Boat Survey

Transcription

Boat Survey

Artisanal Fishing Boats
in Seychelles
SFA/R&D/041
Artisanal Fishing Boats in Seychelles
Rondolph Payet
Seychelles Fishing Authority
October 1996
Artisanal Fishing Boats of Seychelles
Acknowledgements
This evaluation report has been made possible thanks to the contribution made by:
•
All the Fisheries Tecnicians involved: Godfrey Faure and Roby Gabriel. Samuel Pool
for creating the Data Entry Program
•
All boat owners and fishermen who co-operate with the SFA in obtaining the
necessary information.
II
Table of contents
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 1
2. HISTORY ................................................................................................................................................. 2
3. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 2
4. THE ARTISANAL FISHING FLEET: BOAT SURVEY DATA ....................................................... 5
4.1 FISHING METHODS .................................................................................................................................... 8
4.2 PIROGUES ................................................................................................................................................. 9
4.3 WOODEN BOAT WITHOUT OUTBOARD ..................................................................................................... 10
4.4 MINI MAHE ............................................................................................................................................. 11
4.5 OPEN WHALER ....................................................................................................................................... 12
4.6 WHALER WITH DECK............................................................................................................................... 12
4.7 LEKONOMI .............................................................................................................................................. 13
4.8 LAVENIR ................................................................................................................................................. 14
4.9 NOUVO LAVENIR .................................................................................................................................... 15
4.10 SCHOONERS .......................................................................................................................................... 15
4.11 SEMI-INDUSTRIAL ................................................................................................................................. 16
5. ENGINE MAKE .................................................................................................................................... 17
6. DISCUSSION OF BOAT CENSUS DATA ......................................................................................... 18
7. ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL DATA (CAS) .................................................................................... 19
8. REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................... 25
III
Abstract
The results of a census of fishing boats on Mahe, Praslin and La Digue are presented. In
total 437 boats were counted of which 278 were outboards with engine, 48 were open
whaler, 35 were pirogues, 25 were Lekonomi, 22 were schooners, 11 were semiindustrial so were lavenir, 12 were ‘others’, 8 were whaler with deck, 4 were Nouvo
lavenir and 3 were wooden boats without engines.
The details are discussed to
understand the characteristics of the artisanal fishing boats.
An analysis of the historical data follows. The number of pirogues and schooners
decreased from 1985 to 1995, whilst the number of whalers have increased. Outboards
on the other hand had remain relatively stable. The changes in the number of boats are a
result of interaction between the available near shore and offshore fishery resource and
the develpoment of commercial opportunities, social and economic constrains and the
effects of the fisheries policies.
IV
1. Introduction
Seychelles Fishing Authority (SFA) conducts a Catch Assessment Survey (CAS) on the
3 main granitic islands: Mahe, Praslin and La Digue. The purpose of the survey is to
document fish catches by the artisanal fishing fleet. It is based upon a statistical frame
(The boat-frame) which describes the boats and gears employed. The CAS is designed
in such a way that the frame is automatically updated at most important sites. However,
secondary sites are less frequently visited and less detailed information are gathered.
SFA in the past has conducted two similar surveys; 1987 (undocumented) and Mees
(1989). Mees (1989) results showed a total of 595 fishing boats 156 inactive, and 439
active fishing boats of which there were 156 pirogues, 196 outboards, 68 whalers and 19
schooners.
The present report updates and provides a detailed description of the Seychelles artisanal
fishery fleet.
1
2. History
Seychelles was not populated until the eighteenth century. Fishing for demersal and
semi-pelagic species was confined to coastal areas near centres of population and today
is concentrated around granitic islands and expanding offshore as fishing pressure
increases inshore. The coralline islands are sparsely inhabited and local exploitation will
have minimal impact (MRAG, 1996). Seychelles schooner fishery is relatively recent,
dating back to 1974, to allow fishing on the offshore banks and periphery of Mahe and
Amirantes Plateau.
