AGRARIAN RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE. 114

RESEARCH
SEPTEMBER
STUDY NO. 64
AGRARIAN RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE.
114, W i j e r a m a M a w a t h a , C o l o m b o 7 .
SRI LANKA
1985
'Xeo*)T fob
GAL OYA FARMER ORGANIZATION PROGRAMME\
PROGRESS & PROSPECTS
I -> Ranasinghe Perera
Research Study No:64.
September 1985.
Ag-arian Research and Training Institute
P.O.Box 1522,
Colombo
Sri Lanka.
o
FOREWORD
Galoya Water Management Project,
begun in tote
1979, is a joint Government
of Sri Lanka and United State* Agency far International
The implementing agency is the Irrigation
One of the main objective*
tation
of this
system through active
ii the development and implemen­
and programmes far the
farmer participation
(ARTI).
this
far
area in 19SO. Through this
irrigation
users organisations,
levels
in
task the ARTI launched an
programme we intended to come out,''with
structures'
farmer participation
system
to the Agrarian Research and Training Institute
In order to fulfill
programme in the project
rehabilitated
in system management. The
recommendation of a 'model' far mobilising
management was entrusted
Project.
"Department.
project
of water management capabilities
Development
designs for
action-research
action-research,
'organisational
management which include the designing of
ways and means of farmer
,•
participation
at
water
various
in the process of water management, methods of communication between
the 'users'
and 'controllers'
of water
etc.
#
The first
batch o.f Institutional
Organisers who were recruited
in the process of farming farmer organisations
Since then several
presents
batches were recruited
the interim
farmex participation
findings
far
several
reconstruction
other activities.
constraints
Mr. I. Ranasinghe Perera,
coordinated
report.
Within the two and half years
this
and operation
The report
report
secure
that
were farmed and farmer '
and maintenance but also
describes
performance of farmer
study and he was also responsible
the
organisations
organisations.
Research and Training Officer
I hope this
far
the methodology adopted,
in the formation of farmer
I thank him far his effort.
of this
Institute
for the writing
report will
those who are endeavouring to seek farmer participation
management.
This
obtained not only far water management,
of farmer organisations,
and the process involved
1980.
of the action research programme to
area.
was successfully
system design,
in April
and sent to the field.
covers over 200 farmer organisations
participation
catalysts
water management, system design and operation and
maintenance in the project
this report
were fielded
as
of
be useful
in water
this
to
ii
' ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This
research
Farmer
the
report
is
Organization
Gal
Oya
Programme
Management
commenced
USAID,
and
The
Author
wishes
of
Wijayatatne
and
A special
ARTI)
ARTI
report
undertaken
by
Project.
March
to
Mr.
all
thanks
for
the
the
the
on Gal
ARTI
in
Farmer
Oya
support
of
Organization
assistance
respondents
Oya Farmer
MiL.
of
vrith
written
from
the
MLLD
University.
thank
Gal
The
1981,
Cornell
the
word
Officer,
in
the
researchers
first
Programme
Water
ID,
the
including
Organization
Programme
pioneer
Mr«
CM.
Wi
Wickramasinghe.
to
Mr.
A.S.
Widanapathirana
ecnouragement
given
at
(Research
all
stages
of
this
report.
i
I wish
Water
T.
to
thank
Management
Uphoff,
and
editing
this
I also
thank
Mr.
assistance
I
Mr.
P.
(Cornell
to
thank
I.RANASINGHE
DIVISION.
Jayantha
Perera
Agrarian
Dr.
Mahinda
Silva
for
fiaal
the
Ganewatte
Consultant)
conduct
Miss..
PERERA
this
Lilanthi
(Deputy
Relations
Consultant),
report
Kariyawasam
IAR
and
(Cornell
Consultant)
Finally
Dr..
for
Director/Irrigation
Division),
Jeffrey
their
D.
Professor
Brewer
invaluable
Norman
(Cornell
comments
publication.
(Cornell
for
Consultant)
giving
and
me all
Dr.
C.
posible
study.
Felix
who
typed
the
draft
report.
and
in
CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER
1
1.
Introduction
1.1
Phase
1.2
Objectives
1.3
Data
CHAPTER
2.
of
of
the
The
2.3
Activities
OrganizsT^
to
of
Strategy
Farmer
07
-
10
Organizations
Farmer
Strategy
08
10-11
for
of
Field
the
Officer
Entry
Institution
12
-
18
19
-
27
27 -
30
&
Meetings
3
Performance
of the
Organizations
Farmer
Participation
Design
Work
Construction
3.3
Operation
3.4
Types
of
3.5
Water
Saving
3.6
System
4.1
-
05
100
3.2
•4.
Report
Organizational
2.2
CHAPTER
04
-;v
Fielding
3.1
the
05
Background
CHAPTER
-
05
2
2.1
3.
Experiment
Source
and
2.4
01
Farmer
'•
in
System
31
31-34
Work
of
the
Farmer
34-36
System
Water
Channel
Rotations
Closure
36 -
38
38
39
40
Maintenance
-
44
44 -
47
4
The Constraints
Organizations
Activities
Encroachers
4.2
Conflict
4.3
Land
.4.4
Effects
to
Farmer
48
of Drainage
and Highland
with
Tenure
of
Farmers,
Cultivators
YP Role
_
48
-
49
49
-
50
Pattern
Water
50-91
Use
Pattern
52
-
Contd
54
..,../
•a as
3
Cbntd
..../
4.5
Problems
4.6
Part
Time
4.7
Lack
of
4.8
Settler
4.9-
Heavy
CHAPTER
of
Bureaucracy
Farmers
Legal
Recognition
Heterogeneity
turn-over
of
100
5
Summary
and
Conclusions
V
Page
m
1.1
The
1.2
Left
2.1
100
2.2
Progress
Farmer
2.3
3.1
3.2
?
4.1
i
4.2
Gal
Oya
Bank
Scheme
of
Area
the
of
the
02
Gal
Oya
Scheme
Project
13
of the formation
Organizations
of
24
Distribution
of Farmer
for
the cultivation
meetings
Farmer
Organization
meetings
channels
in Yala 1981
Distribution
during
Yala
distributary
of uncultivated
seasons
along
The pattern
distributary
Left
Bank
field
Participation
and
the
by
28
land
M-5
43
Operation
of
M-5 distributary
main rotation)
Distribution
farmers
to
06
Farmer
Water
channel
Rotations
(in 5 day
along
44
of land
channel
tenure
in UB 9
and in
the
54
of
get
channels
methods
irrigation
in
followed
water
1982
by
by
selected
Yala
56
"
of
Distribution
of attendence/farmer
represen­
tatives
and officials
at field
level
co-ordination
meetings
during
1981
through
1982 in Uhana
area
58
4.4
Distribution
60
4.5
The composition
origin
in two
(in percentage)
4.3
4.6
Pattern
of
of
farmer
of
field
recruitment
by
farmers
canal
activities
by
area
of
organizations
52
and
turnover
of
100
6
4
vi
LIST
Programme
of 100 in
of recruitment
the Project
Distribution
Phase
of the
April
1983
Distribution
canal
water
OF
and the
1981-
area
of institutional
project
March
of farmer
availability
Farmer
participation
in Uhana area during
November
1981
TABLES
1981
for
informal
May 1981
attendance
for
farmer
in Gonagolla
area during
Farmer
during
attendance
for
1981 1982
field
(%)
discussions
organization
1981 through
organization
in
meetings
April
to
rotations
by
channels
1981
Farmer
water
rotations
by
channels
1982
disputes
by
Shramadana
activities
through
1983
by
March
work
v/ater
Shrmadana
activities
1981 through
1983
1982
Uhana
-Farmer
Water
by
through
Farmer
Barticipation
for design
time
period
in Uhana area
1981
earth
distribution
1983
organizer
through
response
towards
in 1980 Yala
Farmer
meeting
Rehabilitation
through
distributary
in
in
channels
Gonagolla
Uhana
g
during
during
1981
v
1982
VI1
CLOSSARY
CULTIVATION
BRAINAGE
Gathering
officials
prior
to
MEETING
YAYA
DOCUMENTATION
PALAKA
area
season.
The area without
direct
water
supply.
In the drainage
area,
farmers
culti­
vate
land
using
drained
irrigation
water,
which
comes
through
the
other
farmers
paddy
fields.
' '
AREA
i
PROCESS
of farmers
and
in a particular,
each cultivation
Reports
writtenthe process
of
r
An elected
the tract
Services-
farm
level
Act.
by selected
farmer
representative
under
IOs
on
organizations.
in
the.Agrarian
. .
viii
ABBREVIATIONS
A.D.
; Agriculture.
A.R.T.I.
: Agraian
Research
B.C.
t Branch
Canal
DZA.C.
; Department
D.C.
: Distributary
Department
of
and
Training
Agraian
Services
Channel
F.C.
Field
F.O.
Farmer
F.R.
: Farmer
G,
: Gonagolla
G.S.L.
s Government
I.D.
: Irrigation
i.o.
: Institutional
Organizer
J.P.
: Jala
(Irrigator)
K.E.S,
s Agriculture
L.B,
: Left
M.
: Mandur
M.C.
: Main
P.D.
*
P.M.B.
Channel
•
Organization
Representative
of
Sri
Lanka
Department
Palaka
Extension
Officer
Bank
Canal
Process
Documentator
Paddy
Marketing
V.B.
; Uhana
Branch
U.S.A.I.D.
; United
Y.P.
•
Yaya
Institute
States
Board
Agency
for
International
Development
Palaka
f
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Gal Oya Irrigation
scheme is the largest single scheme in Sri Lanka,
constructed by damming the "Gal Oya River", in the Moneragala district
9
The reservoir Senanayaka Samudra', was constructed in 1950s while the
process of settlement continued through 1965.
The Senanayaka Samudra
has a storage capacity of 770,000 acre feet of water and a command area
of 120,000 acres.
about 62,000 acres.
The Left Bank (LB) command area is the largest, having
The channel system of LB comprises of about 32 miles
of main channels, 50 miles of major distributary channels and about 600
miles of minor distributaries and field channels (Figure 1.1)
The scheme which is ..three decades old now has -deteriorated badly due
mainly to neglect of regular maintenance and repair work.
As a result,
water distribution within the scheme has been far from satisfactory.
The head end of the scheme received adequate water for the cultivation of
both Yala and Maha seasons... In the tail end area, however, the cultivation
was done only during the Maha season with monsoonal rains.
Because of'this
uneven pattern of water availability significant disparities in income
levels have emerged between farmers in head end and tail end areas.
This has also led to several social problems particularly in the tail end
areas.
Moreover, the institutional infrastructure and farmer participation
in water management
within the scheme were unsatisfactory.
between water users and officials were
The relations
almost non-existent.
The above state of affairs continued through 1979 until the Government
of Sri Lanka sought international assistance to improve the performance
of the scheme.
In response, the USAID in consultation with the Government
of Sri Lanka prepared a plan to rehabilitate the Left Bank of the Gal Oya
Scheme.
The
programme
of
rehabilitation
had
the
of
the
following
three
fold
objectives.
(a)
To. improve
by
renovating
the
structures
farmer
Agrarian
the
responsibility
and
testing
(a)
of
institutional
as
in
to
agents)
the
on
field
the
scheme
control
:
work
and
the
for
bi;/formation
of
training
and
channels.
by
introducing
the
have
of
and
(For
models
ultimate
of
objective
of
are
of
and
groups
thereafter
details
farmer
with
participation
the
Organizers
farmers
Both
entrusted
ARTI
organizations.
They
organize
was
of
Institutional
obtained.
to
(ARTI)
farmer
services
recruited
agents.
The
viable
been
6 months
Institute
suitable
field.
Departmnet.
Chapter
activities
Training
Irrigation
change
maintenance
developing
develop
purpose,
a period
redesigning
development
and
of
them
graduates
the
installing
for
based
Research
was
(change
and
within
activities.
The
this
and
associations
extension
For
distribution
system,
participation
operation
To effect
programme
conveyance
farmer
subsequent
(c)
water
etc.
TO obtain
(B)
efficiency
were
appointed
two
(b)
types:
field
officers
trained
to
regarding
(IOs)
by
work
training
in
and
the
the
ARTI
for
Project
fielding,
area
see
Two)
The
change
(a)
Role
agents
of
IOs
are
Hence
a
were
expected
and
trustworthy
make
decisions
are
to
with
roles
in
people;
help
them
to
on
behalf
of
and
an
harbouring
him.
changes
farmers,
process,
agree
about
with
In
and
bring
live
self-reliance
issues
several
expected
develop
this
play
as
outlined
below:
Catalyst
expected
they
to
deal
10 works
no
the
avoiding
hostility
at
who
the
political,
others
them
decisions
should
problems
towards
environment.
understand
arrive
farmers
with
farmers'
be
but
even
rational
not
to
encouraged
they
caste
as
to
encounter.
or
communal
.
if
they
not
do
Role
of
The
IOs
a
Facilitator
should
discussions
seek
With
farmers
and
technicians
the
also
of
services
and
facilitating
they
do not
Role
of
They
should
and
should
rights
enable
well'
as
for
initiating
between
farmers
relationships
communication
among
as
the.officials
and
between
problems
among
also
the
on 10's
. ,
farmers
to
to
IOs
by
them,
build
farmers,
to
make
the
the
farmers.
and
developing
necessary
leadership.
farmers,
In
feel
that
and
the
to
realize
their
0wn potentials,
organizational
understand
utilize
capacities.
their
problems
They
and
the
also
work
together
harmony*.
Motiviator
to
encourage
common
co-operation,
and
an
understanding
of
the
Role
of
They
should
farmers
to
facilities
in
recognise
and
services,
co-ordination
farmers'
farming
their
of
and
farmers
obligations
community
and
rights,
generate
with
confidence
aview
and
also
including
on
management
to
creating,
towards
the
Government.
-
provide
opportunities
irrigation,
and
^
responsibilities
an Educator
educated
officials
obtain
up a farmer
do not
and
ofofficials
facilitate
co-operation
farmers
a
towards
suitable
Enabler
of
They
the
and
depend
a spirit
of
improving
solving
process
enable
Role
as
we'll
i
atmosphere
themselves
facilitate
resources
should
an
should
facilities
an
available
to
as
unity
the
farmers
they
should
a sense
create
a view
tov/ards
in
to
among
officials.,
They
• "
and
agriculture,
farmer
guidance
for
credit,
farmers
marketing,
to
be
water
organization.
are
The
IOs/also
among
themselves
farmers
field
encounter.
to
and
through
Subsequently,
on
expected
the
they
channels
promoting
above
are
to
assist
in
interaction
mentioned
expected
enable
farmers
to
farmers
building
between
processes'
form
to
up
deal
officials
and
farmer
with
co-operation
and
activities.
organizations
the
problems
based
they
.1.
