first option and then IPv6.
IPV6_IPV4
Specifies using IPv6 as the first option, and then IPv4.
The following table describes the socket type options available options for setIpv.
Socket type
Description
SOCKET
Specifies the socket network type.
NFA
Specifies the NFA network type.
SETINDEX
The UniBasic SETINDEX command sets a pointer to a key in an alternate key index.
349
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
SETINDEX index.name.expr [, [rop] key.val.expr [, id.expr]] [ON
file.var] [BUFFER.KEYS {ON | OFF}] [VALIDATE.KEY {ON | OFF}]
Note: The FILEINFO function, specifically FILEINFO(file.var,21), returns the current
alternate key value.
UniBasic maintains index.name.expr for READBCK or READFWD, and related statements. Normally,
you should use the following relational (rop) operators:
▪
▪
Before READBCK statements: LT, LE, LAST_ALT_KEY
Before READFWD statements: GT, GE, EQ, FIRST_ALT_KEY, NULLVAL_ALT_KEY
Note: You can point to only one alternate index at a time. Each time you use SETINDEX, the
current value is reset and the subsequent READFWD/READBCK statement reads the record
associated with the newly selected index.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
index.name.expr
Specifies the alternate key index to use in subsequent
READFWD/READBCK statements.
rop
, key.val.expr
One of several valid operators (see the following table). The default
rop operator is EQ.
Specifies the key value to initialize. If you do not specify this value,
UniData sets the internal pointer to the first key value in the index.
If you specify FIRST_ALT_KEY, LAST_ALT_KEY, or NULLVAL_ALT_KEY
as rop, you cannot specify key.val.expr.
, id.expr
Specifies the @ID associated with the key value to position the pointer
in the index.
When the id.expr entered does not exist, SETINDEX sets the position
to the key value following the expected location of id.expr.
ON file.var
Specifies the file to act on.
BUFFER.KEYS ON | OFF
Directs READFWD/READBCK to use or not use a buffering mechanism.
ON improves performance, but you could miss some newly added key
values.
OFF (the default) slows performance, but you will not miss any key
values added after the one you just read.
VALIDATE.KEY ON | OFF
Directs READFWD/READBCK to validate or not validate the key value
just read against what is in the tuple. Because reading a key value and
its tuple is not an atomic action, a tuple could be deleted after it is
read. ON prevents this, but could degrade performance.
rop operators
The following table describes the valid rop operators.
350
SETINDEX
Operator
Resulting current alternate key value
EQ
First value equal to the specified value (default).
GT
First value greater than that specified.
GE
First value greater than or equal to that specified.
LT
Last value less than that specified.
LE
Last value less than or equal to that specified.
FIRST_ALT_KEY
First non-null alternate key value. Keys that are an empty string are
sorted before keys containing values. If you specify FIRST_ALT_KEY as
rop, you cannot specify key.val.expr.
LAST_ALT_KEY
Last alternate key value. If you specify LAST_ALT_KEY as rop, you
cannot specify key.val.expr.
NULLVAL_ALT_KEY
First null alternate key value. Keys that are empty strings are sorted
after null value keys, followed by keys containing values. If you specify
NULLVAL_ALT_KEY as rop, you cannot specify key.val.expr.
STATUS function return values
After you execute SETINDEX, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Status value
Description
0
The alternate key specified exists.
1
Error.
2
The alternate key specified does not exist.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment sets the pointer at the first occurrence of the data
element containing Miller in the alternate index LNAME:
OPEN 'CLIENTS' TO tmp
ELSE STOP
SETINDEX 'LNAME', 'SMITH' ON tmp
The following series of examples demonstrates the use of SETINDEX to set the record pointer to the
first null key in the PROD_NAME alternate key index:
OPEN 'INVENTORY' TO inventory ELSE PRINT "Open error"
SETINDEX 'PROD_NAME', NULLVAL_ALT_KEY inventory
FOR X = 1 TO 5
READFWD rec FROM inventory THEN
PRINT rec<0>:", ":rec<3>:", ":rec<4>
END ELSE NULL
NEXT X
STOP
This program produces the following result when no null values exist in the PROD_NAME index:
:RUN BP set.idx
10020, Adapter, A/C Adapter for notebook computers
10086, Adapter, Ethernet LC Card
10092, Adapter, Workgroup Hub
10082, CD Player, Portable Model
10104, CD Player, Personal Model, Bass Boost
351
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
After the null value is inserted into the PROD_NAME attribute for records 10008 and 56060, this same
program produces the following results:
:RUN BP set.idx
10015, , Portable, B/W, 6 ppm
10238, , Super Deluxe Model
10020, Adapter, A/C Adapter for notebook computers
10086, Adapter, Ethernet LC Card
10092, Adapter, Workgroup Hub
The following program demonstrates the use of SETINDEX to set the record pointer to the first nonnull key in the PROD_NAME alternate key index by specifying rop operator FIRST_ALT_KEY:
OPEN 'INVENTORY' TO inventory ELSE PRINT "Open error"
SETINDEX 'PROD_NAME', FIRST_ALT_KEY inventory
FOR X = 1 TO 5
READFWD rec FROM inventory THEN
PRINT rec<0>:", ":rec<3>:", ":rec<4>
END ELSE NULL
NEXT X
STOP
Next, run this program using the INVENTORY file that you modified to contain null values in the
PROD_NAME attribute for records 10015 and 10238. The following output results.
:RUN BP set.idx
10020, Adapter, A/C Adapter for notebook computers
10086, Adapter, Ethernet LC Card
10092, Adapter, Workgroup Hub
10082, CD Player, Portable Model
10104, CD Player, Personal Model, Bass Boost
Tip: You would obtain this same output if the INVENTORY file contained no null values in
PROD_NAME and you specified rop NULLVAL_ALT_KEY.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
READBCK, READBCKL, READBCKU, READFWD, READFWDL, READFWDU,
READXBCK, READXFWD, SELECTINDEX
UniData
BUILD.INDEX, CREATE.INDEX
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
setPrivateKey
The setPrivateKey() function loads the private key into a security context so that it can be used by
SSL functions. If the context already had a set private key, it will be replaced.
SSL depends on public key crypto algorithms to perform its functions. A pair of keys is needed for each
communicating party to transfer data over SSL The public key is usually contained in a certificate,
signed by a CA, while the private key is kept secretly by the user.
Private key is used to digitally sign a message or encrypt a symmetric secret key to be used for data
encryption.
352
setRandomSeed
For detailed information about the setPrivateKey function, see UniBasic Extensions.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
setPrivateKey(key, format, keyLoc, passPhrase, validate, context)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
Key
A string containing either the key or path for a key file.
Format
1 - PEM (Base64 encoded) format
2 - DER (ASN.1 binary) format
KeyLoc
1 - key contained in key string
2 - key is in a file specified by key
passPhrase
String containing the path phrase required for gaining access to the
key. It can be empty if the key is not pass phrase protected. This is not
recommended.
Validate
1 - Validate against matching public key
0 - Will not bother to validate
Context
The security context handle.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success
1
Invalid Security handle
2
Invalid format
3
Invalid key type
4
Key file cannot be accessed (non-existent or wrong pass phrase)
5
Certificate cannot be accessed
6
Private key does not match public key in certificate
7
Private key cannot be interpreted
99
Other errors that prevent private key from being accepted by UniData
or UniVerse.
setRandomSeed
The setRandomSeed() function generates a random seed file from a series of source files and sets
that file as the default seed file for the supplied security context.
353
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
setRandomSeed(inFiles, outFile, length, context)
The strength of cryptographic functions depends on the true randomness of the keys. This function
generates and sets the random seed file used by many of the UniData cryptographic functions. By
default, UniData uses the .rnd file in your current account. You can override the default by calling this
function.
The random seed file is specified by outFile, which is generated based on source files specified in
inFiles. For Windows platforms, multiple files must be separated by “;” (a semi-colon). For Unix
platforms, multiple files must be separated by “:” (a colon).
The length parameter specifies how many bytes of seed data UniData should generate.
If you do not specify a source in the inFiles parameter, the outFile parameter must already exist.
If you do not specify context, the seed file will be used as a global seed file that applies to all
cryptographic functions. However, a seed file setting in a particular security context will always
override the global setting.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
inFiles
A string containing source file names.
outFiles
A string containing the generated seed file.
length
The number of bytes that should be generated (the default is 1024 if
less that 1024 is specified).
context
The Security Context handle.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid parameter(s).
2
Random file generation error.
3
Random file set error.
setRequestHeader
The setRequestHeader function allows the user to set additional headers for a request.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
354
setSocketOptions
Syntax
setRequestHeader(request_handle, header_name, header_value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
request_handle
The handle to the request returned by createRequest().
header_name
header_value
The name of the header.
The value of the header.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid request handle.
2
Invalid header (Incompatible with method).
3
Invalid header value.
Note: Since a user-defined header or header value can be transferred, it is difficult to check the
validity of parameters passed to the function. UniBasic currently will not perform syntax checking
on the parameters, although it will reject setting a response header to a request. Refer to RFC 2616
for valid request headers.
The header set by this function overwrites settings by setHTTPDefault().
This function supports Base64 encoding for BASIC authentication. If header_name contains either
“Authorization” or “Proxy-Authorization”, the header_value should then contain ASCII text user
credential information in the format of “userid:password”, as specified by RFC 2617. This function
will then encode the text based on Base64 encoding.
Only BASIC authentication is supported. Digest authentication may be supported in the future.
BASIC authentication is not safe and is not recommended for use with transferring secured data.
setSocketOptions
The setSocketOptions function sets the current value for a socket option associated with a socket
of any type.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
setSocketOptions(socket_handle, options)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
355
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
socket_handle
The socket handle from openSocket(), acceptSocket(), or
initServerSocket().
options
Dynamic Array containing information about the socket options and
their current settings. The dynamic array is configured as:
optName1<VM>optValue1a[<VM>optValue1b]<FM>
optName2<VM>optValue2a[<VM>optValue2b]<FM> optName3...
Where optName is specified by the caller and must be an option name
string listed below. The first optValue specifies if the option is ON or
OFF and must be one of two possible values: “1” for ON or “2” for OFF.
The second optValue is optional and may hold additional data for
a specific option. Currently, for the “LINGER” option it contains the
delayed time (in milliseconds)before closing the socket. For all other
options, it should not be specified as it will be ignored.
The following table describes the available options (case-sensitive) for setSocketOptions.
Option
Description
DEBUG
Enable/disable recording of debug information.
REUSEADDR
Enable/disable the reuse of a location address (default)
KEEPALIVE
Enable/disable keeping connections alive.
DONTROUTE
Enable/disable routing bypass for outgoing messages.
LINGER
Linger on close if data is present.
BROADCAST
Enable/disable permission to transmit broadcast messages.
OOBINLINE
Enable/disable reception of out-of-band data in band.
SNDBUF
Set buffer size for output (default 4KB).
RCVBUF
Set buffer size for input (default 4KB).
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
Non-zero
See Socket Function Error Return codes.
showSecurityContext
The showSecurityContext() function dumps the SSL configuration parameters of a security
context into a readable format.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
The security context handle must have been returned by a successful execution of
createSecurityContext() or loadSecurityContext().The configuration information
includes: protocol, version, certificate, cipher suite used by this connection and start time, and so forth.
356
SIGNATURE
Note: For security reasons, UniData does not display the privateKey installed into the context.
Once installed, there is no way for you to extract it.
Syntax
showSecurityContext(context,config)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
context
The Security Context handle.
config
A dynamic array containing the configuration data.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid Security Context handle.
2
Configuration data could not be obtained.
SIGNATURE
The SIGNATURE() function generates a digital signature or verifies a signature using the supplied key.
Syntax
SIGNATURE(algorithm, action, data, dataLoc, key, keyLoc, keyFmt, pass,
sigIn, result)
The algorithm parameter specifies the digest algorithm used to construct the signature. UniData
supports the MD5 and SHA1 algorithms. There are four actions you can be specify:
▪
RSA-Sign
▪
RSA-Verify
▪
DSA-Sign
▪
DSA-Verify
If you choose DSA, you can only specify SHA1 in algorithm.
The data to be signed or verified against a signature can be supplied either directly in data, or read
from a file whose names is in data.
For signing action, you should specify a private key. For verification, a public key is usually expected.
However, UniData also accepts a private key for verification purposes. Key can be either in PEM or DER
format. If a private key is password protected, the password must be supplied with pass.
For verification, key can also contain a certificate or name of a certificate file. A signature is expected in
sigIn.
For signing action, the generated signature is put into result.
357
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
algorithm
The digest algorithm used for signing or verification (must be either
“MD5” or “SHA1”).
action
1 - RSA-Sign
2 - RSA-Verify
3 - DSA-Sign
4 - DSA-Verify
data
Data or the name of the file containing the data to be signed or
verified.
dataLoc
1 - Data in a string
2 - Data in a file
key
The key or the name of the file containing the key to be used to sign
or verify. In the case of verification, key can be a certificate string or a
file.
keyLoc
1 - Key is in a string
2 - Key is in a file
3 - Key is in a certificate for verification
keyFmt
1 - PEM
2 - DER
pass
A string containing the pass phrase for the private key.
sigIn
A string containing a digital signature.
result
A generated signature or a file to store the signature.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Unsupported digest algorithm.
2
The data cannot be read.
3
Message digest cannot be obtained.
4
Invalid parameters.
5
Key cannot be read or is in the wrong format / algorithm.
6
Incorrect Password.
7
Signature cannot be generated.
8
Signature cannot be verified.
SIN
The UniBasic SIN function returns the trigonometric sine of the numeric expression num.expr.
358
SLEEP
Syntax
SIN(num.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment assigns the sine of the number 25 to the variable SIN.
X. The result is 0.4226.X = 25
SIN.X=SIN(X)
In the next example, the program statement prints 1.0000, the sine of 90:
PRINT SIN(90)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ACOS, ASIN, ATAN, COS, TAN
SLEEP
The UniBasic SLEEP and RQM commands halt program execution for the time specified in seconds, or
until the time specified.
Tip: You can use SLEEP or RQM if you want a processing or reporting program to wait until
midnight before running to better use system resources. SLEEP is also useful when waiting for the
release of locked system resources.
Note: The original purpose of RQM was to release remaining execution time reserved for a
program, allowing other programs to use the time. If a particular program is very computationintensive, RQM could improve overall system performance.
Syntax
SLEEP [hh:mm[:ss]] [seconds]
Synonyms
RQM
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
hh:mm:ss
Specifies the time to end sleep in hours, minutes, and (optional)
seconds. You must surround the time in quotation marks.
seconds
Specifies the number of seconds to sleep.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement halts program execution for 10 seconds:
359
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
SLEEP 10
In the next example, the program statement suspends program execution until 11:45 PM:
SLEEP “23:45”
In the next example, the program statement halts program execution for one second:
SLEEP
SMUL
The UniBasic SMUL function multiplies two string numbers and returns the result as a string number.
Arguments can be any valid numbers or string numbers of any magnitude or precision. Using string
numbers rather than standard numbers degrades processing speed.
If x or y contains nonnumeric data, UniData displays an error message and returns a result of 0.
The SMUL function results in a string number, so you can use the function in any expression in which
a string number is valid. Because string numbers can exceed the range of numbers that standard
arithmetic operators can accommodate, you might not want to use the SMUL function in any
expression in which a standard number is valid.
Syntax
SMUL(x, y)
Tip: Processing string data type numbers rather than numeric data type numbers degrades
processing speed. Numbers specified in quotation marks are string data type. Numbers specified
without quotation marks are numeric data type. The data type in a variable is determined by the
data first loaded into it.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement multiplies the constant (1.4149) by variable A and
assigns the result to variable B:
B = SMUL("1.4149",A)
SOAPCreateRequest
Creates a SOAP request and returns a handle to the request.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
SOAPCreateRequest(URL, soapAction, Request)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
360
SOAPCreateSecureRequest
Parameter
Description
URL
A string containing the URL where the web service is located. UniData
sends the SOAP request to this URL. [IN]
soapAction
A string UniData uses as the SOAPAction HTTP header for this SOAP
request. [IN]
Request
The returned handle to the SOAP request. This handle can be used in
subsequent calls to the SOAP API for UniBasic. [OUT]
Return codes
The return code indicating success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
0
Function complete successfully.
1
Invalid URL syntax.
2
Invalid HTTP method (indicates the POST method is not supported by
the HTTP server).
You can also use the UniBasic STATUS() function to obtain the return status from the function.
SOAPCreateSecureRequest
The SOAPCreateSecureRequest function creates a secure SOAP request and returns a handle to
the request.
Syntax
SOAPCreateSecureRequest(URL, soapAction, Request, security_context)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
URL
A string containing the URL where the web service is located. UniVerse
sends the SOAP request to this URL. For information about the format
of the URL, see URL Format below. [IN]
soapAction
A string UniVerse uses as the SOAPAction HTTP header for this SOAP
request. [IN]
Request
The returned handle to the SOAP request. You can use this handle can
be used in subsequent calls to the SOAP API for UniVerse BASIC. [OUT]
security_context
A handle to the security context.
URL Format
The URL you specify must follow the syntax defined in RFS 1738. The general format is:
http://<host>:<port>/path>?<searchpart>
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
361
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
host
Either a name string or an IP address of the host system.
port
The port number to which you want to connect. If you do not specify
port, UniVerse defaults to 80. Omit the preceding colon if you do not
specify this parameter.
path
Defines the file you want to retrieve on the web server. If you do not
specify path, UniVerse defaults to the home page.
searchpart
Use searchpart to send additional information to a web server.
Note: If the URL you define contains a searchpart, you must define it in its encoded format. For
example, a space is converted to +, and other nonalphanumeric characters are converted to %HH
format.
You do not need to specify the host and path parameters in their encoded formats. UniVerse BASIC
encodes these parameters prior to communicating with the web server.
Return code
The return code indicating success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
0
Function complete successfully.
1
Invalid URL syntax.
2
Invalid HTTP method (indicates the POST method is not supported by
the HTTP server).
101
Invalid security context handle.
You can also use the UniVerse BASIC STATUS() function to obtain the return status from the function.
Examples
The following code segment illustrates the SOAPCreateSecureRequest function:
* Create the Request
Ret = SoapCreateSecureRequest(URL, SoapAction, SoapReq,
SecurityContext)
IF Ret <> 0 THEN
STOP "Error in SoapCreateSecureRequest: " : Ret
END
.
.
SOAPGetDefault
Gets default SOAP settings, such as the SOAP version.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
362
SOAPGetFault
Syntax
SOAPGetDefault(option, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
option
A string containing an option name. UniData currently only supports
the VERSION option. [IN]
value
A string returning the option value. [OUT]
Return codes
The return code indicating success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
0
Function completed successfully.
1
Invalid option (currently, UniData only supports the VERSION option).
You can also use the UniBasic STATUS() function to obtain the return status from the function.
SOAPGetFault
Parses the response data from SOAPSubmitRequest after receiving a SOAP Fault, into a dynamic array
of SOAP Fault components.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
SOAPGetFault(respData, soapFault)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
respData
Response data from SOAPSubmitRequest after receiving a SOAP
fault. [IN]
363
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
soapFault
Dynamic array consisting of Fault Code, Fault String, and optional
Fault Detail, for example:
<faultcode>@AM<faultstring>@AM<faultdetail>@AM<faultactor>
Fault code values are XML-qualified names, consisting of:
▪
VersionMismatch
▪
MustUnderstand
▪
DTDNotSupported
▪
DataEncoding Unknown
▪
Sender
▪
Receiver
Return codes
The return code indicating success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
0
Function completed successfully.
1
Invalid response data, possibly not a valid XML document.
2
SOAP Fault not found in response data.
You can also use the UniBasic STATUS() function to obtain the return status from the function.
SOAPGetResponseHeader
Gets a specific response header after issuing a SOAP request.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
SOAPGetResponseHeader(Request, headerName, headerValue)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
Request
Handle to the request created with SOAPCreateRequest. [IN]
headerName
headerValue
364
The header name whose value is being queried. [IN]
The header value, if present in the response, or empty string if not (in
which case the return status of the function is 2). [OUT]
SOAPRequestWrite
Return codes
The return code indicating success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
0
Function completed successfully.
1
Invalid request handle.
2
Header not found in set of response headers.
You can also use the UniBasic STATUS() function to obtain the return status from the function.
SOAPRequestWrite
Outputs the SOAP request in XML format to a string or to a file.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
SOAPRequestWrite(Request, reqDoc, docTypeFlag)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
Request
Handle to the request created with SOAPCreateRequest. [IN]
reqDoc
docTypeFlag
Depending on docTypeFlag, either an output string containing the
SOAP request content, or a path to a file where the SOAP request
content will be written. [OUT]
A flag indicating whether reqDoc is an output string that is to hold the
request content, or a path to a file where the SOAP request content
will be written.
▪
0 – reqDoc is a file where the request content will be written upon
successful completion.
▪
1 – reqDoc is a string that will hold the request upon successful
completion. [IN]
Return codes
The return code indicating success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
0
Function completed successfully.
1
Invalid request handle.
2
Unable to open the file named by reqDoc.
3
Unable to write to the file named by reqDoc.
365
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
You can also use the UniBasic STATUS() function to obtain the return status from the function.
SOAPSetDefault
Setup default SOAP settings, such as SOAP version.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
SOAPSetDefault(option, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
option
A string containing an option name. UniData currently only supports
the “VERSION” option. [IN]
value
A string containing the appropriate option value. For the VERSION
option, the string should be 1.0, 1.1, or 1.2. [IN]
Return codes
The return code indicating success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
0
Function completed successfully.
1
Invalid option (currently, UniData only supports VERSION).
2
Invalid value. 1.1 assumed.
You can also use the UniBasic STATUS() function to obtain the return status from the function.
Usage notes
The default SOAP version is 1.1. The namespace prefixes "env" and "enc" are associated with the SOAP
namespace names http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/ and http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/
soap/encoding/ respectively. The namespace prefixed "xsi" and "xsd" are associated with the
namespace names http://www.w3.org/1999/XMLSchema-instance and http://www.w3.org/1999/
XMLSchema respectively.
The SOAP version can be set to 1.2 to support the newer SOAP 1.2 protocol. The namespace prefixes
"env" and "enc" will be associated with the SOAP namespace names "http://www.w3.org/2001/12/
soap-envelope" and "http://www.w3.org/2001/12/soap-encoding" respectively. The namespace
prefixes "xsd" and "xsi" will be associated with the namespace names "http://www.w3.org/2001/
XMLSchema" and "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" respectively.
All defaults set by SOAPSetDefault will be in effect until the end of the current UniData session.
If you do not want the setting to affect subsequent programs, you need to clear it before exiting the
current program.
366
SOAPSetParameters
Along with SOAPSetDefault, the CallHTTP function setHTTPDefault may be called to set HTTPspecific settings or headers, if the HTTP default settings are not sufficient.
SOAPSetParameters
Sets up the SOAP request body, specifying a remote method to call along with the method's
parameter list.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
SOAPSetParameters(Request, URI, serviceName, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
Request
Handle to the request created with SOAPCreateRequest. [IN]
namespace
A string that is used as the namespace URI for the SOAP call. [IN]
method
The name of the method to be called. [IN]
paramArray
A dynamic array containing the method parameters for the SOAP call.
Each method parameter consists of the following values:
▪
A parameter name
▪
A parameter value
▪
A parameter type (if type is omitted, xsd:string will be used.
name, value, and type are separated by @VM. Additional parameters
are separated by @AM, as shown in the following example:
<param1Name>@VM<param1Value>
@VM<param1Type>@AM<param2Name>
@VM<param2Value>@VM<param2Type>...[IN]
Return codes
The return code indicating success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
0
Function completed successfully.
1
Invalid request handle was passed to the function.
You can also use the UniBasic STATUS() function to obtain the return status from the function.
Usage notes
As an example, the following inputs:
367
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Input
Description
Method
“getStockQuote”
namespace
“http://host/#StockQuoteService”
paramArray
“symbol”:@VM:”U2”:@VM:”xsd:string”
will set the SOAP body as follows:
<SOAP-ENV:Body>
<ns1:getStockQuote
xmlns:ns1="http://host/#StockQuoteService">
<symbol xsi:type="xsd:string">U2</symbol>
</ns1:getQuote>
<SOAP-ENV:Body>
SOAPSetRequestBody
Sets up a SOAP request body directly, as opposed to having it be constructed through the
SOAPSetParameters function. With this function it also possible to attach multiple body blocks to
the SOAP request.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
SOAPSetRequestBody(Request, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
Request
Handle to the request created with SOAPCreateRequest. [IN]
value
A dynamic array containing SOAP body blocks, for example:
<body block>@AM<body block>... [IN]
Return codes
The return code indicating success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
0
Function completed successfully.
1
Invalid request handle.
You can also use the UniBasic STATUS() function to obtain the return status from the function.
SOAPSetRequestContent
Sets the entire SOAP request's content from an input string or from a file.
368
SOAPSetRequestHeader
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
SOAPSetRequestContent(Request, reqDoc, docTypeFlag)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
Request
Handle to the request created with SOAPCreateRequest. [IN]
reqDoc
docTypeFlag
The input document to be used as the SOAP request content. [IN]
A flag indicating whether reqDoc is a string holding the actual content,
or the path to a file holding the content.
▪
0 – reqDoc is a file holding the request content.
▪
1 – reqDoc is a string holding the request content.
[IN]
Return codes
The return code indicating success or failure.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Description
0
Function completed successfully.
1
Invalid request handle.
2
Unable to open the file named by reqDoc.
3
Unable to read the file named by reqDoc.
You can also use the UniBasic STATUS() function to obtain the return status from the function.
SOAPSetRequestHeader
Sets up a SOAP request header. By default, there is no SOAP header.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
SOAPSetRequestHeader(Request, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
369
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
Request
Handle to the request created with SOAPCreateRequest. [IN]
value
A dynamic array containing SOAP header blocks, for example:
<header block>@AM<header block>...[IN]
Return codes
The return code indicating success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
0
Function completed successfully.
1
Invalid request handle.
You can also use the UniBasic STATUS() function to obtain the return status from the function.
SOAPSubmitRequest
Submits a request and gets the response.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
SOAPSubmitRequest(Request, timeout, respHeaders, respData, soapStatus)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
Request
Handle to the request created with SOAPCreateRequest. [IN]
timeout
Timeout, in milliseconds, to wait for a response. [IN]
respHeaders
Dynamic array of HTTP response headers and their associated values.
[OUT]
respData
The SOAP response message. [OUT]
soapStatus
Dynamic array containing status code and explanatory text. [OUT]
Return codes
The return code indicating success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
370
Return codes
Description
0
Function completed successfully.
1
Invalid request handle.
2
Request timed out.
3
Network error occurred.
4
Other error occurred.
SORT
You can also use the UniBasic STATUS() function to obtain the return status from the function.
Usage notes
Internally, SOAPSubmitRequest utilizes CallHTTP's submitRequest() to send out the SOAP
message. The soapStatus variable holds the status from the underlying CallHTTP function. If an
error occurs on the SOAP server while processing the request, soapStatus will indicate an HTTP
500 "Internal Server Error", and respData will be a SOAP Fault message indicating the server-side
processing error.
SORT
The SORT function enables you to sort a dynamic array.
Syntax
SORT(var)
The elements in the dynamic array are sorted in ascending order, left-justified. UniBasic sorts the
dynamic array by the highest system delimiter in the array.
▪
If the dynamic array contains any attribute marks, the sort is by attribute. Values and subvalues
remain with the original attribute.
▪
If the dynamic array contains value marks and no attribute marks, the sort is by value. Subvalues
are unaffected and remain with the original value.
▪
If the dynamic array contains subvalue marks and neither attribute marks nor value marks, the sort
is by subvalue.
Parameter
The following table describes the parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
The name of the dynamic array to sort.
SOUNDEX
The UniBasic SOUNDEX function converts an expression into a phonetic code. This function can return
unpredictable results with multibyte characters.
Syntax
SOUNDEX(expr)
Use SOUNDEX to compare alphabetic strings, such as names, when an alternate spelling or
misspelling should not cause a mismatch. expr is an expression evaluating to a string value.
SOUNDEX evaluates the expression by:
▪
Returning the first alphabetic letter.
▪
Converting the remainder of the string to uppercase.
▪
Ignoring letters A, E, H, I, O, U, W, Y, and nonalphabetic characters.
▪
Converting each valid letter to a phonetic code.
371
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
▪
Testing for duplication. If a character is next to another character that has the same phonetic code,
it is not included.
▪
Adjusting the length of the code to four characters by truncating codes longer than four characters
or padding with zeros any expression less than four characters.
SOUNDEX phonetic codes
The following table displays the phonetic code for each letter that UniData evaluates.
Code
Letters
1
BFPV
2
CGJKQSXZ
3
DT
4
L
5
MN
6
R
Examples
The following table shows SOUNDEX sample output values.
Expression
SOUNDEX
STEPHEN
S315
STEVEN
S315
TERMINATE
T655
RRR
R600
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ICONV SOUNDEX (S), OCONV SOUNDEX (S)
SPACE
The UniBasic SPACE function returns a string containing the specified number of spaces.
Note: Functions can be concatenated within a PRINT statement.
Syntax
SPACE(expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints HI and THERE separated by 15 spaces:
PRINT "HI":SPACE(15):"THERE"
372
SPACES
This results in:
HI
THERE
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
SPACES
SPACES
The UniBasic SPACES function returns the number of spaces specified in each element of the dynamic
array dyn.array.expr.
Syntax
SPACES(dyn.array.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints the number of spaces specified in each element
of the dynamic array ARR1:
ARR1 = 1:@AM:2:@AM:3:@AM:4:@AM:5
ARR2 = SPACES(ARR1)
This results in ARR2 containing one space in the first element, two spaces in the second element, and
so forth.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
SPACE
SPLICE
The UniBasic SPLICE function concatenates two strings or arrays and inserts an expression between
them.
Syntax
SPLICE(expr1,"expr", expr2)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr1
Specifies the first string or array to concatenate.
expr
Specifies the expression to insert between expr1 and expr2 when
concatenating them.
373
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
expr2
Specifies the second string or array to concatenate.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment concatenates PHONE to NUMBER and inserts a dash
(-) between the two strings:
PHONE = "555"
NUMBER = "1234"
PRINT SPLICE (PHONE,"-",NUMBER)
This results in:
555-1234
The following program inserts the null value between PHONE and NUMBER. The CALLED subroutine,
PRINT.SETUP, converts UniData delimiters and the null value to printable characters (this
subroutine is printed in the entry for CHANGE in this manual).
PRT.STG=''
PHONE = "555"
NUMBER = "1234"
STG = SPLICE (PHONE,@NULL,NUMBER)
CALL PRINT.SETUP(STG,PRT.STG)
PRINT PRT.STG
END
This program prints the following:
555@NULL1234
In the following example, the program segment concatenates each element of array ARR1 to array
ARR2 and inserts a plus sign (+) between the two elements:
ARR1 = 1:@AM:2:@AM:3
ARR2 = 4:@AM:5:@AM:6
PRINT SPLICE (ARR1,"+",ARR2)
This results in the following:
1+4}2+5}3+6
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CAT, CATS
SQLAllocConnect
SQLAllocConnect allocates and initializes a connection environment in a UniData BCI
environment.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
374
SQLAllocEnv
Use this function to create a connection environment to connect to a particular data source. One
UniData BCI environment can have several connection environments, one for each data source. The
function stores the internal representation of the connection environment in the connect.env variable.