Foreign mothership-dory operations were licensed to fish
in the Amirantes, Cosmoledo and Providence and Farquhar between 1974-1977. From
the mid 1980’s the whalers have increasingly targeted demersal fishery and development
in the schooner fishery since that time have resulted in more efficient vessels with
greater range and improved means of exploiting the demersal resources.
Mees (1989) describes the fleet structure. Briefly, the number of outboards and pirogues
have decreased with time but the policy of promoting inboard powered vessels led to
considerable increases in the number of whalers rather than schooners. MRAG (1996)
indicated that this shifted fishing pressure from coastal reefs slightly but did not achieve
the objective of increasing effort at more distant fishing grounds, in fact causing an
increase in fishing pressure in the near-shore areas. The introduction of the new La
Digue vessels in 1991 was not entirely successful and the promotion of the offshore
demersal fisheries remains a problem due to socio-economic and technological factors.
The Cygnus vessels being the latest attempt (1994) to address the problem, however, are
experiencing certain mechanical problems.
3. Methodology
A survey of fishing boats occurring on the islands of Mahe, Praslin and La Digue was
conducted from March to June 1996. The landing sites are described as East Mahe,
North East Mahe, West Mahe, North West Mahe, North East Praslin, North West
Praslin and La Digue.
Boat types in the survey were as follows:
2
•
Pirogue
Traditional wooden vessel used with oars or like a punt.
•
Wooden boat without outboard
These are wooden boats, that resemble pirogues
•
Mini Mahe with outboard
Vessels (approximately 16 ft) with a fibre glass hull powered by an outboard
motor (5-40Hp). They were first produced in Seychelles in 1971. In 1985 the Fisheries
Policy discouraged the use of outboards motors and encouraged inboards engines, and a
decision was made not to grant further loans for mini-Mahe and out boards except under
exceptional circumstances.
•
Lekonomi
Lekonomi are simulated clinker vessels constructed in fibreglass 6.5 metres long
with round bilge transom stern, and a small forward cabin with three bunks. They are
fitted with a sloop ring and a mid-ship ice box, and equipped with a 13 Hp cylinder
Yanmar water-cooled engine. Production started in 1988. The objective of introducing
the lekonomi was to allow it to slowly replace the existing Mini Mahes, this has not
however, been the case.
•
Whaler with deck
Traditional wooden clinker constructed boats with inboard engines. They are
partially decked for the purpose of accommodating the crew.
•
Open whaler
Traditional wooden clinker constructed vessels (range from 25 to 35 ft) with
inboard engines which have been in operation since the early sixties. They are undecked
but may have a small fore-deck for storage. Whalers are utilised mainly for daily fishing
trips and carry a crew of about seven fishermen. In recent years some whaler have also
being equipped with icebox to do overnight trips. The boats are equipped with a 2
cylinder diesel engine.
•
Lavenir
Lavenir are 8.75m fibreglass boats with a round bilge and transom at the stern.
There is a small forward cabin with 4 bunks and a large cockpit athwartships with an icebox and are equipped with a two cylinder 27 Hp engine. They usually employ handline
and fish with a crew of 3. Construction began in 1988.
•
Nouvo Lavenir
3
A lavenir extended in length and modified primarily to increase fishhold
capacity and fishermen comfort and sea worthiness.
•
Schooner
The fishing schooner is a wooden hull decked vessel usually 10 to 13 metres long
and equipped with a three cylinder diesel engine. Schooner are usually manned by a
crew of three to five and they usually fish the banks and the periphery of the Mahe
plateau and the Amirantes. They do trips up to ten days and have an icebox capacity of
two to three tonnes. A variety of designes exist.
•
Semi-industrial
This constitutes of the multi-purpose Cygnus vessels, Etelis, St.Michel, Taurus
and the five longline vessels. Usually the vessels are over 12 metres.
