Tavi I borjomis xeobis istoriul

avtoris stili daculia
Tbilisi
2009
revaz kvirkvaia
borjomis xeoba rkinis farTo
aTvisebis xanaSi
(Zv.w. VIII-VII ss.)
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
Aarqeologia
revaz kvirkvaia
borjomis xeoba rkinis farTo aTvisebis
xanaSi
(Zv.w. VIII-VII ss.)
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis arqeologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri
xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili
disertacia
samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori
leri jiblaZe,
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori guram grigolia
2
2009
sarCevi
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tavi I.
samarxTa agebuleba da dakrZalvis wesi . . . . . .
4
14
Tavi II. liTonis iaraRi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Tavi III. samkauli da samoselTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi . 87
Tavi IV. mcire plastika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Tavi V. keramika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
SemoklebaTa ganmartebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
tabulebis aRweriloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
tabulebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196
3
Sesavali
borjomis xeobis istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva. borjomis
xeoba,
romelic
Sedioda,
sami
Savwyala
da
ZiriTadi
xeoba,
taSiskaridan
istoriuli
Toris
nawilisagan
anu
dviramde.
mtkvris
am
SemadgenlobaSi
Sedgeba:
orive
gujareTi,
sanapiro
ukanasknels
XX
zoli
saukunis
dasawyisidan borjomis xeoba ewoda da iseve rogorc mTeli
Tori,
saqarTvelos
istoriis
garkveul
periodSi
samcxis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda.
borjomis
xeoba
pirdapiri
xaziT
40
km.
sigrZisaa.
mtkvris viwroebi aq Senakadebis SesarTavebTan farTovdeba.
swored aseT adgilebSi mdebareobs soflebis umetesoba da
saxnav-saTesi savargulebi.
xeoba warmoadgens uZveles sagzao magistrals, romelic
qarTlis
Sida
raionebs
samcxesTan
da
mis
mezobel
regionebTan akavSirebs. mtkvris marcxena Senakadebs miuyveba
gzebi lomisis mTasa da dedaberasaken, saidanac argveTsa da
imereTSi gadadian [berZeniSvili, 1985: 8].
yvelaze
civi
Tvis
temperatura
borjomis
xeobaSi
saSualod -2,3 - 3,3 0 yinvaa. yvelaze Tbili Tvisa 18,9 - 20,02 0
siTbo.
mdgradi
Tovlis
saburveli
aq
weliwadSi
70-75
dRemde rCeba [maruaSvili, 1965: 231].
xeobis didi nawili tyis masivebiTaa dafaruli. aq aris
rogorc
foTlovani
(ZiriTadi
wifeli),
ise
Sereuli
da
wiwvovani tyeebi. zRvis donidan 2000 m. zemoT ki alpuri
saZovrebi mdebareobs.
gansxvavebiT
xeobaSi
baruli
gujareTisa
meurneobis
da
Savwyalasagan,
SesaZlebloba
borjomis
arsebobda
da
arsebobs. mtkvris orive napiri da misi Senakadebi (marjvena
Senakadebia:
Wobisxevis,
dviris,
neZvisa
da
sarmaniSvilis
xevebi. marcxena Senakadebi ki qvabisxevi, CiTaxevi, banisxevi,
likanisa da rvelis xevebi) kargad aris damuSavebuli.
4
cnobili istorikosi da geografi vaxuSti batoniSvili
am adgilebis Sesaxeb werda: `aramed ars ese mtkvris xeoba
venaxiani,
xiliani,
viwro
naZovanni,
fiWovanni,
iremi,
da
mwiri...
Txa,
mTani
arCvi
da
nadirianni,
sxva
nadirni
mravalni~ [vaxuSti, 1941: 83].
tye da misi produqtebi udides rols TamaSobda da
TamaSobs
xeobis
mosaxleobis
cxovrebaSi:
`saamSeneblo
masala, siTbo da sinaTle sacxovrebelSi, Sromis iaraRebi,
yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagnebi (lasti, godori, kalaTi),
tansacmeli da fexsacmeli, sakvebis didi nawili tyesTan
iyo dakavSirebuli~ [berZeniSvili, 1985: 9]. amave tyeebTan iyo
dakavSirebuli
unaxSirod
ki
e.w.
,,sanaxSireebis”
Zvel
droSi
didi
raodenobac.
warmoudgeneli
warmoeba da mWedloba [RambaSiZe i., 1899: 5].
iyo
liTonis
naxSiri uwvavT
TiTqmis yvelgan ufro ki mtkvris Senakadi xevebis siRrmeSi
[berZeniSvili, 1985: 9].
memindvreobas
aq
umetesad
mtkvrispira
WalebSi
an
tyisgan ganTavisuflebul axoebSi eweodnen. Zvelad (istoriul xanaSi) aq eTesaT qeri, xorbali da sxva marcvleuli
kulturebi. axla ki kartofili da bostneuli mohyavT.
am mxaris meurneobaSi didi adgili ekava mesaqonleobasac.
aSenebdnen
rogorc
msxvilfexa,
ise
wvrilfexa
pirutyvs. ufro metad ki mTian da mTiswina zolebSi.
mxare
mdidaria
wyaroebiTa
da
mineraluri
wylebiT.
yovelive es ki aq qmnida adamianis cxovrebisaTvis saWiro
pirobebs.
borjomis xeobis arqeologiuri Seswavlis mokle istoria.
borjomis xeoba arqeologebis yuradRebis centrSi pirvelad
1911 wels moeqca. am wels sofel rvelSi (banisxevi) adgili
hqonda SemTxveviT aRmoCenebs, rasac mohyva arqeologiuri
samuSaoebi,
eqvTime
romelsac
TayaiSvili
profesori
awarmoebdnen.
vinogradov-nikitini
maT
aq
gaTxares
da
da
5
Seiswavles sami samarxi. 1911 welsve aq gaTxrebi gaagrZela
ruseTis
imave
saimperatoro
wels
`Cornaia
gaTxrebi
reCkas”
kulturuli
xanas
man
fena
sadac
saxelosnos
awarmoa
momdevno
a.
waRverSi
fena
ki
Sua
meore
da
fenaSi
da
e.w.
periodis
saukuneebis
gacilebiT
samarovnisa
kerZod,
gorodcovma.
sxvadasxva
zeda
ori
dadasturda
romlebSic
sof.
sadac
gamovlinda.
naSTebi.
ormosamarxi,
profesorma
xeobaSi,
ekuTvnoda,
periods,
karis
adreul
sameliToneo
aRmoCnda
rva
marjvena
an
micvalebulebi
marcxena gverdze xelfexmokecilni iwvnen. erT samarxSi ki
TiTqos
mjdomare
pozaSi
dakrZalvac
dadas-turda
[ficxelauri, 1973: 73-74]. samarxSi aRmoCnda ramdenime Tixis
WurWeli, brinjaos samkauli da kaJis iaraRi.
mesame (qveda) fena metalurgiul saxelosnos warmoadgenda.
aq
aRmoCnda
liTonis
yalibebi,
tigelis
natexebi,
nivTebis
Camosasxmeli
liTonis
widebi,
Tixis
brinjaos
nivTebis fragmentebi, obsidianis quslamoRaruli isrispiri,
andezitis qvissanayis fragmenti, saberveli, minis netexebi
da sxva.
aRniSnuli masala inaxeba moskovis istoriul muzeumSi,
xolo profesor gorodcovis dRiurebi da sxva savele dokumentacia ruseTis 1917 wlis revoluciis dros ganadgurda.
1940 wels mtkvris xeobaSi xaSuri-axalcixis rkinigzis
xazis
mSeneblobasTan
dakavSirebiT,
giuri
samuSaoebi
mciremasStabiani
da
sadazvervo-arqeologaTxrebi
Caatara
profesrma g. nioraZem.
sofel gomnaSi, romelic mdebareobs mtkvris marjvena
sanapiroze, sofel fafidan ori kolometris daSorebiT, mis
mier
gaTxril
iqna
samarxi,
romelic
Zv.w.
XIII
saukuniT
TariRdeba [nioraZe, 1944: 199-214]. garda amisa, mkvlevarma aq
daafiqsira
mravali
5,6,7,8,10,19,22,26,31,34,38,40,41 ).
arqeologiuri
aRniSnuli
Zegli.
muSaobis
(tab.
I.
Sedegebs
profesorma g. nioraZem miuZRvna sakmaod vrceli naSromi,
6
romelic
garkveuli
arqeologiuri
drois
Seswavlis
manZilze
TvalsazrisiT
am
regionis
erTaderT
vrcel
gamokvlevas warmoadgenda [nioraZe, 1944: 18-214].
1966 wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis
arqeologiisa
mesxeT-javaxeTis
romlis
da
eTnografiis
mudmivmoqmedi
xelmZRvanelad
institutSi
arqeologiuri
istoriis
Seiqmna
eqspedicia,
mecnierebaTa
kandidati
oTar RambaSiZe dainiSna. (is am eqspedicias gardacvalebamde
– 1995 wlamde xelmZRvanelobda). eqspediciis mier borjomis
xeobaSi
gaiTxara
uaRresad
mniSvnelovani
arqeologiuri
Zeglebi: rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniReles
mravaliarusiani samarovnebi. dazvervebis Sedegad gamovlenil iqna sxvadasxva periodis arqeologiuri Zegli.
borjomis xeobis arqeologiis sxvadasxva problemur
sakiTxebs
araerTi
naSromi
miuZRvnes
o.
RambaSiZem
da
eqspediciis sxva wevrebma.
rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da borniReles samarovnebis Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis Sua xanebiT daTariRebul
samarxebs
ikvlevda
i.
RambaSiZe.
am
kvlevis
Sedegebi
Tavmoyrilia mis sadisertacio naSromSi: `samcxe Zv. w. meore
aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi (borjomis xeobis arqeologiuri
Zeglebis mixedviT)”.
sakmaod
xangrZlivi
drois
ganmavlobaSi
borjomis
xeobaSi arqeologiur samuSaoebs awarmoebda arqeologiuri
kvlevis
centris
Tori-likanis
arqeologiuri
eqspedicia
istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis geno nasiZis xelmZRvanelobiT.
eqspediciis
mier
gaiTxara
araerTi
mniSvnelovani
arqeologiuri Zegli (ZiriTadad Sua saukuneebis). 1983-1997
wlebSi
g.
nasiZisa
da
v.
liCelis
xelmZRvanelobiT
es
eqspedicia samuSaoebs awarmoebda gujareTis xeobaSi, sofel
mzeTamzeSi. aq maT mier Seswavlil iqna uaResad saintereso
Zegli _ mzeTamzes samarovani, romelic moicavs xangrZliv
7
periods,
dawyebuli
adrebrinjaos
xanidan,
ganviTarebuli
Suasaukuneebis xanis CaTvliT.
borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumisa da saqarTvelos
erovnuli
muzeumis
SemTxveviT
fondebSi
mopovebuli
inaxeba
mravali
borjomis
nivTi,
xeobaSi
romelic
Zalze
sayuradRebo masalas warmoadgens regionis arqeologiuri
kvlevis saqmeSi.
sadReisod
teritoriaze
aTeuli
borjomis
xeobaSi
aRricxulia
arqeologiuri
da
sxvadasxva
Zegli,
mis
mimdebare
periodis
romelTa
mravali
mxolod
mcire
nawilia srulyofilad gaTxrili da Seswavlili (tab. I).
samwuxarod
Zeglebis
borjomis
sruli
dRemde
gamoqveynebuli
katalogi,
xeobis
(da
rac
ara
araa
garkveul
marto
am
gaTxrili
siZneles
mxaris)
qmnis
uZvelesi
istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi.
Cveni
kvleva
ZiriTadad
oTxi
samarovnis
–
rvelis,
CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniReles masalebs eyrdnoba.
yvela maTganze met-naklebi raodenobiT dafiqsirda rkinis
farTo aTvisebis xanis (Zv. w. VIII-VII ss.) samarxebi. oTxive
samarovani mravaliarusiani da Zalze mniSvnelovani masalis
Semcvelia,
amitom
saWirod
vTvliT
zogadad
da
mokled
mimovixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
rvelis samarovani mdebareobs borjomidan CrdiloeTiT
rva
kilometris
dasavleT
nawilSi,
daSorebiT,
patara
sofel
borcvze,
rvelis
romelic
samxreT`sajvares”
saxeliTaa cnobili (tab. I 26 ).
rogorc ukve avRniSneT, 1911 wels aq gaTxrebi awarmoes
e. TayaiSvilma, v. vinogradov-nikitinma da a. gorodcovma.
mkvlevarebma am arqeologiur Zegls md. banisxeuras saxelis
mixedviT banisxevis samarovani uwodes.
1968-1971
atarebda
wlebSi
aq
mesxeT-javaxeTis
farTomasStabian
samuSaoebs
arqeologiuri
eqspedicia
8
o. RambaSiZis xelmZRvanelobiT. es gaTxrebi faqtiurad 1911
wels Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda,
am periodSi gaiTxara 69 samarxi da samarxis naSTi.
dafiqsirda urTierTmonacvle sami qronologiuri fena.
uZvelesi fena Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisiT TariRdeba.
CvenTvis saintereso Sua fena Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT, zeda
fena
ki
Zv.w.
V-IV
saukuneebiT.
Cveni
sakvlevi
periodi
warmodgenilia Cvidmeti (#19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32, 40, 41,
42, 44, 45, 48, 51, 53, 54) samarxiT.
samarovani gavrcobilia daaxloebiT 300 kv.m. farTobze.
samwuxarod Cven ver SevZeliT yvela savele naxazisa
da tabulis mopoveba, vinaidan am Zeglis gaTxridan sakmaod
didi droa gasuli da misi gamTxrelebic cocxali aRar
arian. amitom zogierTi kompleqsis Seswavlisas ZiriTadad
savele
angariSebsa
veyrdnobiT.
aseve
da
davTrebSi
ver
movipoveT
mocemul
1971
aRwerilobebs
wlis
angariSi.
amitomac Zalian mwiri informacia gvaqvs am dros gaTxrili
cxra (#40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 58, 51, 54, 58) samarxis Sesaxeb. viciT
mxolod,
rom
yvela
maTgani
qviTnagebi
samarxi
yofila.
maTSi aRmoCenili samarxeuli inventaris Sesaxeb informacia
miviReT mxolod savele davTrebidan.
amitom
winamdebare
naSromSi
rvelis
samarovanze
mopovebul mxolod calkeul artefaqtebs vexebiT. ZiriTadi
kvleva ki CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da borniReles samarovnebis masalebzea dafuZnebuli.
CiTaxevis
samarovani
mdebareobs
q.
borjomidan
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT cxra kilometris daSorebiT. `CiTaxevis miwebis~ saxeliT cnobil terasaze. md. CiTaxevis wylisa
da mtkvris SesarTavTan, mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze (tab.
I 39 ).
1972-1975 wlebSi aq farTomasStabian samuSaoebs awarmoebda mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia. samuSaoebis dawyeba dakavSirebuli iyo borjomi-axalcixis saavtomo-
9
bilo
gzatkecilis
gafarToebasTan,
rodesac
mSeneblebis
mier ganadgurda samarovnis mniSvnelovani nawili.
gaiTxara 99 samarxi da samarxis naSTi. uZvelesi samarxebi Zv.w. XVI-XIV saukuneebiT aris daTariRebuli, momdevno
qronologiuri
fenis
samarxebi
Zv.w.
XII-X
saukuneebiT.
Semdeg modis Cveni sakvlevi periodis _ Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis fena, romelic warmodgenilia ormocdaxuTi (#1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32,
34, 36, 40, 42, 70, 72, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 95, 97) samarxiT
(tab. II).
zogjer savele dokumentaciaSi da publikaciebSi Zegli
`CiTaxevis miwebis~ samarovnadacaa moxseniebuli.
kviracxovlis
samarovani
mdebareobs
q.
borjomidan
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 15 km. daSorebiT md. mtkvris marcxena
napirze,
borjomi-axalcixis
marcxena
mxares
_
iq,
saavtomobilo
sadac
`saTixis
gzatkecilis
Relis~
saxeliT
cnobili mSrali xevi mtkvris marcxena sanapiros erTvis. am
adgils adgilobrivi mosaxleoba iqve mdebare kviracxovlis
eklesiis saxelis mixedviT `kviracxovlis miwebs~ uwodebs
(tab. I 16 ).
mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia aq samuSaoebs awarmoebda 1979-1983 wlebSi. am xnis manZilze gaiTxara
104 samarxi. maTi umravlesoba Zv.w. XV-XIV da Zv.w. XIII-XII
saukuneebiT
TariRdeba.
rkinis
farTo
aTvisebis
xana
ki
mxolod Svidi (#29, 31, 32, 48, 55, 59, 95) samarxiTaa warmodgenili.
mimoxilva.
borniReles
samarovani
mdebareobs
q.
borjomidan
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 19 km-is manZilze. borjomi-axalcixis
saavtomobilo
mxares.
gzis
borniRele
marjvniv,
istoriul
_
sof.
dviris
wyaroebSi
mopirdapire
moxseniebulia
10
rogorc sofeli [meliqiZe, 2000: 288]. TviT Rele (borniRele)
mtkvars marcxena mxridan erTvis, igi dRes naxevrad mSrali
xevia (tab I 4 ).
borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi daculia borjomeli metyevis vinme vlasovis Canawerebi, romelic siZveleebiT
yofila
dainteresebuli
da
a.
gorodcovis
da
e. TayaiSvilis gaTxrebSic miuRia monawileoba. am Canawerebidan vgebulobT, rom misTvis am adgilebidan arqeologiuri
masala jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi yofila cnobili.
mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia Zeglze 19831988
wlebSi
met-naklebi
intesivobiT
muSaobda.
am
xnis
manZilze gaiTxara 120-ze meti samarxi da samarxis naSTi.
samarovani
samarxebi
samarxi
Zv.w.
Zv.w.
mravaliarusiania:
XVI-XIV
III
pirveli
saukuneebiT
saukuniT,
65
qveda
TariRdeba.
samarxi
ki
fenis
erTi,
rkinis
#3
farTo
aTvisebis xaniT anu Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT. (#1, 2, 2 1 , 4, 5,
8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39,
40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 64, 65, 66, 71, 72, 73,
74, 76 1 , 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101,
107, 111, 120 samarxebi).
samarovanis maxloblad mdebare dabal qedze (romlis
Crdilo kalTaze mdebareobs samarovani) eqspediciis yuradReba miwis zedapirze arsebulma patara Rrmulebma miiqcia.
gaCnda eWvi, rom aq samarovnis Tanadrouli namosaxlaric
SeiZleba yofiliyo. mciremasStabianma sadazvervo gaTxrebma
am
mxriv
dadebiTi
Sedegi
ver
gamoiRo
da
samwuxarod
samarovnebis Tanadrouli namosaxlari dRemde araa mikvleuli da Seswavlili (tab. III).
oTxive samarovanze mopovebuli arqeologiuri masalis
nawili daculia borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi, nawili ki saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis CiTaxevis arqeologiur bazaze.
11
sakvlevi epoqis mokle mimoxilva. samxreT kavkasiis Zv.w.
VIII-VI saukeneebis materialuri kultura zogierT mkvlevars
[abramiSvili, 1957; 1961. Мартиросян, 1965. Техов, 1954. Погребова,
1984] da sxvebs aZlevs imis saSualebas, rom drois es
monakveTi gamoiyos rogorc damoukidebeli arqeologiuri
periodi.
eWvgareSea,
rom
Zv.w.
VII-VI
saukuneebis
materialuri
kulturis mTeli rigi elementebi saTaves Zv.w. VIII saukunidan iRebs. yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli sruli damajereblobiT
gamoiyos
Zv.w.
VIII
da
Zv.w.
VII-VI
saukuneebis
kultura
ZiriTadad
arqeologiuri kompleqsebi.
am
periodis
materialuri
inarCunebs wina saukuneebis formebs, Tumca amasTan erTad
swored Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi Cndeba mTeli rigi axali
elementebi _ umTavresad sabrZolo iaraRsa da keramikaSi. am
dros xdeba rkina ZiriTadi masala iaraRis dasamzadeblad.
Cndeba rkinis iaraRis iseTi formebi, romlebsac brinjaos
prototipebi ar eZebnebaT. am periodis kavkasiis masalebSi
uxvadaa
warmodgenili
samxreT
kavkasiis
urartuli
centralur
da
skviTuri
regionSi
nivTebi.
gansakuTrebuli
intensivobiT vrceldeba kolxuri kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi. TviT kolxur kulturaSi ki Tavs iCens
mTeli
rigi
inovaciebi
(dakrZalvis
wesSi,
keramikisa
da
iaraRis formebSi da sxva).
samxreT
kavkasiis
materialuri
kultura
garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi ufro erTgvarovania.
SeiniSneba misi calkeuli elementebis formaTa intensiuri
unifikacia.
periodis
Soris
Tumca
yvela
sagrZnobi
es
Zegli
sulac
ar
niSnavs
absoluturad
gansxvavebebi
ar
imas,
erTnairia
dasturdeba
rom
da
am
maT
(dasavleT
saqarTvelo, samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasia da sxva).
miuxedavad mTeli rigi Taviseburebebisa, samxreT kavkasiis rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT nawilSi arqeolo12
giuri kulturebi gamomdinareoben wina periodebidan da maTi
ganviTarebis
Sedegs
warmoadgenen.
kvlav
ganagrZobs
arsebobas adre arsebul kulturaTa geografiuli arealebi,
Tumca maTi sazRvrebi ramdenadme icvleba.
Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi samxreT kavkasiaSi CrdiloeTidan
iwyeba
xalxTa
didi
masebis
SemoWra.
varaudoben,
rom
kolxeTis gziT SemoiWrnen komerielebi 1 . aRmosavleTidan ki
skviTebi.
maTi
nawili
saqarTvelosa
da
mis
mezobel
regionebSi damkvidrda. yovelive aman ki Tavisi asaxva hpova
materialur
kulturaSic,
gaCnda
axali
_
`skviTuri~
elementebi, e.w. `skviTuri triada~ (skviTuri iaraRi, cxenis
aRkazmuloba. cxoveluri dekoratiuli motivebi).
didi politikuri cvlilebebia am dros saqarTvelos
samxreTiTac
samefo.
Zv.w.
676
kimerielTa
nadgurdeba
da
wels
ingreva
frigiis
urartuelTa
SavizRvispireTis
(`muSqebis~)
dartymebis
axalSenebi.
Sedegad
aRmosavleTiT
Zlierdeba midia, romelmac Zv.w. 676-590 wlebSi bolo mouRo
asureTisa da urartus samefoebs. es didi geopolitikuri
cvlilebebi
ra
Tqma
unda
Tavisebur
gavlenas
samxreT
kavkasiazec iqoniebda.
zogjer werilobiTi wyaroebi (ZiriTadad aRmosavluri
da berZnuli) am periodis istorias arasrulad da fragmentulad,
xSirad
winaaRmdegobrivadac
ganixilavs.
amitom
arqeologiur masalas kavkasiisa da misi mimdebare regionebis istoriis gaSuqebisaTvis pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba
eniWeba.
1 zogi mkvlevari (a. terenoJkini; j. gvetaZe; g. kvirkvelia) sakmaod
damajereblad uaryofs kimerielTa e.w. ,,meotida-kolxeTis"
laSqrobas da amdenad maT yofnas saqarTvelos teritoriaze, [
1974: 203; gvetaZe, 1976: 65; kvirkvelia, 1985: 120].
gziT
13
Tavi I.
samarxTa agebuleba da dakrZalvis wesi
rvelis,
CiTaxevis,
kviracxovlisa
da
borniRelis
samarovnebze Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli samarxebi agebulebisa da dakrZalvis wesis mixedviT SeiZleba
ramdenime jgufad daiyos.
agebulebis mxriv samarxebi or ZiriTad jgufad iyofa.
ormosamarxebad
da
qviTnageb
samarxebad.
ormosamarxebi
TavianT mxriv or qvejgufad SeiZleba daiyos: 1) ormosamarxebad, romlebic niadagisgan arafriT gamoiyofa da 2) qvebiT
SemozRudul ormosamarxebad (tab. IV, V, VI).
samarxebis SemosazRudad rogorc wesi, saSualo zomis,
daumuSavebeli bazaltis an riyis qvebi gamoiyeneboda. isini
samarxs erT an or rigad Semouyvebodnen (tab. IV, V, VI).
xSiria SemTxvevebi, samarxis Tavze qvayrilTa arsebobisa, maTi simaRle umetes SemTxvevaSi 0.30-0.50 metria. qvayrilebi gvxvdeba rogor ormosamarxebis, ise qviTnagebi samarxebis
Tavze.
isini
umetes
SemTxvevaSi
zomebiT
samarxebs
emTxvevian, an zogjer maTze odnav metni arian (tab. VII).
moyvanilobis
marTkuTxedis,
ise
mravalkuTxedis
sworkuTxedis
mixedviT
ovalis
formis.
formisani
ormosamarxebi
(CiTaxevis
qviTnagebi
arian,
aris
#15
samarxi)
samarxebi
romelTa
rogorc
da
ZiriTadad
sigrZe
mcired
aWarbebs siganes.
qviTnagebi
saSualo
zomis,
samarxebi
brtyeli,
umetes
SemTxvevaSi
daumuSavebeli
nagebia
filebiT.
isini
aseTive filebiTaa gadaxuruli, Tumca saxuravi yovelTvis
samarxSi iyo Cawolili. iataki, rogorc ormosamarxebSi, ise
qvis samarxebSi niadaguria.
CiTaxevis samarovanze aris ramdenime SemTxveva (kerZod
#84,
85,
86
qviTnageb
samarxebSi)
calke
patara
saTavsos
gamarTvisa, romelTac oTxkuTxedis (#84 samarxSi), xan ki
wriuli
moyvaniloba
hqonda
(#85
samarxSi).
#86
samarxSi
14
saTavso
aRmosavleTis
kedelTan
morkaluli
zRudiTaa
Seqmnili (tab. IX).
erT
aseT
kremaciuli
saTavsoSi
urna-qoTani.
(#84
#85
samarxi)
moTavsebuli
samarxis
mcire
iyo
saTavsoSi
adamianis damwvari Zvlebi urnis gareSe, xolo #86 samarxis
saTavsoSi adamianis Tavis qala da Tixis WurWeli aRmoCnda.
sxvadasxva samarovnebze ormosamarxebisa da qviTnagebi
samarxebis raodenobrivi Tanafardoba gansxvavebulia. rvelis samarovanze ki mxolod qviTnagebi samarxebi gvxvdeba.
dakrZalvis wesis mixedviT samarxebi SeiZleba ramdenime jgufad daiyos: 1. inhumaciur; 2. kremaciul (nawilobrivi kremacia); da 3. inhumaciur-kremaciul, anu iseT samarxebad, sadac dakrZalvis orive wesia dadasturebuli (Cven maT
zogjer
`Sereul~
sxvadasxva
samarxebsac
samarovanze
am
vuwodebT).
tipis
gansxvavebulia
samarxTa
raodenobrivi
Tanafardoba: rvelis samarovani ki am mxrivac gamoirCeva da
iq kremaciis arc erTi SemTxveva araa dadasturebuli (ix.
gv. 40-43, cxrilebi).
koleqtiur
samarxebSi
zogjer
erTi
micvalebulis
ConCxi kargadaa Senaxuli, danarCenis Zvlebi ki areulia da
maT
raodenobaze
mxolod
miaxloebiT
Tu
SeiZleba
msjeloba.
zog
samarxSi
dafiqsirebuli
gveqneba
erT
(amis
msjeloba),
kuTxeSia
adgilas
mxolod
micvalebulis
Sesaxeb
zogan
ufro
micvalebulis
mixvetili,
dakrZaluli
qveviT
xolo
adamianis
Tavis
dawvrilebiT
Zvlebi
samarxis
ConCxi
qalebia
samarxis
centralur
kargadaa
Senaxuli
(tab. X 1,4 ).
sayuradReboa
agreTve
is
garemoebac,
rom
zogierT
koleqtiur samarxSi micvalebulebi erT sibrtyeze, iatakis
doneze
arian
dakrZalulni,
xolo
zogan
micvalebulTa
erTmaneTze dakrZalvis SemTxvevebic gvxvdeba.
15
aris SemTxvevebi da arc Tu ise cota, roca micvalebulTa
damwvari
Zvlebi
ramdenime
WurWelSia
dadasture-
buli. samwuxarod maT ar CatarebiaT kraniologiuri kvleva,
amitom garkveviT verafers vityviT imis Sesaxeb, es Zvlebi
erT adamians ekuTvnis Tu ramdenimes.
gvxvdeba
iseTi
samarxebic
(mag:
#76 1
borniReles
samarxi), sadac dafiqsirda cxra micvalebulis ConCxi da
sami kremaciuli urna.
kremaciul urnebad TiTqmis yovelTvis sayofacxovrebo
daniSnulebis
CiTaxevis
WurWelia
#85
gamoyenebuli
samarxSi
dafiqsirda
(mxolod
adamianis
erTgan,
damwvari
Zvlebi urnis gareSe _ samarxSi gamarTul mcire saTavsoSi),
ZiriTadad sxvadasxva zomis qoTnebi, ufro iSviaTad jamebi
da tolCebi. erT SemTxvevaSi ki (borniRelis #50 samarxSi)
urnad Caidniseburi WurWelic iyo gamoyenebuli.
urnebi umetes SemTxvevaSi jamebiT iyo Tavdaxuruli
(tab. VIII 2 ), ufro iSviaTad ki sarqvelis movaleobas brtyeli
qva asrulebda.
urnebi
ZiriTadad
mkafiod
gamokveTil
samarxebSi
gvxvdeba, rogorc aRvniSneT, xSirad inhumaciurad dakrZalul micvalebulebTan erTad. zogjer urnad gamoyenebuli
qoTani pirdapir miwaSi iyo Cadgmuli. (mag. CiTaxevis #88
samarxi).
rig
SemTvevaSi
ki
piriqiT,
sakmaod
didi
zomis
(120X105X70 sm) qvebiT SemosazRvrul ormosamarxSi mxolod
erTi krema-ciuli urna-qoTani dadasturda (borniRelis #26
samarxi. tab. X 2 ).
samarxTa
da
micvalebulTa
damxrobis
TvalsazrisiT
samarovanze sakmaod gansxvavebuli suraTia. magram SeiniSneba
tendencia,
rom
ama
Tu
im
samarovanze,
ama
Tu
im
mimarTulebiT, damxrobas prioritetuli mdgomareoba ukavia.
mag:
rvelis
Sesabamisad
samarovanze
micvalebulTa
aRmosavleTisaken
yvelaze
xSiria
samarxebisa
samxreT-dasavleTidan
damxroba,
da
Crdilo-
borniReles samarovanze ki
16
yvelaze xSiri micvalebulTa CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken
damxrobis SemTxvevebia (ix. cxrilebi). emorCileboda Tu ara
es wesi raime kanonzomierebas, exla Zneli dasadgenia.
aris
SemTxvevebi,
rodesac
koleqtiur
da
wyvilad
samarxebSi micvalebulebi sxvadasxva mxares arian damxrobilni
(mag:
borniReles
damxrobilia
#44
samarxSi
aRmosavleTidan
erTi
micvalebuli
dasavleTisaken,
xolo
ori
CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken; an CiTaxevis #6 samarxSi erTi
micvalebuli
Tu samxreT-dasavleTidan
Crdilo-aRmosavle-
Tisakenaa damxrobili, meore piriqiT, Crdilo-dasavleTidan
samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken da sxva.
oTxive samarovanze micvalebulebi dakrZalulia kidurebmoxril
mdgomareobaSi,
marjvena
an
marcxena
gverdze.
koleqtiur da wyvilad samarxebSi aris SemTxvevebi, roca iq
dakrZaluli
gverdzea
yvela
micvalebuli
dasvenebuli
an
piriqiT
marjvena
zogi
an
marcxena
marjvenaze,
zogi
marcxenaze (tab. VI, XI).
zog SemTxvevaSi micvlaebulebs TavqveS daumuSavebeli
brtyeli qva _ e.w. `sasTumali~ edo (tab. X 3,4 ). rig samarxebSi
ki Zvlebi imdenad cudad iyo daculi, rom Wirda dakrZalvis
pozis dadgena (tab. XII).
vinaidan
Zvlebs
kvlevebi
ar
mxolod
maTTvis
anTropologiuri
CatarebiaT,
da
kraniologiuri
micvalebulTa
Catarebuli
sqesis
inventaris
Sesaxeb
mixedviT
Tu
SegviZlia msjeloba. am mxriv ki mamakacad da qalad miCneul
micvalebulTa
marjvena
Tu
marcxena
gverdze
dakrZalvis
TvalsazrisiT myari kanonzomiereba ar SeiniSneba. araviTari
gansxvaveba ar SeimCneva rogorc mozrdili adamianebis, ise
bavSvebis dakrZalvaSi.
CiTaxevis
#16
da
kviracxovlis
#54
samarxebSi
micvalebulebi TiTqos mjdomare pozaSi unda yofiliyvnen
dakrZalulni [RambaSiZe o., 1973: 38. RambaSiZe o. da sxva, 1981:
20].
17
rvelis
#25
da
CiTaxevis
#15
samarxebSi
adamianis
ConCxi da kremaciuli urna ar aRmoCenila, samagierod orive
maTganSi iyo samarxeuli inventari. unda vivaraudoT, rom
isini simbolur samarxebs _ e.w. `kenotafebs~ warmoadgendnen
[RambaSiZe o., 1971: 17; 1973: 26].
iSviaTia
samarxi
inventaris
gareSe.
is
kremaciul
urnebSic xSirad fiqsirdeboda. ZiriTadad gvxvdeba samkauli
da
samoselTan
dakavSirebuli
nivTebi,
iSviaTad
ki
iaraRi, xSirad maT cecxlSi yofnis kvali etyobodaT. es
faqti
imaze
miuTiTebs,
rom
isini
micvalebulTan
erTad
dauwvavT. iSviaTad, magram mainc aris iseTi urnebi, sadac
garda adamianis damwvari Zvlebisa araferi aRmoCenila.
samkauli da samoselTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi (sakinZebi, sayureebi, balTebi da sxva) fiqsirdeba TviT ConCxis
uSualo
siaxloves,
rac
imaze
metyvelebs,
rom
isini
micvalebulebs sxeulze an tansacmelze hqondaT. sxva saxis
inventari, rogoricaa sabrZolo iaraRi da Tixis WurWeli
fiqsirdeboda
samarxis
sxvadasxva
adgilas,
zogjer
micvalebulisagan sakmaod daSorebiT, xSirad ki uSualod
micvalebulis win an ukan.
zogjer samarxSi ama Tu im nivTs sruliad gansxvavebuli, TvalSi sacemi adgili eWira. ase magaliTad, CiTaxevis
#85 kremaciul samarxSi sagangebod SerCeul brtyel qvaze
ido brinjaos satevari.
xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca samarxebSi dadasturda saqonlis
(rogorc
Zvlebi.
msxvilfexa,
gansakuTrebiT
ki
ise
wvrilfexa)
es
faqti
da
SeimCneva
frinvelis
CiTaxevis
samarovanze.
zogjer koleqtiur samarxebSi dakrZalul micvalebulTagan erT maTgans gamorCeuli adgili ekava da samarxeuli
inventaric xSirad masTanaa Tavmoyrili (mag., CiTaxevis #25
samarxi).
18
urnebSi moTavsebuli Zvlebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq micvalebulTa nawilobriv kremaciasTan gvaqvs saqme, gvamis mTlianad dawvisa da ferflad
qcevis kvali arc erT urnaSi ar dadasturebula. Zvlebi
tvinisagan gaclili araa.
urnebi
adamianis
ar
gamoirCevian
mTeli
ConCxis,
didi
zomebiT,
Tundac
amitom
damwvaris
maTSi
moTavseba
SeuZlebeli iqneboda. xSirad erT samarxSi ramdenime urnaa
fiqsirebuli. yvela maTganSi iyo adamianis damwvari Zvlebi.
verafers vityviT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdeni adamianis kremirebuli sxeuli (an sxeulis nawili) iyo maTSi moTavsebuli.
Zv.w.
VIII-VI
saukuneebSi
aRmosavleT
da
dasavleT
saqarTvelos (kolxeTi) samarovnebi samarxTa agebulebisa da
dakrZalvis
wesis
TvalsazrisiT
sakmaod
gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan.
aRmosavleT
ukavia
saqarTveloSi
dakrZalvis
ormosamarxebs,
inhumaciur
qviTnageb
gabatonebuli
wess.
samarxebs
mdgomareoba
samarxebi
da
e.w.
ZiriTadad
`qvayuTebs~
warmoadgenen.
micvalebulebi dakrZalulni arian umTavresad kidurebmoxril mdgomareobaSi marjvena an marcxena gverdze. Zalian
bevr samarovanze SeiniSneba mkacrad dadgenili kanonzomiereba, rodesac marjvena gverdze mxolod mamakacebi iyvnen
dakrZalulni, xolo marcxena gverdze qalebi. magaliTad,
aseTi
viTarebaa
gamorCeul
Zeglze,
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
rogoricaa
xanis
samTavros
iseT
samarovani
(kalandaZe, 1947).
rogorc
rodesac
zemoT
samarxebSi
aRvniSneT,
aris
dadasturda
e.w.
ramdenime
`mjdomare
SemTxveva,
pozaSi~
dakrZalva. dakrZalvis es poza dadasturebulia Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebiT daTariRebul sanTisa (TrialeTi) [Куфтин, 1941:
50-55] da nulis samarovnebze [Куфтин, 1949a: 48-49]. magram es
wesi ufro metad Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijniT daTariRe19
bul samarovnebze gvxvdeba. mag. zemo avWalaSi [nioraZe, 1931:
263],
waRvlis
samarovanze
[ramiSvili,
2004:
111],
waRverSi
[nioraZe, 1944: 20-23] RrmaxevisaTvis samarovanze [kaxiani, 1977:
31] da sxva. Tumca mjdomare pozaSi dakrZalva saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
sakmaod
iSviaTi
`ganja_yarabaRuli~
movlenaa
kulturisTvisaa
da
ufro
e.w.
damaxasiaTebeli
[Пиотровский, 1964: 58-60].
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dakrZalvis wesis TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva `rkiniskalos~ samarovani, romelic ivris
saTaveebSi,
erwoSi
mdebareobs.
samarxebi
Sedgeba
qva-
yriliani mozrdili ormoebisgan, romlebSic micvalebulebi
ramdenime fenadaa Casvenebuli. ise, rom TiToeuli ormosamarxi xSirad 2 an 3 erTmaneTze daSrevebul kompleqsebs
Seicavs.
qveda
fenis
samarxebSi
micvalebulebi
Zlier
moxrilad arian Casvenebuli. Zeglis gamTxrelebis azriT,
adamianis
Zvlebi
qaosuradaa
Tanmxleb
Cayrili,
ris
inventarTan
gamoc
igi
erTad
meoradi
Zalze
dakrZalvis
STabeWdilebas tovebs. TiToeul samarxeul kompleqss aqvs
Tavisi qvayrili, romelic Zvlebsa da inventars uSualod
zed ayria an maTSivea areuli. samarovani zogadad Zv.w. IXVII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba, xolo misi yvelaze mZlavri Sre
Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [ramiSvili, jorbenaZe,
1964: 19-20].
meoradi
goraze
dakrZalva
[CubiniSvili,
ivaraudeba
1963:
84]
axalcixis
da
taS-baSSi
amiranis
(TrialeTi)
[Куфтин, 1941: 117], oRond gacilebiT adreul periodSi Zv.w.
III aTaswleulSi.
sruliad
moliTis
unikaluria
samarovani.
igi
aRmosavleT
mdebareobs
saqarTvelosTvis
tabawyuris
tbasTan,
sofel moliTTan, zRvis donidan 2020 m simaRleze. aq kldis
napralebSi
WurWeli
Cndeboda
adamianis
kremaciuli
ferfliTa
da
samarxebi,
samarxeuli
anu
Tixis
inventariT,
romlebic ZiriTadad samkauls da samoselTan dakavSirebul
20
nivTebs Seicavda: brinjaos sakinZebs, samajurebs, qvisa da
kvarcis mZivebs da sxva, romelTac cecxlSi yofnis kvali
etyobodaT. samarovani Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli [CubiniSvili, RambaSiZe, 1965: 8].
dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi dadasturda diRomSic. aq
gaiTxara gorasamarxi, e.w. `dasakrZalavi darbaziT~, sadac
aRmoCnda
asamde
Tixis
WurWeli,
brinjaosa
da
rkinis
mravali nivTi, cxenis aRkazmuloba da sxva. samarxi Zv.w.
VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [Абрамишвили, Боxочадзе и др.,
1971: 371].
sakmaod xSiria aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze
simboluri samarxebi _ e.w. `kenotafebi~, romlebsac albaT
sxvagan
gardacvlili
da
dasaflavebuli
micvalebulebis
saxelze mis mSobliur kuTxeSi marTavdnen. vrcelia maTi
arsebobis
qronologiuri
CarCoc
_
gvianbrinjaos
xanis
adreuli etapidan [TuSiSvili, 1972: 82. kalandaZe, 1959: 185.
ramiSvili,
2004:
111]
Zv.w.
VII
saukunemde
(rvelis
#25
da
CiTaxevis #15 samarxebi).
dakrZalvis ormagi wesi _ inhumaciuri da kremaciuli
dadasturda gujareTis xeobaSi _ mzeTamzes samarovanze. aq
samarxis
gavrcelebul
tips
ormosamarxebi
warmoadgenda.
micvalebulTa umetesoba inhumaciuradaa dakrZaluli. Tumca
#4, #17 da #26 samarxebSi kremaciuli dakrZalvac dafiqsirda. #26 samarxis iataks cecxlis kvali etyoboda, xolo
Sua nawili gamoirCeoda mura feriT. es gamTxrelebis azriT
sayuradReboa imiT, rom dakrZalvis wesic da samarxeuli
inventaric Zalze axloa
gavrcelebis
[nasiZe,
1991].
kolxur kulturasTan da misi
kidev
erTi
axali
rac
Seexeba
#4
keris
da
#17
damadasturebelia
samarxebs,
maTSi
kremaciuli urnebi aRmoCnda adamianis damwvari ZvlebiTa da
samarxuli inventariT. samive samarxi Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [nasiZe, 1990].
21
Zv.w.
VIII-VI
saukuneebis
samarovnebze
(iseve
rogorc
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis samarovnebze) samarxTa da micvalebulTa damxrobis TvalsazrisiT raime zogadi kanonzomiereba
ar
SeiniSneba.
micvalebulebi
damxrobilni
arian
TiTqmis yvela mimarTulebiT. zogjer ama Tu im samarovanze
ama Tu im mimarTulebiT damxrobas upiratesi mdgomareoba
ukavia.
am
mxriv
gamonaklisi
arc
borjomis
xeobis
samarovnebia (ix. cxrilebi I-IV).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da borniReles samarovnebi mravaliarusiania, romlebic
drois
sakmaod
did
monakveTSi
Zv.w.
XVI-III
saukuneebSi
funqcionirebs. adreuli fenis samarxebi yvela samarovanze
ormosamarxebs
gamonaklisisa,
mamakacTa
warmoadgens.
dakrZalvis
inhumaciuria.
marjvena,
xolo
wesi
garda
erTi
sakmaod
mkacradaa
daculi
dedakacTa
marcxena
gverdze
dakrZalvis wesi [RambaSiZe i., 1999: 74]. damxrobis mxriv arc
am
samarxebSi
borniRe-les
SeiniSneba
#52
samarxSi
TvalsaCino
dafiqsirda
kanonzomiereba.
kevrze
dakrZalvis
SemTxvevac, romelic erTaderTia am mxareSi [RambaSiZe i.,
1999: 74], magram sakmaod gavrcelebulia gvianbrinjaos xanis
samxreT kavkasiis centralur da aRmosavleT nawilSi.
rogorc adreuli, aseve Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli samarxebi mdidaria inventariT. Tumca sxvadasxva
samarxSi
inventaris
raodenobam
da
gansxvavebulobam
i. RambaSiZe miiyvana daskvnamde, rom es movlena `sazogadoebaSi
mkveTri
rodesac
diferenciaciis
gvarebsa
socialurad
da
did
maniSnebeli
ojaxebSi
dawinaurebuli
fenis
xdeba
gamoCena~
unda
iyos,
qonebrivad
da
[RambaSiZe
i.,
1999: 75].
calke
erTaderTi
aRniSvnis
kremaciuli
Rirsia
CiTaxevis
samarxi
am
#44
samarxi.
samarovnebis
Zv.w.
esaa
VIII-
VIIUsaukuneebze adreul fenebSi. samarxSi aRmoCnda urnad
gamoyenebuli Tixis dergi micvalebulis damwvari ZvlebiTa
22
da
inventariT.
daTariRebul
o.
RamabaSiZe
fenaSi
Zv.w.
XVI-XV
dakrZalvis
am
saukuneebiT
wesis
arsebobas
mcireaziur impulsad miiCnevs da xeTur samefoSi e.w. `Sua
mefobis~
xanaSi
sayovelTaod
gavrcelebul
kremaciis
gavlenas ukavSirebs [RambaSiZe o., 1983: 12]. am azrs iziarebs
i. RambaSiZec [RambaSiZe i., 1999: 73].
aRmosavleT
suraTia
saqarTvelosagan
kolxeTSi,
sadac
mkveTrad
arsebobs
gansxvavebuli
sxvadasxva
saxis
samarovnebi. samarxTa gansxvavebuli tipebiTa da dakrZalvis
sxvadasxva wesiT am mxriv kolxeTis calkeuli regionebic
mkveTrad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan.
centraluri kolxeTisTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia
didi koleqtiuri samarxebi, romelic Sedgeboda sakulto
moednebisa
da
samarxi
ormoebisgan.
sakulto
moedanze
xdeboda dakrZalvis ritualTan dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi
procedurebi: micvalebulTa sagangebo damuSaveba da kremacia.
albaT
aqve
ewyoboda
aRapic.
rac
ufro
xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi da intensiurad funqcionirebda sakulto
moedani,
kulturuli
saZvle
miT
ufro
fena.
ormoebi
metia
sakulto
an
misi
farTobi
moednis
Txrilebi,
da
mZlavria
Semadgeneli
sadac
nawilia
kremirebuli
Zvlebi
ifloboda. agreTve qvayrilebi, romelic SesaZloa sakremacio qurebis an samsxverploebis nangrevebi yofiliyo.
am tipis samarovnebis meore ZiriTadi nawilia koleqtiuri
samarxi
ormoebi,
romlebic
xSirad
gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan formiT (wriuli, ovaluri, marTkuTxa), zomiT,
samarxeuli
fenis
simZlavriT,
samarxeuli
inventaris
raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi maCveneblebiT. isini ZiriTadad
sakulto moednis perimetrze arian ganlagebuli. aq ikrZaleboda
micvalebulTa
arakremirebuli
nawilebi
inventarTan
erTad [papuaSvili, 1998: 15-16].
aseTi samarovnebia: ureki [miqelaZe, 1985: 6-12]; nigvziani,
[miqelaZe, 1985: 73-93]; ergeta, I-IV [papuaSvili, 2000: 55-60];
23
dRvaba
[CubiniSvili
n.,
1987:
45-48];
paluri
[oqropiriZe,
baramiZe, 1974: 96-123]; muxurCa [gogaZe da sxva, 1986: 45-55];
brili [baramiZe, 1961: 23-24]; caiSi [papuaSvili, esebua, 2000:
48-50] da sxva.
isini albaT ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi mainc
funqcionirebdnen da TiToeul maTganze dakrZalul micvalebulTa
raodenobac
Sesabamisad
ramdenime
aseuls
moiTvlida.
rac Seexeba dakrZalvis ritualis pirvel nawils, anu
micvalebulis mdgomareobas sakulto moedanze moxvedramde,
misi arqeologiuri fiqsacia ver xerxdeba. zogi mkvlevari
fiqrobs,
rom
am
ritualis
nawils
micvalebulTa
xeze
dakidebis uZvelesi kolxuri Cveuleba warmoadgenda, romelic werilobiT wyaroebSia dafiqsirebuli [miqelaZe, 1985:
17-20. papuaSvili, 1998: 16] (amis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT
qveviT gveqneba saubari).
amasTan
zogierT
zemoaRniSnuli
tipis
samarovanze
samarxebis
(magaliTad
paralelurad
ureki)
arsebobs
individualuri samarxebic. orive tipis samarxebSi masala
absoluturad
identuria
da
samarxebic
erTi
periodisani
arian.