Note: Use the connection environment variable only in UniData BCI calls that require it. Using it
improperly can cause a runtime error and break communication with the data source.
Syntax
status = SQLAllocConnect (bci.env, connect.env)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
bci.env
UniData BCI environment variable returned in an SQLAllocEnv
call.
connect.env
Variable that represents the allocated connection environment.
Return values
The following table describes return values from the SQLAllocConnect function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLAllocEnv
SQLAllocEnv creates an environment in which to execute UniData BCI calls.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Use this function to allocate memory for a UniData BCI environment. The function stores the address
in the bci.env variable. SQLAllocEnv must be the first UniData BCI call issued in any application.
You can allocate more than one UniData BCI environment.
Note: Use the environment variable only in UniData BCI calls that require it. Using it in any other
context causes a runtime error or breaks communication with the data source.
Syntax
status = SQLAllocEnv (bci.env)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
375
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
bci.env
Variable that represents the allocated UniData BCI environment.
Return values
The following table describes return values from the SQLAllocEnv function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
-1
SQL.ERROR
SQLAllocStmt
SQLAllocStmt creates an SQL statement environment in which to execute SQL statements.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Use this function to allocate memory for an SQL statement environment.
Note: Use the SQL statement environment variable only in UniData BCI calls that require it. Using
it in any other context causes a runtime error or breaks communication with the data source.
Syntax
status = SQLAllocStmt (connect.env, statement.env)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
connect.env
Connection environment used in SQLAllocConnect and
SQLConnect calls. If you have not established a connection to the
data source using connect.env, an error is returned to the application.
statement.env
Variable that represents an SQL statement environment.
Return values
The following table describes return values from the SQLAllocStmt function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLBindCol
Use this function to tell UniData BCI where to return the results of an SQLFetch call. SQLBindCol
defines the name of the variable (column) to contain column results retrieved by SQLFetch, and
376
SQLBindCol
specifies the data conversion (data.type) on the fetched data. SQLBindCol has no effect until
SQLFetch is used.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Normally you call SQLBindCol once for each column of data in the result set. When SQLFetch is
issued, data is moved from the result set at the data source and put into the variables specified in the
SQLBindCol call, overwriting existing variable contents.
Data is converted from the SQL data type at the data source to the UniBasic data type requested by
the SQLBindCol call, if possible. If data cannot be converted to data.type, an error occurs.
Values are returned only for bound columns. Unbound columns are ignored and are not accessible.
For example, if a SELECT command returns three columns, but SQLBindCol was called for only two
columns, data from the third column is not accessible to your program. If you bind more variables
than there are columns in the result set, an error is returned. If you bind no columns and an SQLFetch
is issued, the cursor advances to the next row of results.
You need not use SQLBindCol with SQL statements that do not produce result sets.
Syntax
status = SQLBindCol (statement.env, col#, data.type, column)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment of the executed SQL statement.
col#
Column number of result data, starting at 1. This value must be from 1
to the number of columns returned in an operation.
data.type
BASIC data type into which to convert the incoming data. Possible
values are the following:
SQL.B.CHAR – Character string data.
SQL.B.BINARY – Bit string (raw) data.
SQL.B.NUMBER – Numeric data (integer or double).
SQL.B.DEFAULT – SQL data type determines the BASIC data type.
SQL.B.INTDATE – UniData date in internal format.
SQL.B.INTTIME – UniData time in internal format.
column
Variable that will contain column results obtained with SQLFetch.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLBindCol function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
377
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
SQLBindParameter
SQLBindParameter specifies where to find values for input parameter markers when you issue an
SQLExecute or SQLExecDirect call. For output parameter markers, SQLBindParameter specifies
where to find the return value of a called procedure.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLBindParameter ( statement.env, mrk#, data.type, sql.type,
prec, scale, param [ , param.type ] )
Description
Parameter markers are placeholders in SQL statements. Input parameter markers let a program
send user-defined values with the SQL statement when an SQLExecute or SQLExecDirect call is
executed repeatedly. Output parameter markers receive values returned from a called procedure. The
placeholder character is ? (question mark).
SQLBindParameter tells the system where to find the variables to substitute for parameter
markers in the SQL statement and how to convert the data before sending it to the data source. You
need to do only one SQLBindParameter for each parameter marker in the SQL statement, no
matter how many times the statement is to be executed.
For example, consider the following SQL statement:
INSERT INTO T1 VALUES (?,?,?);
If you want to load 1000 rows, you need issue only three SQLBindParameter calls, one for each
question mark.
Normally you specify data.type as SQL.B.BASIC. If you specify sql.type as SQL.DATE, however, you can
specify data.type as SQL.B.INTDATE; if you specify sql.type as SQL.TIME, you can specify data.type as
SQL.B.INTTIME. If you specify sql.type as SQL.BINARY, SQL.VARBINARY, or SQL.LONGVARBINARY, you
can specify data.type as SQL.B.BINARY.
If you use SQL.B.INTDATE, the UniData BCI assumes the program variable holds a date in UniData
internal date format and uses the DATEFORM conversion string to convert the internal date to an
external format as required by the data source. To set or change the DATEFORM conversion string, see
the SQLSetConnectOption function.
If you specify sql.type as SQL.TIME and data.type as SQL.B.INTTIME, UniData BCI assumes the program
variable holds a time in UniData internal time format and does not convert the data.
SQLBindParameter uses the value of prec only for the following SQL data types:
378
▪
SQL.CHAR
▪
SQL.VARCHAR
▪
SQL.LONGVARCHAR
▪
SQL.WCHAR
▪
SQL.WVARCHAR
▪
SQL.WLONGVARCHAR
▪
SQL.BINARY
▪
SQL.VARBINARY
SQLBindParameter
▪
SQL.LONGVARBINARY
▪
SQL.NUMERIC
▪
SQL.DECIMAL
For all other data types, the extended parameters DBLPREC, FLOATPREC, and INTPREC determine
the maximum length for strings representing double-precision numbers, floating-point numbers, and
integers.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Input Variable
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment associated with an SQL statement.
mrk#
Number of the parameter marker in the SQL statement to which this
call refers. Parameter markers in the SQL statement are numbered left
to right, starting at 1.
data.type
UniBasic data type to bind to the parameter. data.type must be one of
the following:
SQL.B.BASI – Use with any sql.type.
SQL.B.BINARY – Use only when sql.type is SQL.BINARY,
SQL.VARBINARY, or SQL.LONGVARBINARY.
SQL.B.INTDATE – Use only when sql.type is SQL.DATE.
SQL.B.INTTIME – Use only when sql.type is SQL.TIME.
sql.type
SQL data type to which the UniBasic variable is converted.
prec
Precision of the parameter, representing the width of the parameter.
If prec is 0, default values are used.
scale
Scale of the parameter, used only when sql.type is SQL.DECIMAL or
SQL.NUMERIC.
param
Variable that contains the data to use when SQLExecute or
SQLExecDirect is called.
param.type
Type of parameter. param.type can be one of the following:
SQL.PARAM.INPUT – Use for parameters in an SQL statement that
does not call a procedure, or for input parameters in a procedure call.
SQL.PARAM.OUTPUT – Use for parameters that mark the output
parameter in a procedure.
SQL.PARAM.INPUT.OUTPUT – Use for an input/output parameter in a
procedure.
If you do not specify param.type, SQL.PARAM.INPUT is used.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLBindParameter function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
-1
SQL.ERROR
379
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Return value
Description
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLCancel
This function is equivalent to the SQLFreeStmt call with the SQL.CLOSE option. It closes any open
cursor associated with the SQL statement environment and discards pending results at the data
source.
It is good practice to issue SQLCancel when all results have been read from the data source, even
if the SQL statement environment will not be reused immediately for another SQL statement. Issuing
SQLCancel frees any locks that may be held at the data source.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLCancel (statement.env)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Input Variable
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLCancel function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLColAttributes
Use this function to get information about a column. SQLColAttributes returns the specific
information requested by the value of col.attribute.
Some DBMSs (such as SYBASE) do not make column information available until after the SQL
statement is executed. In such cases, issuing an SQLColAttributes call before executing the
statement produces an error.
The SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO return occurs when you issue the call for a column that contains an
unsupported data type or when text.var is truncated. The SQL data type returned is SQL.BINARY (-2).
If you are connected to an ODBC database, SQL.COLUMN.NULLABLE always returns
SQL.NULLABLE.UNKNOWN.
380
SQLColAttributes
When you are connected to an ODBC data source, calling SQLColAttributes with one of the
column attributes returns a status of SQL.ERROR with SQLSTATE set to S1091.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLColAttributes (statement.env, col#, col.attribute,
text.var, num.var)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment of the executed SQL statement.
col#
Column number to describe, starting with 1.
col.attribute
Attribute of the column that needs information. col.attribute values
are listed in this section. These values are defined in the ODBC.H file.
text.var
Contains column information for attributes returning text data. If the
return value is numeric, text.var contains invalid information.
num.var
Contains column information for attributes returning numeric data. If
the return value is text, num.var contains invalid information.
The following table lists the column attributes you can use with ODBC databases.
Column Attribute
Output
SQL.COLUMN.AUTO.INCREMENT num.var
Description
1 – TRUE if the column values are
incremented automatically.
0 – FALSE if the column values are not
incremented automatically.
SQL.COLUMN.CASE.SENSITIVE
num.var
1 – TRUE for character data.
0 – FALSE for all other data.
SQL.COLUMN.COUNT
num.var
Number of columns in result set. The
col# argument must be a valid column
number in the result set.
SQL.COLUMN.DISPLAY.SIZE
num.var
Maximum number of characters
required to display data from the
column.
SQL.COLUMN.LABEL
text.var
Column heading.
SQL.COLUMN.LENGTH
num.var
SQL.COLUMN.NAME
text.var
Number of bytes transferred by an
SQLFetch call.
SQL.COLUMN.NULLABLE
num.var
Name of specified column.
Column can contain null values. Can
return one of the following:
0 – SQL.NO.NULLS
1 – SQL.NULLABLE
2 – SQL.NULLABLE.UNKNOWN
381
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Column Attribute
Output
Description
SQL.COLUMN.PRECISION
num.var
Column precision.
SQL.COLUMN.SCALE
num.var
Column scale.
SQL.COLUMN.SEARCHABLE
num.var
Always returns 3, SQL.SEARCHABLE.
SQL.COLUMN.TABLE.NAME
text.var
Name of the table to which the
column belongs. If the column is
an expression, an empty string is
returned.
SQL.COLUMN.TYPE
num.var
Number representing the SQL type of
this column.
SQL.COLUMN.TYPE.NAME
text.var
Data type name for column, specific
to the data source.
SQL.COLUMN.UNSIGNED
num.var
1 – TRUE for nonnumeric data types.
SQL.COLUMN.UPDATABLE
num.var
0 – FALSE for all other data types.
Any expressions or computed
columns return SQL.ATTR.READONLY,
and stored data columns return
SQL.ATTR.WRITE.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLColAttributes function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
ODBC data sources
The following table lists the column attributes you can use only with ODBC databases.
Column Attribute
Output
Description
SQL.COLUMN.MONEY
num.var
1 – TRUE if column is money data
type.
0 – FALSE if column is not money data
type.
SQL.COLUMN.OWNER.NAME
text.var
SQL.COLUMN.QUALIFIER.NAME text.var
Owner of the table containing the
column.
Qualifier of the table containing the
column.
SQLColumns
This function returns a result set in statement.env as a cursor of 12 columns describing those columns
found by the search pattern (see SQLTables). As with SQLTables, the search is done on the SQL
catalog. This is a standard result set that can be accessed with SQLFetch. The ability to obtain
descriptions of columns does not imply that a user has any privileges on those columns.
382
SQLColumns
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLColumns (statement.env, schema, owner, tablename,
columnname )
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment.
schema
Schema name search pattern.
owner
Table owner number search pattern.
tablename
Table name search pattern.
columnname
Column name search pattern.
Result set
The result set contains 12 columns:
Column Name
Data Type
TABLE.SCHEMA
VARCHAR(128)
OWNER
INTEGER
TABLE.NAME
VARCHAR(128)
COLUMN.NAME
VARCHAR(128)
DATA.TYPE
SMALLINT
TYPE.NAME
VARCHAR(128)
NUMERIC.PRECISION
INTEGER
CHAR.MAX.LENGTH
INTEGER
NUMERIC.SCALE
SMALLINT
NUMERIC.PREC.RADIX
SMALLINT
NULLABLE
SMALLINT
REMARKS
VARCHAR(254)
The application is responsible for binding variables for the output columns and fetching the results
using SQLFetch.
Return values
The following table describes the returns values of the SQLColumns function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
–1
SQL.ERROR
383
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Return value
Description
–2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLSTATE values
The following table shows all possible SQLSTATE values returned by SQLColumns.
SQLSTATE
Description
S1000
General error for which no specific SQLSTATE code has been defined.
S1001
S1008
S1010
Memory allocation failure.
Cancelled. Execution of the statement was stopped by an
SQLCancel call.
Function sequence error. The statement.env specified is currently
executing an SQL statement.
S1C00
The table owner field was not numeric.
24000
Invalid cursor state. Results are still pending from the previous SQL
statement. Use SQLCancel to clear the results.
42000
Syntax error or access violation. This can be caused by a variety
of reasons. The native error code returned by the SQLError call
indicates the specific UniData error that occurred.
SQLConnect
Use this function to connect to the ODBC data source specified by data.source. Use the login1 and
login2 parameters to log in to the DBMS specified by the ODBC data.source.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
You cannot use SQLConnect within a transaction. An SQLConnect call issued within a transaction
returns SQL.ERROR, and sets SQLSTATE to 25000, indicating that the SQLConnect function is illegal
within a transaction. A connection is established when the data source validates the user name and
authorization.
Syntax
status = SQLConnect (connect.env, data.source, login1, login2)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
connect.env
Connection environment assigned in a previous SQLAllocConnect.
data.source
384
Data source name. For ODBC data sources, this is the name of a data
source specified by the data source management program you are
using.
SQLDescribeCol
Parameter
Description
login1
For ODBC data sources, this is typically the password for the remote
database or operating system.
For the specific information required for login1 when connecting to
ODBC data sources, see the configuration for the specific driver used.
login2
For ODBC data sources, this is typically the password for the remote
database or operating system.
For the specific information required for login2 when connecting to
ODBC data sources, see the configuration for the specific driver used.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLConnect function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLDescribeCol
Use this function to get information about the column described by col#.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
The SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO return occurs when you issue the call for a column that contains an
unsupported data type, or if col.name is truncated. The SQL data type returned is SQL.BINARY (-2).
Syntax
status = SQLDescribeCol (statement.env, col#, col.name, sql.type, prec,
scale, null)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment of the executed SQL statement.
col#
Column number to describe, starting with 1.
col.name
Column name.
sql.type
SQL data type of the column, a numeric code defined in the ODBC.H
file.
prec
Precision of the column, or –1 if precision is unknown.
scale
Scale of the column, or –1 if scale is unknown.
385
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
null
One of the following:
0 – SQL.NO.NULLS: field cannot contain NULL.
1 – SQL.NULLABLE: field can contain NULL.
2 – SQL.NULLABLE.UNKNOWN: not known whether field can contain
NULL.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLDescribeCol function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLDisconnect
SQLDisconnect disconnects a connection environment from a data source.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
You cannot use SQLDisconnect within a transaction. An SQLDisconnect call issued within
a transaction returns SQL.ERROR, and sets SQLSTATE to 25000. You must commit or abort active
transactions before disconnecting, and you must be in autocommit mode. If there is no active
transaction, SQLDisconnect frees all SQL statement environments owned by this connection
before disconnecting.
SQLDisconnect returns SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO if an error occurs but the disconnect succeeds.
Syntax
status = SQLDisconnect (connect.env)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
connect.env
Connection environment.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLDisconnect function.
386
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
SQLError
Return value
Description
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLError
SQLError returns error status information about one of the three environments you use.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLError (bci.env, connect.env, statement.env, sqlstate,
dbms.code, error)
Use SQLError when a function returns a status value other than SQL.SUCCESS or
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE. SQLError returns a value in sqlstate when UniData BCI detects an error
condition. The dbms.code field contains information from the data source that identifies the error.
Each environment type maintains its own error status. SQLError returns errors for the right most
nonnull environment. For example, to get errors associated with a connection environment, specify
input variables and constants in the following order:
bci.env, connect.env, SQL.NULL.HSTMT
To get errors associated with a particular SQL statement environment, specify the following:
bci.env, connect.env, statement.env
If all arguments are null, SQLError returns a status of SQL.NO.DATA.FOUND and sets SQLSTATE to
00000.
Since multiple errors can be returned for a variable, you should call SQLError until it returns a status
of SQL.NO.DATA.FOUND. This ensures that all errors are reported.
ODBC data sources
When a program is connected to an ODBC server, errors can be detected by UniData BCI, by the
ODBC driver, or by the data source. When the error is returned, the source of the error is indicated by
bracketed items in the error output variable, as shown in the following examples.
Errors detected by Unidata BCI:
[U2][SQL Client] An illegal configuration option was found
Errors detected by the ODBC driver:
SQLConnect error:
Status = -1
SQLState = S1000
Natcode = 9352
[ODBC] [INTERSOLV][ODBC Oracle driver][Oracle]ORA-09352: Windows 32-bit
Two-Task driver unable to spawn new ORACLE task
For information about errors detected by the ODBC driver manager, see the Microsoft ODBC 2.0
Programmer’s Reference and SDK Guide.
Errors detected by the data source:
[U2][SQL Client][U2] Database not found or no system permissions.
387
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
For information about errors detected by the data source, see the documentation provided for the
DBMS running on the data source.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
bci.env
UniData BCI environment or the constant SQL.NULL.HENV.
connect.env
Connection environment or the constant SQL.NULL.HDBC.
statement.env
SQL statement environment or the constant SQL.NULL.HSTMT.
sqlstate
SQLSTATE code. This code describes the UniData BCI Client error
associated with the environment passed. sqlstate is always a fivecharacter string.
dbms.code
Error code specific to the data source. dbms.code contains an integer
error code from the data source. If dbms.code is 0, the error was
detected by UniData BCI. For the meanings of specific error codes, see
the documentation provided for the data source.
error
Text describing the error in more detail.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLError function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
100
SQL.NO.DATA.FOUND
SQLExecDirect
SQLExecDirect accepts an SQL statement or procedure call and delivers it to the data source for
execution. It uses the current values of any SQL statement parameter markers.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLExecDirect (statement.env, statement)
SQLExecDirect differs from SQLExecute in that it does not require a call to SQLPrepare.
SQLExecDirect prepares the SQL statement or procedure call implicitly. Use SQLExecDirect
when you do not need to execute the same SQL statement or procedure repeatedly.
You can use parameter markers in the SQL statement or procedure call as long as you have resolved
each marker with an SQLBindParameter call.
388
SQLExecDirect
After an SQLExecDirect call you can use SQLNumResultCols, SQLDescribeCol, SQLRowCount,
or SQLColAttributes to get information about the resulting columns. You can use SQLNumResultCols
to determine if the SQL statement or procedure call created a result set.
If the executed SQL statement or procedure produces a set of results, you must use an SQLFreeStmt
call with the SQL.CLOSE option before you execute another SQL statement or procedure call using the
same SQL statement environment. The SQL.CLOSE option cancels any pending results still waiting at
the data source.
Your application programs should not try to issue transaction control statements directly to the
data source (for instance, by issuing a COMMIT statement with SQLExecDirect or SQLPrepare).
Programs should use only UniBasic transaction control statements. UniData BCI issues the correct
combination of transaction control statements and middleware transaction control function calls
that are appropriate for the DBMS you are using. Trying to use SQLExecDirect to execute explicit
transaction control statements on ODBC data sources can cause unexpected results and errors.
When SQLExecDirect calls a procedure, it does not begin a transaction. If a transaction is active
when a procedure is called, the current transaction nesting level is maintained.
Note: If you execute a stored procedure or enter a command batch with multiple SELECT
statements, the results of only the first SELECT statement are returned.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment from a previous SQLAllocStmt.
statement
Either an SQL statement or a call to an SQL procedure, to be executed
at the data source. If you are connected to an ODBC data source,
it may treat identifiers and keywords in the SQL statement casesensitively.
To call an SQL procedure, use one of the following syntaxes:
[ { ] CALL procedure [ ( [ parameter [ ,
parameter ] … ] ) ]
or
[ } ]
procedure
parameter
If you are connected to an ODBC data source, use the first syntax and
enclose the entire call statement in braces.
Name of the procedure. If the procedure name contains characters
other than alphabetic or numeric, enclose the name in double
quotation marks. To embed a single double quotation mark in the
procedure name, use two consecutive double quotation marks.
Either a literal value or a parameter marker that marks where to insert
values to send to or receive from the data source. Programmatic SQL
uses a ? (question mark) as a parameter marker.
Use parameters only if the procedure is a subroutine. The number and
order of parameters must correspond to the number and order of the
subroutine arguments. For an ODBC data source, parameters should
be of the same data type as the procedure requires.
389
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLExecDirect function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLExecute
Use this function to repeatedly execute an SQL statement, using different values for parameter
markers. You must use an SQLPrepare call to prepare the SQL statement before you can use
SQLExecute. If the SQL statement specified in the SQLPrepare call contains parameter markers,
you must also issue an SQLBindParameter call for each marker in the SQL statement before you use
SQLExecute. After you load the parameter marker variables with data to send to the data source,
you can issue the SQLExecute call. By setting new values in the parameter marker variables and
calling SQLExecute, new data values are sent to the data source and the SQL statement is executed
using those values.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLExecute (statement.env)
Description
If the SQL statement uses parameter markers, SQLExecute performs any data conversions required
by the SQLBindParameter call for the parameter markers. If the SQL statement executed produces
a set of results, you must use an SQLFreeStmt call with the SQL.CLOSE option before you execute
another SQL statement using the same SQL statement environment. The SQL.CLOSE option cancels
any pending results still waiting at the data source.
Your application programs should not try to issue transaction control statements directly to the
data source (for instance, by issuing a TRANSACTION COMMIT statement with SQLExecDirect or
SQLPrepare). Programs should use only UniBasic transaction control statements. UniData BCI issues
the correct combination of transaction control statements and middleware transaction control
function calls that are appropriate for the DBMS you are using. Trying to use SQLExecute to execute
explicit transaction control statements on ODBC data sources can cause unexpected results and
errors.
SQLExecute tells the data source to execute a prepared SQL statement or a called procedure,
using the current values of any parameter markers used in the statement. Using SQLExecute with
an SQLBindParameter call is the most efficient way to execute a statement repeatedly, since the
statement does not have to be parsed by the data source each time it is issued.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
390
SQLFetch
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment associated with a prepared SQL
statement.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLExecute function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLFetch
Use this function to retrieve the next row’s column values from the result set at the data source
and put them into the variables specified with SQLBindCol. SQLFetch performs any required data
conversions.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
SQLFetch returns SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO if numeric data is truncated or rounded when converting
SQL values to UniData values.
SQLFetch logically advances the cursor to the next row in the result set. Unbound columns are
ignored and are not available to the application. When no more rows are available, SQLFetch returns
a status of 100 (SQL.NO.DATA.FOUND).Your application must issue an SQLFetch call at the same
transaction nesting level (or deeper) as the corresponding SQLExecDirect or SQLExecute call.
Also, an SQLFetch call must be executed at the same transaction isolation level as the SELECT
statement that generates the data. If it does not, SQLFetch returns SQL.ERROR and sets SQLSTATE
to S1000.
Use SQLFetch only when a result set is pending at the data source.
Syntax
status = SQLFetch (statement.env)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment of the executed SQL statement.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLFetch function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
391
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Return value
Description
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
100
SQL.NO.DATA.FOUND
SQLFreeConnect
SQLFreeConnect releases a connection environment and its resources. You must use
SQLDisconnect to disconnect the connection environment from the data source before you release the
connection environment with SQLFreeConnect, otherwise an error is returned.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLFreeConnect (connect.env)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
connect.env
Connection environment.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLFreeConnect function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLFreeEnv
SQLFreeEnv releases an SQL Client Interface environment and its resources. You must use
SQLFreeConnect to release all connection environments attached to the UniData BCI environment
before you release the UniData BCI environment with SQLFreeEnv, otherwise an error is returned.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLFreeEnv (bci.env)
392
SQLFreeStmt
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
bci.env
UniData BCI environment.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLFreeEnv function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLFreeStmt
SQLFreeStmt frees some or all resources associated with an SQL statement environment.
If your program uses the same SQL statement environment to execute different SQL statements,
use SQLFreeStmt with the SQL.DROP option, then use SQLAllocStmt to reallocate a new SQL
statement environment. This unbinds all bound columns and resets all parameter marker variables.
It is good practice to issue SQLFreeStmt with the SQL.CLOSE option when all results have been
read from the data source, even if the SQL statement environment will not be reused immediately for
another SQL statement. Issuing SQLFreeStmt with the SQL.CLOSE option frees any locks that may
be held at the data source.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLFreeStmt (statement.env, option)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment.
393
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
option
option is one of the following:
▪
▪
▪
▪
SQL.CLOSE – Closes any open cursor associated with the SQL
statement environment and discards pending results at the data
source. Using the SQL.CLOSE option cancels the current query. All
parameter markers and columns remain bound to the variables
specified in the SQLBindCol and SQLBindParameter calls.
SQL.UNBIND – Releases all bound column variables defined in
SQLBindCol for this SQL statement environment.
SQL.RESET.PARAMS – Releases all parameter marker variables set
by SQLBindParameter for this SQL statement environment.
SQL.DROP – Releases the SQL statement environment. This
option terminates all access to the SQL statement environment.
SQL.DROP also closes cursors, discards pending results, unbinds
columns, and resets parameter marker variables.
Options are defined in the ODBC.H file.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLFreeStmt function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLGetInfo
SQLGetInfo returns general information about the ODBC driver and the data source. This function
supports all of the possible requests for information defined in the ODBC 2.0 specification. The
#defines for info.type are contained in the ODBC.H include file.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLGetInfo (connect.env, info.type, info.value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
394
Parameter
Description
connect.env
Connection environment.
info.type
The specific information requested. For a list of values, see the
info.type tables under “Description.”
info.value
The information returned by SQLGetInfo.
SQLGetInfo
ODBC info.type values
The following table lists the valid ODBC values for info.type. For more detailed information about
information types, see Microsoft ODBC 2.0 Programmer’s Reference and SDK Guide.
Driver Information
SQL.ACTIVE.CONNECTIONS
SQL.DRIVER.VER
SQL.ACTIVE.STATEMENTS
SQL.FETCH.DIRECTION
SQL.DATA.SOURCE.NAME
SQL.FILE.USAGE
SQL.DRIVER.HDBC
SQL.GETDATA.EXTENSIONS
SQL.DRIVER.HENV
SQL.LOCK.TYPES
SQL.DRIVER.HLIB
SQL.ODBC.API.CONFORMANCE
SQL.DRIVER.HSTMT
SQL.ODBC.SAG.CLI.CONFORMANCE
SQL.DRIVER.NAME
SQL.ODBC.VER
SQL.DRIVER.ODBC.VER
SQL.POS.OPERATIONS
SQL.ROW.UPDATES
SQL.SERVER.NAME
SQL.SEARCH.PATTERN.ESCAPE
DBMS Product Information
SQL.DATABASE.NAME
SQL.DBMS.VER
SQL.DBMS.NAME
Data Source Information
SQL.ACCESSIBLE.PROCEDURES
SQL.OWNER.TERM
SQL.ACCESSIBLE.TABLES
SQL.PROCEDURE.TERM
SQL.BOOKMARK.PERSISTENCE
SQL.QUALIFIER.TERM
SQL.CONCAT.NULL.BEHAVIOR
SQL.SCROLL.CONCURRENCY
SQL.CURSOR.COMMIT.BEHAVIOR
SQL.SCROLL.OPTIONS
SQL.DATA.SOURCE.READ.ONLY
SQL.STATIC.SENSITIVITY
SQL.DEFAULT.TXN.ISOLATION
SQL.TABLE.TERM
SQL.MULT.RESULT.SETS
SQL.TXN.CAPABLE
SQL.MULTIPLE.ACTIVE.TXN
SQL.TXN.ISOLATION.OPTION
SQL.NEED.LONG.DATA.LEN
SQL.USER.NAME
SQL.NULL.COLLATION
Supported SQL
SQL.ALTER.TABLE
SQL.ODBC.SQL.OPT.IEF
SQL.COLUMN.ALIAS
SQL.ORDER.BY.COLUMNS.IN.SELECT
SQL.CORRELATION.NAME
SQL.OUTER.JOINS
SQL.EXPRESSIONS.IN.ORDER.BY
SQL.OWNER.USAGE
SQL.GROUP.BY
SQL.POSITIONED.STATEMENTS
SQL.IDENTIFIER.CASE
SQL.PROCEDURES
SQL.IDENTIFIER.QUOTE.CHAR
SQL.QUALIFIER.LOCATION
SQL.KEYWORDS
SQL.QUALIFIER.NAME.SEPARATOR
SQL.LIKE.ESCAPE.CLAUSE
SQL.QUALIFIER.USAGE
SQL.NON.NULLABLE.COLUMNS
SQL.QUOTED.IDENTIFIER.CASE
SQL.ODBC.SQL.CONFORMANCE
SQL.SPECIAL.CHARACTERS
SQL.SUBQUERIES
SQL.UNION
395
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
SQL Limits
SQL.MAX.BINARY.LITERAL.LEN
SQL.MAX.OWNER.NAME.LEN
SQL.MAX.CHAR.LITERAL.LEN
SQL.MAX.PROCEDURE.NAME.LEN
SQL.MAX.COLUMN.NAME.LEN
SQL.MAX.QUALIFIER.NAME.LEN
SQL.MAX.COLUMNS.IN.GROUP.BY
SQL.MAX.ROW.SIZE
SQL.MAX.COLUMNS.IN.ORDER.BY
SQL.MAX.ROW.SIZE.INCLUDES.LONG
SQL.MAX.COLUMNS.IN.INDEX
SQL.MAX.STATEMENT.LEN
SQL.MAX.COLUMNS.IN.SELECT
SQL.MAX.TABLE.NAME.LEN
SQL.MAX.COLUMNS.IN.TABLE
SQL.MAX.TABLES.IN.SELECT
SQL.MAX.CURSOR.NAME.LEN
SQL.MAX.USER.NAME.LEN
SQL.MAX.INDEX.SIZE
Scalar Function Information
SQL.CONVERT.FUNCTIONS
SQL.TIMEDATE.ADD.INTERVALS
SQL.NUMERIC.FUNCTIONS
SQL.TIMEDATE.DIFF.INTERVALS
SQL.STRING.FUNCTIONS
SQL.TIMEDATE.FUNCTIONS
SQL.SYSTEM.FUNCTIONS
Conversion Information
SQL.CONVERT.BIGINT
SQL.CONVERT.LONGVARCHAR
SQL.CONVERT.BINARY
SQL.CONVERT.NUMERIC
SQL.CONVERT.BIT
SQL.CONVERT.REAL
SQL.CONVERT.CHAR
SQL.CONVERT.SMALLINT
SQL.CONVERT.DATE
SQL.CONVERT.TIME
SQL.CONVERT.DECIMAL
SQL.CONVERT.TIMESTAMP
SQL.CONVERT.DOUBLE
SQL.CONVERT.TINYINT
SQL.CONVERT.FLOAT
SQL.CONVERT.VARBINARY
SQL.CONVERT.INTEGER
SQL.CONVERT.VARCHAR
SQL.CONVERT.LONGVARBINARY
Return values
The following table lists the return values of the SQLGetInfo function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
–1
SQL.ERROR
–2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLGetTypeInfo
SQLGetTypeInfo returns information about an SQL on the data source. You can use
SQLGetTypeInfo only against ODBC data sources. SQLGetTypeInfo returns a standard result set
ordered by DATA.TYPE and TYPE.NAME.
