bidong pulau

Nutrient Distribution of Islands in
Terengganu Waters of East Coast
Peninsular Malaysia
Yong, J.C.a, Zainuddin, B.b
aMarine
Science Department, Faculty of Maritime Studies and Marine Science, Universiti
Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu.
bInstitute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu,
21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu.
Keywords: nutrients, nitrites, orthophosphorous, ammoniacal nitrogen, dissolve organic carbon.
• Expedition start on 15 May – 7 June 2012
• All together 66 stations visited.
• Within 2 nautical miles waters from island
shore line.
• Nutrient - Nitrogen (NO2--N, NO3--N, NH3-N)
- Phosphorous (PO4-3-P)
- Dissolved Organic Carbon
Methodology and Apparatus
Sampling
Location
Perhentian Island
Lang Tengah Island
Redang Island
Yu Besar & Yu Kecil Island
Bidong Island
Kapas Island
Tengol Island
c
PULAU PERHENTIAN
-15 – 17 May 2012 (2 days)
-10 stations
PULAU REDANG
-18 – 20 May 2012 (3 days)
-13stations
PULAU LANG TENGAH
-21 May 2012 (1 days)
-4 stations
PULAU BIDONG
-25 – 26 May 2012 (2 days)
-12 stations
PULAU YU
-23 – 24 May 2012 (2 days)
-4 stations
PULAU KAPAS
-28 – 29 May 2012 (2 days)
-11 stations
PULAU TENGOL
-5 – 6 May 2012 (2 days)
-12 stations
Instruments:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rossette Water Sampler
CTD
pH sensor
ADCP
UV-Spectrophotometer
Research Vessel – Discovery II
Method of Analysis
• Nitrogen:
NO2--N (APHA, 2005)
NO3--N (APHA, 2005)
NH3-N (APHA, 2005)
• Phosphorous:
(PO4-3-P) (APHA, 2005)
• Dissolved Organic Carbon
(TOC analyzer, Shimadzu)
Results
and
Discussion
Station Depth(m) PO4 (µg/L) NH3 (µg/L) NO2 (µg/L) NO3 (µg/L)
2
1.061
31.048
0.183
100.624
LT01
10
3.712
13.443
0.203
71.484
25
2.651
5.441
0.183
70.484
2
3.182
5.441
0.061
39.979
LT03
10
1.591
4.801
0.102
88.828
24
3.182
8.322
0.203
64.000
2
1.061
5.121
0.224
76.484
LT05
10
3.712
9.282
0.061
84.979
29
3.182
12.483
0.244
58.129
2
1.591
6.402
0.163
47.732
LT07
10
1.591
7.682
0.102
76.291
28
2.121
7.362
0.366
39.473
Lang Tengah Island
• The nutrient level re relatively low.
• Water depth were generally below 30 meters depth.
Station
PB01
PB04
PB07
PB08
PB10
PB13
PB14
PB16
PB19
PB20
PB22
PB23
Depth(m) PO4 (µg/L) NH3 (µg/L) NO2 (µg/L)
2
1.591
4.801
0.187
10
2.651
21.445
0.061
16
2.386
14.084
0.081
2
1.591
6.082
0.041
10
3.182
8.322
0.163
20
1.591
6.082
0.203
2
n.d.
7.042
0.102
10
2.121
5.761
0.061
30
3.182
4.801
0.509
2
1.591
5.121
0.122
10
n.d.
4.801
0.183
2
2.121
4.801
0.122
10
3.182
10.563
0.020
20
1.591
6.402
0.285
2
4.242
8.642
0.081
10
1.591
9.602
0.163
2
n.d.
6.402
0.061
10
n.d.
4.481
0.305
18
1.591
14.724
0.671
2
2.651
25.927
0.142
10
1.591
4.801
0.183
2
2.121
6.722
0.183
7
1.591
7.042
0.285
2
3.182
6.082
0.041
10
3.182
23.686
0.020
14
3.712
16.644
0.061
2
1.591
5.761
0.061
10
2.651
8.642
0.102
23
1.591
8.322
0.061
2
n.d.
8.962
0.061
10
1.591
6.082
0.061
14
1.591
8.002
0.081
NO3 (µg/L) TOC (µmol/L )
104.484
82.63
85.979
103.2
69.140
42.37
97.635
68.69
102.140
80.02
113.807
76.4
104.108
75.88
109.484
64.43
113.129
40.93
102.807
47.91
92.624
n.a.
120.312
49.9
112.645
83.7
98.968
49
72.463
53.72
68.066
98.3
112.785
82.67
53.119
23.52
111.947
10.67
43.108
615.1
122.140
45.24
46.796
51.16
108.807
48.81
96.463
52.65
102.291
72.92
99.291
50.67
64.635
175.4
75.624
57.02
100.441
49.18
68.161
20.75
87.989
n.a.
