REPORT Baseline survey for monitoring and evaluating the

Transcription

Better Rice Initiative Asia (BRIA)
Sustainable Management of Rice production systems through
introduction of improved Technologies (SMART)- Vietnam
REPORT
Baseline survey for monitoring and evaluating the
impact of PPP model on large-scale rice field
production in 3 provinces Dong Thap, Kien
Giang, and Hau Giang
Implemented by:
Hoàng Vũ Quang
Nguyễn Tiến Định
Hoàng Minh Huy
Ha Noi, December 2015
i
Contents
List of Table ....................................................................................................................... iv
List of Figure ..................................................................................................................... vii
List of abbreviation ......................................................................................................... viii
Executive summary ........................................................................................................... ix
I. Context, objective and methodology of baseline survey .............................................. 1
1.2 Objective ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 3
1.3.1. Sample ................................................................................................. 3
1.3.2. Data collection method ........................................................................ 4
1.3.3 Method of data treatment ...................................................................... 4
II. General characteristics of rice production in three surveyed provinces ................. 5
2.1. Planting area and production volume ........................................................................ 5
2.2. Use of rice variety and application of sustainable rice production process ............... 6
2.3. Linkage in production-consumption with large scale rice field ................................. 7
III. Characteristics in rice production in 3 PPP models ................................................. 7
3.1. Characteristics in rice production in PPP model in Dong Thap ................................ 7
3.2. Characteristics of rice production in PPP model in Kien Giang ................................ 8
3.3. Characteristics of rice production in PPP model in Hau Giang ................................. 9
IV. Characteristics of households enregistered in PPP model ..................................... 10
4.1. Demographic chracteristics ...................................................................................... 10
4.2. Poverty and income of HH ...................................................................................... 12
4.3. Households’ experience in rice production .............................................................. 14
4.4. Rice arable land size of HHs .................................................................................... 15
4.5. Supply source of seeds, inputs for rice production of HHs ..................................... 17
V. Current situation of rice production practices of HHS involved in PPP models .. 19
5.1. Area of rice plot enregistered in LSRF based PPP model ....................................... 19
5.2. Application of sustainable rice production process ................................................. 19
5.3. Technology and technique applied in rice production ............................................. 20
5.3.1. Seed rice............................................................................................. 20
5.3.2. Technical practices in rice production ............................................... 21
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5.3.3. Using fertilizers and chemicals.......................................................... 23
3.3.4. use of family labor in rice production ............................................... 25
VI. Economic efficiency of rice production of HHs ....................................................... 28
6.1. Productivity .............................................................................................................. 28
6.2. Rice production cost ................................................................................................ 29
6.3. Profit of rice production ........................................................................................... 33
VII. Linkage in rice production and rice commercialization ....................................... 35
VIII. Practices in rice production and environmental protection ............................... 40
IX. Difficulties and supporting needs for rice producer households ........................... 43
X. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 44
References.......................................................................................................................... 46
Annex: Tables of data analysis ........................................................................................ 47
iii
List of Table
Table 1: Place and survey sample .................................................................................. 4
Table 2: Rice production in 3 surveyed provinces ......................................................... 6
Table 3: Gender and age of head of household ............................................................ 11
Table 4: Education level of head of household (%) ..................................................... 11
Table 5: Percentage of poor and near poor HH in PPP model ..................................... 12
Table 6: Annual income of HHS in PPP models .......................................................... 12
Table 7: Experience of HHs in rice production ............................................................ 14
Table 8: Percentage of HHs are participated in rice production technique training .... 15
Table 9: Rice production size of HHs .......................................................................... 16
Table 10: Supplying source of inputs for rice production of HHs ............................... 17
Table 11: Percentage of HHs satisfying to quality of seed rice, inputs supplied by
agencies ........................................................................................................................ 18
Table 12: Form of payment for buying input from agencies ....................................... 18
Table 13: Area (ha) of HH’s rice plot registered in PPP model ................................... 19
Table 14: Percentage of HHs applying SRP process ................................................... 19
Table 15: Percentage of rice varieties planted in Winter – Spring crop 2015 ............. 20
Table 16: Use of seed rice of HHs in PPP models ....................................................... 21
Table 17: Application of machines in rice production and harvest .............................. 23
Table 18: Quantity of fertilizers used in rice production in Winter - Spring crop 2015
...................................................................................................................................... 24
Table 19: Cost of fertilizers, chemicals in rice production in Winter - Spring crop
2015 .............................................................................................................................. 25
Table 20: Number of family working days per hectare of cultivating rice .................. 26
Table 21: Using hiring services of HHs for rice production ....................................... 27
Table 22: Rice production cost in Winter – Spring crop .............................................. 30
Table 23: Rice production cost in Winter – Spring crop .............................................. 31
Table 24: Profit of rice production in theWinter – Spring crop 2015 .......................... 34
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Table 25: Profit of rice production in the crop of Summer - Autumn 2015 ............... 35
Table 26: Linkage and rice selling in the crop of Summer - Autumn 2015 ................. 36
Table 27: Reasons HHs are not pleased to present paddy marketing .......................... 38
Table 28: Kinds of supports that HHs receive from linkage partner in rice production
...................................................................................................................................... 39
Table 29: Kind of support for HHs from trading company having linkage with HHs 39
Table 30 : Channels provide guiding on environmental protecion to HHs ................. 40
Table 31: Percentage of HHs understand completely about regulation of application
plant protection chemicals. ........................................................................................... 41
Table 32 : Methods of treatment package of plant protection chemicals of HHs ........ 42
Table 33: Percentage of HHs wash sprayers after sprying at different place .............. 43
Table 34: Percentage of HHs have difficulty in rice production .................................. 43
Table 35: Supporting need of rice producer households (% HHs)............................... 44
Table 36: Application of machine in rice production and harvest in Dong Thap
province ........................................................................................................................ 47
Table 37: Appication of machine in rice production and harvest in Kien Giang
province ........................................................................................................................ 48
Table 38: Use of machine in rice production and harvest ............................................ 49
Table 39: Percentage of rice varieties Cutivatted in the Summer - Autumn crop 2015
...................................................................................................................................... 50
Table 40: Economic efficiency of 2 main rice varieties in Kien Giang model ............ 51
Table 41: Economic efficiency of main rice varieties in Dong Thap model ............... 52
Table 42: Economic efficiency of 2 main rice varieties in Hau Giang model ............. 53
Table 43: Quantitty of seed rice for sowing of some main varieties cultivated in
Winter – Spring crop .................................................................................................... 54
Table 44: Quantity of seed rice for sowing of some main varieties cultivated in
Summer – Autumn crop ............................................................................................... 54
Table 45: Cost of input materials in crop Summer - Autumn 2015 ............................. 55
Table 46: Annual income of HH .................................................................................. 56
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Table 47: Percentage of HHs apply the sustainable rice production in Winter - Spring
crop 2015 ...................................................................................................................... 57
Table 48: Percentage of HHs apply the sustainable rice production in Summer Autumn crop 2015 ........................................................................................................ 57
Table 49: Percentage of HHs apply machines in rice production ................................ 60
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List of Figure
Figure 1: Income structure of HHs ............................................................................... 13
Figure 2: Structure of income from rice crops ............................................................. 13
Figure 3: Quantity of seed rice uses for sowing by hand and by machines ................. 22
Figure 4: Percentage of services that HHs hire in the stages of rice production.......... 28
Figure 5: Rice productivity (wet paddy) of Winter - Spring crop 2015 and Summer Autumn crop 2015 ........................................................................................................ 29
Figure 6: Structure of rice production cost in the Winter - Spring crop 2015 ............ 31
Figure 7: Structure of rice production cost in the Summer - Autumn crop 2015 ........ 32
Figure 8: Cost price of 1 kg dried paddy in Winter-Spring and Summer–Autumn crops
...................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 9: Percentage of HHs have contract for selling their paddy ............................. 37
Figure 10: Selling prices of wet paddy in Winter - Spring and Summer - Autumn
crops.............................................................................................................................. 37
Figure 11: Percentage of HHs wear personal protevtive equipment when spraying
plant protection chemicals ............................................................................................ 41
Figure 12: Methods of treatment package of plant protection chemicals of HHs ....... 42
Hình 13 : Percentage of hiring external production service of HHs in Dong Thap
model ............................................................................................................................ 58
Hình 14: Percentage of hiring external production service of HHs in Kien Giang
model ............................................................................................................................ 58
Hình 15: Percentage of hiring external production service of HHs in Hau Giang model
...................................................................................................................................... 59
Hình 16: Selling price of paddy of some main varieties in 3 provinces ...................... 61
Hình 17: Production cost of 1 kg paddy of some main varieties in 3 provinces .......... 61
Figure 18: Rice productivity of some main varieties cultivated in 3 models ............... 62
vii
List of abbreviation
Abbreviation
Meaning
1M5R
1 Must - 5 Reduction
3R3I
3 Reduction- 3 Increase
AEC
Agriculture Extension Services
Coops
Cooperative
DARD
Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
FG
Farmer Group
HH
Household
LSRF
Large scale rice field
LSF
Large scale field
PPC
Plant protection chemicals
PPP
Public – Private Partnership
SRP
Sustainable Rice Production
VietGAP
Good Agriculture Practice of Vietnam
viii
Executive summary
Principal objective of this survey is to collect the information, data aiming to
service to monitor and evaluate the implementation progress and the impact of the
Better Rice Initiative Asia (BRIA). This report presents current technology,
production practices, access to services of the individual households (HHs) in 3 large
scale rice field (LSRF) based PPP model in three provinces Dong Thap, Kien Giang
and Hau Giang. The evaluation in this report covered two rice crops including Winter
- Spring 2014-2015 and Summer - Autumn 2015. The results are based on direct
survey of 300 producer households in three provinces (100 HHs in each province) and
throughout in-depth interview, meetings with public agencies related to rice
production in three provinces. Some key findings are following:
-
In three provinces, the rice area that participated in LSRF in linkage with trading
companies is still low, less than 10% of total planting area. The difficulties in
signing contract to sell high quality rice and limited role of coops and FGs are
reasons of this shortcomings.
-
On average, HHs have been cultivating rice for about 23 years. More than 80% of
HHs cultivate rice above 10 years.
-
Above 90% of HHs in the models in Kien Giang and Hau Giang province cultivate
high quality rice varieties. In Kien Giang, main rice variety that HHs planted is
OM4900 while the major variety in Hau Giang is OM5451. In Dong Thap model,
more than 85% of HHs grow rice variety that is normal quality IR50404. The HHs
in Kien Giang have been supporting from LSRF model which is implementing by
provincial Agriculture Extension Center. The HHs in Hau Giang model have
cooperation with a private company in producing high quality rice while in Dong
Thap model, HHs plant rice without cooperation with company and do not receive
any supports from LSRF model.
-
About 50% of HHs plant high quality variety and use certified seeds. Approximate
40% of HHs applied sustainable rice production (SRP) process such as 1M5R,
3R3I, VietGAP. Approximate 80% of HHs were trained on rice production
practices
-
Some works in rice production is majority mechanized such as tillage, harvest,
irrigation, drainage. The works doing mainly by hands are weeding, fertilizing, and
eliminating exotic species. The works that are partly mechanized are sowing,
spraying plant protection chemicals (PPC).
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-
The HHs mainly purchase fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, and other
chemicals from input agencies and buy in credit with more than 70% of used input.
-
Majority of HHs apply machines, chemicals and external production services, thus
the family labor involved in rice production is very few, only 13 working days for
one hectare.
-
Rice productivity in the Winter – Spring crop is higher than the Summer – Autumn
crop. The productivity in Winter - Spring crop fluctuates from 7.4 to 8.2 ton/ha
(average: 7.9 ton/ha). The productivity in Summer – Autumn crop varies from 5.0
to 6.4 tons/ha (average: 6.0 ton/ha).