•
Others
This category are vessels not specifically defined in the Boat Survey(any other).
This includes aluminium boats wooden boats with outboards or any other modified
vessels.
The survey did not enumerate the number of Foot fishermen and those managed by the
Seychelles Fishing Authority. However, the survey may have included to a minor extent
certain inactive fishing boats. The degree of fishing activity was defined as; Full Time:
The boat goes out fishing from three or more days each week; Part Time: Any day trip
boat making less than three trips per week and No information : for a boat where its
status could not be established.
4
4. The Artisanal Fishing Fleet: Boat Survey data
In total 457 fishing boats were counted for Mahe, Praslin and La Digue. This compares
with 360 boats operating during 1995, calculated from the mean number observed each
month (Table 2). Data indicating the number of boats from the Boat Frame (CAS) and
boats census compares favourably. Differences can be explained by :
•
data from the secondary sites are not updated in the boat frame.
•
the number of boats operating on a monthly basis fluctuates.
The number of boat types per strata is indicated in table 1.
Table 1: Summary of boat details.
E.Mahe
Ekonomi
Lavenir
Nouvo Lavenir
Mini Mahe
Pirogue
Schooner
Whaler /Deck
Open Whaler
Wooden Boat /no
engine
Others
Semi-industrial
Total
2
0
0
41
9
0
1
7
1
N.E
Mahe
9
8
2
45
2
18
4
30
1
3
0
64
1
11
131
W.Mahe
N.E
Praslin
1
2
0
55
15
3
0
2
1
N.W
Praslin
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
La Digue
Total
5
1
1
45
5
1
2
6
0
N.W
Mahe
8
0
1
43
3
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
35
1
0
0
2
0
25
11
4
278
35
22
8
48
3
3
0
69
1
0
58
3
0
82
0
0
14
1
0
39
12
11
457
The greatest number of artisanal fishing boats are mini-Mahe with outboards (278) and
open whaler (48). Followed by pirogues (35), Lekonomi (25), schooners (22), others
(12), Lavenir (11), Semi-industrial (11), Whaler with deck, (8), Nouvo Lavenir (4) and
wooden boat without engine (3). Most boats are located on Mahe (320 or 70%), then
Praslin (96 or 21%) and La Digue (39 or 9%). In relation to population size the greatest
density of boats occur on La Digue (population 1,990, 1 boat per 51.03 people), then
Praslin (population 5,722, 1 boat per 59.6 people), and Mahe (population 66,134, 1 boat
per 206.6 people) but most boats on La Digue are small boats and have a lesser fishing
power to those located on Mahe. The total population of Seychelles was 74,331 in 1994
of which 199 were living on Silhouette and 286 on the outer islands. The present survey
5
did not enumerate the fishing boats on the outer islands however, since their population
represents only 0.65% of total, the boats numbers are likely to be equally small.
The geographical distribution of the boats enumerated in the survey is indicated in
Figure 2, 3 and 4 .
Table 2: Historical data (boat in operation) from the Catch Assessment Survey
(CAS).
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Pirogues
125
162
148
135
117
85
82
87
73
42
42
Outboards
222
209
182
180
171
176
203
198
202
182
189
Whaler
37
53
60
70
81
86
90
95
94
95
92
Schooner
21
21
24
21
16
16
21
13
9
9
11
Longline
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
Sport
7
5
5
4
4
7
6
6
1
0
0
Total
412
450
419
410
390
370
402
399
379
328
337
Data from the CAS relating to the number of boats on Mahe, Praslin and La Digue are
available since July 1985. During the 12 year period the number of boats rose from 419
in 1987 to 402 in 1991 and declining thereafter to the present levels fluctuating slightly.
Pirogues followed a decreasing trend. Outboards decreased from a peak (222) in 1985
due to changes in the Fisheries Policy, but increased after 1990 (203) and stabilising
thereafter. Schooners showed a continuous decline, whilst whalers showed an increase,
though relatively stable. It is important to note that the survey categorised these boats in
more detail compared to the CAS.