Phase
The
of
Experiment
Gal
Oya
to
be
i)
Providing
Farmer
implemented
in
two
such
these
Uhana
purposes
were
with
good
identified
otherhand,.
of
scheme
the
water
were
the
interim
-tation,
report
laced
dspects
too
much
of
water
there
by
is
the
Report
the
methodology
therfhrmer
some
1^2.
farmers
physical
the
the
namely,
Both
problems
of
reservoir
adopted
and
would
or
to
organizations
FO programme
after
tail
end
not
be
motivated
water
the
describes
of
objectives
for
and
report
years
areas
shortage.
farmers
three
the
distribution.
the
The
and
areas
water
severe
(FO).
Gonagolla
represent
organize
More'specifically,
experimen-
of
the
to:
present
the
strategy
catalyst's
present
the
activities
d)
examine
the
factors
of
Data
is
the
process
the
first
FO from
its
and
the
adopted
to
organize
farmers
adopting
approach.
c)
of
Figure
as
reveal
published
activities.
effecting
scheme,
out
b)
organising
the
the
left
1981.
report
in
of
purposely
since.-March
the
This
areas
to
under
a)
Source
shown
findings
are
physical
construction
without
closer
if
effecting
and
area
presents
cbtis%%a-£)\ts
•>\
design
with
s
report
while
but
Objectivb pf
This
3
as
the
management^
.2
two
availability
On the
envisaged
activities.
initially
water
originally
follows:
inputs
rehabilitation
For
as
Organizational
was
as
inputs
work
Providing
Project
phases
Organizational
rehabilitation
ii)
Organization
unpublished
programme,
involved
and
the
including
document
very
in
documents,
which
are
formation
performance
1981.
papers
incorporated
FOs;
FOs;
and
affecting
describee
in
of
of
constraints,
which
inception
the
the
There
etc.,
process
are
describing
in
the
this
FOs
of
both
various
report.
SCALE OME INCH TO
3-16
The
by
primary
the
IOs
consist
been
of
the
both
weekly
and
the
(ii)
Xiii)
and
in
of
Management
and
Lanka.
Robert
Chambers
Institutional
and
Prof.
1982
Year
(v)
Mid-Term
in
Over
-200
of: this
have
also
reports
March
such
prepared
1981.
They
reports
have
study
been
made
report.
use
of.
.
Production
in
the
Dry
Zone
of
Sri
(1978)
of'
Lakshman
Irrigation
and
Wickramasinghe,
Cropping
CM.
on
Major
Wijayaratne,
(1982).
for
"Learning
'Participation
(iv)
Paddy
Framework
Ganewatte
Norman
various
programme
preparation
surveys
Schemes.
Study
the
the
mentiomng:
w
A case
is.
reports.
the
other
are -worth
Sena
of
monthly
utilized
Colonization
however
commencement
Water
The
'
information
findings
following
(i)
of
since
analysed
Moreover,
The
source
in
Uphoff
Book
Impact
for
Water
Process"
Applied
Management.
The
to
Farmer
Organization-
10 Programme
in
Research.
ARTI
Gal
Oya
(1982).
Sri
Assesment.
Lanka
Water
ARTI
Management
(1983)
(1982).
8
CHAPTER TWO
BACKGROUND TO FARMER ORGANIZATIONS
This
chapter
Gal
Oya
in
discusses
Valley
water
the
and
the
management
background
strategy
and
AND THE ORGANIZATIONAL
to
farmer
adopted
some
problems
to
get
faced
at
STRATEGY
organization
in
farmer
the
„•
the
participation
preliminary
stages
indicated
several
matters
Valley.
Firstly,
water
of
organization.
The
ibitial
surveys
related
to
water
distribution
in
the
those
head
end
the
purposes.
end
of
were
reported
water
user.s
causes
this
between
the
initial
with
which
According
to
was
Third}y
the
the
organize
interest,
organization
work
were
organization
was
the
the
were
Gal
Death
as
in
this
in
problems
the
unsatisfactory;
stages
soon
bureaucracy.
as
of
they
Sociey
their
were
the
and
farmers
were
were
the
co*opdination
management.
Success
depends
mainly
Therefore,
the
farmers
into
organize
on
community
organization,
report.
several
Firstly
the
etc.
between
of
water
of
out
Donation
lack
principles
carried
Oya.
very
various
died
later
to
many
and
affairs
however
was
were
head
forthcoming.
themselves.
along
study
in
to
objectives
FO programme
field
and
domestic
between
poor;
of
while
illegally
not
state
regard
ofproject
water
ships
were
themselves
with
discussed
tapping
water
for
settlers
very
above
even
there
the
relation
farmers
are
of
and
among
work
deficiencies
structures
of
differences
among
to
organization
organizations
distribution
farmers
or
Secondly,
led
the
cultivation
surface.
which
under
at
for
farmers
as.
supply
productivity
to
officers
satisfactory
unrestricted
problems
there
problems
from
their
that
many
found
far
to
which
the
was
officialswsre
common
of
Oya
government
and
to
step
groups
the
accomplishment
extent
Gal
reason,
water
ARTI
the
v/ater
began
solutions
farmers
the
obtained
no-
high.
the
cooperation
some
of
be
and
Two major
the
had
damaging
as
in
end
to
desperate
system
areas
to
in
scheme
the
related
incddence
it
of
tail
tail
disputes
poor
the
Because
and
by
management
within
at
end
conducted
1981
in
the
project
area,
with
community
associated
prospects
the
and
only
other
formation.
formed
for
community
existing
organizations
Most
partly
community
of
due
•
had
the
to
the
,
9
The
Gal
in
Oya
from
community
various
interaction
etc.
had
parts
among
Each
very
conducive
for
which
important
the
personal
at
Gal
After
Gal
Oya
Somewhat
Philippines
of
IOs
was
the
a degree
these
field
with
graduates
should
social
compulsory
as
IOs
Therefore,
in
selecting
research
member
of
graduates
to
The
they
in
apply
ARTI
were
Ampara.
theoretical
organizations,
sciences.
team
should
believed
the
was
of
to
aspects
group
two
of
oriented
or
interested
farmers
were
in
who
bo
in
Dry
ARTI
a
special
because
recognition
.
importance
to
the
background
problems
live
vsas
of
farmers,
appropriate
to
agriculture
made
farmers.
among
addition
group
the
related
more
Zone
of
a
special
farming
could
the
purpose
gain
the
approach
in
with
of
in
an
recruited
to
understand
in
adopt
the
subjects
of
would
both
background
selected,
if
the
a
above
qualification
were
encouraged
IOs.
in
a period
first
the
team
a matter
agent
experience
30 persons
exposed
The
had
posts
selected
to
It
For
a research
requirment
able
of
programme
educated
qualified
that
family
who have
by
a farming
a change
a farming
for
be
Oya.
Graduates
The
was
organizing
to
(CO)
Gal
considered
be
leadership
desirable
selected
was
work
community^organization
sufficiently
It
of
the
be
organization
not
task.
at
and
settlers,
did
politically
organizer
farmers.
should
officers.
ajron
- that
working
10
conditions
of
circumstances
considered
farmers
to
have
either
to
community
organizing
agent
gPublic
the
was
the
farmers,
The
and
families,
this,
organizing
a challenging
it
traditions
characteristics
these
approaches
little
a block_number
of
leaders.
Under
very
neighbouring
community
was
brought.
customs,
by
Because
of
was
different
the
affecting
be
there
leadership
good
population
merely
area.
of
An
in
change
with
recruited.
required
interest
to
to
for
was
relations
gains.
elsewhere,
similar
had
a programme
several
and
identified
organizations
appeared
studying
v/as
identifying
monetary
Oya
settlers
problem
in
Hence,
the
for
second
a heterogeneous
island.
development
community
in
of
a hydrological
the
difficulty
existing
as
personal
within
...The
the
family
specially
exist.
of
them
settler
poor
are
comprises
January
of
weeks
2 weeks
of
agriculture,
dynamics
1981,
and
the
Soon
training
training
irrigation,
communication.
after
in
the
Colombo
programme
agrarian
selection,
and
4
concentrated
issues,
weeks
on
community
The
latter
phase,
aspects.
This,
getting
acquainted
undergoing
was
of
The
two
of
lead
to
first
as
oriented
UB 15
basis
other
and
of
assessment
the
Group
general
the
trainees.
Co-ordinatOcs
co-ordinator
IOs,
another
the
Irrigation
10 is
a PD is
batch
and
expected
to
to
document
of
were
the
5
Irriga1t
ors
Department
Commissioner
be
respectively
in
(The
withdrawn
an
latter
and
also
exposed
officer
was
in
were
recruited
respectively
extent
of
1000
acres
15th
1983/xn
order
(Area
out
ten
IOs
1)
March,
2 under
a
to
supervision
and
the
to
trained
(Table
perform
of
by
vacant
2.1)
ARTI
positions
3)
6
IOs
areas
were
TA around
the
were
same
later
efficiently)
and- trained
comprising
in
area
and
10 role
recruited
Early
third
IOs
Assistant
batches
14.
irrigators
the
to
The
Gonagolla
(Area
.of
the
35 was
the
the
four
five
Technical
Two more
the
The
three
UB 1
to
The
Gonagolla
1981.
batch
fill
and
from
UB 11
areas.
in
in
channel.
in
Twenty
the
failed
1982.
to
later.
acres
branch
acres
two
on
and
1000
these
Uhana
September
Uhana
in
another
ARTI
of
implemented
4000
planned
in
they
was
about
the
extent
5 irrigators
Subsequently
along
rehabilitated
area
as
programme
1 comprised
an
was
fielded
of
Land
UB 16
covered
would
time.
to
research
to
represented
fielded
Each
Subsequently
Area
rehabilitation
v/ere
the
of
amongst
trainee
IPs
area
which
each
of
While
each
on
responsibility
thirty
Assistant
areas.
second
area.
objective
6 posts
and
supervisor,
and
area
of
programme.
action
UB 10
are
attached
the
of
separate
The
qualities
the
the
etc.
process.
10
Fielding
The
in
towards
(PD) .
while
officers
assessment
tsaining.-
positions
Assistant
as
of
practical
training,
attitudes
of
training
training
appointed
2.1
process
to
farmers,
practical
leadership
IOs;
the
working
and
Documentators
3-8
a Technical
officer
farming
organization
addition
and
the
of
farmer
environment
leadership
a team
the
the
period
Process
attention
with
matter,
the
paid
discussions
potential
major
Ampara
theoretical
subject
identify
of
at
a continuous
during
4 posts
In
the
to
behaviour
to
with
both
knovfledge
.training
included
subjected
was
of
March
created
of
and
by
22 and
the
35
September
by
heavy
drop
.
11
The
original
expanded
IOs
area
to
17,370
(Table
Table
of
2.2
March
the
by
the
fielding
10 programme
of
subsequent
was
batches
of
2.1)
Programme
of
covered
with
Figure
IPs
Time
acres
acres
and
2.1
5000
of
in
the
Recruitment
Recruitment
Project
and'the
Area
Distribution
- 1981
1983
No.
No.
Recrui­
Group
Process
ted
Co-or-
Documen-
dinators
tators
06
04
1981
30
of
through
No.
of
of
Project
Area
Uhana
Gonagolla
September
March
1982
1983
35
09
09
Weeragoda
Malwatta
22
04
04
Vacated
fieldNugelanda,
(replacement)
Sillikkody,
Vellaveli,
Galapitagala
September
1983
35
Vacated
(re'pleacement)
2.2
fields
The
Strategy
fos
The
Institutional
not
suggest
they
some
farmers
of
of
or
to
soon
field
The[four
:
for
field
channel
to
into
problems
as
problem
they
themselves
demonstrate
main
after
organize
getting'organized
bxisting
farmers.
to
water
wore:planning
benefits
Entry
Organizers,
to
distribution
Field
for
fielded
farmers
the
to
need
and
The
organising
identified
of
'
activities.
groups.
a prelude
did
purposes
cleaning
farmer
areas
were
by
Instead
the
IOs
:
made
work
IOs, in
use
of
among
this
reagrd
i
are
described]below:
a)
water.Disputes
As
in
other
responsible
Senanayaka
major
for
schemes,
the
Samudraya
the
distribution
to
the
Irrigation
of
field
Department
is
water
from
the
main
channels
via
the
branch
zescrvo-ix,
and
•
Table
2.2
% Distribution
of
Institutional
»
Organizer by Phase of
PHASE
PHASE I
Project
i
CM
Area
t h e P r o j e c t - March 1 9 8 1 t h r o u g h A p r i l
Channel
Name
No. of
IOs
Acreage
Covered
Gonagolla
LB 2 9 ,
LB 3 0 ,
and G l ,
G3, G5.
06
1000
Uhana
UB 1 t o
UB 16
24
5000
Channel
Name
PHASE
II
No. of
IOs
Acreage
Covered
Weeragoda,
Mandur
M 1 to
M 18
28
7417
;Malwatta
MS I
MS 8
04
1119
to
a
II
Channel
Name
No. of
IOs
Acreage
Covered
G2, G4
G6 t o
G 16
04
2414
08
1808
LB
LB
VI
SI
Vellavely
1983
S
34 t o
40
t o V5
t o S5
100 AREAS OF THE PROJECT
A-
L B
MAIN
g.
UHANA
CHANNEL
BRANCH
C • <SONA&OLUA
CHANNEL
BRANCH
p . VELLAVELI
BRANCH
£ . THUMBAMKENAI
FRANOH
pf, .. K A O U K K A M U N N
BRANCH
•
CHANNEL
CHANNEL
CHANNEL
CHANNEL
t
B t - MANDUR
B » • MALWATT/t
b
DiSTY
CHANNEL
DtST.Y
CHANNEL
B * - 1 • CHADAYANTALAWA
BZ-2.
SAMMANTURAJ
DIST.Y
DIST-Y
CHANNEL
CHANNEL
...r.nf
33
14
distributary'
water
an
was
channels.
nobody's
unorganized
those
down
extravagant
rotation,
In
of
over
several
order
homicides
Table
the
nature
quarels
to
2.3
field
those
channel
were
water
use
water
at
reported
in
Distribution
some
of
field
end
of
water.
the
Response
Availability
in
awake
in
water
Because
of
Field
were
farmers.
night.
(See
the
water
among
at
while
there
each
reported
Towards'
water
enough
At
quarrels.