80.473
41.8
Bidong Island
Station Depth(m)
2
10
PR01
16
23
2
PR03
10
42
2
PR04
10
26
2
PR07
10
32
2
PR08
10
2
PR11
10
2
PR13
10
23
2
PR14
10
2
PR16
10
25
2
PR18
8
2
PR20
10
30
2
PR21
10
27
2
PR23
10
32
PO4 (µg/L)
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
2.651
1.591
n.d.
1.591
0.530
3.182
1.591
1.061
n.d.
1.591
1.061
1.591
1.591
n.d.
1.591
n.d.
1.591
1.591
0.530
1.061
2.121
5.303
n.d.
1.591
4.773
4.242
2.121
n.d.
1.591
4.242
2.121
4.773
1.591
NH3 (µg/L)
28.807
28.487
n.d.
23.686
24.326
21.445
22.726
22.406
21.766
23.686
47.372
25.927
29.127
25.607
24.966
23.366
24.646
20.165
21.125
23.046
6.722
33.289
7.042
7.042
12.163
16.964
20.485
8.962
28.167
11.523
29.127
31.048
34.569
24.966
24.006
28.167
NO2 (µg/L)
0.895
0.610
0.305
3.215
0.549
0.529
3.642
0.529
1.221
3.744
0.631
0.488
4.436
0.712
0.814
0.773
2.116
0.936
0.814
0.977
0.570
0.468
0.549
0.509
2.136
0.488
0.509
0.346
0.326
0.346
0.733
0.468
2.482
0.570
0.427
3.663
NO3 (µg/L)
33.828
n.a.
58.473
87.645
60.817
58.140
67.463
50.441
70.592
80.785
44.667
77.129
70.979
78.119
70.968
74.280
21.904
69.645
77.301
39.129
86.119
38.915
67.936
82.947
114.151
79.796
53.441
87.645
73.076
42.656
74.785
69.624
80.775
32.796
80.452
48.431
TOC (µmol C/l )
29.830
n.a.
33.130
76.340
24.770
28.240
24.630
50.150
57.610
57.120
52.460
61.980
23.590
37.600
39.240
119.000
262.200
0.000
64.030
49.360
134.000
58.690
75.430
n.d.
n.a
43.860
66.410
71.950
n.a.
55.400
65.030
60.700
94.650
35.870
64.730
54.660
Redang
Island
There is no significantly
changes with the study
conducted by Law et.al.
(2001) from year 1995 –
2000.
Yu Island
• Nutrient distribution show no significant
changes within layer and station.
• However, the Nitrite generally show higher
level at the bottom layer.
Station Depth(m) PO4 (µg/L) NH3 (µg/L) NO2 (µg/L)
2
5.303
8.322
0.081
10
1.061
5.761
0.000
PY01
40
4.773
6.082
5.514
2
4.773
11.843
0.102
10
n.d.
4.161
0.102
PY02
34
4.242
4.801
5.880
2
0.000
6.402
0.000
10
2.121
7.682
0.142
PY03
38
2.651
6.082
2.910
2
0.530
8.002
0.183
4
3.712
6.722
4.700
PY04
10
n.d.
7.362
0.203
NO3 (µg/L)
84.979
77.035
96.968
65.452
108.968
114.989
92.473
104.291
62.495
106.129
76.473
81.140
Station
PK01
PK02
PK03
PK04
PK05
PK06
PK07
PK08
PK09
PK10
PK14
PK16
Depth(m) PO4 (µg/L) NH3 (µg/L) NO2 (µg/L) NO3 (µg/L)
2
2.651
4.801
0.387
88.603
2
1.061
3.841
0.041
75.732
10
2.651
3.521
0.203
80.915
2
2.651
4.481
0.102
85.753
7
3.182
4.481
0.163
106.108
2
1.591
7.042
0.203
90.613
6
3.182
7.362
0.081
100.957
2
n.d.
5.441
0.041
106.463
10
4.773
7.682
1.933
95.753
16
6.363
8.642
4.761
111.635
2
3.182
4.481
0.061
84.269
10
3.712
8.322
0.610
97.764
18
4.242
6.082
5.697
94.775
2
2.651
5.761
0.122
56.624
8
3.182
6.082
0.122
97.280
2
4.242
7.042
0.305
91.463
10
5.303
5.121
3.072
97.613
21
3.712
3.841
5.250
87.087
2
3.712
7.682
0.305
89.796
10
5.303
5.761
2.686
114.807
16
4.773
5.441
3.561
86.613
2
2.121
5.441
0.102
104.269
9
3.182
4.481
1.994
96.151
2
1.591
5.441
0.488
93.119
10
3.182
6.082
0.102
93.269
23
7.424
6.402
14.691
108.463
2
1.591
4.161
0.163
85.603
11
4.773
8.002
0.122
103.119
Kapas Island
• Receive influence from land.