Tu Tvals gadavavlebT Crdilo-aRmosavleT kolxeTSi
arsebul viTarebas, am mxriv iq sakmaod gansxvavebuli da
mravalferovani suraTia. araTu mTels am mxareSi, aramed
zogjer
wesi
calkeul
dasturdeba.
samarovnebzec
amis
saukuneebis
Zegli
_
dakrZalvis
ramdenime
ki
TvalsaCino
wiTeli
wesia
dakrZalvis
magaliTia
Suquras
ramdenime
Zv.w.
samarovani.
dadasturebuli:
1.
VIII-VI
maszed
rodesac
micvalebulebi grZel samarx-ormoebSi gaSotil mdgomareobaSi
iyvnen
dasvenebulni;
2.
rodesac
micvalebulebulebi
marjvena gvvrdze kidurebmoxrilebi daumarxavT; 3. meoradi
dakrZalva,
rodesac
micvalebulis
Zvlebs
da
ara
mTel
ConCxs specialur ovaluri formis ormoebSi flavdnen an
24
aseve
specialur
WurWelSi
aTavsebdnen,
romelic
ormoSi
TaviT dabla idgmeboda [Трапш, 1969: 149]. yvela tipis samarxi
erT teritoriazea dadasturebuli. samarxeuli inventaric
erTnairia
da
Zeglic
Zv.w.
VIII-VI
saukuneebiT
TariRdeba
[Трапш, 1969: 150] .
amave
periodis
Zeglia
guadixus
samarovani,
sadac
dafiqsirda micvalebulTa sruli da nawilobrivi kremacia
ovaluri formis ormoebSi [Трапш, 1969: 46]. eSeris samarovanze ki micvalebulebi Tixis WurWlebSi,
e.w. osuariumebSi
arian dakrZalulni kremaciis gareSe [Куфтин, 1949b: 92-93].
dakrZalvis
orgvari
wesia
dadasturebuli
kolxeTis
ukidures Crdilo-dasavleT periferiebSic, kerZod brilis
samarovanze.
aq
gvxvdeba,
rogorc
inhumaciuri,
ise
krema-
ciuli samarxebi. kremacia aq uSualod samarxebSi xdeboda
[baramiZe, 1998: 247].
rogorc vxedavT, dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze
gavrcelebuli
yofila
dakrZalvis
ramodenime
rituali:
meoradi dakrZalva nawilobrivi kremaciiT, sruli kremacia,
meoradi dakrZalva Tixis WurWelSi, dakrZalva e.w. osuariumebSi
rac
da sxva. erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli Tavisebureba,
borjomis
xeobis
rkinis
farTo
aTvisebis
xanis
samarxebs axasiaTebT, aris erT samarovanze da xSirad erT
samarxSi dakrZalvis orgvari wesis arseboba _ inhumaciuris
da kremaciulis.
riT SeiZleba es aixsnas? SeiZleba davuSvaT ramdenime
versia. maT Soris is, rom es viTareba SesaZloa eTnikurreligiuri
sxvaobiT
iyos
gamowveuli.
am
sakiTxze
azri
gamoTqves o. RambaSiZem da i. RambaSiZem [RambaSiZe o. RambaSiZe i., 1987: 44]. borjomis xeobaSi kremaciuli samarxebis
gamoCenas
isini
Zv.w.
VII
saukuneSi
frigiis
samefos
_
`muSqebis qveynis~ ganadgurebas ukavSireben, rodesc mcire
aziasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi didi politikuri kataklizme-
25
bis Sedegad eTnikuri masebis garkveul moZraobasac unda
hqonoda adgili. kerZod Zv.w. 676 wels arseboba Sewyvita
frigiis samefom anu `muSqebis qveyanam~ da moxda muSqebis,
anu mosxebis _ `xeTizebuli mesxuri tomebis~ CrdiloeTiT
gadmonacvleba. aq,
isini
Seerwynen
samxreT kavkasiis samxreT regionebSi
mkvidr
mosaxleobas
da
moxda
am
ori
eTnikur-religiuri erTobis Serwyma religiuri TviTmyofadobis
SenarCunebiT.
amis
dasturad
o.
RambaSiZe
da
i. RambaSiZe e.w. `Sereul~ samarxebs miiCneven [RambaSiZe o.,
RambaSiZe i., 1987: 40-41].
g.
meliqiSvilis
qarTveluri
azriT,
tomebia,
istoriuli
muSqebi
romlebmac
saqarTvelos
(mosxebi,
Zv.w.
XII
samxreT-dasavleT
mesxebi)
saukeneSi
raionebidan
mcire aziis siRrmeSi SeaRwies da iq damkvidrebis Semdeg,
rkinis metalurgiis wyalobiT, socialuri da kulturuli
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT win swrafad waiwies. Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebSi mcire aziaSi ukve arseboben msxvili saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi. romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda
mcire azieli muSqebi da Tabalebic. am periodSi, gansakuTrebiT miTas (berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT midasis) mefobis
dros `muSqebis qveyna~ mcire aziis uZlieres saxelmwifos
warmoadgenda. TviT muSqebi ki am saxelmwifos mosaxleobis
mxolod
garkveul
nawils
Crdilo-aRmosavleT
Seadgendnen
nawilSi
da
cxovrobdnen
ZiriTadad
mis
[Меликишвили,
1959: 226-230].
zogi mkvlevaris azriT, frigia (`muSqebis qveyana”) iyo
konfederaciuli
indoevropeli
gordioni)
saxelmwifo,
frigielebi
romlis
(romelTa
ZiriTad
segments
dedaqalaqi
iyo
da pontoeli warmoSobis muSqebi da Tabalebi
warmoadgendnen (dedaqalaqi mazaka – cezarea) [Barnet, 1967: 12]
am samefos mmarTvelebma TavianTi Zalaufleba gaavrceles
mcire aziis ara mxolod aRmosavleT, aramed centralur da
dasavleT nawilebzec. amitomac aRmosavluri – asuruli da
26
urartuli
wyaroebi
am
saxelmwifos
,,muSqebis
samefos”
uwodeben maTTan axlos mcxovrebi tomis saxelis mixedviT,
xolo
berZnuli
indoevropeli
wyaroebi,
aseve
frigielebis
maTTan
saxelis
axlos
mixedviT
mcxovrebi
_
`frigiis
samefos~.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Zv.w. 676 wels frigiis, igive
muSqebis samefom arseboba Sewyvita. ZvelberZnuli tradicia
am movlenas kimerielebis Semosevas ukavSirebs, Tumca dRes
mecnierebaSi
samefo
gabatonebuli
urartusa
da
mosazrebis
kimerielTa
Tanaxmad
erTdrouli
frigiis
laSqrobis
Sedegad ganadgurda [Меликишвили, 1959: 226-230].
qarTveluri tomebi muSqebi, romlebic didi, mravalerovnuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen am droisaTvis
229].
ukve
`xeTizebulni~
swored
dasavleT
maTi
nawili
regionebisaken,
[Меликишвили, 1959:
iqnebodnen
daiZra
e.i.
im
saqarTvelos
samxreT-
adgilebisaken,
saidanac
isini Zv.w. XII saukuneSi mcire aziaSi gadasaxldnen (Tumca
arqeologiurma
gaTxrebma
frigiaSi,
kerZod,
misi
dedaqalaqis gordionis Seswavlam aCvena, rom Semosevebis
Semdeg
aq
cxovreba
intensivobiTac
sulac
grZeldeba.
ar
Ees
wydeba,
piriqiT
Semosevebi
ar
sakmao
atarebda
gamanadgurebel xasiaTs. Aamdenad muSqebis erTbaSad ayrisa
da
CrdiloeTisaken
arsebobda.
Gg.
masiuri
meliqiSvili
ltolvis
safuZvelic
miiCnevda,
rom
ar
muSqebis
CrdiloeTisaken gadmonacvleba sakmaod xangZlivi procesi
unda
yofiliyo).
RambaSiZe
da
i.
am
talRis
RambaSiZe
Semotanilad
borjomis
xeobaSi
miiCneven
o.
dakrZalvis
kremaciul wess [RambaSiZe o., RambaSiZe i., 1987: 40-41].
maTi Teoriis Tanaxmad e.w. `Sereuli” samarxebis arsebobac am movlenas ukavSirdeba. e.i. kremirebuli micvalebulebi `mosulebi” iyvnen, xolo inhumaciurad dakrZalulebi –
adgilobrivebi. am SemTxvevaSi dakrZalvis orive wesis erT
samarxSi
arseboba
unda
miuTiTebdes,
rom
am
samarxSi
27
dakrZaluli yofila `mosulic” da `adgilobrivic~, anu es
aris saojaxo samarxi, romlis wevrTagan (vTqvaT col-qmari)
erTi `mosulia~, meore ki `adgilobrivi”. amasTan TiToeuli
maTgani TavianT rwmenas misdevda da aRiarebda. ramdenad
SesaZloa, rom im dros aseTi religiuri Semwynarebloba
yofiliyo Zneli saTqmelia, magram Tuki aseT rames adgili
marTlac hqonda, es am xalxis eTnikuri erTobiTac SeiZleba
aixsnas.
e.i.
adgilobriv
mosaxleobasa
da
mcire
aziel
`muSqebs” Soris kavSiri ar gawyvetila. yovel SemTxevaSi
gamodis, rom samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb
xalxs axsovs TavianTi mcire aziaSi gadaxvewili moZmeebi.
rodesac maT gauWirdaT da iqidan gamodevnes, uproblemod
miiRes, Seifares da SeiTvises. Tumca Zv.w. XII saukunidan
Zv.w. VII saukunemde didi droa gasuli. SeiZleba muSqebma am
xnis
manZilze
mTlianad
Zlieri
mainc
gaTurqdenen
ar
TurqeTSi
`xeTizaciac”
`gaxeTdnen”.
ganicades.
iseve,
saukuneebis
magram
rogorc
manZilze
ar
mcxovrebi
qarTvelebi da ar gasparseldnen fereidnelebi.
muSqebis eTnikuri vinaobis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi sxva
mosazrebebic
arsebobs:
erT-erTis
balkanur-Trakiuli modgmis
romlebic
xalxebTan”
mcire
erTad
aziaSi
muSqebi
indoevropeli tomebi iyvnen,
Zv.w.
movidnen
Tanaxmad
XIII
saukuneSi
e.w.
`zRvis
[Kretschmer, 1886. Goetze, 1936.
Георгиев, 1960: 38. Дяконов, 1968: 21].
arsebobs mesame mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac muSqebi
somxebis winaprebi iyvnen, an yovel SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi im
elementTagani, romelic safuZvlad daedo somxuri eTnosis
Camoyalibebas [Пиотровский, 1959: 129. Копанян, 1948: 171. Еремян,
1952: 72]
da sxva.
yvelaze damajereblad mainc im mecnierTa mosazreba
gamoiyureba, romlebic muSqebs (mosxebs) qarTvelur tomebad
miiCnevs [baqraZe, 1871: 22; 1877; 1899: 28. janaSvili, 1896: 19.
28
javaxiSvili i, 1979: 60-62. meliqiSvili, 1954: 305, 410, 420; 1965,
82-101. miqelaZe, 1974: 30-31. janaSia, 1952: 3-65. xazaraZe, 1984.
Xаxанов, 1902: 1-64. Меликишвили, 1959: 104].
Cvenc savsebiT vizirebT am mosazrebas.
sxva sakiTxia, marTla ukavSirdeba Tu ara borjomis
xeobaSi dadasturebuli dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi muSqebs
(mosxebs, mesxebs) da maT moZraobas mcire aziidan samxreT
kavkasiisaken?
rogorc
dasawyisSi
ukve
unda
iTqva,
es
movlena
dawyebuliyo.
Zv.w.
maSin,
VII
saukunis
rodesac
TviT
o. RambaSiZe, zogierT kremaciul da `Sereul” samarxs maTSi
aRmoCenil garkveul nivTebze dayrdnobiT arc Tu usafuZvlod, ufro adreuli xaniT aTariRebs. mag: borniReles #8
kremaciul samarxs Zv.w. VIII saukunisa da Zv.w. VII saukunis I
naxevriT [RambaSiZe o. da sxva, 1984]; CiTaxevis #76 1 samarxs
Zv.w. VIII saukuniT, #84 samarxs ki Zv.w. IX_VIII saukuneebiT
da a.S. [RambaSiZe o., 1975].
o. RambaSiZisa da i. RambaSiZis mosazrebas gamoexmaura
germaneli
arqeologi
`mosulebi
mesxeTSi?”
i.
motcenbekeri
[Motszenbaker, 1997].
Tavis
naSromSi
man
gaiziara
ar
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi
samxreTidan
Semotanilia.
dawvrilebiT
ganixilavs
ra
CiTaxevis #32 da borniReles #8 samarxebs, motcenbekeri
askvnis,
rom
aq
aRmoCenili
kremaciuli
urnebi
da
sxva
keramikuli WurWeli adgilobrivi tradiciebis matarebelia;
WurWlis zogierTi tipi ki axlo msgavsebas iCens sinqronuli
xanis
poulobs
kolxur
did
keramikasTan.
siaxloves
brinjaos
kolxur
masalasTan
inventaric:
Subispiri, satevari da a.S. mkvlevaris azriT,
gadavavlebT
dakrZalvis
rwmundebiT,
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
kremaciuli
rom
maTi
wesis
didi
xanis
gavrcelebis
culi,
Tu Tvals
samarovnebze
areals,
umravlesoba
dav-
dasavleT
kavkasiaze modis. amasTan, am samarxebis (CiTaxevis #32 da
29
borniRelis #8) inventari ar mowmobs am regionSi axali
eTnikuri talRis Semodinebas. gansxvaveba dakrZalvis wesSi
ki
SesaZloa
calkeuli
individebisadmi
gansakuTrebuli
damokidebulebiT aixsnas. amis argumentad i. motcenbekers
borniReles #8 da CiTaxevis #32, agreTve Treligorebis #16
da #24 kremeciuli samarxebis mdidruli inventari moaqvs.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
mkvlevari
ar
iziarebs
mosazrebas
samxreTidan axali eTnikuri masis Semodinebis Sesaxeb, aseve
ar
gamoricxavs
samxreTuli
kulturebis
(somxeTi,
mcire
azia) Zlier gavlenas. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel mesamedSi,
romelic misi azriT urartudan momdinareobda [Moszenbaker,
1997: 351].
borjomis
lobis
xeobaSi
kremaciuli
SevexeT
Cvenc
sakiTxs
samarxebis
naSromSi:
warmomav-
`dakrZalvis
wesi
borjomis xeobaSi Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi” [kvirkvaia, 1999:
37-40], sadac ar gaviziareT mosazreba kremaciis samxreTidan
`xeTizebuli
kolxur
rom
mesxebis”
samyaros
borjomis
samarxebis
mier
Semotanis
davukavSireT.
xeobis
sruli
Tumca
kremaciuli
analogia
Sesaxeb
aRsaniSnavia
da
arc
da
igi
isic,
e.w.
`Sereuli”
kolxur
samyaroSi
eZebnebaT. aq ar gvxvdeba didi koleqtiuri samarxebi – e.w.
`saZvleebi” ise rogorc palurSi [oqropiriZe, baramiZe, 1977:
95-100], nigvzianSi [miqelaZe, 1985: 71] an urekSi [miqelaZe, 1985:
15-18]. isini arc brilis [gobejiSvili, 1959: 191] da `wiTel
Suquras”
kremacia
[Трапш,
uSualod
gamonaklisi
samarovnis
1969:
samarx
SeiZleba
#26
149-150]
ormoebSi
iyos
samarxi,
samarxebs
xdeboda.
gujareTis
romelzec
hgvanan,
xeobaSi,
zemoT
sadac
(am
mxriv
mzeTamzes
ukve
gvqonda
saubari [nasiZe, 1990]). araa aRmoCenili uSualod samarovnis
siaxloves mdebare `kremaciuli moednebi”, romlebic sakmaod
damaxasiaTebelia
kolxeTisaTvis.
ar
dasturdeba
sruli
kremacia, rogorc magaliTad urekSi [miqelaZe, 1985: 15-18] an
30
guadixuze [Трапш, 1969: 46-50]. ase rom, kolxur samyarosTan
am
mxriv
gansxvaveba
nawilobrivi
kremacia),
metia,
magram
vidre
Cvenis
saerTo
azriT,
(saerToa
es
mainc
ar
gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas, rom aqac swored kolxeTisTvis
damaxasiaTebel meorad dakrZalvasTan gvqondes saqme. miT
umets, rom TviT kolxeTSic am mxriv sakmaod gansxvavebuli
suraTia da calkeuli regionebic garkveuli TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva, (centraluri kolxeTi, Crdilo-aRmosavleT
kolxeTi, brili). am arguments aZlierebs samarxeuli inventaric, sadac kolxuri kulturis Zalian Zlieri gavlena
igrZnoba (amis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT momdevno TavebSi
gveqneba saubari). dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi kolxeTSic
da borjomis xeobaSic Zv.w. VIII saukunidan iCens Tavs.
kolxur
arsebobas
m.
samarovnebze
trapSi
dakrZalvis
micvalebulTa
sxvadasxva
sxvadasxva
wesis
socialuri
mdgomareobiT an sxvadasxvagvari sikvdiliT xsnida [Трапш
1969; 149-150]. m. baramiZe am mosazrebas ar iziarebs. misi
azriT,
vinaidan
samarovanze)
sxvaoba
samarxSi
daaxloebiT
dakrZalvis
(saubaria
erTnairi
wesSi
wiTeli
nivTebia
Suquras
fiqsirebuli,
micvalebulTa
socialuri
mdgomareobiT ar unda aixsnebodes [baramiZe, 1998: 246]. aseve
usafuZvlod
Suquras
miaCnia
m.
samarovnebis
baramiZes
guadixus
da
wiTeli
sxvadasxva
eTnikuri
jgufisadmi
mikuTvnebis mcdeloba, vinaidan am or samarovanzec masala
absoluturad identuria [baramiZe, 1998: 246-247].
Cven savsebiT viziarebT m. baramiZis azrs da vTvliT,
rom borjomis xeobaSi ara Tu erT samarovanze, aramed erT
samarxSi dakrZalvis orgvari wesis arseboba kidev ufro
amyarebs mis Sexedulebas.
ganixilavs
gamoricxavs
ra
guadixus
sxvadasxva
wesiT
samarovans
dakrZalul
m.
baramiZe
ar
micvalebulTa
sqesobriv sxvaobas. amis safuZvels mas aZlevs samarxuli
inventaris
analizi,
rodesac
erTi
tipis
samarxSi,
sadac
31
sruli
kremaciaa
dadasturebuli
ZiriTadad
`qaluri”
inventari Warbobs (samajurebi, fibula, sasafeTqle rgoli,
xatisuReli, mZivebi da sxva), xolo meore tipis samarxebSi,
sadac adgili aqvs micvalebulTa nawilobriv kremacias `mamakacuri” inventari (culebi, Subispiri, danebi da sxva)
[baramiZe, 1998: 248]. borjomis xeobis samarxebi am varaudis
saSualebasac ar iZleva, vinaidan kremaciul urnebSi dadasturebulia rogorc `qaluri” ise `mamakacuri” inventari, e.i.
am wesiT orive sqesis warmomadgenlebi imarxebodnen.
gamoricxavs ra zemoaRniSnul versiebs (sxadasxvagvarad
dakrZalul
micvalebulTa
eTnikur
da
socialur
sxvaobas), m. baramiZe am movlenis Tavisebur axsnasac gvTavazobs: `xom ar SeiZleba vifiqroT” – wers is, rom `gansxaveba
erTi da igive samarovanze arsebul qronologiurad Tanadroul
dakrZalvis
wesSi,
erTi
eTnikuri
jgufis
SigniT
sxvadasxva sagvareulo CveulebiT aixsnas?” amis safuZvels
mas merxeulis samarovani aZlevs, romelic mcire moculobis
gamo (40 kv. m) mxolod sagvareulo sasaflao Tu SeiZleba
yofiliyo da sadac dakrZalvis mxolod erTgvaro-vani wesi
dafiqsirda – micvalebulTa meoradi dakrZalva nawilobrivi
kremaciiT [baramiZe, 1977: 25-26].
am mosazrebas ra Tqma unda aqvs arsebobis ufleba da
garkveuli safuZvelic, magram mainc Zneli dasajerebelia, im
droindeli sazogadoebis patara ujredSi (imdenad pataraSi,
rom micvalebulebs erT sasaflaoze krZalavdnen), esodeni
multireligiurobis
religiur
rebis
rac
arseboba.
dakrZalvis
rwmena-warmodgenebTanaa
ufro
dabal
wesi
ZiriTadad
dakavSirebuli.
safexurze
dgas
ganviTa-
organizebuli
sazogadoebrivi jgufi da rac ufro pataraa igi, miT ufro
meti
saerTo
Rirebulebis
RirebulebaTa
Soris
ki
sazogadoebis
ZiriTad
garSemoa
religias,
ideologias
gaerTianebuli.
romelic
am
imdroindeli
warmoadgenda,
albaT
upirvelesi adgili eWira.
32
rodesac
madnisWalis
samarovanze
(Zv.w.
XV-XIV
s.s.)
arsebul viTarebas ganixilavs, sadac erTdroulad samarxTa
ramdenime tipi Tanaarsebobda (gorasamarxebi, ormosamarxebi,
qvissamarxebi).
garemoeba
n.
TuSiSvili
socialuri
da
midis
im
qonebrivi
daskvnamde,
rom
diferenciaciiT
es
unda
yofiliyo gamowveuli [TuSiSvili, 1972: 81-82].
kolxur
tomebSi
gavrcelebuli
meoradi
dakrZalvis
Sesaxeb berZnul-romauli werilobiTi wyaroebic mogviTxroben.
magaliTad,
apolonios
rodoselis
`argonavtika”,
romelic Zv.w. III saukuneSia Seqmnili [apolonios rodoseli
1970:
187].
masze
ufro
adreulia
nimfodore
sirakuzelis
`periplusi” [uruSaZe, 1964: 329], sadac aseve mamakacTa meorad
dakrZalvis
ritualzea saubari kremaciis gareSe. `kolxebSi
ar aris miRebuli micvalebul mamakacTa arc dawva, arc
miwaSi Cafvla. gvamebs isini nedl tyavSi axveven da xeebze
kideben, qalebs ki miwaSi asaflaveben” [Латышев, 1886: 698].
msgavs cnobebs gvawvdis ax.w. I saukuneSi moRvawe nikoloz
damaskeli. aseve II saukunis bolosa da III saukunis dasawyisSi moRvawe klaudius eleniusi da sxvebi [Латышев, 1886: 419].
magram
am
avtorebis
Tanadroul
kolxeTSi
maT
mier
moyvanili cnobebi arqeologiurad ar dasturdeba. e.i. isini
ufro Zveli cnobebiT sargeblobdnen. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
apolonios rodoselisa da nimfodore sirakuzelis cnobebis
Tanaxmad
mamakacTa
meoradi
mimarT
dakrZalavis
gamoiyeneboda,
xolo
rituali
qalebs
mxolod
Cveulebriv
miwaSi flavdnen. nikoloz damaskeli da klavdius eliniusi
ki amgvari sxvaobis Sesaxeb arafers amboben.
afxazeTSi meoradi dakrZalvis rituals aRweren XVII
saukuneSi
lamberti
moRvawe
italieli
[Арканджело
Ламберти,
misionerebi.
arqanjelo
1913:
da
189-190]
Turqi
mogzauri evlia Celebi [evlia Celebi, 1971: 104].
Zalian
solomon
sayuradReboa
zvanbas
mier
XIX
saukunis
aRwerili
afxazTa
afxazi
moRvawis
erTi
Cveuleba,
33
rodesac mexiT moklul adamians an saqonels aTavseben oTx
boZze aRmarTul specialur xis koSkSi manam, sanam misgan
mxolod Zvlebi ar darCeboda. amis Semdeg ki Zvlebs miwaSi
[Звамба, 1955: 67-68].
marxavdnen
msgavs
cnobebs
gvawvdian
n. janaSia [Джанашия, 1960: 67-68], Иналафа: 1965, 531-532] da
sxvebi.
Cvenis
azriT,
borjomis
xeobis
samarovnebze
dakrZalvis gansxvavebuli wesebis arseboba yvelaze metad
swored
sxvadasxva
sxvadasxvagvarad
SeiZleba
viTarebaSi
dakrZalviT
vivaraudoT,
arabunebrivi
sikvdiliT
gardacvlil
unda
rom
aixsnas,
adamianTa
anu
kremaciuli
gardacvlili
xom
ar
samarxebi
adamianebisa
unda
yofiliyo? am varauds aZlierebs statistikuri monacemebic:
borniReles
samarovanze,
sadac
am
periodis
65
samarxi
gaiTxara, kremaciuli urna dafiqsirda mxolod 33 samarxSi,
CiTaxevis
samarovanis
44
samarxidan
mxolod
9-Si,
xolo
kviracxovlis Svidi samarxidan erTSi.
kategoriulad
unda
gamovricxoT
am
movlenis
axsna
socialuri sxvaobiT im martivi mizezis gamo, rom gansxvavebiT kolxuri samarovnebisagan, borjomis xeobaSi dakrZalvis
inhumaciuri
da
kremaciuli
wesi
Tanaarsebobs
erT
samarxSi, e.i. erT ojaxSi.
kolxuri samarovnebis daTariRebis Sesaxeb jerac araa
erTi azri Camoyalibebuli. Tumca udavoa, rom am samarovanTa
ZiriTadi
Sre
Zv.w.
VIII-VII
saukuneebiT
TariRdeba,
mxolod zogierTi samarovnis zeda qronologiuri zRvari
gadmodis Zv.w. V saukunis I naxevarSi (merxeuli, paluri,
larilari
da
sxva).
Zv.w.
VIII-VII
saukuneebiT
TariRdeba
agreTve borjomis xeobis CvenTvis saintereso samarxebic.
mecnierebaSi arsebobs sxvadsxva azri kavkasiaSi dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesis genezisisa da gavrcelebis gzebis
Sesaxeb. m. trapSi Tvlida, rom kolxur samyaroSi kremacia
Zv.w.
VIII
saukuneSi
Cndeba
da
rom
misi
warmoSobisa
da
34
sadaurobis Ziebam dadebiTi Sedegi ver gamoiRo [Трапш, 1968:
48].
samxreT kavkasiaSi kremaciis yvelaze adreuli faqtebi
cnobilia Zv.w. III aTaswleulis II naxevariT daTariRebul
[Ивановский,
Zeglebze
krema-ciisa
1811:
Suabrinjaos
39].
ufro
xanaSi.
meti
SemTxvevebia
gvianbrinjaos
xanidan
kremaciul samarxTa ricxvi ufro matulobs, igi sakmaod
gavrcelebu-lia
aTaswleulis
Zv.w.
II
sawyisi
aTaswleulis
saukeneebiT
bolo
da
Zv.w.
daTariRebul
I
e.w.
`xojalar-qedabekur” Zeglebze [Ивановский, 1911: 148-157]. Zv.w.
VIII-VII
saukuneebSi
kavkasiaSi
aRmosavleT
kremaciuli
da
centralur
samarxebi
warmoadgenda [Абрамишвили,
did
samxreT
iSviaTobas
Боxочадзе и др., 1971:370-371] da
mxolod kolxuri samyarosTvis iyo Zalze damaxasiaTebeli
[Козенкова, 1982a: 27].
Zv.w.
araratis
I
mTis
kremaciuli
kldovan
aTaswleulis
siaxloves,
samarovani
miwaSi
_
Cadgmul
I
meoTxediTaa
sof.
daTariRebuli
malaqlusTan
aRmoCenili
e.w.
`kolumbariumi”,
urnebs
warmoadgenda.
romelic
samarovani
saguldagulod iyo qvebiT dafaruli, TviT urnebi ki Tixis
jamebiT Tavdaxuruli. samarxuli inventari – rkinis danebi,
Subispirebi,
isrispirebi,
spilenZis
WurWeli
da
samkauli
urnebis gverdiT iyo dawyobili. urnebSi mxolod ferfli
dadasturda,
rac
imaze
metyvelebs,
rom
micvalebuli
mTlianad iwveboda. inventarTagan zogierTs, mag samkaulsa
da
mZivebs
micvalebulebs
aCndaT
cecxlSi
yofnis
Cacmulebs wvavdnen,
Tumca
kvali
zogierT
–
e.i.
samka-
uls, mag. samajurebs cecxlis kvali ar etyoboda. urnebad
yovelTvis erTnairi, wiTeli, viwroyeliani, priala zedapiriani WurWeli gamoiyeneboda, romelic aseTive ferisa da
faqturis mqone jamebiT iyo Tavdaxuruli. yvela WurWeli
cal mxares iyo gaxvretili (rogorc Cans, ferflis Cayris
35
win),
radgan
isini
adre
albaT
sayofacxovrebo
daniSnu-
lebiT gamoiyeneboda. b. kuftini am samarovanis araratis
mTasTan arsebobas samxreT kavkasiaSi vanis samefos eqspansiiT xsnis da mas urartuli garnizonis sasaflaod miiCnevs.
erTaderTi
romelic
b.
inhumaciurad
dakrZaluli
micvalebuli
ki,
inventaris gaTvaliswinebiT qali unda yofiliyo.
kuftinis
azriT,
SeiZleba
adgilobrivi
mcxovrebi
–
urartueli jariskacis coli iyo da rogorc Cans, Tavisi
eris tradiciisamebr daasaflaves [Куфтин, 1944: 69-78].
urartul `kolumbariums” ramdenadme waagavs moliTis
samarovanze aRmoCenili kremaciuli urnebi. iseve rogorc
malaqluSi, aqac urnebi kldovan miwaSi (faqtiurad kldis
napralSi) yofila moTavsebuli. magram malaqlus `kolumbariumisagan”
gansxavebiT
samwuxa-rod Zeglis
aq
WurWeli
yofila
gaxvretili.
gamomqveyneblebi ar azusteben, urnebSi
sruli kremacia dafiqsirda Tu mxolod nawilobrivi, rac am
SemTxvevaSi Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tumca uamisodac `kolumbariumisagan” mas kidev bevri arsebiTi NniSani ganasxvavebs.
kerZod is, rom aq samarxeuli inventari Sedgeba mxolod
samkaulisagan. urnebi ar iyo gaxvretili da rogorc Cans,
arc
erTgvarovani.
samarovani
Zv.w.
IX-VIII
saukuneebiTaa
daTariRebuli [CubiniSvili, RambaSiZe, 1965: 8].
samxreT
kavkasiaSi
dakrZalvis
wesis
gavrcelebis
Taviseburi sqema SemogvTavaza v. kozenkovam [Козенкова, 1982a:
14-33].
m. trapSis mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod kozenkovas
miaCnia, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi dakrZalvis kremaciuli
wesi Semosulia CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, kerZod ki ruxtidan
(Cr. oseTi), saidanac is jer mezobel raWis teritoriaze
gavrcelda
(brili),
Semdeg
ki
kolxeTis
dablobze
[Козенкова, 1982a: 27]. magram mkvlevaris azriT, dakrZalvis es
wesi arc CrdiloeT kavkasiisTvisaa avtoxtonuri da igi aq
samxreT ruseTis stepebsa da volgis qvemo welze mcxovrebi
36
e.w.
`Zeluri
kulturis“
matarebel
xalxTan
urTierTobis
Sedegad vrceldeba. Tumca kremacia am kulturaSic garedanaa Semotanili da Tu saidan amaze sxvadasxva mosazreba
arsebobs: erT-erTis Tanaxmad is aq andronovos kulturis
fiodorovos
jgufTan
urTierTobis
Sedegad
vrceldeba.
[Отрашенко, 1976: 185; Смирнов, 1957: 209-218; Мамонтов, 1980: 175].
v. kozenkova am Sexedulebebs ar iziarebs da Tvlis, rom
Zelur
kulturaSi
centraluri
kremacia
evropidan
an
sabatinovos
etapze
dunaispireTidan,
Semovida
sadac
gviani
brinjaos xanidan kremacia dakrZalvis TiTqmis erTaderTi
wesi
iyo.
e.i.
v.
kozenkovas
mier
danaxuli
kremaciis
gavrcelebis marSruti aseTia: centraluri evropa, dunaispireTi, samxreT ruseTis stepebi (Zeluri kulturis sabatinovos etapi), yobani (ruxta), dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi
(brili), kolxeTis dablobi. amis dasturad
yobanSi
Zv.w.
XIII-XII
saukuneebis
v. kozenkovas
kompleqsebSi
evropuli
warmomavlobis nivTebis arseboba moaqvs. kerZod, brinjaos
satevrebis
samkaulis
zogierTi
teritoriaze
keramikuli
saxeoba
[Козенкова,
mkvlevari
miiCnevs
zogierTi
damadastureblad
tipi,
aRmoCenil
iseT
WurWlisa
1982a:29].
da
amis
saqarTvelos
kompleqsebs,
rogoricaa
Txmoris da obSkviTis ganZebi.
v. kozenkovas Teoriis mixedviT, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis
miwuruls Crdilo kavkasiaSi dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesisa
da evropuli (dunaispiruli) tipis iaraRisa da samkaulis
gamoCena
indoevropeli
tomebis
dasavleTisaken
moZraobas
ukavSirdeba. am periodSi dakrZalvis es wesi Tanaarsebobs
im droisaTvis sayovelTaod gabatonebul inhumaciur wesTan.
e.i. winareyobanur periodSi kremacia im ucxo eTnosis arsebobis
damadasturebelia,
mosaxleobaSi
aiTqvifa.
romelic
Semdgom
adgilobriv
yobanuri
kulturis
ZiriTadi
elementebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg dakrZalvis gabatonebul
wesad
kvlav
inhumacia
darCa,
kremacia
ki
arsebobas
37
ganagrZobs Crdilo-kavkasiuri mosaxleobis raRac garkveul
nawilSi
da
Zv.w.
VII-VI
saukuneebSi
samxreT
kavkasiaSic,
kerZod kolxuri kulturis arealSi vrceldeba [Козенкова,
1982a: 30-31].
am
v.
sakiTxTan
kozenkovas
dakavSirebiT
Teoriisagan
l.
sruliad
neCaevas
n.
gansxvavdeba
Clenovas
da
v. krivickis mosazreba. maTi azriT dakrZalvis kremaciuli
wesi CrdiloeTkavkasiuri mosaxleobis arayobanuri nawilisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. es mosaxleoba samxreT kavkasiuri
warmoSobis unda yofiliyo, sadac maTi azriT, dakrZalvis
kremaciuli
wesi
`farTod
iyo
gavrcelebuli”,
e.i.
isini
gvTavazoben v. kozenkovas marSrutis sapirispiro marSruts,
rodesac
kremacia
saqarTvelos
teritoriidan
vrceldeba
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi [Кривицкий, Нечиева, Членова, 1978. 20].
yobanur
kulturaSi
kremaciis
gavrcelebis
gzebTan
dakavSirebiT arsebobs kidev erTi mosazreba, romelic am
movlenas skviTuri kulturis pirdapiri zegavleniT xsnis.
[Любин, 1964: 253-261. Алексеев, 1971: 58. Батчаев, 1979: 27].
CrdiloeT
jgufad
kavkasiis
adreulebad,
kremaciuli
romlebic
samarxebi
Zv.w.
XIII
iyofa
or
saukunis
II
naxevriTa da Zv.w. XII saukuniT TariRdeba (ruxta eSkakoni,
mukulani da sxva) da gviandelebad, romlebic Zv.w. VII-VI
saukuneebiT
TariRdeba
(bulungu,
karabaSevo)
orive
jgu-
fisTvis damaxasiaTebelia didi saerTo samarxi akldamebis
arseboba, romlis kedlebic qvis filebiTaa nagebi, adreul
etapze ki xis konstruqciebiTac. kremacia xdeboda samarxis
SigniT, samarxeul inventarTan erTad. samarxebi ZiriTadad
koleqtiurebia, Tumca aris sruli kremaciac (karabaSevo).
magram
buli.
ZiriTadad
mainc
sinqronuli
absoluturi
nawilobrivi
samarxebi
erTgvarovnebiT
da
kremaciaa
gavrcele-
gamoirCevian
inventaris
Zalian
msgavsebas
axlo
38
iCenen yobanisa da Tlias samarovnebis inventarTan. kremaciuli urnebi CrdiloeT kavkasiisTvis ucnobia.
Cvenis azriT, ar unda iyos marTebuli v. kozenkovas
Teoria
kolxur
samarxebSi
dakrZalvis
kremaciuli
wesis
Crdilouri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. amis safuZvels gvaZlevs
kolxuri (igulisxmeba centraluri da Crdilo-aRmosavleT
kolxeTi)
da
sagrZnobi
Crdilokavkasiur
gansxvaveba.
kolxeTisTvis
ovaluri
samarxebs
CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi
damaxasiaTebeli
formis
Soris
saZvle
samarx-ormoebSi
arsebuli
ar
gvxvdeba
ormoebi.
Catarebuli
arc
kremaciis
ritualia damaxasiaTebeli, ise, rogorc es wiTel Suquraze
da
guadixuSia.
yvelaze
met
pouloben
siaxloves
da
SesaZlebeli,
Crdilokavkasiuri
amdenad,
miTumetes
gaviTvaliswinebT.
v.
kozenkovas
TiToorola
mier
nivTi,
brilis
kremaciuli
kermaciul
samarxebi
qvayuTebTan
yvelaze
metad
maTi
dakavSirebaa
Tu
geografiul
siaxlovesac
maT
argumentad
ar
gamodgeba
dadasturebuli
romelic
evropuli
saqarTvelos
agreTve
warmoSobis
teritoriazea
aRmoCenili, magram adgilobrivi kulturebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
kompleqsebSi
Sedis.
mag:
Txmoris
ganZSi
samxreT
kavkasiisaTvis ucxo nivTis, keltis arsebobas o. RambaSiZe
savsebiT marTebulad samxreT ruseTis stepebTan arsebuli
kulturul-ekonomikuri
kavSirebis
asaxvad
miiCnes
[Ramba-
SiZe o., 1963: 77].
amasTanave
albaT
arc
l.
neCaevas,
n.
Clenovasa
da
v. krivickis mosazrebaa mTlad marTebuli, vinaidan Zv.w. XIIIXII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze kremacia srulebiTac ar yofila ise `farTod gavrcelebuli”, rogorc amas
isini aRniSnaven, arc kolxursa da Crdilokavkasiur (ruxta)
masalas Soris SeiniSneba didi msgavseba.
yovelive
m.
trapSis
amis
mosazreba
fonze
yvelaze
gamoiyureba,
marTebulad
romelic
Tvlis,
kvlav
rom
kolxeTis teritoriaze kremaciuli samarxebis warmoSobisa
39
da sadaurobis Ziebam dadebiTi Sedegi ver gamoiRo. rogorc
m. hiornesi wers: `ar SeiZleba or sxvadasaxva kulturaSi
SeniSnuli yovelgvari msgavseba maSinve erTi kulturidan
meoreSi Setanilad gamovacxadoT. gansakuTrebiT ki Tu es
sacxovrebel nagebobebsa da samarxebs exebaT” [Гернес, 1914:
80].
ar
SeiZleba
yuradReba
ar
gavamaxviloT
borjomis
xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis samarxebSi arsebul zogierT
garemoebaze. mag: CiTaxevis #25 samarxSi aRmoCnda uamravi
Tvis
qalis
fragmentebi
fragmenti.
aseve
gamovlinda
mxolod
borniReles
#7
Tavis
qalis
samrxSi.
#11
samarxSi ki erTi inhumaciurad dakrZaluli micvalebuli da
ori
Tavis
qala
aRmoCnda.
sakmaod
ucnauri
SemTxveva
dafiqsirda borniReles #36 samarxSi, sadac micvalebuli
marcxena gverdze iyo dasvenebuli, Tavis qala ki marjvena
yvrimalis Zvalze ido.
am
samarxebs
garedan
raime
zemoqmedebis
kvali
ar
etyobaT. amdenad riT SeiZleba iyos yovelive es gamowveuli
Zneli asaxsnelia.
samarxebSi
mxolod
Tavis
qalebis
aRmoCenis
faqtebi
mTlad ucxo movlena ar aris. mag.: aseTi suraTi dafiqsirda
RrmaxevisTavis #13 da #15 samarxebSi, romlebic agreTve
Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [RrmaxevisaTvis arqeologiuri
Zeglebi
1980.
115,
117].
mxolod
Tavis
qalebi
dafiqsirda qvemo qarTlSi gaTxril kobalis gvianbrinjaos
xanis samarovanzec [Тушишвили, Амиранашвили, 1987: 18].
SesaZloa aq meorad dakrZalvasTanac gvqondes saqme,
magram
vinaidan
iSviaTobaa,
aseTi
gadaWriT
ram
amis
am
samarovnebze
Sesaxeb
mainc
jer-jerobiT
sakmaod
verafers
ver vityviT.
40
41
42
43
44
Tavi II. liTonis iaraRi
borjomis xeobis samarovnebis Cveni sakvlevi periodis
samarxebSi sakmaod mravlad aRmoCnda sabrZolo iaraRi.
rvelis samarovani am mxrivac gansxvavdeba danarCeni
samarovnebisgan. aq sabrZolo iaraRi garda skviTuri isrispirisa (#22 samarxi) ar aRmoCenila. agreTve gamovlinda ori
rkinis
culi (#19 da #22 samarxebSi) da cxra rkinis dana
(#6, 7, 19, 22, 32, 40, 45, 48 samarxebSi). magram
umetes
danebs
wminda
sabrZolo
iaraRad
culebs da miT
ver
miviCnevT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini SesaZloa brZolaSic gamoiyeneboda, ufro metad albaT mainc sameurneo da sayofacxovrebo
daniSnuleba
samarovnis
iseTi
hqonda.
es
miT
umetes
cxadia
rvelis
masalis gaTvaliswinebiT, sadac ar dadasturda
wminda
sabrZolo
daniSnulebis
iaraRi,
rogoricaa
maxvilebi, satevrebi da Subispirebi.
rac Seexeba CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniReles
samarovnebs, yvela am saxeobis sabrZolo iaraRi dadasturda
da sakmaod uxvadac. kerZod, CiTaxevis samarovanze aRmoCnda:
ori
maxvili (#15 da #22 samarxebSi): cxra satevari (#23,
26, 32, 70, 78, 85 samarxebSi): oci Subispiri (#8, 20, 22, 26, 29,
32, 70, 75, 95 samarxebSi): kviracxovlis samarovanze: oTxi
satevari
(#29,
31,
55
samarxebSi)
da
ori
Subispiri
(#29
samarxSi).
borniReles samarovanze gamovlinda erTi maxvili (#8
samarxSi), ori satevari (#4 da #8 samarxebSi), cameti Subispiri (#2, 4, 8, 23, 32, 33, 46, 71, 80, 92 samarxebSi), ori isrispiri
(#76 1 samarxSi), xuTi culi (#1, 32, 65, 92 samarxebSi).
rogorc
zemoT
aRvniSneT
umniSvnelovanesi
cvlilebebi
kerZod
saukunidan
Zv.w.
VIII
Zv.w.
xdeba
rkina
VIII-VI
saukuneebSi
iaraRis
warmoebaSi.
xdeba
mTavari
masala
iaraRis dasamzadeblad. Tumca jer kidev mzaddeba brinjaos
an kombinirebuli (`bimetaluri~) iaraRi, Zv.w. VI saukunidan
45
brinjaos iaraRi
rkina
cvlis.
xeobis
sami
warmoebidan mTlianad idevneba da mas
es
tendencia
samarovnebze
maxvilidan
savsebiT
aRmoCenil
erTi
masalaSic.
(nakluli)
rkinisaa
samarxi), ori ki bimetaluri (CiTaxevis
#8 samarxebSi).
asaxulia
aq
borjomis
aRmoCenili
(CiTaxevis
#22
#15 da borniReles
TxuTmeti satevridan cameti rkinisaa da
mxolod ori brinjaosi (CiTaxevivs #26 da borniReles #92
samarxebSi),
TerTmeti
culidan
rva
rkinisaa
da
sami
brinjaosi da a.S.
m a x v i l e b i.
Zv.w.
VIII-VII
CiTaxevis samarovanze gaTxrili
saukuneebiT
daTariRebuli
44
samarxidan
maxvili aRmoCnda mxolod #15 da #22 samarxSi.
#15 samarxSi aRmoCenili maxvili ido kremaciul urnaqoTanSi, micvalebulis damwvar Zvlebsa da sxva samarxeul
inventars Soris. igi specialurad iyo moxrili.
es maxvili rkinisaa, Zlier daJanguli, wveris nawili
motexili aqvs,
gafarToebuli.
tari aklia,
sakmaod viwroa, wverTan odnav
mTels sigrZeze dauyveba qedi. sataresTan
odnav
Seviwrovebulia.
sigane
0.40;
sigane
misi
zomebia:
wverTan
0.50
sm.
sigrZe
55.5;
vinaidan
udidesi
mas
aklia
iaraRis erT-erTi mTavari komponenti _ tari, ufro albaT
maxvilis pirad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
garda maxvilisa, samarxSi aRmoCnda: brinjaos mrgvalganivkveTiani, Tavgamsxvilebuli sakinZebi: ori cali rkinis
Tavgamsxvilebuli,
Zlier
daJanguli
sakinZi,
brinjaos
erTwiladi mSvildiseburi fibula.
maxvili aRmoCnda agreTve CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi. es
maxvilic, ise rogorc #15 samarxis amgvari nivTi naklulia,
gaaCnia arasruli tari, magram mainc SedarebiT ukeTesadaa
Senaxuli. sakmaod grZelia, Sua adgilas SedarebiT Seviwrovebuli,
SenarCunebuli
aqvs
forma,
brinjaos
salte
da
qarqaSi. maxvili sakmaod grZelia, Sua adgilas SedarebiT
46
Seviwrovebuli. vadasTan SemorCenili aqvs brinjaos mxatvrulad gaformebuli salte, mis erT mxares samkuTxeduri
RiobebiT gamosaxulia dekori,
romelic Zalze mogvagonebs
or gabrwyinebul, sxivebian mzes. maxvilis am farTo rkals
zemoT SemorCenili aqvs viwro da SedarebiT sqeli brinjaos
salte.
farTo salte meore mxaresac ramdenime adgilas
amoWrilia
tiuli
da
samkuTxeduri
formebi.
salte
RiobebiT
qveviT
Seqmnilia
erT
adgilas
dekora-
SeWrilia.
saxelurTan maxvils aqvs ori samanWvle naxvreti, romelSic
SerCenilia
erTi
bronjaos
manWvlis
fragmenti.
maxvilis
sigrZea 44; sigane manWvlebTan 65.5; saltis sigane 5.7; sigane
Seviwrovebul
adgilas
3.3;
sigane
Sua
adgilas
5;
sigane
boloSi 4.8; sigane wverTan 1.1 sm (tab. XIII 2 ).
garda maxvilisa #22 samarxSi aRmoCnda rkinis kolxuri meore tipis (o. jafariZis klasifikaciiT) [jafariZe, 1950]
culi, rkinis masragaxsnili Subispiri, vercxlis sasafeTqle rgoli, minis mZivebi da Tixis sami tolCa.
borniReles #8 samarxSi aRmoCenili maxvili erTaderTia, romelsac SemorCenili aqvs taric da piric. igic iseve,
rogorc CiTaxevis #15 samarxis maxvili kremaciul urnaqoTanSi
aRmoCnda,
ris
gamoc
sagrZnoblad
moxrilia.
maxvili ganekuTvneba e.w. `bimetalur~ iaraRTa kategorias,
vinaidan aqvs brinjaos tari da rkinis piri.
tari sami nawilisagan Sedgeba: zeda nawili momrgvalebulia da SedarebiT farTo, qveviT misi fuZe Cazneqilia da
aqvs
Rari,
zeviT
aRmarTulia
Sverili,
saidanac
gamodis
taris Sua nawili, romelic Seviwroebulia. igi uerTdeba
taris
qveda
nawils,
romelic
agreTve
SuaSi
viwrovdeba.
zeda da qveda nawilebs erTmaneTis sapirispirod mimarTuli
Sverelebi aqvs. fuZe erT adgilas orive mxares naxevrad
wriuladaa SeWrili. maxvili SedarebiT viwroa, misi qveda
nawili
odnav
Sezneqilia.
aqvs
wawvetebuli
bolo.
Sua
adgilas orive mxares dauyveba sakmaod maRali qedi.