4.1 Fishing Methods
Table 2 illustrates the gear types employed by the different boats. Its seems that gear
changeability is common across the vessels spectrum. This is a consequence primarily
the weather conditions (SE and NE trade winds).
Lekonomi utilises either handline, diving, net or trap. Handline is however, common to
all lekonomi. Lavenir and Nouvo lavenir use solely handline. Mini Mahe shows the
highest degree of interchangeability of gear to suit the conditions. Handline was the
8
most common method, followed by trap, then gill netting (shark or mackerel) and diving
(during lobster fishing season and octopus) and crab. Pirogues utilise mainly handline
and trap, but are also engaged in diving and net fishing (beach seine) to suit the
prevailing conditions. Schooner utilised handline almost exclusively with the odd one
changing to crab or gillnetting. Whaler with deck utilise solely handline, whilst, open
whaler though uses handline as the main method do switch to net and crab fishing.
Wooden boat without outboard fished inside the reef, thus handline and trap are as
expected. Semi-industrial vessels utilised handline, dropline and longlining and crab
with some degree of changeability in gear. These vessels are specialised and purposely
built to fish the targeted species. ‘Others’ category are vessels not defined in the boat
survey thus fishing methods utilised vary.
To summarise, the degree of changeability of gear decreases as boat sizes increase; that
is, boats become more specialised and target a particular species. In addition, handline is
the most common fishing method across the boat spectrum .
Table 3: Gear types employed by boats.
Crab
Diving
Dropline
Handline
Longline
Net
Onfoot
Trap
Lekonomi
0
3
0
25
0
1
0
1
Lavenir
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
Nouvo-Lavenir
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
Mini Mahe
1
32
0
251
0
32
0
124
Pirogue
0
6
0
28
0
7
0
27
Schooner
1
0
0
21
0
1
0
0
Whaler/deck
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
Open whaler
0
1
0
48
0
0
0
3
wooden/no engine
0
0
0
2
-
0
0
3
Others
1
2
0
14
0
1
0
4
Semi industial
2
0
4
4
4
1
0
0
4.2 Pirogues
Table 4 indicates the results of the boat survey in relation to pirogues. 35 boats were
counted of which 19 (54.3%) were found on Mahe, 15 (42.8%) on Praslin and 1 (2.9%)
on La Digue. Relative to the population size the number of pirogues was higher on
9
Praslin than elsewhere. A greater number of pirogues were part-time (21) than were full
time (12). Most were traditional pirogues (82.8%) or wooden boats. However, there
was 1 pirogue constructed entirely out of fibreglass, 3 made of wood combined with
fibreglass and 1 of steel. Non of the pirogues employed an ice box. Fishing range of
pirogues are usually between 1 to 10 miles.
Table 4: Pirogues survey details.
Total boats
Construction
Fibre Glass
Steel
Wood
Wood &Fibre glass
Activity
Full time
Part time
Ice Box
Yes
No
Engine : Horse power.
Range
Mahe
19
Praslin
15
La Digue
1
Total
35
1
0
15
3
1
1
13
0
0
0
1
0
2
1
29
3
8
10
5
10
0
1
12
21
1-3 mile
1-10 miles
1-3 miles
4.3 Wooden boat without outboard
Table 5 indicates the results relating to wooden boats without outboard.
boats were counted, 2 located on Mahe and 1 on Praslin.
A total of 3
As its name describes it is
made of wood and uses paddles or like a punt as means of propulsion. Only 2 boats are
engaged in full time fishing activities. Their fishing range is restricted to less than 3
miles and thus operates solely in the lagoon.
Table 5: Wooden boat without out board
Total boats
Construction
Fibre Glass
Steel
Wood
Wood &Fibre glass
Mahe
2
Praslin
1
2
1
La Digue
Total
3
3
10
Activity
Full time
Part time
Ice Box
Yes
No
Engine : Horse
power.