• Slightly higher compare to the
others.
Station
PT01
PT02
PT03
PT04
PT05
PT06
PT07
PT08
PT11
PT13
PT14
PT16
Depth(m) PO4 (µg/L) NH3 (µg/L) NO2 (µg/L) NO3 (µg/L)
2
9.545
16.324
0.061
73.269
10
2.121
2.881
0.427
80.785
38
4.773
8.002
6.633
95.301
2
3.182
26.887
1.078
83.957
10
3.712
21.125
0.875
96.301
48
5.833
23.686
12.331
67.097
2
2.651
22.726
0.163
70.764
10
15.378
61.136
0.285
60.076
41
2.121
16.324
0.163
80.979
2
1.591
6.082
0.285
102.312
10
1.591
4.481
0.183
72.925
48
7.954
34.889
7.061
49.216
2
1.591
26.247
0.265
78.452
10
1.591
19.845
0.122
75.957
45
3.182
5.121
2.238
84.441
2
7.954
22.406
0.122
75.775
10
3.182
22.086
0.427
87.119
50
5.303
24.006
6.816
87.119
2
3.182
16.324
0.346
77.452
10
10.606
23.686
0.020
91.119
30
11.666
29.127
6.409
65.238
2
3.182
38.090
0.041
81.947
10
1.591
19.845
0.020
89.624
45
16.969
23.686
6.816
88.807
2
9.545
20.485
0.203
80.968
10
9.015
21.125
0.081
66.431
36
10.606
27.527
0.081
60.743
2
1.591
4.801
0.203
87.291
10
8.484
24.326
0.102
94.129
51
7.954
18.885
6.959
45.539
2
0.530
22.406
0.224
67.463
10
2.651
27.847
0.387
66.968
58
3.182
20.485
5.128
92.613
2
4.242
17.605
0.122
79.613
10
2.651
22.726
0.142
58.624
50
6.363
22.086
6.918
55.925
Tenggol Island
• Most of the bottom layer have
higher nutrient level. It could due:
- current movement
- Bottom mineralization
• Current measurement would
attribute to understand the
variation and carrying capacity for
nutrient in these station.
Station
PP01
PP04
PP08
PP10
PP11
PP13
PP16
PP19
PP22
PP23
Depth(m) PO4 (µg/L) NH3 (µg/L) NO2 (µg/L) NO3 (µg/L)
2
3.712
8.962
0.041
89.323
10
1.591
4.801
0.570
93.947
23
1.591
23.046
0.224
51.248
2
1.591
8.002
0.041
99.656
10
1.591
6.082
0.061
93.291
17
1.591
7.682
0.061
91.291
2
3.182
14.724
0.061
58.645
10
1.591
7.682
0.102
39.592
2
1.061
6.082
0.631
45.280
4
1.591
5.121
0.651
74.968
2
2.651
14.084
1.607
87.108
10
1.591
12.163
0.610
57.979
19
2.651
9.923
0.041
74.473
2
4.242
7.362
0.203
58.108
10
2.121
12.483
0.814
135.129
17
2.121
9.282
0.102
91.817
2
7.424
10.243
2.411
58.645
10
7.424
39.050
0.580
66.441
17
10.606
25.607
0.641
106.108
2
13.257
10.243
2.655
59.495
10
5.303
9.282
0.305
33.473
16
10.075
8.962
0.519
29.635
2
7.954
6.402
0.671
36.796
10
12.196
15.684
1.007
43.968
12
8.484
6.402
0.855
48.301
2
9.015
4.161
0.671
55.129
10
10.606
22.406
0.610
73.484
24
9.015
36.169
0.305
n.a.
Perhentian Island
• For station near to
urbanized coast, the
nutrient tend to be
higher. (22,23).
• In general, water quality for the parameters
determine are dominantly lay within good condition.
• The study can extend to study the limitation to
assess the nutrient utilization/input by the local
community.
• Water is dynamic, frequent and more sample
collection could provide better understanding on the
marine environment.
• The information could use to monitor the
environment changes to as precaution / predict the
threats and response accordingly.
Acknowledgement
• The authors would like to thanks Department of Marine Parks, Malaysia for
funding most the research activity, support and grant permission to carry
out the survey in marine parks (East Zone)
• Special thanks to Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS) and
Marine Science Department for giving support and providing the laboratory
instrument and sampling gear throughout sampling period.
Thank You