396
SQLGetTypeInfo
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLGetTypeInfo (statement.env, sql.type)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment.
sql.type
A driver-specific SQL data type, or one of the following:
▪
SQL.B.BINARY
▪
SQL.BIGINT
▪
SQL.BINARY
▪
SQL.BIT
▪
SQL.C.BINARY
▪
SQL.CHAR
▪
SQL.DATE
▪
SQL.DECIMAL
▪
SQL.DOUBLE
▪
SQL.FLOAT
▪
SQL.INTEGER
▪
SQL.LONGVARBINARY
▪
SQL.LONGVARCHAR
▪
SQL.NUMERIC
▪
SQL.REAL
▪
SQL.SMALLINT
▪
SQL.TIME
▪
SQL.TIMESTAMP
▪
SQL TINYINT
▪
SQL.VARBINARY
▪
SQL.VARCHAR
▪
SQL.WCHAR
▪
SQL.WLONGVARCHAR
▪
SQL.WVARCHAR
Result set
The following table lists the columns in the result set. For more detailed information about data type
information, see the Microsoft ODBC 2.0 Programmer’s Reference and SDK Guide.
397
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Column Name
Data Type
Description
TYPE.NAME
Varchar
Data-source-dependent data type name.
DATA.TYPE
Smallint
Driver-dependent or SQL data type.
PRECISION
Integer
Maximum precision of the data type on the
data source.
LITERAL.PREFIX
Varchar(128)
Characters used to prefix a literal.
LITERAL.SUFFIX
Varchar(128)
Characters used to terminate a literal.
CREATE.PARAMS
Varchar(128)
Parameters for a data type definition.
NULLABLE
Smallint
Data type accepts null values. Returns one
of the following:
SQL.NO.NULLS
SQL.NULLABLE
SQL.NULLABLE.UNKNOWN
CASE.SENSITIVE
Smallint
Character data type is case-sensitive.
Returns one of the following:
TRUE if data type is a character data type
and is case-sensitive
FALSE if data type is not a character data
type and is not case-sensitive
SEARCHABLE
Smallint
How the WHERE clause uses the data type.
Returns one of the following:
SQL.UNSEARCHABLE if data type cannot be
used
SQL.LIKE.ONLY if data type can be used
only with the LIKE predicate
SQL.ALL.EXCEPT.LIKE if data type can be
used with all comparison operators except
LIKE
SQL.SEARCHABLE if data type can be used
with any comparison operator
UNSIGNED.ATTRIBUTE
Smallint
Data type is unsigned. Returns one of the
following:
TRUE if data type is unsigned
FALSE if data type is signed
NULL if attribute is not applicable to the
data type or the data type is not numeric
MONEY
Smallint
Data type is a money data type. Returns
one of the following:
TRUE if data type is a money data type
FALSE if it is not
398
SQLNumParams
Column Name
Data Type
Description
AUTO.INCREMENT
Smallint
Data type is autoincrementing. Returns one
of the following:
TRUE if data type is autoincrementing
FALSE if it is not
NULL if attribute is not applicable to the
data type or the data type is not numeric
LOCAL.TYPE.NAME
Varchar(128)
Localized version of TYPE.NAME.
MINIMUM.SCALE
Smallint
Minimum scale of the data type on the data
source.
MAXIMUM.SCALE
Smallint
Maximum scale of the data type on the
data source.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLGetTypeInfo function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
–1
SQL.ERROR
–2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLNumParams
SQLNumParams returns the number of parameters in an SQL statement. Use this function after
preparing or executing an SQL statement or procedure call to find the number of parameters in an SQL
statement. If the statement associated with statement.env contains no parameters, parameters is set
to 0.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLNumParams (statement.env, parameters)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment containing the prepared or executed SQL
statement.
parameters
Number of parameters in the statement.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLNumParams function.
399
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLNumResultCols
SQLNumResultCols returns the number of columns in a result set. Use this function after executing
an SQL statement to find the number of columns in the result set. If the executed statement was not
a SELECT statement or a called procedure that produced a result set, the number of result columns
returned is 0. Use this function when the number of columns to be bound to application variables is
unknown, for example, when your program is processing SQL statements entered by users.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLNumResultCols (statement.env, cols)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment containing the executed SQL statement.
cols
Number of report columns generated.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLNumResultCols function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLParamOptions
SQLParamOptions lets applications load an array of parameter markers in a single SQLExecDirect
or SQLExecute function call. Use this function only when you are connected to an ODBC data source.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
SQLParamOptions works for all parameter types—output and input/output parameters as well as
the more usual input parameters.
Be careful when you use matrices instead of arrays. For example, in the matrix:
dim matrix(10,10)
400
SQLParamOptions
the elements 1,1, 1,2, ..., 1,10, 2,1, 2,2, ... occupy consecutive memory locations. Since
SQLParamOptions requires each location specified in SQLBind parameter to point to a
consecutive series of values in memory, an application using a matrix must load the values of the
matrix in the correct order.
When the SQL statement is executed, all variables are checked, data is converted when necessary,
and all values in the set are verified to be appropriate and within the bounds of the marker definition.
Values are then copied to low-level structures associated with each parameter marker. If a failure
occurs while the values are being checked, SQLExecDirect or SQLExecute returns SQL.ERROR, and
value contains the number of the row where the failure occurred.
Syntax
status = SQLParamOptions (statement.env, option, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment.
option
One of the following, followed by a value:
SQL.PARAMOPTIONS.SET – value is an input variable containing the
number of rows to process. It can be an integer from 1 through 1024.
SQL.PARAMOPTIONS.READ – value is an output variable containing
the number of parameter rows processed by SQLExecDirect
or SQLExecute. As each set of parameters is processed, value
is updated to the current row number. If SQLExecDirect or
SQLExecute encounters an error, value contains the number of the
row that failed.
value
If option is SQL.PARAMOPTIONS.SET, value is the number of rows to
process. It can be an integer from 1 through 1024. 1 is the default.
If option is SQL.PARAMOPTIONS.READ, value contains the number of
parameter rows processed by SQLExecDirect or SQLExecute. As
each set of parameters is processed, value is updated to the current
row number.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLParamOptions function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
–1
SQL.ERROR
–2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
Examples
This example shows how you might use SQLParamOptions to load a simple table. Table TAB1 has
two columns: an integer column and a CHAR(30) column.
$include INCLUDE ODBC.H
401
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
arrsize = 20
dim p1(arrsize)
dim p2(arrsize)
SQLINS1 = "INSERT INTO TAB1 VALUES(?,?)"
rowindex = 0
status = SQLAllocEnv(henv)
status = SQLAllocConnect(henv, hdbc)
status = SQLConnect(hdbc, "odbcds", "dbuid", "dbpwd")
status = SQLAllocStmt(hdbc, hstmt)
status = SQLPrepare(hstmt, SQLINS1)
status = SQLBindParameter(hstmt, 1, SQL.B.BASIC, SQL.INTEGER, 0,
0, p1(1),
SQL.PARAM.INPUT)
status = SQLBindParameter(hstmt, 2, SQL.B.BASIC, SQL.CHAR, 30, 0,
p2(1),
SQL.PARAM.INPUT)
status = SQLParamOptions(hstmt, SQL.PARAMOPTIONS.SET, arrsize)
for index = 1 to arrsize
p1(index) = index
p2(index) = "This is row ":index
next index
* now execute, delivering 20 sets of parameters in one network
operation
stexec = SQLExecute(hstmt)
status = SQLParamOptions(hstmt, SQL.PARAMOPTIONS.READ, rowindex)
if stexec = SQL.ERROR then
print "Error in parameter row number ":rowindex
end else
print rowindex:" parameter marker sets were processed"
end
SQLPrepare
SQLPrepare passes an SQL statement or procedure call to the data source in order to prepare it for
execution by SQLExecute.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLPrepare (statement.env, statement)
Use this function to deliver either an SQL statement or a call to an SQL procedure to the data
source where it can prepare to execute the passed SQL statement or the procedure. The application
subsequently uses SQLExecute to tell the data source to execute the prepared SQL statement or
procedure.
What happens when the data source executes the SQLPrepare call depends on the data source. In
many cases the data source parses the SQL statement and generates an execution plan that allows
rapid, efficient execution of the SQL statement.
Use SQLPrepare and SQLExecute functions when you are issuing SQL statements or calling a
procedure repeatedly. You can supply values to a prepared INSERT or UPDATE statement and issue
an SQLExecute call each time you change the values of parameter markers. SQLExecute sends the
current values of the parameter markers to the data source and executes the prepared SQL statement
or procedure with the current values.
402
SQLRowCount
Note: Before you issue an SQLExecute call, all parameter markers in the SQL statement or
procedure call must be defined using an SQLBindParameter call, otherwise SQLExecute returns an
error.
If the parameter type of an SQLBindParameter procedure is SQL.PARAM.OUTPUT or
SQL.PARAM.INPUT.OUTPUT, values are returned to the specified program variables.
ODBC data sources
If you execute a stored procedure or enter a command batch with multiple SELECT statements, the
results of only the first SELECT statement are returned.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment from a previous SQLAllocStmt.
statement
Either an SQL statement or a call to an SQL procedure, to be executed
at the data source.
To call an SQL procedure, use the following syntax:
procedure
parameter
[ { ] CALL procedure [ ( [ parameter [ ,
parameter ] … ] ) ] [ } ]
Name of the procedure. If the procedure name contains characters
other than alphabetic or numeric, enclose the name in double
quotation marks. To embed a single double quotation mark in the
procedure name, use two consecutive double quotation marks.
Either a literal value or a parameter marker that marks where to insert
values to send to or receive from the data source. Programmatic SQL
uses a ? (question mark) as a parameter marker.
Use parameters only if the procedure is a subroutine. The number and
order of parameters must correspond to the subroutine arguments.
For an ODBC data source, parameters should be of the same data type
as the procedure requires.
Return values
The following table describes the returns values of the SQLPrepare function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLRowCount
SQLRowCount returns the number of rows changed by UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE statements, or
by a called procedure that executes one of these statements.
403
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Statements such as GRANT and CREATE TABLE, which do not update rows in the database, return 0
in rows.
For a SELECT statement, a 0 row count is always returned, unless the SELECT statement includes the
TO SLIST clause. In that case, SQLRowCount returns the number of rows in the select list.
The value of rows returned after executing a stored procedure at the data source may not be accurate.
It is accurate for a single UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE statement.
Syntax
status = SQLRowCount (statement.env, rows)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Input Variable
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment containing the executed SQL statement.
rows
Number of rows affected by the operation.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLRowCount function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLSetConnectOption
SQLSetConnectOption controls some aspects of the connection to a data source.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLSetConnectOption (connect.env, option, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
404
SQLSetConnectOption
Parameter
Description
connect.env
Connection environment returned from a previous
SQLAllocConnect.
Options
The following table describes the options available with SQLSetConnectOption.
Option
Description
SQL.AUTO.COMMIT
Determines the commit mode for transactions. When you use
this option, the connection must already be established, and the
SQL.TX.PRIVATE option must be set to SQL.TX.PRIVATE.ON. Valid
settings are:
SQL.AUTO.COMMIT.ON – Puts a private connection into autocommit
mode.
SQL.AUTO.COMMIT.OFF – Puts a private connection into manual
commit mode.
SQL.TX.PRIVATE
Determines if a transaction is controlled by UniBasic or the data
source. Valid settings are:
SQL.TX.PRIVATE.ON – Transaction processing is controlled directly by
the DBMS on the server.
SQL.TX.PRIVATE.OFF – Transaction processing is fully managed by
UniBasic.
SQL.TXN.ISOLATION
Determines the isolation level on the server. When you use this option,
the connection must already be established, the SQL.TX.PRIVATE
option must be set to SQL.TX.PRIVATE.ON, and no transactions may
be active.
Valid settings are:
SQL.TXN.READ.UNCOMMITTED – Sets the isolation level on the server
to 1.
SQL.TXN.READ.COMMITTED – Sets the isolation level on the server to
2.
SQL.TXN.REPEATABLE.READ – Sets the isolation level on the server to
3.
SQL.TXN.SERIALIZABLE – Sets the isolation level on the server to 4.
Return values
The following table describes the return values for the SQLSetConnectOption.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
Private transactions
SQL.TX.PRIVATE.ON frees the connection from being managed by the UniData transaction manager.
When you make a connection private, the application can use the SQL.AUTOCOMMIT option to put the
405
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
connection into either autocommit mode or manual commit mode. By default, private connections
are in autocommit mode, in which each SQL statement is treated as a separate transaction,
committed after the statement is executed.
In manual commit mode the application can do either of the following:
▪
▪
Use the SQLTransact function to commit or roll back changes to the database.
Set the SQL.AUTOCOMMIT option of SQLSetConnectOption to SQL.AUTOCOMMIT.ON. This
commits any outstanding transactions and returns the connection to autocommit mode.
You must return the connection to autocommit mode before using SQLDisconnect to close the
connection. You can do this in two ways:
▪
▪
Set the SQL.AUTOCOMMIT option of SQLSetConnectOption to SQL.AUTOCOMMIT.ON
Set the SQL.TX.PRIVATE option of SQLSetConnectOption to SQL.TX.PRIVATE.OFF
When a connection is private, SQL.TXN.ISOLATION lets the application define the default transaction
isolation level at which to execute server operations. To determine what isolation levels the data
source supports, use the SQL.TXN.ISOLATION.OPTION option of the SQLGetInfo function. This
returns a bitmap of the options the data source supports. The application can then use the UniBasic
BIT functions to determine whether a particular bit is set in the bitmap.
Use SQLSetConnectOption with the SQL.TXN.ISOLATION option only in the following two places:
▪
▪
Immediately following an SQLConnect function call
Immediately following an SQLTransact call to commit or roll back an operation
Whenever you execute an SQL statement, a new transaction exists, which makes setting the
SQL.TXN.ISOLATION option illegal. If a transaction is active when the SQL.TXN.ISOLATION.OPTION is
set, UniData BCI returns SQL.ERROR and sets SQLSTATE to S1C00.
SQLSetParam
SQLSetParam is a synonym for SQLBindParameter.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
SQLSpecialColumns
SQLSpecialColumns gets information about columns in a table.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLSpecialColumns (statement.env, col.type, schema, owner,
tablename, IDscope, null)
SQLSpecialColumns lets applications scroll forward and backward in a result set to get the most
recent data from a set of rows. Columns returned for column type SQL.BEST.ROWID are guaranteed
not to change while positioned on that row. Columns of the row ID can remain valid even when the
cursor is not positioned on the row. The application can determine this by checking the SCOPE column
in the result set.
406
SQLSpecialColumns
Once the application gets values for SQL.BEST.ROWID, it can use these values to reselect that row
within the defined scope. The SELECT statement is guaranteed to return either no rows or one row.
Columns returned for SQL.BEST.ROWID can always be used in an SQL select expression or WHERE
clause. However, SQLColumns does not necessarily return these columns. If no columns uniquely
identify each row in the table, SQLSpecialColumns returns a row set with no rows; a subsequent
call to SQLFetch returns SQL.NO.DATA.FOUND.
Columns returned for column type SQL.ROWVER let applications check if any columns in a given row
have been updated while the row was reselected using the row ID.
If col.type, IDscope, or null specifies characteristics not supported by the data source,
SQLSpecialColumns returns a result set with no rows, and a subsequent call to SQLFetch returns
SQL.NO.DATA.FOUND.For complete details about the SQLSpecialColumns function, see the
Microsoft ODBC 2.0 Programmer’s Reference and SDK Guide.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment.
col.type
Type of column to return. col.type is one of the following:
SQL.BEST.ROWID – Returns the best column or set of columns that
uniquely identifies a row in a table.
SQL.ROWVER – Returns the column or columns that are automatically
updated when any value in the row is updated by a transaction.
schema
Qualifier name for tablename. If a driver supports qualifiers for some
tables but not others, use an empty string for tables that do not have
qualifiers.
owner
Name of the owner of the table. If a driver supports owners for some
table but not others, use an empty string for tables that do not have
owners.
tablename
Name of the table.
IDscope
Minimum required scope of the row ID. IDscope is one of the following:
SQL.SCOPE.CURROW – Row ID is guaranteed to be valid only while
positioned on that row.
SQL.SCOPE.TRANSACTION – Row ID is guaranteed to be valid for the
duration of the current transaction.
SQL.SCOPE.SESSION – Row ID is guaranteed to be valid for the
duration of the session.
null
Can be one of the following:
SQL.NO.NULLS – Excludes special columns that can have null values.
SQL.NULLABLE – Returns special columns even if they can have null
values.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLSpecialColumns function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
407
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Return value
Description
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
Results are returned as a standard result set ordered by SCOPE. The following table lists the columns
in the result set. The lengths of VARCHAR columns are maximums; the actual lengths depend on the
data source. To get the length of the COLUMN.NAME column, use the SQL.MAX.COLUMN.NAME.LEN
option of the SQLGetInfo function.
Column Name
Data Type
Description
SCOPE
Smallint
Actual scope of the row ID. It contains
one of the following:
SQL.SCOPE.CURROW
SQL.SCOPE.TRANSACTION
SQL.SCOPE.SESSION
The null value is returned when col.type
is SQL.ROWVER.
COLUMN.NAME
Varchar(128)
Column identifier.
Not null
DATA.TYPE
Smallint
Not null
TYPE.NAME
Varchar(128)
Not null
408
Either an ODBC SQL data type or a
driver-specific SQL data type.
Data-source-dependent data type
name.
PRECISION
Integer
Precision of the column on the data
source. The null value is returned for
data types where precision does not
apply.
LENGTH
Integer
The length in bytes of data transferred
on an SQLGetData or SQLFetch
if SQL.C.DEFAULT is specified. For
numeric data, this size can differ from
the size of the data stored on the data
source. This value is the same as the
PRECISION column for character or
binary data.
SCALE
Smallint
The scale of the column on the data
source. The null value is returned for
data types where scale does not apply.
SQLStatistics
Column Name
Data Type
Description
PSEUDO.COLUMN
Smallint
Indicates whether the column is a
pseudo-column:
SQL.PC.UNKNOWN
SQL.PC.PSEUDO
SQL.PC.NOT.PSEUDO
Pseudo-columns should not be quoted
with the identifier quote character
returned by SQLGetInfo.
SQLStatistics
SQLStatistics gets a list of statistics about a single table and its indexes. Use this function
only when you are connected to an ODBC data source. SQLStatistics returns information as a
standard result set ordered by NON.UNIQUE, TYPE, INDEX.QUALIFIER, INDEX.NAME, and SEQ.IN.INDEX.
The result set combines statistics for the table with statistics for each index.
Note: SQLStatistics might not return all indexes. For example, a driver might return only the
indexes in files in the current directory. Applications can use any valid index regardless of whether
it is returned by SQLStatistics.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLStatistics (statement.env, schema, owner, tablename,
index.type, accuracy)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment.
schema
Qualifier name for tablename. If a driver supports qualifiers for some
tables but not others, use an empty string for tables that do not have
qualifiers.
owner
Name of the owner of the table. If a driver supports owners for some
table but not others, use an empty string for tables that do not have
owners.
tablename
Name of the table.
index.type
One of the following:
SQL.INDEX.UNIQUE
SQL.INDEX.ALL
409
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
accuracy
The importance of the CARDINALITY and PAGES columns in the result
set:
SQL.ENSURE – The driver unconditionally gets the statistics.
SQL.QUICK – The driver gets results only if they are readily available
from the server. The driver does not ensure that the values are
current.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLStatistics function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
-1
SQL.ERROR
-2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
The lengths of VARCHAR columns are maximums; the actual lengths depend on the data source. Use
SQLGetInfo to determine the actual lengths of the TABLE.QUALIFIER, TABLE.OWNER, TABLE.NAME,
and COLUMN.NAME columns.
Column Name
Data Type
Description
TABLE.QUALIFIER
Varchar(128)
Table qualifier identifier (schema) of the
table. The null value is returned if it is not
applicable to the data source. If a driver
supports qualifiers for some tables but not
others, it returns an empty string for tables
without qualifiers.
TABLE.OWNER
Varchar(128)
Name of the owner of the table. The null
value is returned if it is not applicable to the
data source. If a driver supports owners for
some tables but not others, it returns an
empty string for tables without owners.
TABLE.NAME
Varchar(128)
Name of the table.
Not null
NON.UNIQUE
Smallint
The index prohibits duplicate values:
TRUE if the index values can be nonunique.
FALSE if the index values must be unique.
NULL if TYPE is SQL.TABLE.STAT.
INDEX.QUALIFIER
Varchar(128)
Index qualifier identifier used by the DROP
INDEX statement. The null value is returned
if the data source does not support index
qualifiers or if TYPE is SQL.TABLE.STAT.
If a nonnull value is returned, it must
be used to qualify the index name in a
DROP INDEX statement, otherwise the
TABLE.OWNER name should be used to
qualify the index name.
410
SQLStatistics
Column Name
Data Type
Description
INDEX.NAME
Varchar(128)
Name of the index. The null value is
returned if TYPE is SQL.TABLE.STAT.
TYPE
Smallint
Type of information returned:
Not null
SQL.TABLE.STAT indicates a statistic for the
table.
SQL.INDEX.CLUSTERED indicates a
clustered index.
SQL.INDEX.HASHED indicates a hashed
index.
SQL.INDEX.OTHER indicates another type of
index.
SEQ.IN.INDEX
Smallint
Column sequence number in index, starting
with 1. The null value is returned if TYPE is
SQL.TABLE.STAT.
COLUMN.NAME
Varchar(128)
Name of a column. If the column is based on
an expression, the expression is returned.
If the expression cannot be determined,
an empty string is returned. If the index is
filtered, each column in the filter condition
is returned (this may require more than one
row). The null value is returned if TYPE is
SQL.TABLE.STAT.
COLLATION
Char(1)
Sort sequence for the column:
A indicates ascending.
B indicates descending.
The null value is returned if the data source
does not support column sort sequence.
CARDINALITY
Integer
Number of rows in the table if TYPE is
SQL.TABLE.STAT. Number of unique values
in the index if TYPE is not SQL.TABLE.STAT.
The null value is returned if the value is not
available from the data source or if it is not
applicable to the data source.
PAGES
Integer
Number of pages for the table if TYPE is
SQL.TABLE.STAT. Number of pages for the
index if TYPE is not SQL.TABLE.STAT. The
null value is returned if the value is not
available from the data source or if it is not
applicable to the data source.
FILTER.CONDITION
Varchar(128)
If the index is filtered, the filter condition, or
an empty string if the filter condition cannot
be determined.
The null value is returned if the index is
not filtered, or if it cannot be determined
that the index is filtered, or TYPE is
SQL.TABLE.STAT.
If the row in the result set corresponds to a table, the driver sets TYPE to SQL.TABLE.STAT and sets the
following columns to NULL:
411
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
▪
NON.UNIQUE
▪
INDEX.QUALIFIER
▪
INDEX.NAME
▪
SEQ.IN.INDEX
▪
COLUMN.NAME
▪
COLLATION
If CARDINALITY or PAGES are not available from the data source, the driver sets them to NULL. For
complete details about the SQLStatistics function, see the Microsoft ODBC 2.0 Programmer’s
Reference and SDK Guide.
SQLTables
SQLTables returns a result set listing the tables matching the search patterns. Use this function only
when you are connected to an ODBC data source.
This function returns statement.env as a standard result set of five columns containing the schemas,
owners, names, types, and remarks for all tables found by the search. The search criteria arguments
can contain a literal, an SQL LIKE pattern, or be empty. If a literal or LIKE pattern is specified, only
values matching the pattern are returned. If a criterion is empty, tables with any value for that
attribute are returned. owner cannot specify a LIKE pattern.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
status = SQLTables (statement.env, schema, owner, tablename, type)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
statement.env
SQL statement environment.
schema
Schema name search pattern.
owner
Table owner number search pattern.
tablename
Table name search pattern.
type
Table type (one of the following: BASE TABLE, VIEW, ASSOCIATION, or
TABLE) search pattern.
You can access the result set with SQLFetch. These five columns have the following descriptors:
412
Column Name
Data Type
TABLE.SCHEMA
VARCHAR(128)
TABLE.OWNER
VARCHAR(128)
TABLE.NAME
VARCHAR(128)
TABLE.TYPE
VARCHAR(128)
REMARKS
VARCHAR(254)
SQLTransact
Special search criteria
Three special search criteria combinations enable an application to enumerate the set of schemas,
owners, and tables:
Table
Qualifier
Table Owner
Table Name
Table Type
Return Is ...
%
empty string
empty string
ignored
Set of distinct
schema names
empty string
ignored
Set of distinct
table owners
empty string
%
Set of distinct
table types
empty
string
empty
string
empty string
The ability to obtain information about tables does not imply that you have any privileges on those
tables.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLTables function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
1
SQL.SUCCESS.WITH.INFO
–1
SQL.ERROR
–2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLSTATE Values
The following table describes the SQLSTATE values.
SQLSTATE
Description
S1000
General error for which no specific SQLSTATE code has been defined.
S1001
S1008
S1010
Memory allocation failure.
Cancelled. Execution of the statement was stopped by an
SQLCancel call.
Function sequence error. The statement.env specified is currently
executing an SQL statement.
S1C00
The table owner field was not numeric.
24000
Invalid cursor state. Results are still pending from the previous SQL
statement. Use SQLCancel to clear the results.
42000
Syntax error or access violation. This can be caused by a variety
of reasons. The native error code returned by the SQLError call
indicates the specific error that occurred.
SQLTransact
SQLTransact requests a COMMIT or ROLLBACK for all SQL statements associated with a connection
or all connections associated with an environment. Use this function only when you are connected to
an ODBC data source.
413
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
This function provides the same transaction functions as the UniBasic statement TRANSACTION
COMMIT. When connect.env is a valid connection environment with SQL.AUTOCOMMIT set to OFF,
SQLTransact commits the connection.
To use SQLTransact, all of the following conditions must be met:
▪
The SQL.TX.PRIVATE option of SQLSetConnectOption is set to SQL.TX.PRIVATE.ON.
▪
The SQL.AUTOCOMMIT option is set to SQL.AUTOCOMMIT.OFF.
▪
The connection is active.
Setting bci.env to a valid environment handle and connect.env to SQL.NULL.HDBC requests the server
to try to execute the requested action on all hdbcs that are in a connected state.
If any action fails, SQL.ERROR is returned, and the user can determine which connections failed by
calling SQLError for each connection environment in turn.
If you call SQLTransact with a type of SQL.COMMIT or SQL.ROLLBACK when no transaction is active,
SQL.SUCCESS is returned.
Syntax
status = SQLTransact (bci.env, connect.env, type)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
bci.env
UniData BCI environment.
connect.env
Connection environment or SQL.NULL.HDBC.
type
One of the following:
SQL.COMMIT – Writes all modified data to the data source, releases
all lock acquired by the current transaction, and terminates the
transaction.
SQL.ROLLBACK – Discards any changes written during the transaction
and terminates it.
Return values
The following table describes the return values of the SQLTransact function.
Return value
Description
0
SQL.SUCCESS
–1
SQL.ERROR
–2
SQL.INVALID.HANDLE
SQLSTATE values
The following table describes the SQLSTATE values for the SQLTransact function.
414
SQRT
SQLSTATE
Description
S1000
General error for which no specific SQLSTATE code has been defined.
S1001
Memory allocation failure.
S1012
type did not contain SQL.COMMIT or SQL.ROLLBACK.
08003
No connection is active on connect.env.
08007
The connection associated with the transaction failed during the
execution of the function. It cannot be determined if the requested
operation completed before the failure.
SQRT
The UniBasic SQRT function returns the square root of a positive numeric argument.
Syntax
SQRT(num.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints SQUARE ROOT OF 16 IS 4:
PRINT "SQUARE ROOT OF 16 IS ":SQRT(16)
SQUOTE
The UniBasic SQUOTE function encloses a string with single quotation marks.
Syntax
SQUOTE(str.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints ‘This is ‘a’ test’ on the screen:
PRINT SQUOTE("This is 'a' test")
In the next example, the program segment prints ‘This is another test’ on the screen:
X = "This is another test"
PRINT SQUOTE(X)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
QUOTE
415
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
SSUB
The UniBasic SSUB function subtracts the second string number from the first string number and
returns the result as a string number. Arguments can be any valid numbers or string numbers of any
magnitude or precision.
Tip: Processing string data type numbers rather than numeric data type numbers degrades
processing speed. Numbers specified in quotation marks are string data type. Numbers specified
without quotation marks are numeric data type. The data type of a variable is determined by the
data first loaded into it.
If x or y contains nonnumeric data, UniData displays an error message and returns a result of 0.
The SSUB function results in a string number, so you can use the function in any expression in which
a string number is valid. Because string numbers can exceed the range of numbers that standard
arithmetic operators can accommodate, you might not want to use the SSUB function in any
expression in which a standard number is valid.
Syntax
SSUB(x, y)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement assigns to B the result of subtracting 1.4149 from A,
and then prints the answer 98.5851:
A = 100
B = SSUB(A, "1.4149")
PRINT B
STATUS
The UniBasic STATUS function returns a code indicating the condition of the command or function
just executed. Several UniBasic commands and functions set STATUS function return values.
For information about the return values set by a particular command or function, see Commands that
set STATUS() return values, on page 537.
Syntax
STATUS( )
Examples
In the following example, the STATUS function returns a value of 0, indicating a successful conversion
of a valid date by OCONV. STATUS would return 1 if 7334 were an invalid input date or 2 if D were an
invalid conversion specification.
PRINT OCONV(7334,"D")
PRINT STATUS()
416
STOP
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
SYSTEM
@variables
For information, see UniBasic@variables, on page 520.