Range
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
1-3 miles
1-3 miles
1-3 miles
4.4 Mini Mahe
Table 6 indicates the details relating to Mini Mahe. A total of 278 boats were counted of
which 174 (62.8%) are located on Mahe, 69 (24.8%) on Praslin and 35 (12.6%) on La
Digue. Most are engaged in full time fishing activity (59.5%) and that applies for all the
islands.
Table 6: Survey details for Mini Mahe.
Total boats
Construction
Fibre Glass
Steel
Wood
Wood & Fibre glass
Activity
Full time
Part time
Ice Box
Yes
No
5-15
16-25
26-50
> 50
Range
Mahe
174
Praslin
69
La Digue
35
Total
278
170
1
2
1
69
0
0
0
35
0
0
0
274
1
2
1
112
57
29
36
19
16
160
4
170
0
67
0
35
4
272
6
133
26
0
1->30 miles
9
56
3
0
1- >30miles
0
33
2
0
1- >30 miles
15
222
31
0
Fibreglass was the most common construction material - 98.6% of the boats. The
remainder were constructed of steel, wood, and wood and fibreglass. The most common
engine size were in the range 16-25 Hp. (81.6 %), followed by engines in the range 2650 Hp.(11.4%). The fishing range is extended to over 30 miles and this partly explains
the high variability in the fishing methods utilised.
11
4.5 Open Whaler
Table 7: Survey details for Open Whaler.
Total boats
Construction
Fibre Glass
Steel
Wood
Wood &Fibre glass
Activity
Full time
Part time
Ice Box
Yes
No
Engine Horse power.
5-15
16-25
25-50
>50
Range
Mahe
44
Praslin
2
La Digue
2
Total
48
3
0
32
9
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
3
0
35
10
43
0
2
0
2
0
47
0
42
1
1
1
2
0
45
2
5
0
35
1
10->30 mile
1
0
0
0
10->30 mile
0
0
2
0
10->30 miles
The results of the survey relating to traditional open whaler are presented in table 7. A
total of 48 boats were counted. 44 (91.6%) open whalers occured on Mahe - and 62.5%
of these are located in Victoria (N.E Mahe) alone - 4.2% occured on both Praslin and La
Digue. All the boats are engaged in full time fishing activity and that applies for all the
islands.
Most were constructed from wood (73%), except for two constructed of fibreglass. 10
open whalers were recorded as being constructed of wood and fibreglass however, this
might be a result of an attempt to repair them.
All open whalers were equipped with an inboard engine. Not being visible little detail
was obtained on engine size but they are generally in the range 20-37 Hp. In fact 77.1%
of the engines were in the range 26 -50 Hp.
4.6 Whaler with deck
Table 6: Survey details for Whaler with deck.
12
Total boats
Construction
Fibre Glass
Steel
Wood
Wood &Fibre glass
Activity
Full time
Part time
Ice Box
Yes
No
5-15
16-25
26-50
>50
Range
Mahe
7
Praslin
1
La Digue
0
Total
8
4
0
3
4
1
4
7
1
8
7
0
1
8
0
0
5
2
>30 miles
1
0
0
0
>30 miles
Table 6 indicates the details relating to whaler with deck. Most of the boats were located
on Mahe - 7 (87.5%) with 1 (12.5%) on Praslin. All are engaged in full time fishing
activities.
4 “whaler with deck” were constructed of wood and the others of fibreglass. Whaler
with deck are modified open whalers, as a result they have increased their fishing
distances and days spent at sea. All decked whalers are equipped with inboard engines
and the engine sizes are usually in the same range as that of the open whaler. Most
engines are in the range of 26-50 Hp except for 1 (5-15 Hp) and 2 above 50 Hp.
Fishing range extends to over 30 miles.
4.7 Lekonomi
Table 7 details the information relating to Lekonomi. The boat survey counted 25 boats.