1980
of
farmers
level.
keep
distribution
Farmer
end
were
to
had
head
channel
had
distribution
obtained
head
disputes
them
water
of
Water
by
of
the
the
farmers
deprived
water
some
the
at
the
and
water
channel,
Hence
whereby
quarrels
obtain
were
the
responsibility.
manner;
further
frequent
Within
Even
Table
3.5)
Canal
Yala
(^responses)
Channel
Farmer
Name
Response
Category
-
Too
Adequate
much
G
^
3.7-
85%
8%
20%
80%
70%
10%
20%
25%
60®
.52%
J.6%
LB
29.2
0%
UB 1
../
...S \
UB 15.2
"powerful"
IOs
at
the
explained
overcome
some
a n c
j
m
expense
c
r
e
:
of
to
farmers
of
the
influential
less
water
the
related
.
farmers
poweful
need
36%
%
54
8%
7%
9.4
Water:
80%
29.2
water
'
12%
5.1
The
'
9%
LB
VB
Inadequate
Water'
Water
G
,
often
farmers.
for
an
problems
had
Under
organization
faced
32%
an access
such
in
by
15%
.
to
circumstances,
order
them.
to
Irrigation
As
Rehabilitation
the
system
water
In
the
with
the
to
their
how
Acute
Water
to
in
season
there
the
irrigation
were
Committee
issue
for
water
subsidiary
the
land.
area
food
that
one
would
of
so
agreed
meetings
and
commenced
Later i t
was
revealed
as
brought
of
the
the
risk
he
could
under
of
all
cultivation.
cultivation
crop
issued
for
much
of
and
of
meetings.
failure
made
it
consulted
experience
will
in
Ampara
to
in
informed
Yala
cultivation.
the
District
decided
the
Left
Bank.
farmers
Subsequently
advised
allotment.
expected
informed
cultivate
to
at
loosing
under
Cultivation
than
the
the
be
the
more
of
to
were
each
decision
and
was
was
of
the
were
it
and
were
risk
the
the
dissatisfaction
cultivation
that
and
be
allotment
the
also
problems
farmers
paddy
wishes
to
water
held
Farmers
at
with
be
1981,
acres
of
Ios
of
changed
the
anyone
do
Farmers
land
to
.
decision
were
crops.
if
the
acre
work
farming
Season
of
12,000
of
acute
not
was
and
will
years
Yala
1981,
only
only
of
he
solution
plan.
were
meetings
cultivate
acre,
satisfactory.
programme
benefit.
design
a state
March
cultivation
on
would
in
Agricultural
Meetings
from
a permanent
thatthey
quarter
water
farmers
rest
condition,
rehabilitation,
own
1981
first
In
The
far
cooperate
their
the
Problems
In
could
based
uneasiness.
to
was
have
the
farmers
into
Yala
District.
Yala
they
suggestions
incorporated
Hence
to
of
for
explain
be
that
dilapidated
scheme
wished
objectives
officials
1981
and
related
to water
management.
IOs discussed
the
prograrehabilitation
with
farmers
and explained
how t}ie
progxai
best
be used
to solve
their
problems.
Ios
discussed
irrigation
and
a bad
the
farmers
demonstrated
a point
in
across
meantime
farmers
and
was
distribution
problems'
of
-mme/could
In
itself
one
right
over
the
cultivation
>
accordingly.
every
farmer
had
reservations,
Only
By
because
cultivated
as
encroachments
a few
the
of
abided
middle
insufficient
by
of
the
etc.
the
ouch
were
decision
Yala
water
season,
in
the
16
tank
was
under
imminent
paddy
to
protect
In
order
the
to
The
growing
crop
excess
then
failrue,
a crash
At
proper
mechanism;
through
which
among
farmers.
Therefore,
There
was
a larger
farmers
at
Farmers
armed
their
pipe
patorl
during
their
of
this
benefits
• farmers
Weakness
of
The
Palaka
Yaya
Agrarian
based
matters
(b)
to
to
to
protect
along
some
risk
of
IOs
within
their
for
• The
police
and
the
£
gates
branch
a motivator.
farmer
the
field.
failure
efforts
They
could
be
farmers
weree
Hence
minimized
to
adopt
Such
of
•
the
encouraging
the
10
.
was
dnd
able
to
organizations.
elected
under
No.
58 of
The
water
/the
1979
the
in
not
been
lack
satisfied
of
farmer
with
of
the
able
cooperation.
the
activities
YP
leaders'
in:
irrigation
schemes
irrigation
damages
assist
'farmer
the
major
of
the
the
of
management
have
they
one
of
responsibility
management
in
provision
is
to
not
A
farmers
(d)
to
watching
convincing
and
due
observed
of
by
years.
channels.
structures,
farmers
reported.
lodged
field
to,prevent
by
were
motivated
(c)
However,
distributed
structures
crop
conflicts,
water.'
be
water.
entered
groups.
basis
farmers
of
there
preceding
obtain
IOs
the
level.
irrigation
were
to
water
Leadership
tract
to
farmers
for
Act..
resolve
were
10 as
(YP)
assist
how
level
complaints
etc.
effort.
the
related
(a)
to
how
Existing
the
related
weapons
that
a good
Services
on
to
Bank.
rotation
case
of
disputes
in
farmers
collective
a strong
programme
can
than
by
into
accepted
as
water
offices
operation
farmers
of
brought
discussed
channel
related
stuggle
period
became
field
water
in
Left
water
activities
make
the
organizing
methods
is
in
the
to
of
clubs,
was
of
explained
by
with
damaged
channels
was
number
inlets
being
water
irrigation
sefvice
from
'It
the
being
crop.
needed.
no
acreage
farmers
Yala
minimize
was
of
urgently
was
^
a result
cultivation.
management
•
as
being
farmers
to
water
caused
in
solve
the
water
It
was
of
YPs.The
distribution
problems
observed
payment
faced
that
due
to
17
YPs based
Each
on acreage
YP had
(alaries)
farming
work
was made
of
his
own
only
which
by
a handful
hampered
the
of
farmers
performance
of
his
to
>poor
duty.
Farmer
work
responses
indicated^some
performance,
and
unsatisfactory
are
summarised
below:
(I)
Each
to
and
YP had
100-125
well.
efficienly
there
XII)
is
farmers
YP found
it
over
large
the
in
The
were
his
area
which
area
and
area
the
of
to
of
of
discharge
to
as
YPs
on a colony
'hydro'logi^alf?^boundaries
for
the
boundaries
affected
the
paddy
other
his
him.
farmers
as
duties
Moreover,
communicate
with
all
basis
has
an .
the
authority.
appointed
three
reasons
of
which
'administrative
boundary.
This
is different
from the
logical
boundaries
served
by an irrigation
channel
There
are instances
i;hp".
an. rr^rigation.
channel
cuts
across
three
^ - - . . u j u s t s s ^ i /& boundaries
ana had
many
the
The
acres
number
assigned
YP to
YPs;
300-500
a good
difficult
of
contributed
leadership
a large
no Mechanism£c£
farmers
YPs
cover
colony
The
reasons
particular
do not
efficient
channel.
The
coincide
with
discharge
of
hydronetwork.
as
fact
that
administrative
duty
of
each
YP
The main responsibility
of the YP is to ensure
the equitable
distribution
of water
among farmers
in his area of authority.
In order
to do
so,
i t becomes
necessary
to organize
water
rotations.
There
are three
steps
involved
in*organizing
a water.rotatZen-:~
•< ly he has to inform
all
the
farmers
in the channel
about
the rotation.Secondly,
he has to pay a
role
in the actual
implementation
of the rotations
and finally
the YP
has to see whether
the rotation
operates
satisfactorily,
taking
remedial
measures
wherever
necessary.
Each of these
reasons
affect
the
satisfactory
performance
of water
rotation
which
is the main role
of a
YP, with
regard
to water
management.
a
18
(iii)
The working
relationship
among YPs is very
poor.
There
are no avenues
for
all
of them to meet
and
discuss
their
water
related
problems.
This
too
has
adversely
affected
the functioning
of the YP
system.
(iv)
The YP is generally
associated
with
political
patronage
and because
of this
reason
he has a group
opposed
to
him.
This
too affected
the performance
of
his
work.
Although
the YPs are engaged
in performing
field
level
water
management
activities,
they
had varying
degrees
of success
in their
work.
The IOs made use of the
poor
leadership
role
of the YPs to
their
own advantage
to
enter
the community.
The above
climate
in the
pilot
area favoured
the initial
work of IOs who jwere
attempting
to encourage
the development
of leadership
among
farmers,
based
on a common field
channel
and motivate
them to
form
farmer
organizations
for purposes
of water
management.
The
farmers
who had many water
related
problems
accepted
him.
The fact
that
IOs were attempting
to organize
the
farmers
at a time
when there
was virtually
no leadership
for
water
management
work favoured
the activities
of the
IOs.
The farmers
accepted
the 10 and was prepared
to
listen
and
cooperate
with
(e)
Officer
him.
Relations
•
—:
^
»
At
the
time
there
was
entered
confusion
vis-a-vis
and
other
hand,
lack
of
cooperation.
many
farmers
field
There
the
were
scheme
field
IOs-while
relations,
this
level
the
the
field,
farmers
aware
instances
where
were
not
of
began
aware
of
recognising
the
the
to
the
is
assist
the
officers.
On
of
farmers
that
and
the
in
Jala
functions
departments.
some
Palaka,
Department.
poor
farmers
\
farmers'
reported
Irrigation
the
of
different
even
existing
that
farmers
roles
representing
also
officer
of
it
of
noted
of
complained
However,
officers
was
complained
attitude
officers
not
it
activities
The
were
level
the
unhelpful
the
of
in
officials.
negligence
I
IOs
areas
of
the
The
farmer-officer
in
improving
^/
relationship.
§
19
,3
Activities
of
Having
entered
was
identify
of
to
the
the
Institutional
the
Organizers
field,
the
Irrigation
the
first
physical
system
and
and
activity
embarked
upon
socio-cultural
of
the
by
v
IOs
characteristics
farmers.
Each
10
was
required
2
to
prepare
a map of
his
v/orking
area
and
an
irrigation
After
the
profile
3
and
a community
survey
as
indicated
the
original
the
mortgagees,
cultivate
The
where
the
related
to
on
activity
of
particular
suggestions
the
of
the
and
identified.
organizations
to
activities
tail
end
organize
10 himself
acted
activities
need
in
getting
was
also
Q
promoted
farmers
responded
by
very
the
intended
to
10
varied
favourably
of
given
farmers
of
stimulate
the
within
to
organization
profile
of settlers,
3h4
in the area
and
r
than
in
general,
along
'
In
a
the
the
meeting.
farmers-'-''
problems
organized
the
10
to
problems
own
already
into
10.
Farmer
responses
the
community.
The
IOs.
The Irrigation
profile
is a description
of the location
-network
supported
by a map, details
of farmer
behaviour
nature
and intensity
of problems
with
regard
to water
farmer
categories
such as colonists,
drainage
farmers,
encroachers
etc.
Community
background
organization
.farmers.
on more
convenor
tackle
each
period,
discussions.
to
by
for
the
others
of
themselves
stressed
problems
farming
informal
as
end
to
dwelling
months
was
groups
order
f£
and
other
motivate
was
the
once
and
assigned
farmer's
three
prominence
to
K
3.
to
discussion
The
farmer
the
10 was
channel
phase,
agenda'
• management
the
field
initial
2
water
At
more
who
highlighting
about
least
lessees,
area
each
while
took
at
at
personally;
those
thehydrological
contacts.
farmers
and
made
' It
farmers
the
encroachers
mission
Subsequently,
discussions
The
some
occassion.
The
their
all
reconnaissance
cultivators,
originally
individual
met
visited
within
management.
the
10 had
one
explained
10
the
areas
were
water
complete"
each
drainage
.
highland
tenants,
contacts
to
each
the
the,
10
profile
above,
allottees,
on
them.
organization
They
attended
of field
relating
management
lessees,
all
channel
to
the
and
is a description
which
includes
the
type,
nature
and activities
of
community
the leadership
characteristics
of
the
20
field
level
the
meetings
meetings.
those
in
head
drainage
area
operators
and
channels,
cutting
organizations
that
of
areas.
As
Although
of
forthcoming
to
made
Hence,
some
as
Highland
the
end
of
water,
it
of
farmer-
is
likely
difficulties
for
organization
programme
the
farmers
damming
activities
activities
to
By
of
farmer
allotments
in
towards
tail
end
farmer
programme
there
areas.
was
Most
irrigation
the
10
participation
of
the
could
farmer
for
irrigation
organization
'
design
meetings,
not
meet
as
they
the
were
busy
time
the
in
in
orgarntional
Uhana
area
They
organizations
vrere
had
earthwork-
in
were
a
commenced
farmers
for
in
individually
organizing
farmers
means
Hence,
Uhana
and
aware
earlier
rehabilitation.
programme
which
all
in
same
programme.
that
rehabilitation,
the
farmers
farmer
for
at
a difference
rehabilitation
by
the
began
areas
was
other
June
the
matters
4
1981.
before
they
for
rehabili-
work.
the
and
explain
See
the
maintenance
two
a grong,
attendance
because
Gonagolla,
irrigation
coulcimeet
the
farmer?
hand,
tail
organization
of
IOs
the
operators,
water
waste
availability
of
good.
expected
for
as
better.
farmers
to
water
in
in
highland
Since
farmers
other
cooperation
farmer
activity
-tation
help
such
farmers
irrigation
a reduction
On the
of
was hot
etc.
support
actively
encroachers,
obtain
of
their
understand
obtaining
organize
to
participated
categories
however
categories
the
to
related
The
siphoning
and
between
major
bunds,
lead
10 and
channels,
usually
farmer
effort
of
the
other
encroachers
was
Uhana
of
etc.
such,
the
by
cultivators
would
organizations
of
areas
satisfactory.
organizations
been
end
Hence,
not
the
response
these
themselves.
both
The
could
most
was
sponsored
at
informal
10 had
to
them
discussion
work
no
the
group
time
need
on design
in
Chapter
to
discussionsin
meet
for
each
forming
meetings,
Three.
<6f the
Uhaha
area
farmers
an organization
earth
work,
'
operation
was
poor
individually
(Table
2^.4)
and
possibly
21
Table
2.4
:
Farmer
Attendance
Uhana
Name of
Channel
During
No. of
Meetings
Held
informal
Discussions
May 1981'through
Expected
Participation
._
in
November
1981
%
Actual'
Participation
•
-
Participation
-
6
168
86
51.19
2
25
673
433
64,33
UB
3
1
37
13
35.13
UB
4
2
36
31
86,U
UB
9
10
443
177
39.95
UB 12
1
17
15
88.23
UB 15
2
62
41
UB 16
2
84
48
UB
1
UB
'.
Source
1520
49
total
a.
Area
for
: 10
Based,
lessees,
'
66.12
.
.
57.14
55.52
'844
Reports.
on
In
the total
excluding
number
drainage
Gonagolla
area
discussions
meet
as
all
the
physical
the
in
the
they
were
met
all
the
objectives
of
to
invite
in
order
to
the
as
level
develop
The
officers,
IOs
relations
village
officers.
the
level
IOs
a result
benefits
of
the
regular
to
of
in
the
and
commencement
of
in
the
The
the
farmer,
cooperation
contacts.
Uhana
Gonagolla
area
and
area
explained
mentioned
IOs
earlier
motivated
farmers
organization
between
farmers,
in
to
FO.
poor.
interaction
to
time
Moreover,
was
very
group
sufficient
FO while
formation
officers
explained
had
Gonagolla.
mortgagees,
informal
the
officers
were
such
IOs
activities.As
mutual
mutual
no
before
in
the
colonists,
encroaehers.
The
preceded
after
village
officer-farmer
area.
work
meetings
the
was
individually
organized
IOs
i.e.,
and
there
Uhana
farmers,
design
farmers
farmers
however,
rehabilitation
area
obtain
of
farmers
in
the
both
meetings
and
presence
parties
of
can
22
The
activity
along
pursued'
field
by
a.leader
for
IOs
the
benefits
Having
of
motivation
The
given
hydrological
leader.