47
maxvilis sigrZea 38; taris sigrZe 12; taris zeda nawilis sigane 3; Sua nawilis sigane 1.2; piris udidesi sigane
3.5; sigane wverTan 1.2
sm (tab XIII 1 ).
garda maxvilisa, #8 kremaciul samarxSi aRmoCnda ori
brinjaos
Subispiri,
rkinis
danis
natexebi,
brinjaos
mrgvalganivkveTiani sakinZi, rkinis Reraki, kremaciul urnad
gamoyenebuli iyo Tixis qoTani, romelic Tixisave jamiT iyo
Tavdaxuruli.
samive maxviliani samarxi zogadad Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba, Tumca masSi aris iseTi nivTebi, romlebic
ufro konkretuli
daTariRebis saSualebas iZlevian. aseTia
magaliTad CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCenili rkinis kolxuri culi (tab. XXI 4 ). rkinis culebi, romlebic brinjaos
culebis
minabaZs
warmoadgens
gamoCenas
iwyebs
Zv.w.
VII
saukunis meore naxevridan (abramiSvili, 1957: 132-133) daaxloebiT
amave
daTariRdes
da
cotaTi
borniReles
#8
adreuli
periodiT
samarxic,
romlis
unda
urnad
gamoyenebul qoTanSi aRmoCnda Zalze saintereso Subispiri
(tab. XVIII 4-5 ). masris gravirebisa da mxatvrulad gaformebis
stiliT igi axlos dgas e.w. `kolxur-yobanur~ kulturaSi
cnobil
masalasTan,
romelic
Zv.w.
XI-VI
saukuneebis
qronologiur CarCoSi eqceva [amiranaSvili, 1944: 38.
,
1991]. samTavros Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis fenis samarxebze
dakvirvebisas, r. abramiSvili mivida im daskvnamde, rom am
periodis samarxebSi, momdevno xanis samarxebTan SedarebiT,
meti
raodenobiT
Subispirebic
gvxvdeba
brinjaos
[abramiSvili,
gasaTvaliswinebelia
iaraRi,
1957:133],
borniReles
#8
am
maT
Soris
SemTxvevaSi
samarxSi
aRmoCenili
aravis
Seuswavlia.
Subispiris msgavseba samTavrulTan.
rkinis
maxvilebi
specialurad
zogadad ki maxvilebisa da satevrebis Sesaxeb bevr mecniers
aqvs
saintereso
satevrebi
da
naSromi.
maxvilebi
mag.
g.
samTavros
lomTaTiZis
uZveles
`brinjaos
samarxebSi~.
48
brinjaos
maxvilebisadmi
specialuri
Tavia
miZRvnili
k. ficxelauris wignSi: `ior-alaznis teritoriaze mosaxle
tomTa uZvelesi kultura~, samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze
aRmoCenili brinjaosa da rkinis maxvilebi vrcladaa ganxiluli m. pogrebovas wignSi: “Вооружение и войско Центрального
и Восточного Закавказья в эпохи поздней бронзы и раннего железа” da
“Иран и Закавказье в раннем железном веке”. samTavros samarovanze
gamovlenili maxvilebis daTariRebas exeba r. abramiSvili
Tavis naSromSi `samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenili gviani
brinjaosa
da
rkinis
daTariRebisaTvis~.
maxvilebs
exeba
farTo
aTvisebis
TrialeTis
b.
kuftini
xanis
Zeglebis
teritoriaze
monografiaSi:
aRmoCenil
“Археологические
расскопки в Триалети”. Т. 1. skviTuri maxvilebisadmia miZRvnili
n. sokolskis naSromi: “Вооружение совроматов” da sxva.
maxvilebis
mecnierebaSi
warmoSobisa
sxvadasxva
da
azri
ganviTarebis
arsebobs.
Sesaxeb
zogi
mecnieri
metismetad afarToebs maxvilis cnebas da mas uZvelesi da
umartivesi
formebidan
momdinared
miiCnevs.
maxvilebis
prototipebad Tvlian iseT primitiul iaraRs, rogoricaa
xis keti, kaJis satevari da TviT avstraliuri bumerangic ki.
Tumca
eTnografiul
sinamdvileSi,
zogierT
pirvelyofil
tomSi dadasturebulia xis maxvilebic, magram es mainc ar
CaiTvleba
liTonis
mecnierebi:
g.
maxvilebis
lomTaTiZe
prototipad.
[lomTaTiZe,
1974],
a.
qarTveli
kalandaZe
[kalandaZe, 1959] da sxvebi im azrisa arian, rom maxvili
brinjaos industriis nayofia da pirvelad Sua brinjaos
xanaSi Cndeba. amis damadastureblad maT moaqvT samTavros
samarovanze yvelaze adreuli, Sua brinjaos xanis yorRanul
samarxSi
sakmaod
didi,
TiTqmis
erT
metramde
sigrZis
maxvilis arseboba [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 102]. g. nioraZe maxvilebis prototipad miiCnevda spilenZis farTopirian satevars
49
da
metad
grZeli
piris
mqone,
winaaziaSi
gavrcelebul
najaxs [nioraZe, 1931: 190].
maxvilis damzadeba moiTxovda metalurgiis ganviTarebis gansakuTrebul
dones. es nivTi gamZlec da magaric
unda yofiliyo. (unda gaeZlo mTeli Zal-RoniT ZgerebisaTvis)
amitom
yvelaze
kargi
masala
brinjao iqneboda, Tumca aqa-iq,
spilenZis
maxvilebic.
mis
dasamzadeblad
mag. kretaze aRmoCenilia
specialistebis
didi
umravlesoba
maxvilebis prototipad satevars miiCnevs da es asec unda
iyos. maxvili albaT sxva araferia, Tu ara didi satevari,
romelic
xSirad
imeorebs
satevris
formebs.
droTa
ganmavlobaSi ki igi mxolod misTvis damaxasiTebel formas
Rebulobda
evropeli
[lomTaTiZe,
mecnieris
1974:
(bone,
85].
g.
lomTaTiZe
galingi
da
zogierTi
sxva)
msgavsad
satevarisa da maxvilis zomas Soris pirobiT zRvrad 40 sm.
Tvlis da amisda mixedviT gamoyofs da ajgufebs iaraRis am
or saxeobas [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 86].
maxvili SeteviTi iaraRia, igi ZiriTadad xelCarTul
brZolaSi gamoiyeneboda da ori funqcia hqonda: Zgereba gangmirva
da
Cexva.
iaraRis
formas
maTi
moxmarebis
ragvaroba ganapirobebda da bunebrivia, rom am faqtorebma
sxvadasxva regionSi erTmaneTis damoukidblad iCina Tavi.
amisda
mixedviT
iqmneboda
maxvilTa
sxvadasxva
tipi:
e.w.
`grZeli maxvili~ saZgerebeli iaraRia da igi Txeli javSniT
aRWurvili
gamoyenebuli.
mtris
winaaRmdeg
Tumca
amave
dros
SesaZloa
kveTis
yofiliyo
funqciac
hqonda
SenarCunebuli. e.w. `bolokveTili maxvilebi~ ki SesaZloa
gamoyenebuli yofiliyo mxolod saCexad, e.i. iseTi mtris
winaagmdeg,
romelic
liTonis
javSniT
ar
iqneboda
aRWurvili. g. lomTaTiZis azriT, aseTi maxvili cxenosani
mebrZolis iaraRi unda yofiliyo da cxendacxen brZolaSi
Zalze mosaxerxebeli [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 87-88]. rac Seexeba
wvermomrgvalebul
maxvilebs
(swored
aseTi
kategoriis
50
maxvilebs miekuTvnebian borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili zemoT
naxsenebi sami maxvili), ormagi funqciis matarebeli unda
yofiliyo: saZgerebladac ASeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT da saCexsakveTadac.
TandaTan
Zv.w.
I
aTaswleulis
aTvisebasTan
dasawyisidan
dakavSirebiT,
maxvilis
rkinis
ganviTare-
baSic mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba. brinjaos maxvilebis
gverdiT TandaTanobiT Semodis rkinis maxvilebic, oRond
maT tari brinjaosgan ukeTdebodaT. aseT iaraRs `bimetalurs~
uwodeben.
Zv.w.
VIII-VI
saukuneebSi
yvelaze
metad
swored `bimetaluri~ maxvilebia gavrcelebuli. saerTod ki
rkinis
maxvilebi
Zvw.
XII-XI
saukuneebidan
Cndeba.
Jak
de
morganis mier musi-ieris samarovnis #472 qvayuTSi aRmoCenil
maxvils
r.
abramiSvili
Zv.w.
XI
saukuniT
aTariRebs
[abramiSvili, 1961: 332-333] Zv.w. 1200 wliT TariRdeba iranSi
geoi-Tefeze aRmoCenili Zlier daSlili rkinis maxvilic.
bimetaluri
rkinis
satevrebi
ki
gacilebiT
adre
Cndeba
saqarTvelos teritoriazec. mag. beSTaSenis Coguloviseul
kompleqsSi aRmoCenil rkinis satevars, metad originaluri
brinjaos
tariT,
r.
abramiSvili
gvianbrinjaos
xanis
adreuli etapiT – Zv.w. XV-XIVss-iT aTariRebs [abramiSvili,
1961: 375].
Zv.w.
VIII
saukunidan
brinjaos
maxvilebi
TandaTan
adgils uTmoben bimetalur maxvilebs. Zv.w. VI saukunidan ki
maxvilebi mTlianad rkinisaa.
am droisTvis mtkvris CrdiloeTiT mdebare raionebSi,
brinjaos tarebi xSirad inarCunebs TavianT Zvel formebs.
amasTan
erTad
Zv.w.
VIII
saukunis
bolodan
aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebas iwyebs axali tipis
bimetaluri iaraRi, romelTac gansxvavebuli formis tarebi
axasiaTebs.
mag.
iranuli
warmoSobis
e.w.
orkapa
tariani
maxvilebi.
brinjaos
b.
piotrovski
figurultarian
urartudan
e.w.
`samTavrul~
momdinared
miiCnevs,
maxvilebs
romelTac
51
Seerwya
adgilobrivi
formac
da
Seiqmna
sruliad
axali
`samTavruli~ tipi. [Пиотровский, 1949: 57-59]. amave azrisaa
m. pogrebovac [Погребова, 1984: 49].
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
gavrcelebulia
rkinis
maxvilebis sami tipi. esaa `samTavruli~ tipi, e.w. `orkapa~
tariani maxvili da skviTuri akinakebi, romlebic Zv.w. VII
saukunidan iwyeben gamoCenas.
gacilebiT
Znelad
SeiZleba
gaeces
pasuxi
imas,
Tu
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul rkinis maxvilebis romel tips
miekuTvneba
borjomis
xeobaSi
aRmoCenili
maxvilebi,
vinaidan, rogorc avRniSneT, sami maxvilidan ors ara aqvs
tari,
romelic
ganmsazRvrelia.
maxvilis
xolo
tipis
erTaderTi
erT-erTi
mTlianad
ZiriTadi
SemorCenili
borniReles #8 samarxSi aRmoCenili maxvilis taric rkinis
maxvilebisaTvis
sakmaod
analogias
samxreT
mivakvlieT.
misi
originaluria
kavkasiis
mTavari
da
teritoriaze
niSania
e.w.
mis
zust
Cven
ver
`sokoseburi~
Tavi,
romlis zeda nawili momrgvalebulia, xolo qveda nawili
Sezneqili. saerTod e.w.
formaa.
mag.
aseTi
`sokoseburi~ tari
tari
aqvs
egvipteSi
sakmaod Zveli
aRmoCenil
qvis
satevars [nioraZe,E 1931: 190]. egvipturi satevris es tari
ramdenadme waagavs borniReles maxvilis taris zeda nawils,
Tumca
maT
Soris
raime
genetikuri
kavSiris
arsebobis
Sesaxeb laparakic zedmetia. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi
sokoseburi Tavi aqvs dablagomSi aRmoCenil rkinis maxvils
[Куфтин, 1949: 38. табл. 11], urekis samarovanis #3 ormosamarxSi
aRmoCenil
ergetis
brinjaos
samarovanze,
satevars
adgil
[miqelaZe,
1985:
naakardamuSi
tab.
XII],
gamovlenil
brinjaos satevarebis tarebs [Микеладзе, Хахутаишвили: 1974.
Табл. LХV]. brinjaos satevrebi gvxvdeba Tlias samarovanze.
mag: #52 samarxSi [Техов, 1981: 38. таб. III]. brinjaos maxvilis
ramdenadme msgavsi saxeluri aRmoCenilia iranSi da rogorc
52
misi gamomqveynebeli m. pogrebova aRniSnavs, igi winaaziuri
[Погребова, 1977: 43].
warmoSobisa unda iyos
yvela
zemoCamoTvili
satevrebi
da
maxvilebi
(garda
iranuli maxvilebisa) aRmoCenilia iseT adgilebSi, romlebic kolxuri kulturis wres ganekuTvneba. es ki SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom am tipis, e.i. sokoseburTaviani
taris
mqone
iaraRma
swored
aq
miiRo
farTo
gavrceleba. albaT aseTi tipis tarisgan ganviTarda iseTi
ufro
rTuli
borniReles
da
daxvewili
maxvils.
TrialeTSi,
sof.
yvelaze
tarebi,
metad
beSTaSenSi,
es
adgil
rogoric
tari
aqvs
mogvagonebs
safar-xarabasTan
b. kuftinis mier gaTxril #11 samarxSi aRmoCenil brinjaos
satevris
tars
SemTxveviT
tars.
b.
da
WiaTuris
raionis
sof.
nigozeTSi
aRmoCenil, mSvenivrad ornamentirebul maxvilis
kuftini
maT
`kolxur-yobanur~
kulturis
wres
miakuTvnebs da Zv.w. VIII saukuniT aTariRebs [Куфтин, 1941: 69].
msgavsi
tariani
nacargoraze
samarxi
bimetaluri
#502
Zv.w.
samarxSi.
VIII-VII
iaraRi
es
aRmoCenilia
taric
saukuneebiT
xaSuris
ornamentirebulia.
TariRdeba.
[ramiSvili,
2001: 159. tab. IX 1618 ].
aRniSnuli
azrs,
rom
kulturis
garemoeba
kidev
erTxel
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
wre
Sors
scildeboda
adasturebs
im
xanaSi
kolxuri
sakuTriv
kolxeTis
geografiul CarCoebs da mesxeTsa da borjomis xeobasac
moicavda.
rac Seexeba CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCenil maxvils
(tab. XIII 2 ), marTalia isic naklulia, tari ara aqvs, magram
gaaCnia brinjaos salte, romelic mSvenivradaa ornamentirebuli,
kerZod,
mis
erT
mxares
aRbeWdilia
samkuTxeduri
RiobebiT Seqmnili gabrwyinebuli mzis msgavsi ornamenti,
xolo meore mxares ori, wveriT erTmaneTisaken mimarTuli
samkuTxeduri Riobi.
53
tars
qvemoT
brinjaos
salteebi
damaxasiaTebelia
samTavruli tipis rkinis maxvilebisaTvis. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia
agreTve
taris
mxatvruli
gaformeba.
maT
Soris
samkuTxeduri RiobebiTac. (mag: samTavros CrdiloeT ubnis
#272
samarxSi
buli
aRmoCenili
brinjaos
ornamentiT
salte
maxvili).
ki
metad
damSvenebuli,
mxatvrulad
iSviaTia,
rogoric
aqvs
gaforme-
xolo
CiTaxevis
iseTi
#22
samarxis maxvils, Cven sxvagan arsad gveguleba.
borniRelis #8 da CiTaxevis #15 samarxebSi aRmoCenili
maxvilebi dazianebul mdgomareobaSia. isini moxrilad iyo
Cadebuli
qoTnebSi
adamianis
damwvar
ZvlebTan
da
sxva
inventarTan erTad. saerTod WirisufalTa mier maxvilebis
Zalad waxdena - moxra sakmaod cnobili movlenaa da xSirad
gvxvdeba. gansakuTrebiT xSiria amgvari faqtebi samTavros
samarovanze.
gareTac.
es
tradicia
rogorc
cnobilia
mezobel
agreTve
regionebSi,
ise
saqarTvelos
sinqronuli
periodis evropul kulturebSic [Motzenbaker, 1997: 334-335].
sagulisxmoa
iaraRi
isic,
ZiriTadad
rom
ufro
brinjaosagan
adreul
xanaSi,
mzaddeboda,
es
rodesac
movlena
ufro iSviaTi iyo da maSin is iaraRis gatexvaSi aisaxeboda.
adreuli rkinisa da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi ki es
movlena sagrZnoblad gaxSirda da iaraRis gafuWeba, ufro
xSirad mis moRunvaSi gamoixateboda. Tu ra iyo amis mizezi
Zneli saTqmelia. SesaZloa ramdenime versiis daSveba: iqneb
es dakavSirebuli iyo religiur tradiciasTan, an ubralod
iaraRi Zvirad fasobda da mZarcvelebi mis mosapoveblad
samarxis gaZarcvasac ar eridebodnen da a.S. magram gadaWriT
romelime versiis mtkiceba ra Tqma unda Znelia. aq mxolod
erTi ramis Tqma SegviZlia: borniReles #8 da CiTaxevis #15
samarxebSi aRmoCenili maxvilebi Tixis WurWelSi aRmoCnda,
sadac maTi moRunvis gareSe moTavseba SeuZlebelia. Tumca
rogorc
avRniSneT,
bevria
imis
magaliTi,
rom
ganzrax
54
moRunuli
maxvilebi
xSirad
gvxvdeba
inhumaciur
samarxebSic.
maxvili
iseTi
SeuZlebelia
da
iaraRia,
rom
aucileblad
misi
SiSvlad
qarqaSSi
unda
tareba
yofiliyo
moTavsebuli. qarqaSi ki arcTu ise bevria aRmoCenili. es
albaT
imiT
unda
masalisgan,
aixsnas,
romelic
rom
miwaSi
is
mzaddeboda
didxans
ver
iseTi
Zlebda
_
ZiriTadad albaT xisgan da tyavisgan. bolo ki SedarebiT
myari
masalisgan
damzadebuli
unda
hqonoda,
radgan
maxvilis wvers ar gaexvrita an ar gaexia. aseT masalad ki,
rogorc Cans, yvelaze xSirad brinjaos iyenebdnen. Cvenamde
moaRwia araerTma brinjaosgan damzadebulma qarqaSis bolom
(mag. brilis samarovnis Zv.w. VII_VI saukuneebis samarxebSi
aRmoCenili
qarqaSis
mxatvruladaa
mogvagonebs.
saxeebiT:
brinjaos
gaformebuli
zedapiri
spiralebiT,
mogvianebiT,
Zv.w.
V
boloebi).
da
Semkulia
bevri
maTgani
mtacebel
nair-nairi
samkuTxedebiT,
saukunidan
cxovels
geometriuli
texili
boloebis
xazebiT.
SemosaWedad
brinjaos sada furclebs xmarobdnen [gobejiSvili, 1959: 192].
CiTaxevis
#22
samarxSi
maxvilTan
erTad
aRmoCnda
brinjaosgan damzadebuli qarqaSis bolo. misi sigrZe 20 smia, sigane zeda nawilSi 6 sm; sigane qveda nawilSi 5.6 sm:
sisqe zeda nawilSi 2 sm; sisqe qveda nawilSi 1.8 sm. is
aRmoCnda micvalebulis xerxemlis ukan da amave samarxSi
aRmoCenil rkinis maxvils ekuTvnoda. qarqaSis zeda nawili
damSvenebulia
RiobebiT.
gverdigverd
mTel
qveda nawils
sigrZeze
myofi
dauyveba
TavSeqceuli
samkuTxa
kanelurebi.
qarqaSis
amSvenebs ori, fuZiT erTmaneTisken miqceuli
samkuTxa Riobi. qveda nawilSi erT mxares aqvs samanWvle
naxvreti,
xolo
naxevarrkali.
zeda
qarqaSi
nawilSi,
maxvilis
Sua
adgilas
TiTqmis
brinjaos
naxevars
faravs
(tab. XIII 3 ).
55
msgavsi qarqaSebi gvxvdeba samTavros samarovanze #174
da
#293
samarxebSi.
pirveli
maTgani
Zv.w.
VIII
da
VII
saukunis pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba. xolo meore Zv.w. VII
saukunis meore naxevriT da Zv.w. VI saukuniT [abramiSvili,
1957.
tab
1 111.
msgavsi
[Пиотровский,
blurzec
qarqaSi
68].
uornamentoa
qarqaSebi
1952].
da
aRmoCenilia
yvela
amiT
zemoT
gansxvavdeba
karmir-
CamoTvlili
CiTaxevis
#22
samarxSi aRmoCenili qarqaSisgan. aseTi qarqaSebi hqondaT
iseT maxvilebs, romlebic
SesaZloa
vivaraudoT,
aRmoCenili maxvilic
varauds
amagrebs
samkuTxa
`samTavrulad~ iwodebian. amitom
rom
#22
samarxSi
`samTavruli~ SeiZleba yofiliyo. am
aRniSnuli
RiobebiT
CiTaxevis
Seqmnili
maxvilis
saltec,
dekoriTaa
romelic
ornamentirebuli.
amgvari RiobebiT Seqmnili ornamenti ki bevri samTavruli
maxvilis tars amSvenebs (mag. #70 samarxis cnobili orkapa
tariani maxvili, CrdiloeT ubnis #272 samarxis maxvili,
saTovlis
maxvili)
da
sxva
[mcxeTa
VI.
nax.
678,
badriaSvili, 1953: 232-234].
rogorc zemoT
avRniSneT, gabatonebulia varaudi, rom
msgavsi brinjaos qarqaSebi mxolod xis an tyavis qarqaSis
boloebia, magram CiTaxevis #22 samarxis qarqaSi iZleva imis
SesaZleblobas, rom vivaraudoT, es qarqaSia da ara qarqaSis
bolo.
saqme
imaSia,
orive
mxares
aqvs
rom
aRniSnul
brinjaos
nivTs
zeda
naxevarrkali
nawilze,
(tab.
XIII 3 ),
romelic SeiZleba samxariRlie Tasmis gasayreli yofiliyo,
marTalia qarqaSi maxvils mxolod naxevars faravs, magram
igi savsebiT daicavda meomars iaraRis sxeulSi SerWobisgan,
xolo maxvilis zeda nawils misTvis TviT didi moZraobis
drosac
ki
ar
SeeZlo
ziani
mieyenebina.
gadaWriT
imis
mtkiceba, rom es swored ase iyo da ara sxvagvarad Zneli
saqmea, miT umetes, rom Cven jerjerobiT ar gveguleba iseTi
qarqaSebi, romlebsac naxevarrkalebi aqvs.
56
samwuxarod,
gadaWriT
verafers
vityviT,
Tu
rogori
iyo zemoaRniSnuli maxvilebis tarebis wesi. maTi aRmoCenis
viTareba
amaze
veraviTar
warmodgenas
ver
Segviqmnis,
vinaidan ori maxvili aRmoCenilia Tixis WurWelSi, xolo
erTi micvalebulis ConCxisagan sakmaod moSorebiT.
saerTod ki maxvilTa tarebis orgvari wesia cnobili.
erTi maTgani mkvlevarTa (g. lomTaTiZe, a. kalandaZe) mier
saxeldeba
rogorc
aseTad
miiCneven
dacul
urartuli
`asurul-babilonur-urartuli~
isini
saqarTvelos
qvis
qandakebaze
wesi.
erovnul
muzeumSi
gamosaxul
maxvilis
tarebis wess. am qandakebaze Torosan-Cafxutosan mamakacs
marcxena gverdze hkidia grZeli da viwro maxvili, romelic
rogorc
Cans,
Camokidebulia
wels
irgvliv
Semotymuli
grZeli da farTo TasmiT, sadac rgolia gayrili. samwuxarod qandakeba dazianebulia da samxariRlie nawili kargad
ver
SeimCneva.
yovel
SemTxvevaSi
savaraudoa,
rom
igi
marjvena mxarze yofiliyo gadakidebuli.
maxvilTa tarebis es Cveuleba saerTod gansxvavdeba im
wesisgan, romelic boRazqois bareliefzea gamosaxuli. aq
maxvili
qarqaSSia
kalandaZis
azriT,
garWobili.
maxvilTa
g.
lomTaTiZisa
tarebis
da
samTavruli
a.
wesi,
ZiriTadad `urartul-asurul-babilonuris~ msgavsi yofila.
e.i.
es
maxvilebi
(portupeiT)
aRWurvili
[lomTaTiZe,
yofila
1974:
43.
samxariRlie
kalandaZe,
TasmiT
1959:
174].
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCenil
maxvils qarqaSis zeda nawilSi aqvs ori naxevarrkaluri
brinjaos
Sverili,
romelic
SesaZloa
Tasmis
gasayrelic
yofiliyo. Tu es varaudi sworia, maSin am maxvils albaT
daaxloebiT iseve atarebdnen, rogorc samTavrul maxvilebs
_ e.i. `urartuli-asuruli-babilonuri” wesiT. TviT maxvili
Cveni
varaudiT
`samTavruli”
maxvilebis
tips
unda
miekuTvnebodes.
57
rkinis
farTo
aTvisebis
xanaSi
–
e.i.
Zv.w.
VIII-VII
saukuneebSi, rkinis iaraRis gverdiT jer kidev xmarebaSia
brinjaos
sxva),
iaraRic
magram
rkinisagan
(Subispirebi,
maxvilebi
mzaddeba,
brinjaosi.
gvian
culebi,
ratomRac
mxolod
brinjaos
ZiriTadad
tari
xanis
isrispirebi
yovelTvis
Tu
Semdeg
da
ukeTdeboda
TiTqmis
arsad
vxvdebiT brinjaos maxvilebs. ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?
jer
erTi,
maxvili
xelCarTul
brZolaSi
gamosayenebeli
iaraRia da igi gacilebiT gamZle unda yofiliyo, vidre sxva
iaraRi.
amitomac
igi
gamZle
da
magari
masalisagan
–
rkinisagan mzaddeboda. meore, gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom
maxvili privilegirebuli pirebis iaraRi unda yofiliyo da
xSirad
rigiT
mebrZolebs
arc
hqondaT.
g.
lomTaTiZe
maxvils `oficrul” iaraRsac ki uwodebs [lomTaTiZe,
155].
Tu
iaraRi
es
marTlac
ufro
damzadebuli.
Semdegi
maxvilis
ase
Zvirfasi
Cvens
da
gasagebia,
saimedo
SemTxvevaSi
am
CiTaxevis
#22
garemoebebic:
salte
iyo
mxatvruladaa
rom
1974:
`oficruli”
masalisgan
iqneboda
mosazrebas
amagrebs
samarxSi
gaformebuli.
aRmoCenili
savaraudod
misi taric iseve rogorc bevri sxva bimetaluri iaraRis
tari aseTi iqneboda. garda amisa samarovnebze
sul sami
maxvilia aRmoCenili, maSin rodesac am periodis samarxebSi
sakmaod uxvadaa iseTi iaraRi, rogoricaa Subispirebi da
satevrebi. is samarxebi ki, romlebSic maxvilebi aRmoCnda
SedarebiT mdidrul samarxebs warmoadgenen. yovelive es ki
Cveni varaudiT amyarebs im azris siswores, rom maxvilebi
marTlac ar iyo Cveulebrivi `rigiTi mebrZolebis” iaraRi
da igi privilegirebuli pirovnebis iaraRs da SesaZloa misi
xelisuflebisa
da
ierarqiuli
mdgomareobis
simbolos
warmoadgenda.
s a t e v r e b i. satevrebi da maxvilebi arsebiTad
erT
wyarodan
mokle
satevridan
gamomdinare
iaraRia,
58
satevari
sakmaod
gavrcelebuli
iyo
xangrZlivi
drois
ganmavlobaSi, brinjaos xanidan XX saukunemde.
termini ,,satevari” samecniero literaturaSi g. lomTaTiZem daamkvidra [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 41]. is ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTveloSi ixmareboda, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi sityva xanjali Seesityviseboda.
satevari xelCarTul brZolaSi gamosayenebeli iaraRia.
igi ZiriTadad saZgereblad gamoiyeneboda da maxvilisagan
gansxvavebiT
kveTa-Cexvis
teritoriaze
satevrebi
gamoCenas.
iaraRis
es
funqcia ar
hqonda.
adrebrinjaos
saxeobac,
iseve
saqarTvelos
xanidan
rogorc
iwyebs
maxvilebi,
monografiulad Seiswavla g. lomTaTiZem [lomTaTiZe, 1974].
manve mogvca brinjaos satevrebis klasifikacia samTavros
samarovanze
aRmoCenili
masalis
mixedviT.
mkvlevarma
brinjaos satevrebi dayo or tipad da ramdenime qvetipad.
pirveli
tipi
g.
`foTliseburi”
qvetipad
lomTaTiZis
satevrebi,
iyofa.
1)
klasifikaciiT
romlebic
uqedo
Tavis
satevrebad;
2)
aris
e.w.
mxriv
sam
viwroqedian
satevrebad da 3) farToqedian satevrebad. II tips ganekuTvneba brinjaos tariani satevrebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv or
qvetipad
iyofa:
1)
Sedgeniltarian
da
2)
mTlianadsxmul
satevrebad.
rkinis xanaSi satevrebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad matulobs. isini ra Tqma unda umetesad rkinisganaa damzadebuli,
Tumca
iseve
brinjaosgan
rogorc
maxvilebs,
ukeTdeboda.
garkveul
aRsaniSnavia
etapze
agreTve
isic,
tari
rom
garkveul periodSi rkinis satevrebi brinjaos satevrebis
formebs imeorebda.
kolxeTis teritoriaze adrerkinis xanaSi aRmoCenili
satevrebis klasifikacia mogvca T. miqelaZem [miqelaZe, 1985:
34-40]. brinjaos satevrebs igi or tipad yofs: 1) wagrZelebuli foTlis formis orferda satevrebad da 2) mTlianadsxmul
satevrebad.
pirveli
tipis
satevrebSi
is
or
59
qvetips
gamoyofs:
1)
gluvzedapirian
da
linziseburgani-
kveTian satevrebs da 2) erT da or mwkriva RarebiT Semkul
satevrebs, romlebsac mkveTri rombiseburi an aseve mkveTrad
SemaRlebuli,
oRond
momrgvalebuli
ganivkveTi
aqvT
[miqelaZe, 1985: 35].
T. miqelaZis klasifikaciiT rkinis satevrebi or jgufad unda gaiyos: satevrebad, romlebic genetikurad kolxur
samyaros ganekuTneba da skviTuri samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebel satevrebad.
TviT kolxuri samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebel satevrebs
T.
miqelaZe
ramdenime
tipad
yofs:
pirvel
tips
Seadgens
rkinis kolxuri satevrebi, romlebic brinjaos prototipebidan momdinareobs da romlebic am prototipebis msgavsad
or tipad iyofa: linziseburganikveTian yunwian satevrebad
da Rarebian satevrebad, mkveTrad rombiseburi an momrgvaleburi ganikveTiT [miqelaZe, 1985: 39].
meore tipia viwro da grZeli satevrebi, SuaSi maRali
momrgvaleburi
qediT
da
sworkuTxa
satareTi,
romelsac
erTi an ori samanWvle aqvs.
mesame
tipi
ki
brinjaostariani
rkinis
satevaria
[miqelaZe, 1985: 39].
T. miqelaZis klasifikaciisagan garkveulwilad gansxvavebuli
sqema
samarovnebze
dayo.
SemogvTavaza
aRmoCenili
TiToeul
maTgan
gamoyo
jgufSi
r.
papuaSvilma.
man
kolxeTis
brinjaos
satevrebi
sam
gaaerTiana
ramdenime
tipi,
ramdenime
varianti.
igi
jgufad
calke
xolo
tipad
ganixilavs biemtalur satevrebs [papuaSvili, 19-42].
Tlias samarovanze aRmoCenili satevrebis formalurtipologiuri
dayofisa
da
daTariRebis
sakiTxebs
exeba
b. texovic [Техов, 1977: 87-110].
CvenTvis yvelaze misaReb da optimalur variantad T.
miqelaZiseuli klasifikacia CavTvaleT da borjomis xeobaSi
aRmoCenili satevrebis ganxilvisas swored mas veyrdnobiT.
60
misi
klasifikaciis
sqema
amgvaria:
kolxeTSi
aRmoCenili
satevrebi or ZiriTad nawilad iyofa: brinjaosa da rkinis
satevrebad.
brinjaos
yunwiani
da
qvetipad
iyofa:
satevrebSi
mTlianadsxmuli.
ori
tipi
yunwiani
gamoirCeva:
satevrebic
linziseburganivkveTianebad
da
or
daRarul-
pirianebad.
rac Seexeba rkinis satevrebs, T. miqelaZe maT 6 saxeobad yofs: 1) yunwian satevrebad, romlebic brinjaos prototipebidan gamomdinareoben da am prototipebis msgavsad or
qvetipad
iyofian:
satevrebad.
2)
linziseburganivkveTian
sworkuTxatarian
da
Rarebian
3)
brinjaos
satevrebad.
figurultarian satevrebad. 4) rkinis satevrebad, romlebsac
figuruli
brinjaos
tari
aqvT
da
imeoreben
brinjaos
pirveli tipis mTlianadsxmuli satevris formas. 5) rkinis
satevrebad sokoseburTaviani tariT, romelsac T. miqelaZe
kolxeTSi garedan Semotanilad miiCnevs. 6) rkinis satevrebad romlebic mesame saxeobis brinjaos satevrebis formas
imeoreben
da
romlebic
[Микеладзе,
miekuTvnebian
ganixilavs
e.w.
is
`winaaziuri~
1990:
skviTuri
58-59.
tipis
табл.
samyarosaTvis
satevrebs
XXV].
calke
damaxasiaTebel
satevrebs - e.w. akinakebs.
CiTaxevis,
kviracxovlis
da
borniReles
samarovnebis
Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxxebSi aRmoCnda
15 satevari. CiTaxevis samarovanze cxra (#23, 26, 32, 70, 78, 85
samarxebSi)
aqedan
Svidi
rkinisa
da
ori
brinjaosi.
kviracxovlis samarovanze oTxi #29 (2 c.) 31, 55 samarxebSi.
oTxive
rkinisa.
borniReles
samarovanze
#4
da
#8
samarxebSi, aqedan erTi brinjaosi da erTi rkinisa. CiTaxevs
#26
samarxSi
aRmoCenili
satevari
ki
e.w.
`bimetaluri~
iaraRis kategorias miekuTvneba, radgan mas aqvs rkinis piri
da brinjaos tari (tab. XIV-XV).
brinjaos satevrebi yvela naklulia. maT tari akliaT
da
amdenad
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
satevris
pirebs
ufro
61
warmoadgenen.
samarxSi
samive
aRmoCenil
maTgani
satevars
yunwiania.
yunwze
borniReles
aqvs
erTi
#4
samanWvle
naxvreti. xolo CiTaxevis #70 da #85 samarxebSi aRmoCenil
satevrebs sami samanWvle naxvreti gaaCnia - orive mxarze da
yunwze (tab. XIV 1,3,5 ). samive satevari qediania da wagrZelebuli rombiseburi ganikveTiT.
erTaderTi
bimetaluri
satevari
aRmoCnda
CiTaxevis
#26 samarxSi. igi oTx natexadaa SemorCenili, piri swori
aqvs da boloSi mkveTrad Seviwrovebuli, dauyveba arc Tu
maRali
qedi.
ganikveTi
wagrZelebuli
rombiseburia.
tari
damagrebulia sami manWvliT. taris Ziri SedarebiT farToa,
vada ZirTan Seviwrovebulia, romelic TandaTan farTovdeba.
vadis bolo momrgvalebulia (tab. XV 6 ).
rac
Seexeba
yunwiania.
aqvT
rkinis
swori
satevrebs,
piri,
romelic
maTi
umravlesoba
Zirisaken
mkveTrad
viwrovdeba. yunwze da mxrebze datanebuli aqvT samanWvle
naxvretebi. isini brinjaos satevrebis minabaZebs warmoadgenen (tab. XIV-XV).
am
mxriv
gamonaklisia
kviracxovlis
#29
samarxSi
aRmoCenili rkinis satevari. igi sakmaod grZeli da Zlier
wawvetebulia.
satareze
SemorCenili
aqvs
brinjaos
erTi
manWvali, emCneva arcTu maRali qedi. ganikveTi wagrZelebuli rombiseburia (tab. XV 1 ).
am
satevrebs
mravlad
eZebnebaT
paraleli
rogorc
saqarTvelos teritoriaze, ise mis farglebs gareT.
CiTaxevis #23 samarxSi aRmoCenili satevari (tab. XIV 2 ),
ramdenadme
emsgavseba
kolxur-yobanur
Zv.w.
samyaroSi
II-I
aTaswleulTa
gavrcelebul
brinjaos
mijnaze
mxreb-
daqanebul satevris pirebs. msgavsebas iCens agreTve cxinvalis nacargoraze aRmoCenil satevarTan [gobejiSvili, 1952:
94]. imis gamo, rom Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi rkinis iaraRi
brinjaos prototipebis mibaZviT keTdeboda, es satevaric am
periodiT
unda
daTariRdes.
miT
umetes,
rom
am
TariRs
62
Seesabameba
samarxSi
aRmoCenili
sxva
inventaric:
fibula
sakinZi da sxva.
kviracxovlis
samarxSi
#31
aRmoCenili
da
#55,
agreTve
satevrebi
borniReles
sakmaod
axlo
#4
msgavsebas
iCenen somxeTSi noratusis samarovanze aRmoCenil erT-erT
satevarTan [Мартиросян, 1980. Табл IV 1 ]. es nivTebi da agreTve
birniReles #4 samarxSi aRmoCenili brinjaos satevari (tab.
XIV 1 )
Zalian
rkinis
da
hgavs
kolxeTis
brinjaos
aRmoCenil
rkinis
teritoriaze
satevrebs.
satevrebs:
mag:
#10
gamovlenil
urekis
samarxSi
samarovanze
dadasturebul
linziseburganivkveTian satevars da #1 samarxSi aRmoCenil
rkinis satevars [miqelaZe, 1985: 34-35. tab. XII 33 ; XX 12 ; XIX 4 ].
aseve
axlo
msgavsebas
iCenen
nigvzianis
samarovnis
#3
dasakrZalav ormoSi aRmoCenil satevrebTan [miqelaZe, 1985.
tab. XLI 7,8,9 ].
borniReles #4 samarxSi aRmoCenili brinjaos satevari
(tab. XIV 1 ) ganekuTvneba T. miqelaZis klasifikaciis yunwiani
satevrebis pirvel qvetips, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia
SedarebiT
gluvi
danarCeni
amgvari
zedapiri
nivTebi
da
linziseburi
miekuTvneba
im
ganikveTi,
tipis
rkinis
satevrebs, romlebic brinjaos satevrebis formas imeorebs.
agreTve T. miqelaZiseuli klasifikaciis rkinis satevrebis
meore
tips,
romelTac
axasiaTebT
swori,
viwro
piri
da
sworkuTxa satare erTi an ori samanWvle xvreliT. msgavsi
satevrebi aRmoCenilia paluris,
wiTeli Suquras da sxva
samarovnebze [oqropiriZe, baramiZe, 1974: 104; Трапш, 1969: 178.
табл. XXI].
sagrZnoblad
gansxvavebulia
kviracxovlis
#29
samarxis rkinis satevari (tab. XV 1 ). igi sakmaod arqauli
formisaa da r. abramiSvilis qronologiuri Skalis mixedviT Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [abramiSvili, 1957
tab. I. 813 ] aseTive formis brinjaos satevari aRmoCnda sofel
gomnaSi sakmaod arqaul kompleqsSi _ brinjaos diskoseburi
63
gulsa-kidTan,
brinjaos
kolxur
culTan
da
sxva
inventarTan erTad [nioraZe, 1944:204, tab. XIII]. kviracxovlis
#29 samarxSi satevarTan erTad aRmoCnda Subispiri, rkinis
moxrili dana, Tixis doqi da sasmisi. CamoTvlili nivTebi am
samarxis
Zv.w.
VIII
saukuneze
adreuli
xaniT
daTariRebis
saSualebas ar iZleva. rac Seexeba rkinis satevris formas,
misi
arqauloba
albaT
imaze
metyvelebs,
rom
borjomis
xeobaSi sakmaod myaradaa SemorCenili iaraRis damzadebis
Zveli
tradicia,
rac
am
SemTxvevaSi
misi
Zveli
formis
SenarCunebaSi gamoixata.
S u b i s p i r e b i, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da
borniReles Zv.w. VIII_VII saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxebSi aRmoCnda 35 Subispiri, rac raodenobrivad aWarbebs yvela
sxva
saxeobis
sabrZolo
iaraRs.
CiTaxevis
samarovanze
dafiqsirda 20 egzemplari _ #8, 20, 22, 26, 29, 32, 70, 75, 95,
samarxebSi. kviracxovlis samarovanze ori _ #29 samarxSi.
borniReles samarovanze aRmoCnda cameti Subispiri, _ #2, 4,
8, 23, 32, 33, 46, 71, 80, 92 samarxebSi. maTgan mxolod oria
brinjaosi
(CiTaxevis
#95
da
borniReles
#8
samarxebSi)
danarCeni ki rkinisa.
rogorc cnobilia, Subispirebi TavianTi zomis mixedviT
iyofa
sxvadasxva
sakuTriv
iyo
maTi
Subispirebad
funqciuri
da
xelSubispirebad.
daniSnulebac.
Subispiri
saZgerebel iaraRs warmoadgenda: xolo xelSubispiri asrulebda rogorc saZgerebel, ise satyorcni iaraRis funqcias.
zemoaRniSnuli
35
Subispiridan
zomis
mixedviT
mxolod
erTi _ borniReles #71 samarxSi aRmoCenili iaraRi SeiZleba CaiTvalos
xelSubispirad (tab. XVI 1 ).
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis Subispirebis klasifikacia mogvca l. saxarovam [saxarova, 1973: 82-94]. misi azriT, es
periodi masriani Subispirebis farTod gavrcelebis xanaa da
rogorc
tipologiurad,
ise
teqnikurad
ganviTarebis
64
umaRles dones aRwevs. Zv.w. VIII saukunidan brinjaos Subispirebi TiTqmis wyvets arsebobas da maT rkinis Subispirebi
cvlis,
Tumca
es
ukanasknelni
Zalze
xSir
SemTxvevaSi
brinjaos Subispirebis formebs imeoreben.
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
xanaSi
piris
moyvanilobis
mixedviT Subispirebis oTxi tipi gamoirCeva: 1) foTliseburi
an viwropiriani; 2) foTliseburi met-naklebi variantebiT;
3) aliseburi da 4) samkuTxapiriani. rogorc wesi, yvela am
tipis Subispiri masragaxsnilia [saxarova, 1973: 82-84].
pirveli tipis Subispirebi umetesad damaxasiaTebelia
aRmosavlurqarTuli
kulturisaTvis
samxreT-aRmosavleT
regionebisaTvis.
SemTxvevebi
dasavleTY
da
samxreT
aris
saqarTveloSic,
maTi
kavkasiis
aRmoCenis
magram
Zalze
iSviaTad.
yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli meore tipis Subispirebia.
is
gavrcelebis
ufro
did
arealsac
moicavs,
magram
umetesad mainc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba.
mesame
tipis
raodenobiTaa
Subispirebi
aRmoCenili
da
saqarTveloSi
TiTqmis
ufro
yvela
mcire
kolxuri
kulturis wres ganekuTvneba (Tumca rogorc l. saxarova
aRniSnavs, am tipis Subispirebi aRmoCenili yofila mesxeTjavaxeTSic, sadac Zalian Zlieri iyo kolxuri kulturis
gavlena).
meoTxe tipis _
samkuTxapiriani Subispirebi mxolod
afxazeTis teritoriazea aRmoCenili.
pirveli
da
TvalsazrisiT
meore
Zalze
tipis
Rrma
Subispirebs
fesvebi
aqvs.
morfologiuri
maTi
adreuli
formebi ukve Sua brinjaos xanaSi iwyebs arsebobas (nuli,
qvasaTali) gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi ki ufro metadaa
gavrcelebuli. am droidan ukve xmarebaSi Semodis rkinis
Subispirebi
da
isini
swored
am
formiT
arian
warmodgenilni.
65
pirveli da meore tipis Subispirebi samxreT kavkasiaSi
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasarulisa da I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi Cndeba, eseni arian viwropiriani rkinis Subispirebi,
romlebsac masraze brinjaos salteebis aqvs Semovlebuli
[Погребова, 1965: 16].
Zv.w.
VIII-VI
saukunidan
ki
mTlianad
batondebian rkinis Subispirebi da amave periodSi yalibdeba
maTi axali tipebi.
mkveTrad farTovdeba maTi gavrcelebis geografiuli
arealic,
Tumca
mainc
xerxdeba
zogierTi
lokaluri
variantis gamoyofa. amave periodSi Subispirebis xvedriTi
wili SeiaraRebaSi mkveTrad izrdeba. amaze Tundac Cvens
sakvlev samarovnebze aRmoCenili Subispirebis raodenobac
metyvelebs.
izrdeba
Subispirebis
zomebic.
ufro
xSirad
TviT pirisa da ara masrisa (xSirad piri am iaraRis 2/3
nawilia).
es
tendenciac
garkveulwilad
aisaxa
borjomis
xeobis masalaSic.
Cvens
sakvlev
samarovnebze,
Zv.w.
VIII-VII
saukuneebiT
daTariRebul samarxebSi aRmoCenili yvela Subispiri masragaxsnilia.
tipologiurad
yvela
maTgani,
met-naklebi
variaciebiT ganekuTvneba l. saxarovas klasifikaciis meore
tips,
anu
gamoixateba
foTlisebr
Subispirebs.
Subispirebis
calkeuli
sxvadasxva
variacia
detalebis
propor-
ciebSi da maT zomebSi. gvxvdeba SedarebiT viwro, wagrZelebuli
Subispirebi
(mag:
borniReles
#8
an
CiTaxevis
#20
samarxSi tab. XVI 5 , XIX 1 , 2 ); moklepiriani da grZelmasriani
Subispirebi
(kviracxovlis
#29,
CiTaxevis
#70
da
#32
samarxebSi) (tab. XVI 4 , XVII 3,5 ). moklemasriani da grZelpiriani Subispirebi (borniReles #71 da #92 samarxebSi) (tab.
XVI 2,3 ); viwropiriani Subispiri (CiTaxevis #32 samarxi) da
mokle, originaluri Subispiri amave samarxidan (tab. XVII 4 ).
yvela Subispirs dauyveba sxvadasxva simaRlis qedi. yvela
maTgani wagrZelebulrombiseburganivkveTiania.
66
calke
aRniSvnis
aRmoCenili
brinjaos
Rirsia
borniReles
Subispiri.
#8
mSvenivrad
samarxSi
gravireburi
masriT (masze ufro dawvrilebiT qveviT SevCerdebiT).
borjomis
paralels
xeobaSi
poulobs
aRmoCenili
rogorc
Subispirebi
aRmosavleT,
ase
bevr
dasavleT
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili amave periodis da ufro adreul
SubispirebTan.
agreTve
saqarTvelos
farglebs
gareT
aRmoCenil analogiur masalasTan.
qvemo qarTlSi, beSTaSenSi aRmoCenil erT-erT SubispirTan
poulobs
msgavsebas
borniReles
#71
samarxSi
aRmoCenili Subispiri [davlianiZe, 1983. tab. VI 3,4 ).
beSTaSenSi gamovlenili zogierTi Subispiri garkveul
msgavsebas
amJRavnebs
borniReles
#4
samarxSi
aRmoCenil
rkinis SubispirTan (tab. XVIII 2 ). Tumca borniReles Subispirs masrisa da piris SeerTebis adgilas ramdenime amoRaruli xazi dauyveba. maTTan msgavsebas amJRavnebs agreTve
borniReles
#23
TrialeTSi,
samarxSi
wiwamurisa
samarovnebze
gvxvdeba
da
aRmoCenili
Taqqilisanis
moklepiriani
Subispirebic.
adrerkinis
da
xanis
grZelmasriani
Subispirebi [Куфтин, 1941. табл. XXXV], romelic topologiurad waagavs kviracxovlis #29 samarxSi aRmoCenil rkinis
Subispirs (tab. XVII 5 ).
sakmaod
Subispirebi
axlos
dgas
somxeTSi
borjomis
cnobil
xeobaSi
analogiur
aRmoCenili
masalasTan.
magaliTad borniReles #2 da #23 samarxebSi aRmoCenili
Subispirebi. msgavsebas poulobs noratusis samarovnis #10
samarxSi cnobil erT-erT SubispirTan [Мартиросян, 1964: 209.
рис. 81а].
borjomis
msgavsebas
iCens
SubispirebTanac.
xeobis
Subispirebi
dasavleT
mag.
forma-moyvanilobiT
saqarTveloSi
borniReles
#71
da
gavrcelebul
#92
samarxebSi
aRmoCenili Subispirebis msgavsi iaraRi dafiqsirda nigvzianis #1 samarx-ormoSi [miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XLI 26 ], afxazeTSi 67
wiTeli
Suquras
analogiuri
samarovanze
Subispirebi
[Трапш, 1969: 129 табл. XIII].
mravladaa
aRmoCenili
samTavros
samarovnzec. mag. borniReles #25, 46, 71, 92 samarxebSi (tab.