96% of the Lekonomi were located on Mahe and 4 % on Praslin. Except for two boats
on Mahe, they are all engaged in full time fishing activities. Most engine size were in
the range 5-15 Hp (95.8 %) and 1 in the range 26-50 Hp. Fishing range extends from 10
to 30 miles. Except for one boat on Mahe, all had ice boxes and that applies for all the
islands.
Table 7: Survey details for Lekonomi.
13
Total boats
Construction
Fibre Glass
Steel
Wood
Wood &Fibre glass
Activity
Full time
Part time
Ice Box
Yes
No
5-15
16-25
26-50
>50
No information
Range
Mahe
24
Praslin
1
La Digue
0
Total
25
24
1
25
21
2
1
23
2
23
1
1
24
1
22
0
1
1
0
0
10-30 miles
10-30 miles
1
10-30 miles
4.8 Lavenir
Table 8 details the information relating to Lavenir. 11 boats were counted - 9 located on
Mahe and 2 on Praslin. Compared to the 1989 survey this has increased by 7 . All the
boats were constructed from fibreglass and include an ice box. All are engaged in full
time fishing activities. The engine sizes are in the range of 27 to 39 Hp inboard engines
and fishing range is over 30 miles.
Table 8: Survey details for Lavenir
Total boats
Construction
Fibre Glass
Steel
Wood
Wood & Fibre glass
Activity
Full time
Part time
Ice Box
Yes
No
Mahe
9
Praslin
2
9
2
11
9
2
11
9
2
11
14
La Digue
Total
11
26-50
>50
Range
9
2
> 30 miles
> 30 miles
> 30 miles
4.9 Nouvo Lavenir
Table 9: Survey details for Nouvo Lavenir
Total boats
Construction
Fibre Glass
Steel
Wood
Wood &Fibre glass
Activity
Full time
Part time
Ice Box
Yes
No
26-50
>50
Range
Mahe
4
Praslin
La Digue
Total
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
> 30 miles
Table 8 indicates the results relating to Nouvo Lavenir. The survey only counted 4 boats
all located on Mahe and constructed of fibreglass. They are engaged in full time fishing
activities and have ice boxes with their fishing range over 30 miles. Engine size ranges
from 26-50 Hp (50%) and >50 Hp (50%).
4.10 Schooners
Table 9 details the results relating to schooners. The history of the Schooner fleet is
described briefly in Parker (1988).
22 schooners were counted and probably this
includes non-active boats, since the CAS recorded only 11 (mean number of boats per
month) in 1995. All Schooners are engaged in full time fishing activities. Apart from 3
on Praslin, all schooners operate from Port Victoria. The engine size ranges from 26-50
Hp (68.2%) and 18.2 % over 50 Hp. Some uses a combination of sail and engine. All
are equipped with ice boxes of 2 to 3 tonnes.
Table 9: Survey details for Schooners
15
Total boats
Construction
Fibre Glass
Steel
Wood
Wood &Fibre glass
Activity
Full time
Part time
Ice Box
Yes
No
16-25
26-50
>50
No information
Range
Mahe
19
Praslin
3
La Digue
4
Total
22
4
15
2
1
17
1
19
3
22
19
3
22
0
14
4
1
0
> 30 miles
> 30 miles
3
> 30 miles
4.11 Semi-industrial
In total 11 semi-industrial boats were counted. Steel and fibreglass construction was
common among the vessels. Longline vessels are constructed of steel, whilst the cygnus
vessels, St Michel and Etelis are of fibreglass. Taurus, a La Digue-made boat was
constructed of wood.
All had inboard engines ranging from 145 Hp to 500 Hp. Cygnus vessels utilise almost
exclusively dropline and gillnetting , the latter being no longer used. The most recent are
the longline vessels fishing for swordfish and tunas. Fishing range extends over 30 miles.