-
The rice production cost in Winter - Spring crop in three provinces is averagely
VND 17.5 million/ha (fluctuating from 17.0 to 17.8 million/ha). Of which, the cost
of seed rice represents 8.5%, fertilizer 25.3%, plant protection chemicals 22.5%,
production services 40.7% and other cost 3.1%.
-
The mean of rice production cost in Summer - Autumn crop in three provinces is
about VND 17.3 million/ha (fluctuating from 16.7 to 17.7 million/ha). Of which,
the cost of seed rice occupies 8.3%, fertilizers 25.8%, plant protection chemicals
21.7%, production services 40.0% and other cost 2.8%.
-
There is not significant difference in total production cost as well as in cost
structure for one hectare planting rice between two crops of Winter – Spring 2015
and Summer – Autumn 2015.
-
The production cost of one kilogram of paddy in Winter – Spring crop is 2,000
VND/kg and is 2,700 VND/kg in Summer – Autumn crop. The reason explains
this difference is that the productivity in Winter – Spring crop is higher than
Summer – Autumn crop while the production cost per hectare is not different.
-
In the same crop, the selling prices of paddy produced by HHs in Kien Giang and
Hau Giang models are higher from 7% to 17% than of the HHs in Dong Thap
model. The reason is that the HHs in Dong Thap model cultivated mainly normal
quality rice varieties while in two provinces Kien Giang and Hau Giang, the HHs
planted major high quality rice varieties.
-
75% of HHs were trained on the application of safety methods of environmental
protection in rice production. Majority of HHs applied the recommended methods
to protect the environment.
x
-
Presently, the most difficulties of rice producers are the unstable of rice price, the
lack of companies engaged to buy HHs’ paddy in long-term and high price of
input. Therefore, the most need of HHs is stably engaged to buy their paddy.
-
The profit from rice production occupies a big part in total annual income of HHs
in all three models. in Kien Giang and Dong Thap provinces, it contributes more
74% of total annual income of HHs, and this percentage is 64% in Hau Giang.
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I. Context, objective and methodology of baseline survey
BRIA project aims to “improve livelihood of farmers through sustainable
developing rice production system toward ecology and enhance linkage with high
quality product market in three provinces in the Mekong Delta Dong Thap, Hau Giang
and Kien Giang. The targets of project are:
1. At least 3,000 rice farmers in three provinces apply recommended successfully
tested smart rice cultivation systems. (bi-annual assessments based on farmer
interviews, indicator fulfilled by end of the project)
2. Developed concepts for smart rice cultivation systems show 20% gross margin
increase through enhanced productivity and/or reduced application of
agricultural inputs (indicator fulfilled: 20% gross margin increased on
demonstration sites, Source of Verification: gross margin calculation)
compared to farmers’ current practice
3. Suitable and appropriate rice standards for quality markets have been
developed and officially approved (documentations on standard development,
indicator to be fulfilled by end of the project)
4. At least 270 tons of high quality rice (according to the new rice standard) were
produced in each of the three provinces (Baseline: 0 tons at pre-project
conditions, indicator to be fulfilled by end of the project)
5. Concepts for the successful implementation of public-private-partnership
projects have been developed and submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development. (documentations, minutes of meetings, indicator to be
fulfilled by end of the project)
For these objectives, BRIA project support three provinces Dong Thap, Hau
Giang and Kien Giang in running pilot models of PPP in the linkage in production to
sale of large-scale rice field. This PPP model has charactersistics as follow:
-
Farmers produce rice in the large-scale field using same rice seeds and follow
same technical process of cultivation.
-
Paddy output is purchased by enterprises
-
Farmers are trained and apply technical proress of substainable planting and
effectiveness in order to increase farmer’s income, reduce enviromental
pollution and ensure the health of producers thierself and of comminity.
1
-
Producing paddy with higher quality and has quality certificate.
This model will be started in winter-spring rice crop 2015 – 2016 and it is
planned to implement in two years (ending in Autumn – Winter crop 2017). To
implement this model, BRIA project provides support activities, including:
-
Support farmers using certified rice seed which is quality guaranteed and has
higher quality.
-
Trainning and providing guidance to farmers in application technical process
of sustainable cultivation.
-
Support linkage in production and sale of rice between enterprises and
famers
-
Providing support for activities of cooperative in order to provide more
services to its member.
In order to evaluate the impact of the project, it is necessary to conduct a
baseline survey aiming to collect initial information before project implementation. It
will allow to quantify the impact of project before and after intervention.
1.2 Objective
The overall objective of this baseline survey is to collect data and information
before the intervention of BRIA project aiming to monitor and evaluate the
implemention and impact of the project (mid term and project end evaluation).
Concretely, the collected data and information will focus on the indicators allowing
for monitoring and evaluating the achievement of the first objective of BRIA project
that is “At least 3,000 rice farmers in three provinces apply recommended successfully
tested smart rice cultivation systems (bi-annual assessments based on farmer
interviews, indicator fulfilled by end of the project).
The collected data and information have to allow to monitor and evaluate the
change in the cultivation system (manifested in cultivation saison, technical
application,..), access to services, performance of rice production and contribution to
the environmental protection.
Specific objectives:
- Build the baseline database for monitoring and doing mid-term and project end
evaluation.
2
- Identifying the difficulties and supporting need of cooperatives, farmer groups
and rice producers in the implementation of the large scale rice production model.
1.3. Methodology
1.3.1. Sample
The survey is implemented with rice producer households that will participate
into value chain-based PPP model in rice production supported by BRIA project. The
sample in three provinces Dong Thap, Hau Giang, and Kien Giang is 300 rice
producer households, of which each province has100 households.
Sampling method:
The steps of selection of surveyed households in each province are following:
(i) Identifying the total households of every cooperative (coops) or farmer group
(FG) registered the participation into rice PPP model of province. The number of
housholds to be selected in each coops/FG is equal the percentage of household of the
coops/FG enregisterd in rice PPP model en comparison to total number of household
in province enregisterd in rice PPP model of province.
(ii) Make a list of rice producer hoseholds involved in PPP model of every
coops/FG. The criteria to choose the household in the list are: (i) HH enregistered in
PPP model of BRIA project; (ii) HH is cultivatingrice on their area (land area is
distributed or renting, hiring) and is local resident, living in commune (it does not
select the HH coming from other communes, but bought, rent or hired rice land in
survey commune to produce rice car it is difficult to make an appointment with them
for the interview).
(iii) If the list of rice HH is less than 100 per province, other HHs having the
potential in invoving to PPP model in near furtue will be seleted in order to assure that
100 rice HHs in every province will be surveyed.
(iv) Divide the total of rice HHs in the established list of each coops/FG to total
number of sample in each coops/FG (number of HHs identified in step (i)) to fix
sampling coefficient (t). The first HH for the survey is the first HH of the list and next
survey HH are 1 +1t, 1+2t,…, 1+nt.
Moreover, the information about coops and FG are collected throughout the
direct inteview towards the direction of coops or FG.
3
Table 1: Place and survey sample
#
1
2
3
Province
Kien Giang
Hau Giang
Dong Thap
Name of coops /
FG
Number of
surveyed HH
Total HH involved
in PPP model
FG Phước Hảo
50
62
FG Phước Tân
40
51
Other HHs
10
Total
100
113
FG 1
27
58
FG 2
40
88
FG 3
16
28
FG 4
17
35
Total
100
210
Coops Bình Hiệp B
100
172
300
495
Total
1.3.2. Data collection method
Collecting information/data from rice producer HHs: Direct interview rice HH
producer with closed questionnaire sheet. The collected information are about HHs’
characteristics, rice production practices, use of inputs and services in rice production,
performance of rice production, environmental protection, etc. The interviewees is the
person who understand well rice production and make the decision in rice production
(the interviewees may mot be head of HH) in order to collect the information exactly.
Coops and FGs: the open questionnaire is use for intervewing the Coops’
Director and Chief of FG to collect the information about: the characteristics,
activities of coops/FG, as well as activities, plans of coops/FG in near future, etc.
1.3.3 Method of data treatment
The data from HH survey are entered by Microsoft Access software, and then
are processed by Stata software with version 13.
In rice production, there is big difference between HHs about supplying source
of inputs, used labors and services. The HHs can use input produced by themselves or
buy from local market, use of family labor or hire labor, or hiring service. To avoid
4
these differences in use of inputs and services, the rice production cost is calculated
based on following principles:
-
-
-
All inputs and services, including those produced by HHs themselves or
bought or hired are taken into account to calculate the cost.
Family labor is remunerated at average local rate applied for activity that HH
implements. For example, if HHs sows rice by themselves, the cost for
sowing is cost if HH have to pay for hiring labor to do it.
The inputs produced by HHs are calculate equal with market price if HH
have to buy them.
The cost does not include the interest of loan if HH have to borrow money
for rice production because majority of HH buy on credit the input from
input agencies.
The cost does not include fee of renting land in case HHs rent land for
planting rice.
In this report, the data analysis is come from the survey of 300 HHs in three
PPP models in three provinces. Therefore, the results only reflect current situation in
rice production in three models, but not for rice production of province as a whole.
In this report, the term “head of HH” represent for interviewee whi well
understand rice production and make the decision in rice production of HHs.
II. General characteristics of rice production in three surveyed provinces
2.1. Planting area and production volume
All of three provinces have big planting area and production volume, especially
Kien Giang and Dong Thap province. Rice is cultivated in three crops: Winter Spring, Summer - Autumn, and Autumn - Winter. However, the Winter - Spring crop
and Summer – Autumn cop are main crops with cultivated area is more than crop of
Autumn - Winter. The cultivated area in the Autumn - Winter crop is reduced because
some area is flooded and have huge risk of failure if cultivating rice, so HH do not
cultivate rice. In three crops, the Winter - Spring crop gives the highest productivity,
more 7.2 tons/ha, then Summer - Autumn crop and the lowest productivity is Autumn
– Winter crop.
5
Table 2: Rice production in 3 surveyed provinces
Item
Area
(1000 ha)
Productivity
(tons/ha)
Production
(1000 ton)
Crop
Dong Thap
Hau Giang
Kien Giang
Winter - Spring
207.4
80.0
307.3
Summer - Autumn
198.3
77.1
300.3
Autumn - Winter
122.4
49.8
75.5
Whole year
528.2
206.9
683.2
Winter - Spring
7.2
7.3
7.3
Summer - Autumn
5.7
5.8
5.6
Autumn - Winter
5.4
4.6
5.5
Whole year
6.3
6.3
6.3
Winter - Spring
1,497
619
2,228
Summer - Autumn
1,158
446
1,669
662
229
396
3,317
1,294
4,293
Autumn - Winter
Whole year
Source: DARD of provinces Kien Giang, Dong Thap, and Hau Giang, 2015.
2.2. Use of rice variety and application of sustainable rice production process
Several high quality rice varieties have been introducing in production as
OM6976, OM5451, OM7347, OM2517, GKG1, Jasmine85, and OM4900. In Kien
Giang province, the cultivated area planted high quality rice variety accounts for 70%,
and 40% in Hau Giang province.
The sustainable rice production (SRP) process as 1 must 5 reduction (1M5R), 3
reduction 3 increase (3R3I), VietGAP have been introducing in production, but
mainly at pilot model and have not yet scaled up. In Kien Giang province, the
application of VietGAP in rice production is only on 1470 ha, in Dong Thap province
is 100ha. VietGAP has not been applied in Hau Giang province. In Hau Giang, the
process 3R3I is applied on about 40% of high quality rice area. However, this
application is not strict, such as only reduce volume of fertilizer and chemicals, but
not reduce the quantity of seed rice used.