XVI 2,3 ) aRmoCenil Subispirebis msgavsi iaraRi Sesulia r.
abramiSvilis
qronologiur
SkalaSi
da
Zv.w.
IX-VIII
saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli [abramiSvili, 1957; tab. I 131 ].
rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
borniReles
#8
samrxSi
aRmoCnda brinjaos gravirebuli Subispiri, romlis masraze
gamosaxulia ori erTmaneTisgan zurgSeqceuli fantastiuri
cxoveli (tab. XVIII 4,5 ). TviT faqti, am Subispiris borniReles #8 kremaciul samarxSi aRmoCenisa (igi urna-qoTanSi
oTxad gatexil mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda), metad sayuradRebo
da mniSvnelovania, radgan am tipis iaraRi Zv.w. VII saukuneSi
TiTqmis gamosulia xmarebidan,
formiT
garda amisa, es Subispiri
sakmaod arqaulia. am mxriv igi waagavs TrialeTSi,
safar-xarabas
#19
1941. табл. XIV].
wawvetebuli
ornamenti
samarxSi
Tumca
da
amkobs.
am
aRmoCenil
Subispirs
ukanasknelis
foTliseburi
safar-xarabas
piri
ufro
moyvanilobisaa
es
samarxi
[Куфтин,
metad
da
arc
gvianbrinjoas
xaniT TariRdeba da b. kuftini kolxuri kulturis wres
miakuTvnebs
[Куфтин, 1941: 213]
formiT
somxeTSi,
noratusis
#10
Subispirs,
oRond
ukanaskneli
noratusis
es
es
samarxi
Zv.w.
samarxSi
VII_VI
[Мартиросян, 1964: 209. рис. 81a].
masraze
arsebul
is
aseve
aRmoCenil
mkveTrad
waagavs
erT-erT
wawvetebulia.
saukuneebiT
TariRdeba
rac Seexeba am Subispiris
gamosaxulebas
(tab.
kolxuri kulturis wres ganekuTvneba. am
XVIII 5 ),
aSkarad
mxriv siaxloves
iCens udes ganZSi [CubiniSvili, javaxiSvili, 1959: 59-62] da
eSeraSi aRmoCenil SubispirebTan [Куфтин, 1949: 212]. yvelaze
metad ki mainc bogvis Subispirs hgavs, romlis masrazec
aseve orTaviani cxovelebia gamosaxuli [fancxava, 1988: 31
XX 1 ].
udes ganZi a. javaxiSvilisa da t. CubiniSvilis mier
68
Zv.w. XII saukuniT TariRdeba [javaxiSvili, CubiniSvili, 1959:
59-62] xolo, l. facxavas mier Zv.w. IX saukuniT [fancxava,
1988: 59]. msgavsi gamosaxulebiT Semkulia urekSi aRmoCenili
brinjaos Subispirebi, romlebic Zv.w. VIII_VII saukuneebiT
TariRdeba [qoriZe, 1965: 45].
Subispirebi
gvxvdeba
rogorc
inhumaciur,
ise
kremaciul samarxebSi. Zalze xSiria erT samarxSi ramdenime
Subispiris
aRmoCenis
SemTxvevebi.
mag.
CiTaxevis
#32
samarxSi aRmoCnda cxra, xolo #70 samarxSi sami Subispiri.
kidev ufro xSiria erT samarxSi or-ori Subispiris aRmoCenis
faqtebi.
kremaciul
urnebSi
aRmoCenili
Subispirebi
sagangebod arian moxrili. xolo borniReles #8 samarxSi
gamovlenili
brinjaos
Subispiri,
rogorc
ukve
vTqviT
oTxad iyo gatexili. es SeiZleba im ubralo mizezs mivaweroT,
rom
sxvagvarad
maTi
urnaSi
moTavseba
SeuZlebeli
iqneboda. sagangebod moxrili Subispirebi dadasturebulia
inhumaciur samarxebSic, rac garkveul ritualTan unda iyos
dakavSirebuli i. motcenebekeri Tvlis, rom rkinis iaraRis
ZaliT gafuWebis, moRunvis tradicia kavkasiisTvis mSobliuri
ar
unda
iyos
da
ufro
metad
sinqronuli
periodis
(rkinis xanis) evropaSi cnobil wesebs waagavs [Motzenbaker,
1997: 341].
sayuradReboa kidev erTi garemoeba. CiTaxevis #20 da
#29 samarxebSi Subispirebi wveriT miwaSi iyo CarWobili.
msgavsi
faqtebi
samarovanze
dadasturebulia
somxeTSic,
xrtanocis
[Мартиросян, 1954], rac garkveul ritualze unda
miuTiTebdes. is faqti, rom am or regionSi garda saerTo
formisa,
saerTo
ritualic
arsebobda,
xom
ar
miuTiTebs
imaze, rom maT Soris ara mxolod kulturul-ekonomikuri,
aramed
ufro
Rrma
kavSirebic
unda
yofiliyo,
rac
garkveuli rwmena-warmodgenebisa da tradiciebis msgavsebaSi
gamoixateboda.
69
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom Subispirebi kolxuri
materialuri kulturisaTvis ar Cans ise damaxasiaTebeli,
rogorc iaraRis sxva saxeobebi _ mag. satevari an culi
[papuaSvili, 1998: 47]. es albaT ufro centralur kolxeTs
exeba, vinaidan Crdilo-aRmosavleT kolxeTidan Subispirebi
sakmao raodenobiTaa cnobili. borjomis xeoba ki am mxriv
centraluri
kolxeTisgan
sagrZnoblad
gansxvavdeba
da
Subispirebi, rogorc Cans, yvelaze ufro popularuli da
gavrcelebuli iaraRi yofila.
i
s
r
i
s
p
i
r
e
b
i.
rvelis,
CiTaxevisa
da
borniReles samarovnebze Zv.w. VIII_VII saukuneebis samarxebSi
aRmoCnda aTi isrispiri: ori rvelis #22 samarxSi; eqvsi
CiTaxevis #73 samarxSi da oric borniReles #76 1 samarxSi.
amaTgan cxra brinjaosia da mxolod erTi (CiTaxevis #73
samarxSi) rkinis (tab. XX 3 ).
rvelis
#22
samarxSi
ganekuTvneba
e.w.
,,skviTur~
dadasturebuli
isrispirebis
isrispirebi
tips.
isini
samfrTiani, masriani isrispirebia. erTi maTgani naklulia,
nawilobriv motexili aqvs masra da frTebi. samarxSi, sadac
isini
dadasturda
aRmoCnda
erTi
micvalebulis
cudad
daculi ConCxi, romelic marjvena gverdze iyo dasvenebuli.
garda
isrispirebisa
aq
aRmoCnda
rkinis
culi.
rkinis
moxrili dana, brinjaos sakinZi da sxva nivTebi. samarxi Zv.w.
VII
saukunis
daTariRdes.
meore
naxevriTa
erT-erTi
da
mTavari
Zv.w.
VI
saukuniT
damaTariRebeli
unda
swored
samfrTini `skviTuri~ isrispirebia.
CiTaxevis #73 samarxSi aRmoCnda eqvsi isrispiri. xuTi
maTgani
brinjaos
ganekuTvneba.
e.w.
Tumca
`yunwian-frTadaSvebul~
maTSic
SeiZleba
isrispirebs
ramdenime
gansxvave-
buli tipis gamoyofa. erTi maTgani (tab. XX 4 ) SedarebiT
patara zomis, mokleyunwiani da uqedoa. danarCeni oTxi ki
70
grZelyunwianebia, qedianebi, grZlad daSvebuli ,,frTebiT~
(tab. XX 1,2 ).
#76 1
borniReles
gansxvavebuli
tipis
samarxSi
isrispiri:
aRmoCnda
erTi
brinjaos
maTgani
ori
ganekuTvneba
e.w. `fuZeamoRarul~ samkuTxa, firfitovan isrispirebis tips,
romelsac
erTi
naxvreti
brinjaos
Txeli
aqvs.
firfitisgan
meore
ki
yunwiania,
damzadebuli.
Ggarda
aseve
amisa
aRmoCnda patara zomis frTebdaSvebuli isrispirebic (tab.
XX 7,8 ). borniReles #76 1 e.w. `Sereul” samarxSi sabrZolo
iaraRebidan
ZiriTadad
mxolod es ori isrispiri aRmoCnda. inventarSi
samkauli-sakinZebi,
Zewkvebi,
mZivebi,
samajurebi
Warbobs, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom samarxi SesaZloa qalis
yofiliyo.
borniReles #76 1 samarxSi aRmoCenili samkuTxa isrispirebi gavrcelebas gvianibrinjaos xanis adreul safexurze
iwyeben. isini rogorc wesi, brinjaos an spilenZis Txeli
firfitisgan arian dazadebuli, fuZe amoRaruli aqvT, xolo
wveris maxloblad naxvreti aqvT datanili. isrispirTa es
saxeoba
rkinis
arsebobas,
farTo
Tumca
am
aTvisebis
periodSi
igi
xanaSic
zogjer
ganagrZobs
rkinisagan
an
Zvlisgan mzaddeboda. kolxeTis teritoriaze ki arsebobas
amgvari
tipis
kaJis
isrispirebic
ganagrZoben.
am
tipis
isrispirebi pirvelad samTavros samarovanze Cndeba da 600700 wlis manZilze ganagrZobs arsebobas. amis gamo `samTavruli~ isrispirebis saxeliTacaa cnobili. isini ZiriTadad
Zv.w. XI-X sakuneebSi iwyeben gamoCenas da masiur gavrcelebas, Tumca Semdegac didi xnis manZilze arseboben. amgvari
isrispirebi aRmoCenilia samTavros #7, 83, 89, 95, 206 ormosamarxebSi [mcxeTa VI, 1982: 101 sur. 419, 109. sur. 573; 126 sur.
824; 129 sur. 854; 134 sur. 881]. TbilisSi _ saburTaloze,
navTluRSi [qoriZe,
Cans,
ZiriTadad
1958: 89. sur 63.2] da sxva. isini rogorc
mainc
Sida
qarTlis
teritoriaze
arian
gavrcelebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi samTavros gvianbrinjaosa
71
da gardamavali periodis samarxebisaTvis mxolod amgvari
isrispirebia damaxasiaTebeli [qoriZe, 1958: 30-31].
borniReles #76 samarxi e.w. `Sereul~ samarxs warmoadgens,
sadac
dadasturda
dakrZalvis
rogorc
inhumaciuri,
ise kremaciuli wesi. krecmaia ki rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
Zv.w. VIII saukuneze adreul xanaSi am regionisTvis ucxoa.
garda
amisa,
swored
samarxSi
Zv.w.
aris
VIII_VII
iseTi
nivTebi,
saukuneebiT
romlebic
aTariRebs.
mag.
mas
Tixis
sasmisebi brinjaos xatisuReli da sxva. amave dros, amave
samarxSi
dadasturda
brinjaos
Tavxvia
iseTi
sakinZi.
arqauli
Tumca
es
nivTi,
rogoricaa
ukanaskneli,
Cvenis
azriT, damaTariReblad ver gamodgeba (am sakiTxze ufro
dawvrilebiT
Semdeg
TavSi
gveqneba
saubari).
ase,
rom
aRniSnuli samarxi Zv.w. VIII saukuneze adreuli ar unda iyos
da amdenad am tipis isrispirebic am dromde da iqneb ufro
gvianac ganagrZoben arsebobas. yovel SemTxvevaSi borjomis
xeobaSi mainc.
isrispirebis
kargad
erT-erT
Camoyalibebul
yvelaze
tips
mravaleicxovan
warmoadgens
e.w.
da
`yunwiani~
isrispirebi. am tipis damaxasiaTebeli niSania samkuTxa piri,
oTxkuTxa
an
rombuli
ganivkveTiT.
maxvili
daSvebuli
frTebi da sxvadasxva ganivkveTis (mrgvali, oTxkuTxa) yunwi.
am
tipis
isrispirebi
yvelaze
metad
damaxasiaTebelia
aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da saerTod kavkasiis aRmosavleT
regionebisTvis
da
zogjer
`aRmosavleTamierkavkasiuri~
isrispirebis saxeliTaa cnobili [Куфтин, 1941: 56]. Tumca is
arc dasavleT saqarTvelosTvisaa mTlad ucxo. jer kidev
XX saukunis pirvl naxevarSi am tipis isrispiri aRmoCnda
sof. dablagomSi da
kolxur
variantad
urekis
samarovanze
b. kuftinma is yunwiani isrispirebis
miiCnia
[Куфтин, 1949: 144].
mopovebuli
aRwerisas aRniSnavs, rom am tipis
yunwiani
T.
miqelaZe
isrispirebis
isrispirebis kolxuri
varianti aRmosavleTamierkavkasiurisagan gansxvavdeba for72
mis simartiviTa da naklebad diferencirbulobiT. kerZod
maT ar aqvT SuaSi Tavidan bolomde gamWoli qedi. dReisaTvis
kolxuri
isrispirebi
kulturis
gavrcelebis
damowmebulia
paluris
arealze
saZvleze
amgvari
[oqropiriZe,
baramiZe, 1974: 108, tab. XIX 27 ], muxurCis samarovanze [Гогадзе
1984
:30].
aRmosavleT
gavrcelebis
saqarTveloSi
qronologiuri
CarCo
am
Zv.w.
tipis
XIII-VII
iaraRis
saukuneebs
moicavs [abramiSvili, 1957: 368-369].
yunwiani
samkuTxa
isrispirebi
gavrcelebulia
ara
mxolod samxreT kavkasiaSi, aramed mcire aziasa da egeosur
samyaroSi, sadac isini Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan
Zv.w.
VIII
saukunemde
funqcionireben.
maT
egviptidan
an
anatoliidan momdinared miiCneven, Tumca uSveben SesaZleblobas, rom orive am regionSi iaraRis es tipi erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad iyos Seqmnili [Snodgrass, 1964: 141]. b. kuftini
yunwian
kolxur
isrispirebs
xmelTaSuazRvispireTisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli produqciis kolxeTSi asimilirebul formad miiCnevda [Куфтин, 1950: 118]. yunwiani rkinis isrispirebi
brinjaos
prototipebTan
aRmoCenili.
isini
SedarebiT
damowmebulia
mcire
rkinis
raodenobiTaa
farTo
aTvisebis
xanis kompleqsebSi (mag #211 ormosamarxSi). Aamgvari iaraRi
gamoCenas savaraudod Zv.w. X s-is dasawyisSi iwyebs da Zv.w.
VII s-is pirvel naxevramde arsebobs [abramiSvili 1961: 350,
363; tab. V 2 ].
borniReles
#76 1
da
CiTaxevis
#73
samarxebSi
aRmoCenil yunwian frTebdaSvebul isrispirebs paralelebi
eZebnebaT
samTavros
samarovanze,
mag.
#268
ormosamarxSi.
iseve rogorc borniReles #76 1 samarxSi, aqac aRmoCenilia
brinjaos Txelfirfitovani isriswverebi, romelTagan erTi
yunwiania, ori ki uyunwo – fuZeSezneqili da gaxvretili
[mcxeTa IV. sur 8 222 ]. isini narekvavis samarovanzec gvxvdeba
[nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007. tab. XIV, XLII, LI].
73
msgavsi yunwiani samkuTxa frTebdaSvebuli isrispirebi
gvxvdeba
urekis
[miqelaZe,
1985.
samarovnis
tab.
XII 26,27,39 ].
#2
dasakrZalav
isini
siaxloves
ormoSic
amJRavneben
agreTve somxeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenil isrispirebTan mag.
artikidan [Хачатрян, 1963: 58 рис. 7].
Zv.w. VIII saukunis bolodan samxreT kavkasiaSi farTod
vrceldeba
e.w.
teritoriaze,
miCneuli,
`skviTuri~
romelic
skviTuri
isrispirebi.
kolxuri
isrispirebi
kolxeTSi
kulturis
naklebad
da
im
arealadaa
gvxvdeba.
mag.
Tlias samarovanze mxolod erTi aseTi isrispiria dadasturebuli
[miqelaZe,
1985:
41].
borjomis
xeobaSi
ki,
sadac
sakmaod mZlavrobs kolxuri kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
elementebi, garda rvelis samarovnisa skviTuri isrispiri
(oRond orfrTiani) sof. qvabisxevSicaa aRmoCenili [nioraZe,
1944: 186].
skviTuri samfrTiani isrispirebi yvelaze metad Zv.w VI
saukuneSi
aris
gavrcelebuli.
r.
abramiSvilis
qronolo-
giuri Skalis mixedviT, samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenili
am tipis isrispirebi Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriT da
Zv.w. VI saukuniT TariRdeba [abramiSvili, 1957. tab. I 63,65,66 ].
msgavsi isrispirebi aRmoCenlia afxazeTSi yulanurxvas
samarovnis #5 samarxSi. m. TrafSis azriT, isrispirebis es
tipi sakmaod arqaulia da Zv.w. VI saukunesa da SesaZloa
Zv.w. VII saukunis bolosac miekuTvnebodes [Трапш, 1970: 135.
табл. V. 18, 19, 20]. aseTive isrispirebi, romlebic somxeTSi,
karmir-blurzea aRmoCenili Zv.w. VI saukunis pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba [Пиотровский, 1950: 86. рис. 55].
rvelis
samarovnis
#22
samarxis
damaTariRebladac
swored es isrispirebi gamodgeba da igi Zv.w. VI saukuniT
unda ganisazRvros.
ra Tqma unda, sami skviTuri isrispiris aRmoCena (ori
rvelSi da erTi qvabisxevSi) sulac ar unda miuTiTebdes aq
74
skviTuri eTnikuri elementis arsebobaze. am tipis iaraRi im
droisTvis
Zalze
gavrcelebuli.
popularuli
miT
umetes,
iyo
rom
da
did
teritoriaze
borjomis
xeobaSi
ar
dasturdeba skviTuri kulturis arc erTi sxva elementi.
c u l e b i. rvelis, CiTaxevis da borniReles sakvlevi
periodis
samarxebSi
samarovanze
ori:
aRmoCnda
#19
da
11
#22
culi.
samarxebSi
maTgan
rvelis
orive
rkinisa.
CiTaxevis samarovanze xuTi (#22, 26, 29, 32 samarxebSi). erTi
brinjaosi da ori rkinisa. borniReles samarovanze oTxi
(#1, 32, 65, 92 samarxebSi) erTi brinjaosi da sami rkinisa.
kviracxovelis samarovanze Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. samarxebSi arc
erTi culi ar aRmoCnda.
zemoCamoTvlili culebi oTx tipad iyofa: 1) brtyeli
culi (borniReles #1 samarxi); 2) kolxuri culebi meore
tipisaa
(o.
jafariZis
klasifikaciiT)
_
CiTaxevis
#22
samarxSi; 3) hibriduli culebi; 4) rkinis culi, romelic
brinjaos
culebis
formas
ar
imeorebs
(CiTaxevis
#28
samarxSi).
sakmaod
saintereso
da
garkveulwilad
unikaluria
borniRelis #1 samarxSi aRmoCenili brtyeli culi. Tumca
SesaZloa
is
am
samarxis
kuTvnilebac
ar
iyos,
vinaidan
aRmoCenilia samarxis Tavze kulturul fenaSi.
igi rkinisaa, aqvs brtyeli, sworkuTxedis moyvanilobis
satare, odnav dazneqili mxrebi, ,,gamoyvanili” tani, sustad
morkaluli, mxrebTan SedarebiT odnav viwro piri.
rogorc cnobilia, brtyeli culi sakmaod gavrcelebuli
iaraRi
iyo
teritoriaze.
mis
araerT
brtyeli
b.
drois
mkvlevars
culebis
kuftinma.
iaraRisaTvis
garkveul
genezisze,
aqvs
monakveTSi
daniSnulebaze
gamoTqmuli
tipobrivi
klasifikaciis
damaxasiaTebeli
amosaval
gverdiTi
da
Tavisi
dayofa
da
vrcel
tipebze
mosazreba.
ganaxorciela
wertilad
Sverilebi
man
im
miiCnia
75
da amis safuZvelze sami ZiriTadi tipi gamoyo: kbiliseburi,
mxrebiseburi da blagvkuTxa Sverilebiani. am ukanasknels
Soris
man
kidev
quslianebi.
amave
ori
qvetipi
dros
gamoyo:
ganasxvavebda
farTo
da
viwro
ormag
da
sammag
yalibSi Camosxmul culebsac [Куфтин, 1944: 30-32].
kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis arealSi aRmoCenili
brtyeli culebi Seiswavla o. jafariZemac. man ori tipi
gamoyo. kbilismagvari Sverilebiani (am tipis culebi ZiriTadad kolxeTis mTianeTSi, raWa-leCxumSia gavrcelebuli) da
mxrebismagvari SverilebiT [Джапаридзе, 1953: 291-300].
vrceli naSromi miuZRvna
brtyel culebs
d. qoriZem.
man am iaraRis sami tipi gamoyo. Seecada Tvali gaedevnebina
misi genezisisa da gavrcelebis arealisaTvis [qoriZe, 1969:
5-28]. pirvel saxeo-baSi man gaaerTiana gverdiTi Sveriliani
brtyeli culebis is jgufi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia
sworkuTxa
gaTxelebuli
formis,
satare,
SedarebiT
mokle,
gamoyvanili
piri
mkvlevarma
mxrebismagvari
maRali
[qoriZe,
gaaerTiana
damaxasiaTebelia
bolosaken
SedarebiT
1969.
gverdiTi
zogjer
tab.
brtyeli
SedarebiT
odnav
da
dabali,
I].
gafarToebuli
Sverilebi.
asimetriuli
meore
culebi,
maRali,
bolosken
saxeobaSi
romlisTvisac
oTxkuTxa,
satare,
zogjer
mkveTrad
gamoxatuli da momrgvalebuli gverdiTi Sverilebi, maRali
da Tanabari siganis tani, soluri, dabali da morkaluli
piri, eqvsad dawaxnagebuli tani [qoriZe, 1969. tab. I]. amgvari
culebis
absoluturi
svaneTis
teritoriazea
qoriZem
gaaerTiana
damaxasiaTebelia
ZiriTadad
gamoyvanili
maRla
tani,
umravlesoba
aRmoCenili.
iseTi
samkapa
arian
mesame
culebi,
satare
saxeobaSi
ganieri
simetriuli
da
d.
romelTaTvisac
Sverilebi,
mimarTuli,
morkaluli
raWa-leCumisa
romlebic
da
piri
welSi
(zogjer
sakmaod maRali da asimetriulic). amgvari culebis nawili
calmag yalibSia Camosxmuli, nawili ki ormag yalibSi. am
76
tipis culebSi mkvlevarma ori qvesaxeobac gamoyo: pirveli
qvesaxeobis iaraRi arsebiTad imeorebs ZiriTadi saxeobis
aRnagobas,
magram
SedarebiT
patara
da
viwroa
da
Tanac
mxolod calmag yalibSia Camosxmuli [qoriZe, 1969. tab. II 1 ].
meore
qvesaxeobaSi
gaerTianebulia
kaxeTis
teritoriaze
aRmoCenili brtyeli culebis ramdenime egzemplari. maTTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
sqeli,
viwro,
welSi
gamoyvnili
tani,
ganieri, odnav morkaluli piri oTxkuTxa satare, aseTive
oTxkuTxa, boloebmomrgvalebuli SverilebiT [qoriZe, 1969.
tab. II 2 ].
amave
dros
d.
qoriZe
aRniSnavs,
rom
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze aRmoCenilia brtyeli culebi, romlebic arc
erT zemoTCamoTvlil tips ar miekuTvnebian. aseTTa Soris
ki asaxelebs borjomis raionis sof. BbalanTaSi (javaxeTi)
aRmoCenil
brtyel
SemTxveviTaa
culs
aRmoCenili
[qoriZe,
da
1969:10-11].
adgilobriv
es
glexs
culi
akad.
n. berZeniSvilisTvis gadaucia javaxeTSi mogzaurobisas. am
ukanasknels ki prof. t. CubiniSvilisTvis [RambaSiZe o., 1984].
culi ormag yalibSia Camosxmuli, aqvs eqvsad dawaxnagebuli
odnav
Sezneqili
tani,
horizontalurad
ganStoebuli,
sakmaod farTe mxrebi da odnav morkaluli, asimetriuli
piri [qoriZe, 1969. tab IV].
pirveli saxeobis culebs d. qoriZe Zv.w XII-XI saukuneebiT aTariRebs, meore saxeobisas Zv.w. XI-VIII saukuneebiT,
xolo
mesame
saxeobis
culebs
Zv.w.
XIII-VIII
saukuneebiT
[qoriZe, 1969: 13-14].
yvela zemoT naxsenebi mkvlevari ganixilavda mxolod
brinjaos brtyel culebs da araferi aqvT naTqvami rkinis
brtyeli culebis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, iaraRis es saxeoba
rkinis
farTo
aTvisebis
xanaSic
ganagrZobs
arsebobas,
Tumca araa ise gavrcelebuli, rogorc adre da arc iseTi
popularulia, rogorc sxva saxeobis culebi.
77
brtyeli
culi
arsebobas
sakmaod
adreuli
xanidan
iwyebs. Zalian saintereso egzemplaria napovni TeTriwyaros
raionSi, adrebrinjaos xanis yorRanul samarxSi [gobejiSvili, 1958: 131].
aseTive
raionis
patara
iaraRi
sofel
zomis
cnobilia
maxariaSi
uSverilo,
1926
saCxeridanac.
wels
martivi
SemTxveviT
formis
zugdidis
upovniaT
brtyeli
culi,
romelsac b. kuftini `eCos” uwodebs da Sua brinjaos xaniT
aTariRebs
(igi
yuamilian
culTan
erTad
iyo
napovni)
[Куфтин, 1944. табл. II 2 ]. adreuli brtyeli culebi napovnia
saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic [d. qoriZe, 1969: 13].
d.
qoriZis
azriT,
gvianbrinjaosa
da
mis
momdevno
xanaSi, rodesac xmarebaSia kolxuri da aRmosavlurqarTuli
culebis farTo asortimenti, brtyeli culebidan mxolod
da mxolod gverdiT Sverilebiani saxeobebia cnobili. amave
dros
is
saqarTvelos
aRniSnavs,
rom
did,
sawarmoo
aRmosavleT
da
regionebSi
dasavleT
mxolod
am
mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli brtyeli culebi ukeTebiaT da
iSviaTad Tu moxvdeboda ama Tu im mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli egzemplari sxva, Tundac mosazRvre mxareSi [qoriZe,
1969: 13].
borniRelis
gamoirCeva
samarovanze
aRmoCenili
brtyeli
culi
SedarebiT martivi formiT. ara aqvs gverdiTi
Sverilebi, arc mkveTrad gamoyvanili tani, arc Sverilebiani
tardasagebi.
amdenad,
igi
ar
miekuTvneba
d.
qoriZiseuli
klasifikaciis arcerT saxeobas da yvelaze met siaxloves
balanTis culTan iCens.
amasTan, mas ufro maRali satare
aqvs. odnav ufro naklebad Sezneqili gverdebi da ufro
simetriuli piri. Cvenis azriT, orive culi erTi tipisaa. am
msgavsebas Tavis droze yuradReba miaqcia o. RambaSiZem. man
borniRelis culi satare nawiliT ordus ganZis culsac
miamsgavsa [RambaSiZe o., 1984]. Tumca Cveni azriT, ordus da
borniReles
culebs
garda
imisa,
rom
sworkuTxedis
78
moyvanilobis
satare
aqvs,
sxva
erTmaneTTan
araferi
akavSirebT. samagierod, axlo msgavsebas iCens borniRelis
culi Tlias samarovnis rkinis brtyeli culTan, romelic
Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis fenebSia aRmoCenili. oRond Tlias
culs SedarebiT swori mxrebi da ufro metad gamoyvanili
tani aqvs [Техов, 1985. табл. 153 3 ]. rogorc cnobilia adreuli
rkinisa da zogjer rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSic rkinis
iaraRi
da
sxva
analogiuri
nivTebic
nivTebis
brinjaos
mibaZviT
xanaSi
mzaddeboda.
gavrcelebuli
mag:
satevrebi,
maxvilebi, Subispirebi, culebi da sxva. amgvar SemTxvevasTan
unda gvqondes saqme balanTisa da borniRelis culebTan
dakavSirebiTac.
o.
kidev
RambaSiZe
erT
miaqcia
borniRelis
saintereso
borjomis
brtyel
daskvnamde
xeobisa
da
sinamdvileSi
dadasturebuli
xis
e.w.
msgavsebas
`fxeCos”
culze
miiyvana.
dakvirvebam
man
samcxis
yuradReba
eTnografiul
dasamuSavebuli
borniRelis
brtyel
iaraRis
culTan
da
SesaZleblad miiCnia, maT Soris raRac genetikuri kavSiris
arsebobac [RambaSiZe o., 1984].
brtyeli
culebis
daniSnulebis
Sesaxeb
mecnierebaSi
sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. zogi mkvlevari, mag., talgreni
fiqrobda,
rom
is
[Tallgren, 1912: 24].
samTo
saqmisaTvis
gamoiyeneboda
n. trubnikova mas tyavis dasamuSavebel
iaraRad Tvlida [Трубникова, 1947: 49-53]. aseve fiqrobda g.
nioraZec
miiCnevdnen
[nioraZe,
brtyel
1984:
13].
culebs
xis
d.
dasamuSavebel
qoriZe
da
o.
iaraRad
RambaSiZe
[qoriZe, 1969: 27. RambaSiZe, 1963: 17].
Cvenis azriT, brtyeli culi imgvari iaraRia, romlis
gamoyeneba Tanabari warmatebiTaa SesaZlebeli yvela zemoCamoTvlili saqmisaTvis. sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva adgilas mas albaT sxvadasxva funqciis Sesruleba uxdeboda.
tyiT mdidar borjomis xeobaSi ki albaT, yvelaze metad
swored xis dasamuSaveblad iyenebdnen.
79
balanTa
da
borniRele
garkveulwilad
erT
geografiul regionSia moqceuli. ori Zalian msgavsi, Tumca
qronologiurad
SesaZloa
sakmaod
daSorebuli
aRmoCena, xom ar iZleva varaudis safuZvels,
saqarTvelo miviCnioT
culebi
mzaddeboda
egzemplari
amis
culis
rom samxreT
im mxared sadac am tipis brtyeli
da
vrceldeboda?
Tamamad
Tqmis
Tumca
safuZvels
orad
ori
namdvilad
ar
iZleva, miT umetes, rom msgavsi iaraRi sakmaod daSorebul
regionSi,
Tlias samarovanzecaa aRmoCenili.
metad saintereso brinjaos culebi aRmoCnda CiTaxevis
#26 da borniReles #92 samarxebSi.
CiTaxevis
formisaa.
#26
mas
aqvs
samarxSi
swori,
aRmoCenili
dabali,
culi
eqvsad
mogrZo
dawaxnagebuli
tani, Tanabrad morkaluli yuis Tavi, mogrZo ovalis formis
satare
xvreli,
tanisagan
Tanabrad
gamoziduli
sakmaod dabali fxa da simetriuli, morkaluri
XXI 3 ). culTan
erTad
CiTaxevis
#26
brinjaos
erTwiladi
mSvildiseburi
sartylis
garsakravis
fragmentebi,
niRrebi,
piri (tab.
samarxSi
aRmoCnda:
fibula,
brinjaos
brinjaos
sqeli
fir-
fitisagan damzadebuli samajuri, brinjaos ovalurganivkveTiani
samajuri,
piri,
rkinis
uReli,
rkinis
culi
Subispiri,
calyura,
(kolxuri),
brinjaos
kanelurebiani
rkinis
satevris
grexilReroiani
Tixis
xatis-
sasmisebi
da
sxvadasxva masalisagan damzadebuli nairnairi mZivebi.
msgavsi culi aRmoCnda borniReles #92 samarxSi. mas
aqvs brtyeli odnav Cazneqili yuis Tavi (romelsac SuaSi
Rari dauyveba). swori, eqvsad dawaxnagebuli tani, ovaluri
satare xvreli, sakmaod maRali, tanidan Tanabrad gamoziduli
fxa
da
simetriulad
morkaluli
piri
(tab.
XXI 2 ).
masTan erTad samarxSi aRmoCnda: rkinis Subispiri, brinjaos
qamris
garsakravis
arqauli
brinjaos
ieris
fragmentebi,
mqone
frTiseburi
masiuri
samajurebi
Tavebgaxsnili
abzindebi,
brinjaos
(maT
Soris
samajurebi),
firfitovani
80
beWdebi,
brinjaos
mrgvalganivkveTiani
sayure,
brinjaos
firfitovani sakidebi, sardionis mZivebi da ramdenime Tixis
WurWeli.
orive samarxi maTSi aRmoCenili inventaris mixedviT
Zv.w. VIII s. meore naxevriTa da Zv.w. VII saukuniT TariRdeba.
am culebma da agreTve CiTaxevis samarovnis Zv.w. X_XI
saukuneebiT daTariRebul #58 samarxSi aRmoCenilma msgavsma
culma
imTaviTve
miipyro
mkvlevarTa
yuradReba.
vinaidan
isini aerTianeben rogorc kolxuri, ise `aRmosavleTamierkavkasiuri~
dul”
culebis
culebad
elementebs.
moixseniebs
o.
RambaSiZe
[RambaSiZe
o.
maT
da
`hibri-
sxva,
1974.
RambaSiZe o. da sxva, 1987].
specialuri
naSromi
miuZRvna
am
tipis
culebs
l. saxarovam [saxarova, 2001: 171-172]. man garda zemoaRniSnuli
egzemplarebisa
am
tipis
iaraRs
miakuTvna
culebi
axalcixidan, artanuj-tanZoridan, udes ganZidan. yvela maTgani
istoriuli
samcxis
(mesxeTis)
teritoriazea
aRmoCe-
nili. garda amisa, man am tipis culebs miakuTvna culebi
aWaridan: Caisubnisa da sixaliZeebis ganZebidan, saRoreTidan da zotidan.
udes ganZi al. javaxiSvilisa da t. CubiniSvilis mier
Zv.w. XI-X saukuneebiT TariRdeba [javaxiSvili, CubiniSvili,
1959: 59-62], r. abramiSvilis mier Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT
[abramiSvili, 1961: 324-325], xolo l. fancxavas mier Zv.w. IX
saukuniT [fancxava, 1988: 73]. Caisubnis ganZi d. qoriZis mier
Zv.w.
XII-XI
saukuneebiTaa
daTariRebuli,
xolo
al.
ramiSvilis mier Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT [qoriZe, 1965: 20;
ramiSvili
a.,
1974:
100].
sixaliZeebis
ganZi,
romelic
hibriduli culebis oTx mTlian da or naklul egzemplars
Seicavs Zv.w. XII-XI saukuneebiT TariRdeba
2000:
74].
amave
periodis
unda
iyos
[kaxiZe, mamulaZe,
culi
saRoreTidan
[ramiSvili a., 1974. tab XV 5 ; saxarova, 2001: 171]. zotis culi
ki l. saxarovas azriT, ufro gviandeli unda iyos. amis
81
sabuTad,
mas
is
garemoeba
moaqvs,
rom
es
culi
axlos dgas CiTaxevisa da borniRelis culebTan
2001:
171].
rac
Seexeba
axalcixisa
da
yvelaze
[saxarova,
artanuj-tanZoris
culebs, mkvlevaris azriT, udes ganZis analogiurni arian
da SesaZloa maTi Tanadroulnic [saxarova, 2001: 171].
rogorc vnaxeT, am tipis culebis arsebobis qronologiuri
diapazoni
Caisubnis,
sakmaod
CiTaxevis,
didia.
yvelaze
borniRelisa
da
gviandelia
SesaZloa,
zotis
culebi.
mTavari
niSnebi,
romlebic
yvela
maTgans
aerTianebs
aris swori da brtyeli yuis Tavi, dabali, swori tani da
simetriulad morkaluli piri. amdenad, zeda nawiliT isini
kolxur culebs gvanan, qveda nawiliT ki e.w. `aRmosavleTamierkavkasiur”
culebs.
isic
niSandoblivia,
rom
maTi
umetesoba aRmoCenilia iseT regionSi, sadac sakmaod mZlavradaa
warmodgenili
qarTuli
samcxis
kulturis
rogorc
kolxuri,
elementebi
teritoria,
romlis
ise
aRmosavlur-
(igulisxmeba
istoriuli
SemadgenlobaSi
borjomis
xeobac Sedioda). amitomac l. saxarovam wamoayena winadadeba
am tipis culebisaTvis ,,mesxuri” culebi gvewodebina. rac
Cvenc savsebiT SesaZleblad da misaRebad migvaCnia. Tumca
mainc ,,hibriduls” vamjobinebT.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom am tipis yvela culi
mxolod brinjaosganaa damzadebuli. maT Soris borjomis
xeobaSi aRmoCenili egzemplarebic, romlebic Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebiT
TariRdeba
da
rkinis
culebTan
Tanaarsebobs
(CiTaxevis #26 samarxSi ,,hibridul“ culTan erTad rkinis
culic
aRmoCnda).
CatarebiaT
samwuxarod
trasologiuri
am
tipis
culebs
kvleva.
iqneb
isini
ar
raime
gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebiTac gamoiyeneboda.
rkinis culebi zogadad or ZiriTad nawilad iyofa:
1)
culebad,
ukavSirdebian
romlebic
da
genetikurad
met-naklebi
brinjaos
variaciebiT
maT
culebs
formebs
82
imeoreben da 2) culebad, romlebsac TviTmyofadi formebi
gaaCniaT da brinjaos industrias ar ukavSirdebian.
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli jgufis culebi aSkara
genetikur kavSirs amJRavnebs brinjaos kolxur culebTan,
formis absolutur ganmeorebas adgili mainc ara aqvs da es
albaT, rkinis metalurgiis teqnikuri TvisebebiT aixsneba.
yvelaze metad am tipis rkinis culebi kolxuri II tipis
culebis formebs imeorebs (o. jafariZis klasifikaciiT).
rkinis
kolxuri
kolxeTis,
ise
culebi
aRmosavleT
cnobilia
rogorc
saqarTvelos
sakuTriv
teritoriidanac.
isini gvxvdebian afxazeTSi, guadixusa da wiTeli Suquras
samarovnebze [Трапш 1969: 56, табл. XI 6,9; 183 табл. XIX 10,11 ]. soxumis
mTaze Zv.w. XII-X ss. daTariRebul samarxeul kompleqsebSi
[kalandaZe 1954: 34, 51, tab. XXXIV 1 ]. Tlias samarovanze [Техов
1985. табл.1463, 1472, 1503] da.a.S. sakmaos didia maTi arsebobis
qronologiuri CarCoc – Zv.w. XII_X saukuneebidan (soxumis
mTa,
vidre
Zv.w.
VII-VI
saukuneebamde
(nigvziani,
Tlia,
borniRele da sxv.).
centraluri
kolxeTis
teritoriaze
aRmoCenili
masalis mixedviT rkinis culebis tipologiuri klasifikacia SemogvTavaza r. papuaSvilma [papuaSvili, 1988: 44-45]. im
tipis
culebSi,
romlebic
TavianTi
formiT
brinjaos
culebs ukavSirdeba, man ori tipi gamoyo: pirveli tipis
ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania maxvili yua, romelic mas
brinjaos pirveli tipis kolxur culebTan aaxlovebs.
piris formis mixedviT ki is met saerTos kolxuri
culis
culSi
II
tipTan
amJRavnebs
Serwymulia
pirveli
da
da
amdenad,
meore
am
tipis
tipis
rkinis
brinjaos
kolxuri culebis Taviseburebani [papuaSvili, 1998: 45 tab.
XVIII 4 ].
meore
tipSi
r.
papuaSvili
iseT
culebs
aerTianebs,
romlebic CaquCiseburi yuiT, morkaluli asimetriuli piriT
da ovaluri satare xvreliT xasiaTdeba. am niSnebiT isini
83
maqsimalurad uaxlovdebian TavianT brinjaos prototipebs
_ meore tipis kolxur culebs [papuaSvili, 1998: 45, tab.
XVIII 5 ].
aseve
or
tipad
yofs
mkvlevari
im
rkinis
culebs,
romlebic brinjaos culebis formebs ar imeorebs. saerTo
niSnebi, rac am culebs gaaCniaT aris viwro, wagrZelebuli
yua da aseve viwro da wagrZelebuli piri (pirisa da yuis
sigane
Zailian
uaxlovdeba
erTmaneTs).
pirveli
tipi
xasiaTdeba maRali, viwro da maxvili yuiT, wagrZelebuli
viwro
piriTa
da
tipis
ZiriTadi
ovaluri
satare
damaxasiaTebeli
xvreliT.
niSania
xolo
maRali,
meore
odnav
gafarToebuli da wakveTili yua. maT zogjer ,,yuakverian~
culebsac uwudeben [papuaSvili, 1998: 45. tab. XVIII 6 ].
rkinis
culebi,
romlebic
brinjaos
culis
formebs
imeorebs, garda sakuTriv kolxeTisa aRmoCenilia aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos
beSTaSenis
sxvadasxva
samarovanze
regionSi,
mag.
TrialeTSi,
[Куфтин, 1941: 45. рис. 43.];
Tlias
samarovanze [Техов, 1985. табл. 1472, 1503]; borjomis xeobaSi da
sxva. rogorc zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs, da savsebiT marTebuladac, amgvari rkinis culebi kolxuri warmoSobisaa da
isini, brinjaos kolxuri culebis arsebobis xanaSi _ Zv.w.
VII saukunis meore naxevarSi unda gamoCeniliyvnen [miqelaZe,
1985: 34].
rac
Seexeba
im
rkinis
culebs,
romlebic
brinjaos
culis formas ar imeorebs ,,yuakveriani" culis saxeliTacaa
cnobili.
mkvlevarTa nawili mas skviTur samyaros ukavSirebs da
amis
ZiriTad
argumentad
is
moaqvT,
rom
amgvari
culebi
Zalze xSirad iseT kompleqsebSi arian aRmoCenili, sadac
skviTuri nivTebis siWarbea [Погребова, 1969: 183-187]. m. pogrebovas azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom am tipis culebi kargad
aris
warmodgenili
saqarTvelos
rogorc
teritoriaze,
aRmosavleT,
agreTve
ise
somxeTSi
dasavleT
(golovino,
84
musi-eri), maTi gavrcelebis centri mainc Crdilo kavkasiis
aRmosavleTi
[Погребова,
nawilia
saqarTve-loSi
samarovanze,
msgavsi
brilSi,
culebi
1969:
183].
cnobilia
aRmosavleT
dasavleT
yulanurxvas
saqarTveloSi
_
dvanis
nekropolze, Tlias samarovanze _ yvela maTganze skviTur
inventarTan erTad [Погребова, 1969: 183-187].
borjomis xeobaSi gvxvdeba rogorc brinjaos prototipebis
minabaZi,
ise
maTgan
gansxvavebuli
rkinis
culebi.
CiTaxevis #26 samarxSi aRmoCenili rkinis culi warmoadgens
brinjaos kolxuri (II tipis) culis minabaZs. igi aRmoCnda
komplqsSi, sadac dadasturebulia zemoaRniSnuli brinjaos
hibriduli culi, bimetaluri satevari, brinjaos fibula,
calyura kanelurebiani sasmisebi da sxva. samarxi Zv.w. VII
saukuniT unda daTariRdes. msgavsi culebic ZiriTadad am
periodSia gavrcelebuli. amave jgufs miekuTvneba CiTaxevis
#32
samarxSi
bimetalur
pirian
maxvilTan,
da
danasTan
aRmoCenili
brinjaos
moklemasrian
da
rkinis
calyura
culic.
igi
qarqaSTan,
SubispirebTan,
sasmisebTan
aRmoCnda
rkinis
rkinis
erTad.
am
grZelmoxril
kompleqsis
gaTvaliswinebiT samarxi Zv.w. VII saukuniT unda daTariRdes.
am SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi damaTariRebeli, swored
rkinis culia.
rac Seexeba CiTaxevis samarovanis #29 samarxSi aRmoCenil culs, igi im kategorias miekuTvneba, romelsac araferi
aqvs
saerTo
brinjaos
kolxur
culebTan
da
romelic
r. papuaSvilma Tavis SkalaSi amgvari culebis meore tipad
gamoyo
[papuaSvili,
aRmoCenilia
1998:
45.
nigvzianis
tab.
XVIII 7 ].
samarovanis
#12
msgavsi
culebi
samarx-ormoSi
[papuaSvili, 1998: 46.], samTavros #212, 99, 8, 27, 14 samarxebSi
[abramiSvili, 1957. tab. I.
7,8,9 ],
Tlias samarovanze [
, 1985.
tab. 1062; 1374; 1411; 1451]. r. abramiSvilica da b. texovic
samTavrosa
da
Tlias
im
kompleqsebis
TariRs,
sadac
es
culebi aRmoCnda Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevariTa da Zv.w.
85
VI
saukuniT
gansazRvraven.
CiTaxevis
#29
samarxic
iq
aRmoCenili nivTebis (rkinis Subispiri, rkinis danebi) da
zemoaRniSnuli culis mixedviT, albaT amave periodiT unda
daTariRdes.
amdenad,
samarxebSi
borjomis
aRmoCenili
xeobis
culebi,
Zv.w.
VIII-VII
miuxedavad
saukuneebis
raodenobrivi
simcirisa, sakmaod asaxaven im tendencias, rac am iaraRis da
misi
calkeuli
tipebis
genezisisa
da
ganviTareba-
gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT xdeboda imdroindel kavkasiaSi.
rogorc Cans, borjomis xeobac sakmaod aqtiurad yofila am
procesSi CarTuli.
86
Tavi III. samkauli da samoselTan dakavSirebuli
nivTebi
rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniReles samarovnebis rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis samarxebSi mopovebuli masalis mniSvnelovan nawils samkauli da samoselTan
dakavSirebuli
amgvari
nivTebi
nivTebi
ar
Seadgens.
iSviaTia
dadasturebula.
samarxi,
isini
sadac
gamovlinda
rogorc inhumaciur samarxebSi, ise kremaciul urnebSi.
rvelis samarovanze samkauli da samoselTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi dafiqsirda Cvidmet samarxSi. aq aRmoCnda: sami
vercxlis da ori brinjaos sayure (#7, 54, 51 samarxebSi);
ori
brinjaos
da
ori
rkinis
samajuri
(#51
da
#54
samarxebSi); vercxlis ori sasafeTqle rgoli (#8 samarxSi);
brinjaos Zewkvebi (#44 da #45 samarxebSi); sami brinjaosa
da erTi rkinis sakinZi (#19, 22, 23, 58 samarxebSi); brinjaos
xatisuReli (#7 samarxSi); sxvadasxva masalisgan damzadebuli uamravi mZivi (#6, 19, 30, 40, 41, 44 samarxebSi).
CiTaxevis samarovanze samkauli da samoselTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi dafiqsirda ocdaTormet samarxSi. kerZod,
brinjaos sakinZebi (#1, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 32, 37, 70,
72,
74,
85,
samarxebSi);
86
samarxebSi);
fibulebi
(#4,
rkinis
11,
15,
sakinZebi
20,
23,
26
(#17
da
73
samarxebSi);
brinjaos samajurebi (#6, 20, 26, 37, 73, 82 samarxebSi); rkinis
samajurebi (#32 samarxSi); brinjaos sartylis garsakravi
(#14 samarxSi); brinjaos Rilebi (#11, 37, 70, 73 samarxebSi);
brinjaos
sayureebi
(#37
samarxSi);
xatisuRlebi
(#26,
32
samarxebSi); brinjaos gulsakidi (#74 samarxSi); brinjaos
milsakidebi (#37, 74, 82 samarxebSi); brinjaos Zewkvi (#70
samarxSi); brinjaos eJvani (#37 samarxSi); brinjaos beWdebi
(#37 samarxSi); sxvadasxva masalisagan damzadebuli mZivebi
(#1, 6, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 37, 70, 72, 73, 74, 82,
97 samarxebSi).