STOP
The UniBasic STOP command halts execution of the current program. If you specify an expression,
UniData prints the expression on the display terminal before halting the program. expr can contain
variables, functions, and arithmetic or string operators.
STOP returns the cursor to the UniData prompt, a calling menu, or a calling paragraph, depending on
how the program was executed.
Tip: The ABORT command returns the cursor to UniData level regardless of what process initiated
the program.
Note: The STOP command performs differently with BASICTYPE P. The following syntax is valid in
BASICTYPE P:
STOP [message-id]
STOP [expr,...]
message-id must evaluate to a key contained in UniData error message file ERRMSG. expr can
contain variables, functions, and arithmetic or string operators.
Syntax
STOP [expr]
Examples
In the following example, the program segment attempts to read a record from a file. If the record
does not exist, the program aborts and prints the message RECORD IS MISSING at line 10, column 10
on the terminal.
CUST.ID = 1234
OPEN 'CLIENTS' READONLY TO CLIENT.FILE ELSE STOP "Cannot Open"
READ REC FROM CLIENTR, CLIENT.ID ELSE
STOP @(10,10):'RECORD IS MISSING'
END
In the next example, the segment prints a prompt if an error flag ERR.FLAG has been set, and reads the
user’s input into the variable ANS. If ANS equals Y, the program stops.
ERR.FLAG = 1
IF ERR.FLAG THEN
PRINT "STOP PROGRAM?"
INPUT ANS
IF ANS = "Y" THEN STOP
END
In the next example, in BASICTYPE P, the program segment prints an error message from record 10075
in the ERRMSG file if the program aborts:
417
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
If A < 0 THEN ABORT 10075
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ABORT
STR
The UniBasic STR function returns a string composed of a number of repetitions of a string.
Syntax
STR(str.expr, num.expr)
Null value handling
If a function encounters the null value in a parameter when a number is expected (num.expr), a
warning message displays, and UniBasic uses 0.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Specifies a string expression to concatenate num.expr times.
num.expr
Specifies the number of repetitions of the string expression to
concatenate.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints a string of 25 hyphens on the terminal screen:
PRINT STR("-",25)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
STRS
STRS
The UniBasic STRS function returns each element of dyn.array the number of times specified in expr.
Syntax
STRS(dyn.array, expr)
418
submitRequest
Null value handling
If a function encounters the null value in a parameter when a number is expected (expr), a warning
message displays, and UniBasic uses 0.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment prints the each element of the ARR1 dynamic array 10
times:
ARR1 = 1:@AM:2:@AM:3:@AM:4:@AM:5
ARR2 = STRS(ARR1,10)
PRINT ARR2
This results in the following:
1111111111}2222222222}3333333333}4444444444}5555555555
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
STR
submitRequest
The submitRequest function submits a request and gets a response.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
submitRequest(request_handle, time_out, post_data, response_headers,
response_data, http_status)
The request is formed on the basis of default HTTP settings and previous setRequestHeader() and
addRequestParameter() values. Specifically, for a GET method with parameters added, UniBasic
creates a parameter string (properly encoded) and attaches to the URL string after the ‘?’ character.
For a POST request with non-empty post_data, the data is attached to the request message as is. No
encoding is performed, and any parameters added through addRequestParameter() will be totally
ignored. Otherwise the following processing will be performed.
For a POST request with default content type, the parameter string will be assembled, a ContentLength header created, and then the string is attached as the last part of the request message.
For a POST request with multipart/* content type, a unique boundary string is created and
then multiple parts will be generated in the sequence they were added through calling
addRequestParameter(). Each will have a unique boundary, followed by optional Content-*
headers, and data part. The total length is calculated and a Content-Length header is added to the
message header.
The request is then sent to the Web server identified by the URL supplied with the request and created
through createRequest() (maybe through a proxy server). UniBasic is then waiting for the web server to
respond. Once the response message is received, the status contained in the response is analyzed.
419
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
If the response status indicates that redirection is needed (status 301, 302, 305 or 307), it will be
performed automatically, up to five consecutive redirections (the limit is set to prevent looping,
suggested by RFC 2616).If the response status is 401 or 407 (access denied), the response headers will
be examined to see if the server requires (or accepts) BASIC authentication. If no BASIC authentication
request is found, the function will return with an error. Otherwise default Authentication (set by
setHTTPDefault) will be used to resend the request. If no default authentication is set, and no other
cached user authentication is found, the function will return with an error.
If the user provides authentication information through “Authorization” or “Proxy-Authorization”
header, the encoded information is cached. If later, a BASIC authentication request is raised, no
default authentication is found, and only one user/password encoding is cached, then it will be used
to resend the request.
The response from the HTTP server is disposed into response_header and response_data. It is the
user’s responsibility to parse the headers and data. UniBasic only performs transfer encoding
(chunked encoding), and nothing else is done on the data. In other words, content-encoding (gzip,
compress, deflate, and so forth) are supposed to be handled by the user, as with all MIME types.
Also, if a response contains header “Content-type: multipart/*”, all the data (multiple bodies enclosed
in “boundary delimiters”, see RFC 2046) will be stored in response_data. It is the user’s responsibility
to parse it according to “boundary” parameter.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
request_handle
The handle to the request.
time_out
The timeout value (in milliseconds) before the wait response is
abandoned.
post_data
The data sent with the POST request.
response_headers
A dynamic array to store header/value pairs.
response_data
The resultant data (may be in binary format).
http_status
A dynamic array containing the status code and explanatory text.
For a list of http_status codes, see the HTTP standard RFC 2616.
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
1
Invalid request handle.
2
Timed out.
3
Network Error.
4
Other Errors.
SUBROUTINE
The UniBasic SUBROUTINE command determines the beginning of an external subroutine.
The SUBROUTINE statement must be the first noncomment line in a subroutine.
420
SUBROUTINE
You can specify arguments to pass data between the main program and the subroutine. If you pass
arguments, the number of arguments in the CALL statement and the SUBROUTINE statement must
match, although variable names do not need to be the same. Changes made to arguments in the
subroutine retain their new values when UniData exits the subroutine and control reverts to the calling
program.
When calling a subroutine from UniData ODBC, the subroutine name cannot contain any special
characters.
Note: All subroutines must be cataloged using the ECL CATALOG command before being called.
For more information about the CATALOG command, see the UniData Commands Reference.
A subroutine name cannot exceed 65 characters. If it does, the program will fail to compile.
Syntax
SUBROUTINE sub.name[(argument1 [, argument2] ...)]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
sub.name
Specifies the subroutine name.
(argument1 ,argument2 ...)
Specifies arguments to pass to the subroutine. The arguments can be
simple variables, dynamic arrays, or dimensioned arrays.
Examples
In the following example, the main program prompts the user for two numbers. These are sent to
the subroutine COMP, together with an empty variable C. The subroutine, COMP, renames the passed
arguments, calculates their average, and returns the result in the third variable.
This is the main program:
REM Main program
PRINT "Enter A,B:":; INPUT A; INPUT B
CALL COMP(A,B,C)
PRINT "Average = ":C
STOP
This is the subroutine:
REM Calculates average of two numbers
SUBROUTINE COMP(X,Y,Z)
Z = (X+Y)/2
RETURN
END
The sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications includes the following subroutine, which is
called by the main program to display messages on the screen:
SUBROUTINE DISPLAY_MESSAGE(MESSAGE)
DISPLAY @(5,20):MESSAGE
DISPLAY @(5,21):"Press the (Return) key.":
INPUT PAUSE,1_
RETURN
421
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CALL, PROGRAM, SUBROUTINE (Update Trigger), SUBROUTINE (Delete Trigger)
UniData
CATALOG
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
SUBROUTINE (Update Trigger)
Triggers enforce user-defined constraints that must be met before data can be updated. The trigger
is associated with the data file, so it verifies any access to the data. A UniBasic trigger subroutine or
function serves as an UPDATE trigger. The SUBROUTINE or FUNCTION definition must be the first
line in the UniBasic trigger.
You must include a RETURN statement in the function:
RETURN [execstat]
Syntax
SUBROUTINE trigname(execstat, dictflag, filename, record.ID.expr,
new_recordval, old_recordval)
FUNCTION trigname(dictflag, filename, record.ID.expr, new_recordval,
old_recordval)
Points to remember
▪
When you attempt to update a record, UniData calls the trigger, passing the file name, DICT if
dictionary file, record ID, and the input value before updating the record. The subroutine returns
the execution status and the new record value.
▪
If the update request fails, the subroutine must return an execstat value of 0. If the request passes,
the return value must be 1.
Tip: You can call a C routine from the UniBasic subroutine or function that is called from a trigger.
Note: A subroutine name cannot exceed 65 characters. If it does, the program will fail to compile.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Paragraph
Description
trigname
Name of the globally cataloged subroutine.
execstat
Execution status returned by the trigger subroutine:
0 – No updates allowed.
1 – Update is allowed.
2 – Update is allowed; uses the return recordval.
422
SUBROUTINE (Update Trigger)
Paragraph
Description
dictflag
“DICT” – Indicates that the trigger is operating on the dictionary file.
“” – Indicates that the trigger is operating on the data file.
The quotation marks are required.
filename
The name of the file on which the trigger is operating.
record.ID.expr
The record to be updated.
new_recordval
The input record value submitted to the UPDATE trigger. recordval
is both an input and output parameter. The trigger can change this
value (for example, by performing a conversion). Then, if the trigger
sets execstat to 2, this value is passed back in recordval and updates
the data record. Only strings and numbers are valid.
If the value returned in recordval is invalid, the record is not updated,
even if the trigger subroutine sets execstat to 2. In this case, the
UniBasic STATUS function returns 3 when executed immediately after
the command that calls the trigger. Only strings and numbers are
valid.
Any change to this parameter in the After-Event trigger is not
recommended and will be ignored.
old_.recordval
The original record content before being overwritten by the new
value.
STATUS function return values
After you execute a trigger subroutine, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Tip: The UniBasic STATUS function returns the status of the preceding command. You can place it
within the trigger subroutine to learn about the status of individual commands executed within the
trigger. If you place it immediately after the statement that calls the trigger, it returns the status of
the UniBasic command as determined by the trigger. The trigger subroutine also returns a value
indicating its status in the parameter execstat. These values returned in execstat are listed in the
Parameters section.
Return value
Description
0
No error.
1
System error, such as a damaged file.
2
Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
update or delete is not allowed.
3
Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine (for
example, the trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
5
After Trigger program returns 0 indicating an error occurred.
6
After Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine
(for example, trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
423
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
The following example begins with an UPDATE trigger subroutine called TRIG1. Because the return
status is always 0, no record in the file can be updated.
SUBROUTINE
TRIG1(exec.stat,dict.flag,trig.name,rec.id.expr,rec.val)
exec.stat=0
RETURN
Next, we create the trigger, associate it with the ORDERS file, and list the triggers associated with the
ORDERS file:
:CREATE.TRIGGER ORDERS TRIG1 UPDATE
:LIST.TRIGGER ORDERS
BEFORE UPDATE TRIGGER: TRIG1
BEFORE DELETE TRIGGER: not defined
Finally, we attempt to copy record 969 into record 970 in the ORDERS file, and the trigger prevents the
copy:
:COPY FROM ORDERS TO ORDERS 969,970
Cannot update 970, due to trigger constraint.
0 records copied
SUBROUTINE (Delete Trigger)
A UniBasic subroutine or function serves as the DELETE trigger that is executed when you attempt to
delete a record in the subject file. The SUBROUTINE or FUNCTION definition must be the first line in
the UniBasic trigger subroutine.
You must include a RETURN statement in the function:
RETURN [execstat]
Syntax
SUBROUTINE trigname(execstat, dictflag, filename, record.ID.expr,
old_recordval)
FUNCTION trigname(dictflag, filename, record.ID.expr, old_recordval)
Points to Remember
Remember the following items when writing a subroutine that is triggered by a user attempting to
delete a record:
▪
When you attempt to delete a record, UniData calls the trigger, passing the file name, DICT if
dictionary file, record ID, and the input value before deleting the record. The subroutine returns the
execution status.
▪
If the delete request fails the constraint, the subroutine must return a status of 0. If the request
passes, the return must be 1.
Tip: You can call a C routine from the UniBasic subroutine or function that is called from a trigger.
424
SUBROUTINE (Delete Trigger)
Note: A subroutine name cannot exceed 65 characters. If it does, the program will fail to compile.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
trigname
Name of the globally cataloged subroutine.
execstat
Execution status returned by the trigger subroutine. Valid values for
this include:
0 – Delete is not allowed.
1 – Delete is allowed.
dictflag
“DICT” – Indicates that the trigger is operating on the dictionary file.
“” – Indicates that the trigger is operating on the data file.
The quotation marks are required.
filename
Name of the file the trigger is operating on.
record.ID.expr
Record to be deleted.
old_recordval
The original record content before being overwritten by the new
value.
STATUS function return values
After you execute a trigger subroutine, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the
following table.
Tip: The UniBasic STATUS function returns the status of the preceding command. You can place it
within the trigger subroutine to learn about the status of individual commands executed within the
trigger. If you place it immediately after the statement that calls the trigger, it returns the status of
the UniBasic command as determined by the trigger. The trigger subroutine also returns a value
indicating its status in the parameter execstat. These values returned in execstat are listed in the
“Parameters” section.
Return value
Description
0
No error.
1
System error, such as a damaged file.
2
Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
update or delete is not allowed.
3
Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine (for
example, the trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
5
After Trigger program returns 0 indicating an error occurred.
6
After Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine
(for example, trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
425
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
The following example begins with a DELETE trigger subroutine called DEL_TRIG. This subroutine
always returns 1 and always allows records to be deleted:
SUBROUTINE
DEL_TRIG(exec.stat,dict.flag,trig.name,rec.id.expr,rec.val)
exec.stat=1
RETURN
Note: After creating and compiling the subroutine, you must catalog it globally.
Next, we create the trigger and associate it with the ORDERS file:
:CREATE.TRIGGER ORDERS DEL_TRIG DELETE
Finally, we delete records in the ORDERS file. The trigger always allows the deletion because the
subroutine sets the execution status to 1.
:DELETE ORDERS 912
'912' deleted.
:
SUBSTRINGS
The UniBasic SUBSTRINGS function extracts strings from elements within a dynamic array.
SUBSTRINGS supports multibyte languages.
Syntax
SUBSTRINGS(dyn.array, num.expr1, num.expr2)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array
Specifies the dynamic array from which to extract the substring.
num.expr1
Specifies a starting position for the extraction operation.
num.expr2
Specifies the number of characters to return.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment extracts the first character of each element of the
dynamic array LASTNAMES. This results in S}J}J}H.
LASTNAMES = "Smith":@AM:"Jones":@AM:"Johnson":@AM:"Howard"
LINITIAL = SUBSTRINGS(LASTNAMES,1,1)
PRINT LINITIAL
426
SUM
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DEL, INSERT, REMOVE, REPLACE
SUM
The UniBasic SUM function adds the numeric values in the dynamic array dyn.array according to
dynamic array delimiters. SUM begins with the lowest level of delimiter and sums all values to the next
level. You can input a range, starting position, and level at which to perform the sum.
Note: The SUM function can contain a maximum of 1621 characters.
Syntax
SUM(dyn.array [, <attribute.expr [, value.expr]>] [, start.expr [,
stop.expr]])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array
Specifies a dynamic array of numeric values to sum.
, <attribute.expr value.expr>, start.expr ,
stop.expr
Specifies a range within the dynamic array to sum. The
range is specified as an attribute, a value, a starting
point, and a stopping point.
Tip: To sum all elements in an array, execute SUM twice. The first execution sums each group of
subvalues and returns a string of numeric values; the second SUM returns a single value.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment begins with an array of two values, each with two
subvalues. The SUM function sums the subvalues and returns a string with two numeric values.
NUM.ARRAY = 12:@SM:10:@VM:15:@SM:15
VAL1 = SUM(NUM.ARRAY)
This results in:
VAL1 = 22:@VM:30
In the next example, the program statement sums VAL1 and returns the numeric value 52 with no
dynamic array delimiters:
VAL1 = SUM(VAL1)
SWAP
The UniBasic SWAP command replaces all occurrences of one substring with a second substring. The
search string does not have to be the same length as the replacement string. SWAP supports mulitbyte
languages.
427
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Tip: CONVERT compares and replaces substrings on a character-by-character basis. CONVERT
cannot exchange strings of different lengths.
Syntax
SWAP str.expr1 WITH str.expr2 IN var
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr1
Specifies the string expression to replace with str.expr2.
str.expr2
Specifies the string expression with which to replace str.expr1.
IN var
Specifies the variable in which to replace str.expr1 with str.expr2.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment replaces all occurrences of the string “AB” with the
string “AZ” in the variable VAR. The new string assigned to VAR is “THE TAZ WAS GRAZBED”.
VAR = "THE TAB WAS GRABBED"
SWAP "AB" WITH "AZ" IN VAR
In the next example, SWAP does not replace a character with a character, but it replaces a string with a
string. The program segment prints HARRY BELAFONTE.
STRING = 'MARION BELAFONTE'
SWAP 'MARION' WITH 'HARRY' IN STRING
PRINT STRING
The following program first creates a string that contains the null value, then calls a subroutine that
converts UniData delimiters and the null value to characters that can be displayed or printed. Next,
the program swaps the null value for another string (“def”), calls the conversion subroutine again, and
prints the string again.
A = @AM:"abc":@VM:@NULL:@VM:"ghi":@AM:"jkl"
B = A
CALL null.swap(B)
PRINT B
SWAP @NULL WITH "def" IN A
B = A
CALL null.swap(B)
PRINT B
The called subroutine is:
SUBROUTINE null.swap(B)
SWAP @NULL WITH "null" IN B
SWAP @AM WITH " " IN B
SWAP @VM WITH " " IN B
SWAP @SM WITH " " IN B
RETURN
428
SYSTEM
This program prints:
:RUN BP null.swap.test
abc null ghi jkl
abc def ghi jkl
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CONVERT
SYSTEM
The UniBasic SYSTEM function retrieves certain system-level parameters set by UniBasic statements
or by ECL commands such as SETPTR, TERM, and query statements.
Note: The SYSTEM function is similar to the STATUS function and several of the @variables
featured in UniBasic@variables, on page 520. The SYSTEM and STATUS functions return the
same values after execution of UniBasic commands and functions.
Syntax
SYSTEM(expr)
Parameters
expr must be a number from 0 through 16. If you specify 0, the value of SYSTEM is determined by a
previously executed UniBasic command. If you specify a number from 1 through 16, UniData returns
predefined system parameters as described in the following table. UniBasic returns the original value
when expr is invalid.
Parameter
Description
1
1 – PRINTER ON or (P) option is specified. Output is printed on the
system printer.
0 – Output is printed to the terminal.
2
Current terminal or page size (width).
3
Current terminal or page length (number of lines on page).
4
Number of lines remaining on current page.
5
Current printer page number.
6
Current number of lines printed on the terminal or printer page.
7
Terminal type.
8
Current tape block size.
9
Current CPU millisecond count from the start of the program.
10
1 – The current stack (STON) condition is enabled.
0 – Current stack is inactive.
11
12
n – A SELECT list is active. n = # of items selected.
0 – No SELECT list is active.
Current time in milliseconds (local time).
429
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
13
Sleeps one second.
14
Number of characters in the type-ahead buffer. If the number of
characters in the internal buffer exceeds 511 bytes, this parameter
returns 511.
15
Returns command options as a character string.
16
Run level, same as @LEVEL.
17
Indicates where UniData transfers control of a UniBasic program
when the next RETURN statement executes.
0 – Program has no called subroutine or internal subroutine GOSUB to
return to.
1 – Returning from a CALL.
18-29
30
31
32
2 – Returning from a GOSUB.
Not currently used.
Shows the level to which the interrupt key is set. If the value is 0,
the interrupt key is enabled. For all other values, the interrupt key is
disabled. To enable the interrupt key, you must match the number
of BREAK OFF statements in a program with an equal number of
BREAK ON statements to bring the value of SYSTEM(30) to 0.
Returns the value of $UDTHOME.
Returns current BASICTYPE.
33
Returns the implementation of UniData that is currently running, such
as UNIX or a Windows platform.
34
Not currently used.
35
The language.
36
Shows the current setting for DATE.FORMAT:
0 – Date format is MM/DD/YY.
1 – Date format is DD/MM/YY.
37
The character used to separate thousands.
38
The character used as the decimal point.
39
The character used for the dollar sign.
40
Returns the name of the program being run.
41
Returns the UniData product serial number.
42
Returns the ASCII value of @RM.
43
Returns the ASCII value of the print control character. (Default print
control character is 192.)
44
Returns the ASCII value of @NULL.
45
Returns the version, including patch number, of UniData currently
running. If it is different from the version number stored in the VOC
file, an asterisk is appended to the version number.
The operating system-level updatevoc command updates the VOC file
from the latest installation or patch.
48
430
Returns the name of the COMO file automatically created by a
PHANTOM process. This function is available to the process the
PHANTOM process spawned, not to the parent process.
SYSTEM
Parameter
Description
49
Returns the calling stack for the UniBasic program at runtime. The
calling stack is stored in a dynamic array with each line represented
as a separate field. Each field is separated into three values (the
sequence number, the object name, and the line number), and the
values are separated by value marks.
50
The UniBasic SYSTEM(50) function returns a list of files open in
UniBasic as a dynamic array. The first field is multivalued, and
contains the following information:
Value 1 – The maximum number of files that can be opened systemwide.
Value 2 – The current number of hashed files open in UniBasic. Value 3
– The current number of dynamic hashed files open in UniBasic.
Value 4 – The current number of recoverable hashed files open in
UniBasic.
Value 5 – The current number of sequential and OS-level files open in
UniBasic.
Value 6 – The current number of index files open in UniBasic.
Value 7 – The current number of temporarily closed files in UniBasic.
51
Returns information about device licensing. If you are not using device
licensing, SYSTEM(51) returns a null string.
52
Returns the entire command stack for the UniBasic program at
runtime. The command stack is stored in a dynamic array. Commands
are separated by attribute marks (@FM).
99
Returns the system time in the number of seconds since midnight in
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), January 1, 1970.
512
In a UDTelnet session, returns the IP address. In a console session,
returns the word “Console”.
(Windows platforms only)
513
Returns the current UniData version and build number.
514
Returns the number of UniData users currently logged in.
SYSTEM(514) does not include phantoms.
515
Returns the localized name of the Administrators group. The group
name differs based on the localized version of Windows.
(Windows NT or Windows
2000 only)
516
(Windows only)
Note: SYSTEM(515) lets UniData SQL create privilege table records
for items owned by the Administrators group, even if the Windows
version is not an English-language version.
Returns 1 if the user is a member of the local Administrators group.
Otherwise, returns 0.
9010
Returns the type of database. This function returns UD if the database
is UniData, or UV if the database is UniVerse. If the database is the
UniData Personal Edition, the function returns UD.PE.
9012
Returns the client type. The function returns 1 if the client is InterCall;
otherwise, it will return a 0.
431
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Examples
In the following example, the program segment turns on the printer if data is currently being sent to
the display terminal:
IS.ON = SYSTEM(1)
IF IS.ON = 0 THEN
PRINT 'TURNING THE PRINTER ON'
PRINTER ON
END
TAN
The UniBasic TAN function returns the trigonometric tangent of a numeric expression, num.expr.
Syntax
TAN(num.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints 0.2679, the tangent of the argument 15:
PRINT TAN(15)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
ACOS, ASIN, ATAN, COS, SIN
TIME
The UniBasic TIME function returns the time of day in internal format, expressed as the number of
seconds elapsed since midnight.
Note: The TIME function has no arguments.
Syntax
TIME( )
Examples
In the following example, the program statement prints the time of day in internal format. If the time is
1:01 A.M., UniData prints the value 3660, the number of seconds since midnight in internal format.
PRINT TIME()
In the next example, the TIME function is used in conjunction with the OCONV function for conversion
to external format:
PRINT OCONV(TIME(),"MT")
432
TIMEDATE
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DATE, ICONV Date (D), OCONV Date (D), TIMEDATE
TIMEDATE
The UniBasic TIMEDATE function returns a string representation of the current time and date in the
following external format: hh:mm:ss dd mmm yyyy
Syntax
TIMEDATE( )
Examples
In the following example, the program statement assigns the string representation of the current time
and date to the variable TSTRING. If the current time and date were November 1, 1999, at 11:45 A.M.,
TSTRING would be “11:45:00 01 NOV 1999”.
TSTRING = TIMEDATE()
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DATE, ICONV Date (D), OCONV Date (D), TIME
TRANSACTION ABORT
The UniBasic TRANSACTION ABORT command cancels the active transaction. UniData discards the
pending writes. As a result, other users never know that the transaction was in progress, and none of
the updates associated with the transaction take place.
A transaction can abort due to any of the following conditions, in addition to the execution of a
TRANSACTION ABORT statement:
▪
▪
A program finishes before a transaction commit is issued (STOP or END).
A program chains to another program.
▪
An error terminates the program before a transaction commit is issued.
▪
A user breaks out of the program before a transaction commit is issued. This can be controlled
programmatically by disabling the interrupt key during a transaction.
▪
The user is forced to log out or the user process is killed, which terminates a program before a
transaction commit is issued.
UniData handles the above abort conditions in the same way it does the TRANSACTION ABORT
statement, by canceling the transaction.
Tip: You should be aware of these various abort conditions and control the resulting action from
within the program where possible and appropriate. For example, write statements that fail
execute the ON ERROR clause if it exists. Otherwise the program aborts and the transaction also
aborts.
433
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
TRANSACTION ABORT
Examples
In the following example, the transaction process aborts if var is 0:
TRANSACTION START
THEN PRINT "Transaction started."
ELSE PRINT "Transaction start failed, STATUS = ":STATUS(): STOP
READU var FROM file.var, record1
var += 2
IF var = 0 THEN TRANSACTION ABORT; GOTO ERR:
WRITE var TO file.var, record1
TRANSACTION COMMIT
THEN PRINT "Transaction committed."
ELSE PRINT "Transaction Aborted, STATUS = ":STATUS(); STOP
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
TRANSACTION COMMIT, TRANSACTION START
TRANSACTION COMMIT
The UniBasic TRANSACTION COMMIT command concludes the active transaction. UniData writes
all pending writes to the appropriate files. You must specify a THEN clause or an ELSE clause. You can
specify both clauses.
UniData performs the following steps during a transaction commit:
▪
Disables the interrupt key.
▪
Writes all updates.
▪
Releases all record locks locked inside the transaction.
▪
Executes the THEN clause if it exists.
▪
Enables the interrupt key.
Warning: When including WRITE statements within a transaction, you must code an ON ERROR
clause that takes appropriate action to notify the user and stop the transaction. If the transaction
is not aborted by the ON ERROR clause, processing continues, and the transaction will commit
inappropriately.
Syntax
TRANSACTION COMMIT {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
434
Parameter
Description
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the commit is successful. END is required to
terminate multiline THEN statements.
TRANSACTION START
Parameter
Description
ELSE statements END
ELSE executes if the commit is not successful because no transaction
is active or the record (or ID) does not exist. END is required to
terminate multiline ELSE statements.
UniData performs the following steps when a commit fails:
Aborts the transaction.
Executes the ELSE clause if it exists.
Releases all record locks inside the transaction.
STATUS function return values
After you execute TRANSACTION COMMIT, the STATUS function returns one of the values described
in the following table.
Value
Description
0
The commit completed successfully.
1
Transaction not started.
3
Transaction cannot commit.
Examples
The program segment below is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications.
The segment executes the UniBasic function STATUS if the commit is not successful, but does not
abort the transaction. However, when an error occurs, the transaction will never be committed and
will automatically abort when the program terminates.
TRANSACTION COMMIT ELSE
IF STATUS() = 1 THEN
DISPLAY "The TRANSACTION was not started"
END ELSE
DISPLAY "The TRANSACTION could not be committed."
END
END
In the following example, the TRANSACTION COMMIT command ends the transaction process and
writes the new record to the database. Otherwise, it prints the return value of the UniBasic STATUS
function.
TRANSACTION COMMIT
THEN PRINT "Transaction committed."
ELSE PRINT "Transaction aborted, STATUS = ":STATUS(); STOP
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
TRANSACTION ABORT, TRANSACTION START
TRANSACTION START
The UniBasic TRANSACTION START command initiates a new transaction, storing all updates until a
TRANSACTION COMMIT or TRANSACTION ABORT statement executes.
435
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Warning: When you include WRITE statements within a transaction, you must code an ON
ERROR clause that takes action to notify the user and take appropriate action, such as stopping
the transaction. If the transaction is not aborted by the ON ERROR clause, processing continues,
and the transaction could commit inappropriately.
Syntax
TRANSACTION START {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the TRANSACTION START is successful. END is
required to terminate multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the TRANSACTION START is not successful, the
record or ID does not exist, or a transaction is already active. END is
required to terminate multiline ELSE statements.
ELSE statements END
STATUS function return values
After you execute TRANSACTION START, the STATUS function returns one of the values described
in the following table.
Value
Description
0
The transaction was started.
1
The transaction was not started.
Examples
The following program segment displays a message if a transaction is already started when
TRANSACTION START is executed:
TRANSACTION START ELSE
IF STATUS() = 1 THEN
DISPLAY "A Transaction had already been started, NESTED
Transactions"
DISPLAY "are NOT Allowed. (Contact System Administrator)"
INPUT PAUSE,1_
END
END
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
TRANSACTION COMMIT, TRANSACTION COMMIT
TRIM
The UniBasic TRIM function removes all spaces or every occurrence of a specified character from a
string expression. If UniData does not find an occurrence of the specified character, the string remains
436
TRIM
unchanged. TRIM removes leading or trailing occurrences of the specified character from a string,
and converts embedded spaces or occurrences of the specified characters in a string to one space or a
specified character. UniData does not remove single spaces or occurrences of the specified character
embedded in the string.
Syntax
TRIM(str.expr[,char[,type]])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Specifies a string from which to remove spaces or the specified
character.
,char
Specifies a character to remove from str.expr. The default is a space.
,type
Specifies the type of removal to perform. If char is an empty string,
UniData does not perform the operation.
L – Removes all leading occurrences of char.
T – Removes all trailing occurrences of char.
B – Removes leading and trailing occurrences of char.
A – Removes all occurrences of char.
R – (Default) Removes all leading, trailing, and contiguous
occurrences of char.
Note: We recommend that you do not use the TRIM function on dynamic arrays. For BASICTYPEs
M and P, some leading and trailing spaces or occurrences of a specified character are not removed
from elements in a dynamic array. For example, for BASICTYPE M or P, the following program
segment:
P = “**Fred**Smith**”:@VM:”**Jim**Olsen**”
Q = TRIM(P,”*”)
produces the following result (notice the asterisks surrounding the delimiter character):
Q = Fred*Smith*}*Jim*Olsen
For BASICTYPE R or U, the program segment produces the following result:
Q = Fred*Smith}Jim Olsen
To get this latter result regardless of BASICTYPE, use the TRIMS function.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment removes the leading, trailing, and extraneous blanks
from the variable NAME:
NAME = "
Zenith,
NAME = TRIM(NAME)
R.