6
2.3. Linkage in production-consumption with large scale rice field
In 2014, Kien Giang province implemented the model of large scale rice field
(LSRF) in linkage to companies with rice area of 9,833.2 ha, representing 1.9% of
total annual rice area. In 2015, Provincial Agriculture Extension Center implemented
13 models of LSRF with area of 1470 ha.
In Hau Giang province, in 2014 the area of LSRF is 1758.28 ha, representing
0.85% of total rice area of whole province. The participation into LSRF and linkage to
companies is the coops (5) and FGs (30). The area of LSRF increase rapdily in the
crop of Winter - Spring 2014-2015 with the area of 5146 ha, representing 6.8% of
total rice area of the crop. In the crop of Summer - Autumn 2015, the area of LSRF is
also nearly 5000 ha.
Dong Thap is province where the movement of rice production on LSRF is
relatively strong of Mekong delta. In the crop of Winter - Spring 2014-2015, the
linkage with companies in rice production – consumption is implemented on 11,048
ha (representing 4% of total rice area of province). In the Summer – Autumn crop, the
linkage with companies in rice production – consumption is 8820 ha (representing
2.9% of total rice area of province).
The percentage of rice area under LSRF model and linkage with companies is
low. There are several reasons. An important reason of those is that the companies
lack of stable markets. To link with rice producers, the companies have to invest a part
of seeds, fertiliser and chemical substance for rice producers and have to invest to
build warehouses, drying system, etc while the companies lack of capital and are
difficult to access to credit. The lack of producer’s effictive organizations (as coops,
FGs) also limits the capacity of companies in the linkage wih rice producer HHs.
III. Characteristics in rice production in 3 PPP models
3.1. Characteristics in rice production in PPP model in Dong Thap
The PPP model in LSRF in Dong Thap province is implemented at the
cooperative named Bình Hiệp B, in Lap Vo district. The coops has 106 members with
322 ha of rice area belongs to its members. The charter capital of coops is VND 150
millions (about USD 7500) . The coops has 3 irrigation service teams with 25
technical staff. The coops have not reregistered as required in the Law on cooperative
2012. The management board of the coops includes cooperative manager, deputy of
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manager, head of control board. Although the managing board of the coops have
many experimence years in managing and operativing coops, they only educated at
secondary level and are not ability to use computer and internet access. The coops has
one accountant who has vocaltional degree.
The main activities at survey year are to give irrigation service for rice to its
members and to other HHS in commune. In addition, the coops cooperates with
companies aiming to sell the paddy of its members. The coops has linked to
companies as Võ Thị Thu Hà (in 2012-2013), Phát Tài (2014-2015, and finished at the
end of 2015). From 2014 to Sept 2015, the coops links to Cuu Long Delta Rice
Research Institute in producing seed rice with the area of 45 ha (30 ha of coops
members and 15 ha of HHs outside coops).
The LSRF based PPP model piloted in Bình Hiệp B is implemented with area of
215ha belong to 173 HH, in which 70 HHs is members of coops. Presently, the HH in
the model do not apply any collective practice cultivation process and mainly use the
rice variety IR50404, a variety with low rice quality. When participating into PPP
model, the HHs will use the rice variety with high rice quality as required by
companies that links to coops ( for example, Jasmine85).
Participation in the PPP model in the project, the coops is expected to receive
following supports:
- Support Coops re-registration to conformity with the Law on coops 2012. The
financial support is about VND 10 million;
- Training and capacity building for Coops on administration of coops, linkage to
access market;
- Training and guiding production techniques for HHs participating in the PPP
model in the project.
- Support water pumper to Coops to enable Coops provide irrigation services.
The co-financial contribution is the project contribute 70% and Coops contrbute
30%.
3.2. Characteristics of rice production in PPP model in Kien Giang
The PPP model will be implemented on base of LSRF model supported by
Agriculture Extension Center (AEC) of Kien Giang province in commune of Mỹ
Phước. The HHs in LSRF model is using the same variety OM4900 with high rice
quality and the seed rice is certificated quality. The HHs have trained the rice practice
process of 3R3I, 1M5R, VietGAP. About 70% HHs apply the process 1M5R and 3R3I
8
and about 50% HHs apply process VietGAP1. The LSRF does still not apply the same
and unique rice practice process.
The LSRF based PPP model will be piloted in 2 FGs as Phuoc Tan and Phuong
Hao. FG Phuoc Tan, formed in nearly 2015, has 51 members, the total rice area
enregistered in PPP model is 116.8 ha. FG Phước Hảo formed in nearly 2014, has 62
members, the total rice area enregistered in PPP model is 116.2 ha. Presently, the 2
FGs have only some services as receiving the seeds and fertilizers from the State’s
support and redistributed them to their members. Both of FGs are not officially
registered by Commune People Committee and do not have clear orientation of
operation.
The HHs in LSRF model sell their paddy to Kien Giang Agriculture Product
Trading Joint Stock Company (KiGiTraco). However, the company only buy their
paddy, but not invest anything for HHs.
3.3. Characteristics of rice production in PPP model in Hau Giang
There are 210 HHs, with rice area of 249.97 ha, enregistered in LSRF-based PPP
model in Hau Giang province. These HHs belongs to 4 FGs (total member of all of
these 4 FGs are 232). Presently, the HHs in these FGS are using 2 varieties of high
rice quality named OM5451 and RVT as requested by private company.
The HHs enregistered in LSRF-based PPP model do not apply any collective
rice production proces. The reason is that the company only bought their paddy and
did not asked the HHs to apply the same rice production process. Ervery HH practices
rice production in baisis of technical instruction of agricultural services.
All of 04 FG formed in 2014, but they did not certificated by commune
authority. The reason are that these FGs are lack of charter, running regulation. These
4 FGs want to be form an coops on basis of merging these 4 FGs by following
reasons:
 The coops is legal entity, that is more favourabe for signing of contract
with the companies in linkage in production and marketing the produced
paddy. In addition, the coops is proactive in contracting to buy the inputs
for serving to their members at lower prices.
1
A HH can apply together some rice practice process on different rice plots.
9
 With formation of coops, it is easier for planing of crop schedule,
coordinating harvest plan between members in order to fit to company’s
capacity in buying, drying, and storing.
 The coops can receive the supports from State because there are presently
many support policies applied to agricultural coops while lack of supports
to FGs.
The services that FGS want to do when they can form the coops are following:
 Supplying seeds, fertiliser, chemical substance to HHs. The coops signs
direct contract with input supply companies to have lower price, then resell
them to their members.
 Seeking, discussing and signing the contract with companies to market
paddy for their members.
 Providing productiong service to members such as spray chemicals, soild
preparation, sowing, irrigation and draining water.
 Organizing a team for transporting paddy from rice field to boat or truck.
Presently, company pay for this transportation cost , but HHs must do it
themselves. If coops can organize this team, the transport of paddy is more
favourable to HHs. This team will receive transport cost paid by marketing
companies.
IV. Characteristics of households enregistered in PPP model
4.1. Demographic chracteristics
The interview answer is person who make decision in rice production of HH and
in this report this person is mentioned as “head of HH”. In survey sample, majority of
head of HH are male (92.3%). The percentage of head of HH being female is only
7.7%. The average age of head of HH is 50 year old. 58.6% of head of HH is in group
from 30 to 50 year old. Kien Giang is province having the highest percentage of head
of HH in group 30 – 50 years old (70%). Only 3.5% of head of HH have the age of
under 30 years old.
On evarage, a HH has 4.3 people, in which 3.1 persons is in the group of 16-70
years old and is doing different works. Each HH has about 2 persons involving in rice
production (representing 64% of family labor force).
10
Table 3: Gender and age of head of household
#
Criteria
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
% head of HH is male
92.0
89.0
96.0
92.3
2
% head of HH is female
8.0
11.0
4.0
7.7
3
Age of head of HH (year)
47.7
46.3
54.9
49.7
4
% head of HH of age less than 30
10.0
0.0
0.0
3.5
5
% head of HH of age of 30-50
60.0
70.0
44.4
58.6
6
% head of HH of age more than 50
30.0
30.0
55.6
37.9
7
Number of people per HH
4.8
3.9
4.2
4.3
8
Labor force of HH (people)
3.3
2.8
3.3
3.1
9
Number of family labor involving in
rice production
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.0
Source: Field survey, Oct 2015.
73.5% of head of HHs have the education from primary to secondary levels.
18.5% head of HHs have the education level of high school. The head of HHs with the
level of vocaitional training and more represent only 4.7%. 3.4% head of HH are
illiterate.
Table 4: Education level of head of household (%)
#
Level
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
Illiterate
6.1
3.0
1.0
3.4
2
From primary to secondary
85.7
70.0
65.0
73.5
3
High school
7.1
21.0
27.0
18.5
4
Vocational training
0.0
2.0
0.0
0.7
5
College
0.0
3.0
1.0
1.3
6
University and higher
1.0
1.0
6.0
2.7
11
4.2. Poverty and income of HH
The participation of poor and near poor HHs into LSRF-based PPP model is
very few (0.3% poor HHs and 2.0 near poor HHs) because these HHs do not have
arable land.
Table 5: Percentage of poor and near poor HH in PPP model
#
Category
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
Percentage of poor HH
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.3
2
Percentage of near poor HH
0.0
1.0
5.0
2.0
3
Percentage of non-poor HH
100.0
99.0
94.0
97.7
Average income of HH in Kien Giang PPP model is about VND 183 million,
nearly 2 time higher than income of HHs in PPP models in provinces of Dong Thap
and Hau Giang. The reason is that the rice area of HHs in Kien Giang is 2.5 times
higher than rice area of HHs in Dong Thap and Hau Giang.
Table 6: Annual income of HHS in PPP models
Unit: Million VND
TT
Thu nhập
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Chung
1
Total income
85,2
183,0
81,5
116,6
2
Income from rice production
63,1
148,4
52,6
88,0
3
Other income
22,1
34,6
28,9
28,5
Rice production contributes majority part to the income of HHs. Total annual
income of HHs is VND 116 million, in which rice production contributes 75.5%.
Thence, if income from rice production increase, the total income of HH will increase
significantly.
12
Figure 1: Income structure of HHs
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
17%
18%
1%
8%
20%
27%
5%
8%
81%
74%
Dong Thap
Rice production
76%
65%
Kien Giang
Hau Giang
Other Agricultural Activities
Total
Non-Agricultural Activities
In 3 crops, the Winter – Spring crop is the most important which contributes the
highest part (54.3%) into income from rice production of HHs. The Winter - Spring
crop usually has high productivity, high rice quality, and so it has higher sale price.
Figure 2: Structure of income from rice crops
100%
27.6
43.2
80%
60%
36.9
59.1
54.3
10.9
8.9
44.4
40%
20%
30
56.8
28
0
0%
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Autumn - Winter Crop
Hau Giang
Winter - Spring Crop
Total
Summer - Autumn Crop
13
4.3. Households’ experience in rice production
The HHs involves in LSRF-based PPP models have much experience in rice
production. On average, the head of HHs has 23 years of experience in rice
production. More 80% HHs has more 10 years of rice production. The HHs having the
rice experience less than 5 year only represent 4.4%.
Table 7: Experience of HHs in rice production
#
Item
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
Number of years in rice production
of HH
23.2
20.5
28.0
23.2
2
% HHs produces rice ≤ 5 years
6.1
6.2
1.0
4.4
3
% HHs produce rice in 5 – 10 years
10.2
13.4
11.1
11.6
4
% HHs produces rice ≥ 10 years
83.7
80.4
87.9
84.0
About training: 80.3% HHS are trained about technical practices in rice
production. The training content covers prevention and treatment to diseases and
insects, use of chemical substances to disease and insects, technique of application
fertiliser, technique of sowing seeds, and preparation of land. Nearly 50% HHs were
trained on process of rice production in way of saving and efficient use of fertiliser
and chemical substances as 1M5R, 3R3I. However, very few HHs are trained and
guided on rice production process of VietGAP. In summary, HHs have experience in
rice production, but the application of SRP with certificated rice quality is very few.