The
of
the
FR to
appointed
office
had
the
farmer
portion
to
clear
representatives,
it
difficult
members
to
activities
etc.
This
of
the
farmers
so
cope
known
as
Farmer
as
the
members
to
those
responsibility
made
this
select
of
at~
members
farmers'
chairman,
with
have
vrere
made
not
the
able
to
farmer
In
such
the
division
of
responsible
for
head,
securing
members
but
with
the
of
lengthy
regularly.
activities
select
an attempt
was
a
their
cases
the
another
made
by
'consensus'
Although
vrere
heavy
representatives
channels
not
they
satisfactory,
maintenance
difficult.
made
work
it
had
difficult
selected
since
load
.
subsequently
' Large
groups.
measure
farmer
interests
togehter
etc.
smaller
a
of
organizations
Secretary
a
Representative
formation
took
In
of
dedided''by
as
selected.
spokesman
farmers'
such
among
By
the
election
of
continuous
their
an
President,
on.
all
activities
farmer
been
as
held
stages
divided
by
cohesiveness.
few
group
to
capabilities
of
Several
as
and'maintain
the
early
sub-group-was
and
however
had
the
represent
other
activities.
one
groups
groups
for
group
work
farmer
activities,
Each
have
farmer
other
group
out
authority
group
many
need
leadership
repair
backed
consensus
commonly.*
the
such
preserve
for,them
found
of
by
group's
carry
group
bearers
middle
too
done
exist.
to
because
Some
not
area
.
leaders,
demonstrate
one
mesponsibility,
boundary,
for
farmers
Some
and
representatives
hydrological
group
the
out
selected
more
During
did
to
usually
the
organize
assessing
activities
farmer
positionsof
carry
2-3
was
leader,
organization.
the
group
groups
selection
meetings
etc.
of
channel
helped
was
farmers
to
groups
~
several
farmer
coordinate
secretary
groups
also
area.No.
organizations,
proceeded
and
farmer
together.
to
farmer
discussions/
exposing
to
functions
rotations,
activities
IOs,
and
of
guidance
explaining
IOs
water
for
exposed
leader.
to
in
formation
meetings
roles
work,
working
• of
has
time
Thereafter,
Such
being
(FR)
much
ah opportunity
farmers.
encourage
farmer
any-group..activity,
shramadana
the
or
took
etc.
provided
to
initial
who
characteristics
as
was
channels.At
provided
such
by.IOs
of ,
farmers
23
lengthy
channels.
impression
that
leadership
of
Members
these
etc.
areas.
In
.own
solutions
first
the
tail
have
by
such
end
gradually
in
1981.
the
The
Weeragoda
1982.
of
area
Note
with
that
the
the
The
farmet:organization
first
organized
The
time
by
of
the
10 as
responsibility
of
fielding
of
BC in
in
Uhana
of
of
lines
in
organizations
AB and
batch
'their-
May 1981,
farmer
second
curvature
peak
the
of
Figure
and
Gonagolla
farmer
of
AB,
organizations
IOs
BC,
96
in
September
CD and
DE
IOs.
meeting
had
gradually
find
in
formation
of*
of
farmers
was
t
pattern
fielding
to
' the
organizations
Donation
hydrologic
reached
lines
the
Death
specific
of
the
from
as
farmers
number
farmer
points
different
such
in
had
established
The
the
represent
formally
the
it
the
any
motivate
2.2).
shows
not
only
to
then
and
(Fig.
line:CD
arose
continue
Since
formation
1
areas.
5.
therefore
organizations,
was
increased
November
denote
IOs
organization
G.
were
problems
cases,
of
organizations
village
Such
farmer
such
representatives
traditional
Organizations
The
of
in
no
each
of
prior
the
channels
experience
transferredio
in
the
was
this
FR from
regard.
the
10
were
and
the
appointments
channel
of
organizations.
intensity
of
field
level
It
therefore
be
should
regularly
while
others
meetings
was
very
meetings
both
in
Attendance
for
1981,
in
it
Gonagolla
towards
physical
area.
area
the
commencement
met
together
members
noted
to
in
than
and
in
is
IOs
of
explained
the
the
is
the
declining
was
expected
to
farmers
to
to
the
begin
need
programme.
to
for
regular
informal
and
2.6).
attendance
was
dwindled
be
1982
87%
in
interest
original
1982
and
participation
farmer
in
to
meet
1981
for
the
2.5
problems.
83% during
the
reason
According
rehabilitation
80% and
the
agrarian
previous
(Table
The
on
had
of
area,although
to
field
attendance
case
areas.
area
due
organizations.
and
organizations
in
1982.
of
depending
Farmer
Uhana
Uhana
67% in
1982
some
frequently.
better
formation
agricultural
that
Gonagolla
rehabilitation
The
The
Gonagolla
down
farmer
the
less
much
In
went
after
irrigation,
meetings
respectively.
RRsmade
schedule,
in
organized
the
the
Gonagolla
before
the
Htsabar • £
24
-
farmer
Organizations
• ...
O
.J.
• o
1
. .
Q-) •
CO
o
O
1
1 _
o
o
..,.,1.
o
«
-C
cn
h-'
CO
O
O
o
1 ,,
•
t
O
•
o
.&
M
K»
O
-*
Table
2.5
:
Farmer A t t e n d e n c e
Time
May 1981
December
a t Farmer O r g a n i z a t i o n M e e t i n g s
Period
Channel
Name
to
1981
G 1
G3
G 5
LB 29
LB 3 0
TOTAL
January
October
CM
TOTAL
1982 t o
1982
G 1
G 3
G 5
LB 2 9
LB 3 0
LB 31
G 9
No. of
Meetings
Held
i n Gonagolla Area During 1981 through
Expected
Attendence
Actual
Attendence
4
15
3
7
1
85.
253
64
102
15
70
220
55
94
15
82
86
85
92
100
30
519
454
87
2
7
7
5
2
2
1
41
130
279
110
30
30
103
160
77
26
73
79
57
70
86
26
590
396
67
1982
m
Table
2.6
•n
;
Farmer A t t e n d e n c e
Time P e r i o d
May 1981
December
to
1981
a t Farmer O r g a n i z a t i o n M e e t i n g s
Channel
Name
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
2
7
9
11
12
14
TOTAL
January 1982
October-1982
TOTAL
to
UB
UB
UB
UB
1
2
7
9
No. of
Meetings
Held
-
i n Uhana D u r i n g
Expected
Attendence
1 9 8 1 -..1.9.8.2
Actual
'
Attendence
%
30
4
13
1
9
1
519
53
233
95
15
401
49
174
77
92
74
93
15
97
100
61
953
768
80
1
50
1
... 5
,40
723
11
96
18
623
10
-72
45
86
90
-75
57
870
723
83
*
27
However
flue
farmer
seen
to
interest
in
the
of
Overall
than
must
to
be
noted
organization
shown
2.4
of
of
activity
fell
behind
began
the
farmer
to
schedule
and
erode.
This
organizations,
is
declining
etc.
at
farmer
traditional
is explained
benefits
programme
themselves^also
attendance
the
the
organizing
levels
at
.difference
reasons,
members
farmer
higher
It
in
low
attendance
some
various
organization
cultivation
by
the
fact
farmers
that
the
lowest
level
was
little
over
meetings
100% farmer
when
meetings
that
the
meetings
farmer
compared
substantially
(Figure
2.3).
organizations
with
of
is
have
cultivation
attendance
80% while
of
some
This
produced
meeliings.
farmers
\at
farmer
organizations
have
participation.
Farmer-Officer
Meetings
i
During
1981
FR and
officers
meetings
to
a regular
evolved
to
level
at
the
time
from
the
farmers
first
for
each
The
were
attended
category
question
on
the
on different
the
by
of
officer
It
requiring
the
in
at
larger
2 Agricultural
established
his
FR and
10 was
is
in
as
the
was
'organization
became^the
tjere
acres.';
TA's
office
solution.
than
for
by
the
the
meeting
farmers
Accordingly,
Gonagolla
Extension
and
j
invited
decided
organized
The
FRs.
be
not
but
the
meetings
5000
and
launched
later
usually
such
system
was
involved
This
place
officer,
This
Monthly
a central
the
the
(Jhese
of
programme
area.
which
between
objectives
attention.
representative.
the
was
between
The
area
to
main
organization
themselves.
farmer
two
requiring
farmer
held
most
The
was
departments
such as 'ID,AD,
DAS,CD,
occasions..
The nature
of these
/in the Uhana and Gonagolla
areas.
comparatively
Divisions,
the
usually
hand*
problem
government
was
problems
Assistant's
of
at
IOs.
meetings
Technical
meetings
were
of
discussions
interaction
farmer-officer
responsibility
of
with
promote
field
envisaged
of
together
were
discass
system
and
Divisions,
depended
themselves
officers
of
2 Agrarian
and
the
depending
PMB have been
meetings
was
At Uhana the
had
on.
2 Irrigation
all-
relevant
invited
different
pilot
area
Services
j
-
28
-.
Figure
2.3
100 n
53
Si
B
I
: Oh
w
o
i;... 3 . 7
(, s . i
i;
:
!
LB 30
I'M} <t,-2
UB <>.•:»
CHANNELS' Distribution of Farmer Participation at Cultivation Meetings
and at Farmer Organization Meetings by Channels in Yala 1981
Participation at Farmer ^Organization Meetings
Participation at Cultivation Meetings
29
Maintenance
Divisions.
as
frequently
of
meetings
in
meetings
The
as
farmers
The
attitude
they
began
people.
The
of
the
many
(a)
the
the
damaged
structures
agreed
•
to
why
time
inspite
thus:
"It
no
future
can
there
of
would
improper
agreed
did
was
assure
to
Subsequently,
to
of
when
the
not
frequent
farmers
they
are
the
also
use
of
repair
funds...
repairs
the
had
there
were
group
changing
the
have
produced
by
the
the
will
for
the
to
But
effected.
2
asked
such
a
there
them
even
we
the
(the
FO.
of, allegations
room
them..
for
long
ID officials
now
by
ID repaired
no
The-ID
and
protected,
be
the
When
afforded
possibility
to
Technical
work.
ID.
Co-ordinating
them.
matters
the
to
the
officers
structures
be
prior
of
farmers,
the
are
been
them,
the
by
v/ill
structures
have
such
one
repair
repair
to
repaired
as
trustworthy
for
farmers
the
and
the
who broke
protection
that
of
ID to
appeals
that
a change
officers
by
At
Overseer)
attend
meetings.
and
a forum
damaged
the
undertake
organization
underwent
the
by.
Distributary
attention
urged
blamed
below:
FO programme.
drew
the
mannerwhere
co-ordinating
FR and
G 5
Maintenance
they
assurance
the
system
where
who were
a rational
discussed
G 5 were
and
Assistant
as
are
Along
FRs
(the
are
farmers.
which
farmers
the
cordial
also
as
of
officials
farmers
the
Hence
farmer
the
as
along
meetings,
the
after
of
meet
channels,
officers
became
of
commencement
of
between
area.
a very
meetings
meetings
structures
in
Some
them
not
distribtaries.
conducted
farmers
well
could
several
monthly
tb 'Structures
Three
the
towards
that
the
some
Repairs
distributary
with
officers
officers
benefits,
on
introduction
understand
co-ordinating
based
benefited.
Hence
attitudes
a smaller
FRs
the
Uhana
is
were
have
in
which
FR of
friendly
of
to
was
by
to
became
officers
meetings
prior
programme,
area
attended
and
such
Gonagolla
Uhana
were
officers
the
of
at
co-ordinating
both
As
such
replied
will
be
in
the
ID)
-Secondly
being
When
made
FO .
allegations"
3o
The
IB
supplied
while
the
case
reveals
in
the
farmer
of
did
organization
that
favour
materials;and
provided
theofficers
Mhe
the
technical
free
have
supervision
labour.
changed
.
This
their
attitudes
:
FO.
i
The LB 29 Case
end
The
bund
Maha
of
season.
inspite
• at
LB 29
one
of^the
the
Id
fequent
subject
had
agreed
FO.
In
in
order
to
Extension
The
the
repair
to
keep
the
by
farmers.
key
FO erected
facilitate
water
to
the
flow
by
the
farmers
were
disburse
A total
of
to
construct
this
....
case
while
the
ID
gate
gate
the
at
: ' .
officials
in
their
tail/c-x^G
Gl
with
own
the
expense
3
distributary.
requested
150
Agricultural
extension
of
the
work
an
through
AD approached
o±der • to carrytrnt
work pf
extension
in
Department
FO.
the
FO
eXpension
officers
hiflt
effective
work.
also
manner.
Scheme.
Agrarian
twice
the
(Al)
relations
negotiated
the
FR,
information
better
area
of
to
of
Credit
Officer
to
supervision
distributary
agricultural
Instructors
dissemination
Gonagolla
discussed
In
above,
a wooden
;
of
v?as
damage.
mentioned
of
made
channel
Agricultural
Because
repairs
ID agreed
technical
every
out
This
the
m
'
a request
Agricultural
carry
flood
and
in G 3, G 5, UB 7, i/B 2 etci- Ih
This, facilitated
pot
only
the
the
and
to
work
the
m
(AD) ^agreed
to
damage
labour.
Work
Consequent
able
materials
to
G 3.7,
been
resistant
ID provided
also
f&ood
meetings,
structure
addition
to
complaints,
t h e FO supplied-free
In
not
FR-Officer
a permanent
also
tail/was
The
of
-
the
farmers
with
a credit
Services
to
benefited
scheme
Centre
deposit
amount
officers
some
deposited
from
some
with.the
(ASC).
cash
as
this
FOs
in
Divisional
The
and
the
credit,
scheme.
ASC
within
agseed
any
season,
31
CHAPTER
PERFORMANCE.OF
As
was
one
explained
farmer
of
the
(a)
(c)
operation
each
it
This
of
of
of
system,
and
discusses
in
System
Farmer
participation
in
the
tation
to
secure
their
system.
incorporate
local
design
so
can
is
necessary
errors
in
they
will
constructed.
damaged
deliberate
an
had
not
to
example
survey
for
of
the
FOs with
could
motivated
In
Gal
•
regard
farmurs
at
the
out
water.
severity
in
the
planning
the
is
expected
to
farmers
the
.
into
avoidable
serves
farmer
other
at
useful
the
stage
of
the
system
protection
to
th£
structures
of
the
structures
that
to
most
their
belongs
ignorance
or
to
due
them
to
water.
awareness
of
functioning
of
that
structures
are
Thus
they
structures.
break
problem,
part
the
consultation
Getting
more
latter
field
insights
associated
found
the
at
with
that
that
the
because
Farmer
useful
also
due
of
into
designwork
priority
so
afford
was
of
of
eliminated.
obtaining
lack
the
work.
are
either
it
co&sul
of
hydrology.available
feeling
it
farmer
time
of
high
process
to
Oya
the
provide
be
the
be
of
of
farmers
get
involves
quality
designs
could
if
provide
carried
work
farmers
structures
the'impression
of
the
local
design
will
by
phase
a matter
they
the
because
. farmers
work,
Work
knowledge
of
work
attempts
Moreover,
but
is
Firstly,
they
participation'
construction
of
is
forming
farmer
at
the
irrigation
in
planning,
design
ensure
as
designs
purposes.
were
to
harnessed
of
participation
and
as
be
Design
hydrological
experience
farmers
functioning
By
maintenance
participation
This
and
also
Scheme.
performance
By consulting
level
knowledge
Programme
activities.