Figure 10: Survey details for semi-industrial
Total boats
Construction
Fibre Glass
Steel
Wood
Wood &Fibre glass
Activity
Full time
Part time
Ice Box
Yes
No
Range
Mahe
11
Praslin
0
La Digue
0
Total
11
5
5
1
5
5
1
11
11
11
11
145-500 Hp
over 30 miles
16
Table 11: Survey details for “Others”
Total boats
Construction
Fibre Glass
Steel
Wood
Wood &Fibre glass
Activity
Full time
Part time
Ice Box
Yes
No
Engine : Horse
power.
6-15
16-25
>50
Range
Mahe
8
Praslin
3
5
La Digue
1
Total
12
1
6
1
1
3
4
1
3
5
1
2
1
3
5
2
1
3
1
1
4
3->30 miles
1-3 miles
Table 11 details the information relating to ‘others’.
5. Engine make
17
20 miles
5
7
3
8
160
Number of engine
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Poyand
Bodwin
Lister
Seagull
Evimrude
Iveco
Ford
Mariner
Fiat
Beaudouin
Mitsubishi
Perkin
Suzuki-K
Suzuki
Johnson
Yanmar
Yamaha-K
Tohatsu
Yamaha
Engine make
Figure 2: Engine Make of the artisanal fishing fleet.
Figure 3 shows that the most common used engine are Yamaha (36.6%),Yanmar
(26.2%), Tohatsu (20.3%), and Yamaha-Kerosene (9.6%). In total there are 19 different
engine make in the Seychelles Artisanal fishing fleet. No information was obtained for
31 vessels; excluding pirogues and wooden boats without engine.
6. Discussion of boat census data
The present survey has usefully recorded the number of boats on Mahe, Praslin and La
Digue and has provided information on the characteristics of the artisanal fishing fleet.
It is impossible to correlate this information to the Catch Assessment Survey (CAS)
since different categories were used. No information was obtained on the number of
inactive boats.
License Numbers: In theory all commercial fishing boats are required to be licensed. In
practice this is not the case.
The execution of not only the CAS but also other
monitoring activities conducted by SFA would be greatly simplified if this requirement
were to be enforced.
Ice boxes: These are a necessity for larger boats undertaking trips of several days.
However, even on trips of only few hours duration considerable deterioration of fish is
known to occur if they are not iced. It is important to encourage the use of ice in
18
outboards and whalers so as to provide a better value product and possibly increase
returns to fishermen.
It is recommended that such survey is conducted at least every two years to allow better
management of the artisanal fishing fleet and further our knowledge on the fishing fleet
dynamics.
7. Analysis of Historical data (CAS)
Yearly data from the Catch Assessment Survey (CAS) relating to the number of boats on
Mahe, Praslin and La Digue is available since 1985. Data from 1985 to 1995 is shown in
Table 2.
19
Table 12: Unweighted least squares linear regression of number of boats Vs time (19851995) for Mahe, Praslin and La Digue.
Boat
Coefficient - R
St. Error
P-Value
Result
Outboard
0.00495
7.68
0.829
No significant increase
Pirogue
-0.03509
0.0219
0.061
No significant decrease
Schooner
-0.09432
0.0994
0.379
No significant decrease
Whaler
0.07834
0.0296
0.038
Significant increase
Total
-9.027
1.94
0.001
Significant decrease
Regression analyses conducted on the data represented in Table 2 indicates that there
was no significant increase in the number of outboards and no significant decrease in the
number of schooners and pirogues. However, whalers showed a significant increase.
Overall there has been a significant decrease in the number of vessels. Scatter plots of
yearly data (figure 2 to 6) illustrates the trends.
Vessel category definitions used in the CAS
Pirogues: A boat without or with an outboard engine of less than or equal to 15 Hp.
Outboard: A boat with an outboard engine greater than 15 Hp.
Whaler/Inboard: An undecked or partially decked boat with an inboard engine.
Schooner: A fully decked boat with an inboard engine.