That relate to production reorganization, promote the HHs use together a collective
and unique rice production process. To do that, the role of coops and FGs needs to be
reenforced.
14
Table 8: Percentage of HHs are participated in rice production technique training
#
Indicator
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
% HHs are trained
71.0
80.0
90.0
80.3
2
% HHs are trained on plant
protection
58.0
54.0
72.0
61.3
3
% HHs are trained on
application fertilizer technique
63.0
47.0
69.0
59.7
4
% HHs are trained on seeding
technique
52.0
41.0
71.0
54.7
5
% HHs are trained on land
preparation technique
37.0
36.0
67.0
46.7
6
% HHs are trained on 1M5R
43.0
66.0
29.0
46.0
7
% HHs are trained 3R3I
47.0
30.0
70.0
49.0
8
% HHs are trained on VietGAP
6.0
37.0
5.0
16.0
9
% HHs are trained on other
techniques
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.7
4.4. Rice arable land size of HHs
The rice planting area in crops are different. In PPP model in Dong Thap,
planting area is relatively similar in all of 3 crops. Meanwhile, in the models in Kien
Giang and Hau Giang, the Winter – Spring and Summer – Autumn crops have higher
cultivation area, the Autumn - Winter crop has planting area lower than 2 others. In
Kien Giang, the HHs do not plant rice in the Autumn – Winter crop because LSRF
based PPP model is piloted in flooded area in raining season where famers can only
cultivate rice in 2 crops as Winter - Spring and Summer - Autumn.
96% of HHs in Kien Giang and Hau Giang use high quality rice varieties. The
reason is that in Kien Giang, the LSRF based PPP model is piloted in commune where
the LSRF pilot model of province were implemented, therefore nearly all of HHs have
used high quality rice varieties (OM4900) as recommended by provincial AES. In
Hau Giang, the PPP model will be implemented in the commune with FGs that have
been contracting with a company on buying rice produced by FGs. HHs in FGs
cultivate fragrant rice and high quality rice as requested by the company. Therefore,
15
100% HHs in PPP model of Hau Giang plant fragrant rice variety. It also explains
90% HHs in the models in Kien Giang and Hau Giang use certificated seed rice for
cultivation.
In Dong Thap, less than 45% HH uses high quality variety because the HHs in
this model are freely producing rice and selling their paddy. They have not had
linkage with company and they also are not in the region where LSRF model of
province is implementing. Majority of HHs cultivate normal quality rice IR50404
(over 70%). Many HHs plant IR50404 variety because it has been cultivating for a
longtime in Mekong delta due to its high disease resistance, short duration variety,
easy-care and high yield. In contrast, fragrant varieties are easier disease susceptible
and require more care than IR50404 variety.
Table 9: Rice production size of HHs
Crop
Unit
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
1,000 m2
14,2
0,7
3,9
Area of high quality rice
%
36,6
0,0
100,0
Area using certificated seed
varieties
%
52,8
0,0
92,3
Production of dried paddy2
1000 kg
7,9
0,0
2,0
Total planting area
1000 m2
14,2
34,5
13
%
41,5
96,5
100,0
varieties
%
52,1
81,7
91,5
Production of dried paddy
1000 kg
11,7
27,8
10,0
Total planting area
1000 m2
14,3
34,5
13
%
37,1
100,0
99,2
varieties
%
49,7
89,9
91,5
1000 kg
9,8
22,5
7,1
Indicator
Total planting area
Autumn
- Winter
Winter Spring
Summer
Autumn
Production of dried paddy
2
Paddy with humidity ≤14%, meet standard for storage.
16
All of 3 provinces, planting area in Winter – Spring crop is larger than two other
crops because Winter – Spring crop has favorable condition for rice development,
lower probability to be contracted a disease, higher productivity and higher economic
effectiveness than 2 other crops. Consequently, the HHs try to produce rice with
maximum possible area in the Winter – Spring crop.
4.5. Supply source of seeds, inputs for rice production of HHs
The HHs use seed rice from different sources as self-produced, from their coops,
from company having linkage to HHs, and from input agencies. In which, majority of
HHs buy seed rice from input agencies.
In Dong Thap, the percentage of HHs buying the seed rice from input agencies
and supplied by company is low, so the percentage of HHs in this model using
fragrant and certificated seed rice is lower than HHs in PPP models in Kien Giang and
Hau Giang.
Table 10: Supplying source of inputs for rice production of HHs
Kind of
Input
Province
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Seed rice
Hau Giang
Total
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Fertiliser
Hau Giang
Total
Dong Thap
Crop
Kien Giang
protection
Hau Giang
agents
Total
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Other inputs
Hau Giang
Total
HH selfproduced
From
coops
From
company
From
input
agencies
63.0
12.0
14.0
29.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
4.0
1.33
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.0
7.0
48.0
19.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
39.0
95.0
36.0
56.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
29.0
59.0
1.0
29.7
100% of HHs buy fertilizers and crop protection agents from input agencies.
None of HHs are supplied fertilizers and crop protection agents from their coops/FGs
17
or from companies. Other inputs are also supplied by input agencies. Over 95% of
HHs satisfy with the quality of inputs materials (seed rice, fertilizers, crop protection
agents) supplied by input agencies. It is possible to say that input agencies play an
important role in supplying seed rice, fertilizers and chemical agents for rice
production of HHs and HHs can buy all necessary input from input agencies.
Table 11: Percentage of HHs satisfying to quality of seed rice, inputs supplied by
agencies
#
Kind of input
Dong Thap Kien Giang Hau Giang
Total
1
Seed rice
97.6
94.7
97.4
95.6
2
Fertilisers
98.0
93.0
99.0
96.7
3
Chemical agents
97.9
92.9
100.0
96.9
The HHs can pay for input agencies by 3 ways: i) HH pays immidiately when
buying and receiving the inputs; ii) HH buys in credit the input and pays at the harvest
time; iii) HH pays immediately a part when receiving input and pays remain at the
harvest time. In Dong Thap and Hau Giang, 75% of HHs buy in credit the entire input
and pay at harvest time. This percentage in Kien Giang is 26%. 27% of HHs in Kien
Giang pay immediately when receiving input, this percentage is 2 time higher than
Dong Thap and Hau Giang. The HHs that buy in credit have to pay higher price than
HHs that pay immediately. The price gap is dependent on price policy of each input
agency and the kind of input. Normaly, the price gap between paying immediately and
buy in credit is between 5% - 10%.
Table 12: Form of payment for buying input from agencies
Unit: % HHs
#
Form of payment
Dong Thap
Kien Giang Hau Giang
Chung
1
Payment immediately
when receiving input
13
27
12
17
2
Total payment in later
75
26
75
59
3
Use both forms
(immediate and late)
12
47
13
24
Total
100
100
100
100
18
V. Current situation of rice production practices of HHS involved in PPP
models
5.1. Area of rice plot enregistered in LSRF based PPP model
On average, a HH the participates into PPP model with rice area of 1.1 ha in
Dong Thap, 1.3 ha in Hau Giang and 2.2 ha in Kien Giang. The medium and rich HHs
(in Hau Giang and Kien Giang) have plot’s area larger than poor and near poor HHs.
Table 13: Area (ha) of HH’s rice plot registered in PPP model
Poor HH
Near poor
HH
Other HHs
Total
Dong Thap
-
-
1.1
1.1
Kien Giang
-
1.5
2.3
2.2
Hau Giang
0.9
0.7
1.3
1.3
Total
0.9
0.8
1.6
1.6
Province
5.2. Application of sustainable rice production process
About 40% HHs in 3 provinces, who registered to participate in PPP models,
have been applying SRP process as 1M5R, 3R3I. Some HHS have applied VietGAP
process in rice production. However, the percentage is less than 20% of HHs.
Table 14: Percentage of HHs applying SRP process
#
SRP process
Winter – Spring crop
2015
Summer – Autumn crop
2015
1
1M5R
35.0
40.7
2
3R3I
41.7
42.3
3
VietGAP
9.0
17.0
4
Others
8.3
9.3
19
5.3. Technology and technique applied in rice production
5.3.1. Seed rice
The varieties used in 3 PPP models are totally different. In Winter – Spring crop
2015, HHs participated in PPP model in Dong Thap cultivated major IR50404 variety
(78% of HHs), the HHs in PPP model in Kien Giang planted mainly high quality rice
variety as OM4900 (86.9% of HHs), while OM5451 was most variety cultivated in the
PPP model in Hau Giang (86.0%). In Summer – Autumn crop 2015, HHs have been
also cultivated the same varieties like in the Winter – Spring crop.
Table 15: Percentage of rice varieties planted in Winter – Spring crop 2015
Unit: % of HHs
#
Varieties
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Hau Giang
1
IR50404
78,0
1,0
0,0
2
Jasmine85
6,0
8,1
0,0
3
LH8
1,0
0,0
0,0
4
OM4128
1,0
0,0
0,0
5
OM4900
0,0
86,9
14,0
6
OM5451
0,0
1,0
86,0
7
OM6976
14,0
1,0
0,0
8
OM9577
0,0
2,0
0,0
There is big difference between 3 PPP models in 3 provinces. In Kien Giang and
Hau Giang, while nearly 100% of HHS cultivate high quality rice varieties, in PPP
model in Dong Thap there is only 22% of HHs plant high quality rice varieties. The
reason is that the HHs in Dong Thap PPP model stay in location of less favorable for
cultivating high quality rice and there is also not company that engage to buy paddy
from HHs.
There is relatively strong correlation between HHs who plant high quality rice
variety and source of varieties where HHs buy seeds from. HHs who cultivate high
quality varieties use certificated seeds buying from seed producers who have official
20
certificate for seeds rice. . The HHs who plant high quality rice and certificated seed
rice also use quantity of seed lower than HHS using normal quality rice varieties or
seed rice produced by HH himself. For example, the HHs in Dong Thap’s PPP model
use 170 kg seed rice/ha while in Kien Giang and Hau Giang, the HHs use less than
150 kg/ha.
Table 16: Use of seed rice of HHs in PPP models
Indicator
Crop
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
% HHs use high
quality rice
varieties
Winter - Spring
22.0
99.0
100.0
73.6
Summer - Autumn
16.0
100.0
100.0
72.0
% HHs use
certificated seed
rice
Winter - Spring
47.0
77.8
89.5
71.1
Summer - Autumn
36.0
93.0
87.4
71.9
Winter - Spring
54.0
85.9
92.0
77.3
Summer - Autumn
48.0
96.0
88.0
77.3
Quantity of seed
Winter - Spring
rice (kg) used for 1
ha
Summer - Autumn
170.8
137.6
145.7
151.4
169.7
133.8
147.6
150.4
% HH buy seed
rice
5.3.2. Technical practices in rice production
a) Sowing seed practice
In the PPP model in three provinces, nearly 100% of HHs apply sowing
technique in rice production. Sowing seeds can be done by hands or by machines
(seeding machines, drum seeder). About 51% of HHs sow seeds manually. Using
seeding machines help to lower quantity of seed rice per hectare. In Dong Thap and
Hau Giang, the application of seeding machine saves more 20kg seed rice per hectare
than seeding by hands.
To improve seed germination rate, about 70% of HHs have used the chemical
agents for soaking seed rice in order to increase germination rate and vigour of rice
before sowing.
