Developing cloudberry yields – greetings f C d from

Developing cloudberry yields – greetings
f
from
Canada
C
d
Le centre de recherche Les Buissons
Non- profit
N
fit research
h organization
i ti located
l t d att Pointe-aux-Outardes
P i t
O t d since
i
the
th 1950’
1950’s
Potato breeding and small fruits research
Cloudberry and Low Bush Blueberry
The cloudberry
Rubus chamaemorus
R
Rose
ffamily
il
G l off research
Goals
h program
Determine yields in the wild
Look into possibilities of increasing yields
Bakeapple Research Projects on the North Shore
Yield Studies
Wind breaks and Snow trapping
Pollination
Plant breeding and propagation
Yields and Yield Potential
Yield Studies
E
Experimental
i
t l design
d i
Region of interest divided into 1km square sectors
Five plots per sector randomly selected from among points on 100m x 100m grid
f lli within
falling
ithi mapped
d cloudberry
l db
polygons
l
Cloudberry Yields on the Lower North Shore 2002-2006
Year
Plots
Plots without fruit
Kg/Hectare
Number
Number
%
Range
Average
2002
130
27
20
0-66
7
2003
115
34
30
0-71
4
2004
115
7
6
0-200
25
2005
96
64
67
0-5
0.6
2006
40
1
2.5
0-34
11
Five Year
9.5
Yield Studies
10 kg/hectare
1 kg/ km
Yield Potential
Bakeapple yields in high yield plots
N
Average
Range
2002
12
169
43-467
2003
11
54
<1-293
2004
11
202
16-571
2005
7
2.4
1-7.5
4 year
100
Comparing Yields
Average
(Kg/Hec.)
Range
between years
Range
between sites
Plot type
Plot size
Years
Country
Reference
198
(130-530)
(37-1120)
Selected
1m²
7
Karelia
Judina, 2000
100
(2.4-202)
(43-467)
Selected
28m²
4
Canada
Unpublished
14
(11-17)
(1-50)
Selected
100m²
2
Norway
Stavset, 1973
13.5
((10-18))
NA
Random
314m²
3
Sweden
Kardel, 1986
9.8
NA
(0-180)
Selected
100m²
4
Finland
Kortesharju, 1988
9.5
(0.6-25)
(0-200)
Random
28m²
5
Canada
Unpublished
76
7.6
NA
(1 7 10 9)
(1.7-10.9)
Random
100m²
100m
1
C
Canada
d
D
Dumas,
1987
Flower Numbers
# Flowers per meter
N
Random
Plot
Selected Plot
g
Average
across
bogs
Beaulieu
20
3
13
8
Whit Fox
White
F Hill
20
2
7
4
Manny`s Brook
20
3
8
6
Blanc Sablon River
20
2
5
3
2
8
5
Area
Average
across type of plot
Fruitset
Fruitset (%)
N
Random
Plot
Selected Plot
Average
across
bogs
g
Beaulieu
20
80
88
85
White Fox Hill
20
88
82
85
Manny`s Brook
20
78
74
76
Blanc Sablon River
20
51
55
53
74
74
74
Area
Average
across type
t
off plot
l t
Yields
Kg / Hectare
N
Random
Plot
Selected Plot
g
Average
across bogs
Beaulieu
20
13
97
55
White Fox Hill
20
9
53
34
Manny`s Brook
20
12
37
24
Blanc Sablon River
20
9
17
13
11
53
33
Area
Average
A
across type of plot
The climate
Windbreaks and Snow Trapping
2 Regions
4 Bogs per region
4 Treatments
Control
Snow fencing only
Windbreak only
Snow fencing and Windbreak
Snow accumulation by snow fences
February
April
Snow Accumulation with Linear Snow Fences
5 Treatments:
Control
S
Snow
ffences only
l
Windbreaks only
Snow fences during winter, windreaks during summer
Delayed snow : fences put up end of January
Soil Temperatures at 10 and 30 cm during Winter
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
Snow
Wind
-4
-6
-8
-10
10
-12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
Snow
Wind
Soil Temperatures at 10 and 30 cm during Flowering
12
10
8
Snow
6
Wind
4
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
12
10
8
Snow
6
Wind
4
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
The Ground Thaws more Quickly in Snow Fenced Plots
80
70
60
50
CONTROL
DELASNOW
40
SNOW
SNOWIND
WIND
30
20
10
0
15
6
19
23
27
1
7
Date
5
9
The flowering period is advanced by the windbreaks and delayed by the snow fences.