"
This results in the following:
NAME = "Zenith, R."
437
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
In the next example, the program segment removes the asterisks from the variables X and Y:
X = TRIM("***NOT***ICE***","*")
Y = TRIM("***NOT***ICE***","*","A")
This results in the following:
X = "NOT*ICE"
Y = "NOTICE"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
TRIMB, TRIMF, TRIMS
TRIMB
The UniBasic TRIMB function removes any trailing spaces from a string expression. If UniData does
not find any trailing spaces, the string remains unchanged.
Syntax
TRIMB(str.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement removes the trailing spaces from the variable NAME.
This results in NAME = " Zenith, R.".
NAME = "
Zenith, R.
NAME = TRIMB(NAME)
"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
TRIM, TRIMF, TRIMS
TRIMF
The UniBasic TRIMF function removes any leading spaces from the string expression. If UniData does
not find any leading spaces, the string remains unchanged.
Syntax
TRIMF(str.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment removes the leading spaces from the variable NAME,
storing the resulting string. This results in "Zenith, R. ".
NAME= "
438
Zenith, R.
"
TRIMS
NAME = TRIMF(NAME)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
TRIM, TRIMB, TRIMS
TRIMS
The UniBasic TRIMS function removes any spaces from each element of a dynamic array. If UniData
does not find any spaces, the element remains unchanged. TRIMS removes any leading or trailing
spaces from a string and converts any contiguous spaces in a string to one space. Single blanks
between text are not removed.
Syntax
TRIMS(dyn.array[,char[,type]])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
dyn.array
Specifies a dynamic array from which to remove spaces or the
specified character.
,char
Specifies a character to remove from elements in dyn.array. The
default is a space.
,type
Specifies the type of removal to perform. If char is an empty string,
UniData does not perform the operation.
L – Removes all leading occurrences of char.
T – Removes all trailing occurrences of char.
B – Removes leading and trailing occurrences of char.
A – Removes all occurrences of char.
R – (Default) Removes all leading, trailing, and contiguous
occurrences of char.
Examples
In the following example, the program segment removes any spaces from each element of the
dynamic array ARR1:
ARR1 = "
Jones
":@AM:"
ARR1 = TRIMS(ARR1)
Smith
":@AM:"
Johnson
"
This results in the following:
ARR1 = Jones}Smith}Johnson
439
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
TRIM, TRIMB, TRIMF
UDOArrayAppendItem
The UDOArrayAppendItem() function appends the item you specify to the UDO array.
If the new array item is of UDO_OBJECT or UDO_ARRAY type, it must be a stand-alone object or array,
and it must not be the ancestor of the current UDO object.
Note: When using the UDOArrayAppendItem command, your UniBasic program should check
that the return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than
checking only for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDOArrayAppendItem(udoHandle, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a UDO array.
value
The value of the array item you are appending.
UDOArrayDeleteItem
The UDOArrayDeleteItem() function deletes the array item you specify by its index.
If the array item is of UDO_ARRAY or UDO_OBJECT type, UDO will make either the UDO object or
a UDO array as stand-alone and will remove it from memory if it is not referenced by any UniBasic
variable.
Note: When using the UDOArrayDeleteItem command, your UniBasic program should check
that the return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than
checking only for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDOArrayDeleteItem(udoHandle,index)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
440
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a UDO array.
index
The index of the item to be deleted. Must be a positive integer.
UDOArrayGetItem
UDOArrayGetItem
The UDOArrayGetItem() function returns a UDO array item by its index.
Note: When using the UDOArrayGetItem command, your UniBasic program should check
that the return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than
checking only for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDOArrayGetItem(udoHandle, index, value[out], value_type[out])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a UDO array.
index
The name of the UDO array index returned. Must be a positive integer.
value[out]
The UDO value type of the array item. If the array item is of
UDO_OBJECT or UDO_ARRAY type, the output variable “item” holds
only a reference to the object or array. Further changes to the object
or array through this reference, such as updating a property value or
removing an array item, affect the original item as well.
If the array item is of UDO_STRING, UDO_NUMBER, UDO_TRUE,
UDO_FALSE or UDO_NULL type, the output variable “item” holds the
actual value instead of a reference. Further changes to this variable do
not affect the original property value.
value_type[out]
The type of the value returned by value.
UDOArrayGetNextItem
The UDOArrayGetNextItem() function returns the next UDO array item relative to the current
position, which is the position of the array the last time it was accessed by this function. The initial
position is 1.
Note: When using the UDOArrayGetNextItem command, your UniBasic program should check
that the return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than
checking only for UDT_ERROR.
After exhausting the entire array, the UDOArrayGetNextItem() function returns UDO_ERROR
and the current position is reset to 1.We recommend that you not modify the array when
calling the UDOArrayGetNextItem() function. If you must modify the array, remember that
UDOArrayGetNextItem() always returns the item at the current position +1.
Syntax
UDOArrayGetNextItem(udoHandle, value[out], type[out])
441
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a UDO array.
value[out]
The value of the item.
type[out]
The type of the value returned by value.
UDOArrayGetSize
The UDOArrayGetSize() function gets the size of a UDO array.
Note: When using the UDOArrayGetSize command, your UniBasic program should check
that the return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than
checking only for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDOArrayGetSize(udoHandle, size[out])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a UDO array.
size
The size of the UDO array.
UDOArrayInsertItem
The UDOArrayInsertItem() function inserts a UDO array element at the position you specify by
index.
If the index is larger than the size of the array, UDO will pad the array with UDO_NULL values before it
inserts the array item into the array.:
Note: When using the UDOArrayInsertItem command, your UniBasic program should check
that the return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than
checking only for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDOArrayInsertItem(udoHandle, index, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
442
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a UDO array.
UDOArraySetItem
Parameter
Description
index
The position what you want to insert the item. Must be a positive
integer.
value
The value of the array item you are inserting.
UDOArraySetItem
The UDOArraySetItem() function sets or inserts a UDO array element at the position you specify.
If the index is larger than the size of the array, UDO will pad the array with UDO_NULL values before it
inserts the array item into the array. Otherwise, if the old array item is of UDO_OBJECT or UDO_ARRAY
type, either an object or an array will be marked as stand-alone and removed from memory if it is not
referenced by any UniBasic variable. If the new array item is of UDO_OBJECT or UDO_ARRAY type, it
must be a stand-alone object or array and it must not be the ancestor of the current UDO object.
Note: When using the UDOArraySetItem command, your UniBasic program should check
that the return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than
checking only for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDOArraySetItem(udoHandle, index, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a UDO array.
index
The position what you want to set or insert the element. Must be a
positive integer.
value
The value of the array item you are setting.
UDOClone
The UDOClone function clones a UDO object or array so that changes to the new object or array will
not affect the original object.
Note: When using the UDOClone command, your UniBasic program should check that the return
status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than checking only
for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDOClone(udoHandle, newUdoHandle[out])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
443
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a UDO type variable.
newUdoHandle
When the UDOClone function returns successfully, newUDOHandle
points to a stand-alone object or array that is the exact replication of
the original object.
UDOCreate
The UDOCreate function creates a UDO item of the type you specify.
Syntax
UDOCreate(udoType, udoHandle[out])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
udoType
Must be one of UDO_OBJECT, UDO_ARRAY, UDO_TRUE, UDO_FALSE,
or UDO_NULL.
udoHandle
If udoType is UDO_OBJECT, udoHandle holds an empty object.
If udoType is UDO_ARRAY, udoHandle holds an empty array.
If udoType is UDO_TRUE, UDO_FALSE, or UDO_NULL, udoHandle holds
the specified value.
UDODeleteProperty
The UDODeleteProperty function deletes a property from the UDO object.
Note: When using the UDODeleteProperty command, your UniBasic program should check
that the return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than
checking only for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDODeleteProperty(udoHandle, name)
Parameter
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
444
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a UDO object.
name
The name of the property. If the property is of UDO_OBJECT or
UDO_ARRAY type, its value (either a UDO object or a UDO array) is
marked as stand-alone and will be removed from memory if it is not
referenced by any UniBasic variable.
UDOFree
UDOFree
The UDOFree function forcefully removes a UDO object or array from memory.
Note: When using the UDOFree command, your UniBasic program should check that the return
status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than checking only
for UDT_ERROR.
UDO will clear all UniBasic variables that reference the object or array and its descendants. Any
attempt to access these variables, other than assigning a new value, fails.
You should always call this function when a UDO object or array is no longer needed. This avoids a
potential memory leak.
Syntax
UDOFree(udoHandle)
Parameter
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a stand-alone UDO object or array.
UDOGetLastError
If the previous UDO call returned UDO_ERROR, use the UDOGetLastError() function to return the
error code and error message.
Syntax
UDOGetLastError(errorCode[out], errorMessage[out])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
errorCode
The UDO error code.
errorMessage
The UDO error message.
UDOGetNextProperty
The UDOGetNextProperty function provides a convenient way to walk through all the properties
in a UDO object, without needing to know the property names in advance.
When all properties on the UDO object are exhausted, the UDOGetNextProperty() function returns
UDO_ERROR, then goes back to the first property.
We recommend that you avoid modifying the properties on a UDO object when calling the
UDOGetNextProperty() to retrieve the properties.
445
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: When using the UDOGetNextProperty command, your UniBasic program should check
that the return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than
checking only for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDOGetNextProperty(udoHandle, name[out], value[out], value_type[out])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Patameter
Description
udohandle
Must be a UDO type object.
name[out]
The name of the array that holds the names of all the properties in the
UDO object.
value[out]
If the property is a UDO_OBJECT or UDO_ARRAY type (it is either a
UDO object or an array), the output value holds only a reference to
the object or array. Further changes to the object or array through
this reference, such as updating a property value on the object or
removing an array item, affects the original object as well.
If the property is a UDO_STRING, UDO_NUMBER, UDO_TRUE,
UDO_FALSE, or UDO_NULL type, the output variable value holds the
actual value instead of a reference. Further changes to this variable do
not affect the original property value.
value_type[out]
The type of the value returned by value.
UDOGetOption
The UDOGetOption function gets the value of a UDO option.
Syntax
UDOGetOption(option, value[out])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
option
The UDOOPTION_OUTPUTMODE.
value[out]
A string type option value. .
UDOGetProperty
The UDOGetProperty function returns the value and type of property on the UDO object.
446
UDOGetPropertyNames
Note: When using the UDOGetProperty command, your UniBasic program should check that
the return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than
checking only for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDOGetProperty(udoHandle, name, value[out], value_type[out])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a UDO object.
name
The name of the property.
value[out]
If the property is a UDO_OBJECT or UDO_ARRAY type (it is either a
UDO object or an array), the output value holds only a reference to
the object or array. Further changes to the object or array through
this reference, such as updating a property value on the object or
removing an array item, affects the original object as well.
If the property is a UDO_STRING, UDO_NUMBER, UDO_TRUE,
UDO_FALSE, or UDO_NULL type, the output variable value holds the
actual value instead of a reference. Further changes to this variable do
not affect the original property value.
value_type[out]
The type of the value returned by value.
UDOGetPropertyNames
The UDOGetPropertyNames function returns a UDO array that holds the names of all the
properties in the UDO object.
Note: When using the UDOGetPropertyNames command, your UniBasic program should check
that the return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than
checking only for UDT_ERROR
Syntax
UDOGetPropertyNames(udoHandle, udoArray[out])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a UDO object.
nameArray[out]
The UDO array to hold the names of all the properties in the UDO
object.
447
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
UDOGetType
The UDOGetType() function gets the UDO value type of a UniBasic variable.
Note: When using the UDOGetType command, your UniBasic program should check that the
return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than checking
only for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDOGetType(udoHandle, type[out)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameters
Description
udoHandle
Can be a UDO handle, or a UniBasic string or number.
type[out]
The UDO value type.
UDOIsTypeOf
The UDOIsTypeOf() function tests the UDO value type of a UniBasic variable.
Note: When using the UDOIsTypeOf command, your UniBasic program should check that the
return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than checking
only for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDOIsTypeOf(udoHandle, type)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameters
Description
udoHandle
Can be a UDO handle, or a UniBasic string or number.
type[in]
The UDO value type.
UDORead
The UDORead function creates a UDO object from a JSON string.
Syntax
UDORead(inputString, inputType, udoHandle[out])
448
UDOSetOption
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
inputString
A JSON string.
inputype
UDOFORMAT_JSON.
udoHandle [out]
The UniBasic variable that holds a reference to the UDO object upon
successful return of the function.
UDOSetOption
Sets the options for the UDO API.
Syntax
UDOSetOption(option, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
option
The UDOOPTION_OUTPUTMODE.
value
A string type option value.
UDOSetProperty
The UDOSetProperty function creates or updates a property on a UDO object.
Note: When using the UDOSetPropety command, your UniBasic program should check that the
return status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than checking
only for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDOSetProperty(udoHandle, name, value)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a UDO object.
449
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
name
The name of the property. If the property does not exist, UDO creates
a new property for the object.
If the property exists, the new value replaces the old value.
If the old property is of UDO_OBJECT or UDO_ARRAY type, the old
value, either a UDO object or an array, is marked as stand-alone and
will be removed from memory if it is not referenced by any UniBasic
variable.
If the new value is of UDO_OBJECT or UDO_ARRAY type, it must be
a stand-alone object or array, and it must not be the ancestor of the
current UDO object.
value
The value of the property.
UDOWrite
Writes a UDO object in JSON format.
Note: When using the UDOWrite command, your UniBasic program should check that the return
status is not UDT_SUCCESS to determine if the function call succeeds, rather than checking only
for UDT_ERROR.
Syntax
UDOWrite(udoHandle, outputType, outputString[out])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
udoHandle
Must be a UDO type variable.
outputType
UDOFORMAT_JSON.
outputString [out]
The string that holds the serialized output.
UDTEXECUTE
The UniBasic UDTEXECUTE command executes a command in ECLTYPE U, regardless of the
BASICTYPE used when the program was compiled.
When you compile a program in BASICTYPE P, EXECUTE or PERFORM passes the string to execute
to a nonstandard UniData parser. This parser looks for a specific sentence structure common
to BASICTYPE P systems. Standard UniQuery sentences might not be handled correctly in this
circumstance. Therefore, when you want to execute a standard UniQuery statement from within a
UniBasic program that has been compiled in BASICTYPE P, use the UDTEXECUTE command instead of
EXECUTE or PERFORM.
Syntax
UDTEXECUTE str.expr [{ASYNC | SYNC} ON connection]
450
UNASSIGNED
[CAPTURING dyn.array.var] [RETURNING dyn.array.var] [PASSCOM]
STACKCOMMON
The ECL STACKCOMMON command makes use of common areas more flexible, although it requires
additional memory. STACKCOMMON settings have the following effects:
▪
If STACKCOMMON is off when one program executes another, the contents of unnamed common
areas are passed to the executed program and back to the executing program.
▪
If STACKCOMMON is on when one program executes another program, the contents of unnamed
common areas are not passed to the program you execute. Instead, they are saved, and the
unnamed common areas of the called program are initialized to 0. When control is passed back to
the calling program, it is restored to its value before the program call. Unnamed common areas are
never passed to a phantom program.
Note: STACKCOMMON defaults to OFF in BASICTYPEs R and U, but is always on in BASICTYPEs M
and P.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
str.expr
Specifies a command to execute.
ASYNC | SYNC
UniData no longer supports this parameter, but it remains for syntax
compatibility.
ON connection
UniData no longer supports this parameter, but it remains for syntax
compatibility.
CAPTURING, dyn.array.var
The CAPTURING clause stores the output in a dynamic array instead
of on the display terminal. Each line of the text becomes an attribute
in the array. Output sent to the printer is not affected by this clause.
RETURNING, dyn.array.var
PASSCOM
The order of CAPTURING and RETURNING is interchangeable.
The RETURNING clause captures error messages resulting from the
command executed with UDTEXECUTE. This variable contains a
string of error message numbers separated by spaces. If the executed
command creates a spooler hold file, UniData also returns the hold
file number in the same variable.
This parameter is provided for backward compatibility for releases
before 3.1.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
COMMON, EXECUTE, EXECUTESQL, MDPERFORM, PCPERFORM
UniData
STACKCOMMON
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
UNASSIGNED
The UniBasic UNASSIGNED function checks a variable in a program to see if it is currently assigned a
value. If the variable is not assigned a value, the function returns 1. Otherwise, it returns 0.
451
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
UNASSIGNED(var.name)
Examples
In the following example, the program statement returns 0 if FILENAME1 is currently assigned a value.
It returns 1 if no value is currently assigned.
X = UNASSIGNED(FILENAME1)
UNLOCK
The UniBasic UNLOCK command unlocks predefined computer resources reserved by the
LOCK command. Resource numbers range from 0 through 63. If you do not specify a resource number,
the system releases all locks you have set. If there are no locked resources at the time of execution, the
statement does not have any effect.
The lock is associated with num.expr, not the resource. Therefore, a command that does not check
for locks against the resource number will access the resource even if it is locked. For example, an
installation might assign locks 1 through 4 to four system printers. When an application needs to
reserve printer 1, the application executes LOCK 1. All other programs must check for locks before
accessing the resource for the lock to be effective.
Resources are not automatically unlocked by the termination of the locking program. You must use
the UniBasic UNLOCK or ECL QUIT commands to release them. You also can release resources by
executing the ECL CLEAR.LOCKS command at the UniData level.
Syntax
UNLOCK [num.expr]
Examples
In the following example, the program statement unlocks all computer resources reserved by the
current user:
UNLOCK
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
LOCK
UniData
CLEAR.LOCKS, LIST.LOCKS, SUPERCLEAR.LOCKS
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
UPCASE
The UniBasic UPCASE function converts lowercase characters to uppercase. Nonalphabetic values are
not changed. Special characters, including the null value, are not converted by this function. UPCASE
does not support multibyte languages.
452
WAKE
Syntax
UPCASE(string.expr)
Examples
In the following example, the program segment converts “be bold!!” to “BE BOLD!!”:
STRING = 'be bold!!'
PRINT UPCASE(STRING)
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DOWNCASE, ICONV Masked Character (MC), OCONV Masked Character (MC)
WAKE
The UniBasic WAKE command activates a UniData process (pid) that has been paused with either the
ECL PAUSE command or the UniBasic PAUSE command. If the specified process has not already been
paused, UniData disregards the next PAUSE issued for the process indicated by pid.
Syntax
WAKE pid
Examples
The following program, WAKEUP, lists paused processes, then prompts for the ID of a process to wake
up. Next, the program executes the UniBasic WAKE command against that process, and then executes
LIST.PAUSED again to verify that the process was reactivated.
WAKEUP
EXECUTE "LIST.PAUSED"
PRINT "Enter ID for process to wake ":
INPUT pid
WAKE pid
EXECUTE "LIST.PAUSED"
The following example shows the results of executing the preceding program, waking up process
10811:
1 :RUN BP WAKEUP
2 Number of Paused Users
3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4 1
5
6 UDTNO USRNBR UID USRNAME USRTYPE TTY LEFTTIME
TOT_TIME
7 1 10811 1283 carolw udt pts/0 - 8
9 Enter ID for process to wake ?10811
10 Number of Paused Users
11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
12 0
453
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
PAUSE
UniData
LIST.PAUSED, PAUSE, WAKE
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
UniData paragraph SLEEP
command
For more information, see Using UniData
WEOF
The UniBasic WEOF command writes an EOF (end-of-file) mark to a magnetic tape.
Syntax
WEOF [UNIT(mu.expr)] {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
UNIT(mu.expr)
Specifies the conversion code (first digit), and the unit number
(second digit). UniData allows unit numbers from 0 through 9.
The mu.expr is optional, and the default value for UNIT is (00) for tape
unit 0 with no conversion performed (ASCII assumed). Valid options
include the following:
0 – No conversion (ASCII assumed).
1 – EBCDIC conversion.
2 – Invert high bit.
3 – Swap bytes.
THEN statements END
ELSE statements END
THEN executes if command execution is successful. END is required to
terminate multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if command execution is not successful or the record
(or ID) does not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE
statements.
STATUS function return values
After you execute WEOF, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
454
Value
Description
0
Successful read.
1
End of file encountered.
2
End of tape encountered.
3
Tape not assigned.
4
Parity error.
WEOFSEQ
Value
Description
5
Unknown hardware error.
6
Other unspecified error.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement writes an end-of-file mark to tape 0. If unable to
write the end-of-file mark, UniData executes the ELSE clause.
WEOF UNIT(00) ELSE "Unable to write an end-of-file"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
READT, RESIZET, REWIND, WRITET
UniData
SETTAPE, T.ATT, T.DET
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
WEOFSEQ
The UniBasic WEOFSEQ command writes an end-of-file mark at the record pointer position in a
sequential file, which results in the file being truncated at the current position. Use WEOFSEQ after a
series of WRITESEQ operations.
Syntax
WEOFSEQ seq.file.var [ON ERROR statements]
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
seq.file.var
Specifies a sequential file variable to which to write the end-of-file
mark.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the WEOFSEQ statement fails with a
fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or UniData
cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement writes an end-of-file mark to the file TRIAL.RUN at
the current pointer position:
WEOFSEQ TRIAL.RUN
455
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSESEQ, OPENSEQ, OSCLOSE, OSOPEN, READSEQ, WRITESEQ, WRITESEQF
WRITE
The UniBasic WRITE command writes an expression to an opened file and releases locks set by the
same process.
Note: WRITE updates the record and releases UniData locks regardless of lock status. To check for
and retain record locks, use the WRITEU command. For more information, see Developing UniBasic
Applications.
To maintain file integrity, UniData locks records with a nonprogrammable lock during a write. UniData
releases this lock immediately after the WRITE command executes.
Warning: Do not use UniBasic READ and WRITE commands to open or modify binary data in DIRtype files (for example, BP). Doing so can corrupt data in the file. Instead, use OSREAD or OSBREAD
after executing the UniBasic NOCONVERT command.
Syntax
WRITE expr {ON | TO} [file.var,] record.ID.expr [ON ERROR statements]
Updating alternate key indexes
Remember the following points about alternate key indexes when you code WRITE statements:
▪
Alternate key indexes that are currently enabled are automatically updated when you write a
record.
▪
If you execute the ECL command DUP.STATUS ON, and then write a record that creates a
duplicate alternate key, WRITE sets the STATUS return value to 10.
▪
If the NO.DUPS keyword was specified when the alternate key index was created, UniBasic will not
write a record that would create a duplicate index key. Instead, the ON ERROR clause executes (or
the program aborts if ON ERRORis not coded) and the STATUS function returns a value of 10. RFS
does not support NO.DUPS.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies an expression to write to the record.
ON | TO file.var
Specifies a file to which to write the expression.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData writes to the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal error occurs.
A default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the OPEN
statement.
456
WRITE
Parameter
Description
record.ID.expr
Specifies a record to receive the expression. If the record already
exists, the new expression you specify with expr replaces the existing
information. If the record you specify does not exist, UniData creates
the record.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute in the event of a fatal error condition
(such as the file is not open, an I/O error occurs in the write process,
or the record contains a duplicate alternate index key). If you do not
specify the ON ERROR clause, the program terminates under fatal
error conditions.
When including WRITE statements within a transaction, you
must code an ON ERROR clause that notifies the user and takes
appropriate action, such as stopping the transaction. If the
transaction is not aborted by the ON ERROR clause, processing
continues, and the transaction could commit inappropriately.
STATUS function return values
After you execute WRITE, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Return value
Meaning
0
Successful write.
1
System error, such as a damaged file.
2
Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
WRITE is not allowed.
3
10
Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine (for
example, the trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
Non-RFS files – WRITE created a duplicate alternate index key and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on; or WRITE failed because a duplicate value
exists in the index, and NO.DUPS was specified when the index was
created.
RFS files – WRITE created a duplicate value in the index, and ECL
DUP.STATUS is on.
Examples
The following program segment is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications.
The statements update records that were previously locked with READU and release locks on the
records.
WRITE CLIENT.REC ON CLIENT_FILE,CLIENT_NUMBER
WRITE ORDER.REC ON ORDERS_FILE,ORDER_NUMBER
In the next example, the program statement writes the contents of the variable OVERSTOCK to the file
named in variable FNAME as a record with ID OS:
WRITE OVERSTOCK TO FNAME,"OS"
457
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSE, DELETE, OPEN, READL, READU, READV, READVL, READVU, WRITEU,
WRITEV, WRITEVU
UniData
DUP.STATUS
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
WRITELIST
The UniBasic WRITELIST command writes the contents of a variable to a saved list. The values saved
can then be used as item IDs to retrieve the data record. WRITELIST saves only the first value of the
attribute. UniData saves only the first value in a multivalued or multi-subvalued attribute.
Syntax
WRITELIST var ON list.name
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
var
Specifies a variable to place in a saved list.
ON list.name
Specifies a saved list to contain the retrieved list.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
DELETELIST, FORMLIST, READLIST, SELECT, SELECTINDEX, SELECTINFO
UniData SQL
SELECT
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
UniQuery
DELETE.LIST, GET.LIST, SELECT, SSELECT, SAVE.LIST
For information, see the UniQuery Commands Reference
WRITESEQ
The UniBasic WRITESEQ command writes an expression as a record on a sequential file at the current
record pointer position.
Note: Before you use WRITESEQ, you must open the file by using the OSOPEN or OPENSEQ
command.
Tip: Use the READSEQ command to position the record pointer before using WRITESEQ. If the file
is a named pipe, you cannot use WRITESEQ to write to it. You must use the OSBWRITE command.
WRITESEQ cannot immediately write a record to disk. UniData stores records in a buffer until the
buffer is full.
458
WRITESEQF
Syntax
WRITESEQ expr [APPEND] {ON | TO} seq.file.var [ON ERROR statements]
{THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies an expression to write as a record.
APPEND
Use the APPEND option to start the WRITESEQ process at the endof-file mark. When APPEND is included, and no file exists, UniData
creates a new file.
ON | TO seq.file.var
Specifies a sequential file to receive the expression.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the WRITESEQ statement fails
with a fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or
UniData cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
THEN statements END
THEN executes if the WRITESEQ is successful. END is required to
terminate multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the WRITESEQ is not successful or the record
(or ID) does not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE
statements.
ELSE statements END
Examples
In the following example, the program segment writes the expression BAD.ACCOUNTS to the file
ACCOUNTS. A message displays if the record pointer is not at the end of the file.
WRITESEQ BAD.ACCOUNTS TO ACCOUNTS
ELSE PRINT "NOT AT END-OF-FILE"
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSESEQ, OPENSEQ, OSBREAD, OSBWRITE, OSCLOSE, OSDELETE, OSOPEN,
READSEQ, WEOFSEQ, WRITESEQF
WRITESEQF
The UniBasic WRITESEQF command writes an expression as a record on a sequential file from a
current record pointer position and forces UniData to immediately write the data to the disk.
Note: Before you use WRITESEQF, you must open the file by using the OSOPEN or OPENSEQ
command.
459
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Tip: Use the READSEQ command to position the record pointer before using WRITESEQF. If
the file is a named pipe, you cannot use WRITESEQF to write to it. You must use the OSBWRITE
command. Use the READSEQ command to position the record pointer before using WRITESEQF.
Syntax
WRITESEQF expr [APPEND] {ON | TO} seq.file.var [ON ERROR statements]
{THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements [END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies an expression to write as a record.
APPEND
Use the APPEND option to start the WRITESEQF process at the endof-file mark. If you use the APPEND option in a file that does not
contain data, UniData creates a new file.
ON | TO seq.file.var
Specifies a sequential file variable to receive the expression.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the WRITESEQF statement fails
with a fatal error because the file is not open, an I/O error occurs, or
UniData cannot find the file.
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
THEN statements END
If you specify the ON ERROR clause and UniData cannot find the endof-file mark, the ELSE clause executes.
THEN executes if the WRITESEQF is successful. END is required to
terminate multiline THEN statements.
ELSE executes if the WRITESEQF is not successful or the record
(or ID) does not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE
statements.
ELSE statements END
Examples
In the following example, the program statement writes the variable CHK.WRITE to the file PAYROLL.
All records currently in the output buffer are written to disk along with this record.
WRITESEQF CHK.WRITE ON PAYROLL ELSE GOTO 100:
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSESEQ, OPENSEQ, OSBREAD, OSBWRITE, OSCLOSE, OSDELETE, OSOPEN,
READSEQ, WEOFSEQ
writeSocket
Use the writeSocket function to write data to a socket connection.
460
WRITET
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
writeSocket(socket_handle, socket_data, time_out, blocking_mode,
actual_write_size)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
socket_handle
The handle to the open socket.
socket_data
The data to be written to the socket.
time_out
The allowable time (in milliseconds) for blocking. This is ignored for a
non-blocking write.
blocking_mode
0: using current mode
1: blocking
2: non-blocking
actual_write_size
The number of characters actually written.
The following table describes the return status of each mode.
Mode
Return Status
0 - Blocking
The function will return only after all characters in socket_data are
written to the socket.
1 - Non-Blocking
The function may return with fewer character written than the actual
length (in the case that the socket is full).
The following table describes the status of each return code.
Return codes
Status
0
Success.
Non-zero
See Socket Function Error Return codes.
WRITET
The UniBasic WRITET command writes the value of an expression as a record onto tape.
Note: Before you can use the WRITET command, you must reserve a tape drive with the ECL
T.ATT command. For detailed information about tape commands, see the UniData Commands
Reference.UniData uses the ASCII 0 character (CHAR(0)) as a string-end delimiter. Therefore,
you cannot use ASCII 0 in any string variable in UniBasic. When a string is read in a UniBasic
program, CHAR(0) characters are converted to CHAR(128), and WRITET converts CHAR(128) back
to CHAR(0).
461
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Syntax
WRITET [UNIT(mu.expr)] expr {THEN statements [END] | ELSE statements
[END]}
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
UNIT(mu.expr)
Specifies the conversion code (first digit) and the unit number (second
digit). Unit numbers range from 0 through 9.
The mu.expr is optional and the default value for UNIT is (00) for tape
unit 0 with no conversion performed (ASCII assumed). Valid options
include the following:
0 – No conversion (ASCII assumed).
1 – EBCDIC conversion.
2 – Invert high bit.
3 – Swap bytes.
expr
Specifies an expression to write.
THEN statements END
THEN executes if command execution is successful. END is required to
terminate multiline THEN statements.
ELSE statements END
ELSE executes if command execution is not successful or the record
(or ID) does not exist. END is required to terminate multiline ELSE
statements.
Multireel tape processing
You must use the TAPELEN option for the T.ATT command and specify the tape length. This
command is intended for use with UniData tapes only. For information about the ECL T.ATT
command, see the UniData Commands Reference.
STATUS function return values
After you execute WRITET, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
462
Value
Description
0
Successful read.
1
End of file encountered.
2
End of tape encountered.
3
Tape not assigned.
4
Parity error.
5
Unknown hardware error.
6
Other unspecified error.