21
Figure 3: Quantity of seed rice uses for sowing by hand and by machines
106
HAU GIANG
149
127
KIEN GIANG
145
169
DONG THAP
192
-
50
100
150
200
250
kg/ha
Sowing by machine
Sowing by hand
b) Land preparation
Presently, nearly 100% of HHs use machine for land tillage. The land
preparation is done manually only in some works that are impossible to apply machine
such as field border reparation, land cleaning, etc.
c) Caring for rice
Nowadays, almost 100% of HHs use water pump to supply water from canals to
their field. Similarly, 100% of HHs apply herbicide to eliminate grass in rice field. In
case of application herbicides cannot eliminate grass completely, HHs remove grass
by hands. Herbicide is applied in all of 3 crops. The HHs mainly spread fertilizer by
hand and eliminate wild weed manually.
In rice production, HHs have to control exotic species in rice field. 66% of HHs
had to weed out exotic species and they did it manually. This work is impossible to
apply machine. To reduce time of eliminating exotic species, it needs to use quality
seed rice and plant same rice variety in all of crops.
Harvest was applied harvesting machine completely. Majority of HHs sell wet
paddy in the field just after harvesting. Thus, they do not have to transport their paddy
from field to their home and they also no need to dry paddy. Only 15% of HHs
transport their paddy from field to home.
22
Table 17: Application of machines in rice production and harvest
Unit: % HH
#
Technique
%
HHs
do it
Do
Using % HHs
Do
Using
manually machine do it manually machine
1
Use of germination
stimulant for soaking
seed
69.3
-
-
70.3
-
-
2
Tillage
99.0
12.3
99.0
98.7
11.3
98.7
3
Sowing seed rice
99.7
51.7
46.3
100.0
51.0
47.7
4
Irrigation
99.7
2.3
98.3
99.7
3.0
98.0
5
Eliminate grass
99.3
99.3
2.3
99.3
26.0
3.0
6
Spreading fertilizers
99.7
97.3
2.3
100.0
98.0
2.3
7
Spraying plant
protection agents
99.7
47.0
53.0
100.0
46.7
52.7
8
Eliminating exotic
species
66.3
65.7
0.0
65.7
65.0
0.0
9
Harvesting
99.7
0.7
99.3
100.0
1.0
99.3
14.7
2.3
14.3
14.7
2.7
14.0
10 Transporting paddy
11
Drying paddy by
sunlight
0.0
-
-
0.0
-
-
12
Drying paddy by drying
machine
0.0
-
-
0.0
-
-
5.3.3. Using fertilizers and chemicals
On average, the HHs use over 400kg of different kind of fertilizers. The HHs in
Dong Thap model use the highest quantity of fertilizers (513 kg/ha), then those in
Kien Giang (428 kg/ha) and the lowest in Hau Giang (343 kg/ha). Organic fertilizers
is almost unused in rice production. The main kinds of chemical fertilizers, which are
applied by HHs in all of 3 PPP models, are nitrogen (N), DAP, potassium (K) and
23
NPK. On average, HHs use 139 kg of urea, 118 kg of DAP, 62 kg of potassium
fertilizer and 89 kg of NPK.
Table 18: Quantity of fertilizers used in rice production in Winter - Spring crop 2015
#
Kind of fertilizers
Unit
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
I
Total quantity of
all fertilizers
Kg/ha
513
428
343
429
1
Organic fertilizers
Kg/ha
1
2
-
1
2
Urea (N)
Kg/ha
160
155
101
139
3
Phosphate (P)
Kg/ha
11
13
32
19
4
DAP
Kg/ha
151
141
63
118
5
Potassium (K)
Kg/ha
76
81
30
62
6
NPK
Kg/ha
113
36
117
89
7
Other fertilizers
Kg/ha
2
1
1
1
In Winter – Spring crop 2015, on average, HHs had to invest VND 4.4 million
for all kind of fertilizers and VND 3.9 million for plant protection chemicals
(pesticide, insecticides, fungicide, etc), herbicide, stimulating agents. The total cost of
fertilizer and the chemicals is about VND 8.3 million/ha, equivalent to USD 380/ha.
24
Table 19: Cost of fertilizers, chemicals in rice production in Winter - Spring crop
2015
Unit: 1.000 VND/ha
#
Kind of inputs
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Chung
4986
4354
3919
4420
9
24
-
11
1369
1293
937
1199
57
51
125
78
I
Fertilizers
1
Organic fertilizers
2
Urea (N)
3
Phosphate (P)
4
DAP
1879
1736
955
1523
5
Potassium (K)
690
798
354
613
6
NPK
951
429
1540
975
7
Other fertilizers
31
23
8
21
II
Plant protection chemicals
3690
4671
3435
3930
8
Pesticides, insecticides
2102
3112
2623
2611
9
Herbicide
363
570
466
466
10
Stimulating agents
897
728
188
604
11
Other chemicals (lime
powder,..)
328
261
158
249
Total
8676
9025
7354
8350
3.3.4. use of family labor in rice production
Majority of rice producers use the chemicals, machines and production services
in the stages of rice production. Thus, on average a HH only spent 13 family working
days/ha, from land preparation to harvest. The HHs in Hau Giang PPP model have the
highest number of family working days per ha (18 working days/1ha) while in Kien
Giang model, the number of family working days for 1 ha is the lowest (8 working
days/1 ha).
25
The stages of additional rice plant transplantation, spraying plant protection
chemicals and herbicide, eliminating exotic species represent the highest number of
working days, about 5 working days/ 1ha. In Hau Giang, irrigation and water drainage
are operated by coops, consequently none of family working days is used for this
practice.
Table 20: Number of family working days per hectare of cultivating rice
#
Stage of production
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
Tillage
2.6
0.5
3.3
2.4
2
Land cleaning
2.8
1.6
3.6
2.7
3
Irrigation and drainage
2.9
3.0
0.0
3.0
4
Seeding
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.2
5
Transplanting/gap filling
5.5
3.0
5.8
5.0
6
Spreading Fertilizers
2.6
2.0
2.5
2.4
7
Spraying plant protection
chemicals
4.9
3.6
5.8
5.0
8
Weeding, eliminating exotic
species
4.9
3.6
5.8
5.0
Total (days/ha)
14.3
8.1
18.3
13.6
In value, 68% of service cost of HH’s rice production is external service’s cost
(HHs hire services). The services that HHs hire the most are tillage, harvest, irrigation,
transport of paddy, seeding.
26
Table 21: Using hiring services of HHs for rice production
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Hau Giang
Total
Total
cost of
service
(1000
vnd)
Cost
of
hiring
service
(%)
Total
cost of
service
(1000
vnd)
Cost
of
hiring
service
(%)
Total
cost of
service
(1000
vnd)
Cost
of
hiring
service
(%)
Total
cost of
service
(1000
vnd)
Cost
of
hiring
service
(%)
1647.8
97.5
1337.2
92.9
748.8
85.2
1242.6
92
416
13
256.2
28.3
584.7
15.5
419.4
19
Irrigation and
drainage
580.9
89.9
985.2
16.2
694.7
99
751.6
68.3
Seeding
295.6
78
281.2
77.8
249
19.7
275.1
58.4
Transplanting/
gap filling
675.8
38.6
461.9
55.1
943.1
29.1
694.2
40.8
Spreading
Fertilizers
411
10
319.7
33.7
371.5
6.8
367.3
16.7
Spraying
chemicals
827.6
34.7
995.4
69.1
1050.1
36
952.6
46.5
Weeding,
eliminating
exotic species
402.9
17.1
145
45.8
443.2
8.7
331.0
20.5
Crop
protection
service
21.5
100
5.9
0
92.4
50
40.1
29.4
2161.7
99
1758.5
99
2187.4
95.7
2034.9
97.9
0
100
0
100
38.8
62.5
13.0
62.5
7440.8
71.4
6546.2
71.7
7403.7
61.3
7098
68.2
Stage
Tillage
Repairing
field
Harvest
Transport of
paddy
Total
27
Figure 4: Percentage of services that HHs hire in the stages of rice production
Self doing
Hiring
120
100
2.1
8
31.7
80
37.5
41.6
53.5
59.2
60
40
81
79.5
83.3
70.6
97.9
92
68.3
62.5
58.4
46.5
40.8
20
19
16.7
20.5
29.4
0
VI. Economic efficiency of rice production of HHs
6.1. Productivity
The average rice productivity in Winter - Spring crop reaches over 8 tons/ha in
all of 3 PPP models. The HHs in Dong Thap model have the highest rice productivity
(8.8 tons/ha) and the lowest in Hau Giang model (8.2 tons/ha).
In the Summer – Autumn crop 2015, rice productivity in 3 models is around
6.5 tons/ha lower 2 tons/ha compared to Winter – Spring crop. The productivity in
Hau Giang model is 19% lower than those in Kien Giang model.
The productivity in Winter - Spring crop is higher than Summer - Autumn crop
because the weather condition in Winter - Spring crop is more favorable for
development of rice than Summer – Autumn crop. In addition, the contracting a
disease in Winter – Spring crop is also less Summer – Autumn crop, and consequently
the rice productivity is less affected.
28
Figure 5: Rice productivity (wet paddy) of Winter - Spring crop 2015 and Summer Autumn crop 2015
DONG THAP
K IE N G IA N G
5,748
H A U G IA N G
6,575
8,571
8,278
6,901
7,074
8,612
8,825
TOTAL
6.2. Rice production cost
The rice production cost consists of inputs, production services and other
expenses. Inputs cost include seed rice, fertilizer (urea, potassium, phosphate, DAP,
NPK, etc), the chemicals (plant protection chemicals, stimulating agent, herbicide,
chemicals for soaking seed rice, etc.). The production service cost is the cost the HHs
must pay for services used for rice production such as: tillage, hand weeding,
eliminating exotic species, fertilizing, spraying plant protection chemicals, harvest,
etc. Cost of family labor is taken into account equivalent to cost of hired labour in
local region. Other cost are packing, interest if HH must get a loan for rice production
and some other expenses.
a) Rice production cost in the Winter – Spring 2015.
In the Winter – Spring crop, rice production cost is about VND 17.5 million/ha,
in which the cost of inputs materials (seed rice, fertilizer, chemicals) are around VNd
9.8 million/ha and the cost of production service is raround VND 7.1 millions/ha. The
rice production cost is the highest (VND 17.8 millions/ha) in Dong Thap PPP model
and the lowest in Hau Giang model ( VND 17.0 millions/ha). However, there is not
significant difference of rice production cost between 3 PPP models.
29
Table 22: Rice production cost in Winter – Spring crop
Unit: 1.000 VND/ha
#
Item
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Hau Giang
Total
Total cost
17,831
17,611
17,045
17,496
1
Input materials cost
10,094
10,431
8,967
9,829
-
Seed rice
1,419
1,407
1,615
1,481
-
Fertilizers
4,985
4,353
3,918
4,419
-
Chemicals
3,690
4,671
3,434
3,929
2
Cost of production
services
7,441
6,546
7,389
7,127
3
Other cost
296
633
689
539
Input cost (seed rice, fertilizer, chemicals) occupy over 50% of total production
cost. This proportion is the highest in Kien Giang model (59.2%), followed by in
Dong Thap model (56.6%) and the lowest in Hau Giang model (52.6%).
Production services represent relatively high proportion in rice production cost at
around 40% and this proportion in all of three models is relatively similar. The
production cost is due to main practices in rice production such as tillage, harvest are
mechanized and almost 100% of HHs hire service for these practices.
Seed rice represents less than 10% of rice production cost, and this percentage is
relatively similar in all of three models. Cost of plant protection chemicals in 2 models
in Dong Thap and Hau Giang is similar (about 20%) but less than those in Kien Giang
model (about 26%).
30
Figure 6: Structure of rice production cost in the Winter - Spring crop 2015
Seeds cost
Fertilizers cost
TOTAL
8.5%
25.3%
HAU GIANG
9.5%
23.0%
KIEN GIANG
8.0%
24.7%
DONG THAP
8.0%
Pesticides cost
Services cost
22.5%
40.7%
20.1%
28.0%
Other cost
43.3%
26.5%
37.2%
20.7%
41.7%
3.1%
4.0%
3.6%
1.7%
Source: Field survey, Oct 2015
b) Rice production cost in Summer – Autumn crop.