Participation
,. ' channel
Oya
system
(d)
the
(FO)
obtain
(b)
Farmer
plan
Gal
to
system,
above
irrigation
Organization
intended
the
the
chapter
the
was
of
work
Farmer
rehabilitation
re-designing
system.
•
the
organizations,
for
3.1
ORGANIZATIONS
earlier,
component
to
FARMER
THREE
of
erected
the
1979
structures
to
To
controlcite
reconnaissance
by
the
ARTI
indicated
32
that
in
one
branch
purposely
damaged
prevented
by
channel,
or
25 out
of
the
27 gates
Most
of
such
willful
broken.
educating
farmers
on ,the
purpose,
installed
had
damages
been
can
and .functioning
be
of
the'
structures.
Design
Meetings:
and
incorporate
plan,
design
In
order
their
local
meetings
field
formed,
farmers
along
The
first
the
Irrigation
meetings,
channel
the
respective
farmer
representatives
its
through
the
suggestions
were
half
made
by
approach
of
commenced
operating
this
channel
field
the
channel
of
design
with
IOs.
meetings
was
level
1982.
In
farmers,
the
Irrigation
farmer
through
have
with
channel.
present
status
half
ID suggested
At
these
of
the
attention.
of
improve
second
the
Assistant/s
second
to
not
to, all
farners
requiring
The
April
meet
the
order
the
farmers
conveyed
field
the
a
and
Technical
highlight
around
and
to
a particular
meetings.
the
the
characteristics
the
approach,
along
by
during
is
organizations
channels
the
design
meetings
was
by
work
the
Meeting
meeting
organized
first
farmer
design
of
hydrological
meetings
where
assisted
requirments
and
design
of
design
A design
design
into
design
convening
Engineer
knowledge
10 facilitated
the
design
in
engineer
areas
to
involved
irrigation
In
approach
discuss
Under
The
organizations.
Seen
to
level.
farmers
organized.
between
chanrel
farmer
get
hydrological
were
discussion/consultation
at
to
1981
and
clarity
continued
of
a change
approach
The
design
in
the
outlined
below
1982.
Engineer
group,
discussing
walks
observing
possible
along
defects
a.
of
solutions.
field
the
The
system
at
farmers
groups
to
indicate
specific
them
for
foot
bridges,
local
consideration.
Some
of
the
UB 8A,
on
wallowing
places,
presentation.
entirely
Farmers
buffalo,
&t appropriste
system.
hydrological.
the
in
which
farmers'
also
pits,
order
specific
problems/the
to
is
suggest
their
bathing
places,etc.
avoid
suggestions
a new
suggestion.
engineer
possible
made.by
distributary
who
requirments
future
such
for
damage
farmers
channel,
notes
as
erection
to
the
deserve
was
constructt
.<••'
33
The
original
the
design
o
engineers
reconstructed
farmers
n
incorporating
farmers'
out
issue..
some
irrigation
would
.Later.,,
be
the
prevented
engihhers
re-constructed
suggestions.
The
UB 4.1,
UB 7.4,
Table
3.1
Uhana
areas
meetings
that
farmer
has
been
over
farmer
farmers
meetings
channel
level
in
attend
the
high
engineer
in
table
rate
of
to
such
dialogue
since
the
inception
interest
to
observe
Secondly,
farmers
The
the
created
great
meetings
in
the
farmers
the
outcome.
many
the
to
June
1981
.
that
attended
design
between
the
at
meeting
field
of
attendance
expected
The
the
Oya
the
engineers
new
to
farmers
regard
to
there
be
had
and
not
the
farmers
of
design
meetings
in
at
when
to
contact
a time
irrigation
rehabilitate
who participated
rehabilitation
can
system
occurred
with
expected
meetings
Gal
who attended
problems
among
make
in
rehabilitation
project
design
between
scheme.
among
interest
order
level
of
11 design
who were
in
Firstly,
field
of
farmers
participation
programme
that
the
of
earlier
percentage
in
meeting.
reasons.
at
piace
1
cited.
observed
also
the
meetings
9 out
also
the
examples,
design
through
of
to
be
a dialogue
the
Some
As
area
such
taken
design
experienced
message
not
only
farmer
was
command
However,
covers
three
been
order
Oya.
particular
attributed
created
Gal
had
The
farmers'
could
1981
and
water
according
instance,
It
because
stream.
for
April
a channel's
M 5
particular
trouble.
UB 7.3.1
For
period
the
completed.
participation
curiosity
the
the
UB7.2,
participation.
through
and
were
also
the
first
the
changed
was
farmers'
that
further
also
85%.
the
outside
farmers
The
during
the
down
to
incorporating
no
were
they
shows
100%
^shown
plans
UB 6 t a i l ,
held
showed
gave
after,
testing
M 5,2
instance,
at
that
by
at
regard
indicated
structures
structures
suggestions
constructed
water
changed
For
being
convinced
of
was
structure
with
after
were
the
and- design
•farmers'
some
incorporated
flow,
hew
problems
engineers
the
UB 7,5
suggestions.
were
engineers
sturctures
structures
that
at
The
practical
structures
However,
suggestions
structure
suggestions.
of
UB 16.
turnout
farmers',
pointed
functioning
of
programme
water.
the
in
a
scheme
design
success.
.
34
Thirdly,
the
importance
of
Table
efforts
of
:
by
the
design-meetings
farmer
3.1
made
IOs
also
to
convince
farmers
contributed
to
the
the
high
rate
participation
Farmer
Participation
in
Uhana
at
Area
Design
1981
Meetings
April'
to
•
by
March
Period
No.
Time
Period
1982
\
•
Farmer
Time
of
Participation
of
Percentage
Actual
Participa
-tion
Expected
participa
.-tion
Meetings
./
April
June
1981
198,1
July
1981
September
October
De£ember
January
March
a.
,.
to
. 11
05
to
1981
33 j
112
102
—
—
-
1981
to
1981
1982
1982
.
327
Expected
participation
cultivating
allotments
encroachers
or drainage
91
.86 -
72
84
06
to
98
:
i s calculated
on the
and does not include
cultivators.
basis
of
highland
operators
cultivators,
i
3.2
Construction
Work
The
farmer
such
as
bunds
groups
filling
etc.
zations.
the
during
field
construction
The
farmer
only
for
members
latter
but
fell
Table
1981
not
also
vrithin
3.2
through
provided
for
the
shows
on
the
September
earthv/ork
of
of
amount
1983.
the
tractors
organi­
heavy,
the
provided
with
the
ID
free
regard
distributaries
earth
work
under'
farmer
by
responsibility
of
ID also
was
work
roadjf
re-cpnstruct
to
involved
organizations
some
for
The
earthwork
with
work
or
level.
construction
area
construction
install
work
of
earth.
to
advice
out
doing
channel
were
channels
groups.
>
bunds,
organizations
their
field
at
the
carry
ID undertook
technical
Where
transport
of
the
provide
to
channel
structures
tc
farmer
expected
field
tfhile
irrigation
-took
were
for
labour
to
whenever
of
farmer
done
by
farmers
Table 3;2
:
R e h a b i l i t a t i o n Work
Channel
I.
UB 1 ,
2.
UB 2 . 1 , 2 . 1 . 3 ,
2.3.1, 2.3.2.,
3.
UB 3 ,
A.
Length
of t h e
Channels
(Km)
No.
1.1.A,
1.1,
l.A
2.3,
2.6
Nature of
Work
r***^ NbvemB'er
No. of
Partici­
pants
Man
Hours
Gross
Value
(Rs.)
Percentage
Completed
Remarks
5.225
Earthwork/
Bund F i l l i n g
363
3733
18665
65
F/D
Channel
2.963
Earthwork
204
1041
5205
93
F/D
Channel
102
584
2920
95
F/D
Channel
1.73
3.A
: 1991 : Uhana
Period
Area
. Desilting
Earthwork
and
4
1.83
Earthwork
29
183
915
47
F/
Channel
5.1
1.17
Earthwork
54
411
2055
95
F/
Channel
1.1
Earthwork
13
91
455
40
D/ Channel
3.396
Desilting/
Bund F i l l i n g
105
521
2605
75
D/ Channel
7
42
210
20
F'/ C h a n n e l
119
852
4260
64
D/ Channel
"UB 4 . 1 ,
5.
UB 5 ,
6.
UB 6
7.
UB
8.
UB 8 . 1
0.5
Earthwork
9.
UB 9
7.595
Earthwork/
Bund F i l l i n g
10.
UB 1 0 ,
3
Desilting
Earthwork
and
47
342
1717
30
F/
11.
UB 12
7.985
Bund F i l l i n g /
Desilting
235
2228
11140
54
D/ Channel
12.
UB 1 4 . 1 ,
1.223
Bund F i l l i n g /
Desilting
32
182
910
43
F/ Channel
13.
UB 1 5 ,
15.1
1.775
.Earthwork
66
428
2140-
45
F/ Channel
14.
UB 1 6 ,
16.1
1.6
Earthwork
210
1085
5425
65
F / Channel
15.
Velikahagolla
0.560
Earthwork
9
72
360
40
F / Channel
Source
7
s
10,1
14.2,
14
B
10' R e p o r t s .
Gross Value of
Labour R s .
59355/-.
Channel
36
Farmer
participation
UB 1.1,
of
I.lA,
2.2,,
can
channels
had
2-4
with
be
not
work.
where
50% of
the
work
attributed
for
this
cultivated
work
while
found
it
of
the
not
able'to
he
done.
some
organizations
mortgagees,
area
of
the
of
the
channel
in
rehabilitation
the
organization
entire
job.
as
agreed
work
gradually
etc.
rehabilitation
members
construction
field,
organizations
participate
accomplish
Several
farmer
the
not
short
some
command
who were
involvement
farmer
supervise
groups
the
with
on
quality
their
of
became
indifferent
construction
work
own
the
ID.
Operation
into
would
organizations
to
lessees,
original
to
fell
of
as
effort
commence
to. direct
some
the
farmers
11
by
membership
who
and
Firstly,
handled
namely
Thirdly
upon.
,
and
support.
addition
to
the
difficult
their
channels,
75% of
channels,
remains
such
mortgagees
farmer
withdrew
the
much
25% of
10.1,
to.be
put
field
delay.
non-settlers
to
extremely
Hence,.some
took
eatthwork
Secondly,
by
ID was
In
too'much
instance,
was
some
8.1,
willing
For
in
7.8,
largely
whowsre
the
2.8,
members.
comprised
earthwork
2.11,
expectations.,
reasons
by
for
initiative
work
of
of
the
also
•
field
under­
contractors
_
at
engaged
,
System
i
System
operation
schedule
setting
issues,
in
this
refers
out
respect
water
authority,
field
For
effective
should
channel
be
and
the
implementation
the
field
channels.
farmer
to
organizations
dates,
the
types,
field
is
the
both
and
in
The
channel
the
ID.
the
system
in
the
preparation
section
field
it
is
channel
water
length
of
water
which
is
water
the
function
distribution
within
farmer
organizations.
necessary
of
the
that
water
programme
the
.
of
includes
distribution
describes
distribution
implementation
Water
of
water
and
the
level
of
the
a water
latter
responsibility
of
This
of
numbers
sub-system
namely
operation
involved
preparation
programme/
of
water
the
each
distribution
down
the
the;
of
distribution
the
to
involvement
distribution
farmers
calendar
-
within
of
activities.
37
At
its
inception,
water
issue
field
channels
the
where
following
water
were
was
water
expected
rotational
Oya
scheme
sent
syste,
The
shortages
to
had
along
simultaneously,
severe
issues
Gal
however,
branch,
system
after
conserve
was
much
many
system
of
distributary
and
made
1970.
as
posed
a continuous
rotational
Rotational
water
as
problems
possibles
with
The
regard
to
water
distribution.
Firstly,
the
frequently
the
most
of
or
no-
water
the
difference
the
farmer
The
Tail
enders
might
channel
enders
etc.
The
5
the
presence
of
the
flow.
tail
end
always
the
cutting
in
the
of
disparity
rotation.
by
within
in
pipe
of
a
the
the
head
area
of
water
two
rota­
difficulties.
inlets
to
between
lack
water
water
accessibility
little
invariably.resulted
of
closing
made
water
water
free
flow
dams,
difference
hydrologic
storage
In
created
only
many
Fourthly,
all
farmers
of
of
within
a distributary
distributaries
the
last
farmers
attempted
to
water
allocation
the
water*
; Other
s
Process'
the
end
for
deliveries
of
tail
issue.
This
head
resulted
in
categories
farmers
of
main
such
as
seriously
be
received
the
affected
at
rotational'issue.
the
This
farmers.
obtain
in
powerful
had
water
simultaneously
rigorous
farmers
to
stay
night.
Documentation
channels
might
resulted
and
at
some
water
day
for
water
water
Source
such
on
complexities
tanks
problems
a particular
get
not
leaving
which
of
gates
resulted
was. aggravated
enders,
most
of
This
particular
water
receiving
were
absence
allotments,
-any
tail
issue
'
Thirdly,
to
end
of
social/economic
farmers .
most
during
manipulate
crossing,
a growing
enders
enders
and
unmanageable.
head
and
a rotational
bunds.
structures
entering
^ead
during
distributary
control,
category
head
end
distribution
between
tion.
by
tail
in
water
a distibutary
water
for
of
head
of
within
cooperation
in
the
lack
control
in
The
discharge
eroded
Secondly,
water
heavy
Reports
during
competition
managed
up at
night
to
in
among
get
order
38
Fifthly,
there
illegal
was
water
manipulated
during
the
ag'grevated
diversion,
by
drainage
Yala
season.
these
suffered
heavily.
Becasuse
of
within
so
or
as
Some
water
that
chosen
the
the
the
that
farmer
organizations
they
by
farmer
organizations
of
water
implemented
motive
by
rotations
their
own
even
the
case
there
tail
farmer
before
is
end
the
the
no
evidence
areas
of
the •..
introduction
of
the
ID's
The
among
all
allotments
of
to
types
organizations
of
a good
view,
water
as
rotations
shown
officials
water
w a t e r first
the
to
activities
through
The
and
of
which
system
of
of
other
the
local
.rotations
equitable
a particular
the
the
characteristics
channel
water
while
of
facilitate
along
was
to
get
the
the
rotation
messages
farmers.
a branch
issue
themselves
methodology
to
objective
of
However,
single
several
rotational
type
should
t
was
several
the
water
within
main
point
enders
no
implemented
farmers
a response
farmer
water
adopted
conveying
adequate
location
all
rotations
had
the
by
tail
essentially
factors.
adopt
water.
successfully
by
distributed
logical
main
before
each
process
show
its
and/or
entirely
get
channels,
this
issues
allottees
scheme
on
within
In
that
ensure
among
etc.
rotational
to
However,
have
From
requires
is
channel
Rotations.
farmers.
be
as
programme.