87
kviracxovlis samarovanze gamovlinda: brinjaos sakinZebi (#29, 48, 55 samarxebSi); brinjaos Zewkvi da rgoli (#55
samarxSi); brinjaos Rili (#55 samarxSi); sardionis, minis
da brinjaos mZivebi (#32 samarxSi).
borniReles samarovanze aRmoCnda Semdegi nivTebi: 82
sakinZi maT Soris oTmoci brinjaosi (#1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14,
17, 21, 22, 24, 26, 32, 34, 35, 38, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 65, 66, 71,
76, 78, 81, 82, 89, 91, 92, 93, 97, 99, 101, 111, 120 samarxebSi) da
mxolod
ori
rkinisa
-
#38
da
#91
samarxebSi.
oTxmoci
samajuri (78 brinjaosi da 2 rkinis - #2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17,
21, 22, 26, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 65, 66, 71, 76,
78, 81, 82, 89, 91, 92, 93 samarxebSi); eqvsi vercxlis sayure
(#2 1 , 22, 32 samarxebSi); oTxi brinjaos sayure (#44, 92, 94
samarxebSi);
brinjaos
aTi
sawvive
rgoli
(#73
samarxSi);
Svidi brinjaos beWedi (#2 1, 4, 55, 56, 92 samarxebSi); Svidi
brinjaos
abzinda
(#23,
27,
44,
64,
79,
92
samarxebSi);
brinjaos ilari (#32 da 76 samarxebSi); brinjaos sartylis
garsakravi
(#92
samarxSi);
brinjaos
xatisuReli
(#32
samarxSi); sami brinjaos sakidi (#24 da #32 samarxebSi);
brinjaos zarakebi (#24 da #32 samarxebSi); ori brinjaos
gulsakidi
(#32
samarxebSi);
mZivi
(#1,
samarxSi);
sxvadasxva
11,
16,
23,
brinjaos
masalisagan
24,
34,
44,
45,
Zewkvebi
(#32
da
damzadebuli
46,
55,
56,
76
uamravi
66,
74,
76
samarxebSi).
sakinZebi. sakinZebi borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenil samoselTan
dakavSirebul
nivTebs
Soris
erT-erTi
yvelaze
mravalricxovani da mravalferovani saxeobaa. rkinis farTo
aTvisebis
xanaSi,
iseve
rogorc
adreul
periodSi,
isini
ZiriTadad brinjaosagan mzaddeboda. mxolod TiTo-orola
SemTxvevaa
rkinis
sakinZebis
aRmoCenisa
(rvelis
#15,
CiTaxevis #73 da borniReles #11, 38, 91 samarxebi).
88
formis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos sakinZebis ramodenime tipi: 1) Tavxvia sakinZebi, romelTa Soris sami qvetipis
gamoyofacaa SesaZlebeli:
a) sakinZebi, romelTa Rero mTlianad mrgvalganivkveTiania (borniReles # 1, 7, 76 1 samarxebi, tab. XXIII 2 );
b) sakinZebi, romelTa Reros qveda nawili mrgvalganivkveTiania, zeda nawili ki oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani;
g)
sakinZebi,
romelTa
Reros
zeda
nawili
grexilia
(CiTaxevis #16 da borniReles #76 samarxebi. tab. XXIII 1 ).
2) Tavgamsxvilebuli sakinZebi. aseTi sakinZebis Rero
rogorc wesi mrgvalganivkveTiania da zeda nawilSi saTasme
naxvreti aqvs datanebuli. am tipis sakinZebic or jgufad
iyofa: sada sakinZebad (rvelis #22, 58; CiTaxevis #15, 18;
borniReles #5, 11, 13, 17, 21, 35, 38, 44, 31, 55, 56, 81, 92, 93
samarxebi. tab. XXIII 4 ) da ornamentirebul sakinZebad, sadac
Warbobs
wiwvovani
ornamenti
(CiTaxevis
#11,
23,
85;
borniReles #1, 4, 34, 44, 45, 65, 66, 71, 82, 89, 91 samarxebi.
tab. XXIII 4,7,8 ).
3)
oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani,
Tavgamsxvilebuli
sakinZebi
(CiTaxevis #14, 20 da borniReles # 2 1 da 14 samarxebi. tab.
XXIII 3 ).
4) kopebiani sakinZebi (CiTaxevis #37, 74, borniReles
#78 samarxi. tab. XXIII 5 ).
5)
gumbaTiseburTaviani
(Tavkopala)
sakinZebi
(tab.
XXIII 9,10,11 ).
6) miniaturuli, Tavgabrtyelebuli sakinZebi (borniReles #76, 96 samarxebi. tab. XXIII 6 ).
zemoTxsenebul tipebs Soris yvelaze arqaulia Tavxvia
sakinZebi.
maT
Sesaxeb
bevr
mkvlevars
aqvs
gamoTqmuli
sayuradRebo mosazreba (d. qoriZe, b. kuftini, n. oqropiriZe,
r. abramiSvili da sxv.). d. qoriZe Tavis naSromSi `Tbilisis
arqeologiuri Zeglebi~, ganixilavs ra, navTluRSi aRmoCenil gvianbrinjaos xanis masalas, exeba Tavxvia sakinZebsac.
89
maTSi igi or tips gamoyofs. mrgvalganivkveTian da oTxkuTxaganivkveTian Tavxvia sakinZebs da ufro arqaulad mrgvalganivkveTianebs
miiCnevs.
am
mxriv
dasayrden
masalas
mas
samTavros CrdiloeT ubnis #288 samarxis inventari aZlevs
[qoriZe, 1958: 173-177].
saerTod ki Tavxvia sakinZebis prototipebad SeiZleba
spilenZis
jer
TavmokauWebuli
kidev
eneoliTis
sakinZebi
xanidan
CaiTvalos,
arian
romlebic
gavrcelebuli
(mag.,
Tefe-hisarSi, SengaviTSi da sxv.). yvela maTgani mrgvalganivkveTiania.
fr. hanCari Tavxvia sakinZebs troa VI-dan kavkasiaSi
Semotanil saxeobad miiCnevs. magram qarTvel mkvlevarebs,
d. qoriZes da g. nioraZes maTi winaaziidan eqsporti saeWvod
miaCniaT [qoriZe, 1958: 173-177].
Tavxvia
sakinZebs
specialuri
gamokvleva
miuZRvna
n. oqropiriZem [oqropiriZe, 1951]. mkvlevari a. kalandaZis da
g. lomTaTiZis naSromebze dayrdnobiT samTavros samarovanze gamovlenil brinjaos sakinZebis mravalricxovani formebidan,
Tavxvia
sakinZebs
yvelaze
Zvel
formad
Tvlis.
n. oqropiriZec maT or tipad yofs da orive tipis sakinZebs
WedviT damzadebulad miiCnevs. is Tavxvia sakinZebis paralelebs upirveles yovlisa TviT saqarTveloSi (flavismani,
gomna,
TrialeTi,
(erevani,
yobani,
saCxere,
raWa)
ganja-yarabaRi)
da
eZebs
saerTod
da
kavkasiaSi
mxolod
amis
Semdeg troaSi, siria-palestinasa da evropaSi. n. oqropiriZec
iziarebs
zemoaRniSnul
mkvlevarTa
mosazrebas
da
Tavxvia sakinZebs kavkasiur wormoSobis nivTad miiCnevs.
d. qoriZis azriT, Tavxvia sakinZebi kavkasiis teritoriaze gviani brinjaos periodis Semdeg ar gxvdeba da am
garemoebas amgvari nivTebis Semcveli kompleqsebis daTariRebisas Zalze mniSvnelovan garemoebad Tvlis [qoriZe, 1958:
173-177]. aseTive azrisaa r. abramiSvilic. Tavis qronologiur
SkalaSi is Tavxvia sakinZebis Semcvels kompleqsebs Zv.w.
90
XIII-XII saukuneebiT aTariRebs [abramiSvili, 1957: 138. tab. I
204].
borjomis
xeobaSi,
kerZod
borniReles
samarovanze
aRmoCenil Tavxvia sakinZebis Semcvel kompleqsebze dakvirvebisas
mivdivarT
im
daskvnamde,
rom
am
tipis
sakinZebi
arsebobas ufro gvianac, kerZod, Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSic
ganagrZoben.
sakinZebTan
borniReles
erTad
#1
da
aRmoCenilia
#8
iseTi
samarxebSi
nivTebi,
Tavxvia
romlebic
swored am periodiT TariRdeba. mag. rkinis moxrili dana
(borniReles #1 samarxSi); bimetaluri maxvili (borniReles
#8
samarxSi).
dakrZalvis
garda
amisa
kremaciuli
orive
wesi.
samarxSi
erT-erTi
dadasturda
sakinZi
swored
kremaciul urnaSi aRmoCnda. dakrZalvis es wesi am mxareSi
swored Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi arsebobs. am tipis sakinZebi
aRmoCenilia rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis sxva Zeglebzec.
mag. TrialeTSi (gomareTi) TviT rkinis Tavxvia sakinZebicaa
aRmoCenili [davlianiZe, 1983. tab. XVIII 12 ]. brinjaos grexilReroiani Tavxvia sakinZebi dadasturebulia rkinis farTo
aTvisebis
xaniT
daTariRebul
leninakanis
samarovanzec
[Мартиросян, 1964: 284. рис. 110. 5]. sakmaod mravladaa Tavxvia
sakinZebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, e.w. `yobanur~ kompleqsebSi,
romlebic Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [Крупнов, 1960:
199. табл. XI; Козенкова, 1982 б. табл. XXXV 3,4 ]. es ki miuTiTebs
imaze,
rom
amgvari
sakinZebi
arseboben
qronologiurad
Zalze didi monakveTis manZilze – brinjaos xanis adreuli
safexuridan,
rkinis
farTo
aTvisebis
xanamde
da
amdenad
kompleqsis daTariRebisas dasayrdenad ver gamodgeba.
borjimis xeobaSi aRmoCenil sakinZebs Soris erT-erT
yvelaze gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens e.w. Tavgamsxvilebuli sakinZebi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, am tipis sakinZebis
or jgufad dayofaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli jgufis sakinZebi
sruliad sadaa, xolo meore jgufis sakinZebis Reros zeda
nawili Semkulia sxvadasxva ornamentiT – texili, gadajva91
redinebuli, talRovani xazebiT. yvelaze xSirad ki mainc
e.w. `wiwvovani~ ornamentiT arian Semkuli. maT umravlesobas
korpusis zeda nawilze aqvs saTasme naxvretebi. garda Cveni
sakvlevi
samarovnebisa,
am
tipis
sakinZebi
aRmoCenilia
maTgan axlos, sof. awyurSic [nioraZe, 1944: 196]. saerTod ki
aseTi sakinZebi cnobilia rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. mag. urekis #3 ormosamarxidan [miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XIII 44,45,46 ], beSTaSenis samarovnis
gviani
brinjaosa
da
rkinis
farTo
aTvisebis
xaniT
daTariRebuli samarxebidan [Куфтин, 1941: 73. рис. 80]. samTavros #295 samarxidan, romelic r. abramiSvilis qronologiuri Skalis mixedviT Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriTa da
Zv.w. VI saukuniT TariRdeba [abramiSvili, 1957. tab. I 29 ].
SedarebiT iSviaTia TavSesqelebuli oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani da mravalwaxnagiani sakinZebi (tab. XXIII 3 ). iSviaTia
ara
mxolod
borjomis
Tavgamsxvilebuli
xeobaSi,
aramed
mrgvalganivkveTiani
saerTodac.
sakinZebis
igi
cotaTi
ufro rTul nairsaxeobas unda warmoadgendes.
SedarebiT
uxvadaa
warmodgenili
e.w.
`Tavgabrtyele-
buli~ sakinZebi (tab. XXIII 6 ). am tipis sakinZebi sakmaodaa
gavrcelebuli
mTel
kavkasiaSi.
umetesad
ki
aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi: samTavros, beSTaSenis, Tlias samarovnebze.
igi
dadasturebulia
[menabde,
davlianiZe,
beSTaSenis
1968:
126,
#23
128].
da
#26
rogorc
qvayuTebSi
Cans,
isinic
sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi arsebobdnen. mag.
Tlias samarovanze gvxvdebian rogorc Zv.w. XIII-X s.s., ise
Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebul kompleqsebSi, (Tumca
IX-VII saukuneebis kompleqsebSi ufro metad).
borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili am tipis TiTqmis yvela
sakinZi
sadaa,
dadasturebul
kvadratebad
magram
beSTaSenisa
da
zogierT
egzemplars
daRaruli
xazebiT,
Tlias
Tavebi
samarovnebze
Semkuli
jvaredini
aqvs
xazebiT,
wiwvovani ornamentiT da a.S.
92
sakinZebis
sakmaod
gavrcelebuli
formaa
agreTve
gumbaTiseburTaviani (e.w. `Tavkopala~) sakinZebi. maTi gavrcelebis teritoriuli da qronologiuri arealic sakmaod
farToa. samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenil am tipis sakinZebs
r. abramiSvili Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriT da Zv.w. VI
saukuniT
aTariRebs,
xolo
sxva
aseTi
sakinZebi
mas
moTavsebuli aqvs Zv.w. IX saukunisa da Zv.w. VIII saukunis
dasawyisiT
I 27,130 ].
daTariRebul
ufro
aZvelebs
fenebSi
amgvar
[abramiSvili,
nivTebs
b.
1957.
texovi.
tab.
Tlias
samarovanze aRmoCenil egzemplarebs igi Zv.w. XVI-X da Zv.w.
XVI-XIII saukuneebis fenebSi aqcevs [Техов, 1981. табл. 51, 5, 10]. 2
zog
kompleqsSi,
mag.
samTavros
qveda
fenis
#565
samarxSi gvxvdeba rogorc Tavxvia, ise Tavgamsxvilebuli da
e.w. `Tavkopala~ sakinZebi. aseve igi dasturdeba beSTaSenis
samarovnis gvianbrinjaos xanis (Zv.w. XII-X s.s.) kompleqsebSi
[Куфтин, 1941: 73. рис. 80].
CiTaxevis
#37,
74
da
borniReles
#78
samarxebSi
aRmoCnda e.w. kopebiani sakinZebi (tab. XXIII 5 ). pirveli ori
oTxkopiania _ borniRelze aRmoCenil sakinZs ki xuTi kopi
amSvenebs.
am
tipis
sakinZebic
sakmaod
didi
xnis
manZilze
arseboben. b. texovi Tlias samarovnis masalebze dayrdnobiT maT Zv.w. XIV-XII saukuneebSi aqcevs [Техов, 1980. табл. 15,
26]. kopebiani sakinZebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ufro mogviano
xanaSic aris da `yobanur~ kulturis kompleqsebSi gvxvdeba.
borjomis xeobaSi rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis kompleqsebSi
am
tipis
sakinZebis
aRmoCena
adasturebs,
rom
maTi
zeda qronologiuri zRvari Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebamde modis
da kolxuri kulturisaTvis da am kulturis gavrcelebis
zonaSi moqceuli regionebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
2
b. texovis mier Zv.w. XVI-XIII s.s. daTariRebuli kompleqsebi bolo
xanebSi gadaTariRda da sagrZnoblad gaaxalgazrdavda.
93
samajurebi. samkaulis es saxeoba sakmao raodenobiTaa
aRmoCenili borjomis xeobis samarovnebis Zv.w. VIII-VII s.s.
daTariRebul samarxebSi. isini damzadebulni arian rogorc
brinjaosagan, ise rkinisagan.
rvelis
samarovanze
aRmoCnda
oTxi
samajuri
–
ori
brinjaosi da ori rkinis. CiTaxevis samarovanze brinjaos
samajurebi aRmoCnda
#6, 20, 26, 37, 73, 82 samarxebSi, rkinis
ki #21 samarxSi. borniReles samarovanze dafiqsirda oTxmoci samajuri, maTgan 78 brinjaosi da mxolod ori rkinis
(#1, 2 1 , 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22, 26, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 44,
45, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 65, 66, 71, 76, 78, 81, 82, 89, 91, 92, 93, 98
samarxebSi);
kviracxovlis
samarovanze
sakvlevi
periodis
samarxebSi arc erTi samajuri ar dadasturebula.
rkinis samajurebi Zalze daJangulia, xSir SemTxvevaSi
natexebis saxiTaa moRweuli da amitom formisa da tipis
garCeva Wirs.
brinjaos
samajurebi
ki
SeiZleba
davyoT
Semdeg
tipebad:
1)
mrgvalganivkveTiani,
Tavebgaxsnili
samajurebi
(gvxvdeba rogorc sada, ise ornamentirebuli calebi. tab.
XXV 1,2,3 ).
2) mrgvalganivkveTiani da segmenturganivkveTiani samajurebi, romelTa Tavebi damSvenebulia gvelis stilizebuli
gamosaxulebiT (tab. XXIV 4,5,6 ).
3) brtyelganivkveTiani samajurebi (tab. XXV 4,5 ).
4) masiuri Tavebgaxsnili samajurebi (tab. XXV 1,2,3 ).
5)
mrgvalganivkveTiani
samajurebi,
romelTa
Tavebic
erTmaneTze gadadis (tab. XXIV 1,2,3 ).
samajurebi aRmoCenilia rogorc inhumaciur samarxebSi,
ise kremaciul urnebSi. isini gvxvdebian rogorc mozrdili
adamianebis,
agreTve
e.w.
ise
bavSvebis
`kenotafSic~
samarxebSi.
(CiTaxevis
dadasturebulia
#20
samarxSi).
aq
94
aRmoCenili inventaris mixedviT simboluri samarxi mamakacis
saxelze unda yofiliyo gamarTuli.
xSir
SemTxvevebSi
samajurebi
koleqtiur
samarxebSi
gvxvdeba, sadac Zvlebi cud mdgomareobaSi iyo daculi da
Wirda imis dadgena, Tu romel micvalebuls ekuTvnoda esa
Tu
is
nivTi.
magram
aris
samarxebi
(mag.,
CiTaxevis
#26
samarxi), sadac marcxena gverdze dasvenebul micvalebuls
samkaulTan (mZivebi, fibula, samajurebi) erTad Catanebuli
hqonda
rkinis
culi,
rkinis
satevari,
Subispiri
da
xatisuReli (b. kuftinis mier mamakacis inisignaciis niSnad
miCneuli). ase rom, zogjer inventaris mixedviTac SeuZlebelia micvalebulis sqesis gansazRvra.
swored am samarxSia aRmoCenili brinjaos ovalurganivkveTiani, Tavebgaxsnili samajurebi, romelTac erTi Tavi
gabrtyelebuli
da
gafarToebuli
aqvT.
maT
paraleli
eZebnebaT qvemo qarTlSi, TrialeTSi: beSTaSenis, manglisis,
kikeTis, axalsoflis samarovnebze [davlianiZe, 1983. tab. IXX]. iseve rogorc borjomis xeobaSi, am mxareSic yvelaze
metad mrgvalganivkveTiani da ovalurganivkveTiani samajurebia aRmoCenili da iSviaTad gvxvdeba brtyelganivkveTiani da
miT
umetes
segmenturganivkveTiani
egzemplarebi.
Triale-
Tisgan gansxvavebiT borjomis xeobaSi naklebia cxovelis
stilizebulTaviani samajurebi (tab. XXIV 4,5,6 ). aseTi samajurebi sakmaodaa aRmoCenili dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod
afxazeTSi
–
wiTeli
Suquras
#21
da
#26
samarxebSi
[doliZe, 1999: 42. tab. XX]; guadixus #18 samarxSi [doliZe,
1999: 43. tab. XXIV]; iaSTxvas #1 samarxSi [doliZe, 1999: 44.
tab. VI]. wiTeli Suqurasa da guadixus kompleqsebi Zv.w. VIIVI saukuneebiT TariRdeba, xolo iaSTxvas #1 samarxi Zv.w.
VI-V saukuneebiT. aRmoCenilia isini samTavros samarovanze
#206 da #219 samarxebSi da r. abramiSvili Zv.w. VII saukunis
meore
naxevriTa
da
Zv.w.
VI
saukuniT
aTariRebs.
msgavsi
samajurebi gvxvdeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic – nesterovosa da
95
lugovoes samarovnebze. e. krupnovi maT aseve Zv.w. VII-VI
saukuneebs miakuTvnebs [Крупнов, 1960: 280]. msgavsi nivTebi
dadasturebulia Tlias samarovanze #213 da #321 samarxebSi, romelTa TariRsac b. texovi Zv.w. VII saukunis meore
naxevriT
gvelis
da
Zv.w.
Tavis
VI
saukuniT
gamosaxulebiani
gansazRvravs
[Техов, 1985].
samajurebi
aRmoCenilia
kaxeTSic. kerZod, meliRele II-is qvis yrilSi [ficxelauri,
1973. tab. XLVIII]. gvxvdeba isini did liloSi, lafanyurasTan; qarTlSi – zemo gostibeSi [davlianiZe, 1983, 63]. isini
gavrcelebuli arian somxeTis teritoriazec: mag. Zv.w. VII-VI
saukuneebis xrtanocis samarovanze [Каталог... 1969: 122. табл.
XLIII];
karmir-blurze
[Каталог...
1964:
122.
табл.
XLIII 3,5 ];
makaraSenis masalebs Soris [Мартиросян, 1964. 187-188. табл.
XXX].
Tumca
ramdenadme
`somxuri~
samajurebi
gansxvavdebian
TavianTi
saqarTvelosa
da
formiT
CrdiloeT
kavkasiis teritoriaze aRmoCenil samajurebisagan.
gvelis Tavis gamosaxulebiT samajuris Tavebis Semkoba
cxadia raRac religiur rwmenasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. gvelis gamosaxulebian yvelaze adreul nivTad saqarTveloSi
miCneulia TrialeTis Suabrinjaos xanis erT-erT mdidrul
yorRanSi
aRmoCenili
Tixis
WurWeli.
Semdgom
periodSi
gvelis gamosaxulebebs vxvdebiT rogorc samkaulebze, ise
iaraRsa da Tixis WurWelze.
b. kuftinis azriT, gvelisTavebiani samajurebi urartudan unda modiodes [Куфтин, 1944]. g. avaliSvilis azriT ki,
aseTi
nivTebis
karmir-blurSi
didi
raodenobiT
aRmoCena
uciloblad mis urartul warmoSobaze ar unda miuTiTebdes.
miT
umetes,
rom
urartul
panTeonSi
arc
erT
RvTaebas
gvelis atributika ar hqonia [avaliSvili, 1974: 82-90]. amgvari
samkaulis sixSire qvemo qarTlsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
ufro maT adgilobriv warmoSobaze unda mianiSnebdes. ase
rom, borjomis xeobaSi am tipis samajurebis aRmoCena kidev
96
erTxel miuTiTebs am
qarTlTan
da
mxaris
TrialeTTan
kavSirs, erTis mxriv, qvemo
da
meores
mxriv,
kolxur
da
yobanur samyarosTan.
samajurTa erT-erT saintereso tips masiuri, oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani samajurebi warmoadgens, romelic xuTi calia
aRmoCenili borniReles #93 samarxSi (tab. XXV 1,2 ). maT garda
am
samarxSi
aRmoCnda
ori
mrgvalganivkveTiani
samajuri.
agreTve sxva samkaulic: sayureebi, sakinZebi, beWdebi, mZivebi,
aseve rkinis Subispiri, brinjaos hibriduli culi da sxv.
samarxi koleqtiuria.
oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani
afxazeTSi:
[baramiZe,
merxeulisa
da
wiTeli
aRmoCenilia
Suquras
samarovnebze
50. Трапш, 1969: 104-106. табл. VIII].
1977:
borniReles
samajurebi
samajurebisagan
gansxvavebiT
magram
maT
Tavebi
gabrtyelebuli aqvT. m. baramiZe varaudobs, rom am tipis
samajurebi
mxolod
afxazeTisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli
[baramiZe, 1977: 50]. masiuri oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani samajurebi
dadasturebulia
samTavros
samarovnis
baierniseul
#600
samarxSic.
Semdegi
samarovnebzea
tipi
samajurebi,
aRmoCenili,
romlebic
Cvens
mrgvalganivkveTiani,
sakvlev
erTmaneTze
Tavgadadebuli brinjaos samajurebia, romelTa Tavebic zog
SemTxvevaSi
rvelis
#20,
wawvetebulia.
CiTaxevis
am
#22
tipis
da
samkauli
borniReles
aRmoCnda
#38
da
83
samarxebSi (tab. XXIV 1,2,3 ).
msgavsi
siaSi.
samajurebi
dasavleT
kargadaa
saqarTveloSi
cnobili
isini
samxreT
gvxvdeba
kavka-
kolxeTis
dablobze – urekisa da nigvzianis samarovnebze [miqelaZe,
1985: 55. tab. XIX 7 , XXIII 6 ]; wiTeli Suquras samarovanze (mag.
#32 samarxSi) [Трапш, 1969: 67-65], Tlias samarovanze, mag.
#263 samarxSi, romelsac b. texovi IX-VII saukuneebiT aTariRebs [Техов, 1981: 16-17. табл. 74]. amave tipis samajurs, oRond
97
#104 samarxidan, igive avtori Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriTa da Zv.w. VI saukuniT aTariRebs [Техов, 1985. табл.221].
rvelis #48 da CiTaxevis #32 samarxebSi aRmoCenilia
rkinis samajurebi. cudi daculobis gamo maT Sesaxeb raime
arsebiTis
Tqma
ar
SegviZlia.
aRvniSnavT
mxolod,
rom
rkinis samajurebi Zv.w. VIII saukunidan iwyeben gamoCenas da
ukve Zv.w. VI saukunis Semdgomi periodidan mTels samxreT
kavkasiaSi masiurad vrceldeba.
sawvive rgolebi. borniReles #73 samarxSi aRmoCnda
aTi sawvive rgoli, romlebic mcirewlovan micvalebulis
wvivis Zvalze iyo wamocmuli (xuTi erT fexze, xuTi meoreze). rgolebi oTxkuTxavanivkveTiania, Tavebi erTmaneTze aqvT
gadadebuli (tab. XXV 6 ).
b. kuftini Seexo ra afxazeTSi aRmoCenil brinjaos
msxvil rgolebs. isini sawvive rgolebad miiCnia, romelsac
adamians
fexze
bavSvobaSi
acmevdnen
da
sikvdilamde
zed
hqonda. mkvlevari maT cvilis dakargvis meTodiT damzadebulad Tvlida da mxolod afxazeTisaTvis damaxasiaTeblad
miaCnda. maT analogias igi mxolod dunaispireTSi xedavda
da aqedan gamohqonda daskvna afxazeTsa da dunaispireTs
Soris SesaZlo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. fr. baierni sawvive
rgolebs
`goliaTis
rgolebs~
uwodebda
da
simdidris
maCveneblad miiCnevda [Куфтин, 1949b: 150-152].
brinjaos
Tiani,
ise
msgavsi
rgolebi,
mrgvalganivkveTiani,
rogorc
sakmaod
oTxkuTaganivkvegavrcelebulia
mTels msoflioSi. magram yvela maTganis sawvive rgolebad
miCneva albaT swori ar iqneboda.
borniReles
diametri
6
#73
santimetria
samarxSi
da
aRmoCenili
amdenad
igi
rgolebis
adamians
mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze, rogorc b. kuftini varaudobda, fexze
ver eqneboda wamocmuli. amas garda, maTi borjomis xeobaSi
aRmoCenis
faqti
uaryofs
kuftinis
varauds
sawvive
98
rgolebis mxolod Crdilo-aRmosavleT kolxeTSi arsebobis
Sesaxeb.
sayureebi.
borjomis
xeobis
samarovnebze
aRmoCenili
samkaulis sakmaod mniSvnelovan nawils sayureebi Seadgens.
isini damzadebuli arian rogorc brinjaosgan (rvelis #42
da #51, CiTaxevis #37, kviracxovlis #55 da borniReles
#44, 76, 92, 94 samarxebSi), aseve vercxlisagan (rvelis #7,
54, CiTaxevis #23, 82, borniReles #2 1 , 22, 32 samarxebi (tab.
XXVI 1-4 ).
vercxlis sayureebi Zalzed daSlilia, cudadaa Senaxuli, Tumca dgindeba, rom isini mrgvalganivkveTiani mavTulisagan yofila damzadebuli. rvelis #7 samarxSi aRmoCenili
vercxlis
sayuris
boloebi
gvelis
Tavis
stilizebul
gamosaxulebas warmoadgens (tab. XXVI 3 ).
sayuris
daniSnulebis
mqone
sxvadasxva
masalisgan
damzadebuli rgolebis gavrcelebis geografiuli are da
qronologiuri CarCo Zalze didia. vercxlis mavTulisagan
damzadebuli
sayureebis
gavrcelebis
dros
ki
r.
abrami-
Svili Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriTa da Zv.w. VI saukuniT
gansazRvravs [abramiSvili, 1957: 126].
msgavsi sayureebi gavrcelebulia rogorc aRmosavleT,
ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi. agreTve CrdiloeT kavkasiasa
da
somxeTSi.
dasavleT
saqarTveloSi
isini
gvxvdeba
nigvzianisa da wiTeli Suquras samarovnebze [miqelaZe, 1985:
84.
tab.
XLVIII.
Трапш, 1969: 185-186. Табл. XV];
aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi beSTaSenis, samTavros samarovnebze [davlianiZe,
1985:
81-82].
beSTaSenis
vercxlis
sayureebis
Tavebic
gvelis Tavis stilizebul gamosaxulebebs warmoadgens. am
nivTebs iseve rogorc maT Semcvel kompleqsebs b. kuftini
aqemeniduri xaniT aTariRebs [Куфтин, 1941: 43].
99
beWdebi.
borjomis
xeobaSi
Zv.w.
VIII-VII
saukuneebiT
daTariRebul samarxebSi aRmoCenili beWdebi, rogorc wesi,
brinjaos
Txeli
erTmaneTze
aqvT
firfitisaganaa
gadadebuli.
#37 (2 c.) da borniReles
damzadebuli
isini
da
aRmoCndnen
Tavebi
CiTaxevis
#4, 55, 56, 92 (4 c.) samarxebSi
(tab. XXVI 6,7 ).
al. kalandaZis azriT, am tipis beWdebi Cndeba gviani
brinjaos
xanis
adreul
safexurze,
ufro
intensiur
gavrcelebas ki adreuli rkinis xanaSi iwyeben [kalandaZe,
1959: 185]. am dros maT ukve rkinisganac amzadeben. brinjaos
firfitovan,
oRond
ornamentirebul
beWdebs,
romlebic
samTavros samarovanzea aRmoCenili, r. abramiSvili Zv.w. VII
saukunis meore naxevariT da Zv.w. VI saukuniT aTariRebs
[abramiSvili, 1957: tab. I 19,21 ].
xatisuRlebi.
mcirericxovnobis
miuxedavad
Cvens
sakvlev samarovnebze aRmoCenil nivTTa Soris xatisuRlebs
mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT. amgvari nivTebi samecniero
literaturaSi
saxeliTac
sul
oTxi
aris
kirkalis,
cnobili.
xatisuRelia
gvergvis
da
borjomis
sakisre
xeobis
dadasturebuli.
rgolis
samarovnebze
ori
brinjaosi
(CiTaxevis #26 da 32 samarxSi) da oric rkinis (rvelis
#7
da borniReles #32 samarxebSi. (tab. XXVII 1,2,3 ).
rkinis
xatisuRlebi
mrgvalganvkveTiania
da
Zlier
korozirebuli.
b. kuftini xatisuRlebs mamakacis samkaulad da inisignaciis niSnad miiCnevda [Куфтин, 1949: 156]. simdidris damadastureblad miiCnevda xatisuRlebs al. kalandaZe [kalandaZe,
1959: 185]. misi azriT, grexilReroiani, boloebgafarToebuli
xatisuRlebi saqarTvelos adreul ZeglTa Soris TiTqmis ar
gvxvdeba. maT prototipad ki gvevlineba mrgvalganivkveTiani,
boloebdaxveuli
Tlias
samarovanze
xatisuRlebi.
aRmoCenili
amis
damadasturebelia
xatisuRlebic.
im
fenebSi,
100
romlebic
Zv.w.
XVI-XII
saukuneebiT
TariRdeba,
ZiriTadad
mrgvalganivkveTiani xatisuRlebia dadasturebuli. mxolod
Zv.w. VIII saukunis da Semdgomi xanis kompleqsebSi Cndeba
grexilReroiani egzemplarebi [Техов, 1985. табл. 107 3 ].
mrgvalganivkveTiani
boloebdaxveuli
xatisuRlebi
aRmoCenilia urekisa da nigvzianis samarovnebze [miqelaZe,
1985: 83. tab. XVIII, XIX, XX]; brilis [gobejiSvili, 1959: 103],
guadixus,
wiTeli
[Трапш, 1969: 68. табл. III, VII],
Suquras
beSTaSenis [Куфтин, 1941: 74. рис. 94] da samTavros samarovnebze.
CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi
[Крупнов,
samarovnebze
–
nesterovosa
1960:
205-206.
da
lugovoes
табл..
XXIII].
g.
gobejiSvili miiCnevda, rom mrgvalganvkveTiani xatisuRlebi
damaxasiaTe-belia adreuli yobanuri kompleqsebisaTvis.
m.
TrafSi, romelic mxars uWerda am mosazrebas, miiCnevda, rom
amgvari
xatisuRlebi
iyo
Zv.w.
VII-VI
saukuneebSi
gavrcelebuli grexilReroiani xatisuRlebis winamorbedia
[Трапш,
1969:
68-69].
mrgvalganivkveTiani
m.
baramiZe
ki
xatisuR-lebis
miiCnevs,
arsebobis
rom
zeda
qronologiuri zRvari Zv.w. VI saukunemde unda Camodiodes
da
garkveul
periodSi
grexil-Reroian
xatisuRlebTanac
unda Tanaarsebobdes [baramiZe, 1977: 53].
mogviano xanaSi xatisuRlebi Zvirfasi liTonebisganac
mzaddeboda.
rogorc
brinjaos,
ise
vercxlis
grexilReroiani
xatisuRlebi aRmoCenilia merxeulis [baramiZe, 1977: 52-55] da
paluris
garkveul
[oqropiriZe,
msgavsebas
baramiZe,
iCens
1974:
112]
mTiani
samarovnebze.
yirimis
is
Tavrul
nakeTobebTan. baidaris velze, qvis samarxebSi aRmoCenilia
rogorc sada, ise grexilReroiani xatisuRlebi. m. baramiZe
varaudobs, rom isini aq SesaZloa dasavleT saqarTvelodan
iyos Setanili [baramiZe, 1977: 54].
101
Tlias samarovanze dadasturebul xatisuRlebze dakvirvebiT
SeiZleba
gavakeToT
daskvna,
rom
rac
ufro
axalgazrdaa grexilReroiani xatisuReli, boloebi ara aqvs
daxveuli,
is
samTavros
gabrtyelebuli
samarovnis
varaudis
da
gafarToebulia.
masalebze
safuZvels,
rom
dakvirveba
orive
tipis
xolo
gvaZlevs
xatisuRlebi
Tanaarseboben. r. abramiSvili maT Zv.w. VII saukunis meore
naxevariT da Zv.w. VI saukuniT aTariRebs [abramiSvili, 1957.
tab.
I 1,3 ].
borjomis
xeobaSi
am
mxriv
arsebuli
viTareba
mxars uWers r. abramiSvilis TariRs, vinaidan, aq aRmoCenili
ori xatisuRlidan erTi mrgvalganivkveTiania da bolowawvetebulia
roiani
(CiTaxevis
da
#32
samarxi),
bolomokauWebuli
xolo
meore
(CiTaxevis
grexilRe-
#26
samarxi).
grexilReroiani, bolomokauWebuli xatisuReli aRmoCenilia
mzeTamzes samarovnis #26 samarxSi [nasiZe, 1987]. yvela am
kompleqsSi aris iseTi nivTebi (rkinis danebi, rkinis culebi
da sxva), romelic maT Tanadroulobaze metyvelebs (Zv.w. VII
saukune – Zv.w. VI saukunis pirveli naxevari).
abzindebi.
aTvisebis
CiTaxevisa
xanis
da
samarxebSi
borniReles
rkinis
aRmoCenilia
aTi
farTo
abzinda
(CiTaxevis #25 da #72 da borniReles #23, 27, 44, 64, 79, 92
samarxebSi. tab. XXVIII). yvela maTgani brinjaosganaa damzadebuli.
morfologiuri
TvalsazrisiT
maTi
dayofa
or
tipad SeiZleba: marTkuTxedis moyvanilobis da e.w. `frTisebur~
abzindebad.
(mamali
dugma)
yvela
da
maTgans
saTasme
ukana
mxares
naxvretebi
aqvs
kavi
met-naklebi
raodenobiT. magaliTad CiTaxevis #25 samarxSi aRmoCenil
abzindas Tu aTi naxvreti aqvs (tab. XXVIII 2 ). borniReles
#25
samarxSi
aRmoCenilia
mxolod
xuTi
(tab.
XXVIII 4 ).
bunebrivia, isini zomebiTac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.
aTi abzindidan gravirebulia mxolod ori – CiTaxevis #25
da
borniReles
#79
samarxSi
aRmoCenili
egzemplarebi.
102
pirvel maTgans naWdevi xazebiT Seqmnili rombuli ornamenti
amSvenebs, xolo meores paraleluri horizontaluri xazebi.
orive
maTgani
marTkuTxa
abzindebs
ganekuTvneba
(tab.
XXVIII 2,3 ).
amgvari
abzindebis
arsebobis
qronologiuri
CarCo
sakmaod didia. isini Zv.w. X-IX saukuneebSi iwyeben gamoCenas
da Zv.w. VI saukunis CaTvliT ganagrZoben funqcionirebas.
rac
Seexeba
ZiriTadad
maTi
gavrcelebis
kolxuri
geografiul
kulturis
sazRvrebs,
gavrcelebis
arealSi
gvxdebian [Крупнов, 1960: 103. Козенкова, 1982b: 51-54. fancxava,
1988: 33-34].
kolxeTSi
frTiseburi
mxolod
dadasturebulia
tipis
Zv.w.
abzindebi.
VII-VI
rogorc
centralur
saukuneebis
marTkuTxa,
kolxeTSi
kompleqsebSi
ise
isini
gvxvdeba
[miqelaZe, 1985: 50]. magaliTad urekis da nigvzianis samarovnebze [miqelaZe, 1985: 50. tab. VI 558,559 ; XIII 647-652 ; XX 754 ; XXI 786 ],
ergetis [Хоштария, 1955: 46. рис. 9]; muxurCis [Гогадзе, Панцхава,
1977: 3. табл. VIII]; paluris [oqropiriZe, baramiZe, 1974. tab.
XVII], wiTeli Suquras [Трапш, 1969: 46. . рис. 9] samarovnebze.
msgavsi nivTebi didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili yobanSi,
magram
maTSi
ufro
metad
marTkuTxaAabzindebi
[Уварова, 1900: 39-50. табл. XIV-XXI].
gvxvdeba
Warbobs
isini
Tlias
samarovnis Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxebSi
[Техов, 1985]. aseve somxeTis teritoriaze, amave saukuneebiT
daTariRebul Zeglebze, romlebsac a. martirosiani importulad miiCnevs [Мартиросян, 1964: 276. . рис.. 109]. am tipis abzinda
cnobilia sof. awyuridan [nioraZe, 1944: 196]. sakmao raodenobiT
aRmoCnda
samTavros
samarovanzec.
mag.,
#70
samarxSi
aRmoCenil abzindas r. abramiSvili Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebiT
aTariRebs,
xolo
#93
samarxis
SedarebiT
didi
zomis
–
cxranaxvretian abzindas Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriT da
Zv.w.
VI
saukuniT
[abramiSvili,
1957.
tab.
I 37,136 ].
rogorc
103
marTkuTxa,
ise
frTiseburi
abzindebi
dadasturebulia
mzeTamzes samarovanze. (mag. #4, 22, 27 samarxebSi), romlebic
amave periodiT TariRdebian [nasiZe, 1990].
fibulebi.
eqvsi
fibula
aRmoCnda
CiTaxevis
samaro-
vanze: #4, 11, 15, 20, 23, 26 samarxebSi (tab. XXIX). yvela
maTgani
warmoadgens
martiv,
erTwilad
fibulebs.
maTgan
xuTi brinjaosganaa damzadebuli da mxolod erTi rkinisagan (CiTaxevis #20 samarxi. tab. XXIX 4 ). am tipis nivTebi
samecniero literaturaSi `submikenuri~ fibulebis (mSildsakinZebis)
saxeliTaa
cnobili,
vinaidan
maTi
warmoSoba
berZnul xmelTaSuazRvispireTs ukavSirdeba [Blinkeberg, 1926:
17-21].
CiTaxevis
samarovanze
aRmoCenili
fibulebis
Rero
mrgvalganivkveTiania, ena gabrtyelebuli, zogi maTgani uornamentoa, zogs ki irgvliv Semovlebuli e.w. `Tevzifxuri~
ornamenti amSvenebs.
kavkasiaSi
araerTi
aRmoCenil
mkvlevari
Sexebia,
fibulebs
magram
anu
mSvildsakinZebs
monografiulad
jer-
jerobiT mxolod n. sulavam Seiswavla [sulava, 2006]. manve
mogvca am fibulebis tipologiuri klasifikacia. n. sulava
kavkasiaSi
aRmoCenil
fibulebs
sam
tipad
yofs:
pirvel
tipSi aerTianebs naxevradovalurrkalian anu dabalrkalian
fibulebs da maTSi xuT qvetips gamoyofs: 1) sadarkalian;
2)
erTmaneTisagan
daSorebuli
irgvlivi
`Tevzifxuri~
ornamentiT rkalSemokrul; 3) grexilReroian; 4) naWedvebiT
rkalSemokrul da 5) dakenWilrkalian egzemplarebs. meore
tipSi
aerTianebs
odnav
asimetriulrkalian
fibulebs
da
maTSi sam qvetips gamoyofs: 1) sadarkalian; 2) erTmaneTisagan
daSorebuli,
rkalSemokrul
tipad
da
mkvlevari
irgvlivi
3)
Tevzifxuri
grexilReroian
naxevarwrisebur,
ornamentiT
egzemplarebs.
anu
mesame
maRalrkalian
(nalisebur) fibulebs miiCnevs da maTSi ocdaxuT qvetips
104
gamoyofs: 1) sadarkalian; 2) sigrZeze mimarTul `TevzifxuriT~ rkalSemokrul; 3) irgvlivi `TevzifxuriT~ rkalSemokruli; 4) yvaviliseburganivkveTian; 5) marTkuTxaganivkveTian;
6) mrgvalganivkveTian; 7) rombiseburganivkveTian; 8) rkalze
disokseburi SemsxvilebebiT; 9) mZiviseburrkalian; 10) irgvlivi zolebis segmentebiT rkalSemokrul; 11) dakenWilzurgian;
12)
grexilrkalian;
13)
firfiteseburrkalian;
14) daxorklilrkalian; 15) rkalze lursmniseburi SverilebiT; 16) rkalze verZis Tavis protomebiT; 17) `rozetuli~
rkaliT; 18) rkalis Tavsa da boloSi zoomorfuli gamosaxulebebiT; 19) volutebiT budeSemokruli; 20) budeWvintiani;
21) baliSiseburzurgiani rkaliT; 22) Rrmamucliani rkaliT;
23)
naviseburzurgiani
rkaliT;
24)
bibiloseburi
rkaliT;
25) naxevradovalurrkalian egzemplarebs [sulava, 2006: 1-7].
Tavis naSromSi n. sulava exeba CiTaxevis #26, 58 da 20
samarxebSi aRmoCenil fibulebsac. pirvel ors, anu brinjaos
fibulebs, igi miseuli klasifikaciis pirveli tipis meore
qvetipSi,
xolo
#20
samarxSi
aRmoCenil
rkinis
fibulas
mesame tipis pirvel qvetipSi aerTianebs [sulava, 2006: 49-50].
rac Seexeba danarCen fibulebs: CiTaxevis #10 samarxSi
gamovlenili
brinjaos
fibula
unda
mivakuTvnoT
sulava-
seuli klasifikaciis pirveli tipis meore qvetips (dabalrkaliani
fibulebi
erTmaneTisgan
daSorebuli
`Tevzifxu-
riT~ rkalSemokruli); #16 samarxSi dadasturebuli fibula
meore
tipis
fibulebi
meore
qvetipis
erTmaneTisagan
fxuri~
ornamentiT
fibula
mesame
(odnav
daSorebuli
rkalSemokruli);
tipis
asimetrulrkaliani
pirvel
qvetips
irgvlivi
xolo
#20
`Tevzisamarxis
(maRalrkaliani
anu
naxevarwriseburi sada fibulebi).
CiTaxevis fibulebs mTeli kavkasiis masStabiT bevri
paraleli eZebneba. dabalrkaliani, sada fibulebi aRmoCenilia
urekis
Semkuli
amave
samarovanze.
tipis
aqvea
aRmoCenili
mSvildsakinZebi
Tevzifxurad
[miqelaZe,
1985.
tab.
105
XXVII 2 ]. dabalrkaliani, rogorc sada, ise ornamentirebuli
fibulebi
nigvzianis
samarovanzec
dadasturda
[miqelaZe,
1985: 82]. msgavsi nivTebi centralur kolxeTSi aRmoCenilia
agreTve ergetisa da dRvabas samarovnebze [sulava, 2006: 3844];
Crdilo-aRmosavleT
mTis,
guadixus,
kolxeTSi
wiTeli
Suquras,
yulanurxvis,
janxutis
soxumis
samarovnebze
(sulava, 2006: 38-44); rkinis fibulebi gamovlenilia brilis
samarovanze [sulava, 2006: 45]; mzeTamzes samarovanze asamde
fibulaa aRmoCenili. maTgan bevri mSvenivrad ornamentirebuli da gravirebulia [sulava, 2006: 48-49; nasiZe, 1987: 1991].
yvelaze meti 168 fibula Tlias samarovanzea aRmoCenili.
maTgan
139
brinjaosia
da
29
rkinis
[sulava,
2006:
50].
samTavros samarovanze dadasturebulia sami brinjaosa da
sami rkinis mSvildsakinZi.
baierniseul
#591
da
#600
samarxebSi
aRmoCenil
fibulebs Seexo r. abramiSvili [abramiSvili, 1961: 228-230].
igi
miiCnevs,
rom
am
tipis
mSvildsakinZebi
SavizRvispira
regionebidan vrceldeba da maTi radiaciis arec kolxuri
kulturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
nivTebis
gavrcelebis
farglebs ar scildeba. saqarTveloSi fibulebi inarCuneben
im saxes, romelic berZnul SavizRvispireTSi Tavdapirvelad
SemuSavda
(gansxvavebiT
sxva
qvaynebisagan,
sadac
isini
formas icvlian). es ki r. abramiSvils aZlevs safuZvels,
rom fibulebi saqarTveloSi berZnuli submikenuri mSvildsakinZebis
arsebobis
periodSi
gavrcelebulad
miiCnios.
submikenuri xana ki Zv.w. 1160-1050 w.w. farglebSi eqceva.
amdenad,
samarxebSi
r.
abramiSvili
aRmoCenil
fibulebs
samTavros
Zv.w.
XII-XI
baierniseul
saukuneebis
mijniT aTariRebs [abramiSvili, 1961: 330].
g.
nioraZes,
iseve
rogorc
bevr
sxva
mkvlevars,
fibulebis samSoblod samxreT evropa miaCnia [nioraZe, 1931:
202-203].
106
g.
gobejiSvilis
fibulebis
berZnuli
aTaswleulis
azriT,
saqarTveloSi
warmoSoba
kavkasiur
saeWvoa,
materialur
aRmoCenili
radgan
Zv.w.
kulturaSi
II-I
berZnuli
gavlenis araviTari kvali ar SeiniSneboda da arc fibulebi
iqneboda gamonaklisi [gobejiSvili, 1959: 136-137].
T.
miqelaZe
fibulebis
kolxur
samyaroSi
gamoCenas
egeosel zRvaosnebs miawerda da b. kuftinisa da r. abramiSvilis
kvaldakval
Tvlida,
rom
am
tipis
fibulebi
sruliad ucxoa mcire aziisaTvis [miqelaZe, 1985: 47-49].
b. texovi Tvlis, rom kavkasiuri fibulebis prototipi
submikenuri
fibulaa
da
rom
is
saqarTveloSi
Zv.w.
XII
saukuneSi Semovida [Техов, 1977: 146-147].
j.
afaqiZe
kolxur
samyaroSi
(Tlias
samaovanze),
fibulebis gamoCenas Zv.w. XI saukunidan varaudobs (afaqiZe,
2002:
49).
kolxuri
samarovnebi
ki,
sadac
amgvari
nivTebi
dafiqsirda Zv.w. VIII saukunis meore naxevriT da Zv.w. VII
saukuniT TariRdeba (iseve, rogorc CiTaxevis fibulebiani
kompleqsebi). uZvelesi fibula wiTeli Suquras samarovnidan
swored am periodis kompleqsSia dafiqsirebuli [Квирквелия,
1981: 15].
n. sulavas azriT, `kavkasia iyo nawili im uzarmazari
sivrcisa,
romelSic
fibulis
idea
trialebda.
amitom
kavkasiuri fibulebis genetikuri kavSirebis moZebna mTel am
samyaroSia
SesaZlebeli~.
mkvlevari
Tvlis,
rom
martivi
rkaliseburi fibulebi (miseuli tipologiis meore tipi) ar
ganekuTvneba
iseT
saxeobas,
sadac
mkacrad
dadgenili
normebi moqmedebs da amdenad yvelaze sicocxlisunariania.
kavkasiis masalebis mixedviT isini Zv.w. IV saukunis CaTvliT
arseboben.
meore
tipis
fibulebs
paralelebi
ara
aqvT.
msgavsi fibulebi kavkasiis gareT arsad dasturdeba. amdenad
igi kavkasiuri movlenaa [sulava, 2006: 186].