The mean of rice production cost in Summer – Autumn crop is VND 17.3
millions/ha,of which input materials is around VND 9.7 million/ha and production
services is about VND 7 million/ha. The cost of input materials in two models in
Dong Thap and Kien Giang is 17% higher than those in Hau Giang model because the
HHs in models of Dong Thap and Kien Giang use much more quantity of input
materials and the chemicals than HHs in Hau Giang.
Table 23: Rice production cost in Winter – Spring crop
Unit: 1,000 VND/ha
#
Item
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Hau Giang
Total
Total cost
17,676
17,430
16,668
17,258
1
Input cost
10,358
10,235
8,700
9,764
-
Seed rice
1,362
1,454
1,550
1,455
-
Fertilizer
5,237
4,375
3,937
4,516
-
Chemicals
3,759
4,406
3,213
3,793
2
Cost of production
services
7,026
6,594
7,382
7,001
3
Other cost
292
602
586
493
31
Input materials (seed rice, fertilizers, chemicals) represents 56% of total rice
production cost. This proportion in the models in Kien Giang and Dong Thap is
similar and about 58.1%, higher than those in Hau Giang model (cost of input is
51.1% of total production cost).
Production services occupy about 40% of rice production cost. This proportion is
the highest in Hau Giang model (43.3%) and is the lowest in Kien Giang model
(37.4%).
Seed rice represents less than 10% of rice production cost. This proportion is
higher in the models in Kien Giang and Hau Giang because the HHs in these models
cultivate fragrant rice variety and use certificated seed rice.
Figure 7: Structure of rice production cost in the Summer - Autumn crop 2015
1.6%
3.4%
39.4%
37.4%
100.0%
2.8%
3.4%
90.0%
80.0%
40.0%
43.3%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
21.1%
25.0%
21.7%
18.9%
40.0%
30.0%
29.4%
24.8%
23.1%
25.8%
7.6%
8.3%
9.1%
8.3%
Dong Thap
Kien giang
Hau Giang
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Seeds cost
Fertilizers cost
Pesticides cost
Total
Services cost
Other cost
Production cost of 1 kg paddy in Winter – Spring crop in all of 3 provinces is
relatively similar, around VND 2,079 /kg. However, in Summer - Autumn
crop,production cost of 1 kg paddy is quite different between provinces. in Hau Giang
model, it is 18.3% higher than those in Kien Giang model. The reason is that the rice
productivity in Hau Giang model is lower than ones in the models in Kien Giang and
Dong Thap provinces.
32
The production cost of paddy in Winter - Spring crop lowers about VND 700/kg
compared to those in Summer – Autumn crop. It is due to much lower of rice
productivity in Summer - Autumn crop than Winter - Spring crop in all of 3 models.
Figure 8: Cost price of 1 kg dried paddy in Winter-Spring and Summer–Autumn crops
6,000
2982
5,000
2713
2638
2520
2053
2085
2099
2079
DONG THAP
KIEN GIANG
HAU GIANG
TOTAL
VND/kg
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
6.3. Profit of rice production
a) Profit of rice production in Winter – Spring crop
In Winter – spring crop 2014-2015, Rice productivity is 7.9 tons of paddy/ha,
which is equivalent to the turnover of VND 39.5 millions/ha. The profit in this crop is
nearly VND 22 million/ha. The turnover and profit of rice producers in Kien Giang
province are higher VND 2 millions/ha than producers in the models in Dong Thap
and Hau Giang provinces due to the highest of rice selling price in Kien Giang model.
The HHs get the average profit of VND 2522 per one kilogram of paddy. The
HHs in Kien Giang model have the highest profit (2700 VND/kg paddy), it is 17%
higher than in Dong Thap model. The reason is that the HHs in Dong Thap model use
mainly varieties with lower rice quality. Indeed, the HHs using fragrant rice varieties
can get profit higher than the HHs using normal quality rice varieties. In all of 3 PPP
models, the profit represents more 50% of the turnover.
33
Table 24: Profit of rice production in theWinter – Spring crop 2015
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1000
VND/ha
Tons/ha
17831
17611
17060
17501
8.2
8.0
7.4
7.9
Turnover
1000
VND/ha
38431
41226
38717
39452
4
Profit
1000
VND/ha
20599
23615
21657
21952
5
Production cost of
1 kg paddy
VND/kg
2053
2085
2099
2079
6
Profit/1 kg paddy
VND/kg
2307
2700
2562
2522
7
Profit/turnover
(%)
%
52
56
53
53
#
Indicator
1
Total cost
2
Productivity
3
Unit
b) Profit of rice production in Summer – Autumn crop
The average turnover in Summer - Autumn crop reached above VND 30
million/ha,of which the profit is about VND 13 million/ha. The HHs in Kien Giang
model have the highest turnover and profit per ha among 3 PPP models. The turnover
in Kien Giang model is VND 35 millions/ha while the turnover in two other models is
less than VND 30 million/ha.HHs’profit in Kien Giang model is higher 85% than
those in Hau Giang model and higher 51% than those in Dong Thap model. It’s due to
much higher productivity and paddy selling price in Kien Giang model than two
models in Dong Thap and Hau Giang provinces.
The profit per kg paddy in two models in Dong Thap and Hau Giang are about
VND 1600/kglowered VND 800/kg compared to those in Kien Giang model.
The average rice production cost in all of 2 crops of Winter - Spring and
Summer - Autumn is about VND 17 million/ha, but the profit in Winter - Spring crop
is much higher than Summer - Autumn crop becauseproductivity in Winter - Spring
crop is relatively higher than Summer - Autumn crop.
34
Table 25: Profit of rice production in the crop of Summer - Autumn 2015
#
Indicator
Unit
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
Total cost
1000
VND/ha
17676
17430
16668
17258
2
Productivity in
dried paddy
Tons/ha
6.3
6.4
5.0
6.0
3
Turnover
1000
VND/ha
29418
35228
26289
30312
4
Profit
1000
VND/ha
11742
17797
9622
13054
5
Production cost of
1 kg paddy
VND/kg
2638
2520
2982
2713
6
Profit/1 kg paddy
VND/kg
1625
2462
1602
1897
7
Profit/turnover (%)
%
40
51
37
43
VII. Linkage in rice production and rice commercialization
The paddy produced by HHs is commercialized through channels : i) selling to
free traders; ii) selling to company; iii) selling throughout coops or FGs; iv) selling to
input agencies that supplied input materials to HHs. Selling paddy to the company or
throughout coops are two types of production – consumption connection in rice
production which is usually shaped by a contract between two sides FGs/coops and
company. The free selling of paddy withou contract occur when the HHs sell their
paddy to free traders or input agentcies.
Almost HHs in the models in Kien Giang and Hau Giang provinces are not
linked to trading company. In the crop of Summer - Autumn 2015, the percentage of
HHs linking to trading company in 2 models in Dong Thap and Kien Giang provinces
is less than 10% and 97% of paddy produced by HHs is sold to free traders.
Meanwhile, 88% of HHs in the model in Hau Giang province have the linkage to rice
trading company, so 72% of HHs sold their paddy to the company. In all of 3 PPP
models, the coops and FGs have not supported their members to sell the paddy.
About 50% of HHs in Dong Thap and Hau Giang provinces are satisfied with
current ways of sale of their paddy while only two third of HHs in the model in Kien
Giang province are not satisfied with current ways of selling their paddy.
35
Table 26: Linkage and rice selling in the crop of Summer - Autumn 2015
#
Criteria
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
% HHs have linkage with rice
trading company
3.0
10.0
88.0
6.3
2
% HHs are satisfied with ways of
selling their paddy
47.0
36.0
54.0
45.7
3
Buyers of paddy
-
% HHs sell paddy to rice trading
company
2.0
4.0
72.0
26.0
-
% HHs sell paddy to agencies
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-
% HHs sell paddy to free traders
98.0
97.0
26.0
73.7
-
% HHs sell paddy through
coops/FGs
0.0
0.0
2.0
0.7
-
% HHs sell paddy to individuals
0.0
0.0
2.0
0.7
The percentage of HHs that sell their paddy with agreement/contract is
significant different among 3 models. In the models in Kien Giang and Dong Thap
provinces, there is only 4% of HHs having agreement/contract in selling their paddy
while this percentage in Hau Giang model is very high of 84%. The high percentage in
Hau Giang model is due to these HHs have cooperated with Cong Binh company in
the production and consumption of paddy.
36
Figure 9: Percentage of HHs have contract for selling their paddy
Without agreement
3
100%
Have agreement
4
30.3
80%
60%
84
97
96
69.7
40%
20%
16
0%
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Hau Giang
Total
The selling price of wet paddy is about VND 4600/kg in both crops Winter Spring and Summer - Autumn. The selling prices in Kien Giang and Hau Giang
models is higher than those in Dong Thap model. In Winter - Spring crop, the paddy
price in Kien Giang is higher 10% than Dong Thap, while in Summer - Autumn crop,
paddy selling price is higher 17%. Paddy selling prices in Kien Giang and Hau Giang
are higher than Dong Thap because in 2 these provinces, the HHs cultivated high
quality rice varieties (OM4900, OM5451, Jasmine85) while in Dong Thap model, the
HHs planted mainly the nomarl quality rice variety(IR50404).
Figure 10: Selling prices of wet paddy in Winter - Spring and Summer - Autumn
crops
4610
4601
4584
4662
4264
4360
Vnd/kg
4785
4982
DONG THAP
KIEN GIANG
HAU GIANG
TOTAL
37
Selling paddy at farm gate is very popular in all 3 models. HHs sell their paddy
just after harvesting at their field or at the focal point near their field.
In Kien Giang, low selling price and long waiting time for selling paddy are two
main reasons which make HHs unsatisfied with the current way of selling paddy.
Concretly, among reasons making HHs are unsatisfied with selling paddy, 70% of
HHs complain about low selling price and 54% state that is long waiting time to sell
paddy. In Dong Thap model, a half of HHs are unpleased due to low paddy price.
Table 27: Reasons HHs are not pleased to present paddy marketing
Unit: % of HHs
#
Criteria
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
Many expenses occurred in selling
paddy
0.0
15.4
1.1
2.8
2
Low paddy price
50.0
76.9
27.3
34.9
3
Buyers require high quality of
paddy.
0.0
0.0
2.3
1.8
4
Payment procedure is complicated
0.0
0.0
27.3
22.0
5
Long waiting time for selling paddy
0.0
53.8
21.6
23.9
6
Trading companies buy only paddy
at their warehouses
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7
Unclear method of classifying
paddy quality
0.0
7.7
2.3
2.8
8
Other reasons
25.0
7.7
10.2
11.0
13% of HHs stated that they didn’t receive anything when involving into
linkage. In Hau Giang model, above 75% of HHs having linkage are received
certificated seed rice or advanced money to buy input. But, only about 10% of HH
received technical assistance. In Kien Giang model, above 75% of HHs are guided
about rice production because these HHs have been participating in piloted model on
LSRF implemented by Kien Giang province.
38
Table 28: Kinds of supports that HHs receive from linkage partner in rice production
Unit: % HH
#
Criteria
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
Technical training
12.5
38.5
26.1
26.6
2
Supervision and guide of
technical application
37.5
76.9
10.2
20.2
3
Supplying certificated seed rice
25.0
46.2
76.1
68.8
4
Money advance for buying input
0.0
7.7
86.4
70.6
5
Supplying input (fertilizer, plant
protection chemicals)
12.5
15.4
1.1
3.7
6
Transporting paddy from field to
warehouse
12.5
15.4
25
22.9
7
Do not support anything
25.0
15.4
11.4
12.8
Above 70% of HHs in models in Kien Giang and Hau Giang are supported by
public extention service in last 3 years. As for Kien Giang, nearly 90% of HH
received apart of cost of certificated seed rice and fertilizer because these HHs have
involved in LSRF model piloted by Kien Giang Agriculture Extension Service.