20
500
Total Number of Boats
470
y = -9.0273x + 18355
2
R = 0.7047
440
410
380
350
320
290
260
230
200
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Year
Figure 3: Scatter plot for total number of boats
180
Number of Pirogues
160
y = -11.373x + 22732
2
R = 0.8643
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
Year
Figure 4: Scatter plot for pirogues
21
1994
1996
250
Number of outboard
200
150
100
y = -1.3182x + 2815.4
2
R = 0.0766
50
0
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
Year
Figure 5:Scatter plot for outboards.
120
Number of Whaler
100
80
60
y = 5.4909x - 10849
40
2
R = 0.842
20
0
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Year
Figure 6: Scatter plots for whaler
22
1993
1994
1995
Number of Schooner
25
20
15
10
y = -1.4x + 2802.5
5
0
1985
2
R = 0.7365
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Year
Figure 7: Scatter plot for schooner.
Prior to 1986 there were few controls over the artisanal fishery and it developed
primarily to meet the demands of the local market, fuelled by the tourist industry. The
development of Seychelles Marketing Board (SMB) Fish Division in 1984 at the fishing
port to provide modern fish handling, processing, and storage facilities throughout
Seychelles (SMB Collection Centres) increased the opportunities of the artisanal
fishermen, however, these centres dissolved or sold/leased out to Fish Mongers in 19931996.
Pirogues have decreased partly because of the fishing pressure on the inshore fishing
grounds coulped with social and economic constrains; that is fishermen no longer find
fishing in lagoons and inshore areas profitable. Though outboards have not increased
significantly strict management (especially mini Mahe) is recommended. The policy of
promoting inboard powered vessels have led to considerable increases in the number of
whalers rather than schooner. Instead of shifting the fishing pressure at more distant
fishing grounds, in fact caused the increase of fishing pressure in the near-shore
locations. However, some whalers (decked), are increasingly fishing on the edge of the
Mahe plateau, particular to the west and south-west close to Mahe. The decrease in the
number of schooners is explained by the economic availabilty (Parker, 1988) and the fact
that the existing fleet is aging and suffers considerable form of mechnical and structural
23
fault. The stable, if not declining trend in numbers indicate the lack of new boats to
replace those leaving the fishery. The new generation schooners ( Variola, Taurus,
Verseau,) have not been taken up by the fishing sector the same way as the new whaler
design (lavenir, Nouvo lavenir, whaler with deck, etc) have been adopted and Tarbit
(1987) suggest that their high capital cost is unattractive given the fact that these designs
have had little advantage over the existing fleet in their ability as fishing vessels. Bach
(1988) also suggested that sociological factors are important in explaining the tendency
for fishermen to readily take up the new designs whalers and not those of schooners.
Although the Seychelles Government has had extremely favourable loan agreements to
enable fishermen purchase larger vessels such as schooners, it has resulted in the
opposite, an increase in whalers.
In addition to the effect of increased commercial opportunities and fishery policy, the
state of exploitation of available resources will also affect boat numbers.
24
8. References
Anon, (1995). Seychelles Artisanal Fisheries statistics for 1995, SFA/R&D/039, 89pp.
Bach, P. (1988) Activites des embarcation impliquees dans la pêche a la ligne à main
aux Seychelles, SFA/R&D/010, 25pp.
Mees, C. C. (1989). Artisanal Fishing Boats of Seychelles, SFA/R&D/011, 49pp.
MRAG, (1996). The Status of Seychelles Demersal Fishery Technical Report. ODA
Fish Management Programme - The Management of Tropical Multi-Fisheries Project,
R5484, 261pp.
Parker, D. (1988). The Future of the Schooner Fishery problem of financial viability
and recruitment of fishermen. SFA, 26pp.
Tarbit, J. (1987). Demersal Fisheries Development in Seychelles and the evaluation of
new fishing vessels design and operating strategies. Consultancy Report, ODA.
25

Boat Survey

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