107
zarakebi.
brinjaos
patara
zomis
zarakebi
aRmoCnda
borniReles #24 da #32 samarxebSi.
#24
samarxSi
aRmoCenili
zaraki
cilindrulia.
korpusis erTi mxare SeWrilia. aqvs samkuTxa formis yunwi
(romelic gatexilia) da rkinis ena. korpusi Semkulia vertikalurad
daSvebuli
paraleluri
xazebiT.
simaRle
udris
4.2; diametri 2,2 sm-s (tab. XXVI 9,10 ).
#32 samarxSi aRmoCenili zaraki konusis formisaa. ena
aklia. aqvs momrgvalebuli yunwi. korpusis zeda nawili or
adgilas gaxvretilia. misi simaRlea 5,5; diametri 4,5 sm (tab.
XXVI 11 ).
zarakebis funqciuri daniSnulebisa da tipologiuri
dayofis Sesaxeb azri ara erT mkvlevars aqvs gamoTqmuli
(d.
qoriZe,
l.
wiTlanaZe,
i.
gagoSiZe
specialuri gamokvleva miuZRvna
2005,
2007].
mkvlevari
oTx
tipad
yofs:
da
sxva).
maT
T. WaniSvilma [WaniSvili,
zarakebs korpusis
konusiseburad,
formis
cilindrulad,
mixedviT
naxevrad-
elifsurad da naxevarsferulad [WaniSvili, 2005: 19].
pirveli jgufis (konusuri) zarakebi gamoirCeva detalebis mravalferovnebiT (aris gverdSeWrili, dafanjruli
egzemplarebi). cilindruli tipis zarakebisaTvis ki damaxasiaTebelia gverdSeWriloba, masiuri yunwi da korpusze ori
naxvreti, romelic enis Camosakidad keTdeboda.
dasavleT
saqarTveloSi
cilindruli
zarakebis
qronologiuri diapazoni Zv.w. VIII-VII saukunidan Zv.w. IV-III
saukuneebis CaTvliT Semoifargleba. misi forma mTeli am
xnis
ganmavlobaSi
aRmosavleT
cvlilebas
saqarTvelosagan,
ar
ganicdis,
sadac
maTi
gansxvavebiT
yunwis
forma
qronologiur sxvaobas iZleva. adreuli zarakebi (Zv.w. VIIIVII s.s.) zomiTac ufro didebia – maTi simaRle 2,5-dan 12 smmde meryeobs. Semdgom saukuneebSi ki maTi zomebi sagrZnoblad mcirdeba.
108
cilindruli
zarakebi
aRmoCenilia
muxurCis
samaro-
vanze (Zv.w. VIII-VII da VII-VI s.s. fenebSi); eSeris samarovanze,
sadac isini cxenis ConCxTan da lagamTan erTad dadasturda,
brilis samarovnis #29 samarxSi, romelic Zv.w. VI-IV s.s.
TariRdeba,
Tlias
samarovnis
VIII-VII
saukuneebiT
daTariRebul kompleqsebSi [WaniSvili, 2007: 102]. am tipis
zarakebi xSirad Semkulia reliefuri kanalurebiT, wiwvovani ornamentiT. wiTeli Suquras samarovanze - #8 samarxSi
aRmoCenil
zarakze
ki
frTagaSlili
orTaviani
arwivia
gamosaxuli.
rac
Seexeba
egzemplari
konusur
dasavleT
zarakebs,
saqarTveloSi,
yvelaze
ergetis
aRmoCnda Zv.w. VIII saukunis meore naxevriT
adreuli
samarovanze
daTariRebul
kompleqsSi. aq is, iseve rogorc cilindruli zarakebi Zv.w.
IV-III saukunemde ganagrZnobs arsebobas. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
ki
yvelaze
adreuli
egzemplari
aRmoCenilia
Trelis samarovanze da Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba.
aq is Zv.w. I saukunis CaTvliT gvxvdeba, oRond Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebis zarakebs momrgvalebuli yunwi aqvT, xolo Zv.w.
V saukunidan yunwi ukve samkuTxa xdeba [WaniSvili, 2005: 23].
am tipis zarakebi aRmoCenilia
wiTeli
Suquras
samarxebSi,
#20,
larilaris
21,
kurzuSi [qoriZe, 1961: 59],
iaSTxvas
samarovanze,
#2,
guadixus
urekisa
da
#21
ergetis
samarovnebze. [doliZe, 1999: 88-89], mzeTamzis samarovnis #29
samarxSi [nasiZe, 1991]. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, serJen-iurtis
#76 samarxSi, malaqlus kolumbariumSi. yvela CamoTvlili
Zegli Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba [doliZe, 1999: 88-89].
rac Seexeba am nivTis funqciur daniSnulebas, is moiazreba
rogorc
sakulto
sagani,
sakisre
rgolis
nawili,
cxenis
aRkazmuloba da sxva.
gulsakidebi.
borniReles
#24
brinjaos
da
#32
gulsakidebi
samarxebSi.
orive
aRmoCenilia
maTgani
erTi
109
tipisaa. isini warmoadgenen samkuTxedis formis brinjaos
firfitebs, romlebic dafanjrulia mrgvali da oTxkuTxa
RiobebiT (tab. XXVI 12,13 ).
msgavsi gulsakidebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli samkaulia
da
drois
sakmaod
mingeCauris
xangrZliv
samarovanze
monakveTSi
isini
Zv.w.
arsebobda.
XIII-XI
mag.,
saukuneebis
kompleqsebSia dadasturebuli [Асланов и др., 1959. табл. XIX].
Tlias samarovanze ki Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebis fenebSi [Техов,
1981. табл. 102]. Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba somxeTSi
aRmoCenili msgavsi gulsakidebic. [Хачатрян, 1975. рис. 92]. am
tipis nivTebi ufro metad samxreT kavkasiis centralur da
aRmosavleT regionebSi gvxvdeba.
mZivebi. rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniReles samarovnebze aRmoCnda sxvadasxva masalis, formisa da
zomis
uamravi
msxliseburi,
mZivi.
sardionis
`daxeTqili~,
(sferuli,
cilindruli
uproporcio,
da
sxva);
minis
(uproporcio, irizebuli, cilindruli, sferuli, `Tvliani~
da
sxva);
agatis
cilindruli
da
qalcedonis
sferuli
formis; pastis; giSris, brinjaos (sferuli, cilindruli,
firfitovani) mZivebi (tab. XXX).
yvelaze
meti
raodenobiT
mainc
sardionis
mZivebia
aRmoCenili. maT arsebobas saqarTveloSi uZvelesi tradicia
gaaCnia. g. lemleinis azriT, aq am mZivebis dasamzadeblad
xelsayreli
pirobebi
moipoveboda
rogorc
iyo,
Savi
ganamarxebul
niadagSi.
SesaniSnavad
daadastura
radgan
zRvis
saamiso
sanapiro
[Лемлеин, 1851: 68].
muxurCis
da
masala
qviSnarSi,
es
ise
mosazreba
oCxamuris
mZivebis
sardionis
mZivebs
saxelosnos aRmoCenam.
borjomis
xeobaSi
aRmoCenil
kavkasiis teritoriaze uamravi paraleli moepoveba da maTi
arsebobis
qronologiuri
CarCoc
sakmaod
didia.
isini
110
Suabrinjaos
mogviano
xanis
adreuli
xanebamde
etapidan
gvxvdeba
da
antikur
ara
da
marto
ufro
samxreT
kavkasiaSi, aramed CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da mcire aziaSic.
aqatis mZivebi samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze yvelaze
iSviaTi
mZivebis
kategorias
miekuTvneba.
yvelaze
didi
raodenobiT isini urartuli xanis masalebs Soris gvxvdeba
[Мартиросян,
1954:
86].
aqatis
mZivebi
iranis
samxreT
regionebSi jer kidev rkinis gamoCenamde yofila cnobili,
amitomac
b. kuftini maTi warmoSobis centrad swored
iranis zegans miiCnevda [Куфтин, 1944: 47].
minis mZivebic Zalze didi xnis manZilze arsebobdnen.
TebeSi
gamovlenil
uadres
egzemplarebs
Zv.w.
3500-3300
wlebiT aTariRebdnen. mkvlevarTa azriT, maTi gavrceleba
xdeboda jer mesopotamiidan, xolo Semdeg xmelTaSuazRvispireTis aRmosavleT raionebidan. saqarTvelos teritoriaze
minis
mZivebi
jer
kidev
Zv.w.
mesame
aTaswleulidanaa
cnobili, magram maTi raodenoba im periodSi Zalze mcirea.
mwiri
raodenobiT
gvxvdeba
isini
pirveli
aTaswleulis
pirveli naxevris samarxebSic. amave aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan minis mZivebis ricxvi mkveTrad matulobs da mis meore
naxevarSi
pastis
mZivebTan
erTad
masobrivad
vrceldeba.
aRsaniSnavia rvelis #41 samarxSi aRmoCenili e.w. `Tvliani
mZivebi~. aris azri, rom am tipis mZivebis samSoblo egvipte
iyo. zogi mkvlevaris azriT, ki isini finikiis qalaqebSi
mzaddeboda [Крупнов, 1960: 251-253]. saqarTvelos teritoriaze
aseTi mZivebis gamoCenis TariRad Zv.w. VI saukune iTvleba.
kerZod, Rebis samarxebSi. isini Zv.w. VI saukunidan Zv.w. III
saukunemde
arseboben.
adreantikul
didi
masalebs
raodenobiT
Soris
[gobejiSvili,
larilaris
samarovanze,
romelsac
aTariReben
[CarTolani,
1968:
gvxvdebian
zemo
avWalaSi,
gvxvdeba
310].
Zv.w.
Sida
kamaraxevSi;
VI-IV
brilis
1959:
198],
saukuneebiT
qarTlSi
kaxeTSi
isini
–
did
liloSi, sagarejoSi, lafanyurSi [davlianiZe, 1983: 100-101];
111
dasavleT
saqarTveloSi
dafnarSi,
farcxanayanevSi
–
dablagomSi
[davlianiZe,
[Куфтин, 1950: 52],
1983:
101],
guadaxes
samarovanze [Трапш, 1969: 75]. bikonusuri formis minis mZivebi
aRmoCnda malaqlus samarovanze [Куфтин, 1944: 45-46], wofis
qvayuTebSi, asureTSi, gomareTSi, kuSCSi, samTavros Zv.w. VIIVI saukuneebis samarxebSi; kaxeTSi – winandalSi, ToxliaurSi, iyalToSi; dasavleT saqarTveloSi – dafnarSi, farcxanayanebSi
[davlianiZe,
1983:
101];
CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi
–
lugovoesa da nesterovos samarovnebze [Крупнов, 1960: 285].
minis movardisfro da molurjo mZivebi gvxvdeba goraZirSi
[davlianiZe, gogaZe, 1981: 51, 56].
pastis
mZivebic,
iseve
rogorc
sardionisa
da
minis
mZivebi, masiuradaa gavrcelebuli Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulis
meore
naxevridan.
borjomis
xeobaSi
aRmoCenili
pastis
mZivebsac uamravi paraleli eZebneba rogorc saqarTveloSi,
ise mis farglebs gareT.
112
Tavi IV. mcire plastika
borniReles #32 samarxSi aRmoCnda sami patara zomis
brinjaos
qandakeba:
mxedris,
mamakacis
(iTifaluri)
da
mcuravi frinvelis.
mxedars aqvs sakmaod didi tani, didi Tavi da mokle
fexebi. saxis nakvTebi ar etyoba. Tavze wvetiani Tavsaburavi
(muzaradi) hxuravs. marcxena xeli cxovelis kiserTan aqvs
midebuli. marjvena ki idayvSi moxrili da win gaSverili.
xelis mtevnebi sqematuria, TiTebis gareSe. taniT odnav win
gadaxrilia,
aqvs.
fexebi
cxoveli,
dabaltaniania.
muxlebSi
aqvs
romelzedac
aqvs
moxrili.
isaa
maRali,
amxedrebuli,
sqeli
kiseri
etyoba),
dacqvetili yurebi,
wawvetebuli,
drunCi,
Cazneqili
fexebi
zurgi.
terfebi
sakmaod
(fafari
sakmaod
gaSlili
ara
ar
grZeli
aqvs,
wina
marcxena fexi odnav win gadadgmuli. Cliqebi an TaTebi ar
etyoba. aqvs sakmaod grZeli, sqeli da boloSi wawvetebuli
kudi.
miuxedavad
sagrZnobi
sqematurobisa,
mxedris
poza
(jdomis manera, gadaxrili tani da win gaSverili xeli)
mainc garkveul dinamiurobas sZens qandakebas da TiTqos
jiriTis an brZolis moments asaxavs.
Znelia imis garkveva, Tu romel cxovelze zis mxedari.
o.
RambaSiZis
varaudiT
is
mglis
ojaxis
romelime
warmomadgenels hgavs [RambaSiZe o., 1984]. Tumca arc isaa
gamoricxuli, rom antilopaTa ojaxis romelime warmomadgeneli an sulac cxeni iyos (Tumca am ukanasknels yvelaze
naklebad hgavs).
figuris simaRle 7,5; sigane 2,9 sm-ia (tab. XXXI 1 ).
imave _ #32 samarxSi aRmoCnda mamakacis iTifaluri
qandakeba. misi simaRle 6, sigane 1,4 sm-ia. figura ganasaxie113
rebs fexze mdgom mamakacs. saxis nakvTebi sustadaa gamokveTili.
Tavze
sakmaod
didi,
naxevarmTvariseburi
muzaradi
hxuravs. igi erT adgilas gaxvretilia, rac albaT imaze
miuTiTebs, rom qandakeba sakidad iyo gamoyenebuli. mxrebi
sakmaod
farTo
da
araproporciuli
aqvs.
xelebi
idayvSi
moxrili da win gaSverili. xelis mtevnebi ara aqvs. fexebi
ganze
gaSlilia,
terfebi
sakmaod
didi
da
mkveTrad
gamokveTili. aqvs aseve mkveTrad gamokveTili, aRgznebul
mdgomareobaSi myofi sasqeso organo (falosi). (tab. XXXI 2 ).
brinjaos
Zalian
patara
zomis
gavrcelebulia
aTvisebis
xanis
aRmosavleTSi,
anTropomorfuli
adrerkinisa
kavkasiaSi.
da
agreTve
rkinis
mcire
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi
qandakebebi
farTo
aziaSi,
da
axlo
samxreT
da
centralur evropaSi.
samxreT
da
CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi
maTi
aseulobiT
egzemplaria dadasturebuli, romelTa umravlesoba SemTxveviTaa aRmoCenili da mxolod mcire nawili arqeologiuri
gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli. bevri maTgani ruseTisa da
evropis sxvadasxva qalaqebis muzeumebSia daculi. nawili ki
saqarTvelos
muzeumebSi,
maT
Soris
erovnuli
muzeumis
fondebSi.
maTi Seswavlac sakmaod xangrZliv periods moiTvlis.
pirvelad
CrdiloeTY
kavkasiis
teritoriaze
aRmoCenili
figurebis Sesaxeb a. ipolitovma gaamaxvila yuradReba. 1868
wels
gamoqveynebul
publikaciaSi
man
mcire
plastikis
nimuSebi, romlebic CeCneTis teritoriaze iyo aRmoCenili,
ZvelberZnul
RvTaebaTa
`Zalze
uxeS
minabaZad~
miiCnia
[Ипполитов, 1968: 49-52]. a. uvarovma yazbegis ganZis Seswavlis
Sedegad amgvari figurebi yobanur, TviTmyofad nakeTobebad
CaTvala da Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebiT daaTariRa [Уваров, 1887: 29. табл. 8-10].
fr. baierni yazbegis ganZsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
aRmoCenil
figurebs
ara
kavkasiel,
aramed
ucxo
tomis
114
warmomadgenlebs miawerda [Марковин, 1986:75]. J. muriem ki
pirvelma
Seadara
erTmaneTs
(sardiniuli)
figurebi
gavrcelebis
geografiuli
pantiuxovma
brinjaos
da
daRestanSi
dakvirvebis
Sedegad
xanis
kavkasiuri
pirvelma
aRmoCenil
garkveul
evropuli
gansazRvra
maTi
[Mourier, 1987:28-31].
areali
pirvelma
da
brinjaos
gamoTqva
etapze
i.
qandakebebze
varaudi,
kavkasiaSi
rom
mcireaziuri
religiuri kulti yofila gavrcelebuli [Пантюхов, 1896: 5859, 142-148, табл. XVI 1,4,6,7 ].
meoce
saukunis
ocian-ocdaaTian
wlebSi gamovida a. zaxarovis ramdenime naSromi, romlebic
kavkasiis mcire plastikis nimuSebs eZRvneboda. swored am
naSromebSi
moxda
klasifikacia
maTi
[Захаров,
erT-erTi
1928;
pirveli
Zakharov,
1933].
seriozuli
o.
daudovma,
romelmac monografiulad Seiswavla kavkasiuri (gansakuTrebiT
Crdilokavkasiuri)
aRmosavleTis
da
brinjaos
mcire
aziis
figurebi,
mcire
isini
plastikis
axlo
nimuSebs
daukavSira da amis safuZvelze gaakeTa daskvna kavkasiasa da
aRniSnul
regionebs
Soris
uZvelesi
eTnokulturuli
kavSirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb [Даудов, 1974: 84-94]. samxreTkavkasiuri da mcireaziuri plastikis stilistur msgavsebaze
gaamaxvila yuradReba v. blekmac [Блек, 1981: 20-21]. vrceli
naSromi
v.
miuZRvna
markovinma.
kavkasiuri
masSi
mcire
ganxilulia
plastikis
rogorc
nimuSebs
samxreT,
ise
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili qandakebebi, – mocemulia
maTi tipologiuri klasifikacia, paralelebi mcireaziur da
evropul nimuSebTan da gamotanilia daskvna am regionebs
Soris
arsebuli
uZvelesi
kulturuli
da
religiuri
kavSirebis Sesaxeb [Марковин, 1886]. Crdilokavkasiuri nimuSebi
ganxiluli
aqvT
e.
krupnovsa
[Крупнов, 1960: 214]
da
v. kozenkovas [Козенкова, 1982b: 67-71].
somxeTSi
aRmoCenili
figurebis
Sesaxeb
saintereso
mosazrebebi aqvT s. esaians, o. mnacakanians, b. piotrovskis
115
da
sxvebs
[Есаян, 1976: 222. Есаян, Мнацаканян, 1970: 157-168.
Пиотровский, 1952: 50].
qarTveli
mecnierebidan
brinjaos
mcire
plastikis
nimuSebs araerTgzis Seexo S. amiranaSvili. igi am figurebs
adgilobriv, kavkasiur warmoSobisad miiCnevda da miuxedavad
imisa, rom zogierT maTganSi (mag. cageris muzeumSi dacul
`mxedarSi~) mcireaziur elementebsac xedavda, maTze aziuri
da
mogviano
xanaSi
antikuri
xelovnebis
gavlena
mainc
nakleb damajereblad miaCnda [amiranaSvili, 1944: 42-44; 70-72].
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil mcire plastikis nimuSebs vrceli
gamokvleva miuZRvna g. javaxiSvilma [javaxiSvili g., 1984]. am
naSromSi ganxilulia rogorc adrerkinisa da rkinis farTo
aTvisebis,
ise
neoliT-adrebrinjaosa
da
antikuri
xanis
anTropomorfuli figurebi. mocemulia maTi qronologiuri
da
tipologiuri
klasifikacia.
saintereso
mosazrebaa
gamoTqmuli maTi genezisisa da kavSiris Sesaxeb mosazRvre
da
Soreuli
regionebis
analogiur
nimuSebTan.
brinjaos
anTropomorfuli figurebis Sesaxeb saintereso mosazrebebi
aqvT gamoTqmuli k. ficxelaurs [fucxelauri, 1973: 115-120;
Пицхелаури, 1979: 51-58],
[fancxava,
T.
maisuraZe:
miqelaZes
l.
2001];
[Микеладзе,
fancxavasa
b.
kuftins
1990:
66-67];
da
b.
maisuraZes
[Куфтин, 1949b: 254];
o.
lorTqifaniZes
[Lordkipanidze, 2000: 1-29]; l. wiTlanaZes [wiTlanaZe, 1963] da
sxvebs.
anTropomorfuli
arsebobs
da
sxva).
(talgrenis,
ramdenime
klasifikacia
zaxarovis,
markovinis,
javaxiSvilis
avtori
klasifikacias
mag.
zaxarovi
sxvadasxva
kriteriumebiT
figuraTa
figurebis
axdens.
calkeul
a.
detalebs
iRebs
am
sxvadasxva
kriteriumad
(iTifaluri,
`rqiani~
`sadgariani~ da a.S.). v. markovini ki maT pozebs, ZiriTadad
xelebis mdgomareobas. man anTropomorfuli figurebi rva
jgufad,
anu
rogorc
TviTon
uwodebs
rva
`seriad~
116
daajgufa. mag. `orantis~ anu mvedreblis pozaSi gamoxatuli
adamianebis
niSnebia
qandakebebi,
maRla
xelisgulebiTa
romelTa
ZiriTadi
aRmarTuli
da
mkveTrad
maxasiaTebeli
xelebi,
Zalze
gamoyofili
didi
TiTebiT;
S-is
magvari figurebi, romlebsac cali xeli maRla aqvT aRmarTuli, meore ki dabla daweuli, idayvSi moxrili da win
gaSverili; doinjSemoyrili anu
sxva
[Марковин, 1986: 81-89].
figurebi
gaaerTiana.
(wvetiani,
isini
-is magvari figurebi da
mexuTe
seriaSi
rogorc
wesi,
momrgvalebuli,
man
`meomari~
sxvadasxvagvari
Slapiseburi,
maraoseburi,
naxevarmTvariseburi da sxva) muzaradiT arian Tavdaburuli.
umravlesoba
fariT,
umboniT,
maxviliT
da
zogjer
SubiTacaa aRWurvili. magram maTi mTavari da aucilebeli
aqsesuari mainc CaCqania [Марковин, 1986: 95-97. рис. 12-13].
g. javaxiSvilma saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili
anTropomorfuli qandakebebi sam tipad dayo: moculobiT,
sibrtyobriv da brtyel figurebad [javaxiSvili g., 1984: 5658].
rac
Seexeba
geografiul
bulia
brinjaos
areals:
mcire
samxreT
saqarTvelos,
plastikis
kavkasiaSi
somxeTis,
gavrcelebis
isini
dadasture-
azerbaijanis
(SedarebiT
iSviaTad) teritoriaze. CrdiloeTYkavkasiaSi: CeCneTSi, inguSeTSi, CrdiloeT oseTSi, daRestanSi, yabardoSi da a.S. wina
aziaSi:
xurvinSi,
biblosSi,
beiruTSi,
ugariTSi,
luristanSi. mcire aziaSi – Tefe-hisarSi, boRaz-qoiSi da
a.S.
evropaSi:
rodosze,
kretaze
(heraklionSi),
aTenSi,
olimpiaze, sardi-niaze, pirineis naxevarkunZulze, avstriaSi
da a.S.
maTi
gavrcelebis
teritoriaze
Zv.w.
qronologiuri
meore
aTaswleulis
CarCo
saqarTvelos
meore
naxevridan
iwyeba. am periodiTaa daTariRebuli kaxeTSi, meliRele I-ze
aRmoCenili figurebi [Пицхелаури, 1979: 53]. magram yvelaze
intensiurad mainc Zv.w. IX-VI saukuneebSi arian gavrcele117
buli. kidev ufro metad ki albaT Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi
(rogorc kavkasiaSi, ise mosazRvre regionebSi).
zogadad
ki
anTropomorfuli
figurebi
(ZiriTadad
qvisagan da Tixisagan damzadebuli) sakmaod gavrcelebuli
iyo
adresamiwaTmoqmedo
periodSi
(Zv.w.
VI-IV
aTaswleu-
lebSi) da adrebrinjaos xanaSi (Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis meore
naxevari
–
Zv.w.
III
aTaswleuli).
rogorc
kavkasiasa
da
saqarTveloSi, ise mesopotamiaSi, wina aziaSi, mcire aziasa
da evropaSi [javaxiSvili g., 1984: 12-44].
gvianbrinjaos xanidan rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanamde,
samxreT
kavkasiaSi
grafikuli
adamianis
gamosaxuleba
ar
arc
moculobiTi
gvxvdeba.
g.
da
arc
javaxiSvili
am
movlenas Suabrinjaos xanaSi mesaqonleobis ganviTarebas da
mwyemsur meurneobas ukavSirebs, rac misi azriT, xels ar
uwyobda
Zveli
samiwaTmoqmedo
kulturebis
tradiciaTa
gagrZelebas. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis TandaTanobiT ganviTarebas Tan mohyva baris xelaxali
moSeneba da miwaTmoqmedebis axleburi intensifikacia, kvlav
axali ZaliT iCens Tavs miswrafeba mkvidri saojaxo yofis
Sesaferisi
garemos
Sexedulebebma
am
Seqmnisaken.
xnis
amasTan,
manZilze
am
sagrZnobi
xalxis
cvlilebebi
ganicada da Sesabamisi gamovlinebac hpova. xelaxla Cndeba
anTropomorfuli
ieri
uZvelesi
gamosaxulebebi,
xanis
nimuSebTan
magram
maTi
SedarebiT,
xasiaTi
bevrad
da
ufro
`gaadamianurebulia~. neoliT-adrebrinjaos periodSi anTropomorfuli
gamosaxulebebi
bevrad
pirobiTia.
maTi
Semqmnelebi figuris romelime ZiriTadi nawilis gadmocemiT
ifarglebodnen. rogorc g. javaxiSvili maT Sesaxeb wers:
`es
aris
RvTaebrivi
Zalis
simbolo
adamianis
atributi-
kiTYan sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, RvTaeba adamianis niSniT~.
gviandeli brinjaos figurebis SemTxvevaSi ki sawinaaRmdego
viTarebaa:
`gamoxatulia
adamiani
RvTaebis
atributikiT~
[javaxiSvili g., 1984: 45-48].
118
gansxvavebulad xsnis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
brinjaos
da
Tixis
anTropomorfuli
figurebis gamoCenis da intensiuri gavrcelebis mizezs o.
lorTqifaniZe.
mas
miaCnia,
rom
Zv.w.
VIII
saukunis
meore
naxevridan
kolxur
kulturaSi
SeiniSneboda
garkveuli
siaxleebi:
Tixis
ormagTaviani
figurebi,
naviseburi
fibulebi, berZnuli formis Tixis WurWeli da maT Soris
yvelaze saintereso siaxle – anTropomorfuli qandakebebi.
Zv.w.
VIII
saukunesa
da
VII
saukunis
pirvel
naxevarSi
kolxeTsa da berZnul samyaris Soris ormxrivi kontaqtebi
iCens
Tavs.
mkvlevari
Tvlis,
rom
am
axali
kulturuli
elementebis, kerZod, anTropomorfuli figurebis kolxeTis
teritoriaze
gamoCena
arc
adgilobrivi
niadagiTYda
arc
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis gavleniT ar aixsneba da rom maTi
paralelebi
mxolod
gviangeometriuli
xanis
saberZneTSia
saZebari [Lordkipanidze, 2000: 152]. am azrs iziareben l. fancxava da
b. maisuraZec [fancxava, b. maisuraZe, 2001. 152].
saberZneTSi, olimpiis gaTxrebisas, 1937 wels, aRmoCnda
SiSveli
meomris
brinjaos
figura,
romelsac
wvetiani
Cafxuti exura. xelisgulebi gaxvretili hqonda. masSi albaT
saomari
iaraRi,
idayvSi moxrili
Subi
an
fari
magrdeboda.
cali
xeli
aqvs da maRla aRmarTuli. meore ki aseve
idayvSi moxrili da win gaSverili [Марковин, 1986: 87. рис. 7.
15].
iTvleba,
rom
es
qandakeba
gviangeometriul
stilSia
Sesrulebuli. erTi amgvari figura luvrSic inaxeba, msgavsi
egzemplarebi aRmoCenilia aTenis akropolisze da Zv.w. VIII
saukuniT TariRdeba [Марковин, 1986: 104]. amdenad xmelTaSuazRvispireTis ZiriTad regionebSi mcire plastikis TiTqmis
iseTive nimuSebia gavrcelebuli, rogoric kavkasiaSi. pozaTa
kanonikuroba
(Tumca
aris
amasTan
is
erTad
ZiriTadi
calkeuli
ram,
rac
maT
detalebiT,
aerTianebT
mag.
tansac-
mliT, aqsesuarebiT da a.S. calkeuli regionebis figurebi
119
erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdeba).
es
niSnebi
damaxasiaTebelia
centraluri evropis mcire plastikis nimuSebisTvisac. zogi
mkvlevaris
azriT,
kavkasiaSi
halStatis
aRmoCenili
xelovnebaSic
figurebisaTvis
SeiZleba
damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebis aRmoCena [Марковин, 1986: 104].
borniReles `mxedris~ zusti analogi arsad gveguleba.
cxovelebze amxedrebuli adamianebis miniaturuli qandakebebi ki ucxo araa arc kavkasiisaTvis, arc mcire aziisa da
evropisaTvis. dasavleT saqarTveloSi da kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis arealSi gvxvdeba cxenze Semjdari qalebis
figurebi. isini cxenze gverdulad, `qalurad~ zian. aseTi
figurebi
aRmoCenilia
samosSi
da
muxurCaSi.
rogorc
T. miqelaZe aRniSnavs, es qandakebebi `didi dedis~ kults
ukavSirdeba [Микеладзе, 1990: 64. табл. XXVI 5. 6 ].
borniReles
aRmoCenilia
qandakebis
CrdiloeT
met-naklebad
kavkasiaSi,
sof.
msgavsi
figura
samaSkoSi.
aqac
adamiani raRac cxovelzea amxedrebuli, romelsac borniReles cxovelis msgavsad dacqvetili yurebi da wawvetebuli
drunCi aqvs. mxedari TiTqos uzangebze mTeli taniTaa aRmarTuli (Tumc arc uzangi da arc sxva mosarTavi ar Cans),
orive xeli win sworad aqvs gaSverili da cxovelis kiserze
Cavlebuli.
fexebis
cxovelis
ganlagebiT
zurgi
iqmneba
sagrZnoblad
STabeWdileba,
Cadrekilia.
rom
TiTqos
mirbis. mxedars Tavze Cafxuti hxuravs. saxis nakvTebi ufro
metad gamokveTili aqvs vidre borniReles mxedars, – etyoba
cxviri, nikapi da Tvalebi. v. kozenkova, romelmac es figura
gamoaqveyna,
cxovels
cxenad
moixseniebs
da
mas
serJen-
iurtis namosaxlarze Zv.w. X-VII saukuneebis fenebSi dadasturebul cxenis Tavis qandakebebs amsgavsebs. amave periodiT
aTariRebs
igi
samaSkos
brinjaos
qandakebasac
[Козенкова,
1982 б: 69. табл. XLII 27 ].
120
mat-naklebad
hgavs
borniReles
`mxedris~
figuras
CrdiloeT italiaSi, aRmoCenili mxedris qandakeba, romelic
hamburgis
Tumca
xelovnebisa
isic
iseve,
da
xelosnobis
rogorc
muzeumSia
samaSkos
mxedari,
daculi.
cxovelze
muxlmouxrelad, `gaWimulad~ zis. iseve rogorc borniReles
figuris SemTxvevaSi aqac gaurkvevelia Tu ra cxovelzea
mxedari
[Марковин,
amxedrebuli
1986:
104.
рис.
16.
3].
`mxedarTa~ mcire zomis brinjaos qandakebebi sxvac bevria
cnobili. magaliTad, cageris muzeumSi daculi muzaradiani
mxedari [amiranaSvili, 1944: sur. 58]. aseve mxedrebi didodan
da CrdiloeT kavkasiidan (aRmoCenis zusti adgili ucnobia).
Tumca
es
ukanasknelni
ufro
realisturad
arian
gamosaxulni (rogorc cxenebi, ise adamianebi) [Марковин, 1986:
99. рис. 14 2, 3 ].
ufro mravldeba mxedarTa qandakebebi antikur xanaSi.
aq
ukve
isini
gvevlinebian
rogorc
rTuli
plastikuri
kompoziciis, an sxva raime nivTis nawili (axalgorisa da
yanCaeTis
Standartebi,
vanis
oqros
sayureebi
da
sxva)
[javaxiSvili g., 1984: 84-86. tab. XXII-XXIII].
miuxedavad
luri
imisa,
figurebi
borniReles
rom
Zalze
qandakebis
brinjaos
mcire
gavrcelebulia
zusti
zomis
mTels
analogia
iTifa-
kavkasiaSi,
versad
moviZieT,
Tumca mTeli rigi detalebiT is bevr saerTos poulobs sxva
qandakebebTan.
masalasTan.
qandakebis
maT
aq
Soris
aRmoCenil
msgavsi
somxeTSi,
brinjaos
muzaradi
airumSi
figuras
hxuravs.
Tumca
aRmoCenil
borniReles
misi
dgomis
manera gansxvavdeba borniReles qandakebis manerisagan. misi
saxis
nakvTebic
warbebi
da
ufro
Tvalebi
metad
gamokveTilia:
etyoba
[Есаян, 1976: 222. табл. 1463].
piri,
meomari
iTifaluri figura cnobilia agreTve paravakaridan. masac
borniRelesa
hxuravs,
da
oRond
airumis
maTgan
figurebis
gansxvavebiT
msgavsi
xelSi
fari
muzaradi
uWiravs,
121
romelic s. esaianisa da o. mnacakanianis azriT, asurul
bareliefze
gamosaxul
meomarTa
farebs
Camohgavs.
kompleqsi, sadac es figura aRmoCnda Zv.w. X-IX saukuneebiT
[Есаян, Мнацаканян, 1970: 162].
TariRdeba
marTalia
yvela
maTgani e.w. `meomar~ figuraTa jgufs miekuTvneba, magram maT
Soris gansxvavebac TvalSisacemia.
dgomis
maneriT
borniReles
figura
yvelaze
metad
zekarSi aRmoCenil da quTaisis muzeumSi dacul brinjaos
qandakebas hgavs, Tumca am ukanasknels arc Cafxuti hxuravs
da
saxis
nakvTebic
[javaxiSvili
g.,
ufro
1984.
realisturad
tab.
X 26 ].
aqvs
borniReles
Tavsaburveli, romelic frigiul muzarads
SiZes
miaCnda
rogorc
erT-erTi
gamokveTili
figuris
hgavs, o. Ramba-
argumenti
mcire
aziidan
otebuli `xeTizebuli mesxebis~ borjomis xeobaSi Semosvlisa. msgavsi Tavsaburavi hxuravs cageris muzeumSi dacul
mxedris brinjaos figurasac. S. amiranaSvilis azriT, igi
ramdenadme
hgavs
rogorc
Sua
mefobis
xanis
xeTuri
xelovnebis nimuSebs, ise e.w. `frigiul~ muzaradsac. mkvlevari am qandakebis ganxilvisas gamoricxavs masSi frigiuli
da iranuli xelovnebis gavlenas da kavkasiaSi aRmoCenil
mcire plastikis nimuSebs ukavSirebs. S. amiranaSvili zekaris
qandakebasac
xelovnebisaTvis
exeba
da
mas
damaxasiaTebel
`arqauli
xanis
qarTuli
nimuSad~
Tvlis
[amirana-
Svili, 1944: 70-81. sur. 58].
a.
zaxarovi
brinjaos
miniaturul
figurebze
dakvirvebis Sedegad arc kavkasiisa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis imdroindeli mosaxleobis eTnikur naTesaobas gamoricxavda
[Zakharov,
erTgvarovnebas
warmodgenebis
1933:
maTi
115].
zogi
mkvlevari
Semqmnelebis
erTgvarobas
ki
religiuri
ukavSirebs
da
ara
figuraTa
rwmenamxolod
rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi, aramed adreul epoqebSic
[Марковин, 1986: 107]. mkvlevaris azriT, warmarToba sulac ar
iyo
amorfuli
religia.
mas,
iseve
rogorc
dRevandeli
122
msoflios wamyvan religiebs (qristianobas, islams, budizms)
Taviseburi
kanonebi
gamomsaxvelobiTi
v.
markovins
hqonda.
am
simboloebic,
paraleli
kanonebs
maT
emorCileboda
Soris
qristianul
plastikuric.
xatwerasTanac
aqvs
gavlebuli, sadac moqmedebs saerTo kanonebi, magram amasTan
erTad
arsebobs
eTnikur
calkeuli,
niadagze
xSirad
Seqmnili
regionul
xatweris
an
skolebi,
Tundac
romlebic
erTmaneTisagan mTeli rigi niSnebiT gansxvavdeba [Марковин,
1986: 107].
amdenad, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom brinjaos anTropomorfuli figurebi warmarTuli kerpebia. maT Soris gamokveTilad
SeiZleba
nayofierebis
an
omis
mfarveli
RvTaebebi
SevicnoT. an iseTni, romlebsac orive funqcia hqonda. amis
safuZvels is ZiriTadi atributika iZleva, rac am funqciebs
gamoxatavs:
erTis
mxriv
muzaradi
da
iaraR-saWurveli,
meores mxriv falosi. cnobilia agreTve qalTa (maT Soris
mSobiareTa)
anTropomorfuli
qandakebebi,
rac
agreTve
nayofierebisa da gamravlebis kultTan iqneboda dakavSirebuli da es
figurebic albaT nayofierebis qalRmerTebis
(didi dedis ?) gamosaxulebebs warmoadgendnen. ganixilavs
ra
nigvzianis
samarovanze
qandakebas,
T.
miqelaZe
mamrobiTi
nayofierebis
aRmoCenil
mas
da
kults
brijaos
kavkasiis
da
iTifalur
msgavs
nimuSebs
warmarTul
RvTaeba
boslokotros ukavSirebs, romelsac Tavidan xaris atribucia
unda
garkveul
hqonoda,
etapze
xolo
Semdeg,
iTifaluri
religiuri
RvTaeba-mamakacis
azrovnebis
saxe
miiRo
[Микеладзе, 1990: 66-67. табл. XXXVI]. amasTan dakavSirebiT ar
SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT ukanasknel xanebamde saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi, kerZod svaneTSi SemorCenili `saqmisais~, `adrekilais~ da `melia-tulefias~ religiuri ritualebi, romlebic
aSkarad
mamrobiTi
dakavSirebuli
nayofierebis
[javaxiSvili
iv.,
RvTaebis
1979:
kultTan
102-116].
iyo
aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi dRemde scemen Tayvans `xatebs~ da
123
`RvTisSvilebs~, romlebic meomrisa da sqesobrivi cxovrebis
(gamravlebis, nayofierebis) mfarvel-momwesrigeblis funqcias iTavseben – mag. kopalas. borniReles qandakebasac orive
atributi aqvs: muzaradi da falosi da Cveni azriT, swored
amgvari warmarTuli RvTaebis gamosaxuleba unda iyos.
rac Seexeba `mxedrebs~, gvxvdeba rogorc iTifaluri,
ise ufaloso mxedarTa figurebi. agreTve mxedari qalebis
qandakebebic.
amgvar
figurebTan
dakavSirebiT
saintereso
mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli m. rostovcevs. is `mxedrebs~ ara
mxolod nayofierebis an omis RvTaebebad, aramed cxovelTa
samyaros
mfarveladac
varaudis
dadasturebad
[Rostovzeff, 1931: 55-57].
miiCnevda
SeiZleba
borniReles
am
`mxedaric~
gamodges, vinaidan cxoveli, romelzedac isaa amxedrebuli
yvelaze
naklebad
amxedreba
ki
swored
albaT
cxens
cxovelTa
hgavs.
gareul
samyaroze
cxovelze
gavlenis
mqone
arsebas Tu SeeZlo. (gavixsenoT oCokoCi, oCopintre, mglebze
amxedrebuli jadoqrebi da sxva miTologiuri da zRapruli
personaJebi).
mesame qanadakeba, romelic borniReles #32 samarxSi
aRmoCnda
mcuravi
warmoadgens.
farTo
mas
niskarti,
wagrZelebuli
orive
mxares,
frinvelis
aqvs
qoCriani
Tvalebis
da
Tavi,
adgilas
boloSi
frTebis
plastikur
sakmaod
kopebi,
wawvetebuli
adgilas,
gamosaxulebas
grZeli
maRali
tani.
mogrZo
da
yeli,
gverdebze
Riobebi
aqvs
datanili, fexebi ori mcire SveriliTaa gadmocemuli (tab.
XXXI 3 ).
mcuravi
frinvelebis
plastikuri
figurebi
rogorc
liTonis, ise Tixis sakmaod adreuli periodidanaa cnobili
samxreT
xSirad
kavkasiaSi
sakidebad,
da
mis
mosazRvre
Standartis
Tavebad
regionebSi.
an
sxva
isini
nivTebis
samSvenisad iyo gamoyenebuli.
124
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
riaze
amgvari
figurebis
xanaSi
saqarTvelos
koncentraciis
ori
teritoZiriTadi
centri arsebobda: ior-alaznis auzi da mesxeTi.
ior-alznis
auzSi
aRmoCenil
figuraTa
ricxvi
ramdenime aseul egzemplars moiTvlis. kaxuri tipis qandakebebisaTvis
sxeuli,
damaxasiaTebelia
patara
gagrZelebaze
Tavi,
wyvili
samkuTxeduri
maRali
fexi.
kiseri
[gomelauri,
moyvanilobis
da
gulmkerdis
2005:
9].
amgvari
figurebi aRmoCenilia, mag. gadrekilis samarovanze [Пицхелаури, 1979. табл. XXIII-XXV]
istoriuli
qvemo
da
qarTlis
kaxeTis
bevr
sxva
teritoriaze:
Zeglze.
taSiris
#5
yorRanSi, romelic Zv.w. XIV saukuniT TariRdeba [kaxiani,
RliRvaSvili, 1998: 98-107]. didi zomis frinvelis brinjaos
qandakebebi aRmoCenilia somxeTSi, lori-berdis #2 da #7
yorRanul samarxebSi [Девержян, 1981. табл. V, XIII] artikis
samarovanze
[ficxelauri,
2008.
tab.
CL1 ]
da
bevr
sxva
Zeglze.
mesxeTSi
figuraa
brinjaos
aRmoCenili,
maT
mcuravi
Soris
frinvelebis
borjomis
ocdaaTamde
xeobaSic.
mag.
kviracxovlis samarovnis #40 samarxSi. kompleqsi sadac is
dadasturda,
gviani
brinjaos
xanis
adreuli
etapiT
TariRdeba [Гамбашидзе, Квижинадзе, 1980: 58-59; табл.XXXVII 169 ].
mcuravi frinvelis figurebi amSvenebs borniReles Zv.w. XVXIV saukuneebiT daTariRebul erT-erT samarxSi aRmoCenil
diskosebur gulsakids [RambaSiZe i., 1999. tab. XLII 7 ]. msgavsi
nivTi, romelic sakidad yofila gamoyenebuli, SemTxveviT
aRmoCnda
borjomis
raionSi,
kaxisis
tbasTan,
adgil
dabaZvelSi [Гамбашидзе О., Гамбашидзе И., 1987: 31].
kaxeTisgan gansxvavebiT am regionSi mcurav frinvelTa
brinjaos figurebis oTxi tipologiuri jgufia gavrcelebuli. maTgan ori adgilobrivi warmomavlobisaa da regions
125
gareT
ar
gvxvdeba.
ori
ki
somxur
masalas
ukavSirdeba
[gomelauri, 2005: 9-10].
adgilobrivi tipis figurebi ZiriTadad gaxsnilia da
geometriuli Riobis nacvlad maT morTulobas paralelur
zolebad
daRaruli
ornamenti
qmnis
(zveli,
borniRele,
dabaZveli, kviracxoveli). adgilobrivi (mesxuri) warmomavlobis meore tips axasiaTebs profilSi naxevarmTvariseburi
sxeuli. zurgis centrSi sakidi rgoli da rkaluli formis
Riobebi
(zveli,
gansxvavebiT,
julRa,
axalcixe).
romelTaTvisac
kaxuri
figurebisagan
geometrizirebuli
sxeulia
ganmsazRvreli, mesxuri tipebi Seberili formebiT xasiaTdeba
[gomelauri,
2005:
10].
im
tipebisaTvis,
romlebic
`somxur~ figurebs emsgavsebian, damaxasiaTebelia sferuli
an zariseburi sxeuli, Tavis da tanis SeerTebis adgilas
yulfi, qvemoT rigebad ganlagebuli samkuTxedebiT [gomelauri, 2005: 10].
Sida qarTlSi gansxvavebiT kaxeTisa da mesxeTisagan
mcurav frinvelTa plastikuri figurebi naklebadaa aRmoCenili. aq isini mxolod mcxeTis midamoebSia dadasturebuli
(samTavro,
werovani,
narekvavi)
da
kaxeTSi
gavrcelebuli
figurebis identuria.
borniReles #32 samarxSi aRmoCenili mcuravi frinvelis
qandakeba
sagrZnoblad
gansxvavdeba
adreuli
xanis
rogorc kaxuri, ise mesxuri figurebisagan. adreuli mesxuri
figurebi Tu ufro gedebs, yanCebs da yaryatebs mogvagonebs,
#32 samarxSi aRmoCenili figura, ufro bats an ixvsa hgavs.
n.
gomelauri,
miuZRvna
romelmac
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
specialuri
xanis
gamokvleva
aRmosavleT
kavka-
siis mcire plastikis nimuSebs da gansakuTrebiT Wvirul
figurebs,
Tvlis,
rom
Wviruli
skulpturebis
idea
saqarTveloSi anatoliidan Semotanilia, romelmac samxreT
kavkasiaSi
mkvidrad
moikida
fexi
da
maTi
momxmarebeli
126
sazogadoebis yvela socialuri fenis warmomadgeneli gaxda
[gomelauri, 2005: 22].
Zv.w.
XII
saukunidan
am
kulturis
centri
samxreT
kavkasiaSi, (SesaZloa mis farglebs gareTac) sustdeba. Zv.w.
VIII
saukunidan
nimuSebSi,
ki
kvlav
aRniSnuli
iCens
Tavs,
kulturis
Tumca
am
gviandel
tradiciebi
gvxvdeba
saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul sxva mxatvrul nawarmTaTvis
damaxasiaTebel
qarTlis,
raWisa
da
saukunis
Semdgom
nimuSebTan
svaneTis
ki
amgvari
erTad
mxatvruli
(igulisxmeba
kerebi).
skulpturebi
Zv.w.
saerTod
VI
aRar
mzaddebian.
borniReles #32 samarxis frinvelis qandakebis msgavsi
figura,
samecniero
literaturaSi
ver
moviZieT.
SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom Tavisi formiTa da gamomsaxvelobiTi stiliT is
sakmaod unikaluria.
mcuravi frinvelebic ra Tqma unda religiur rwmenawarmodgenebTan
samyaros
iyo
erT-erT
dakavSirebuli.
mTavar
igi
elements
–
pirvel
wyals
yovlisa
ukavSirdeba.
wyali ki sicocxlis dasabams. egviptur `mkvdarTa wignSi~
didi
bati
saidanac
qaosidan
mzis
amozidul
RmerTi
borcvze
[Матье,
iCekeba
debs
1956:
kvercxs,
18].
igive
faqtorTan gvaqvs saqme berZnul miTologiaSic, sadac ledas
gedad
gardasaxuli
zevsisagan
uCndeba
ori
kvercxi
da
maTgan ibadebian elene da dioskurebi.
da bolos riTi SeiZleba aixsnas is garemoeba, rom
brinjaos samive skulpturuli gamosaxuleba erT, borniReles
#32
samarxSi
aRmoCnda?
es
samarxi
e.w.