Table 29: Kind of support for HHs from trading company having linkage with HHs
Unit: % HHs receive support
#
Indicator
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
Agricultural extension
47.0
77.0
88.0
70.7
2
Advance of seed rice (or by cash
cash for = buying seed)
1.0
88.0
67.0
52
3
Advance of input materials
0.0
88.0
2.0
30
4
Receive VND 500,000/ha from the
State for rice planting
88.0
95.0
99.0
94.0
5
Other supports
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.3
6
Support nothing
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.7
39
VIII. Practices in rice production and environmental protection
75% of surveyed HHs are guided to follow the regulations on environmental
protection in rice production. HHs obtained the guidance from different sources such
as public service bodies, companies, input agencies, coops and mass media. The main
channel to give this guidance come from public service agencies as extension service,
plant protection service. 61% of HH received the guide from 2 these public bodies. In
addition, newspapers, radio, television channels are also important means to propagate
the knowledge on environmental protection to HHs. Two third of HHs in Hau Giang
and one third of HH in Dong Thap told that they received the information on
environmental protection from the mass media.
Table 30 : Channels provide guiding on environmental protecion to HHs
Unit: % HHs
#
Indicator
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
70.0
77.0
79.0
75.3
I
% HH are guided
II
Channels of providing guidance
1
Public agricultural service bodies
52.0
71.0
60.0
61.0
2
Linking companies
2.0
1.0
6.0
3.0
3
Input agencies
3.0
14.0
3.0
6.7
4
Coops/FGs
7.0
2.0
18.0
9.0
5
Mass media (radio, newspapers, tele)
35.0
15.0
70.0
40.0
Above 80% of rice producers are comprehensive understanding of the
application of plant protection chemicals such as properly use kind of the chemicals,
dosage and timely. In Hau Giang, over 90% of HHs understand completely about
regulations of application plant protection chemicals. However, there is still 15% of
HHs that understand incompletely about regulation of application plant protection
chemicals, especially in the model in Kien Giang province, the proportion is 25%.
40
Table 31: Percentage of HHs understand completely about regulation of application
plant protection chemicals.
Unit: % HHs
#
Indicator
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
Apply properly kind of chemicals
81.0
84.0
95.0
86.7
2
Proper dosage
85.0
75.0
94.0
84.7
3
Proper timely
76.0
73.0
93.0
80.7
In practice, 75% of HHs wear personal protective equipment when spaying plant
protection chemicals. However, there is still about 37% of HHs in Kien Giang are
unused it during spaying plant protection chemicals.
Figure 11: Percentage of HHs wear personal protevtive equipment when spraying
plant protection chemicals
100
90
17
21
25
79
75
37
80
70
60
50
40
83
63
30
20
10
0
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Hau Giang
Total
Unused personal protective equipment
Use personal protective equipment
In all of 3 PPP models, more 93% of HHs collected the package of plant
protection chemicals, then resell these package as garbage or burn it or bury it in the
41
ground. However, there is still less than 3% of HHs that throw the package, cans, and
box in the water sources as canal, pond, lake, river, and stream.
Figure 12: Methods of treatment package of plant protection chemicals of HHs
Unit: % HHs
42.7
Bring packages to home for next times of
using
8.0
75.0
45.0
93.0
96.0
90.0
93.0
Collect and put packages into waste bins
3.7
0.0
8.0
3.0
Bury packages in the field
1.3
1.0
3.0
0.0
Throw packages on canal, pond, lake, river
8.0
4.0
13.0
7.0
Left packages in the field, field border
0.0
Total
Hau Giang
20.0
Kien Giang
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
Dong Thap
More 70% of HHs washed the sprayers (spray-gun, spraying machine) at field.
Less than 15% of HHs wash their sprayers in the canals, ponds, lakes, streams and
rivers. En average, 11% of HHs did not wash their sprayers after using them. The
highest percentage is in Dong Thap model with 18% of HHs not to wash their
sprayers after using them
Table 32 : Methods of treatment package of plant protection chemicals of HHs
Unit: % HHs
Dong
Thap
7.0
Kien
Giang
13.0
Hau
Giang
4.0
-
3.0
1.0
1.3
3 Bury in the ground at the field
3.0
8.0
-
3.7
4 Collect it and put in dumping ground
93.0
90.0
96.0
93.0
#
Criteria
1 Leave on border of field
2
Throw it in canal, pond, lake, river,
and stream.
Total
8.0
42
Table 33: Percentage of HHs wash sprayers after sprying at different place
#
Criteria
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
Wash at rice field
58.0
78.0
84.0
73.3
2
Wash at canals
14.0
17.0
7.0
12.7
3
Wash at pond, lacks, rivers
8.0
11.0
-
6.3
4
Not wash
18.0
6.0
10.0
11.3
IX. Difficulties and supporting needs for rice producer households
The HHs have still several difficulties in rice production. The most difficulty of
HHs is to sell their paddy. 77% of HHs think that it is instability of paddy price, 50%
of HHs worry that there isn’t stable buyer of their paddy. The second difficulty is
about high price of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals. In recent years, the
complicated changes of weather are third difficulty of HHs. there is 32% of HHs
worry about unpredictable changes of weather that can negatively impact on rice
productivity. Finally, the quality of seed rice, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals
is also concern of HHs, but less than 205 of HHs worry about this problem.
Table 34: Percentage of HHs have difficulty in rice production
Unit: % HHs
#
Indicator
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
Quality of seed rice is not guarantee
8.0
4.0
24.0
12.0
2
Quality of fertilizer, PPC is not
guarantee
7.0
13.0
37.0
19.0
3
Rise of fertilizers price
28.0
30.0
88.0
48.7
4
Rise of price of PPC
29.0
35.0
85.0
49.7
5
Unstable paddy price
69.0
65.0
98.0
77.3
6
Lack of trading company engaged in
stably buying paddy
48.0
45.0
57.0
50.0
7
Changes of weather
23.0
20.0
52.0
31.7
43
From above-mentioned difficulties, the rice producers want firstly to be stably
bought their paddy (90% of HHs), then to be trained the rice production techniques
(76% of HHs). HHs also needs to receive investment, advanced cash, seed rice,
fertilizer and plant protection chemical, but at lower percentage (50% of HHs).
Table 35: Supporting need of rice producer households (% HHs)
#
Indicator
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
1
Technique training and guidance
74.0
60.0
94.0
76.0
2
Investment, advance cash to HHs to
buy fertilizer, and PPC
18.0
7.0
86.0
37.0
3
Supplying directly to HHs the
fertilizer, and PPC
32.0
18.0
37.0
29.0
4
Supplying high quality seed rice
(certificated seed rice)
39.0
15.0
82.0
45.3
5
Engaged in buying stably paddy
89.0
83.0
98.0
90.0
6
Buy paddy at rice field
19.0
4.0
78.0
33.7
7
Transport paddy
14.0
-
41.0
18.3
8
Access to loan
16.0
7.0
29.0
17.3
X. Conclusion
The baseline survey covers 300 rice producer households, who registered the to
participate in the LSRF based PPP models, show that HHs have much experience in
rice production; majority of HHs are trained on technical practices, therefore, They are
comprehansive understanding about basic technique of rice production. Several HHs
also are trained and applied sustainable rice production process. These elements are
favourable conditions for transfering and introducing new techniques, new technical
processes in rice production.
The increase in mechanisation, the use of chemical substances and hire external
production services reduces sigificantly use of family labor in rice production. The
cost of seed rice, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals and production services is
44
about VND 17 millions/ha. It’s relatively big investment to the affordability of HHs.
However, majority of this investment HHs can buy in credit from input agencies.
The productivity of high quality rice varieties is not lower than normal quality
rice varieties and the paddy selling price is higher, thus the economic performance
gained from high quality rice production is higher. This is an advantage to introduce
and enlarge the use of high quality rice varieties with high productivity.
However, rice production has remained some shortcomings. HHs cultivate
many different varieties in a field, apply different production process. Therefore, it is
impossible to produce rice with homogenous quality; The lack of companies that are
willing to cooperative with HHs in rice production and consumption paddy; the coops
or famer groups performance is very weak , which have not provided necessary
production services to the rice producers. Coops and FGs are the bridge between the
HHs and companies. It’s necessary to reinforce the performance of coops/FGs in order
to promote the linkage in LSRF and can apply sustainable rice production process
with quality certificated rice for their members. Supports may help improve effective
of Coops/FGs inculudes: i) training and guiding Coops/FGs skills on managing,
operating, organizing when participating in linkage; ii) training on financial
management skill; iii) training on negotiating contract; iv) support elaborate operative
regulation, financial regulation to improve transparency activities of Coops/FGs. v)
Support Coops/FGs on providing some production services such as spraying PPC,
sowing, drum seeding…
45
References
1. DARD Dong Thap, 2015, report on agricultural production – rural development of
first 9 months of the year and the direction in implementating the works of last 3
months of the year 2015 (Báo cáo kết quả sản xuất nông nghiệp – Phát triển nông
thôn 9 tháng đầu năm and phương hướng thực hiện nhiệm vụ 3 tháng cuối năm
2015).
2. DARD Dong Thap, 2015, Report on the implementation of linkage field related to
production and marketing in 2015, plan of 2016 (Báo cáo kết quả thực hiện cánh
đồng liên kết, gắn với sản xuất and tiêu thụ năm 2015, Kế hoạch thực hiện 2016).
3. DARD Dong Thap, 2015, Preliminary report on the implementation of linkage
field of the crop Winter – Spring 2014-2015 (Báo cáo sơ kết thực hiện cánh đồng
liên kết vụ Dong Xuan 2014 – 2015).
4. DARD Kien Giang, 2015, Preliminary report of the crops of Summer - Autumn
and Autumn - Winter 2015, plan of crop Winter - Spring and Summer 2015-2016
(Báo cáo sơ kết vụ Hè Thu và Thu Đông 2015, triển khai kế hoạch vụ Đông Xuân
và Mùa 2015-2016).
5. DARD Kien Giang, 2015, Preliminary report of the crops of Summer and Winter Spring 2014-2015, plan of the crops of Summer - Autumn and Autumn - Winter
2015 (Báo cáo sơ kết vụ Mùa và Đông Xuân 2014-2015, kế hoạch sản xuất vụ lúa
Hè Thu và Thu Đông 2015).
6. Extension Center of Kien Giang provinces, 2015, report on the imlementation of
project “LSRF” rice production in direction of VietGAP in crop of Summer Autumn 2015 (Trung tâm Khuyến nông tỉnh Kiên Giang, 2015, Báo cáo kết quả
thực hiện dự án “Cánh đồng mẫu lớn” sản xuất lúa theo hướng VietGAP vụ Hè
Thu 2015).