ID.
the
should
the
of
the
rotations
implemented
to
such
regular
the
channel
sub-rotatidns
the
of
end
Water
by
and
delivery
field
organizations
facilitated
rotation
the
part
organizations
IOs
With
middle
adopted.water
and
the
necessary
distr-ibution
head
implemented
.piracy
particularly
to
the.
during
in
water
of
became
channels
organizstions.
of
over
some
it
farmer
farmer
water
change
and
equitable
of. Farmer
types
encroachers
of
farmer
The
and
on
had
Types
farmers
rotations
system
the
damming
The
field
in
farmers
water
theft,
problems
increase
formation
of
^
these
farmers
intensity
water
problems
among
to
a growing
adopted
distribution
fiet&d
have
below..
channel.
been
hydro-
39
Tail-first
Rotation
Many
farmer
-ments
were
given
the
channel
had
for
the
water
organizations
tail
water
in
of
too
were
are
which
FOs of
to
this
first,
such
as
and
length
and
that
the
main
water
was
the
case
trouble..
'tail-first'
of
of
interfere
programme.
without
farmers
an assurance
not
as
end
allot-
water
with
before
the
Hence,
head
Among
water
the
rotations
3.
takes
tail
the
head
are
This
complications
have
a series
days
for
was
farmers
enders
- enders.
storage
water
end
of
v/ater
tanks
sent
to
would
to
was
practised
exist.
For
sub-tanks
to
tail
obtain
in
their
the
end
satisfactory
channels
instance,
along
reach
upstream.
the
get
allowed
tail-area
Under
such
first,
it
water
within
based
on
is
likely
the
rotation.
Channel•Water-Rotation
but
did
they
not
along
the
rest
will
channels
is
the
the
main
water
have
water
to
which
time,
water.
caluclated
rotations
in
rotation
this
The
in
such
adopted
should
will
time
rotation
been
is
it
it
rotations
be
of
based
system,
distributary
during
of
get
any
According
days
channels
practise
a particular
2-3
.
participated
channel.
about
tail
2-3
filled
organizations
channel
the
structural
it
distributary
water
G
rotation,
if
channels;
within
water
where
Distributary
During
of
by
circumstances,
of
areas
the ..head
in
organization
G 5 D-channels
having
Some
end
followed
UB 17
. UB 17,
after
did
tail
Rotation
According
water
subsequently
implemented
LB 29 and
Head-first
resulted
farmer
assured
organizations
This
head
the
rotations...where
Subsequently,..
turn.
who
allocations
enders
- first.
their
enders
commencement
carriedout
each
given
get
kept
so
as
of
the
ID.
are
UB 2,
on
field
the
field
a specified
time
water.
closed
delivery
a vrays
the
for
to
while
all
other
the
accomodate
Examples
UB 7,
them
where
G 1 and
such
M
5.
-
Table 3 . 3
;
40
Farmer Water R o t a t i o n by
Time P e r i o d
1982 Yala
-
Channels
Channel
Gonagolla
No. of
Organizations
Adopting
water
Rotations
Participation
Area
G 5
. 2 "
LB 29
,4
O v e r 75%
Uhana A r e a
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
15
16
,
5
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
1
20
Participation
rate
is defined
as
:
No. P a r t i c i p a t e d
T o t a l No. of Farmers
O v e r 75%
O v e r 50%
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
75%
75%
75%^
75%
75%
Table 3 . 4
:
Farmer Water R o t a t i o n by
Time P e r i o d
1981
Yala
Channels
Channel
No. of
Organizations
Adopting
Water
Rotations
Participation
Gonagolla Area
G 1
G 3
G 5
LB 29
LB 3 0
2
3
O v e r 75%
O v e r 75%
4
O v e r 50%
O v e r 75%
I
Uhana A r e a
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
UB
8
9
10
15
16
4
17
1
4
1
4
2.
9
2
3
2
49
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
50%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
50%
75%
75%
75%
75%
42
Channel
This
or
Closure
for
involves
field
the
its
can
field
channels,
For
be
out
channel
area.
'is
of
was
day
closed
thus
saving
The
term
benefits
organizations
along
are
LB 29,
G 5,
consecutive
subsequent
whows
to
the
of
that
is
the
ether
of
plaints
to
related
disputes
In
UB 12,
to
1980
The
disputes
of
1983
their
crop
mainly
during
officers
at
the
1982
the
of
the
LB area
1.
7-8
Fig.
3.1
cultivation
M 5.
benefits
Yala
It
is
Yala
water
Table
formation
in
disputes
of
deason
IOs
were
noted.
and
the
Kanna
farmers
Meeting
the
other
fielded
vrater
were
farmer
four
distributaries.
1983
Yala
channels
during
also
the
water
organizations
the
able
1981
themselves
well.
latter
to
part
save
Yala
much
season
programmes.
requested
Werandetagoda
organization
compared
as
management
at
com­
farmer
C% in
during
includes
compares
only
Farmers
shortages
3.5
of
in
illegal
quarrels,
respect
was
appear
the
This
breaking,
Yala)
under
in
distribution.
rotations
these
Annex
the
where
be
reduction
etc.
trends
of
See
the
water
of
Because
rest
is
water
to. water
for
channels.
M 5 during
(1983
G IS
also
end
along
to
Similar
should
farmer
cultivation
cultivated
officials
after
in
area.
allotments
under
along
band
number
Yala.
of
main
cultivated
programme
in
prior
the
the
end
head
the
The
by
rotation,
diversions,
and
in
days
down stream
under
benefit
government
Yala)
not
brought
land
of
in
rotate.
1982.
effected
were
effected
the
the
of
three
and
days
tail
distribution
to
only
Some
of
acres.
farmers
water
(1980
area
in
rotations
been
than
brought
1001
illicit
due
the
immediate
activities
or
water
approximately
The
have
distribution
estimated
water
used
UB 9 which
savings
to
be
allotments
distributary
1981
two
the
system
took
encouraging.
seasons
this
during
distributary
for
rather
remaining
tc
the
short
water
rotation,
of
water
subsequent
save
the
M 5 and
Yala
of
a relatively
water
of
water
organization
m&in
most
gate
objective
to
during
totation,
short
in
G 1 farmer
five
main
adequate
The
mainly
the
the
receiving
implemented
example,
water
of
after
command
which
Water
closure
channel
within
Saving
the
to
bring
programme.
-
Figure:
43
-
3.1
SALE ONE INCH TO HALF MILE
+ 4 4 4 + 4- +
4 + 4 4 4 •
•+-++ + + + + + +
+++++++++++++
4
4 + 4
+ 4 + + + 4 +
+J-£~jL4 4
+
*+4
+ 4 - T - 4 4 -TJI-fy*'^-^"
4 + +^r*3-4 + + -t + +
+ 4- +
+ + + 4 + 4
+ + +-+•»• +
"
y i - + + + + +•+ + + • • • • •j .
4
4 + 4 4 4 + 4 4 H + + + + + 4+ 4
4 4 + 4 + 4 4 - 4 -
+ P4
4
+
4 4 4 4 + 4 - 4 . 4 - +Ujy%?%%
+ +
+ 4 +
- 44
• • •
+
4
+
+
4
+
+
4
4
4
+
+
4
4
4
+
•
+ 4 * 4 4 T f 4 + 4 4 4 4 •
4 4 4 4 / + 4 4 + + +
4 4 4
4/+ + + 4 j ( + +
4 + 4 / + 4 * 5
+ 4 +
• r
4 -4
4 4 4
A 4 V>
4
4
4
/
4
^
+
4
4
4
•
4
4 4
4
•
•
• ( *
•+-» - • •
•44
+
H> +
X/~V?i***
+
•
-\i
•
'
-Af-
DISTRIBUTION OF UNCULTIVATED LAND DURING YALA SEASONS
ALONG M-5 DISTRIBUTORY
Area u n c u l t i v a t e d
Small
storage
due t o lack of
irrigation
water
irrigation
water
tanks
+4+4
4-444 A r e a u n c u l t i v a t e d due t o lack of
+ 4 t 4 and p r o p e r m a i n t e n a n c e .
- 44
Figure: 3.2
DERATION OF FARMER WATER ROTATIONS ALONG M-S D I S T R I B U T O R S
MAIN ROTATION) ".
First two days water rotation
Second three days water rotation
Con* i iioii.s flow
Abandoned field channels/drainage area
Small storage tanks.
CHANNEL
(IN
5 DAY
Table 3.5
:
Water D i s p u t e s by D i s t r i c u t a r y
Channel
(No. of
Reported
Incidents)
B e f o r e F a r m e r O r g a n i z a t i o n Programme
Y a l a 1980 - N a t u r e of D i s p u t e s
Illicit
Water
Diversion
Bund/Door
Breaking
or
Channel
Crossing
Quarrel
Between
Farmers
A f t e r F a r m e r O r g a n i z a t i o n Programme
Yala 1983 - Nature of D i s p u t e s
Complaints
to Govt.
Officers
Illicit
Water
Diversion'
Bund/Door
Breaking
or
Channel
Crossing
Quarrel
Between
Farmers
Complaints
t o Govt.
Officers
1.
UB 12
20
7
4
0
2
0
0
0
2.
LB 29
12
20
1
2
2
3
4
3
3.
UB 2
a
0
8
0
0
0
9
1
1
.4.
G 16
b
*
*
*
*
25
5
14
I
It
should be noted
t h a t many o f
t h e FOs a r e n o t e f f e c t i v e
F a r m e r O r g a n i z a t i o n w o r k commenced o n l y
Not
Source
available.
:
10
Reports.
at
the second half
18 -
in this
of Yala
canal.
1983,
46
Some
constraints
mentioned
affecting
here.
The
farmer
success
water
of
rotations
water
should
rotations
is
be
dependent
on
ID.
During
§
the
nature
1981
of
and
1982,
rotations
be
several
main
the
farmer's
for
sources
among
provided
water
with
the
rotations.
advance
still
by
organizations.
ID and
the
other
water
farmers
rotations.
gap
The
partly
the
second
encroachers
effeort
obtaining
of
water
illegal
farmers
for
lowland
allotments
Therefore,
the.
activities
in
season,
of
the
order
drainage
farmer
can. not
the
and
drainage
farmers
the
reacted
organization
water
began
to'disrupt
eliminated
end
twice,
\
and
the
communi-
officers
were
farmers
highland
was
thus
to
thwarting
be
minimal.
In\1981
the
damaged
farmers'.
only
subversive'.
against
a lasting
.•
out
the
operating
cultivators
allocated
rotation.
during
..
;
organizations
carry
strongly
unless
drainage/highland/encroachment
to
•
thereby'
pas,
water
programme
tail
to
water
in
contacts"
of
farmer
as
even
disrupted.
due
the
successful
entitlement,
trouble
received
between
arrived
activities
by
without
not
gap
when the
and
without
in
farmers
be
to
adopted
were
illegal
LB 29 distributary's
this
water
but
officers,
was
illegally,
rotations
The
selected
communication
holdings
sent
personal
However,
due
made
organizing
"some
bridged.
of
in
of
organizations.
issues
trouble
and
arose
large
water
developing
system
problem
relatively
much
organizations
was
transferred
had
implementation
communication
some
After
farmer-
cation
the
organizations,
and
between
of
confusion;
organizations
been
been
by
on\
farmer
has
lodged
'provided
cases,
have
to
not.
much
the
changes
calendar
Because
farmer
night
the
to
would
have
based
some'
prior
trouble
water
was
created
In
many
much
cases,
which
calendar
causing
it
rotations
farmers.
However,
notice
In
for
information
when
water
organizations
information,
water
the
farmer
about
farmer
planned
of
by
affected
uncertainity
definite
farmers
adopted
which
Although
dissatisfaction
were
rotation
problem
delivered.
Hence
secondary
v/ater
t
requests
ID.
and
main
the
was
actually
the
the
the
activities,,:bund
night.:
solution
Yala
of]
However,,
is
found
and
the
The
third
problem
Department
of
any
of
of
farmer
the
of
solve
at
successfully
for
Therefore,
tives)
the
were
potential
have
attempted
farmers
caught
which
had
water
which
solve
for
who
job.
In
a useful
confuse
water
Yaya
closed.
rotations
by
the
farmers
and
trying
Y,aya Palakas
had
period
Such
activities
to
be
a
receive
some
and
time,
representa­
assumed
to
un­
of
farmer
were
in
the
able
distri­
continued
to
and
were
retailiaticn,
Palaka
but
water
also
rotations
because
Palaka
a considerable
Palakas
Yaya
Yaya
to
(and
the
not
representatives
organizations
be
Systems
salaries
Yaya
one
Palakas
instance,
open
a pipe
.inlet
have
thwarted
at
the
night
efforts
farmers.
Maintenance
Maintenance
activities
better.water
flow
etc.
to
one
to
level
of
programme
relating
to
to
arose
farmer
among
performing
problem
between
popular
threat
without^
new
channel
farmer
more
leadership
problems
attempted
Palakas
organization
farmer
The
field
Yaya
the
complicated
the
by
This
conflict
some
about
Services.
representatives.
bution
of
brought
Agrarian
shortcomings
because
to
• was
and
examines
and
protection
the
involve
clearing
of
channels
effecting,
repairs
to
irrigation
of
the
structures
participation
of
against
farmer
to
effect
structures,
damage.
organizations
dams
This
in
section
maintenance
activities.*
Channel
Clearing
In
terms
is
responsible
and
field
channels
channel
as
the
Irrigation
for
up
becomes
was
no
farmers
other
farmess
and
Yaya
Palaka
area
of
has
not
some
them
were
not
properly
clear
Yaya
the
Palakas
cleared.
a
to
area
for
position
branch,
At
kanna
of
distributary
of
to
organize
regular
adjoining
his
the
get
meetings,
the
field
farmers.
attended
clearing
to
Department
Clearing
dividded
responsiblein
of
limit.
mechanism
just
Irrigation
responsibility
been
effective
the
activities
a certain
exclusive
made
authority
to
the
would
areas
Ordinance,
maintenance
channels
clearing
there
Some
In
of
by
channel
l
Field
farmers
clearing.
allotment.
among
a
few
v/ork.
However,
channels
in
decisions
their
were
48
made
to
punish
such
decisions
Institutional
field
who
were
hardly
and
with
mate
function
of
since
March
1981.
clean
some
The
of
by
the
even
group
Irrigation
Department
Department
provided
the
the
as
the
have
the
of
to
farmer
a
even
legiti­
every
season
continued
have
not
to
been
financial
technical
of
of
clearing
work
which
due
clearing
help
Later
out
channels,
However,-
thereguired
clearing
organizations
in
up
labour).
carried
distributary
organizations
took
channel
and
the
beyond
(cooperative
field
channels.
with
groups
cases
Farmer
the
Irrigation
farmer
some
the
field
implemented,
Shramadana
accepted
clear
farmer
in
organizations
cleared
do not
Organizers,
channels
limits,
those
limitations
guidance
to
distributary
channels.
/'
As
shown
year
have
since
to
in
been
1981,
Rs.