`Sereul~,
-
inhumaciur-kremaciul samarxs warmoadgens. masSi dafiqsirda
erTi
micvalebulis
marjvena
gverdze
dasvenebuli
ConCxi
(damxroba W-O) da ori kremaciuli urna-qoTani. is erT-erTi
umdidresi
aTvisebis
samarxia
xanis
xatisuReli,
borniReles
samarxebs
brinjaos
samarovnis
Soris.
masSi
cilindruli
rkinis farTo
aRmoCnda
zaraki,
rkinis
brinjaos
127
vardulebi, brinjaos samajurebi, brinjaos sakidi, vercxlis
sayureebi, brinjaos Zewkvi, brinjaos sakinZebi, sardionisa
da
aqatis
mZivebi,
rkinis
culi,
rkinis
Subispirebi.
Tu
inventaris saxeobebis mixedviT vimsjelebT, samarxSi qalic
unda
yofiliyo
simravle
ki
iq
dakrZaluli
da
mamakacic.
dakrZaluli
adamianebis
inventaris
socialur
da
qonebriv dawinaurebaze miuTiTebs. iqneb erT-erTi micvalebuli kultis msaxuric iyo da swored mas Caatanes brinjaos
qandakebebi?
128
Tavi V. keramika
borjomis
Soris
uxvad
xeobis
samarovnebis
gvxvdeba
Tixis
samarxeul
WurWeli.
inventars
rogorc
Cans,
am
WurWlis udidesi nawili sameTuneo Carxzea damzadebuli.
cnobilia,
rom
intensiuri
gamoyeneba
amaze
gviani
metyvelebs
erTgvarovneba.
specialurad
brinjaos
da
maTi
Tumc
xanidan
WurWlis
formisa
ki,
arc
damzadebuli
iwyeba
seriulad
misi
damzadeba.
da
damuSavebis
teqnikis
ise
iSviaTad,
gvxvdeba
WurWelic,
romelic
gamoirCeva
formis daxvewilobiTa da ornamentaciiT.
am periodSi, miuxedavad sameTuneo Carxis gamoyenebisa,
rogorc Cans, kvlav xdeboda WurWlis Zveleburad, xeliT
Zerwva.
aseTi
analogiuri
WurWeli,
nivTebisagan,
ugemovnod damzadebuli.
oTxive
samarovanze:
gansxvavebiT
SedarebiT
xeliT
kerZod,
adreuli
mdare
xanis
xarisxisaa
da
naZerwi WurWeli gvxvdeba
rvelis
#6
samarxSi
jami,
CiTaxevis #15 samarxSi tolCa, #16 samarxSi jami da tolCa;
#19 samrxSi tolCa; #30 samarxSi qoTani; #31 samarxSi jami;
#33
samarxSi
kviracxovlis
samarxSi
tolCa;
#73
samarovanze
qila;
#95
da
#31
#74
samarebSi
samarxSi
samarxSi
jamebi.
qoTani;
xelada.
#48
borniReles
samarovanze #34, 42, 56, 64, 65, 72, 73, 82 samarxebSi tolCebi
da sasmisi. #78 samarxSi koWobi, #2 samarxSi qoTani.
Zv.w.
VIII-VII
saukuneebSi
keramikuli
warmoeba
rom
maRal doneze iyo ganviTarebuli, metyvelebs Tixis damuSavebis da gamowvis teqnologiac. gvxvdeba rogorc Savpriala,
ise wiTlad, movardisfrod, yavisfrad gamomwvari WurWeli.
maTi
kecebic
sxvadasxvagvaria;
aris
rogorc
erTfenovani
Savi, yavisferi, ruxi, vardisferi da sxva, ise orfenovani da
samfenovani kecebic. Zalze xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac kecSi
gareulia kvarcisa da qarsis kristalebi. es imdenad xSiri
movlenaa,
rom
SeiZleba
borjomis
xeobis
imdroindeli
129
keramikuli
warmoebis
erT-erT
ZiriTad
damaxasiaTebel
niSnadac miviCnioT. aris WurWlis SeRebvis faqtic. kviracxovlis #48 samarxSi aRmoCenil qilas Ziri wiTlad aqvs
SeRebili. es ki im periodSi did iSviaTobas warmoadgenda.
a.
kalandaZe
Tavis
naSromSi
`gviani
brinjaosa
da
adreuli rkinis xanis Zeglebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi~
gamoyofs Semdegi daniSnulebis Tixis WurWels: 1. sufris
WurWeli:
langari, TefSi, jami, badia, samarile
da sxva.
2. siTxis Camosasxmeli WurWeli: koka, doqi, xelada, tolCa,
fiala, Tasi, kaTxa da sxv. 3. sanovagis Sesanaxi WurWeli:
dergi, qila. 4. samzareulo anu saduRi WurWeli: qoTani,
qvabqoTani, koWobi da sxva. 5. rZis produqtebisaTvis gankuTvnili WurWeli: sawveleli, sarwyavi, sadRvebeli da sxva.
6. sagzao WurWeli: maTara. 7. sabavSvo miniaturuli WurWeli.
8. sakulto WurWeli.
borjomis xeobaSi dadasturda TiTqmis yvela daniSnulebis
WurWeli,
garda
sagzao
da
rZis
produqtebisaTvis
gankuTvnili WurWlisa. sufris WurWlidan aq gvxvdeba jamebi (badiebi, fialebi, langrebi), samarile; siTxis Camosasxmeli WurWlidan doqi, tolCebi, sasmisebi, sanovagis Sesanaxi
WurWlidan
dergebi
da
qilebi.
samzareulo
WurWlidan
qoTnebi da koWbebi. gvxvdeba miniaturuli WurWelic. rac
Seexeba sakulto WurWels, aseTad e.w. `sarkmliani~ WurWeli
SeiZleba miviCnioT.
am
saxeobaTa
raodenobrivi
Tanafardoba
sxvadasxva
samarovanze sakmaod gansxvavdeba: rvelis samarovanze aRmoCenilia Tormeti xelada (#23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32, 40, 41, 44, 48,
58 samarxebSi). erTi jami
(# 48 samarxSi) da sami koWobi
(#24, 30, 42 samarxebSi).
CiTaxevis samarovanze aRmoCnda: Teqvsmeti tolCa #2, 6,
8 (2 c.); 11, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22 (2 c.); 26 (2 c.); 73 samarxebSi,
cxrameti qoTani #12, 13, 16, 16 a , 17, 26, 30, 33, 70 (2 c.), 73, 74,
76, 84 (2 c.), 85, 86, 87, 95 samarxebSi; Cvidmeti jami: #16 (3 c.),
130
16 a , 23, 26, 31, 33, 70 (4 c.), 73, 74, 75, 76 1 , 84, 95 samarxebSi; ori
dergi: #16 da #85 samarxebSi; cameti sasmisi: #20, 22, 23, 26,
33, 70 (2 c.); 74, 75, 76 1 , 82, 87, 89 samarxebSi; eqvsi qila: #70
(3 c.) da #73 (3 c.) samarxebSi, erTi koWobi - #70 samarxSi
da erTi samarile #84 samarxSi.
kviracxovlis
samarovnis
#29
samarxSi
dadasturda:
erTi doqi, erTi tolCa, erTi jami da sami qoTani, #48
samarxSi qila, #95 samarxSi xelada.
borniReles samarovanze gamovlinda ormocdaTvrameti
qoTani: #1 (2 c.); 2 (2 c.), 4 (30), 7, 8 (2 c.), 11, 13; 21 (2 c.), 23,
25, 26, 27, 29, 32 (2 c.), 33 (2 c.), 34, 44, 46 (2 c.), 47, 48 (2 c.),
50, 51, 56 (2 c.), 58 (2 c.), 64 (2 c.), 65, 66, 71 (4 c.), 72 (4 c.), 76,
79, 80, 81, 89 (2 c.), 91, 94 samarxebSi. ocdaCvidmeti sasmisi:
#1, 4 (2 c.), 8, 15 (2 c.), 21 (2 c.), 22, 23 (2 c.), 24, 25, 26, 27, 32,
34 (2 c.), 38 (2 c.), 42, 47, 56, 58, 64 (2 c.), 65, 71 (3 c.), 72, 73, 74,
76 (2 c.), 82, 92 (2 c.) samarxebSi. ocdarva tolCa: #2, 11 (3 c.),
17, 23, 29, 32 (2 c.), 34 (2 c.), 41, 44, 51, 64, 65, 71 (3 c.), 72, 76,
77, 79, 80, 81 samarxebSi. ocdaxuTi jami: #2 1 (2 c.), 4, 5, 8, 11,
21 (2 c.), 22, 23, 25, 27, 33, 34 (2 c.), 44, 48, 50, 56, 58, 72, 80, 91,
92 samarxebSi. ori koWobi: #25 da 78 samarxebSi. ori dergi
#49 da #89 samarxebSi. Caidniseburi WurWeli #50 samarxSi.
TvalSi sacemia is garemoeba, rom sxvadasxva samarovanze garkveuli saxeobis WurWeli raodenobrivad sagrZnoblad Warbobs sxva saxeobis keramikul nawarms. mag. rvelis
samarovanze xeladebi, CiTaxevis samarovanze ki tolCebi da
sasmisebi.
oTxive
samarovanze
yvelaze
didi
raodenobiT
mainc
jamebi (badiebi, fialebi, langrebi), qoTnebi, tolCebi da
sasmisebia
aRmoCenili.
TiToeuli
am
saxeobis
WurWeli
formiTa mravalferovnebiTac gamoirCeva. amitom maTze ufro
dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT.
131
jamebi. am saxeobis WurWeli oTxive samarovanaze metnaklebi raodenobiTaa dafiqsirebuli. rvelis samarovanze
mxolod erT - #48 samarxSi. CiTaxevis samarovanze TerTmeti
#161, 23, 70 (4 c.), 73, 74, 75, 76 1 , 84, 95 samarxebSi, erTi
kviracxovlis #29 samarxSi. yvelaze meti jami ki borniReles samarovanzea gamovlenili #2 1 (2 c.), 4, 5, 8, 21 (2 c.), 22,
23, 25, 27, 33, 34 (2 c.), 44, 48, 50, 56, 58, 72, 76 1 , 80, 91, 92
samarxebSi.
am saxeobis WurWlis zogi egzemplari savele davTrebsa da angariSebSi moxseniebulia rogorc badia (didi zomis
egzemplarebi) an fiala (patara zomis egzemplarebi). qarTuli
enis
ganmartebiTi
leqsikonis
mixedviT
badia
`didi
qusliani jamia~, xolo fiala `Rvinis sasmuri pirgadaSlili
dabali jami~ [qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. t. I:
943; t. VII: 98]. amitomac Cven maT jamebis saxeobaSi vaerTianebT da maTTan erTad ganvixilavT.
maTSi sami tipi gamovyaviT: 1. pirmoyrili, muclgamoberili, brtyelpiriani jamebi (tab. XXXII 2,3,4 ). 2. sworpiriani
jamebi, romelTa gverdebic Zirisaken mkveTrad daqanebulia
(tab.
XXXII 5 )
muclis
da
3.
SeerTebis
bakoiani
jamebi,
adgilidan
romlebic
mkveTrad
bakosa
daqanebulia.
da
aqvT
dabali qusli da brtyeli Ziri (tab. XXXIII). am tipis jamebi
zogjer arqeologiur katalogebsa Tu samecniero literaturaSi
langrebad
ganmartebiT
iwodeba.
leqsikonSi
langari
amgvaradaa
ki
qarTuli
ganmartebuli:
enis
`didi
brtyeli TefSi, mrgvali an ovaluri, Cveulebriv liTonisa~.
[qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. IV, 1974].
jamebic,
iseve,
rogorc
sxva
saxeobis
WurWlis
absoluturi umravlesoba Carxzea damzadebuli. magram aris
gamonaklisebic: mag., rvelis #6 da CiTaxevis #31 samarxSi
aRmoCenili jamebi xeliT naZerwia. CiTaxevis #31 samarxSi
dadasturebuli
jami
vardisfradaa
gamomwvari.
pirgadaS-
lili da odnav gverdebgamoyvanilia. aqvs brtyeli Ziri.
132
pirmoyrili
jamebi
uZvelesi
saxeobaa.
brinjaos
xanis
am
kavkasiis
adreuli
saxeobis
WurWlis
teritoriaze
safexuridan
is
erT-erTi
jer
kidev
da
Zalze
gvxvdeba
didi xnis manZilze ganagrZobs arsebobas. amdenad, mxolod
formis mixedviT, isini kompleqsis an Zeglis damaTriReblad
ver gamodgeba. am SemTxvevaSi misi faqtura da damzadebis
teqnologiaa gasaTvaliswinebeli. borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili pirmoyrili jamebi ki am mxriv savsebiT esadageba Zv.w.
VIII-VII saukuneebis samarxebSi aRmoCenil WurWels.
meore
tipis
funqcionireben.
jamebic
isini
drois
sakmaod
dadasturebulia
did
monakveTSi
borjomis
xeobis
samarovnebis Zv.w. XV-XII saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxebSic [RambaSiZe i., 1999. tab. IX 1,2,11 ]. Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi am
tipis jamebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia kolxeTSi. didi raodenobiT gvxvdebian mag. urekisa da nigvzianis samarovnebze
[miqelaZe, 1995. tab. II, XLIV 49 ;
XLV 5 ] da sxva Zeglebze.
Cvens sakvlev samarovnebze yvelaze meti raodenobiT
mesame tipis – bakoiani jamebia aRmoCenili. formis detalebis mixedviT maTSi ramdenime qvetipis gamorCevac SeiZleba:
pirveli
qvetipisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
momrgvalebuli
an
swori piri, CaRaruli gverdi, mkveTrad gamoxatuli wibo,
daqanebuli kalTa da uquslo an dabalqusliani brtyeli
Ziri.
aseTi
WurWeli
dafiqsirda,
magaliTad,
borniReles
#22 da 23 samarxebSi. #23 samarxis jams yelze talRiseburi
ornamenti Semouyveba (tab. XXXIII 2 ).
amgvari WurWeli sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi arsebobs. gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli etapidan (Zv.w.
XIV-XIII ss.), vidre Zv.w. VI saukunemde. amitom borniReles
jamebs Zalze bevri paraleli eZebneba. mag. samTavros Zv.w.
XI-VI saukuneebiT daTariRebul kompleqsebSi (#101, 223, 234
samarxebSi); narekvavis samarovanze [nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli,
2007. tab. XI 895 ; XII 909 ; XL 1170 ]; Trelis samarovanze, Zv.w. XIII-XII
saukuneebis kompleqsebSi [Tbilisi I., 1978: 116-120].
133
meore
qvetipisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
gadaSlili
bakomomrgvalebuli piri, Sveuli gverdi, mkveTrad gamoxatuli
wibo
amgvari
da
uquslo
WurWeli
an
dabalqusliani
dadasturda,
brtyeli
magaliTad,
Ziri,
CiTaxevis
#70
samarxSi (tab. XXXIII 3,4 ).
msgavsi
1978.
120],
WurWeli
aRmoCenilia
samTavros
[TuSiSvili,
1972.
madnisWalis
[Куфтин, 1941. табл. LXIV. 1936]
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
92-93];
samarovnebze.
xanaSi
gvxvdeba,
[Tbilisi
I
beSTaSenis
amdenad
isini
umTavresad
Sida
da qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze.
mesame qvetipi gamoirCeva Zlier gadaSlili, momrgvalebuli piriT da gverdiT, momrgvalebuli wiboTi da uquslo
an dabalqusliani brtyeli ZiriT. aseTi WurWeli fiqsirebulia, magaliTad, CiTaxevis #14 samarxSi (tab. XXXIII 7 ).
analogiuri
WurWeli
napovnia
samTavros
samarovnis
Zv.w. XIV-VI saukuneebiT daTariRebul #54, 58, 64, 73, 75, 118,
128, 254, 283 samarxebSi da Tlias samarovnis Zv.w. XIII-XII
saukuneebiT daTariRebul kompleqsebSi [Техов, 1972: 161-162].
meoTxe
qvetipi
gamoirCeva
sakmaod
maRali,
swori
bakoTi, `gamoyvanili~ gverdiTa da dabali qusliT. amgvari
jamebi
dadasturda,
magaliTad,
CiTaxevis
#73
da
74
samarxebSi (tab. XXXIII 8 ).
msgavsi WurWeli aRmoCenilia Sida qarTlis Zeglebze.
mag. xaSuris nacargoris #8 samarxSi [Рамишвили, 1995. табл.
110. 62. 64],
xovles
mesame
horizontis
masalebs
Soris
[musxeliSvili, 1978. tab. LIII 883 ] da sxva.
rogorc vxedavT, am tipis jamebi ZiriTadad Zv.w. XIII-VI
saukuneebiT
daTariRebul
Sida
qarTlis
Zeglebzea
gavrcelebuli.
134
qoTnebi. WurWlis es saxeoba yvelaze meti raodenobiT
aRmoCnda borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxebSi.
CiTaxevis samarovanze aRmoCnda cxrameti qoTani (#12,
13, 16, 16 a , 17, 26, 30, 33, 70, 73, 74, 76, 84, 85, 86, 87, 95
samarxebSi. kviracxovelis samarovanze sami (#29 da 31 (2 c.)
samarxebSi).
samocdaoTxi
qoTani
aRmoCnda
borniReles
samarovanze (#1, 2, 2 1 , 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33,
34, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 56, 58, 64, 65, 66, 71, 72, 76 1 , 79, 80, 81,
89, 91,94, 102, 110, 111 samarxebSi). zog maTganSi ori an meti
egzemplaricaa dadasturebuli. am saxeobis WurWeli yvelaze
xSirad iyo gamoyenebuli kremaciul urnebad. bevrma maTganma
Cvenamde natexebis saxiT moaRwia. zogis aRdgena moxerxda,
xolo
zogi
mxolod
nawilobriv
aRdga
da
amdenad
maTi
formis srulad gansazRvra gaZnelebulia. yvela maTgani Cven
or
mTavar
jgufad
davyaviT:
yurian
da
uyuro
qoTnebad.
TiToeul jgufSi ki ramdenime qvetipi gamovyaviT.
uyuro
qoTnebi.
1.
pirgadaSlili,
mucelgamoberili,
didi an saSualo zomis qoTnebi. maTi gverdebi Zirisaken
Tanabrad
daqanebulia.
aqvT
Zalze
proporciuli
tani
da
btyeli Ziri, zog maTgans ki koxtad gamoyvanili dabali
qusli.
am
tipis
WurWlis
umravlesoba
ornamentirebulia,
zog maTgans yelisa da muclis are Semkuli aqvs nakawri an
amoRaruli paraleluri xazebiT. zogjer am xazebs Soris
moqceulia iribad Sveuli texili an talRiseburi zolebi.
aris egzemplarebi, romelTac muclis qveda nawilze wneviT
datanili
kanelurebi
uornamento
nimuSebic.
dauyveba.
zogjer
am
iSviaTad
tipis
qoTnebs
gvxvdeba
muclis
areSi miZerwili aqvT rqiseburi Sverilebi (mag. borniReles
#79 samarxSi aRmoCenil WurWels) (tab. XXXIV 3 ).
am formis qoTnebi da dergebi arsebobis Zalze did
dros iTvlis – Suabrinjaos xanidan rkinis farTo aTvisebis
135
xanamde.
am
xnis
manZilze
icvleboda
maTi
faqtura,
ornamenti da formis zogierTi detali. gvianbrinjaosa da
rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi (maT Soris borjomis xeobis
samarovnebzec)
ZiriTadad
gvxvdeba
Savad,
yavisfrad
da
ruxad gamomwvari qoTnebi. ornamentSi ki Warbobs nakawri da
amoRaruli
paraleluri
talRovani
dekori,
xazebi,
wneviT
badiseburi,
datanili
wiwvovani,
kanelurebi
da
sxva
(tab. XXXIV).
msgavsi WurWeli dadasturebulia samTavros samarovnis
Zv.w. XII-VI saukuneebis kompleqsebSi. narkvevis samarovanze
[nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007. tab. XIV 297 , 298; XV 942 ]. xovles
namosaxlaris mesame da meoTxe horizontebSi (Zv.w. IX-VI s.s.)
[musxeliSvili,
1978.
tab.
XIII 1931 , 2371 ,
L 849 ];
xaSuris
nacargoraze [Рамишвили, 1995. табл. 99] da sxva.
bikonusuri
formis
qoTnebi.
am
tipis
WurWlisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia gadaSlili piri, dabali yeli, bikonusuri
tani,
romelic
mucelze
mkveTri
nawiburiT
iqmneba.
zog
maTgans ki (CiTaxevis #87 samarxSi aRmoCenil WurWels) ori
nawiburi aqvs (tab. XXXV 4 ).
amgvari
arsebobs.
WurWelic
gvxvdeba
drois
agreTve
sakmaod
msgavsi
did
formis
monakveTSi
koWbebic
(romelTa Sesaxeb qveviT gveqneba saubari).
msgavsi qoTnebi aRmoCenilia Trelis samarovanze Sua
brinjaos
xanis
miwurulisa
da
Zv.w.
XIII-VII
saukuneebis
samarxebSi [Tbilisi, I 133 ]: samTavros #3, 11, 137, 144, 152, 206,
246, 247 da sxva samarxebSi [Tbilisi I 134 ]; kaspis [baramiZe,
1965. tab. 11]; armazis [mcxeTa I. tab. XVIII 1 , XIX 10 ], madnisWalis [TuSiSvili, 1972. tab. XXVI 193 ], beSTaSenis [Куфтин, 1941.
табл. XLVIII];
RrmaxevisTavis
[Абрамишвили и др., 1976: 22];
narekvavis [nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007. nivTi #320, 1153];
somxeTSi – evluqisa da artikis samarovnebze [Есаян, 1976.
136
табл. 92, 96, 105, 111, 114, 118, 135; Мартиросян, 1964: рис. 64].
CiTaxevis #87 samarxSi aRmoCenili ornawiburiani WurWlis
msgavsi
egzemplari
aRmoCenilia
xaSuris
nacargoraze
[ramiSvili, 2001. tab. IV 513 ].
amdenad
bikonusuri
XV-VI
saukuneebis
Zv.w.
formis
WurWeli
manZilze,
gavrcelebulia
umTavresad
samxreT
kavkasiis centralur regionebSi.
wagrZelebuli formis qoTnebi. am tipSi gavaerTianeT
pirgadaSlili,
dabalyeliani,
mucelgamoberili,
wagrZele-
buli formis qoTnebi. isini ZiriTadad Savad, movardisfrod
an
ruxad
arian
ornamentirebuli
mxris,
gamomwvari.
gvxvdeba
egzemplarebi.
muclis
areSia
rogorc
dekori
sada,
ZiriTadad
datanebuli:
ise
yelis,
horizontaluri,
paraleluri amokawruli an amoRaruli zolebi, zogjer maT
Soris
moqceuli
borniReles
mTels
#81
korpusze
iribad
Sveuli
samarxSi
wneviT
an
aRmoCenil
datanili
jvaredini
amgvar
xazebi.
WurWels
badiseburi
ki
ornamenti
amSvenebs. yelis areSi mas talRiseburi zoli Semouyveba,
xolo
muclis
paralelur
areSi
xazebs
Soris
horizontalurad
moqceuli
Semovlebul
badisebri
dekori
gasdevs. yvela maTgani Carxzea damzadebuli (tab. XXXVI).
am formis WurWelic Sua brinjaos xanidan Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebis
CaTvliT
arsebobs.
Tumca
am
xnis
manZilze
garkveul cvlilebebsac ganicdis, rac ZiriTadad faqturisa
da
ornamentaciis
cvlaSi
gamoixateba.
mag.
Tu
adreuli
egzemplarebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo frCxiliseburi an
samkuTxeduri ornamenti, mogviano xanaSi ufro talRisebri
an badiseburi dekori amSvenebT.
amgvari
formis
qoTnebi
dadasturebulia
Trelis
samarovnis Zv.w. XIV-XII saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxebSi
[Tbilisi I, 1978: 131], gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli etapidan
gvxvdeba isini samTavros samarovanzec (mag., #10, 12, 13, 19,
137
70, 75, 174, 183, 288 samarxebSi) [Tbilisi I , 132]. navTluRis
[qoriZe, 1955: 191]; Cardaxis [oqropiriZe, 1965. tab. II 8 ] gviani
brinjaos xanis samarxebSi. analogiuri qoTnebi aRmoCenilia
kaxeTSic,
agreTve
gulgulas
iyalTos,
gvianbrinjaos
Toxliauris,
xanis
samarovanze.
bakurcixis,
maRaros,
sagarejos midamoebSi [ficxelauri, 1959: 144. tab. V 2 ]. rkinis
farTo aTvisebis xanaSi msgavsi WurWeli dadasturebulia
Trelis #24 samarxSi [Tbilisi I, 1978: 132].
amdenad aRniSnuli tipis WurWeli gavrcelebulia Sida
qarTlisa da kaxeTis teritoriaze gvianbrinjao-adrerkinisa
da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi.
meoTxe qvetipSi gavaerTianeT pirgadaSlili, dabalyeliani qoTnebi, romelTac aqvT odnav gamoberili muceli da
farTo, brtyeli Ziri. amgvari qoTnebi aRmoCnda borniReles
#2
da
xeliT
#11
samarxebSi.
naZerwia,
#2
legadia
samarxSi
gamomwvari
gamovlenili
da
ori
qoTani
reliefuri
kopiT damSvenebuli (tab. XXXV 6 ).
am tipis WurWeli aRmoCenilia samTavros gvianbrinjaoadrerkinis xanis samarxebSi. xaSuris nacargoraze [Рамишвили, 1997. табл. 363] da sxva Zeglebze.
yuriani qoTnebi. or mTavar jgufad iyofa: calyurian
da
oryurian
qoTnebad
calyuriani
qoTani
mxolod
erTi
calia aRmoCenili CiTaxevis #70 samarxSi. igi ruxad gamomwvaria,
liani.
zedapirgaprialebuli,
aqvs
samarovanze
qveviT
brtyeli
Ziri.
gavrcelebul
gveqneba
saubari).
pirgadaSlili
formiT
tolCebs
oRond
Zalze
da
waagavs
(romelTa
maTTan
dabalyeamave
Sesaxebac
SedarebiT
didi
zomisaa: misi simaRle 17 sm-s udris; piris diametri 13,5;
Ziris diametri 9, muclis sigane ki 18 sm-s (tab. XXXVIII 5 ).
138
oryuriani
qoTnebi.
am
jgufis
WurWelSic
SesaZloa
ramdenime qvetipis gamoyofa: 1. pirgadaSlili, dabalyeliani,
mucelgamoberili
qoTnebi
farTo
brtyeli
ZiriT,
romelebsac yurebi mxarsa da mucelze aqvs miZerwili (tab.
XXXVIII 2 ).
2.
qoTnebi,
pirgadaSlili,
romlebic
maRalyeliani,
Zirisaken
mucelgamoberili
mkveTrad
viwrovdeba.
aqvT
brtyeli, viwro Ziri da dabali, koxtad gamoyvanili qusli.
momcro zomis yurebi umTavresad mxarsa da mucelze aqvT
miZerwili. zog SemTxvevaSi ki (mag., CiTaxevis #70 samarxSi
dadasturebul
aqvs
qoTans)
daZerwili
(tab.
yurebze
XXXVIII 4 ).
unagirismagvari
amave
samarxSi
Sverili
aRmoCenil
meore qoTans ki ori patara, Sverilebiani yuri mxrebze aqvs
miZerwili (tab. XXXVIII 3 ).
am
tipis
qoTnebis
umravlesoba
ornamentirebulia.
nakawri da amoRaruli dekori ZiriTadad yelis, mxris da
muclis areSi dauyveba.
3.
pirgadaSlili
an
sworpiriani,
mucelgamoberili,
wagrZelebuli formis qoTnebi, romlebsac yurebi mucelsa
da mxarze aqvT miZerwili (tab. XXXVII 5 ).
4. wagrZelebuli formis tandabali qoTnebi. dabali,
cilindruli
yeliT,
swori
piriT,
mkveTrad
gamoberili
mucliT, farTo, brtyeli ZiriT (piri da Ziri erTi zomisa
aqvT). momrgvalebuli yurebi miZerwilia mucelsa da mxarze.
amgvari
WurWeli
mxolod
ori
calia
dadasturebuli
CiTaxevis #16 da borniReles #64 samarxebSi (tab. XXXVII 3,4 ).
oryuriani WurWeli (qoTnebi, koWbebi, dergebi) sakmaod
gavrcelebulia
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
da
rkinis
farTo
aTvisebis xanis samxreT kavkasiis centralur da samxreT
regionebSi. amgvari WurWeli zoomorfuli yuriT dadasturebulia magaliTad xovles IV horizontis masalebSi [musxeliSvili, 1978. tab. XLIII 1955], aseve samTavros samarovanze
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis
139
(Zv.w. IX-VII s.s.) kompleqsebSi [mcxeTa V, 1981. nivTi #67, 132,
236; mcxeTa, VII, 1985. nivTi #20, 109]; narekvavis samarovanze
[nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007: 319. nivTi #1008, 941, 1047; 320
nivTi #1085, 1364]; xaSuris nacargoris #160 samarxSi [ramiSvili, 2001. tab. I 104 ]; qvemo qarTlSi – kobalis samarovnis
#40 samarxSi [Тушиашвили и др., 1987: 19. табл. XIX 1 ] da sxva.
(xaSuris nacargorisa da kobalis aRniSnuli kompleqsebi
Zv.w. XIV-IX saukuneebiT TariRdeba).
aRniSnuli tipis WurWlis umravlesoba ornamentirebulia. ZiriTadad Semkulia mxrisa da muclis areSi gavlebuli paraleluri xazebiTa da zogjer maT Soris arsebuli
wertilovani,
iribad
Sveuli,
wiwvovani
an
samkuTxeduri
dekoriT. yurebi xSir SemTxvevaSi zoomorfulia.
CiTaxevis #70 samarxSi aRmoCenili oryuriani qoTnebi
formiT TiTqos uaxlovdeba kolxeTSi – urekSi aRmoCenil
e.w. `vazisebur WurWels~ [miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XXVI 8 ].
rac
Seexeba
me-3
qvetips,
wagrZelebuli
formis
oryurian qoTnebs, isini TiTqmis ucvlelad imeoreben amave
tipis uyuro WurWlis formas, gansxvaveba mxolod yurebSia.
amis
magaliTia
borniReles
#81
samarxis
uyuro
da
#89
samarxis yuriani qoTnebi (tab. XXXVI 2 ; XXXVII 5 ).
sakmaod originaluria borniReles #17 da #64 samarxebSi aRmoCenili qoTnebi, romlebic oryuriani qoTnebis me4
qvetipad
zusti
gamovyaviT
analogia
(tab.
samecniero
XXXVII 3,4 ).
amgvari
literaturaSi
ver
WurWlis
moviZieT.
mxolod met-nakleb siaxloves iCens TrialeTSi aRmoCenil
erT-erT
WurWelTan,
romlis
asakic
Zv.w.
VIII
saukuniTaa
gansazRvruli [Менабде, 1973. табл.III 59 ].
amdenad,
Cvens
sakvlev
samarovanze
gamovlenili
qoTnebi ganekuTvneba am saxeobis WurWlis im kategorias,
romelic
faqtiurisa
gavrcelebuli
farTo
arian
aTvisebis
da
formis
met-naklebi
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinisa
xanis
Sida
da
qvemo
cvlilebiT
da
rkinis
qarTlSi,
maT
140
momijnave kaxeTisa da somxeTis teritoriaze da nawilobriv
kolxeTSi.
koWbebi.
periodis
borjomis
samarxebSi
xeobis
samarovnebze,
dadasturebuli
sakvlevi
koWbebi
ZiriTadad
imeoreben aq aRmoCenili qoTnebis zogierTi tipis formebs.
gvxvdeba
#76 1
wagrZelebuli
samarxSi
dvirTan
(tab.
SemTxveviT
qoTnis
XXXVIII 2 );
formis
bikonusuri
mopovebuli
masala) 3
borniReles
formis
(tab.
(sof.
XXXIX 1 ).
bikonusuri, ornawibu-riani koWobi (CiTaxevis #87 samarxSi
aRmoCenili
qoTnis
msgavsi)
(tab.
XXXIX 7 );
oryuriani
qoTnebis 3-4 qvetipis formis dabali cilindruli yeliT,
gamoberili
mucliT
da
farTo
brtyeli
ZiriT,
oRond
yurebis gareSe. borniReles #23 samarxSi (tab. XXXIX 6 ).
amasTan erTad gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli formis koWbebic.
aseTia,
magaliTad,
CiTaxevis
#28
samarxSi
aRmoCenili
egzemplari: swori piriT, dabali yeliT, odnav daqanebuli
gverdebiT da brtyeli, farTo ZiriT (tab. XXXIX 5 ).
koWbebi, iseve rogorc qoTnebis umravlesoba Carxzea
damzadebuli. gvxvdeba Savad, yavisfrad, vardisfrad gamomwvari egzemplarebi, magram qoTnebisagan gansxvavebiT, maTi
absoluturi
umravlesoba
uornamentoa.
mxolod
zogierT
maTgans yelis areSi erTi an ori horizontalurad amoRaruli xazi Semouyveba. borniReles #25 samarxSi aRmoCenil
ornawiburebian koWobs ki muclis are paralelur xazebs
Soris moqceuli. iribad Sveuli ornamentiT aqvs Semkuli
(tab. XXXIX 7 ).
amgvari
WurWeli
centraluri
samxreT
kavkasiis
teritoriaze drois sakmaod did monakveTSia gavrcelebuli
Zv.w. XIV-XIII saukuneebidan, vidre Zv.w. VI saukunis CaTvliT.
3
borjomis raionis sof. dvirTan, adgilze, romelic `silis xevis~
saxeliTaa cnobili SemTxveviT aRmoCnda Tixis koWobi, tolCebi da
brinjaos
sakmaod
originaluri
rgoli.
koleqcia
Zv.w.
VIII-VII
saukuneebiT unda daTariRdes.
141
doqi aRmoCnda mxolod kviracxovlis #29 samarxSi. igi
monacrisfrodaa gamomwvari (emCneva Savi laqebic). pirgadaSlilia, farTo yeliani, mxrebdaqanebuli da mucelgamoberili. aqvs sakmaod farTo, brtyeli Ziri. yuri miZerwilia
pirsa da mxarze. yelze oTxi farTo Rari Semouyveba, mxarze
ki ori wriuli Rari. korpusis qveda nawili Semkulia wneviT
datanili iribad Sveuli zolebiT (tab. XLII, 7 ).
msgavsi WurWeli sakmaod gavrcelebulia gvianbrinjaoadrerkinis
kavkasiis
da
rkinis
centralur
farTo
aTvisebis
regionebSi.
mag.,
xanis
samxreT
dadasturebulia
samTavros samarovnis #49 da #132 samarxebSi [mcxeTa V, 1981.
nivTi #186, 242, 188, 409]; Trelis [Tbilisi I, 1978: 125. nax. 78];
narekvavis
1120];
[nikolaiSvili,
xaSuris
gavaSeli,
nacargoris
2007:
[ramiSvili,
322.
nivTi
#398,
2001.
tab.
IV 520 ];
winwyaros [menabde. davlianiZe, 1968. tab. X 339-340 ] samarovnebze
da sxva Zeglebze.
tolCebi. am saxeobis WurWeli sakmaod didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT
daTariRebul
samarxebSi.
maTSi
ramodenime
tipi
unda
gamovyoT. erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul tips cilindruli
tolCebi warmoadgens. maT axasiaTebs cilindruli formis
korpusi, romelic zogjer Zirisaken mkveTrad viwrovdeba,
xan ki `welSi gamoyvanilia~. aqvs erTi (zogjer zoomorfuli) yuri, romelic korpusis Sua adgilasaa miZerwili.
gvxvdeba rogorc viwro da maRali, ise SedarebiT dabali da
farTo egzemplarebi.
am
tipis
WurWeli
ZiriTadad
Savad
da
yavisfradaa
gamomwvari. bevri maTgani ornamentirebulia. dekori ZiriTadad pirs qvemoT an korpusis SuaSi amoRarul, an nakawr
paralelur xazebs warmodgens. ramdenime maTgani ki ufro
rTuli
dekoriTaa
damSvenebuli.
kerZod,
iribad
Sveuli
142
nakawri xazebiT Sevsebuli samkuTxedebiT da horizontalur
xazebs Soris moqceuli Tevzifxuri ornamentiT.
amgvari WurWeli ZiriTadad samxreT kavkasiis centraluri regionebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. sakmaod didia maTi
arsebobis
qronologiuri
CarCoc
–
Zv.w.
XIV-XIII
saukune-
ebidan, Zv.w. VI saukunis CaTvliT. Tumca am xnis manZilze
garkveul cvlilebebsac ganicdis. adreul xanaSi naklebad
gvxvdeba Zirisken mkveTrad daqanebuli an `welSi gamoyvanili~
egzemplarebi.
amis
damadasturebelia
gansxvaveba
erTis mxriv, Trelis da samTavros samarovnebis Zv.w. XIII-XI
saukuneebis kompleqsebSi [Tbilisi I., 1978: 137-138. nax. 75;
mcxeTa
V,
1981.
nivTi
#235,
236]
dadasturebul
tolCebs,
xolo meore mxriv xaSuris nacargoris [ramiSvili, 2007. tab.
VI 839 ] am Cveni sakvlevi samarovnebis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis
kompleqsebSi aRmoCenil nimuSebs Soris.
amgvari WurWeli gvxvdeba kolxeTis Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebis samarovnebzec [Микеладзе, 1990: 37. табл.. XII 4 ]. (tab. XL).
calke
tolCebs.
tipad
amgvari
gamovyofT
tolCebi
qilisebur
sxvadasxva
da
kasrisebur
zomisaa.
axasiaTebT
gadaSlili piri met-naklebad gamoberili muceli (qilisebur
tolCebs
SedarebiT
sustad,
xolo
kasriseburebs
mkveTrad), farTo da brtyeli Ziri, erTi, xSir SemTxvevaSi
zoomorfuli
mxarzea
an
kopebiani
miZerwili.
borniReles
#25
zog
yuri,
maTgans
samarxebSi
romelic
(mag.,
mucelze
CiTaxevis
aRmoCenil
WurWels)
#86
da
da
yuris
magivrad rkaliseburi Sverili aqvs (tab. XLI 6 ).
amgvari WurWlis sagrZnobi nawili uornamentoa. Tumca
gvxdeba
samarxSi
ornamentirebuli
aRmoCenil
nimuSebic.
tolCas
yelis
mag.
borniReles
areSi
#4
talRiseburi
nakawri xazi Semouyveba, an #64 samarxSi dadasturebul erT
tolCas aseve yelis areSi ramdenime paraleluri nakawri
xazi Semouyveba, meore muclis areSi naTiTuri ornamentiTaa
143
damSvenebuli. CiTaxevis #32 samarxSi aRmoCenil WurWels ki
iribad Sveuli kanelurebi dauyveba (tab. XLI 3,7 ).
am tipis WurWeli sakmaod gavrcelebulia Zv.w. VII-VI
saukuneebis kolxur samarovnebze [miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XIX 742 ;
XX 20 ; XXIII 33 da sxva]; wiTeli Suquras #71 samarxSi [Трапш,
1969: 195. табл. XVIII],
Tlias
samarovanze
amave
periodiT
daTariRebul kompleqsebSi [Техов, 1980 а. табл.. 355; 386; 47; 908;
Техов, 1980 б. табл.915]. gvxvdeba agreTve kolxeTis adrerkinis
xanis
namosaxlarebze,
sadac
ZiriTadad
fragmentebis
saxiTaa moRweuli [miqelaZe, 1985: 22].
T. miqelaZem gamoyo tolCebis sami tipi:
1. qiliseburi tipis tolCebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia
odnav
momrgvalebuli
korpusi.
2.
Zirisaken
mkveTrad Seviwrovebuli tolCebi da 3. kasriseburi tolCebi.
mkvlevaris
azriT,
isini
protokolxuri
tipis
tolCebis
Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens [miqelaZe, 1985: 21].
msgavsi WurWeli gvxvdeba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic.
mag. samTavros samarovnis Zv.w. XIII-X saukuneebiT daTariRebul kompleqsebSi [mcxeTa V 188. sur. 259-260]; narekvavis Zv.w.
VIII-VI saukuneebis samarxebSi [nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007:
238. nivTi #1287, 1300]; qvemo qarTlSi – pantianis samarovnis
gvaianbrinjaos
xanis
adreuli
etapis
fenaSi
[Тушишвили,
Амиранашвили, 1982. табл. XXXI 6 ]; xovles IV horizontis masalebSi [musxeliSvili, 1978: 103. tab. XVII]; Trelis samarovnis
Zv.w.
XIII-XII
saukuneebiT
daTariRebul
kompleqsebSi
[Tbilisi I. nax. 60. 615]. am Zeglebze aRmoCenili tolCebis
umravlesobac uornamentoa, Tumca ornamentirebuli nimuSebic gvxvdeba. maT yurebs ki umravles SemTxvevaSi zoomorfuli
Sverilebi
samTavros
amSvenebs.
samarovanze),
aris
agreTve
romlebsac
tolCebi
CiTaxevis
#70
(mag.,
da
borniReles #25 samarxebSi aRmoCenili tolCebis msgavsad
yuris magivrad rqiseburi Sverilebi aqvs.
144
rogorc vxedavT, am tipis tolCebi sakmaod didi drois
ganmavlobaSi
arsebobs:
safexuridan
rkinis
gvianbrinjaos
farTo
aTvisebis
xanis
adreuli
xanamde.
gvxvdeba
rogorc `centraluramier-kavkasiuri~ (samTavruli), ise kolxuri
kulturis
Zeglebze.
Tumca
am
ukanasknelze
isini
mxolod Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi Cndebian.
Rruqusliani
CiTaxevisa
da
tolCebi.
borniReles
am
tipis
tolCebi
samarovnebze.
isini
gvxvdeba
gamomwvari
arian yavisferi an ruxi Tixisgan. aqvT gadaSlili (iSviaT
SemTxvevaSi swori) piri, dabali yeli, gamoberili muceli,
kargad gamokveTili gulamoRaruli qusli. maT absolutur
umravlesobas
aqvs
erTi,
xSir
SemTxvevaSi
zoomorfuli
kopebiani an cilindrulSveriliani yuri, romelic mucelsa
da
mxarzea
miZerwili.
umravlesoba
ornamentirebulia.
ornamentSi Warbobs wneviT datanili an amoRaruli kanelurebi, romlebic zogjer mTels korpuss dauyveba, zogjer ki
mxolod mis qveda nawils, xan simetriulad, xan ki konebad
aris
ganlagebuli,
gavlebuli
aseve
paraleluri
gvxvdeba
yelze
horizontaluri
da
xazebiT
mucelze
da
sxva
ornamentiT Semkuli egzemplarebic (tab. XI).
CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCnda Rruqusliani uyuro
tolCa, romelic formiT, faqturiTa da ornamentiT (korpusis
qveda
nawilSi
wneviT
datanili
kanelurebi)
TiTqmis
zustad imeorebs, amave samarxSi aRmoCenili yuriani tolCis
moyvanilobas
arc
zomebSi
SeiniSneba
didi
sxvaoba
(tab.
XLII 3,4 ). amgvari WurWeli sakmaod iSviaTia. misi paraleli
Cven mxolod erTgan vipoveT da is xovles namosaxlaris IV
horizontis
masalebSia
dadasturebuli.
Tumca
CiTaxevis
tolCasTan SedarebiT naklebad gamoyofili qusli aqvs da
kanelurebic yuridan Ziramde dauyveba [musxeliSvili, 1978.
tab. XLIII 2320 ].
145
sakmaod originaluria agreTve CiTaxevis #14 samarxSi
aRmoCenili SedarebiT didi zomis tolCa. mas aqvs mkveTrad
gadaSlili piri, aseve mkveTrad gamoziduli mxrebi, viwro
Ziri,
dabali,
koxtad
gamoyvanili
qusli.
mrgvalganivkve-
Tiani yuri mucelzea miZerwili. mucelzeve Semouyveba erTi
amoRaruli horizontaluri xazi. WurWlis forma bikonusuris StabeWdilebas tovebs (tab. XII 5 ).
aseve gamoirCeva CiTaxevis #70 samarxis gareTa kuTxesTan dadasturebuli tolCa. mas aqvs gadaSlili piri, uCveulod maRali cilindruli yeli, gamoberili muceli, dabali
koxtad
gamoyvanili
qusli.
yuri
miZerwilia
mxarsa
da
mucelze. muclis areSi dauyveba wneviT datanili kanelurebi (tab. DXII 6 ).
am tipis tolCebs exeba m. baramiZe, rodesac ganixilavs
kaspis samarovanze aRmoCenil keramikul masalas. igi Tvlis,
rom am tipis WurWlis arseboba ZiriTadad gviani brinjaos
xanidan
rkinis
xanaSi
gardamaval
da
rkinis
farTo
aTvisebis xanis samarxebSi SeiniSneba [baramiZe, 1965: 38].
aRniSnuli formis tolCebs moWiqul calebTan dakavSirebiT exeba k. ficxelauri. mas moWiquli WurWeli adgilobriv
nawarmad
gavrcelebuli
ar
da
dadasturebuli.
miaCnia,
vinaidan
kavkasiaSi
samTavros
da
sul
sxva
ZiriTadad
asureTSia
TiTo-orola
Zeglebze
calia
aRmoCenili
Savpriala tolCebi TavianTi formiT Zalian axlos dganan
asurul egzemplarebTan, rac mkvlevaris azriT, maT Soris
genetikur kavSirze unda miuTiTebdes – Savpriala tolCebi
moWiquli WurWlis mibaZviT unda iyos damzadebuli. amis
dasturad
igi
im
garemoebasac
miiCnevs,
rom
Savpriala
WurWeli moWiqul tolCebze adreul kompleqsebSi arsadaa
dafiqsirebuli.
k. ficxelauris am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba r. abramiSvili
da
amgvar
WurWels
adgilobriv
nawarmad
miiCnevs.
argumentad mas is moaqvs, rom Trelis samarovanze Zv.w. XIII
146
saukunisa
da
kompleqsSi
Zv.w.
XII
saukunis
dadasturebulia
pirveli
araerTi
naxevris
am
tipis
mraval
tolCa.
agreTve isic, rom msgavsi WurWeli damaxasiaTebelia Sida
da
qvemo
qarTlis
gvianbrinjaos
xanis
ZeglebisaTvis.
kerZod, isini aRmoCenilia Trelis [Tbilisi I, 138. nax. 66,
663. tab. XLV]; samTavros [mcxeTa V. nivTi #276, 277, 313];
kaspis [baramiZe, 1965: 38]; flavismanis [makalaTia, 1930: 233.
nax. 15, 16]: dvanis [makalaTia, 1948: 360]: dmanisis [nioraZe,
1947: 51-53]; redkin-lageris [Мартиросян, 1964: 200. рис. 78] da
sxva
Zeglebze.
sakmao
raodenobiT
gvxvdebian
mogviano,
rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSic. mag. xaSuris nacargoris
#208 samarxSi [ramiSvili, 2001: 158. tab. II 357 ; III 518 ]; dasavleT
saqarTveloSi
wiTeli
Suquras
samarovnis
#91
samarxSi
[Трапш, 1969. табл. XIV 4] ; Cvens sakvlev samarovnebze da sxva.
qronologiuri
TvalsazrisiT
Rruqusliani
tolCebis
arseboba Zv.w. XIII-VII saukuneebis farglebSi eqceva [Tbilisi
I, 1976: 140].
sasmisebi. calke unda gamovyoT CiTaxevis #87, borniReles #4, 8, 76, 82 samarxebSi dadasturebuli da CiTaxevis
#82
samarxis
maxloblad,
kulturul
fenaSi
napovni
sasmisebi.
CiTaxevis #87 samarxSi aRmoCenili sasmisi Savad gamomwvaria, aqvs naprialebi zedapiri. kargad damuSavebuli ruxi
keci da Carxzea damzadebuli. gaaCnia dabali, odnav gadaSlili piri, sakmaod maRali yeli da gamoberili muceli.
aqvs
maRali,
koxtad
gamoyvanili
fexi
da
brtyeli
Ziri.
muceli Semkulia vertikaluri oTx-oTxi da horizontaluri,
zigzaguri,
amoRaruli xazebiT. yuri miZerwilia mxarsa da
mucelze.
simaRle – 11,6; piris diametri – 7,8; muclis diametri –
9,1; fexis diametri – 4; Ziris diametri 4.7 sm. (tab. XIII 3 ).