46
Annex: Tables of data analysis
Table 36: Application of machine in rice production and harvest in Dong Thap
province
UNIT: % HHs
#
Technique
% HHs
Do
Application
do it
manually of machine
% HHs
do it
Do
manually
Application
of machine
1
Use of stimulant
germination for soak
seeds
76.0
-
-
79.0
-
-
2
Land preparation
100.0
5.0
100.0
100.0
5.0
100.0
3
Sowing seed rice
100.0
3.0
94.0
100.0
4.0
94.0
4
Irrigation
100.0
7.0
96.0
99.0
7.0
96.0
5
Eliminate grass
100.0
32.0
0.0
98.0
31.0
0.0
6
Fertilizers spreading
100.0
99.0
2.0
100.0
99.0
2.0
7
Spraying chemicals
100.0
37.0
65.0
100.0
37.0
64.0
8
Eliminating exotic
species
86
86.0
0.0
85.0
85.0
0.0
9
Harvesting
100.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
10
Transporting paddy
4.0
0.0
4.0
3.0
0.0
3.0
11
Drying paddy by
sunlight
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12
Drying paddy by
drying machine
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
47
Table 37: Appication of machine in rice production and harvest in Kien Giang
province
UNIT: % HH
#
Technique
% HHs
Do
Application
do it
manually of machine
% HHs
do it
Do
manually
Application
of machine
1
Use of stimulant
seeds
75.8
2
Land preparation
99.0
1.0
99.0
100.0
1.0
100.0
3
Sowing seed rice
99.0
60.0
39.0
100.0
56.0
44.0
4
Irrigation
99.0
0.0
99.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
5
Eliminate grass
99.0
8.0
6.0
100.0
8.0
8.0
6
99.0
93.0
5.0
100.0
95.0
5.0
7
Spraying chemicals
99.0
4.0
94.0
100.0
3.0
94.0
8
Eliminating exotic
species
27.0
26.0
0.0
27.0
25.0
0.0
9
Harvesting
99.0
0.0
99.0
100.0
1.0
99.0
10
Transporting paddy
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
11
Drying paddy by
sunlight
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12
Drying paddy by
drying machines
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
75.8
48
Table 38: Use of machine in rice production and harvest
UNIT: % HH
#
Technique
% HHs
Do
Application
do it
manually of machine
% HHs
do it
Do
manually
Application
of machine
1
Use of stimulant
seeds
59.4
2
Land preparation
98.0
31.0
98.0
96.0
28.0
96.0
3
Sowing seed rice
100.0
92.0
6.0
100.0
93.0
5.0
4
Irrigation
100.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
2.0
98.0
5
Eliminating grass
100.0
39.0
1.0
100.0
39.0
1.0
6
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
7
Spraying chemicals
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
8
Eliminating exotic
species
86.0
85.0
0.0
85.0
85.0
0.0
9
Harvesting
100.0
1.0
100.0
100.0
2.0
99.0
10
Transporting paddy
40.0
7.0
39.0
41.0
8.0
39.0
11
Drying paddy by
sunlight
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12
Drying paddy by
drying machines
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
59.4
49
Table 39: Percentage of rice varieties Cutivatted in the Summer - Autumn crop 2015
UNIT: % HH
#
Varieties
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Hau Giang
1
IR50404
85.0
0.0
0.0
2
IR556
1.0
0.0
0.0
3
Jasmine85
1.0
1.1
0.0
4
LH8
1.0
0.0
0.0
5
OM4128
1.0
0.0
0.0
6
OM4900
1.0
97.9
1.1
7
OM5451
0.0
0.0
96.8
8
OM6218
1.0
0.0
0.0
9
OM6976
9.0
1.1
0.0
10
RVT
0.0
0.0
2.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
50
Table 40: Economic efficiency of 2 main rice varieties in Kien Giang model
OM4900
#
Item
Jasmine
UNIT
Winter Spring
Summer Autumn
Winter Spring
I
Total cost
1000 VND/ha
17,480
17,395
19,360
1
Cost of input materials
1000 VND/ha
10,403
10,201
11,371
-
Seed rice
1000 VND/ha
1,412
1,451
1,496
-
Fertilizer
1000 VND/ha
4,370
4,437
4,379
-
Plant protection
chemicals
1000 VND/ha
4,621
4,313
5,495
2
Cost of services
1000 VND/ha
6,479
6,611
6,982
3
Other cost
1000 VND/ha
598
583
1,007
II
Gross output (GO)
1000 VND/ha
41,074
35,101
43,427
Profit
1000 VND/ha
23,595
17,706
24,067
Production cost of1 kg
paddy
VND/kg
2,079
2,524
2,270
Profit/1 kg paddy
VND/kg
2,697
2,446
2,788
%
56
49
55
Profit/GO (%)
51
Table 41: Economic efficiency of main rice varieties in Dong Thap model
IR50404
#
Items
Jasmine85
OM6976
UNIT
Winter
- Spring
Summer Autumn
Winter Spring
Summer Autumn
17,831
17,680
16,786
17,945
10,055
10,341
9,628
10,595
I
Total cost
1000 VND/ha
1
Cost of input
materials
1000 VND/ha
-
Seed rice
1000 VND/ha
1,453
1,391
996
1,366
-
Fertilizer
1000 VND/ha
4,998
5,215
4,547
5,435
-
Plant protection
chemicals
1000 VND/ha
3,604
3,735
4,084
3,794
2
Cost of services
1000 VND/ha
7,469
7,038
6,772
7,194
3
Other cost
1000 VND/ha
308
302
387
156
Gross output (GO)
1000 VND/ha
37,375
29,435
44,854
29,453
Profit
1000 VND/ha
19,544
11,755
28,068
11,508
Production cost of 1
kg paddy
VND/kg
2,071
2,615
1,835
2,841
Profit/1 kg paddy
VND/kg
2,216
1,601
3,035
1,708
%
50
38
62
37
II
Profit/GO (%)
52
Table 42: Economic efficiency of 2 main rice varieties in Hau Giang model
OM4900
#
Item
OM5451
UNIT
Winter Spring
Summer Autumn
Winter Spring
Summer Autumn
17.575
16.892
17.074
16.753
9.687
8.882
8.920
8.715
I
Total cost
1000 VND/ha
1
Cost of input
materials
1000 VND/ha
-
Seed rice
1000 VND/ha
1.938
1.617
1.569
1.549
-
Fertilizer
1000 VND/ha
3.655
3.900
3.997
3.978
-
Plant protection
chemicals
1000 VND/ha
4.095
3.365
3.354
3.188
2
Cost of services
1000 VND/ha
7.364
7.620
7.465
7.446
3
Other cost
1000 VND/ha
523
390
690
591
Gross output (GO)
1000 VND/ha
40.947
24.555
38.386
26.680
Profit
1000 VND/ha
23.373
7.664
21.312
9.928
Production cost of 1
kg paddy
VND/kg
2.144
3.195
2.101
2.971
Profit/1 kg paddy
VND/kg
2.748
1.376
2.519
1.632
%
56
30
52
35
II
Profit/GO (%)
53
Table 43: Quantitty of seed rice for sowing of some main varieties cultivated in
UNIT: kg/ha
#
Variety
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Hau Giang
Total
1
IR50404
176
--
-
176
2
Jasmine85
153
134
-
142
5
OM4900
-
137
156
140
6
OM5451
-
-
144
144
7
OM6976
152
-
-
150
Table 44: Quantity of seed rice for sowing of some main varieties cultivated in
UNIT: kg/ha
#
Variety
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Hau Giang
Total
1
IR50404
174
-
-
174
2
OM4900
-
133
141
134
3
OM5451
-
-
149
149
4
OM6976
149
231
-
157
54
Table 45: Cost of input materials in crop Summer - Autumn 2015
UNIT: 1.000 VND/ha
#
Kind of input
I
Fertilizer
1
Bio - fertilizers
2
Urea (N)
3
Phosphate (P)
4
Dong Thap Hau Giang
Kien
Giang
Total
4986
4354
3919
4420
9
24
-
11
1369
1293
937
1199
57
51
125
78
DAP
1879
1736
955
1523
5
Potassium (K)
690
798
354
613
6
NPK
951
429
1540
975
7
Other fertilisers
31
23
8
21
II
Plant protection
chemicals
3690
4671
3435
3930
8
Pesticides,
insecticides
2102
3112
2623
2611
9
Herbicide
363
570
466
466
10
Stimulating agents
897
728
188
604
11
Other chemicals
(powdered lime,..)
328
261
158
249
Total
8676
9025
7354
8350
55
Table 46: Annual income of HH
UNIT: 1,000 VND
#
Source of income
Hau Giang
Total
1
Rice crop of Autumn Winter 2014 -
17,651
-
5,738
7,796
2
Rice crop of Winter Spring 2014-2015
28,025
84,287
31,075
47,796
3
Rice crop of Summer Autumn 2015
17,424
64,136
15,810
32,456
4
Other agricultural plants
-
820
829
550
5
Animal husbandry
6,055
1,627
5,024
4,235
6
Aquaculture
1,175
773
546
7
Hired labor
4,318
3,809
6,471
4,866
8
Business, service, and
handicraft
4,401
13,461
8,093
8,652
9
Wage and social pension
5,986
14,475
7,345
9,269
10
Others
150
688
360
399
85,184
182,992
81,518
116,565
Total
Dong Thap Kien Giang
56
Table 47: Percentage of HHs apply the sustainable rice production in Winter - Spring
crop 2015
UNIT: % HHs
#
Process
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Hau Giang
Total
1
1M5R
34.0
60.0
11.0
35.0
2
3R3I
46.0
34.0
45.0
41.7
3
VietGAP
1.0
26.0
0.0
9.0
Table 48: Percentage of HHs apply the sustainable rice production in Summer Autumn crop 2015
UNIT: % HHs
#
Process
Dong Thap
Kien Giang
Hau Giang
Total
1
1M5R
32.0
79.0
11.0
40.7
2
3R3I
45.0
43.0
39.0
42.3
3
VietGAP
2.0
49.0
0.0
17.0
57
Hình 13 : Percentage of hiring external production service of HHs in Dong Thap
model
Self doing
Hiring
10
13
%
89.9
97.5
78
90
87
10.1
100
99
100
0
1
0
82.9
65.3
61.4
2.5
17.1
34.7
38.6
22
Hình 14: Percentage of hiring external production service of HHs in Kien Giang
model
Self doing
28.3
Hiring
0
16.2
33.7
%
55.1
77.8
92.9
71.7
100
83.8
66.3
44.9
7.1
45.8
69.1
22.2
99
100
1
0
54.2
30.9
58
Hình 15: Percentage of hiring external production service of HHs in Hau Giang model
Self doing
15.5
19.7
Hiring
6.8
29.1
8.7
36
%
50
85.2
99
84.5
80.3
93.2
70.9
62.5
95.7
91.3
64
50
14.8
37.5
4.3
1
59
Table 49: Percentage of HHs apply machines in rice production
UNIT: % HHs
Production
stage
Applied technique
Dong
Thap
Kien
Giang
Hau
Giang
Total
Tillage
By machine
100
100
100
100
Irrigation and
drainage
Machine
96
99
100
98
Sowing
Manual
94
39
6
46
Apply herbicides
100
100
100
100
By hands
32
8
39
26
Both
32
8
39
26
By machine 100%
63
96
0
53
By hands 100%
35
4
100
46
Both
2
0
0
1
Fertilizers
spreading
By hands
99
93
100
Harvest
By machine
100
100
100
Weeding
Spraying
chemicals
97
100
60
Hình 16: Selling price of paddy of some main varieties in 3 provinces
4,634
4,521
4,540
4,219
4,286
vnd/kg
4,557
4,829
5,059
4,770
4,984
IR 5 0 4 0 4
OM6976
OM4900
DONG THAP
JASM INE 8 5
OM5451
KIE N GIAN G
OM4900
HAU GIAN G
Hình 17: Production cost of 1 kg paddy of some main varieties in 3 provinces
2,155
2,090
2,270
2,080
vnd/kg
2,003
2,516
2,740
2,587
2,071
3,007
IR50404
OM6976
DONG THAP
OM4900
JASMINE85
OM5451
KIEN GIANG
OM4900
HAU GIANG
61
Figure 18: Rice productivity of some main varieties cultivated in 3 models
IR50404
OM4900
5826
6843
8288
8521
6970
kg/ha
8755
OM5451
VARIETY
62

REPORT Baseline survey for monitoring and evaluating the

Transcription

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