WRITEU
Examples
In the following example, the T.ATT command is executed, and then UniData writes the variable
TAX.RECORD to tape:
PERFORM "T.ATT"
WRITET UNIT (00) TAX.RECORD ELSE PRINT 'TAPE PROBLEM'
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
READT, RESIZET, REWIND, WEOF
UniData
SETTAPE, T.ATT, T.DET
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
WRITEU
The UniBasic WRITEU command writes a record to a file without releasing locks. WRITEU writes
regardless of lock status.
Syntax
WRITEU expr {ON | TO} [file.var,] record.ID.expr [ON ERROR statements]
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Warning: Do not use UniBasic READ and WRITE commands to open or modify binary data in DIRtype files (for example, BP). Doing so can corrupt data in the file. Instead, use OSREAD or OSBREAD
after executing the UniBasic NOCONVERT command.
Updating alternate key indexes
Remember the following points about alternate key indexes when you code WRITEU statements:
▪
Alternate key indexes that are currently enabled are automatically updated when you write a
record.
▪
If you execute the ECL command DUP.STATUS ON, and then write a record that creates a
duplicate alternate key, WRITEU sets the STATUS return value to 10.
▪
If the NO.DUPS keyword was specified when the alternate key index was created, UniBasic will not
write a record that would create a duplicate index key. Instead, the ON ERROR clause executes (or
the program aborts if ON ERROR is not coded) and the STATUS function returns a value of 10. RFS
does not support NO.DUPS.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies an expression to write to the file.
463
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
ON | TO file.var,
Specifies a file to receive the expression.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData writes to the default file. If no default
file is open, a fatal WRITEU error occurs.
A default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the OPEN
statement.
Specifies a record to receive the expression.
record.ID.expr ON ERROR statements Specifies statements to execute if the WRITEU statement fails with a fatal
error (such as the file is not open, an I/O error occurs in the write process, or
the record contains a duplicate alternate index key). If the transaction is not
aborted by the ON ERROR clause, processing continues, and the transaction
could commit inappropriately.
STATUS function return values
After you execute WRITEU, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Return value
Description
0
Successful write.
1
System error, such as a damaged file.
2
Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine returns
a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the WRITEU is not
allowed.
3
Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine (for
example, trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
10
Non-RFS files – WRITEU created a duplicate alternate index key and ECL
DUP.STATUS is ON; or WRITEU failed because a duplicate value exists in the
index, and NO.DUPS was specified when the index was created.
RFS files – WRITEU created a duplicate value in the index, and ECL
DUP.STATUS is ON.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement writes the variable IDEA.57 to the file IDEAS as a
record with the ID ‘LAST’. The lock remains in place if the record was locked before executing WRITEU.
WRITEU IDEA.57 ON IDEAS,'LAST'
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSE, DELETE, OPEN, READL, READU, READV, READVL, READVU, WRITE,
WRITEV, WRITEVU
UniData
DUP.STATUS
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
464
WRITEV
WRITEV
The UniBasic WRITEV command updates a specified attribute in a file regardless of lock status. The
WRITEV command releases locks set by the same process.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
WRITEV expr {ON | TO} [file.var,] record.ID.expr, attrib.expr [ON ERROR
statements]
Updating alternate key indexes
Remember the following points about alternate key indexes when you code WRITEV statements:
▪
Alternate key indexes that are currently enabled are automatically updated when you write a
record.
▪
If you execute the ECL command DUP.STATUS ON, and then write a record that creates a duplicate
alternate key, WRITEV sets the STATUS return value to 10.
▪
If the NO.DUPS keyword was specified when the alternate key index was created, UniBasic will not
write a record that would create a duplicate index key. Instead, the ON ERROR clause executes (or
the program aborts if ON ERROR is not coded) and the STATUS function returns a value of 10. RFS
does not support NO.DUPS.
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies an expression to write to an attribute of a record.
ON | TO file.var,
Specifies a file to receive the expression.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData writes to the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal WRITEV error occurs.
A default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the OPEN
statement.
record.ID.expr
Specifies a record to receive the expression.
attrib.expr
Specifies an attribute to receive the expression.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the WRITEV statement fails with a
fatal error (such as the file is not open, an I/O error occurs in the write
process, or the record contains a duplicate alternate index key).
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
When including WRITEV statements within a transaction, you
must code an ON ERROR clause that notifies the user and takes
appropriate action, such as stopping the transaction. If the
transaction is not aborted by the ON ERRORclause, processing
continues, and the transaction could commit inappropriately.
465
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
STATUS function return values
After you execute WRITEV, the STATUS function returns one of the values described in the following
table.
Value
Description
0
Successful write.
1
System error, such as a damaged file.
2
Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
WRITEV is not allowed.
3
Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine (for
example, trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
Non-RFS files – WRITEV created a duplicate alternate index key and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on; or WRITEV failed because a duplicate value
exists in the index and NO.DUPS was specified when the index was
created.
10
RFS files – WRITEV created a duplicate value in the index, and ECL
DUP.STATUS is on.
Examples
In the following example, the program statement writes the variable NAME to the first attribute in the
customer record with CLIENT.ID in the file CLIENTS:
WRITEV NAME ON CLIENT,CLIENT.ID,1
The following example is taken from the sample program in Developing UniBasic Applications. It
demonstrates using WRITEV to write an attribute. Notice that the attribute is read and the record
locked. Then LOCATE is used to determine the position (within the attribute) of the value to be
deleted. After that value is deleted, the attribute is written back to the record.
DELETE_RECORD:
* (Assuming the order #'s are on line 12)
READVU ORDER_LINE FROM CLIENT_FILE,CLIENT_NUMBER,12 THEN
LOCATE ORDER_NUMBER IN ORDER_LINE<1> SETTING POSITION THEN
DEL ORDER_LINE<1,POSITION>
END
WRITEV ORDER_LINE ON CLIENT_FILE, CLIENT_NUMBER, 12
END
*
DELETE ORDERS_FILE, ORDER_NUMBER
RELEASE CLIENT_FILE,CLIENT_NUMBER
RETURN
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSE, DELETE, OPEN, READL, READU, READV, READVL, READVU, WRITE,
WRITEU, WRITEVU
UniData
DUP.STATUS
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
466
WRITEVU
WRITEVU
The UniBasic WRITEVU command writes an expression to an attribute of a record regardless of lock
status. This command retains locks. As with the WRITEV statement, the record ID and attribute
number are mandatory.
Note: UniBasic locks are advisory only. They prevent access by other lock-checking commands
only. For more information about UniBasic locks, see Developing UniBasic Applications.
Syntax
WRITEVU expr {ON | TO} [file.var,] record.ID.expr, attrib.expr [ON
ERROR statements]
Updating alternate key indexes
Remember the following points about alternate key indexes when you code WRITEVU statements:
▪
Alternate key indexes that are currently enabled are automatically updated when you write a
record.
▪
If you execute the ECL command DUP.STATUS ON, then write a record that creates a duplicate
alternate key, WRITEVU sets the STATUS return value to 10.
▪
If the NO.DUPS keyword was specified when the alternate key index was created, UniBasic will not
write a record that would create a duplicate index key. Instead, the ON ERROR clause executes (or
the program aborts if ON ERROR is not coded) and the STATUS function returns a value of 10. RFS
does not support NO.DUPS.
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
expr
Specifies an expression to write to an attribute of a record.
ON | TO file.var,
Specifies a file to receive the expression.
If you do not specify a file.var, UniData writes to the default file. If no
default file is open, a fatal error occurs.
record.ID.expr
The default file is one for which no file variable is assigned in the
OPEN statement.
Specifies a record to receive the expression.
attrib.expr
Specifies an attribute to receive the expression.
ON ERROR statements
Specifies statements to execute if the WRITEVU statement fails with a
fatal error (such as the file is not open, an I/O error occurs in the write
process, or the record contains a duplicate alternate index key).
If you do not specify the ON ERROR clause and a fatal error occurs,
the program terminates.
When including WRITEVU statements within a transaction,
you must code an ON ERROR clause that notifies the user and
takes appropriate action, such as stopping the transaction. If the
transaction is not aborted by the ON ERROR clause, processing
continues, and the transaction could commit inappropriately.
467
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
STATUS function return values
After you execute WRITEVU, the STATUS function returns one of the values in the following table.
Return value
Description
0
Successful write.
1
System error, such as a damaged file.
2
Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
WRITEVU is not allowed.
3
Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine (for
example, trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
Non-RFS files – WRITEVU created a duplicate alternate index key and
ECL DUP.STATUS is ON; or WRITEVU failed because a duplicate value
exists in the index, and NO.DUPS was specified when the index was
created.
10
RFS files – WRITEVU created a duplicate value in the index, and ECL
DUP.STATUS is ON.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniBasic
CLOSE, DELETE, OPEN, READL, READU, READV, READVL, READVU, WRITE,
WRITEU, WRITEVU
UniData
DUP.STATUS
For information, see the UniData Commands Reference.
XDOMAddChild
Finds the xpathString in the context xmlHandle in the DOM structure, and inserts a node as the last
child of the found node. If the inserted node type is XDOM.ATTR.NODE, this node is inserted as an
attribute.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMAddChild(xmlHandle, xpathString, nsMap, nodeHandle,
dupFlag,nodeType)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
468
Parameter
Description
xmlHandle
The handle to the context. [IN]
XDOMAppend
Parameter
Description
xpathString
Relative or absolute xpathString. [IN]
nsMap
The xpathString parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
The map of namespaces which resolve the prefixes in the xpathString.
Format is xmlns=default_url
xmlns:prefix1=prefix1_url
xmlns:prefix2=prefix2_url
For example:
xmlns=http://myproject.mycompany.com
xmlns:a_prefix=a.mycompany.com
[IN]
nodeHandle
dupFlag
The nsMap parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
Handle to a DOM subtree. If nodeHandle points to a DOM document,
all of its children are inserted, in the same order. [IN]
XDOM.DUP: Clones nodeHandle, and inserts the duplicate node.
XDOM.NODUP: Inserts the original node. The subtree is also removed
from its original location. [IN]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMAppend
Finds the xpathString in the context xmlHandle in the DOM structure, and inserts nodeHandle into the
DOM structure as next sibling of the found node. If the inserted node type is XDOM.ATTR.NODE, this
node is inserted as an attribute
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMAppend(xmlHandle, xpathString, nsMap, nodeHandle, dupFlag)
469
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xmlHandle
The handle to the context. [IN]
xpathString
Relative or absolute xpathString. [IN]
nsMap
The xpathString parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
The map of namespaces which resolve the prefixes in the xpathString.
Format is xmlns=default_url
xmlns:prefix1=prefix1_url
xmlns:prefix2=prefix2_url
For example:
xmlns=http://myproject.mycompany.com
xmlns:a_prefix=a.mycompany.com
[IN]
nodeHandle
dupFlag
The nsMap parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
Handle to a DOM subtree. If nodeHandle points to a DOM document,
all of its children are inserted, in the same order. [IN]
XDOM.DUP: Clones nodeHandle, and inserts the duplicate node.
XDOM.NODUP: Inserts the original node. The subtree is also removed
from its original location. [IN]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMClone
Duplicates the DOM subtree specified by xmlHandle to a new subtree specified by newXmlHandle. The
duplicate node has no parent (parentNode returns null.). Cloning an element copies all attributes and
their values, including those generated by the XML processor, to represent defaulted attributes, but
this method does not copy any text it contains unless it is a deep clone, since the text is contained in a
child Text node. Cloning any other type of node simply returns a copy of this node.
470
XDOMClose
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMClone(xmlHandle, newXmlHandle, depth)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xmlHandle
Handle to the DOM subtree. [IN]
newXmlHandle
Handle to the new DOM subtree. [IN]
depth
XDOM.FALSE: Clone only the node itself.
XDOM.TRUE: Recursively clone the subtree under the specified node.
[IN]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMClose
XDOMClose frees the DOM structure.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMClose(domHandle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
domHandle
Handle to the DOM structure. [IN]
471
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMCreateNode
XDOMCreateNode creates a new node in the DOM structure.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMCreateNode(xmlHandle, nodeName, nodeValue, nodeType, nodeHandle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameters
Description
xmlHandle
A handle to the DOM structure. This handle acts as the context when
resolving the namespace_uri from the prefix or resolving the prefix
from the namespace_uri.
[IN]
nodeName
The name of the node to be created. [IN
The name can be in any of the following formats:
nodeValue
▪
Local_name
▪
prefix: local_name:namespace_uri
▪
prefix:local_name
▪
local_name:namespace_uri
The nodeName parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
The string to hold the node value. [IN]
The nodeValue parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
472
XDOMCreateNode
Parameters
Description
nodeType
The type of the node to be created. Valid values are:
XDOM.ELEMENT.NODE
XDOM.ATTR.NODE
XDOM.TEXT.NODE
XDOM.CDATA.NODE
XDOM.ENTITY.REF.NODE
XDOM.ENTITY.NODE
XDOM.PROC.INST.NODE
XDOM.COMMENT.NODE
XDOM.DOC.NODE
XDOM.DOC.TYPE.NODE
XDOM.DOC.FRAG.NODE
XDEOM.NOTATION.NODE
XDOM.XML.DECL.NODE
UniData uses this argument, along with direction and
childIndex, to get the right type node. For example, if direction is
XDOM.PREV.SIBLING, and nodeType is XDOM.ELEMENT.NODE, UniData
finds the element node that is the first previous sibling of nodeHandle.
If direction is XDOM.CHILD, childIndex is XDOM.FIRST.CHILD, and
nodeType is XDOM.ELEMENT.NODE, UniData finds the element
node that is the first element child of nodeHandle. If the direction is
XDOM.CHILD, childIndex is 2, and nodeType is XDOM.ELEMENT.NODE,
UniData finds the element node that is the second element child of
nodeHandle.
When the direction is XDOM.NEXT.SIBLING.WITH.SAME.NAME,
XDOM.PREV.SIBLING.WITH.SAME.NAME, or XDOM.PARENT, this
argument is not used. [IN]
nodeHandle
Handle to the DOM node. [IN]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
473
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
XDOMCreateRoot
XDOMCreateRoot creates a new DOM structure with root only. You can use the result handle in
other functions where a DOM handle or node handle is needed. The default declaration for the XML
document created by this function is as follows:
<?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8” standalone=”no” ?>
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMCreateRoot(domHandle[,xmlOptions])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
domHandle
Handle to the opened DOM structure. [OUT]
xmlOptions
A string specifying the key/value pairs for the encoding, standalone,
and version options to be declared in the XML document created by
this function. [IN]
The string can be entered in either of the following formats:
"version=1.0 encoding=ISO-8859-1 standalone=yes"
or
’version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"
standalone="no"’
The encoding, standalone, and version options are the same as those
in the xmlconfig file and accept the same values. Keys and values are
case-insensitive.
Valid encoding settings can be found at http://www.iana.org/
assignments/character-sets
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
474
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XDOMEvaluate
Return codes
Description
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
If an error is encountered in xmlOptions, XMLGetError() returns one
of the following error codes:
▪
38 Invalid XML config key: ’key_name’
▪
39 Invalid XML config value: ’value_string’
▪
40 Invalid XML config format: ’name_value_string’
XDOMEvaluate
XDOMEvaluate returns the value of the XPathString in the context xmlHandle in the DOM structure.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMEvaluate(xmlHandle, xpathString, nsMap, aValue)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xmlHandle
The handle to the context. [IN]
xpathString
Relative or absolute xpathString. [IN]
nsMap
The xpathString parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
The map of namespaces which resolve the prefixes in the xpathString.
Format is xmlns=default_url
xmlns:prefix1=prefix1_url
xmlns:prefix2=prefix2_url
For example:
xmlns=http://myproject.mycompany.com
xmlns:a_prefix=a.mycompany.com
[IN]
aValue
The nsMap parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
The value of xpathString. [OUT]
The aValue parameter uses the out-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
475
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMGetAttribute
XDOMGetAttribute gets the node's attribute node, whose attribute name is attrName.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMGetAttribute(nodeHandle, attrName, nodeHandle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
nodeHandle
Handle to the DOM node. [IN]
attrName
Attribute name. [IN]
nodeHandle
The attrName parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
Handle to the found attribute node. [OUT]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
476
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMGetChildNodes
XDOMGetChildNodes
The XDOMGetChildNodes function returns all child nodes of xmlHandle.
The XDOMGetChildNodes function behaves in the same way as:
XDOMLocate(xmlHandle, "*", "", XML.MULTI)
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMChildNodes(xmlHandle, nodeListHandle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xmlHandle
Handle to the DOM structure.
nodeListhandle
The handle to the node list.
Examples
In this example, suppose xmlHandle points to <ENTRY id="id1" name="bookentry">. After the call to
XDOMGetChildNodes(xmlHandle, nodehandle), nodeHandle should point to all child nodes,
that is, <NAME>, <ADDRESS>, three <PHONENUM>s, and <EMAIL>.
?<xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<ADDRBOOK cmt="my address book">
<ENTRY id="id1" name=”bookentry”>
<NAME>Name One</NAME>
<ADDRESS>101 Some Way</ADDRESS>
<PHONENUM DESC="Work">303-111-1111</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Fax">303-111-2222</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Pager">303-111-3333</PHONENUM>
<EMAIL>[email protected]</EMAIL>
</ENTRY>
<ENTRY ID="id2" NAME=”bookentry”>
<NAME>Name Two</NAME>
<ADDRESS>202 Some Way</ADDRESS>
<PHONENUM DESC="Work">303-222-1111</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Fax">303-222-2222</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Home">303-222-3333</PHONENUM>
<EMAIL>[email protected]</EMAIL>
</ENTRY>
</ADDRBOOK>
XDOMGetElementById
The XDOMGetElementByld function finds the first element with the ID you specify.
The XDOMGetElementById function behaves in the same way as:
XDOMLocate(xmlHandle,"//*[@ID=’idstr’ or @id=’idstr’]","",XML_MULTI)
477
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMGetElementById(xmlHandle, idstr,nodeHandle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xmlHandle
Handle to the DOM structure.
idstr
The ID of the element you want to return.
nodeHandle
Handle to the DOM node. [IN]
Examples
In this example, suppose xmlHandle points to the document root. After the call to
XDOMGetElementById(xmlHandle, "id2", nodeHandle), nodeHandle should point to
element <ENTRY ID="id2" NAME="bookentry>.
?<xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<ADDRBOOK cmt="my address book">
<ENTRY id="id1" name=”bookentry”>
<NAME>Name One</NAME>
<ADDRESS>101 Some Way</ADDRESS>
<PHONENUM DESC="Work">303-111-1111</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Fax">303-111-2222</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Pager">303-111-3333</PHONENUM>
<EMAIL>[email protected]</EMAIL>
</ENTRY>
<ENTRY ID="id2" NAME=”bookentry”>
<NAME>Name Two</NAME>
<ADDRESS>202 Some Way</ADDRESS>
<PHONENUM DESC="Work">303-222-1111</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Fax">303-222-2222</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Home">303-222-3333</PHONENUM>
<EMAIL>[email protected]</EMAIL>
</ENTRY>
</ADDRBOOK>
XDOMGetElementsByName
The XDOMGetElementsByName function tries to find all elements with the name you specify.
The XDOMGetElementsByName function behaves in the same way as:
XDOMLocate(xmlHandle,"//*[@NAME=’namestr’ or @name=’namestr’]",
,"",XML_SINGLE)
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
478
XDOMGetElementsByTag
Syntax
XDOMGetElementsByName(xmlHandle, namestrnodeListHandle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xmlHandle
Handle to the DOM structure.
namestr
The name of the element you want to return.
nodeListhandle
The handle to the node list.
Examples
In this example, suppose xmlHandle points to the document root. After the call to
XDOMGetElementsByName(xmlHandle, "bookentry", nodeListHandle),
nodeListHandle should point to elements <ENTRY id="id1" name="bookentry"> and <ENTRY ID="id2"
NAME="bookentry">.
?<xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<ADDRBOOK cmt="my address book">
<ENTRY id="id1" name=”bookentry”>
<NAME>Name One</NAME>
<ADDRESS>101 Some Way</ADDRESS>
<PHONENUM DESC="Work">303-111-1111</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Fax">303-111-2222</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Pager">303-111-3333</PHONENUM>
<EMAIL>[email protected]</EMAIL>
</ENTRY>
<ENTRY ID="id2" NAME=”bookentry”>
<NAME>Name Two</NAME>
<ADDRESS>202 Some Way</ADDRESS>
<PHONENUM DESC="Work">303-222-1111</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Fax">303-222-2222</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Home">303-222-3333</PHONENUM>
<EMAIL>[email protected]</EMAIL>
</ENTRY>
</ADDRBOOK>
XDOMGetElementsByTag
The XDOMGetElementsByTag function tries to find all elements with the tag name you specify.
The XDOMGetElementsByTag function behaves in the same way as:
XDOMLocate(xmlHandle,"//tagname", ,"",XML.MULTI)
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMGetElementsByTag(xmlHandle, tagname,nodeListHandle)
479
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xmlHandle
Handle to the DOM structure.
nodeListhandle
The handle to the node list.
Examples
In this example, suppose xmlHandle points to the document root. After the call to
XDOMGetElementsByTag(xmlHandle, "PHONENUM", nodeListHandle), nodeListHandle
should point to all PHONENUM elements.
?<xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<ADDRBOOK cmt="my address book">
<ENTRY id="id1" name=”bookentry”>
<NAME>Name One</NAME>
<ADDRESS>101 Some Way</ADDRESS>
<PHONENUM DESC="Work">303-111-1111</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Fax">303-111-2222</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Pager">303-111-3333</PHONENUM>
<EMAIL>[email protected]</EMAIL>
</ENTRY>
<ENTRY ID="id2" NAME=”bookentry”>
<NAME>Name Two</NAME>
<ADDRESS>202 Some Way</ADDRESS>
<PHONENUM DESC="Work">303-222-1111</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Fax">303-222-2222</PHONENUM>
<PHONENUM DESC="Home">303-222-3333</PHONENUM>
<EMAIL>[email protected]</EMAIL>
</ENTRY>
</ADDRBOOK>
XDOMGetNodeName
XDOMGetNodeName gets the node name.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMGetNodeName(nodeHandle, nodeName)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
480
Parameter
Description
nodeHandle
Handle to the DOM node. [IN]
XDOMGetNodeType
Parameter
Description
nodeName
String to store the node name. [OUT]
The nodeName parameter uses the out-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMGetNodeType
XDOMGetNodeType gets the node type.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMGetNodeType(nodeHandle, nodeType)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
nodeHandle
Handle to the DOM node. [IN]
nodeType
An integer to store the node type. [OUT]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
481
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
XDOMGetNodeValue
XDOMGetNodeValue gets the node value.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMGetNodeValue(nodeHandle, nodeValue)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
nodeHandle
Handle to the DOM node. [IN]
nodeValue
The string to hold the node value. [OUT]
The nodeValue parameter uses the out-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMGetOwnerDocument
XDOMGetOwnerDocument gets the DOM handle to which the nodeHandle belongs.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMGetOwnerDocument(nodeHandle, domHandle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
482
XDOMGetUserData
Parameter
Description
nodeHandle
Handle to the DOM node. [IN]
domHandle
Handle to the opened DOM structure. [OUT]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMGetUserData
XDOMGetUserData gets the user data associated with the node.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMGetUserData(nodeHandle, userData)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
nodeHandle
Handle to the DOM node. [IN]
userData
String to hold the user data. [OUT]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
483
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
XDOMImportNode
The XDOMImportNode function imports a node from another document into the current document.
The returned node has no parent. The source node is not altered or removed from the original
document.
Syntax
XDOMImportNode(xmlHandle, depth, importedNodeHandle, outNodeHandle)
Description
For all nodes, importing a node creates a node object owned by the document from which you are
importing. The attribute values are identical to the source node's nodeName and nodeType, as well as
attributes related to namespaces (prefix, localName, and namespaceURI).
UniData attempts to mirror the behavior expected if a fragment of the XML source was copied from
one document to another by copying additional information, as appropriate, to the nodeType. UniData
recognizes that the two documents may have different DTDs. The following describes the specifics for
each type of node:
▪
ATTRIBUTE_NODE: UniData sets the ownerElement attribute to null and the specified flag to true
on the generated DOMAttr. UniData recursively imports the descendants of the source DOMAttr
and reassembles the resulting nodes to form a corresponding subtree.
Note: The depth parameter has no effect on DOMAttr nodes. These nodes always carry their
children with them when imported.
484
▪
DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE: If the value of the depth option is true, UniData recursively
imports the descendants of the source element and reassembles the resulting nodes to form
the corresponding subtree. If the value of the depth option is false, UniData generates an empty
DOMDocumentFragment.
▪
DOCUMENT_NODE: You cannot import DOMDocument nodes.
▪
DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE: You cannot import DOMDocumentType nodes.
▪
ELEMENT_NODE: UniData imports specified attribute nodes of the source document, and attaches
the generated DOMAttr nodes to the generated DOMElement. UniData does not copy default
attributes, although they are assigned if the document to which you are importing defines default
attributes for this element name. If the value of the importNode depth parameter is true, UniData
recursively imports the descendants of the source element and reassembles the resulting nodes to
form the corresponding subtree.
▪
ENTITY_NODE: You can import DOMEntity nodes, but in the current release of the DOM, the
DOMDocumentType is read only. When you import and ENTITY_NODE, UniData copies the publicId,
systemId, and notationName attributes. If the value of the depth parameter is true, UniData
recursively imports the descendants of the source DOMEntity and reassembles the resulting node
to form the corresponding subtree.
▪
ENTITY_REFERENCE_NODE: If you import this type of node, UniData only copies the
DOMEntityReference itself, even if the value of the depth parameter is true. This is because the
source and destination documents may have defined the entity differently. If the document you are
importing provides a definition for this entity name, UniData assigns that value.
▪
NOTATION_NODE: You can import DOMNotation nodes, but in the current release of the DOM, the
DOMDocumentType is read only. When you import a NOTATION_NODE, UniData copies the publicId
and systemId attributes. The depth parameter has no effect on DOMNotation nodes, since they do
not have children.
XDOMInsert
▪
PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE: UniData copies the target and data values from the source
node to the current document.
▪
TEXT_NODE, CDATA_SECTION_NODE, COMMENT_NODE: With these types of nodes, inheriting from
DOMCharacterData, UniData copies the data and length attributes from the source node to the
current document.
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xmlHandle
The target XML document to which you are importing. [IN]
depth
XDOM.FALSE - import only the node itself.
XDOM.TRUE - recursively import the subtree under the node specified
by importedNodeHandle.
This parameter has no effect on DOMAttr,
DOMEntityReference, and DOMNotation nodes. [IN]
importedNodeHandle
The handle to the node you are importing. [IN]
newXMLHandle
The handle to the new node. [IN]
Return status
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Status
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The import was successful.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred during import.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
The xmlHandle or importedNodeHandle is not a valid XML handle.
XDOMInsert
XDOMInsert finds the xpathString in the context xmlHandle in the DOM structure, and inserts
nodeHandle into the DOM structure as the previous sibling of the found node. If the inserted node type
is XDOM.ATTR.NODE, this node is inserted as an attribute.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMInsert (xmlHandle, xpathString, nsMap, nodeHandle, dupFlag)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
485
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
xmlHandle
The handle to the context. [IN]
xpathString
Relative or absolute xpathString. [IN]
nsMap
The xpathString parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
The map of namespaces which resolve the prefixes in the xpathString.
Format is xmlns=default_url
xmlns:prefix1=prefix1_url
xmlns:prefix2=prefix2_url
For example:
xmlns=http://myproject.mycompany.com
xmlns:a_prefix=a.mycompany.com
[IN]
nodeHandle
dupFlag
The nsMap parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
Handle to a DOM subtree. If nodeHandle points to a DOM document,
all of its children are inserted, in the same order. [IN]
XDOM.DUP: Clones nodeHandle, and inserts the duplicate node.
XDOM.NODUP: Inserts the original node. The subtree is also removed
from its original location. [IN]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMItem
The XDOMItem function returns the index-th item in the list.
If the index is less than 1 or greater than the number of items in the list, use
Error(errorCode,errorMessage) to return the error message "index out of bounds."
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
486
XDOMItem
Syntax
XDOMItem(nodeListHandle, index, dataHandle, dataType)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
nodeListhandle
The handle to the node list.
index
The index item to return.
dataHandle
UniVerse stores the returned value, either a DOM handle or a string, in
dataHandle.
dataType
The data type that is stored in dataHandle.
If nodeListHandle was generated from an API other than XDOMQuery(), the dataType must be
XQ.ITEM.NODE (1). If nodeListHandle was generated by XDOMQuery(), the dataType could be
XQ.ITEM.NODE(1), or a simple value type such as XQ.ITEM.ANY_SIMPLE_TYPE(2), XQ.ITEM.STRING(21).
Data types
The following is a list of the data types available.
▪
XQ.ITEM.NODE (1)
▪
XQ.ITEM.ANY_SIMPLE_TYPE (2)
▪
XQ.ITEM.ANY_URI (3)
▪
XQ.ITEM.BASE_64_BINARY (4)
▪
XQ.ITEM.BOOLEAN (5)
▪
XQ.ITEM.DATA (6)
▪
XQ.ITEM.DATE_TIME (7)
▪
XQ.ITEM.DAY_TIME_DURATION (8)
▪
XQ.ITEM.DECIMAL (9)
▪
XQ.ITEM.DOUBLE (10)
▪
XQ.ITEM.DURATION (11)
▪
XQ.ITEM.FLOAT (12)
▪
XQ.ITEM.G_DAY (13)
▪
XQ.ITEM.G_MONTH (14)
▪
XQ.ITEM.G_MONTH_DAY (15)
▪
XQ.ITEM.G_YEAR (16)
▪
XQ.ITEM.G_YEAR_MONTH (17)
▪
XQ.ITEM.HEX_BINARY (18)
▪
XQ.ITEM.NOTATION (19)
▪
XQ.ITEM.STRING (21)
▪
XQ.ITEM.TIME (22)
▪
XQ.ITEM.UNTYPED_ATOMIC (23)
▪
XQ.ITEM.YEAR_MONTH_DURATION (24)
487
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
XDOMLength
The XDOMLength function determines the number of nodes in the list. The range of the valid child
node index is to 1 to length, inclusive.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMLength (nodeListHandle, length)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
nodeListHandle
The handle to the node list.
length
The length of the node list.
XDOMLocate
XDOMLocate finds a starting point for relative XPath searching in context xmlHandle in the DOM
structure. The xpathString should specify only one node; otherwise, this function will return an error.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMLocate(xmlHandle, xpathString, nsMap, nodeHandle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xmlHandle
A handle to the DOM structure. [IN]
xpathString
A string to specify the starting point. [IN]
The xpathString parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
488
XDOMLocateNode
Parameter
Description
nsMap
The map of namespaces which resolve the prefixes in the xpathString.
Format is xmlns=default_url
xmlns:prefix1=prefix1_url
xmlns:prefix2=prefix2_url
For example:
xmlns=http://myproject.mycompany.com
xmlns:a_prefix=a.mycompany.com
[IN]
nodeHandle
The nsMap parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
Handle to the found attribute node. [OUT]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
Note: In this document, xmlHandle is a generic type, it can be domHandle or nodeHandle.