Field
Table
performed
Yala
in
encouraged
officers.
by
an average
farmer
The
of
such
shramadana
better
Much
representatives
number
3.7
season.
officers
participated
and
and
of
56
shramadanas
organization
total
value
in
of
the
such
per
pilot
area
activities
amount
96786.40
level
also
3.6
Jala
work
Palaka,
tdgether
interaction
of
themselves
IOs.
as
the
1982
and
with
between
shramadana
in
KVS,
work
following
COO have
farmers.
farmer
was
the
also
This
had
organizations
organized
reduction
by
farmer
in
the
-
Table. 3 . 6
49
-
;..'. Shramadana. A c t l v i l i i e s . i i i . Gonagolla. During 1981 through
Period
No. o f '
Shramadana
Man D a y s
1983
Value i n
Rupees*
1981
1 s t March 1981 t o
3 1 s t . M a y 1981
1 s t J u n e 1981 t o
3 1 s t A u g u s t 1981
12
209
8380.00
1 s t S e p t e m b e r 1981 t o
3 l 8 t O c t o b e r 1981
18
344
13760.00
TOTAL
30
1 s t January 1982 t o
3 l s t March 1 9 8 2
1982
.
-
-
'8 •
553 '
0
22140.00
257
10280.00
1
16
640.00
1 s t J u l y 1982 t o
3 0 t h September 1982
_
_
1 s t O c t o b e r 1982 t o
3 1 s t December 1982
15
166
6646.40
TOTAL
24
439
17566.40
4
?2
1285.00
58
1024
40991.40
1st April
3 0 t h June
*
.
•
1982 t o
1982
1983 :
*
1st January 1983 t o
3 1 s t March' 1 9 8 3
1 s t A p r i l 1983 t o
3 0 t h June 1983
GRAND TOTAL
- -•
Cost of male labour day was taken a s
Rs.40/-.
'
-
Table 3.7
;
Shramadana
-
-
50
-
A c t i v i t i e s i n Uhana
to
<?
1981
., -
Man.Days
"T'
Value i n
Rupees*
3040.00 ,
31
445
7
95
5
54
2190.00
671
26870*00
22
258
10320.00
18
183
7320.00
1 s t J u l y 1982 t o
2 0 t h September 1982
5
90
3600.00
1 s t O c t o b e r 1982 t o
3 1 s t December 1982
8
102
4080.00
53
633
25320.00
4
47
. 1880.00
1981
1981
-47
TOTAL
1 s t J a n u a r y 1982
3 1 s t March 1 9 8 2
1st April
3 0 t h June
-
TOTAL •
1st April
30th June
1983 t o
1983
TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL
3820.00
to
43
1725,00 :
9
90
3605.00 :
109
1394
•
5
Cost of male l a b o u r day was t a k e n as R s .
••J
- •
•'
to
1982 t o
1982
1 s t January 1983
3 1 s t March 1 9 8 3
17820.00
to
1 s t D e c e m b e r 1981 t o
3 1 s t D e c e m b e r 1981
1982
;
76
1st September
.30th November
1983
t h r o u g h 1983
• •• •
4
1 s t J u n e 1981 t o
3 1 s t A u g u s t 1981
*
-
No. of
Shramadana
Period
1 s t March 1981
3 1 s t May 1981
D u r i n g 1981
—
-
'
40/-.
55795.00
,
51
CHAPTER FOUR
THE CONSTRAINTS
This
chapter
brings
the
formation
inhibit
since
TO FARMER ORGANIZATIONS
1981
also
be
interrelated,,
the
constraints
(a)
The
phase
affect
Activities
of
Conflicts
(a)
Land
(d)
Effects
(e)
Problems
(f)
Part-time
(g)
Lack
(h)
Heterogeneity
(i)
The
4,1
Activities
i.e.
those
the
factors
the
which
farmer
considered
drainage
organizations
formation
affect
organizations,
to
(FO)
phase
separately
that
appear
as
and
they
the
appear
the
formation
The
major
will
farmers,
the
encroachers
and
the
YPs;
water
of
use
the
patterns
:
bureaucracy;
farmers;
of
legal
recognition;
of
heavy
settlers;
turn-over
of
farmers
for
maintenance
etc.
of
no
of
to
by
water,
to
be
the
the
FOO the
to
other
farmer
the
affected.
encroachers.
methods
of
such
the
obtaining
channels
in
-of
lesser
drainage
cleaning
FO affect
because
drainage
water
dams,
channel
the
of
the
the
operators
by
-
cutting
result
regualr
by
They
better
Moreover,
of
as
activities
The
cultivation
and
water.
organizations
adopted
chances
channel
roatation,
cultivation
Highland
encroachments
means
water
activities
and
illegal
by
and
areas,
access
Since
adopted
maintenance
farmers
direct
etc.
bound
Encroachers
drainage
cultivation
drainage
are
other-
Farmers,
on
have
channels,
farmers
IOs
Drainage
areas
blocking
of
cultivating
water
resorting
issues
patterns;
of
activities
be
of
the
tenure
-land
of
affecting
not
with
highland
and
the
cultivators;
(b)
volume
of
are:
highland
obtain
factors
will
FOO
some
functioning
functioning
to
The
focus
and
March,
consolidation
to
into
•,
crossing
high
52
channels,
This
cutting
can
also
for
instance
flow
along
of
the
bunds,
be
a threat
repaired
the
gate,
end
however,
where
many
affected
the
drainage
channel
colony
gate
farmers
the
efforts
The
same
zation.
This
of
the
and.
Another
tail
end.
tail
in
end
farmers
until
leader
As
However,
two
IOs
based
at
to
water
break
and
affected
steal
the
and
thwarted
been
used
they
had
the
again
the
at
was
out
later
head
end
material
of
the
found
drainage
damaged
the
the
the
that
farmers
the
to
the
obtain
structures.
farmers
in
LB
successful
of
organic
FO providing
later,
drainage
programme
cutting
the
farmer
along
the
It
by
many
end
wastage
weeks
damaged.
solving
by
the
29
waterrotation
water
problems
affected
the
distributary
non-allottees
react
FO particularly
This
solution,
at
the
drainage
canal,
bund
twice
entered
the
in
relation
problem
is
strongly
however
found
to
against,
to
the
maintenance
cannot
the
problems
Yafya
Ps>Jaka
be
and
overcome
of
non-allottees.
;
the
field
earlier,
due
to
placement
programme.
YPs
time
again
Since
the
with
indicated
-factory
ID assisted
Yala,
a permanent
the
the
activities.
Conflicts
At
effort
that
reacted
operational
flow
structures
the
a highly
that
:
The- reduced
G 5 head
irrigation
operated
LB 29.
of
at
FO here
clear
the
field
activity
Yala
of
rotation
activities
1981
activities
the
facilitate
up-stream
distributary
the
1981
they
during
is
of
G'3
3.7
one
manipulated
This
G.
the
located.
reduce
had
is
The
to
FO in
After
in
to
were
and
istance
programme
the
three
order
two
water
order
reduced
who
of
in
this
structures
irrigation
The
in
were
FO.
supervision.
structures
was
the
end
minimized.'
FO.
In
particular
It
tail
in
technical
gate
operators,
by
be
non-allottees.
lands
FO repaired
canal.
three
drainage
could
distributary.
flow
occurred
G 5 distibutary
the
the
the
the
problem
etc.
channel
of
fixed
in
of
to
the
tail
channel
the
siphoning
several
the
field,
level
the
for
activities
reasons
matters
of
(See
YPs
Chapter
related
was
the
to
were
far
from
2,
page
17).
only
irrigation.
satis
The
53
FOs on
the
felated
otherhand
to
for'a
v/ater
Farmer
and
they
of
the
farmexs;without
some
YPs
FO.
Land
Tenure
There
had
acres
of
of
the
since
land
ownership
snd
fragmentation
has
arisen
tues.
in
the
was
out
per
h
farmer
cooperation
illegal
land
such
getting
farmers
an extremely
their
management
also
non-allottees
task.
difficult
wish
concealed
no
and
interest
problems
since
in
they
period
6f
time,
usually
2-3
accumulation
the
while
per
settler.
This
of
varying
jnagni-
changed
from
of
that
are
lessees
land
ownership
much
as
:
30%
non-owner-:
involved
One
owner
and
as
the
farmer
illegal
land
operators.
in
farmer
one hand,
the
organizations
transactions.
seeking
a lasting
operate
the
seasons.
two
of
that
to join
\
to
2 acres
distribution
Note
size
patterns
mortgageee
respectively
do not
farmers
have
ande,
UB 9 distributary.
that
would-^expose
as
also
four
The
land
only
50 acres
had
the
shows
lessee
was
tenure
that
Gal-
given
reduced
revealed
transactions
Experiment
is
acres.
survey
land
indicates
in
three
both
to
in
was
with
acre
The
limited
maintenance'
settler
indicated
settler
LB areas
organizations
1980
The
and
water
the
other
programmes
each
remarkably
operators
and
in
place.
4.1
allocation
subsequently
UB 9
to
discourage
was
the
Tenant
of
(salaries)
and
family
22% in
it
The
Consequently,
per
between
Fig.
land
and
as
YPs,
role.
to
the
LB area
and
solve
farmers
paddy
reduced
lowland
of
other
The
tenant
to
the
position
later
taking
of
to
the
economic
was
changed
Additionally,
:
the
rotations
order
of
carried
because
><
to
a useful
to
namely,
among
of
Originally
alloted
range
operator
popular
the
able
leadership,
threat
water
in
types
which
had
size
size
FO
1952/53.
A survey
the
by
three
lowland
average
confuse
been
Pattern
lowland
acres.
new
problems
;|
been
scheme
not
contributions
to
many
have
became
performing
pursued
solve
The
affected
receive
attempted
YPs
a potential
FR also
to
from
activities
be
to
time.
(FR)
to
YP who continued
Oya
of
Representative
activities
able
which
period
appeared
the
been
management
considerable
the
to
have
land
solution
only
for
a
-
54
"n
o
•X!
m
+
4
4 +
» + +
4 4 +
4 4. 4 4
+ + 4 4
'+ 4 4 4 - 4
+ +
+ 4
+ •
4 4
4 4
4 +
+ +
4 4
4 •»- 4
+ + 4 4- •
4- + 4 + -4-44 4
4 4 4 + •
+ - + + -f- •
+ + 4
4 •
+
4 4 4
4 4 4
4 + 4- 4 + ••
4 4 + + '
4 4 - 4 4 4 4 4 + + +
4 ft-444444+44+4'+ + 4 + 4 4 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 4 4 + + + 4 - + +•4 + 4 + 4 4 4 4 4 4
+ + + 4 + + 4 - 4 - * 4 4 + + +• 4 4 +
4 4 4 + 4 4 + + 1 - 4 4 4 - + 4 4+•+•+ + + •
\ + 4 + + 4 4 4 + + + 4 + 4 + . 4 4 4 4 - 4 4- + + 4- 4 4 4 + 4 4 4
4 4 + + .
+ + + 4 + + + + + + 4 4 4 + 4 + + 4 + + 4 1
4 4 4 + + + + +
+
-t-H
H
nr
+ 1 < 4- 4- 4
• 4 4 4 + * •
• -4 -4 + 4 +• -4 4
r 4 + -f 4 4 * 4
+ - 4 - 4 + 4 4 4
• 4 + 4 + 4 4
• 4 4 + + + *
4 4 4 4 4
• + + 4 + + 4
r + + •* + 4
h 4 + 4 + +
J
h
,+ + + + 4 + + t + + <
4 + + +
+ 4 - 4- 4 4
+• + 4 4
+ 4
+ 4 +
4
4
K +
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(B
rM
TJ
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<+
H-
00
>
z
v.
tr
P>
+
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H
5-3
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^
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444++44+H
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4- +• +
4 - 4 - + 4- i
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h
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00
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4 +
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44
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4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
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4- 4 4
4-4
4 4 4 4 4 4 + 4 *
4 + 4 +
4 4 4 + 4
4 4
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tr
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4
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4 4 4 4 + 4 + 4 4 4
+ + + + + + + 4
4 / '
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 j
+ i. 4 4 ^
-
55
Effects
of
Many
changes
in
the
to
water
and
in
water
have
1950s.
two
fields.
the
The
activities
For
a successful
are
opened
has
to
be
water.
farmers,
it
100%)
The
farmers
the
comma;
The
dependents
interest
pipe
of
participation
they
are
to
to
keep
to
all
those
of
also
the
get
FO have
the
that
who
users.
to
of
interfere
with
the
At
pipe
other
inlets
times
farmers
and
are
away
it
obtain
by
several
schedule
3.3
the
rotations.
shared
that
above.
Although
in
a ...c-
since
water
3.4,
participation
from
the
there
common
is
water
it.
unsuccessful
allottee
cultivate
paddy
farmers'
with
that
steam
of
other
whenever
become
the
water
this
open
indicate
the
of
time.
Table
inlet
more
orginal
only
of
allotments
reports
dependents
water
adhere
(see
whose
water
In
farmers'
provided
necessary
the
other<
to
farmers
37%.
through
not
respect
inlet
farmers
inlets,
believe
methods
being
mentioned
with
other
is
same
Documentation
together
is
down
order
practices
inlet
when
farmers
by
pipe
water
water
the
G 3.7,
access
is
13% of
in
through
is
tenure
while
particularly
, The
adopted
use
it
only
and
of
in
difficult
in
obtaining
period
the
attempt
Process
water
where
of
a specified
among
channel
rotations
rotation,
vary
usually
the
water
methods
UB 2.9,
get
relating
land
to
farmer
methods
particularly
becomes
practices
inlet
in
cases
dependent
changes
resort
dams
inception
in
through
farmers
its
change
inlet;
usually
FO,
closed,
pipe
since
these
the
In
cutting
These
during
kept
In
each
the
only
of
of
shows
water
farmers
inlet.
of
the
by
scheme
population,
4.2
getting
as
Oya
area.
majority
since
pipe
in
through
such
Gal
important
project
dependent
fields
separate
the
farmers,
water
most
Fig.
water
channels,
not
the
the
increase
in
of
obtaining
is
in
fragmentation.
proportion
use
of
the
channels
paddy
occurred
are
irrigation
both
Patterns
Some
use
land
get
Use
several
because
few
obtain
latter
participates
original
allottee
the
FO activities
water
the.
dependent
water
in
through
FO
represents
allotment.
is
of
However,
also
important
activities.
the
the
,
since
r
r
:
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T
^4 + + + 4
4 + + + + +
t t
+ r
t
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r
r
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57
The
increase
drainage
also
in
population
area,
etc
increased
However,
number
This
water,
The
the
namely,
cutting
use
FO Programme.
come
of
Problems
of
The
co-operation
for
farmer
forward
meetings
have
the
by
attendance
of
the
• out
implement
example,
area,
on 15th
In
actual
and
It
also
and
either
the
each
allotment.
obtaining
channel
water
users
could
the
etc.
who
adopt
repurcussions
on
reduce
hand,
the
the
they
may
FO.
FRs
was
1983.
1
show's*
to
meaning
a 100%
should
in
the
to
at
objection.
to
The
Although
the
farmers
"Maha"
however,
the
officials.
officials,
meetings
that
only
of
properly
to
meetings.
meeting
a schedule
officials
wished
crops
water
2
officials.