0.6
0.5
0.4
Control
- T1
Control
Delasnow
Delayed- T1
Snow
Snow -Snow
T1
0.3
Snow indand
- T1 Wind
Snow
Wind
- T1
Windbreak
0.2
0.1
0
1
2
3
Week during the flowering period
Week,
4
Delayed Flowering not always a Good Thing
120
100
Fruitset %
80
1
2
3
60
40
20
0
Dry
2008
Wet
Dry
2009
Year and Bog
Wet
Flower Numbers were Increased in Snow Fenced Plots
400
Flowers per 10m (ba
aseline correctted)
350
300
250
1 Control
2 Snow
200
3 Wi
Wind
d
4 Snowind
150
100
50
0
5 Delasnow
Yields were increased with the use of snow fences during the winter
100
90
80
70
1 TémoinControl
Kg/Hectare
60
2 Neige
Snow
3 Vent
Windbreak
50
4 Neige
et Vent
Snow
and
Wind
5 Neige
D lretardé
Delayed
d snow
40
30
20
10
0
Traitem ents
Pollination
The bakeapple is
dioecious
Male
Female
The use of honeybees for cloudberry pollination
Scepticism as to the usefulness of honeybees for bakeapple pollination
The bakeapple flowers very early when temperatures are
often cool
The bakeapple flower, and in particular the female flower,
h littl
has
little tto offer
ff th
the b
bees
Flower abundance in bakeapple is low
Data collection
Five plots per day per bog
Hand pollinated vs insect
pollinated flowers
Fruit and seedset was pollen limited in the plots
Pollination
Hand
Insect
Number of
Flowers
Fruitset
(%)
Seedset
(%)
775
776
90
75
87
64
Pollen (gr) per hive and period
15
13
Rideaus
Bakeap
pple
Gr pollen
n par ruche et périiode
11
9
7
Fungal spores
Taraxicum
Unknow n
Conifer
Salix
Betula
Ericaceae
5
Rchamaemorus
Alnus
Populus
3
1
-1
Type de pollen
The proportion of cloudberry pollen collected did not vary between sites
45
40
35
30
% Pollen
Alnus
25
Betula
Ericaceae
Populus
20
Rchamaemorus
15
10
5
0
CKNA
Km100
Pasha
Site
WAT1
Pollen collection
Honeybees do collect significant amounts of cloudberry pollen
Collection of cloudberry pollen did not vary between sites
despite site specific differences in other pollen species
Thus the male cloudberry flower seems to be as attractive to
honeybees as other concurrently flowering pollen species
But what about the female?
Pollination of female flowers was significantly better at sites with bees
25
Pollen per stigma 28 vs 11
Po llenn g ra ins per stig m a
20
1 CKNA
1 Km 1308
15
2 Km 100
2 Km 92
3 Pasha
3 Pont2
10
4 WAT1
4 WAT3
5
0
Bees
Control
Treatment
Fruitset was significantly better in bogs with honeybees than in control bogs
90
80
70
60
1 CKNA
Fruitset (%)
1 KM 1308
2 KM 100
50
2 KM 92
3 PASHA
40
3 PONT 2
4 WAT1
4 WAT3
30
20
10
0
Bees
76%
Control
Treatment
59%
Fruitset in bogs with honeybees was more stable than in control bogs
90
80
70
Fruitset (%)
60
50
Bees
Control
40
30
20
10
0
1
2
3
Period
4
5
Satisfactory seedset is obtained with 15 pollen grains or more per stigma
120
100
Seedset (%)
80
60
40
20
0
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 66 69 71 73 100
Pollen grains on stigma
Seedset averaged 75% in bogs with honeybees and only 51% in control bogs
90
80
70
1 CKNA
60
Seeedset (%)
1 Km 1308
2 Km 100
50
2 Km 92
3 Pasha
40
3 Pont2
4 WAT1
30
4 WAT3
20
10
0
Bees
Control
Treatment
Yields were nearly tripled in bogs supplied with honeybees as compared to the control bogs
160
Yields 95 gr vs 34 gr
140
120
Yield per plot (grr)
Y
1 CKNA
100
1 Km 1308
2 Km 100
2 Km 92
80
3 Pasha
3 Pont2
4 WAT1
60
4 WAT3
40
20
0
Bees
Control
Treatment
Cost efficiency
y
Method
Costs Kg/Hectare
without
Kg/Hectare Profit
with
($10/kg)
Bee hives (2)
$400
10
30
0
No
Bee hives (2)
$400
20
60
$200
Yes
Snow fences
$350
10
20
-$150
No
Snow fences
$350
50
100
$650
Yes
Thanks to the bakeapple team 1998-2012
Mélanie Beaucage
Jean François Dumas
Frederick Lesmerises
Julien Beaulieu
Diane Ethridge
Gabrielle Mathon-Roy
Marie-Noel Bérubé
Frederick Ethridge
Nancy Martel
Jules Blais
Lucie Castonguay
Kristine Naess
Marika Blais
Pierre Patrick Fillion
Junior O’Dell
Karine Blais St Laurent
Mélanie Foster
Barbara Otrysko
Marius Blais
Sebastien Foster
Mathieu Pilon
Adam Oliver Brown
Nicole Fournier
Lorrie Pike
Camille Bourguignon
Oscar Gagné
Amelie Robillard
Valérie Caron
Noelline Gallant
Pierrette Rochette
Lucie Castonguay
Marie-Claire Gervais
Rosaire Rochette
Jonathan Cheverie
Michel Girard
Melissa Roussy
Norbert Cheverie
Valérie Hébert-Gentile
Carole Seguin
Katherine Clough
Mélanie Hotte
Barbara Stetting
Andréanne Comeau
Charles Jones
Mathieu Touzel
Sandra Deraps
Ilya Klvana
Josée Turcotte
Sylvie Deraps
Caroline Lafontaine
Joyce Vibert
Stephanie Devost
Bobby Landry
David Vigneault
Anita Drudge
Guillaume Lantin
Inga Walsh
Karen Drudge
Marie-Soleil Laporte
Priscilla Wellman
Colinda Lavallee
Rebecca Willcot
Mary-Anne
y
Lavallee
Many thanks also to all the organizations providing funds
for bakeapple research
Centre local de développement de la Basse-Côte-Nord
Club Mer inc.
Conseil de l’industrie agroalimentaire de la Côte-Nord
Conseil régional des élus
Coopèrative Unitek
Développement économique Canada
Emploi
p Q
Québec
La Crèmerie la Chicoutai
La Maison de la Chicoutai
La Mère Michèle
Les Bleuets du 50ième parallèle
Ministère des Affaires municipales et des Régions
Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation
Ministère de Développement économique,de l’Innovation et de l’Exportation
Municipalité Basse-Côte-Nord
Municipalités de la Côte-Nord-du-Golf-Saint-Laurent
Municipalité
i i i é régionale
é i
de Caniapiscau
C i i
Office des Baies Sauvages de la Basse-Côte-Nord
Thank you for your attention!