DomHandle stands for a whole document, while nodeHandle stands for a subtree. DomHandle is
also a nodeHandle.
XDOMLocateNode
XDOMLocateNode traverses from nodeHandle and gets the next node according to direction and
childIndex.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMLocateNode(nodeHandle, direction, childIndex, nodeType,
newNodeHandle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
489
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
nodeHandle
The handle to the starting node. [IN]
direction
Direction to traverse. Valid values are:
XDOM.PREV.SIBLING
XDOM.NEXT.SIBLING
XDOM.NEXT.SIBLING.WITH.SAME.NAME
XDOM.PREV.SIBLING.WITH.SAME.NAME
XDOM.PARENT XDOM.CHILD
[IN]
childIndex
The index in the child array. Valid values are:
XDOM.FIRST.CHILD
XDOM.LAST.CHILD Positive Integer
[IN]
nodeType
The type of node to be located. Valid values are:
XDOM.NONE
XDOM.ELEMENT.NODE
XDOM.ATTR.NODE
XDOM.TEXT.NODE
XDOM.CDATA.NODE
XDOM.ENTITY.REF.NODE
XDOM.ENTITY.NODE
XDOM.PROC.INST.NODE
XDOM.COMMENT.NODE
XDOM.DOC.NODE
XDOM.DOC.TYPE.NODE
XDOM.DOC.FRAG.NODE
XDEOM.NOTATION.NODE
XDOM.XML.DECL.NODE
If nodeType is not XDOM.NONE, UniData uses this argument,
along with direction and childIndex, to get the right typed node.
For example, if direction is XDOM.PREV.SIBLING, and nodeType
is XDOM.ELEMENT.NODE, UniData finds the element node
which is the first previous sibling of nodeHandle. If direction is
XDOM.CHILD, childIndex is XDOM.FIRST.CHILD, and nodeType is
XDOM.ELEMENT.NODE, UniData finds the element node which is the
first element child of nodeHandle. If the direction is XDOM.CHILD,
childIndex is 2, and nodeType is XDOM.ELEMENT.NODE, UniData finds
the element node which is the second element child of nodeHandle.
When the direction is XDOM.NEXT.SIBLING.WITH.SAME.NAME,
XDOM.PREV.SIBLING.WITH.SAME.NAME, or XDOM.PARENT, this
argument is not used. [IN]
490
XDOMOpen
Parameter
Description
newNodeHandle
Handle to the found node. [OUT]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMOpen
XDOMOpen reads an XML document and creates a DOM structure. If the DTD is included in the
document, UniData validates the document. The XML document can be from a string, or from a file,
depending on the docLocation flag.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMOpen(xmlDocument, docLocation, domHandle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xmlDocument
The XML document. [IN]
docLocation
A flag to specify whether xmlDocument is a string holding the XML
document, or it is a file containing the XML document. Valid values
are:
XML.FROM.FILE XML.FROM.STRING
[IN]
domHandle
Handle to the opened DOM structure. [OUT]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
491
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
Options
When the XML does not have an encoding set in the declaration and the data in the document is not
UTF-8, as of UniData 8.1.0 the encoding is assumed to be UTF-8, as shown in the following example:
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<ROOT>
<PRODUCTS _ID = "M1000" PRODID = "M1000" LIST = "$1,990" DESCRIPTION = "Low cost
, entry level, light duty, monochrome copier"/>
</ROOT>
Since there is no encoding set in the declaration line, opening the file with the XDOMOpen function
fails if there is a character from another encoding set (for example an ISO-8859-1 character) in the
data.
Reading a file from a browser that has the wrong encoding of the data will also produce an error
similar to the following example:
An invalid character was found in text content.
Error processing resource 'file:///C:/U2/UD81/_XML_/example.xml'. Line 4, Po...
At UniData 8.1.0, a new XML option, xdomopen-encoding, was added. This option specifies what
encoding to use when there is no encoding defined in the declaration. After you set xdomopenencoding to ISO-885901 in the xmlconfig file, the XDOMOpen() function can open the document
successfully. When xdomopen-encoding is not set, or is set to “”, UTF-8 is assumed.
XDOMRemove
XDOMRemove finds the xpathString in the context xmlHandle in the DOM structure, then removes the
found node or its attribute with name attrName.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMRemove(xmlHandle, xpathString, nsMap, attrName, nodeHandle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xmlHandle
The handle to the context. [IN]
xpathString
Relative or absolute xpathString. [IN]
The xpathString parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
492
XDOMReplace
Parameter
Description
nsMap
The map of namespaces which resolve the prefixes in the xpathString.
Format is xmlns=default_url
xmlns:prefix1=prefix1_url
xmlns:prefix2=prefix2_url
For example:
xmlns=http://myproject.mycompany.com
xmlns:a_prefix=a.mycompany.com
[IN]
attrName
nodeHandle
The nsMap parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
Attribute name. [IN]
The attrName parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
The removed node, if nodeHandle is not NULL. [OUT]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMReplace
XDOMReplace finds the xpathString in the context xmlHandle in the DOM structure, and replaces the
found node with nodeHandle.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMReplace(xmlHandle, xpathString, nsMap, nodeHandle, dupFlag)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xmlHandle
The handle to the context. [IN]
493
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
xpathString
Relative or absolute xpathString. [IN]
nsMap
The xpathString parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
The map of namespaces which resolve the prefixes in the xpathString.
Format is xmlns=default_url
xmlns:prefix1=prefix1_url
xmlns:prefix2=prefix2_url
For example:
xmlns=http://myproject.mycompany.com
xmlns:a_prefix=a.mycompany.com
[IN]
nodeHandle
dupFlag
The nsMap parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
Handle to a DOM subtree. If nodeHandle points to a DOM document,
all of its children are inserted, in the same order. [IN]
XDOM.DUP: Clones nodeHandle, and inserts the duplicate node.
XDOM.NODUP: Inserts the original node. The subtree is also removed
from its original location. [IN]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMSetNodeValue
XDOMSetNodeValue sets the node value.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMSetNodeValue(nodeHandle, nodeValue)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
494
XDOMSetUserData
Parameter
Description
nodeHandle
Handle to the DOM node. [IN]
nodeValue
String to hold the node value. [IN]
The nodeValue parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API.
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMSetUserData
XDOMSetUserData sets the user data associated with the node.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMSetUserData(nodeHandle, userData)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
nodeHandle
Handle to the DOM node. [IN]
userData
String to hold the user data. [IN]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
495
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Return codes
Description
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMTransform
XDOMTransform transforms the input DOM structure using the style sheet specified by styleSheetFile
to output the DOM structure, file, or string.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMTransform(domHandle, styleSheet, ssLocation, outHandle[,
outFormat])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
domHandle
Handle to the DOM structure. [IN]
styleSheet
Handle to the context [IN]
ssLocation
A flag to specify whether styleSheet contains style sheet itself, or is just
the style sheet file name. Valid values are:
XML.FROM.FILE (default)
XML.FROM.STRING
[IN]
outHandle
Handle to the resulting DOM structure, file, or string. [OUT]
outFormat
Specifies one of the following values as the output format for the DOM
structure:
▪
XML.TO.DOM – Transforms the input DOM structure using the style
sheet specified by styleSheet, and outputs the resulting document
into a DOM structure.
▪
XML.TO.FILE – Transforms the input DOM structure using the style
sheet specified by styleSheet, and outputs the resulting document
into a file.
▪
XML.TO.STRING – Transforms the input DOM structure using the
style sheet specified by styleSheet, and outputs the resulting
document into a string.
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
496
XDOMValidate
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMValidate
XDOMValidate validates the DOM document using an external nonamespace schema specified by
noNsSchema and, optionally, external namespace schemas specified by NsSchemas.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMValidate(xmlDocument, docLocation, noNsSchema, noNsSchemaLocation[,
NsSchemas])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xmlDocument
The name of the XML document. [IN]
docLocation
A flag to specify whether xmlDocument is the document itself, or the
document file name. Valid values are:
XML.FROM.FILE (default)
XML.FROM.STRING
XML.FROM.DOM
[IN]
noNsSchema
The external no-namespace schema file. [IN]
noNsSchemaLocation
A flag to specify whether noNsSchema is the schema itself, or the
schema file name. Valid values are:
XML.FROM.FILE (default)
XML.FROM.STRING
[IN]
NsSchemas
The external namespace schema files. [IN]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
497
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Return codes
Description
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMValidateDom
XDOMValidateDom validates the DOM document using an external no-namespace schema specified
by noNsSchema and, optionally, external namespace schemas specified by NsSchemas.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMValidateDom(domHandle, noNsSchema, noNsSchemaLocation[, NsSchemas])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
domHandle
Handle to the DOM structure. [IN]
noNsSchema
The external no-namespace schema file. [IN]
noNsSchemaLocation
A flag to specify whether noNsSchema is the schema itself, or the
schema file name. Valid values are:
XML.FROM.FILE (default)
XML.FROM.STRING
[IN]
NsSchemas
The external namespace schema files. [IN]
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XDOMWrite
XDOMWrite writes the DOM structure to xmlDocument. xmlDocument can be a string or a file,
depending on the value of the docLocation flag.
498
XDOMWrite
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XDOMWrite(domHandle, xmlDocument, docLocation[, xmlOptions])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
domHandle
Handle to the opened DOM structure. [IN]
xmlDocument
The XML document [OUT]
docLocation
A flag to specify whether xmlDocument is an output string which
should hold the XML document, or it is a file where the XML document
should be written. Valid values are:
XML.TO.FILE XML.TO.STRING
[IN]
xmlOptions
A string specifying the key/value pairs of the XML options to be used in
the XML document written by this function. [IN]
The string can be entered in either of the following formats:
encoding=ISO-8859-1 standalone=yes newline=CR-LF
or
encoding="iso-8859-1" standalone="no"
The XML options are the same as those in the xmlconfig file and
accept the same values. Keys and values are case-insensitive.
Valid encoding settings can be found at http://www.iana.org/
assignments/character-sets
Return codes
Note: The following return codes are defined in the XML.H section of the INCLUDE file.
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
If an error is encountered in xmlOptions, XMLGetError() returns one
of the following error codes:
▪
38 Invalid XML config key: ’key_name’
▪
39 Invalid XML config value: ’value_string’
▪
40 Invalid XML config format: ’name_value_string’
499
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Return codes
Description
XML.INVALID.HANDLE
An invalid DOM handle was returned to the function.
XLATE
The UniBasic XLATE function returns the contents of an attribute, and takes additional action if the
record does not exist or the attribute is empty. This function performs the same action as the TRANS
virtual attribute function.
Syntax
XLATE(filename, rec.id.expr, attrib.expr, "code")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
filename
Specifies the name of a file from which to return the contents of an
attribute. file.expr must be the name of a valid UniData file, not the
value of a file variable, even if the same file was opened within the
program.
rec.id.expr
Specifies a record ID in file.expr.
attrib.expr
Specifies a valid attribute in file.expr.
"code"
Enter a code specifying action to be taken if the record does not exist
or the attribute is empty:
C – Substitutes the id.expr for the value of the function.
V – Returns an empty string and prints an error message.
X – Returns an empty string.
Related commands
Language
Command
UniData
TRANS
For information, see the Using UniData
XMAPAppendRec
The XMAPAppendRec function formats the specified record from the UniData file as a U2XMAP
dataset record and appends it to the U2XMAP dataset.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XMAPAppendRec(XMAPhandle, file_name, record)
500
XMAPClose
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
XMAPhandle
The handle to the U2XMAP dataset.
file_name
record
The XMAPhandle parameter uses the in-encoding parameter set in the
system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the XMLSETOPTIONS
command, or the XMLSetOptions() API for the input record value.
The name of the UniData file that is being mapped in the U2 XMAP
dataset
The data record formatted according to the dictionary record of the
UniData file.
Return values
The following table describes the return values for this function.
Return Value
Description
XML_SUCCESS
The XML document was opened successfully.
XML_ERROR
An error occurred opening the XML document.
XML_INVALID_HANDLE
The XMAP dataset was invalid.
XMAPClose
The XMAPClose function closes the U2XMAP dataset handle and frees all related structures and
memory.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XMAPClose(XMAPhandle)
Parameter
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
XMAPhandle
The handle to the U2XMAP dataset.
Return values
The following table describes the return values for this function.
Return Value
Description
XML_SUCCESS
The XML document was opened successfully.
XML_ERROR
An error occurred opening the XML document.
XML_INVALID_HANDLE
The XMAP dataset was invalid.
501
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
XMAPCreate
The XMAPCreate function creates an empty XML document for transferring data from the UniData
database to XML according the mapping rules you define.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XMAPCreate(u2xmapping_rules, mapping_flag, XMAPhandle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
u2xmapping_rules
The name of the U2XMAP file, or the UniBasic variable containing the
XML to Database mapping rules.
mapping_flag
A flag indicating if the mapping file is the U2XMAP file itself or a string
located within the UniBasic program. Valid values are:
XMAPhandle
▪
XMAP.FROM.FILE - the mapping rules are contained in a U2XMAP
file.
▪
XMAP.FROM.STRING - u2xmapping_rules is the name of the
variable containing the mapping rules.
The handle to the XMAP dataset.
The following table describes the return values for this function.
Return Value
Description
XML_SUCCESS
The XML document was opened successfully.
XML_ERROR
An error occurred opening the XML document.
XML_INVALID_HANDLE
The XMAP dataset was invalid.
XMAPOpen
The XMAPOpen function opens an XML document as a U2XMAP data set.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XMAPOpen(xml_document, doc_flag, u2xmapping_rules, u2xmap_flag,
XMAPhandle)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
502
XMAPReadNext
Parameter
Description
xml_document
The name of the XML document.
doc_flag
A flag defining the type of xml_document. Valid values are:
▪
XML.FROM.DOM - xml_document is a DOM handle.
▪
XML.FROM.FILE - xml_document is a file name.
▪
XML.FROM.STRING -xml_document is the name of variable
containing the XML document.
u2xmapping_rules
The name of the U2XMAP file, or the UniBasic variable containing the
XML to Database mapping rules.
u2xmap_flag
A flag indicating if the mapping file is the U2XMAP file itself or a string
located within the UniBasic program. Valid values are:
XMAPhandle
▪
XMAP.FROM.FILE - the mapping rules are contained in a U2XMAP
file.
▪
XMAP.FROM.STRING - u2xmap_flag is the name of the variable
containing the mapping rules.
The handle to the XMAP dataset.
This API registers the current in-encoding and out-encoding
parameters in the XMAPhandle. These parameters are used
throughout the life of the XMAPhandle.
Return values
The following table describes the return values for this function.
Return value
Description
XML_SUCCESS
The XML document was opened successfully.
XML_ERROR
An error occurred opening the XML document.
XMAPReadNext
The XMAPReadNext function retrieves the next record from the U2XMAP dataset and formats it as a
record of the UniData file that is being mapped.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XMAPReadNext(XMAPhandle, file_name, record)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
503
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
XMAPhandle
The U2XMAP dataset handle.
The XMAPhandle parameter uses the out-encoding parameter
set in the system-level or account-level xmlconfig file, the
XMLSETOPTIONS command, or the XMLSetOptions() API for the
record value.
file_name
The name of the UniData file that is being mapped in the U2XMAP
dataset.
record
The data record formatted according to the dictionary record of the
file.
Return values
The following table describes the return values for this function.
Return value
Description
XML_SUCCESS
The XMAPReadNext was executed successfully.
XML_ERROR
XML_INVALID_HANDLE
XML_EOF
Error in executing XMAPReadNext.
U2 XMAP dataset handle was invalid.
The end of the U2XMAP dataset has been reached.
XMAPToXMLDoc
The XMAPToXMLDoc function generates an XML document from the data in the U2XMAP dataset
using the mapping rules you define. The XML document can be either an XML DOM handle or an XML
document. UniData writes the data to a file or a UniBasic variable.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XMAPToXMLDoc(XMAPhandle, xmlfile, doc_flag[, xmlOptions])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
504
Parameter
Description
XMAPhandle
The handle to the XMAP dataset.
xmlfile
The name of the XML file, or the name of a UniBasic variable to hold
the XML document.
doc_flag
A flag defining the type of xml_document. Valid values are:
▪
XML.FROM.DOM - xml_document is a DOM handle.
▪
XML.FROM.FILE - xml_document is a file name.
▪
XML.FROM.STRING -xml_document is the name of variable
containing the XML document.
XMLError
Parameter
Description
xmlOptions
A string specifying the key/value pairs of the XML options to be used in
the XML document generated by this function. [IN]
The string can be entered in either of the following formats:
encoding=ISO-8859-1 standalone=yes newline=CR-LF
or
encoding="iso-8859-1" standalone="no"
The XML options are the same as those in the xmlconfig file and
accept the same values. Keys and values are case-insensitive.
Valid encoding settings can be found at http://www.iana.org/
assignments/character-sets
Return values
The following table describes the return values for this function.
Return value
Description
XML_SUCCESS
The XML document was opened successfully.
XML_ERROR
An error occurred.
If an error is encountered in xmlOptions, XMLGetError() returns one
of the following error codes:
XML_INVALID_HANDLE
▪
38 Invalid XML config key: ’key_name’
▪
39 Invalid XML config value: ’value_string’
▪
40 Invalid XML config format: ’name_value_string’
The XMAP dataset was invalid.
XMLError
Use the XMLError function to get the last error message.
Errmsg is the error message string, or one of the following return values:
▪
XML.SUCCESS: Success
▪
XML.ERROR: Failure
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XMLError(errmsg)
XMLExecute
The XMLExecute function enables you to create an XML document using the UniQuery LIST
statement or the UniData SQL SELECT statement from a UniBasic program.
505
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XMLExecute(cmd, options, xmlvar, xsdvar)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
506
Parameter
Description
cmd
Holds the text string of the UniQuery LIST statement or the UniData SQL SELECT
statement. [IN]
XMLExecute
Parameter
Description
options
Each XML-related option is separated by a field mark (@FM). If the option requires a
value, the values are contained in the same field, separated by value marks (@VM).
WITHDTD
Creates a DTD and binds it with the XML document.
By default, UniData creates an XML schema. However,
if you include WITHDTD in your UniQuery or UniData
SQL statement, UniData does not create an XML
schema, but only produces the DTD.
ELEMENTS
The XML output is in element-centric format.
‘XMLMAPPING’:
@VM:’mapping_file_ name’
Specifies the mapping file containing transformation
rules for display. This file must exist in the _XML_
directory.
‘SCHEMA’:@VM: ’type’
The default schema format is ref type schema. You can
use the SCHEMA attribute to define a different schema
format.
HIDEMV, HIDEMS
Normally, when UniData processes multivalued or
multi-subvalued fields, UniData adds another level
of elements to produce multiple levels of nesting.
You have the option of disabling this additional level
by adding the HIDEMV and HIDEMS attributes. When
these options are on, the generated XML document
and the associated DTD or XML schema have fewer
levels of nesting.
HIDEROOT
Allows you to specify to only create a segment of
an XML document, for example, using the SAMPLE
keyword and other conditional clauses. If you specify
HIDEROOT, UniData only creates the record portion
of the XML document, it does not create a DTD or XML
schema.
‘RECORD’:@VM: ’newrecords’
The default record name is FILENAME_record. The
record attribute in the ROOT element changes the
record name.
‘ROOT’:@VM: ’newroot’
The default root element name in an XML document is
ROOT. You can change the name of the root element
as shown in the following example:
root=”root_element_name”
TARGETNAMESPACE:@FM:’namespaceURL’
UniData displays the targetnamespace attribute
in the XMLSchema as targetNamespace, and uses
the URL you specify to define schemaLocation. If
you define the targetnamespace and other explicit
namespace definitions, UniData checks if the
explicitly defined namespace has the same URL and
the targetnamespace. If it does, UniData uses the
namespace name to qualify the schema element, and
the XML document element name.
COLLAPSEMV, COLLAPSEMS
Normally, when UniData processes multivalued or
multi-subvalued fields, UniData adds another level of
elements to produce multiple levels of nesting. You
have the option of disabling this additional level by
adding the COLLAPSEMV and COLLAPSE MS attributes.
When these options are on, the generated XML
document and the associated DTD or XML Schema
have fewer levels of nesting.
507
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameter
Description
XmlVar
The name of the variable to which to write the generated XML document [OUT]
XsdVar
The name of the variable in which to store the XML Schema if one is generated along
with the XML document. [OUT]
Examples
The following example illustrates the XMLExecute function:
CMD="SELECT SEMESTER,COURSE_NBR FROM STUDENT;"
OPTIONS := "COLLAPSEMS"
OPTIONS := @FM:"HIDEROOT"
OPTIONS := @FM:"root":@VM:"mystudent"
OPTIONS :=@FM:"record":@VM:"myrecord"
OPTIONS
:=@FM:"targetnamespace":@VM:"http://www.rocketsoftware.com"
OPTIONS := @FM:"elementformdefault"
STATUS = XMLEXECUTE(CMD,OPTIONS,XMLVAR,XSDVAR)
PRINT XSDVAR
PRINT XMLVAR
XMLGetError
XMLGetError gets the error code and error message after the previous XML API failed.
Note: This function is case-sensitive. If you want it to be case-insensitive, you must compile your
programs using the BASIC command with the -i option.
Syntax
XMLGetError(errorCode, errorMessage)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
errorCode
The error code. [OUT]
errorMessage
The error message. [OUT]
Return codes
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
508
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
An error occurred.
XMLGetOptions
XMLGetOptions
Use this function in UniBasic programs to return the values for encoding and other XML options in
effect in the current UniData session.
Syntax
XMLGetOptions(outOptions[, delimiterString])
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
outOptions
A variable used to retrieve the XML options key/value pairs in effect in
the current UniData session. [OUT]
delimiterString
Optional. Specifies the string to be used to separate the key/value
pairs returned by the command. By default, delimiterString is a space.
[IN]
Examples
The following example shows the format for entering delimiterString as the string used to separate the
key/value pairs returned by the function. Key/value pairs can be separated by a space or by any string,
such as <>, as shown in this example:
(xmlOptions, "<>")
encoding=default<>in-encoding=UTF-8<>version=1.1<>standalone=no<>
out-xml-declaration=true<>out-format-pretty-print=false<>outnormalizecharacters=true<>out-split-cdata-sections=true<>outvalidation=
false<>out-expand-entity-references=false<>outwhitespacein-element-content=true<>out-discard-defaultcontent=
true<>out-format-canonical=true<>out-write-bom=false<>
If you enter the XMLGetOptions function with no delimiterString, the key/value pairs are separated
by a space, as shown in the next example:
XMLGetOptions(xmlOptions)
encoding=default in-encoding=UTF-8 version=1.1 standalone=no outxmldeclaration=true out-format-pretty-print=false out-normalizecharacters=
true out-split-cdata-sections=true out-validation=false
out-expand-entity-references=false out-whitespace-in-elementcontent=
true out-discard-default-content=true out-formatcanonical=
true out-write-bom=false
Return codes
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
509
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
XMLGetOptionValue
Use this function in UniBasic programs to return the value of encoding or any other XML option in
effect in the current UniData session.
Syntax
XMLGetOptionValue(optionName, outOptionValue)
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
optionName
The name of the XML option for which you want to retrieve the current
value. [IN]
The XML options are the same as those in the xmlconfig file.
outOptionValue
A variable used to retrieve the value of the specified XML option in the
current UniData session. [OUT]
Examples
The following example shows the format for entering the optionName and outOptionValue variables:
XMLGetOptionValue("encoding", xmlOptionValue)
This function returns the value of the encoding option in the second argument, xmlOptionValue.
Return codes
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
When the return status is XML.ERROR, XMLGetError() returns the
following error code:
38 Invalid XML config key: ‘key_name’
XMLSetOptions
Use this function in UniBasic programs to set the encoding parameter and other XML options in the
current UniData session. The settings specified in this API override the settings in the system-level and
account-level xmlconfig files and in ECL commands during the current session.
Syntax
XMLSetOptions("options")
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
510
XMLTODB
Parameter
Description
options
A string in the format of space-delimited key/value pairs. [IN]
The XML options are the same as those in the xmlconfig file and
accept the same values. Keys and values are case-insensitive.
The XMLSetOptions function also accepts three special strings as
the options parameter.
▪
defaults – Sets all XML options to their default settings in the
current session.
▪
reload – Reloads the current system-level and account-level
xmlconfig files, since they may have changed after you started
your UniData session.
▪
reset – Resets XML options to the original settings that were
loaded when you started the UniData session
A special string must be entered as the only option.
Examples
The following example shows the format for entering the XML options in this API.
XMLSetOptions("encoding=iso-8859-1 newline=CR-LF")
The next example shows the format for entering a special string as the options parameter:
XMLSetOptions("defaults")
Return codes
The return code indicates success or failure. The following table describes the value of each return
code.
Return codes
Description
XML.SUCCESS
The function completed successfully.
XML.ERROR
When the return status is XML.ERROR, XMLGetError() returns one of
the following error codes:
▪
38 Invalid XML config key: ‘key_name’
▪
39 Invalid XML config value: ‘value_string’
▪
40 Invalid XML config format: ‘name_value_string’
When the return code is XML.ERROR, none of the XML parameters are
changed.
XMLTODB
The XMLTODB function populates the UniData database from UniBasic. If you want to transform
specific data, use the XMAP API.
Syntax
XMLTODB(xml_document, doc_flag, u2xmapping_rules, u2xmap_ flag, status)
511
Chapter 1: UniBasic commands and functions
Parameters
The following table describes each parameter of the syntax.
Parameter
Description
xml_document
The name of the XML document.
doc_flag
A flag defining the type of xml_document. Valid values are:
XML.FROM.DOM - xml_document is a DOM handle.
▪
XML.FROM.FILE - xml_document is a file name.
▪
XML.FROM.STRING -xml_document is the name of variable
containing the XML document.
u2xmapping_rules
The mapping rules for the XML document.
u2xmap_flag
A flag indicating if the mapping file is the U2XMAP file itself or a string
located within the UniBasic program. Valid values are:
Status
512
▪
▪
XMAP.FROM.FILE - the mapping rules are contained in a U2XMAP
file.
▪
XMAP.FROM.STRING - u2xmap_flag is the name of the variable
containing the mapping rules.
The return status.
Appendix A: ASCII character codes
The following table describes each ASCII code.
ASCII value
Character
Hex character
000
NUL
0
001
SOH
1
002
STX
2
003
ETX
3
004
EOT
4
005
ENQ
5
006
ACK
6
007
BEL
7
008
BS
8
009
HT
9
010
LF
A
011
VT
B
012
FF
C
013
CR
D
014
SO
E
015
SI
F
016
DLE
10
017
DC1
11
018
DC2
12
019
DC3
13
020
DC4
14
021
NAK
15
022
SYN
16
023
ETB
17
024
CAN
18
025
EM
19
026
SUB
1A
027
ESC
1B
028
FS
1C
029
GS
1D
030
RS
1E
031
US
1F
032
(space)
20
033
!
21
034
"
22
035
#
23
036
$
24
037
%
25
513
Appendix A: ASCII character codes
514
ASCII value
Character
Hex character
038
&
26
039
’
27
040
(
28
041
)
29
042
*
2A
043
+
2B
044
,
2C
045
-
2D
046
.
2E
047
/
2F
048
0
30
049
1
31
050
2
32
051
3
33
052
4
34
053
5
35
054
6
36
055
7
37
056
8
38
057
9
39
058
:
3A
059
;
3B
060
<
3C
061
=
3D
062
>
3E
063
?
3F
064
@
40
065
A
41
066
B
42
067
C
43
068
D
44
069
E
45
070
F
46
071
G
47
072
H
48
073
I
49
074
J
4A
075
K
4B
076
L
4C
077
M
4D
078
N
4E
079
O
4F
080
P
50
ASCII character codes
ASCII value
Character
Hex character
081
Q
51
082
R
52
083
S
53
084
T
54
085
U
55
086
V
56
087
W
57
088
X
58
089
Y
59
090
Z
5A
091
[
5B
092
\
5C
093
]
5D
094
^
5E
095
_
5F
096
‘
60
097
a
61
098
b
62
099
c
63
100
d
64
101
e
65
102
f
66
103
g
67
104
h
68
105
i
69
106
j
6A
107
k
6B
108
l
6C
109
m
6D
110
n
6E
111
o
6F
112
p
70
113
q
71
114
r
72
115
s
73
116
t
74
117
u
75
118
v
76
119
w
77
120
x
78
121
y
79
122
z
7A
123
{
7B
515
Appendix A: ASCII character codes
516
ASCII value
Character
Hex character
124
|
7C
125
}
7D
126
~
7E
127
DEL
7F
128
Ç
80
129
ü
81
130
é
82
131
â
83
132
ä
84
133
à
85
134
å
86
135
ç
87
136
ê
88
137
ë
89
138
è
8A
139
ï
8B
140
î
8C
141
ì
8D
142
Ä
8E
143
Å
8F
144
É
90
145
æ
91
146
Æ
92
147
ô
93
148
ö
94
149
ò
95
150
û
96
151
ù
97
152
ÿ
98
153
Ö
99
154
Ü
9A
155
¢
9B
156
£
9C
157
¥
9D
158
¤
9E
159
ƒ
9F
160
á
A0
161
í
A1
162
ó
A2
163
ú
A3
164
ñ
A4
165
Ñ
A5
166
ª
A6
ASCII character codes
ASCII value
Character
Hex character
167
º
A7
168
¿
A8
169
“
A9
170
”
AA
171
‹
AB
172
›
AC
173
¡¦
AD
174
«
AE
175
»
AF
176
ã
B0
177
õ
B1
178
Ø
B2
179
ø
B3
180
œ
B4
181
Œ
B5
182
À
B6
183
Ã
B7
184
Õ
B8
185
§
B9
186
‡
BA
187
†
BB
188
¶
BC
189
©
BD
190
®
BE
191
™
BF
192
„
C0
193
…
C1
194
‰
C2
195
•
C3
196
–
C4
197
—
C5
198
°
C6
199
Á
C7
200
Â
C8
201
È
C9
202
Ê
CA
203
Ë
CB
204
Ì
CC
205
Í
CD
206
Î
CE
207
Ï
CF
208
Ò
D0
209
Ó
D1
517
Appendix A: ASCII character codes
518
ASCII value
Character
Hex character
210
Ô
D2
211
nonprinting
D3
212
nonprinting
D4
213
Ù
D5
214
Ú
D6
215
Û
D7
216
Ÿ
D8
217
ß
D9
218
nonprinting
DA
219
nonprinting
DB
220
nonprinting
DC
221
nonprinting
DD
222
nonprinting
DE
223
nonprinting
DF
224
nonprinting
E0
225
nonprinting
E1
226
nonprinting
E2
227
nonprinting
E3
228
nonprinting
E4
229
nonprinting
E5
230
nonprinting
E6
231
nonprinting
E7
232
nonprinting
E8
233
nonprinting
E9
234
nonprinting
EA
235
nonprinting
EB
236
nonprinting
EC
237
nonprinting
ED
238
nonprinting
EE
239
nonprinting
EF
240
nonprinting
F0
241
nonprinting
F1
242
nonprinting
F2
243
nonprinting
F3
244
nonprinting
F4
245
nonprinting
F5
246
nonprinting
F6
247
nonprinting
F7
248
nonprinting
F8
249
nonprinting
F9
250
nonprinting
FA
251
text mark
FB
252
subvalue mark
FC
ASCII character codes
ASCII value
Character
Hex character
253
value mark
FD
254
attribute mark
FE
255
record mark
FF
519
Appendix B: UniBasic@variables
This appendix lists the @variables available in UniBasic, the delimiter @variables, and the codes
returned by @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE.