Often
implementation.
cultivation
adhere
attendance
of
attendance
in
between
of
noted
plan
For
of
Gonagolla
of
activities
decided
to
was
issue
,
cc-erdinating
coordinating
be
FO
distri-
of
cultivation
advanced
the
the
relationship
do not
taken
by
shows
attendance
in
come
attended
fluctations
the
officials
not
attendance
recorded
or
20th March since
o
implementation,
the
who
monthly
dear
The
no
4.3
at
It
delayed
farmers'
officals
available
assistance
Fig.
attend.
decisions
have
for
The
to
readily
officials
reguests
responded
that
1983,
isolated
officials.
there
not
officials
directly
attempted
March,
the
the
March
officials
the
FRs
held
are
in
despite
until
why
of
cf
indicated
decisions
has
of
those
is
for
down.
do not
even
water
serving
other
of
reservation,
cultivated.
methods
On the
officials
turned
FRs
that
also
in
interests
activities
and
area.
27 meetings
Farmers
the
to
officials
of
increase
unfavourable
FO.
farmers
corresponded
stated
area
FO and
, such
majority
been
as
the
inlet
as
for
syphoning
the
except
by
Uhana
When asked
if
the
the
bunds,
government
The
in
FRs
the
attendance
FRs have
the
who join
of
sometimes
meetings
demand
in
such
Bureaucracy
help.
of
The
to other
have
hand
with
convened
bution
resort
between
organizations
to
to
one
the
of
channel
On the
conflict
lands
increase
size
practices
farmers
into
an
the
interests
water
number
or
farmers
conflicting
improper
of
many
a proportionate
inlets
led
brought
cultivation.
has/been
pipe
has
under
on account
not
there
of
has
to
issue
postpone
yet
to
began
the
be
on
water
issue
harvested.
20th
March.
FIGURE
4.3
UHANA AREA
D i s t r i b u t i o n o f A t t e n d a n c e o f Farmer R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s and O f f i c i a l s
a t F i e l d L e v e l C o - o r d i n a t i n g M e e t i n g s d u r i n g 1 9 8 1 t h r o u g h 1 9 8 2 i n Uhana A r e a
100
99
90
70
H
c
SO H
0
4B
<o,
c
50 H
0
n
u
a.
20 H
10
A t t e n d a n c e o f Farmer R e p s Attendance of
Officials
0
59
Since
in
farmers
were
advance,
had
they
already
had
as
made
advance
was
March.
This
changes
in
pre-arranged
Farmers
Part-time
farmers
employment,
as
Fig.
4.4
the
project
area.
are
part-time
indicates,
Lack
The
of
composition
the
the
is
Farmer
the
activities.
taxes
due
from
break
and
destroy
For
even
FOs have
recognition.
farmers
who
private
They
involve
in
the
in
during
two
Codony
units
'farmers'
in
these
are
only
of
the
is
very
poor
most
parts
of
do not
attend
farmers
farming
The
work
etc.
also
sector
vocations.
the
in
than
and
farmers
part-time
does
the
to
..have
of
no
to
It
not
which
instance,
farmers.
some
failed
itself
government
damage
they
the
frequent
activity.other
farmers
full-time
farmers
Hence
an
substantial
community
15th
officials.
etc.
activitiese
farming
by
The
government
farmers
had
etc.
the
the
L
46% of
while
others
among
in
of
on
54%.
FO such
the
affect
of
as
since
the
day.
FO
the
Recognition
its
FG8D as
'
involve
that
water
the.farmers.
of
farmer
FO.
by
However^,
Still
to
their
part-time
Organization
cattle
in
seen
part-time
Legal
recognition
for
the
reguiarly.
of
meeting.
labourers
maintenance
of
expecting
for-ploughing
masonary,
farmers
rotations,
performance
who
free
of
addition,
crop
activities
are
It
participation
meetings
those
decision
Every
dissatisfaction
the
carpentry,
they
out
paddy
non-agricultural
whenever
In
the
in
difficulties.
payments
in
are
and
are
change
'
work
they
many
cultivation
to
trust
the
difficulties
led
no
, such
the
much
dicisions
of
immature
and
Part-Time
water
the
caused
aware
undergo
at
have
The
to
decided
therefore
units
made
harvested
15th
farming
not
the
can
structures
is
kind
in
of
legal
carrying
out
collect
neither
punish
etc.
No action
acreage
those
farmers
can
also
who
be
taken
structures.
the''government
function
any
required
FO cannot
irrigation
legal
have
status.
effectively
officers
It
is
do not
observed
due
to
not
that
having
recognize
most
of
legal
the
- 60 FIGURE U . 4
DISTRIBUTION OF FARMERS BY
ACTIVITIES
COLONY NO. 2 9 & 3 0
1 9 8 0 YALA
-+-»-•• 4--«••+ + ••• Full-time farming
part-time farming
F u
2.
j 1
- i " i m e
Farmina
and
a r m . v n q
carpentry of masonry
arming -and business
4. Farming ' and Govt:, employment'
5. Farming and casual labour
6 . Farming and other employment •.
SOURCE:... 1 9 8 0 s a m p l e
s u r v e y .
61
4.8
^
Settler
Heterogeneiety
Settlers
in
cultural
and
tions
the
Gal
much
different
Zone
areas
the
Uva province.
could
several
of
were
province.
1982
Yala
been
as
mortgaged.
to
to
Many
who
conveying
their
some
in
allottees
some
farmers
such
example,
in
Bibileyaya
worked
on
in
Uva
as
For
to
called
the
cultivation
in
to
exposed
The
area
alotments
had
an area
allotments.
colony
the
Still
mentioned.
paddy
and
others
having
in
Bibile
of
documentation
their
repair
for
even
them
the
houses
This
farmers
had
inhibited
reports,
children.
In
their
cyclone
house
repair
in
to
help
them.
even
the
some
was
have
their
won
did
at
them.
the
end
like
a very
Some
As
land
had
they
few
of
farmer
activities
of
the
increasing
group
houses,
by
the
to
meet
hard
of
a result
of
formation
them
colony
not
message.
of
instances,
disbursed
IOO had
IOO visited
most
affected
Bibileyaya
organization
when
the
years
any
time
the
in
farmers
IOO have
of
groups
work
in
not
in
the
the
area.
formation
more
settler
farmers
of
their
The
farmers
came
to
Bibilayaya
by
the
even
compensation
officer
became
be
in
out
process
educate
government.
*
the
cared
although
The
leased
or
to
not
area.
should
interested
all
case
only
grasp
period.
at
from
farmers
while
longer
came
could
quickly
the
differences,
farmers
message
villages
paddy
from
labourers.
no plan
met
the
65% of
According
left
area
season,
hired
the
settlers
those
above
A particular
not
or
100
a much
grasp
pilot
are
some
by
for
from
sold
leased
have
the
They
either
education
the
aspira-
who came
than
»
social
among
became
of
socio-
The
setterlers
settlers
conveyed
not
settled
they
to
Lanka.
education
Because
occassions,
'Bibileyaya'
area,
due
continuously
farmers
IOO on
Oya,
different
experience
Those
the
from
Sri
fjarming
general
of
message
'motivated
other
Gal
those
organizational
be
a better
at
drawn
of
varied.
Some
arriving
particularly
and
and
had
were
regions
background
Wet
after
scheme
agro-ecologic
economic
were
Oya
and
subsequent
complicated
with
characteristics.
by
area
of
origin
in
The
Fig.
two
farmer
4.5
shows
farmer
organization
heterogeneiety
the
organizations.
caused
cor position
The
of
FO,
this
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Since
the
the
IOs
havey
According
to
two
the
years;
by
pursuade
and
However,
those
•turn-over
of
more
1983.
For
planned
since
a large
only
The
heavy
turn-over
in
several
instance
the
project
not
only
-trative
in
field
was
According
the
fielding
themselves.
IOs
of
at
an
project
able
to
high
train
and
the
field
two
designed
has
and
t
1981
through
show
that
the
drop
out
been
the
again
\
ARTI
diluted
employment;
farmer
$y
organization
research
IOs
the
project.
the
the
during
heavy
the
ARTI
and
figures
permanent
plan
results
had
uncertainity
to
was
project
confused.
changed
be
replaced
affected
the
implementation
accordingly
seven
times
whole
but
As
also
during
project
in
adminis*
ARTI.
of
and
lo
on
of
time
FOs were
for
strongly
farmers
fielding
the
process
IOs
of
turn-over,
effort
with
fields,:
the
leaving
the
be
activities.
maintain
Assuming
and
planning
to
of
collective
because
to
expected
would
to recruit
the
for
the
research
without
had
the
affected
This
suddenly
was
period
10
the
order
the
left
period.
confidence
the
ARTI
65.
remained
some
the
constant
This
it
that
changed
with
activities
of
the
areas.
they
a coninuous
recruitment,
only
Firstly,
in
for
September,
IOs
of
affairs
Secondly,
field
of
subsequent
For
basis,
FO programme,
be
in
However,
100
ways.
a result
was
IOs..
22
of
1983
100
number
September
to
remaining
in
85
two
employments
towards
the
pattern
example,
recruited
from
contract
thought
57 IOs,
IOs
of
different
•'
the
number
the
(65)
farmers
Therefore,
of
farmers
the
IOs
had
comprising
number
has
permanent
of
ARTI
assumptions
shows,
actual
had
the
.
4.6
of
the
level.
tig.
plan
so
four
IOs.
batches
100.
for
of
convince
batches
on
programme
doing
from
G 3.3
recruited
original
two
drawn
.
been
the
only
farmers
in
100
turn-over
to
field
of
have
left
to
of
organization
- Over
constantly
led
comprises
some
time
documentation
discouraged
IOs
IOs.
and
In
ckout
until
the
FO was
wes.k&nded
many
istances,
Ios
left
Then
the
to
a new
reports,
both
be
formed.
10 was
this
farmers
due
to
appointed.
constant
changes
and
IOs
the
x
in
FIGURE 4.c
:
Pattern
of
Recruitments
and T u r n o v e r
of
100
140 •-,
Planned Recruitments
120 4
Actual Recruitments
Number Remained
gioo
w
N
M
2
<
«
°
80 J
2
o
ED
S
60
w
z
O
3
4 0 -J
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s
20
J
i
!
J F M A M J JA.SON'.DJFM
1981
:
:
:
A M J
;
;—i
J A S 0 N' D J F M A
1982
TIME PERIOD
-
M J
J A S 0 N D
1983
CHAPTER
.SUMMARY AND
The
CONCOUSIONS
objective
initiate
three
of
this
farmer
report,
the
years,
recommendations
result
of
the
which
approach
be
made
at
can
be
made
be
adopted
and
the
3 show
such
development
of
FOs is
over
as
approach
Gal
Oya
Scheme,
1981
and
has
the
project
this
only
from
now
of
when
stated
in
the
just
Therefore,
definit
project.
donclusions
of
Such
are
gives
results
to
completed
the
therefore
the
adopted
As
area.
stage
section
drawn
farmers
operation
the
were
drawn
some
the
on
the
preliminary
experiment
formed
the
users.along
and
in
the
can
during
its
been
of
have
of
recommended,
in
new
human
that
the
be
resolution
time
considered
implementation
4).
These
organizations
in
organizations
schemes
-
the
the
settlement
farmer
and
the
farmer
human
irrigation
success
of
However/
Chapter
the
the
4.
affected
if
many
capabilities
Oya cannot
'
resolution,
conflict
(See
2
undertaken
scheme.
minimized
Chapters
Chapter
the
management,
Gal
considered
conflict
in
the
be
However,
proved
of
can
already
saving,
inception
commencement
be
have
constraints
its
have
toc,ather
Gal
Oya
can
be
with
the
settlements.
membership
field
other
water
work
successfully
commencement
Though
at
it
developed
of
from
Oya
formed.
discussed
have
&s many
Gal
relationsetc.
commenced
could
Therefore,
they
water
maintenance
programme
constraints
been
constraints
spheres
appropriate
the
already
FOs since
organizations
and
in
rotation,
the
FO Programme
most
of
of
farmers
farmer-officer
to
in
FOs have
water
Oya farmer
the
organizing
200
better
subject
Gal
in
success
•activities,
(2)
in
the
three.years.
since
(1)
the
This
can
document
30% of
experiment.
successful
of
in
about
cannot
policy
to
commenced
coveting
conclusions
is
organizations
recommendations
The
report
experiment
fizst
FIVE
of
farmer
channels,
categories
of
the
illegal
organizations
is
encroachers,
the
water
users
open
to
all
water
drainage
do not
farmers
participate
in
•
farmer
when
organization
FOs function
activities
well.
(See
because
Chapter
i
they
are
adversely
3 and
4).
Therefore,
affected
a
farmer
66
organization
programme
solution
The
be
is
found
activities
There
has
been
As mentioned
farmers
to
divisions
Chapters
and
FOs and
functioning
of
link
between
departments
channel
YPs
it
IOs
have
these
officials
organizations
time.
farmer
the
cannot
can
be
officials,
project
period.
organizations
and
their
this
avoided
until
that
the
build
only
there
should
be
officials
input
to
f a r m e r s '
could
be
action
is
and
FRS.
Yaya
Palaka
FR areas
of
as
YPs,
partially
the
a
strengthened
smooth
permanent
of
through
the
links
been
for
the
the
among
organi-
YPs
appointed
However,
If
popular
co-ordinating
has
FOs.
linkage
new
be
it
became
of
to
positions.
be
functions
appear
.
leadership
farmer
representatives
Oya
system.
disrupt
with
to
(YP)
FR system
recommended
attempted
Gal
to
and
coincide
in
Palaka
two
new
attempted
roles
permanent
organizations
these
4,.
a
users.
Yaya
the
to
and
the
farmer
conlict
Government
provided
of
3 and
until
water
between
redemarcated
the
strenthened
existing
demarcate
during
/ap
conflict
new
the
This
successful
period
much
solution,
be
between
(
to
organizations
Though
the
threat
clearly
be
illegal
consequently
a possible
new
FR of
activities.
taken
As
in
and
-ation
regarding
of
a potential
cannot
relevant
the
new
in
field
a
short
ANNEX I
Distribution
of A d d i t i o n a l
Land B r o u g h t U n d e r
Along M 5 D i s t r i b u t o r y
After Performance
of
During
1983 Y a l a
Farmer Water
Cultivation
Season
Rotations
Acreage
No. of Farmers
Benefited
108
24
M 5.2.'4
70
18
M 5.2.5
19
04
M 5.2.6
53
13
M 5.2.7
66
20
M 5.2.8
37
8
353.
87
M 5.4.D
34
15
M 5.4.3
107
35
M 5.4.4
59
35
M 5.4.4.A
20
09
M 5.4.5
34
10
M 5.4.6
59
26
313
130
M 5
35
12
M 5.5.1
28
08
M 5.5.2
170
40
M 5.5.4
34
13
M 5.6
68
1 9
Channel No.
M 5.2.3.A
SUB-TOTAL
SUB-TOTAL
SUB-TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL
335
92
1001
309
,