@variables
The following table describes the valid @variables.
@variable
Description
@ACCOUNT
Returns the operating system path where you first entered
UniData. Note that the value of @ACCOUNT does not change
when a LOGTO statement is executed.
@AM
Inserts an attribute mark at compile time.
For information about other system delimiter @ variables, see
Delimiter @variables, on page 522.
@COMMAND
@CONV
Used with CALCULATE and the braces {} function. Returns the
conversion code from a dictionary item.
@CRTHIGH
Height of the CRT screen.
@CRTWIDE
Width of the CRT screen.
@DATA
DATA statements used in conjunction with INPUT statements
are stored in a data stack or input queue. This stack is accessible
in the @DATA variable. Data elements are delimited by ASCII 013
(CR). @DATA is a READ ONLY variable.
@DATE
System date, in internal format, when the program began
executing.
@DAY
Two-digit day of the month.
@DICT
Current dictionary (must perform an assignment).
@FORMAT
Used with CALCULATE and the braces {} function. Returns the
format code from a dictionary item.
@GID
For UNIX, returns the group ID assigned to a user. For Windows
NT or Windows 2000, returns a string that contains all the group
names (separated by value marks) to which the user belongs.
@HEADER
Used with CALCULATE and the braces {} function. Returns the
column heading from a dictionary item.
@ID
Current record ID.
@LASTVERB
Stores the last executed command.
@LEVEL
Current PERFORM or EXECUTE level.
@LOGNAME
520
Last UniData command executed. Changes the value for each
statement executed at the UniData ECL prompt ( : ) and in the
UniBasic EXECUTE statement.
Returns the user’s login name.
@LPTRHIGH
Page length (height) of the system line printer.
@LPTRWIDE
Page width of the system line printer.
@MONTH
Two-digit representation of the current month.
@variables
@variable
Description
@PARASENTENCE
The last paragraph or sentence entered. It retains the name and
parameters of the current executing paragraph. If no paragraph is
being executed, an empty string is returned. If another paragraph
is called within the first paragraph executed, the returned value
is of the called paragraph until control is returned to the calling
paragraph.
@PATH
Current operating system path for the directory where the user
resides. The value of @PATH changes with the LOGTO command.
@RECORD
@RECUR0
@RECUR1
Current record (must be assigned).
Recursive user defined. @RECUR# variables are reset at the ECL
prompt.
@RECUR2
@RECUR3
@RECUR4
@RM
Inserts a record mark at compile time.
For information about other system delimiter @ variables, see
Delimiter @variables, on page 522.
@SENTENCE
The statement that invoked the current UniBasic program in
progress. Reflects the last command entered at the ECL prompt
or in a paragraph or sentence executed by a UniBasic program.
Each UniBasic EXECUTE and CHAIN statement also resets
@SENTENCE.
@SM
Inserts a subvalue mark (same as @SVM) at compile time.
For information about other delimiter variables, see Delimiter
@variables, on page 522.
@SVM
Inserts a subvalue mark (same as @SM) at compile time.
For information about other system delimiter @ variables, see
Delimiter @variables, on page 522.
@SYS.BELL
Enables or disables a user’s terminal bell.
@SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE
Returns a value indicating a condition or error after the execution
of an ECL command. For most commands, 0 indicates the
command was completed correctly, and -1 indicates that the
command was not completed correctly.
For more information, see Delimiter @variables.
@TIME
The time (in internal format) when the first program in the call
string program.
@TM
Inserts a text mark at compile time. The text mark has no direct
effect, but can be used by UniBasic programs.
For information about other system delimiter @ variables, see
Delimiter @variables, on page 522.
@TRANSACTION
Returns 1 if there is a transaction occurring, and returns 0 if there
is no transaction occurring.
@TTY
Returns the terminal port name, such as tty01, tty1a, or console.
521
Appendix B: UniBasic@variables
@variable
Description
@UDTNO
Returns an integer between 1 and the maximum number of users
allowed on the system. Numbers are assigned sequentially based
on the sequence of entry into UniData. Phantom processes are
counted.
@UID
The operating system user ID number for the user.
@USER0
User-defined. @USER# variables retain their value throughout a
user session unless the values are explicitly changed.
@USER1
@USER2
@USER3
@USER4
@USERNO
Current udt process ID number.
@USER.RETURN.CODE
User-defined.
@USER.TYPE
Returns the type of process currently running. UniBasic has four
types of processes:
0 – Normal terminal processes.
1 – Background (phantom) processes.
2 – Redirected standard input.
3 – UniObjects, or any other client process.
@VM
Inserts a value mark at compile time.
For information about other delimiter @variables, see Delimiter
@variables, on page 522.
@WHO
Retrieves your current directory. For example, if you are in UNIX
directory /u/ud/AP, the value of @WHO is AP.
@YEAR
Two-digit representation of the year.
Delimiter @variables
The following @variables are replaced by the compiler with dynamic arrays delimiters. Use the same
@variables to place delimiters in UniData hashed files.
@variable
Description
@AM
Attribute mark
@VM
Value mark
@SM
Subvalue mark
@RM
Record mark
@TM
Text mark
@SVM
Subvalue mark (same as @SM)
@SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE values
@SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE returns various values based on the last command executed.
@SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE is available in UniBasic, and is set by many commands, both UniBasic and
ECL.
522
@SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE values
ECL @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE values
The following table describes the possible @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE values for various ECL
commands.
Command
Success return value
Error return value
BSELECT
The number of items in the select list.
-1
BASIC
0
-1
BUILD.INDEX
The number of indexes built.
-1
COMPILE.DICT
0
-1
CREATE.INDEX
The number of indexes created.
-1
DELETE.INDEX
The number of indexes deleted.
-1
ESEARCH
The number of items in the select list.
-1
FORM.LIST
The number of items in the select list.
-1
GET.LIST
The number of items in the select list.
-1
LIST
The number of items listed.
-1
LIST.INDEX
The number of indexes listed.
-1
LIST.ITEM
The number of items listed.
-1
LIST.LABEL
The number of items listed.
-1
LOCK
0
-1 if you specify an invalid
lock number.
-2 if the resource is locked
by another user.
MERGE.LIST
The number of items in the select list.
-1
MODIFY
The number of records modified.
-1
NSELECT
The number of items in the select list.
0
QSELECT
The number of items in the select list.
-1
SAVE.LIST
The number of items saved.
-1
SELECT
The number of items in the select list.
-1
SORT
The number of items listed.
-1
SORT.ITEM
The number of items listed.
-1
SORT.LABEL
The number of items listed.
-1
SSELECT
The number of items in the select list.
-1
STACKCOMMON
1 – On
N/A
0 – Off
UniBasic @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE values
The following table describes the possible @SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE values for UniBasic commands..
Command
Success return value
Error return value
GETQUEUE
The number of locks waiting to be released.
-1
GETREADU
The number of locks set.
-1
INPUT (with FOR
or WAITING
clause included)
0
-1 (used if timeout option is set;
INPUT timed out)
523
Appendix B: UniBasic@variables
524
Command
Success return value
Error return value
INPUT @ (with
FOR or WAITING
clause included)
0
-1 (used if timeout option is set;
INPUT timed out)
PCPERFORM
0
-1
Appendix C: Operators in UniBasic
This appendix describes the arithmetic, Boolean, and relational operators available you can use in
UniBasic.
Arithmetic operators
The following table describes the arithmetic operators for UniBasic.
Operator
Action
Examples
+
Unary plus (same as multiplying VAR = +VAR
by +1).
ABS
-
Unary minus (changes to
the opposite sign, same as
multiplying by -1).
VAR = -VAR
NEG
+
Addition.
X = VAR1 +
VAR2
SADD, SUM
VAR = VAR + 1
X = VAR1 - VAR2
-
Subtraction.
*
Multiplication.
/
Division.
** or ^
Exponentiation.
:, CAT
Concatenation.
+=
Increments the value of a
variable.
-=
Decrements the value of a
variable.
*=
Multiplies the value to the left of VAR1 *= VAR2
the operator by the value to the
right of the operator.
/=
Divides the value to the left of
the operator by the value to the
right of the operator.
VAR1 /= VAR2
:=
Concatenates the value to the
left of the operator by the value
to the right of the operator.
VAR1 := VAR2
VAR = VAR - 1
Related function
SSUB
X = VAR1 * VAR2
SMUL
X = VAR^2
PWR
QUANTITY =
PRICE/COST
SDIV
X = VAR1:VAR2
LINES += 1
LINES -= 1
Note: You must include the REUSE function to apply arithmetic operations to all elements of a
dynamic array.
Boolean operators
The following table describes the Boolean operators for UniBasic.
525
Appendix C: Operators in UniBasic
Operator
Action
Examples
AND, &
When both expressions are true, the result is
true.
OR, !
When either expression is true, the result is
true.
IF (X < Y) AND (Y < Z)
THEN GOSUB 1000
NOT
Inverts the result of conditional statements.
NOTS
Inverts the logical result of each element of a
dynamic array.
IF (X < Y) OR (Y < Z)
THEN GOSUB 1000
IF (X < Y) AND NOT (Y
< z) GOSUB 1000
A =
1:@FM:0:@FM:1:@FM:30B
= NOTS(A)
B contains 0}1}0}0.
Relational operators
The following table describes the relational operators for UniBasic.
Operator
Multivalued equivalent
Description
Examples
=, EQ
EQS
Equal to.
IF VAR1 = VAR2
THEN GOSUB SUB1
#, <>, ><, NE
NES
>, GT
GTS
<, LT
LTS
DO UNTIL VAR1 =
VAR2
Not equal to. The # can IF X # Y THEN
be used to negate other GOSUB 1000
operators.
IF X #> Y THEN
GOSUB 1000
Greater than.
Less than.
IF VAR1 > VAR2
THEN GOSUB SUB1
DO UNTIL VAR1 >
VAR2
IF VAR1 < VAR2 THEN
GOSUB SUB1
DO UNTIL VAR1 < VAR2
>=, =<, #<, GE generateKey
<=, =<, #>, LE
LES
Greater than or equal
to.
Less than or equal to.
IF VAR1 >= VAR2
THEN GOSUB SUB1
DO UNTIL VAR1 =>
VAR2
IF VAR1 <= VAR2
THEN GOSUB SUB1
DO UNTIL VAR1 =<
VAR2
526
Appendix D: Reserved words
This appendix lists the reserved keywords, commands, functions, and @variables. Do not use any of
them for subroutine names or for UniBasic variable names.
Reserved words
$BASICTYPE
$DEFINE
$IFDEF
$IFNDEF
$F
$INCLUDE
$T
$UNDEFINE
@ACCOUNT
@CONV
@CRTWIDE
@DATE
@DICT
@FORMAT
@HEADER
@LASTVERB
@LOGNAME
@LPTRWIDE
@NULL
@PATH
@RECORD
@RECUR1
@RECUR3
@SENTENCE
@SYSTEM.RETURN.CODE
@TRANSACTION
@TTY
@UDTNO
@USER.RETURN.CODE
@USER0
@USER2
@USER4
@WHO
ABORT
$FALSE
$INSERT
$TRUE
@
@COMMAND
@CRTHIGH
@DATA
@DAY
@FALSE
@GID
@ID
@LEVEL
@LPTRHIGH
@MONTH
@PARASENTENCE
@PROCTYPE
@RECUR0
@RECUR2
@RECUR4
@SYS.BELL
@TIME
@TRUE
@TUPLE
@UID
@USER.TYPE
@USER1
@USER3
@USERNO
@YEAR
ABS
ABSOLUTE
ACOS
ALPHA
AND
APPEND
AS
ASSIGN
ASYNC
ASCII
AT
ASIN
ATAN
527
Appendix D: Reserved words
Reserved words
BEFORE
BEGIN
BITOR
BITXOR
BPIOCP
BPIOCPN
BREAK
BUFFER.KEYS
BITANDBITAND
BY
BYTELEN
CALCULATE
CALL
CALLC
CALLING
CAPTURING
CASE
CAT
CATS
CHAIN
CHANGE
CHAR
CHARLEN
CHARS
CHECKSUM
CLEAR
CLEARCOM
CLEARCOMMON
CLEARDATA
CLEARFILE
CLEARINPUT
CLEARSELECT
CLEARSQL
CLOSE
CLOSESEQ
COL1
COL2
COM
COMMIT
CONNECT
CONTINUE
COMMON
COMPILE.DICT.ITEM
CONVERT
COS
COUNT
COUNTS
CRT
CURRENT
DATA
DATE
DCOUNT
DEBUG
DECLARE
DEFFUN
DEL
DELETE
DELETELIST
DELETEU
DIM
DIMENSION
DIR
DISPLAY
DISCONNECT
DISPLAYWIDTH
DO
DOWNCASE
DQUOTE
DROUND
DTX
EBCDIC
END
ENTER
ECHO
ELSE
EQ
EQS
EQU
EQUATE
EXECUTE
528
BITNOT
EXECUTESQL
EXIT
EXP
EXTRACT
FIELD
Reserved words
Reserved words
FIELDS
FIELDSTORE
FILEINFO
FILELOCK
FILEUNLOCK
FIND
FINDSTR
FIRST_ALT_KEY
FLUSH
FMT
FMTS
FOOTING
FROM
FUNCTION
FOR
FORMLIST
GARBAGECOLLECT
GE
GES
GET
GETCOLUMNDATA
GETCOLUMNNAME
GETLIST
GETMSG
GETENV
GETNEXTTUPLE
GETERRMSG
GETPTR
GETPU
GETQUEUE
GETREADU
GETUSERGROUP
GETUSERID
GETUSERNAME
GETX
GO
GROUP
GROUPSTORE
GT
GTS
HASH
HEADING
HELP
HUSH
ICONV
ICONVS
IF
IN
INDEXS
INDICES
GOSUB
GOTO
INCLUDE
INDEX
INMAT
INPUT
INPUTCLEAR
INPUTERR
INPUTIF
INPUTNULL
INPUTTRAP
INS
INSERT
INT
ISMB
ISNV
ISNVS
ISOLATION
ITYPE
LAST_ALT_KEY
LEN
LENS
JRNL_STATUS
LE
LENGTH
LES
LINEMARK
LN
LOCATE
LOCK
LOCKED
LOOP
LTS
MAT
LOWER
LT
529
Appendix D: Reserved words
Reserved words
MATBUILD
MATCH
MATCHES
MATCHFIELD
MATPARSE
MATREAD
MATREADL
MATREADU
MATWRITE
MATWRITEU
MAXIMUM
MBLEN
MDPERFORM
MINIMUM
MOD
NE
NEG
NES
NEXT
NOCONVERT
NODELAY
NOT
NOTS
NULL
NULLVAL_ALT_KEY
NUM
NUMS
OCONV
OCONVS
OFF
ON
OPENSEQ
OR
OSBREAD
OSBWRITE
OSCLOSE
OSCLOSE
OSOPEN
OSREAD
OSWRITE
PAGE
PASSCOM
PASSCOMMON
PCPERFORM
PERFORM
PRECISION
PREVIOUS
PASSLIST
PRINT
PRINTERR
PROCREAD
PAUSE
PRINTER
PRIOR
PROCWRITE
PROGRAM
PROMPT
PWR
QUOTE
RAISE
READ
READBCK
READBCKL
READBCKU
READFWD
READFWDL
READFWDU
READL
READLIST
READNEXT
READNEXTTUPLE
READONLY
READSEQ
READT
READU
READV
READVL
READVU
READWRITE
READXBCK
530
OPEN
READXFWD
RECORDLOCKED
RECORDLOCKL
RECORDLOCKU
RELATIVE
Reserved words
Reserved words
RELEASE
REM
REMOVE
REPEAT
REPLACE
RETURN
REUSE
RESIZET
RETURNING
REWIND
RND
RNDSEED
RQM
RTNLIST
SADD
SCMP
SDIV
SELECT
SELECTINDEX
SELECTINFO
SEND
SENDX
SEQ
SETINDEX
SETROW
SETTING
SEQS
SETMARK
SETTABLE
SIN
SLEEP
SMUL
SOUNDEX
SPACE
SPACES
SPLICE
SQRT
SQUOTE
SSUB
STATUS
STEP
STOP
STR
STRS
SUBROUTINE
SUBSTRINGS
SUM
SWAP
SYNC
SYSTEM
TIME
TIMEDATE
TAN
THEN
TIMEOUT
TO
TRIMB
TRIMF
TRIMS
UDTEXECUTE
UNASSIGNED
UNFILTERED
TRANSACTION
UNLOCK
UPCASE
USING
VERB
WAITING
TRIM
UNTIL
USE
VALIDATE.KEY
WAIT
WAKE
WEOF
WEOFSEQ
WHILE
WITH
WRITEONLY
WRITESEQ
WRITESEQF
WRITET
WRITEU
WRITEV
WRITE
WRITELIST
531
Appendix D: Reserved words
Reserved words
WRITEVU
XTD
532
XLATE
Appendix E: Commands affected by BASICTYPEs
and UDT.OPTIONS
This appendix lists the UniBasic commands and functions that behave differently or have different
syntax depending on the BASICTYPE or UDT.OPTIONS you have set at the time you compile the
program. For detailed information about how BASICTYPEs or UDT.OPTIONS affect a particular
command or function, see the documentation for that command or function in this manual.
For descriptions of BASICTYPEs, see the UniBasic $BASICTYPE command in this manual. For more
detailed information about UDT.OPTIONS, see the UDT.OPTIONS Commands Reference.
Command or
function
The BASICTYPE setting determines...
UDT.OPTIONS
$INCLUDE
Whether you can use INCLUDE for the
$INCLUDE command.
N/A
Whether the [] (square brackets) function can
entirely remove parts or all of a substring.
N/A
ABORT
Whether you can specify multiple messages
to display when the program aborts. The
BASICTYPE setting also determines whether
you can specify a message ID that evaluates
to a key in the UniData error message file.
8
CALLC
N/A
88
CHAIN
N/A
6, 11, 27, 40, 54
CLEAR
Whether the CLEAR command can set all
variables in unnamed common areas to 0.
N/A
COMMON
Whether zero elements are maintained in
arrays. The BASICTYPE setting also determines whether you can use the PASSCOM
option.
N/A
COUNT
Whether the COUNT function can find
overlapping character substrings in a string.
N/A
COUNTS
Whether the COUNTS function can find
overlapping character substrings in an array
of strings.
N/A
CRT
N/A
5, 46
DATA
N/A
11, 27
DEBUG
N/A
14
DISPLAY
N/A
5, 46
DIM
Whether excess data (including delimiters)
resulting from redimensioning an array can
be placed in position 0,0 of the dimensioned
array.
N/A
EBCDIC
Whether ASCII data is converted to EBCDIC
before it is written to tape.
N/A
ECHO
N/A
99
N/A
78
[]
ENTER
533
Appendix E: Commands affected by BASICTYPEs and UDT.OPTIONS
534
Command or
function
The BASICTYPE setting determines...
UDT.OPTIONS
EXECUTE
Whether commands are parsed by using the
11, 27, 35, 46, 93, 105
standard UniData parser or the P-type parser.
EXECUTESQL
N/A
35
FLUSH
N/A
46
FMT
How the data is formatted (in cases for which
the BASICTYPE setting can produce different
results).
N/A
FOOTING
N/A
34, 64
HEADING
N/A
32, 34
ICONV
Whether the ICONV function returns an
empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the
input value or conversion code is invalid.
56 (for ICONV D, also 60 and 82;
for ICONV MC, also 62)
ICONVS
Whether the ICONVS function returns an
empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the
input value or conversion code is invalid.
56
IN
N/A
46
INPUT
N/A
12, 18, 46, 65, 83
INPUT @
N/A
101
LOCATE
The number of array elements you can
include in a search and the search driven by
those elements.
85
MATPARSE
Whether excess data (including delimiters)
N/A
resulting from executing the MATPARSE
command can be placed in position 0,0 of the
dimensioned array.
MATREAD
Whether excess data (including delimiters)
N/A
resulting from executing the MATREAD
command can be placed in position 0,0 of the
dimensioned array.
MATREADL
Whether excess data (including delimiters)
N/A
resulting from executing the MATREADL
command can be placed in position 0,0 of the
dimensioned array.
MATREADU
Whether excess data (including delimiters)
N/A
resulting from executing the MATREADU
command can be placed in position 0,0 of the
dimensioned array.
MDPERFORM
N/A
35
OCONV
Whether the OCONV function returns an
empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the
input value or conversion code is invalid.
56 (for OCONV D, also 4 and 29;
for OCONV MD, also 13 and 63)
OCONVS
Whether the OCONVS function returns an
empty string if UDT.OPTIONS 56 is on and the
input value or conversion code is invalid.
56
Commands affected by BASICTYPEs and UDT.OPTIONS
Command or
function
The BASICTYPE setting determines...
UDT.OPTIONS
ON/GOSUB
Whether UniData bypasses the GOSUB clause
and executes the next program statement
(contingent on whether the expression in the
ON/GOSUB command is nonnumeric or less
than 1).
N/A
ON/GOTO
Whether UniData bypasses the GOTO clause
and executes the next program statement
(contingent on whether the expression in the
ON/GOTO command is nonnumeric or less
than 1).
N/A
PCPERFORM
N/A
35
PERFORM
Whether commands are parsed by using the
11, 27, 35, 46, 93, 105
standard UniData parser or the P-type parser.
PRINT
N/A
5, 46
PROCREAD
N/A
75, 102
PROCWRITE
N/A
75
READLIST
Whether you should use the READLIST or
READSELECT command to assign values in
an active select list to a dynamic array. The
BASICTYPE setting also determines whether
you can assign values in a select list, based
on an account other than the current one, to
a dynamic array. It also determines whether
you can use the SETTING clause to set the
number of elements in the select list to a
variable.
N/A
READNEXT
Whether you can assign the next record ID
23, 71
from an active select list, based on an account
other than the current one, to a variable.
It also determines whether you can use
the SETTING clause to set the number of
elements in the select list to a variable.
RECORDLOCKED
SELECT
N/A
35
RELEASE
N/A
78
N/A
SELECTINFO
Whether you can specify a numbered select
list (0–9) in the SELECT command.
What the -1 SELECTINFO function return
value means.
N/A
SLEEP
N/A
46
STOP
Whether you can specify multiple messages
to display when the program stops. The
BASICTYPE setting also determines whether
you can specify a message ID that evaluates
to a key in the UniData error message file.
8, 46
SYSTEM
N/A
100
535
Appendix E: Commands affected by BASICTYPEs and UDT.OPTIONS
536
Command or
function
The BASICTYPE setting determines...
UDT.OPTIONS
TRIM
Whether all leading and trailing spaces or
occurrences of a specified character are
removed from each element in a dynamic
array. For a simple string expression, any
BASICTYPE setting produces the same result.
N/A
UDTEXECUTE
N/A
35
Appendix F: Commands that set STATUS()
return values
This appendix lists the UniBasic commands and functions that set STATUS function return values and
describes each value.
Command or function
STATUS() return values
FILELOCK
0 – File locked successfully.
usernum – If the file was already locked, and if the LOCKED clause
was included in the FILELOCK statement, STATUS() returns the user
number of the process that locked the file.
FMT
0 – Successful completion.
1 – String expression is invalid or exceeds the allowable string size.
2 – Conversion code is invalid.
GETPTR
0 – Successful completion.
1 – No more rows exist.
2 – Other error.
ICONV
0 – Successful conversion.
1 – Invalid input data.
2 – Invalid conversion specification.
3 – Invalid date for “D” conversion code only.
5 – Null value if null value handling is turned on.
ICONV D
0 – Successful conversion of a valid date.
1 – Invalid input date.
2 – Invalid conversion specification.
3 – Date was converted correctly, but month and day were inverted in
input value.
ICONVS
0 – Successful conversion.
1 – Invalid input data.
2 – Invalid conversion specification.
3 – Invalid date for “D” conversion code only.
5 – Null value if null value handling is turned on.
537
Appendix F: Commands that set STATUS() return values
Command or function
STATUS() return values
MATWRITE
0 – Successful write.
1 – System error, such as a damaged file.
2 – Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
WRITE is not allowed.
3 – Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine
(for example, the trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
10 – Non-RFS files: WRITE created a duplicate alternate index key and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on; or WRITE failed because a duplicate value
exists in the index, and NO.DUPS was specified when the index was
created. RFS files: WRITE created a duplicate value in the index, and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
MATWRITEU
0 – Successful write.
1 – System error, such as a damaged file.
2 – Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
WRITE is not allowed.
3 – Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine
(for example, the trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
10 – Non-RFS files: WRITE created a duplicate alternate index key and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on; or WRITE failed because a duplicate value
exists in the index, and NO.DUPS was specified when the index was
created. RFS files: WRITE created a duplicate value in the index, and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
OCONV D
0 – Successful conversion of a valid date.
1 – The input date was invalid.
2 – The conversion code was invalid.
OPENSEQ
0 – The record does not exist.
1 – The file you specify is not a sequential-access file.
2 – The file does not exist.
3 – The READONLY clause was included in the command statement
and the record does not exist.
4 – An unknown error occurred (such as having too many files open or
permission problems).
OSBREAD
0 – The read was successful.
1 – The file name is invalid.
2 – Access is denied by the operating system.
3 – The file does not exist.
4 – An unknown error occurred.
OSBWRITE
0 – The write was successful.
1 – The file name is invalid.
2 – You do not have permission to access the file.
4 – The file does not exist.
538
Commands that set STATUS() return values
Command or function
STATUS() return values
OSCLOSE
0 – The file has closed successfully.
5 – The file did not close.
OSDELETE
0 – The file was deleted.
1 – The directory name is invalid.
2 – UniData cannot access the file (such as user does not have
permission).
4 – The file does not exist.
READ
0 – Successful read.
2 – A read error occurred.
READBCK
0 – Successful read.
10 – UniBasic found and read a duplicate alternate index key value,
and ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
READBCKL
0 – Successful read.
10 – UniBasic found and read a duplicate alternate index key value,
and ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
READBCKU
0 – Successful read.
10 – UniBasic found and read a duplicate alternate index key value,
and ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
READFWD
0 – Successful read.
10 – UniBasic found and read a duplicate alternate index key value,
and ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
READFWDL
0 – Successful read.
10 – UniBasic found and read a duplicate alternate index key value,
and ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
READFWDU
0 – Successful read.
10 – UniBasic found and read a duplicate alternate index key value,
and ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
READL
0 – Successful read.
1 – UniData was unable to read the record.
n – The record is locked. The user number of the user who locked the
record.
READT
0 – Successful read.
1 – End of file encountered.
2 – End of tape encountered.
3 – Tape not assigned.
4 – Parity error.
5 – Unknown hardware error.
6 – Other unspecified error.
539
Appendix F: Commands that set STATUS() return values
Command or function
STATUS() return values
READU
0 – Successful read.
1 – UniData was unable to read the record.
n – The record is locked. The user number of the user who locked the
file is returned in n.
RECORDLOCKED
n – The record is locked. The user number of the user who owns the
lock is returned in n.
0 – The record is not locked.
-1 – The file is NFA. Currently, RECORDLOCKED does not support NFA
files.
-2 – Invalid file type. file.var can contain the null value.
-3 – System error: unknown user.
SELECTINDEX
0 – The select list is loaded with alternate key values or record IDs for
the specified file.
1 – No alternate index key exists for this attribute using the name
specified. The select list is empty.
SETINDEX
0 – The alternate key specified exists.
1 – Error.
2 – The alternate key specified does not exist.
SUBROUTINE (Update
Trigger)
0 – No error.
1 – System error, such as a damaged file.
2 – Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
update or delete is not allowed.
3 – Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine
(for example, the trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
SUBROUTINE (Delete
Trigger)
0 – No error.
1 – System error, such as a damaged file.
2 – Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
update or delete is not allowed.
3 – Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine
(for example, the trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
TRANSACTION COMMIT
0 – The commit completed successfully.
1 – Transaction not started.
3 – Transaction cannot commit.
TRANSACTION START
0 – The transaction was started.
1 – The transaction was not started.
540
Commands that set STATUS() return values
Command or function
STATUS() return values
WEOF
0 – Successful read.
1 – End of file encountered.
2 – End of tape encountered.
3 – Tape not assigned.
4 – Parity error.
5 – Unknown hardware error.
6 – Other unspecified error.
WRITE
0 – Successful write.
1 – System error, such as a damaged file.
2 – Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
WRITE is not allowed.
3 – Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine
(for example, the trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
10 – Non-RFS files: WRITE created a duplicate alternate index key
and ECL DUP.STATUS is on; or WRITE failed because a duplicate value
exists in the index, and NO.DUPS was specified when the index was
created. RFS files: WRITE created a duplicate value in the index, and
ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
WRITET
0 – Successful read.
1 – End of file encountered.
2 – End of tape encountered.
3 – Tape not assigned.
4 – Parity error.
5 – Unknown hardware error.
6 – Other unspecified error.
WRITEU
0 – Successful write.
1 – System error, such as a damaged file.
2 – Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
WRITEU is not allowed.
3 – Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine
(for example, trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
10 – Non-RFS files: WRITEU created a duplicate alternate index key
and ECL DUP.STATUS is ON; or WRITEU failed because a duplicate
value exists in the index, and NO.DUPS was specified when the index
was created. RFS files: WRITEU created a duplicate value in the index,
and ECL DUP.STATUS is ON.
541
Appendix F: Commands that set STATUS() return values
Command or function
STATUS() return values
WRITEV
0 – Successful write.
1 – System error, such as a damaged file.
2 – Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
WRITEV is not allowed.
3 – Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine
(for example, trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
10 – Non-RFS files: WRITEV created a duplicate alternate index key
and ECL DUP.STATUS is on; or WRITEV failed because a duplicate
value exists in the index and NO.DUPS was specified when the index
was created. RFS files: WRITEV created a duplicate value in the index,
and ECL DUP.STATUS is on.
WRITEVU
0 – Successful write.
1 – System error, such as a damaged file.
2 – Constraint violation. In this case, the UniBasic trigger subroutine
returns a value of 0 in the parameter execstat, indicating that the
WRITE VU is not allowed.
3 – Trigger execution error or unexpected return from trigger routine
(for example, trigger subroutine is not cataloged).
10 – Non-RFS files: WRITEVU created a duplicate alternate index key
and ECL DUP.STATUS is ON; or WRITEVU failed because a duplicate
value exists in the index, and NO.DUPS was specified when the index
was created. RFS files: WRITEVU created a duplicate value in the
index, and ECL DUP.STATUS is ON.
542