147
borniReles
gamomwvaria.
gadaSlili
#4
samarxSi
gamoirCeva
piri,
aRmoCenili
naprialebi
Sezneqili
sasmisic
zedapiriT.
yeli,
Savad
aqvs
gamoberili,
odnav
Zirisaken
mkveTrad daqanebuli muceli, maRali, koxtad gamoyvanili
fexi da brtyeli Ziri. ovalurganivkveTiani yuri miZerwilia
mxarsa
da
mucelze.
vertikaluri
gverdebi
xazebiT
Seqmnili
Semkulia
paraleluri
samkuTxedebiT,
romlebic
wveriT Zirisaken arian mimarTuli.
simaRle 11; piris diametri 8; muclis diametri 9,6;
Ziris diametri 5,0 sm (tab. XLIII 2 ).
borniReles
gamomwvaria.
#8
formiT
samarxSi
da
aRmoCenili
ornamentiT
sasmisi
TiTqmis
#4
ruxad
samarxis
analogiuri WurWlis identuria. identuria maTi ornamentaciac. gansxvaveba mxolod yuris formasa da zomebSia. #8
samarxis
sasmiss
yuri
ufro
didi
zomisa
aqvs
da
is
uSualod yels qvemoT da mucelzea miZerwili.
simaRle 11,5; piris diametri 7,3; muclis diametri 9,7;
Ziris diametri 4,5 sm (tab. XLIII 1 ).
zemoaRniSnul WurWelTan formiT sakmaod axlos dgas
borniReles #76 samarxSi aRmoCenili sasmisic. igi Savad
gamomwvaria, priala zedapiriT, sxva sasmisebisagan gansxvavebiT uornamentoa.
rac
Seexeba
CiTaxevis
#82
samarxis
maxloblad,
kulturul fenaSi aRmoCenil sasmiss, igi yvela CamoTvlili
sasmisebisagan
sagrZnoblad
gansxvavdeba.
samwuxarod
mis
Sesaxeb informacia arc savele davTarSi da arc angariSSi
ar
moipoveba.
SemorCenilia
mxolod
grafikuli
naxati.
WurWeli sakmaod maRalia, pirgadaSlili, Cazneqili yeliT.
mxrebidan Zirisaken mkveTrad daqanebuli. aqvs Zalze viwro
Ziri.
yelidan
Ziramde
wneviT
datanili
kanelurebiTaa
Semkuli. yuri miZerwilia mxarsa da mucelze (tab. XLIII 5 ).
T.
miqelaZem
Tavis
naSromSi
«
»
mogvca Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis kolxuri keramikis klasifika-
148
cia [Микеладзе, 1990: 37-39]. pirvel jgufSi man qiliseburi
WurWeli gaaerTiana. meore jgufSi WurWeli, romlis gverdebi
Zirisaken
mkveTrad
daqanebulia.
mesame
jgufSi
_
kasriseburi WurWeli. meoTxe jgufSi iseTi egzemplarebi,
romlebic
axlos
dgas
meore
jgufis
(Zirisken
mkveTrad
daqanebulgverdian) WurWelTan, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom
maT mkveTrad gamokveTili fexi axasiaTebT. es ukanasaknelni
ki arian mesame tipi sasmisebisa [Микеладзе, 1990. табл. XIII 3, 5],
romlebic gamoCenas Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis manZilze iwyeben
da kolxuri keramikis erT-erT wamyvan elementad gvevlinebian [Микеладзе, 1990: 37].
swored T. miqelaZiseuli klasifikaciis meoTxe jgufs
miekuTvneba
Cvens
borniReles
nimuSebi
mier
zemoT
samarovnebze
aRmoCenilia
namosaxlarze.
mag.
CamoTvlili,
aRmoCenili
kolxeTis
ergetis
sasmisebi.
araerT
#4
CiTaxevisa
msgavsi
samarovansa
dasakrZalav
da
da
ormoSi
[Микеладзе, 1982. табл. XLIV, XLV 1 ], romelic Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli.
borniReles samarovanze gamovlenil sasmisebs Seexo o.
RambaSiZe. manac xazi gausva aRniSnuli WurWlis kolxur
masalasTan msgavsebas. magram amasTan yuradReba gaamaxvila
borniReles
sasmisebis
kecis
damuSavebis
teqnikasa
da
ornamentaciaze (gansakuTrebiT am ukanasknelze), romlebic
samTavros samarovanze Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis kompleqsebSi
aRmoCenil nawarmTan iCens msgavsebas [RambaSiZe o., 1984].
amdenad, am tipis WurWelSi gaerTianebuli unda iyos
rogorc
kolxur,
ise
samTavrul
kulturaTa
keramikuli
warmoebis tradiciebi.
rac Seexeba #82 samarxTan, kulturul fenaSi aRmoCenil sasmiss (tab. XIII 4 ), Tavisi formiT ufro gviandelis
STabeWdilebas
tovebs.
miT
umetes,
rom
#82
samarxis
inventari: vercxlis farakiani beWedi, vercxlis sayureebi,
149
da sxva nivTebi komp-leqss Zv.w. VI saukunis boloTi da V
saukuniT aTariRebs [RambaSiZe o., 1976].
calke aRsaniSnavia borniReles #71 da #99 samarxebSi
aRmoCenili
sasmisebi.
#71
samarxis
sasmisi
moSavo-
moyavisfrodaa gamomwvari. zedapiri naprialebia. aqvs gadaSlili
piri.
gverdebi
gaaCnia
koxtad
Sezneqilia
gamokveTili
qusli
(welSi
da
gamoyvanilia).
viwro
Ziri,
yuri
miZerwilia gverdis Sua nawilze. Semkulia horizontalur
paralelur xazebs Soris moqceuli vertikalurad daSvebuli da wertilebiT Sevsebuli paraleluri xazebiT. is sakmaod originaluri formis da lamazi WurWelia (gamofenilia
borjomis muzeumis mudvimoqmed eqspoziciaSi, tab. ILIV 2 ).
aseve sakmaod originaluri formiT gamoirCeva borniReles
#99
samarxSi
aRmoCenili
sasmisic.
mas
aqvs
odnav
gadaSlili piri, Sezneqili yeli, sakmaod maRali tani, aseve
maRali
fexi
da
viwro,
brtyeli
Ziri.
kopiani
yuri
miZerwilia yels qvemoT da mucelze. yelis areSi Semouyveba
ori paraleluri amoRaruli xazi, romelic iribad Sveuli
xazebiTaa
Sevsebuli,
xolo
gverdebi
Semkulia
or-ori
Sveuli paraleluri xazebiT, romelTa Soris are wertilebiTaa Sevsebuli (tab. XLIV 1 ).
am WurWlis analogebi ver moviZieT. im kompleqsebis
mixedviT
ki,
sadac
isini
iyvnen
dadasturebuli
(cilind-
ruli da kasriseburi tolCebi, Tavgabrtyelebuli sakinZebi,
rkinis
Subispiri
da
sxva)
Zv.w.
VIII-VII
saukuneebiT
unda
daTariRdnen.
Caidniseburi
dadasturda
WurWeli.
Caidniseburi
borniReles
WurWeli,
#50
romelic
samarxSi
erTad-erTi
egzemplaria borjomis xeobis samarovnebze. is monacisfromoruxodaa gamomwvari. zedapiri gaprialebulia. aqvs gadaSlili piri, dabali yeli, iribad daqanebuli mxrebi, gamoberili muceli, farTo da brtyeli Ziri. mrgvalganivkveTiani
150
yuri mxarze aqvs daZerwili. aqvs mrgvali da mokle siTxis
gadmosasxmeli
mili.
yelze
erTi,
xolo
mxarze
ori
amoRaruli xazi Semouyveba.
simaRle 20; muclis diametri 24; Ziris diametri 10;
milis sigrZe 2; milis ganivkveTa 2,6 sm (tab. XLIV 4 ).
Caidniseburi
WurWeli
sakmaod
gavrcelebulia
Zv.w.
X-VIII
saukuneebSi rogorc mcire aziaSi (frigia), ise iransa da mis
mosazRvre
samxreT
teritoriebze.
regionebSia
samxreT
kavkasiaSi
gamovlenili
1977: 99. табл. XXIII 1-5,7,9,10 ].
garda
is
ukidures
[Погребова,
(yizil-vanqi)
amisa,
am
tipis
WurWeli
gamovlenilia mingeCauris yorRanebSi, romlebic Zv.w. XII-IX
saukuneebiT TariRdeba [Асланов и др., 1959. табл. XXXVII; XLII 1 ;
XLII 2 ].
magram
arc
mcireaziuri,
arc
iranuli
da
arc
mingeCauris Caidniseburi WurWeli borniReles egzem-plars
arafriT ar hgavs, garda imisa, rom yvela maTgans siTxis
sadeni
mili
aqvs.
ase
rom,
maT
Soris
raime
geneti-kuri
kavSiris Zieba Cvenis azriT ar unda iyos marTebuli.
`sarkmliani~
WurWeli.
borniReles
#23
da
#25
samarxSi aRmoCenil tolCebs ZirSi obsidianis natexi hqonda
Cadgmuli.
#23
samarxSi
aRmoCenili
tolCa
Savad
gamomwvaria,
pirgadaSlili, yelSezneqili, mucelgamoberili, aqvs dabali
qusli.
mrgvalganivkveTiani
yuri
mucelzea
miZerwili,
uornamentoa.
simaRle 8,5: piris diametri 7,5; muclis diametri 10;
Ziris diametri 4,2 sm (tab. XLI 8 ).
#25
samarxSi
aRmoCenili
tolCa
Savad
gamomwvaria,
pirgadaSlili, mucelgamoberili. aqvs farTo da brtyeli
Ziri.
yuris
magivrad
mucelze
rqiseburi
Sverili
aqvs
miZerwili.
simaRle 9,5: piris diametri 9; Ziris diametri 6;
151
muclis diametri 10,2 sm (tab. XLI 5 ).
e.w. `sarkmliani~ WurWeli iSviaTobas ar warmoadgens.
is sakmaod gavrcelebulia mcire aziaSi, samxreT kavkasiasa
da
evropaSi.
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
ki
aRmoCenilia
Trelis [Tbilisi I 138 ]; madnisWalis [Тушишвили, 1981: 94-95];
dmanisis [nioraZe, 1947: 51-53]; `SuSis qarxnis~ [Ниорадзе, 2006:
16-20];
flavismanis
[makalaTia,
1930:
231]
samarovnebze.
agreTve diliJanSi, axtalaSi [makalaTia, 1930: 234], redkinlagerze,
musi-ierSi,
aRmosavleT
evropaSi
naxevarkunulze
SeiTan-daRSi,
(germania,
(SvedeTi,
troaSi,
safrangeTi);
norvegia);
Crdilo-
skandinaviis
britaneTSi
da
sxva
[Ниорадзе, 2006: 16-20].
evropul da aziur `sarkmlian~ WurWels Soris sakmaod
didi qronologiuri sxvaobaa. evropaSi is ZiriTadad ax.w.
I-IV
saukuneebSi
vrceldeba,
maSin,
roca
aziuri
da
kavkasiuri nimuSebi Zv.w. 2000-500 w.w. farglebSi gvxvdebian
[Ниорадзе, 2006: 17].
qarxnis~
Trelis,
samarovnebic
madnisWalis,
zogadad
Zv.w.
dmanisis,
XIII-IX
`SuSis
saukuneebiT
TariRdebian. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom saqarTvelos
teritoriaze aRmoCenili `sarkmliani~ WurWlis umravlesoba
(Treli,
madnisWala,
dmanisi,
gomna,
`SuSis
qarxana~)
Rruquslian tolCebs warmoadgens. erTis mxriv, aziur da
kavkasiur,
xolo
meores
mxriv,
evropul
`sarkmlian~
WurWels Soris kidev erTi arsebiTi gansxvavebaa. aziur da
kavkasiur nimuSebSi `sarkmlis~ funqcias obsidianis am mTis
brolis natexebi asrulebs, xolo evropul egzemplarebSi
mina.
aziur
da
kavkasiur
WurWels
umravles
SemTxvevaSi
erTi an ori (`SuSis qarxnis~ samarovani) `sarkmeli~ aqvs,
maSin, rodesac evropaSi gamovlenil amgvar WurWels umetes
SemTxvevaSi
ramodenime
`sarkmeli~
aqvs
datanebuli
[Ниорадзе, 2006: 17].
152
saqarTveloSi
`sarkmeli~
Zirze
aRmoCenili
aqvs
WurWlis
datanebuli
umravlesobas
(Tbilisi,
madnisWala,
dmanisi, `SuSis qarxana~, borniRele da sxva) da rogorc
Cans, WurWlis gamomwvamdea Casmuli.
ra daniSnuleba SeiZleba hqonoda aseT WurWels? am
sakiTxze
araerT
mkvlevars
aqvs
gamoTqmuli
mosazreba
rogorc evropaSi ise saqarTveloSi.
evropel mecnierTa azri sakmaod gansxvavebulia. erTni
`sarkmels~
zogi
ki
WurWlis
WurWlis
miiCnevs,
samSvenisad
rom
dazianebul,
mosazreba
imis
miniT
Tvlis,
an
gaxvretil
Sesaxeb,
rom
sxvani
amuletad,
obsidianiT
ubralod,
adgils
`sarkmeli~
avsebdnen.
aris
WurWels
masSi
mdgari siTxis mdgomareobis gasagebad ukeTdeboda, zogi maT
sakulto daniSnulebis WurWlad Tvlida da a.S. [Ниорадзе,
2006: 18].
qarTvel mkvlevarTagan am sakiTxs Seexnen g. nioraZe
da s. makalaTia [nioraZe, 1947. Ниорадзе, 2006. makalaTia, 1930].
g. nioraZis azriT, sxvadasxva dros, sxvdasxva xalxi amgvar
WurWels gansxvavebuli mizniT akeTebda. amitomac isini did
cvlilebas ganicdidnen formis, zomis, saxeobis, `sarkmlis~
masalis
mxriv.
zogjer
amgvari
WurWeli
dasakrZalav
urnadac gamoiyeneboda. ganixilavs ra `SuSis qarxnis~ da
dmanisis
g.
samarovanze
nioraZe
aRmoCenil
kategoriulad
`sarkmlian~
gamoricxavs
WurWels,
maTze
`sarkmlis~
raime praqtikuli mizniT datanebas da am movlenas mxolod
religiur warmodenebs ukavSirebs. amis argumentad mas is
garemoebac moaqvs, rom obsidiani WurWlis ZirSia Casmuli
(iseve,
rogorc
saqarTveloSi
gamovlenili
analogiuri
WurWlis umravlesobaSi – r. k.) da amdenad arc WurWlis
samSvenisad da arc masSi mdgari siTxis Sesamowmeblad ar
gamodgeboda.
SesakeTebel
aseve
gamoricxavs
masalad
is
gamoyenebas,
obsidianis
vinaidan
is
WurWlis
WurWlis
gamomwvamdea Casmuli (iseve rogorc borniReles WurWelSi).
153
borniReles #23 da #25 samarxebi e.w. `Sereul~ samarxebs warmoadgens (sadac dadasturda rogorc inhumaciurad
dakrZaluli micvalebulebi, ise kremaciuli urnebi). magram
arc erT samarxSi `sarkmliani~ WurWeli urnad ar yofila
gamoyenebuli.
g.
nioraZe
aseve
gamoricxavs
`sarkmliani~
WurWlis
amuletebad gamoyenebas, vinaidan Tvlis, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi
maTi
ricxvi
gacilebiT
didi
iqneboda.
amasTanave
aRniSnavs, rom brinjaos xanaSi (iseve rogorc dRes zogierT
ganviTarebis
dabal
gansakuTrebuli
mas
zemo
mohyavs,
safexurze
mniSvnelobas
avWalis,
sadac
mdgom
aniWebdnen.
samTavros,
brinjaosa
tomebSi)
obsidians
amis
magaliTad,
redkin-lageris
samarovnebi
da
rkinis
nivTebTan
erTad
obsidianis ubralo anatkecebicaa dadasturebuli, romlebic
misi
azriT,
marTlac
amuletis
funqcias
asrulebdnen
[Ниорадзе, 2006: 19-20].
CamoTvlili versiebis gamoricxvis Semdeg g. nioraZe
`sarkmlian~ WurWels mzis kults ukavSirebs. amis erT-erT
argumentad
mas
is
garemoeba
moaqvs,
rom
am
WurWlis
funqcionirebis periodSi, im xalxSi, romelTa teritoriazec
isinia
dafiqsirebuli,
gavrcelebuli
movlena
mzis
iyo
Tayvaniscema
(mzis
sakmaod
gamosaxulebebi
da
simboloebi maT ornamentaciaSi did adgils ikavebda). Tanac
kavkasiur
`sarkmlian~
WurWelSi
ZiriTadad
obsidiani
da
mTis brolia gamoyenebuli, anu is minerali, romelic mzis
Suqs kargad atarebs. tolCa siTxis sasmeli WurWelia da
Suqi,
romelic
`sarkmlidan~
`ganwmedda~
masSi
WurWlidan
sasmels
svamdnen.
mkvlevari
mdgar
siTxes.
SesaZloa
ar
Sedioda,
g.
nioraZis
mxolod
gamoricxavs,
anaTebda
rom
azriT,
da
am
dResaswaulebze
amgvar
WurWels
saflavSi mxolod qurumebs da maTi ojaxis wevrebs atandnen
[Ниорадзе, 2006: 20-21]. Tumca Cveni azriT, g. nioraZis am metad
sayuradRebo mosazrebas erTi kontrargumentic gaaCnia. Tu
154
`sarkmeli~ WurWels imisaTvis ukeTdeboda, rom mzis Suqs
masSi
mdgari
siTxe
gaeSuqebina,
ratom
ukeTedeboda
igi
yvelaze xSir SemTxvevaSi Zirze, anu im adgilze, saidanac
mzis sxivebi masSi yvelaze naklebad SeaRwevda?
s.
makalaTiac
ganixilavs
ra
flavismanis
samarxSi
aRmoCenil `sarkmlian~ WurWels (Rruquslian tolCas), mas
aseve sakulto daniSnulebisad Tvlis. misi azriT, `sarkmeli~ sinaTlis SegrZnebasTan da mzis kultTanac SeiZleba
yofiliyo
vinaidan
dakavSirebuli
amgvari
da
WurWeli
micvelebulis
xSirad
kultTanac,
dasakrZalavi
urnis
funqciasac asrulebda [makalaTia, 1930: 236].
gaxvretili WurWeli. CiTaxevis #16 da #31 samarxebSi
aRmoCnda qoTnebi, romlebsac ZirTan erTi naxvreti hqondaT
datanili. aseve Zirgaxvretili iyo #70 samarxSi aRmoCenili
jamic.
arc
erTi
gamoyenebuli.
urnebi
b.
amas
imitom
aRmoCenilia
kuftinis
arsebobis
ciul
WurWeli
urnebze
evropisTvis
vusvamT
malaqlus
azriT,
rwmenas
kremaciul
micvalebulis
akldamebze
yofila
ucxo
da
rom
kolumbariumze,
ukavSirdeboda
da
xazs,
urnad
kults
ar
naxvretiani
sadac
da
yvelgan
krema-
naxvretebi
sulis
is
sulis
[Куфтин, 1944: 70].
msgavsi
iyo
arc
arsebobis
rwmenasTan iyo dakavSirebuli [Погребальный обряд племен...
1974].
mecnierebi
mas
`sulis
sarkmelsac~
uwodebdnen
[makalaTia, 1930: 235]. aseTi `sarkmlebi~ gvxvdeba samTavros
qvayuTebze
da
kavkasiur
dolmenebSi.
Tumca
ratom
iyo
gaxvretili CiTaxevis samarovanze dadasturebuli WurWeli,
romelic urnebad ar yofila gamoyenebuli Zneli saTqmelia.
rogorc ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, borjomis xeobis
samarovnebze aRmoCenili keramikuli nawarmis didi nawili
Semkulia sxvadasxvagvari dekoriT. ornamentirebulia yvela
saxeobis WurWeli: ZiriTadad tolCebi da qoTnebi, iSviaTad
155
koWbebi da jamebi (mxolod borniReles #2 da CiTaxevis #23
samarxSi
dadasturebul
jamebs
Semouyveba
pirs
qvemoT
talRiseburi nakawri zoli).
cilindruli tolCebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ornamentia or paralelur horizontalurad amoRebul xazs Soris
moqceuli iribad Sveuli xazebi, Sveuli xazebiT Seqmnili
samkuTxedebi, romelTa wveri xan Ziriskenaa mimarTuli, xan
ki
pirisken;
pirTan,
an
amoRaruli
korpusis
da
Sua
wneviT
nawilze
datanili
ramdenime
kanelurebi;
paraleluri
horizontaluri nakawri an amoRaruli xazi da sxva (tab.
XV).
Rruqusliani
datanili
tolCebi
kanelurebiT
da
ZiriTadad
nakawri
Semkulia
xazebiT
wneviT
Seqmnili
samkuTxedebiT, romlebic wveriT Zirisaken aris mimarTuli
(tab. XLV).
qoTnebi Semkulia yelze, mxarze, mucelze Semovlebuli
horizontaluri paraleluri xazebiT, maT Soris moqceuli
iribad Sveuli, wiwvovani, badiseburi an wriuli ornamentiT.
agreTve
mTels
korpusze
wneviT
datanili
badiseburi
dekoriT, paralelur xazebs Soris moqceuli wertilebiT,
wertilebiT
Seqmnili
samkuTxedebiT
da
sxva
(tab.
XLV).
kanelurebi zog WurWels piridan Ziramde dauyveba, zogs
muclidan Ziramde, zogs ki mxolod muclis areSi.
rac Seexeba WurWelTa yurebs: isini ZiriTadad mrgvalganivkveTiani
an
ovalurganivkveTiania.
xSiria
zoomor-
fuli yurebi, gvxvdeba agreTve yurebi e.w. `rqiseburi~ da
cilindruli SverilebiT, Riliseburi kopebiT, cilindruli
danaZerwiT
nacvlad
da
e.w.
sxva
(tab.
`rqiseburi~
XLV).
zog
Sverili
WurWels
aqvs.
yurebis
gvxvdeba
e.w.
`cruyuriani~ WurWelic (tab. XLV).
156
daskvna
rogorc cnobilia, borjomis xeoba istoriuli samcxis
(mesxeTis) Semadgeneli nawilia. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinisa da
rkinis
farTo
gaTxrili
da
aTvisebis
xanis
Seswavlili,
Zeglebi
Tumca
ki
mxolod
jer-jerobiT
aqaa
mxolod
samarovnebi. Tu ar CavTvliT aspinZis raionis sof. saroSi
gvianbrinjaos
daTariRebul
xanis
11
sawyisi
samarxs
periodiT
[RambaSiZe
da
(Zv.w.
sxv.
XV-XIV
2000:
ss.)
115-183].
sakmaod uxvadaa agreTve SemTxveviT mopovebuli nivTebi da
koleqciebic (ix. borjomis raionis arqeologiuri ruka, tab.
I 2,
5, 9, 10, 13, 19, 22, 34, 38, 40 ).
mesxeTis rolsa da adgilze gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
xanis samxreT kavkasiaSi, araerT mkvlevars aqvs gamoTqmuli
sayuradRebo mosazreba (g. nioraZe, o. jafariZe, T. miqelaZe,
o. lorTqifaniZe, t. CubiniSvili, a. javaxiSvili, o. RambaSiZe,
v.
liCeli,
l.
saxarova,
a.
ramiSvili,
i.
RambaSiZe,
j. afaqiZe da sxva).
o.
jafariZe
exeba
ra
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
xanis
samcxis (maT Soris borjomis xeobis) Zeglebs, Tvlis, rom
am periodSi aq sakmaod rTuli viTareba iqmneba da regioni
dasavlur
da
aRmosavlur
kulturaTa
mZlavr
gavlenas
ganicdis. mkvlevari ZiriTadad gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli
etapis kompleqsebs eyrdnoba (CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da
borniReles adreuli samarxebi, gomnis samarovani) da midis
daskvnamde, rom am periodSi mesxeTSi ufro Sida qarTlis
gavlena igrZnoba, rac upiratesad iaraRis xasiaTSi aisaxeba
(masragaxsnili
Subispirebi,
foTliseburi
satevrebi,
laxtisTavebi, brinjaos brtyeli isrispirebi da sxva). amave
dros
imasac
aRniSnavs,
rom
am
regionSi
dRemde
araa
cnobili aRmosavlurqarTuli culis aRmoCenis SemTxveva da
amas
imiT
intensiurad
xsnis,
rom
kolxuri
aq
sakmaod
culi
iwyebs
adre
da
sakmaod
gavrcelebas.
II
157
aTaswleulis bolosaTvis ki misi azriT, mesxeTSi TandaTan
sustdeba Sida qarTlidan momdinare gavlena. amas ki imiT
xsnis, rom TviT Sida qarTlSi am periodSi ior-alaznis
kulturis
momZlavreba
kulturis
mZlavr
TvalsaCino
magaliTad
iwyeba
da
gavlenas
mesxeTi
ganicdis.
mkvlevars
ukve
kolxuri
amis
erT-erT
waRveris
metalurgiuli
saxelosnos arseboba miaCnia.
udes ganZze dayrdnobiT, sadac kolxuri kulturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
nivTebi
Warbobs,
a.
javaxiSvili
da
t. CubiniSvili mesxeTs kolxuri kulturis gavlenis sferoSi
Semaval
regionad
miiCneven
[javaxiSvili,
CubiniSvili,
1959].
T.
miqelaZe
Tavis
naSromSi:
`Ziebani
kolxeTisa
da
samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis
istoriidan~, sxva mraval sakiTxTa Soris mosxebis (mesxebis)
eTnikuri
vinaobis
berZnul
wyaroebze,
problemebsac
exeba.
arqeologiur
aRmosavlur
masalasa
da
da
samxreT
saqarTvelos, maT Soris borjomis xeobis toponimikasa da
onomastikonze
(mesxebi)
dayrdnobiT
dasavlur-qarTuli,
midis
daskvnamde,
zanurenovani
rom
tomia
mosxebi
da
rom
`mesxsa da qarTs Soris tolobis niSnis dasma ar unda iyos
gamarTlebuli~ [miqelaZe, 1974: 30]. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
T. miqelaZis es sakmaod saintereso mosazreba dRevandel
qarTul istoriografiaSi ZiriTadad araa gaziarebuli da
mesxebi aRmosavlur-qarTul tomadaa miCneuli.
samxreT saqarTveloSi Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebSi mimdinare procesebs Seexo v. liCeli. igi Tvlis, rom Zv.w. II
aTaswleulis
meore
naxevarSi
centraluramierkavkasiuri
samxreT
kultura
saqarTveloSi
dominirebs,
Tumca
amasTan erTad garkveul eTnikur cvlilebebze metyvelebs
borjomis
xeobaSi
gaTxril
samarovnebze
mikvleuli
liTonisa da Tixis nawarmi, romelTa erTi nawili mkveTrad
gamoxatul
lokalur
xasiaTs
atarebs
(mag.
borjomis
158
xeobaSi gavrcelebuli brinjaos diskoseburi gulsakidebi).
amave
xanidan
xasiaTi
v.
liCelis
mkveTrad
azriT,
icvleba
materialuri
da
is
kulturis
dasavlur-qarTuli
(kolxuri) elementebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. amis magaliTad mkvlevars udesa da Telovanis ganZebi da mzeTamzes
samarovani moaqvs. Zv.w. IV saukunidan ki v. liCelis azriT,
samxreT
kvlav
saqarTveloSi
icvleba
da
materialuri
isev
kulturis
aRmosavluri
xasiaTi
elementebi
iwyebs
momZlavrebas [liCeli, 1999: 106-107].
am movlenebs o. lorTqifaniZe kolxuri kulturisa da
SesaZloa, kolxuri eTnikuri elementis mezobel regionebSi
(igulisxmeba samcxe da Sida qarTli) infiltraciiT xsnis
[lorTqifaniZe, 1999: 111-113].
rac Seexeba Sida qarTls: mkvlevarTa nawili (o. jafariZe, k. ficxelauri da sxv.) miiCnevs, rom kolxuri kultura
aq ZiriTadad swored mesxeTidan gavrcelda.
al.
ramiSvilis
azriT,
gvianbrinjaos
xanis
mesxeTi
arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT jerac araa saTanado doneze
Seswavlili. mopovebuli masalis ZiriTadi nawili gamouqveynebulia
da
amdenad,
maTi
gaTvaliswinebac
SeuZlebelia.
amitom, mkvlevari Tvlis, rom aseT viTarebaSi Znelia gadaWriT mtkiceba imisa, kolxuri kulturis arealSi Sedioda es
mxare Tu ara. kolxuri culebis da Tundac maTi dasamzadebeli
yalibebis
aRmoCena,
misi
azriT
ar
unda
niSnavdes
regionis maincdamainc kolxuri kulturis sferoSi yofnas
[ramiSvili a., 1998: 201].
am problemas Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi j. afaqiZec
Seexo.
rvelis,
kviracxovlis,
CiTaxevisa
da
borniReles
samarovnebis gamoqveynebul masalaze dayrdnobiT igi Tvlis,
rom
am
mxareSi
kolxuri
kultura
sakmaod
adre
iwyebs
gamoCenas da gavrcelebas. amis magaliTad Telovanis yalibi,
mitarbis culi da udes ganZic moaqvs. mkvlevars miaCnia, rom
mesxeTSi
gvianbrinjaos
xanis
adreul
safexurebze,
159
aRmosavlur-qarTuli
da
kolxuri
kultura
Tanabrad
iyo
gavrcelebuli da amdenad, am regions `Sereuli kulturebis
zonad~
Tvlis.
mesxeTi
ukve
regionia,
xolo
Zv.w.
kolxuri
sadac
didi
II
aTaswleulis
kulturis
miwurulidan
gavrcelebis
erT-erTi
aRmoCenili
kolxuri
raodenobiTaa
keramikis, iaraRisa da samkaulis nimuSebi. amasTanave imasac
aRniSnavs,
gverdiT
rom
amgvari
gansxvavebuli
dadasturebuli.
masalis
nivTebis
Tumca
Semcveli
Semcveli
sabolood
Zv.w.
kompleqsebis
kompleqsebicaa
II
aTaswleulis
miwurulidan mesxeTs mainc kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis
arealSi aqcevs [afaqiZe, 2002: 282-285].
mesxeTSi da konkretulad borjomis xeobaSi kolxuri
da
aRmosavlurqarTuli
araerTgzis
Seexo
o.
kulturis
RambaSiZe.
urTierTobis
garda
am
ori
sakiTxs
mZlavri
kulturuli Srisa, igi aq mcireaziur elementebsac xedavda,
rac
misi
azriT,
ZiriTadad
dakrZalvis
wesSi
iyo
gamoxatuli (vinaidan am sakiTxs ukve SevexeT, aq sityvas ar
gavagrZelebT).
ra masalas iZleva am TvalsazrisiT borjomis xeobis
samarovnebis Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. daTariRebuli samarxebi?
samarxTa agebulebisa da dakrZalvis wesis TvalsazrisiT,
es
samarovnebi
aRmosavlurqarTul
sinqronul
ZeglebTan bevr saerTos amJRavnebs. kerZod, micvalebulTa
inhumaciurad
dakrZalva,
ormo-samarxebi,
qviTnagebi
samar-
xebi, kenotafebi. samarxSi mxolod Tavis qalebis aRmoCenis
faqtebi
ZiriTadad
`centraluramierkavkasiuri~
kulturis
arealSia gavrcelebuli, Tumca micvalebulTa inhumaciuri
dakrZalva arc kolxuri samyarosTvisaa mTlad ucxo, gansakuTrebiT Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTisaTvis. amasTan erTad
borjomis xeobaSi gvxvdeba meoradi dakrZalva nawilobrivi
kremaciiT,
rac
movlenaa.
magram
kolxuri
borjomis
samyarosTvis
xeobaSi
damaxasiaTebeli
kremirebuli
Zvlebi
sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis Tixis WurWelSia moTavsebuli
160
da xSir SemTxvevaSi inhumaciurad dakrZalul micvelebulTan erTad, erT samarxSia dadasturebuli. am TvalsazrisiT
borjomis xeoba yvela sxva regionisagan gansxvavdeba da e.w.
`Sereuli~ samarxebi mxolod am mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
movlenaa.
liTonis
iaraRis
TvalsazrisiTac
Cvens
sakvlev
samarovnebze orive zemoaRniSnuli kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nimuSebia dadasturebuli. erTi mxriv kolxuri
brinjaosa da rkinis culebi, meore mxriv e.w. `samTavruli~
tipis
maxvilebi
da
tipis
satevrebi,
fuZeamoRaruli
gravirebuli
isrispirebi,
Subispirebi
da
kolxuri
`aRmosav-
luramierkavkasiuri~ kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rkinis
Subispirebi, yunwiani da qediani isrispirebi. agreTve mxolod mesxeTisaTvis da samxreTdasavleT saqarTvelosaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli e.w. `hibriduli~ (mesxuri) culebi.
aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos
sinqronuli
periodis
masa-
lasTan iCens msgavsebas samkaulsa da samoselTan dakavSirebuli
nivTebis
sakinZebi
zogi
ZiriTadad
tipi.
mag.
aRmosavleT
e.w.
`Tavgabrtyelebuli~
saqarTvelos
Zeglebis-
Tvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (beSTaSeni, samTavro da sxva), magram
maT
gverdiT
iseTi
damaxasiaTebelia
saqarTvelos
nimuSebicaa
rogorc
ZeglebisaTvis.
dadasturebuli,
aRmosavleT,
Tundac,
ise
e.w.
romelic
dasavleT
`Tavgamsxvi-
lebuli~ sakinZebi, mrgvalganivkveTiani da grexilReroiani
xatisuRlebi,
gvelis
stilizebulTaviani
samajurebi,
mrgvalganivkveTiani mavTulisagan damzadebuli sayureebi da
a.S. kolxuri kulturis wres ganekuTvneba borjomis xeobis
samarovnebze aRmoCenili brinjaos abzindebi.
rac Seexeba keramikas: sameTuneo warmoebaSi SeiniSneba
am regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendencia – kvarcisa da
qarsis mineralebis intensiuri gamoyeneba. gvxvdeba WurWeli,
romelic ZiriTadad centraluramierkavkasiuri _ `samTavruli~ kulturisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. mag. bakoiani jamebi,
161
bikonusuri
formis
da
wagrZelebuli
yuriani
qoTnebi.
formis
Tumca
qoTnebi,
zogierTi
sxvadasxva
maTgani
did
siaxloves iCens Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis kolxur Zeglebze
aRmoCenil e.w. `vazisebur~ WurWelTan. samTavruli kulturisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli
agreTve
e.w.
`Rruqusliani~
tolCebic. Zv.w. VII-VI ss. kolxur samarovnebze mopovebul
masalasTan
amJRavnebs
siaxloves
borjomis
xeobaSi
aRmoCenili kasriseburi da qiliseburi tolCebi da kolxuri
tipis fexiani sasmisebi.
yovelive es gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, rom Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebis
borjomis
(samTavruli)
da
Tanaarsebobis
xeoba
kolxuri
zonad
`centraluramierkavkasiuri~
kulturebis
miviCnioT.
romeli
Sexvedrisa
da
kultura
iyo
dominanti da romeli daqvemdebarebuli, Zneli saTqmelia,
miT umetes maSin, rodesac am periodis namosaxlarebi araa
Seswavlili. miuxedavad imisa, rom kolxuri kulturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli nivTebi sakmaod uxvadaa warmodgenili, ar
dadasturebula
am
kulturis
mTavari
elementebi:
Toxi,
segmentiseburi iaraRi da waldi. Tumca es SeiZleba imiTac
iyos
gamowveuli,
tradicia
ar
rom
maTi
arsebobda,
micvelebulTaTvis
an
iqneb
Catanebis
borjomis
xeobis
meurneobis TaviseburebebiTac.
kolxuri
borjomis
nivTebi
xeobis
sakmaod
adreuli
uxvadaa
periodis
warmodgenili
(Zv.w.
XIV-IX
ss.)
samarxebSic [RambaSiZe i., 1999]. ase rom es movlena kolxuri
kulturisa
eTnikuri
da
rogorc
elementis
o.
lorTqifaniZe
infiltraciiT~
wers:
SeiZleba
`kolxuri
yofiliyo
gamowveuli [lorTqifaniZe, 1999: 113]. am varauds aZlierebs
xeobis
toponimika
da
onomastikonic.
kerZod,
iseTi
toponimebi, rogoricaa CiTaxevi (WiTaxevi), Wobixevi da sxva.
gansakuTrebiT
sayuradReboa
es
ukanaskneli
(Wobixevi),
radgan, rogorc arn. Ciqobava miiCnevs `Wob~ (wabli) Ziridan
nawarmoebi yvela toponimi, gamoyofs samcxeSi zanuri enis
162
uZveles
fenas
mosaxleobis
amgvari
[Ciqobava,
adreul
tendencia
Secvlila
da
1938:
es
ki
damkvidrebaze
rogorc
Cvens
167].
Cans
sakvlev
aq
unda
arc
zanurenovani
metyvelebdes.
momdevno
samarovnebze
xanaSi
rkinis
farTo
aTvisebis xaniT daTariRebuli samarxebic amis dasturia.
rac Seexeba borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis
sameurneo
yofas:
metalurgiuli
brinjaosa
da
xeloxnobis
rkinis
nivTebis
siuxve
maRalganviTarebaze
unda
miuTiTebdes. aseve kargad yofila ganviTarebuli sameTuneo
warmoeba.
WurWlis
soflis
meurneobis
mravalgvaroba
sakmaod
da
maRal
mravalferovneba
doneze
metyvelebs.
samwuxarod, am masalas ar Catarebia metalografiuli da
palinologiuri kvlevebi, Torem am mxriv gacilebiT meti
informacia
borjomis
xeobaSic,
epoqisaTvis
nivTebis,
gveqneboda.
amasTan
iseve
damaxasiaTebeli
ise
keramikuli
aRsaniSnavia
isic,
rom
rogorc
sxvagan,
aSkaraa
tendencia:
rogorc
liTonis
WurWlis
seriuli
warmoeba
da
formaTa unifikacia. am periodSi naklebad gvxvdeba iseTi
daxvewili,
maRalmxatvrul
doneze
damzadebuli
nivTebi,
rogoric amave samarovnebis adreul samarxebSi (brinjaos
diskoseburi gulsakidebi, cxovelTa plastikuri gamosaxulebiT damSvenebuli Tixis WurWeli da sxva).
brinjaos
diskoseburi
gulsakidebi
da
diskosebur-
Taviani sakinZebi, romlebic borjomis xeobis samarovnebis
adreuli
samarxebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli,
solaruli
simbolikis matareblad iTvleba da zogi mkvlevari mzis
qurumi qalebis atrubutadac miiCnevs [RambaSiZe i., 1999:34,
93].
mzis
kults
ukavSireben
e.w.
`sarkmlian~
WurWelsac
[nioraZe, 1944: 127-128; makalaTia 1930: 223-240]. Tu es marTlac
asea, borniReles #23 da #25 samarxebSi aRmoCenili amgvari
WurWeli iqneb imaze metyvelebs, rom solarul RvTaebaTa
kulti
borjomis
xeobaSi
Zv.w.
VIII-VII
saukuneebSic
163
ganagrZobs arsebobas, magram sxva formiT da sxva sakulto
atribuciiT.
borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. daTariRebul samarxebs
Soris
gamoirCeva
SedarebiT
mdidruli
samarxebic,
sadac sxva samarxebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT meti raodenobis da ukeTesi inventaria dadasturebuli. mag. CiTaxevis
#32, 37, 70, an borniReles #8, 32, 71, 76, 1 92 samarxebi. es
SesaZloa imdroindel sazogadoebaSi arsebul qonebriv an
iqneb socialur diferenciaciazec metyvelebdes.
164
literatura
abramiSvili r., 1957. samTavros samarovnis gvianbrinjaosa
da adrerkinis xanis Zeglebis daTariRebisaTvis. ssmm XIXA-XXI- B, Tbilisi. 115-138.
abramiSvili
r.,
1961.
rkinis
aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos
aTvisebis
teritoriaze.
sakiTxisaTvis
XXIIB,
ssmm
Tbilisi. 291-336.
avaliSvili g., 1974. qvemo qarTli Zv.w. I aTaswleulis
pirvel naxevarSi. Tbilisi.
amiranaSvili
S.,
1944.
qarTuli
xelovnebis
istoria.
Tbilisi.
apolonios rodoseli., 1970. argonavtika. Tbilisi.
afaqiZe
j.,
2002.
gvianbrinjaosa
kolxuri kulturis qronologia.
da
adrerkinis
xanis
disertacia ist. mecn.
doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. xelnaweri.
badriaSvili
m.,
1953.
arqeologiuri
Zeglebi
sof.
saTovledan. ssmm XVII Б. Tbilisi. 232-240.
baramiZe m., 1961. brilis akldama. saqarTveloSi 1960 w.
Catarebuli kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi. Tbilisi. 23-24.
baramiZe m., 1965. kaspis samarovani. mska. IV. Tbilisi. 31-66.
baramiZe m., 1977. merxeulis samarovani. Tbilisi.
165
baramiZe
m.,
1998.
aTaswleulis
aRmosavleT
pirvel
SavizRvispireTi.
naxevarSi.
disertacia
Zv.w.
ist.
II-I
mecn.
doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. xelnaweri.
baqraZe d., 1871. saqarTvelo. (pirvel rveuli). tfilisi.
baqraZe d., 1877. saqarTvelo. gaz. `iveria~. #44. tfilisi.
baqraZe d., 1899. saqarTvelos istoria. tfilisi.
berZeniSvili d., 1985. narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli
geografiidan. Tbilisi.
gvetaZe j., 1976. kimerielTa sakiTxi sabWoTa istoriografiaSi. saistorio krebuli. V. Tbilisi. 48-66.
gobejiSvili g., 1958. TeTri wyaros gaTxrebis angariSi.
1956, 1957, 1958 w.w. samecniero sesiis Tezisebi. Tbilisi. 1112.
gobejiSvili g., 1959. ganviTarebuli rkinis xanis Zeglebi
rionis
saTaveebTan.
saqarTvelos
arqeologia.
Tbilisi.
190-206.
gobejiSvili g., 1970. gviani brinjaosa da adreuli rkinis
xana saqarTveloSi. sin. t. 1. Tbilisi. 243-311.
gogaZe
e.,
qoriZe
i.,
darispanaSvili
m.,
1980.
nosiri-
muxurCis eqspediciis 1979 wlis muSaobis Sedegebi. ssmae.
VII. Tbilisi. 49-52.
166
gogaZe e., davlianiZe c., fancxava l., ramiSvili r. 1986.
nosiri-muxurCis
eqspediciis
1980-1981
w.w.
muSaobis
Sedegebi. ssmae. VIII. Tbilisi. 45-53.
gomelauri n., 2005. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos
brinjaos
mcire
plastika.
avtorefe-
rati. Tbilisi.
davlianiZe c., gogaZe e., 1981. goraZiri. Tbilisi.
davlianiZe c., 1983. qvemo qarTlis (TrialeTis) kultura
Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi.
doliZe n., 1999. Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis gvianbrinjaoadrerkinis xanis mxatvruli nawarmi. liTonis samkauli.
disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero
xarisxis mosapoveblad (xelnaweri).
evlia Celebi, 1971. mogzaurobis wigni. Tbilisi.
vaxuSti, 1941. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. Tbilisi.
Tbilisi I, 1978. Tbilisi.
TuSiSvili n., 1972. madnisWalis samarovani. Tbilisi.
kalandaZe a., 1954. soxumis mTis arqeologiuri Zeglebi.
soxumi.
kalandaZe a., 1959. gviani brinjaosa da adreuli rkinis
xanis
Zeglebi
aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi.
saqarTvelos
arqeologia. Tbilisi. 155-189.
167
kaxiani
k.,
1977.
RrmaxevisTavis
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
xanis samarxebi. arqeologiuri Ziebani. Tbilisi. 30-37.
kaxiani k., RliRvaSvili e., 1998. taSiris #5 yorRanuli
samarxi. dmanisi, I. Tbilisi. 88-108.
kaxiZe
a.,
mamulaZe
a.,
2000.
Woroxis
auzi
–
kolxuri
kulturis uZvelesi kera. baTumi.
kvirkvaia r., 1999. dakrZalvis wesi borjomis xeobaSi Zv.w.
VIII-VI saukuneebSi. Ziebani. #4. Tbilisi. 37-43.
kvirkvelia g., 1985. kimerielebis mier meotida-kolxeTis
gzis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis sakiTxisaTvis. saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi. 111-122.
liCeli
v.,
1999.
eTnokulturuli
inovaciebi.
Zv.w.
II-I
aTaswleulebis samxreT saqarTveloSi quTaisuri saubrebi VI. quTaisi. 106-107.
lomTaTiZe
g.,
1974.
brinjaos
satevrebi
da
maxvilebi
samTavros uZveles samarxebSi. Tbilisi.
lorTqifaniZe
o.,
1986.
argonavtika
da
Zveli
kolxeTi.
Tbilisi.
lorTqifaniZe
ganviTarebis
o.,
1999.
dinamika
eTnokulturuli
dasavleT
saqarTveloSi
sistemis
Zv.w.
II
aTaswleulis meore naxevarsa da I aTaswleulis pirvel
naxevarSi. quTaisuri saubrebi VI. quTaisi. 111-113.
lorTqifaniZe
o.,
2001.
`ganZebi~
kolxur
brinjaos
kulturaSi (funqciis, defeniciisa da kulturul-socio-
168
logiuri interpretaciis cda). kavkasia. neoliT brinjaos
xanis arqeologiis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi. 178-188.
makalaTia
s.,
1930.
flavismanis
1948.
dvanis
nekropoli.
ssmm.
V.
Tbilisi. 223-240.
makalaTia
s.,
nekropolis
arqeologiuri
gaTxrebi. Tbilisi.
maruaSvili
l.,
1965.
saqarTvelos
fizikuri
geografia.
naw. 2. Tbilisi.
meliqiZe
s.,
2000.
borjomis xeobis
iokonimebi.
mesxeTi.
istoria da Tanamedroveoba. axalcixe. 228-235.
meliqiSvili g., 1951. urartu. Tbilisi.
meliqiSvili g., 1965. saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis.
Tbilisi.
meliqiSvili g., 1970. qarTvelebi da maTi warmomavloba.
sin. t. 1. Tbilisi. 312-357.
menabde
m.,
davlianiZe
c.,
1968.
TrialeTis
samarovnebi.
Tbilisi.
miqelaZe
T.,
aRmosavleT
1974.
Ziebani
SavizRvispireTis
kolxeTisa
uZvelesi
da
samxreT-
mosaxleobis
istoriidan. Tbilisi.
miqelaZe T., 1985. kolxeTis adrerkinis xanis samarovnebi.
Tbilisi.
169
musxeliSvili
d.,
1978.
xovles
namosaxlaris
arqeolo-
giuri masala. Tbilisi.
mcxeTa I, 1955. Tbilisi.
mcxeTa V, 1981. Tbilisi.
mcxeTa VI, 1982. Tbilisi.
mcxeTa VII, 1985. Tbilisi.
nasiZe g., 1990. Toris qveynis arqeologiuri eqspediciis
1989 wlis angariSi (xelnaweri).
nasiZe g., 1991. Toris qveynis arqeologiuri eqspediciis
1990 wlis muSaobis angariSi (xelnaweri).
nikolaiSvili v., gavaSeli e., 2007. narekvavis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tbilisi.
nioraZe g., 1931. zemo avWalis samare. ssmm. VI. Tbilisi.
139-228.
nioraZe
g.,
1944.
arqeologiuri
dazvervebi
mtkvris
xeobaSi. ssmm. XIII-B. Tbilisi. 19-214.
nioraZe g., 1947. dmanisis nekropoli da misi zogierTi
Tavisebureba. ssmm. XIV-B. Tbilisi. 1-66.
nioraZe g., 1948. qviSaris arqeologiuri Zeglebi. ssmm. XIB. Tbilisi. 1-22.
170
oqropiriZe n., 1951. Tavxvia sakinZebi samTavros ormosamarxebidan. mski. Tbilisi. 141-152.
oqropiriZe n., 1964. narekvavis samarovani. saq. ssr. mecn.
akad. iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis institutis Sromebi.
t. VII. Tbilisi. 195-220.
oqropiriZe n., 1965. muxranis velis arqeologiuri Zeglebi.
mska IV. Tbilisi. 15-28.
oqropiriZe n., baramiZe m., 1974. paluris saZvle. mska VI.
Tbilisi. 96-123.
papuaSvili r., 1998. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis centraluri kolxeTis samarx ormoTa fardobiTi qronologiisaTvis.
mecn.
sabrZolo
kandidatis
iaraRis
mixedviT.
samecniero
disertacia
xarisxis
ist.
mosapoveblad.
xelnaweri.
papuaSvili
r.,
1999.
ergetis
samarovnebi.
samegrelo,
kolxeTi, odiSi. zugdidi. 317-321.
papuaSvili r., 2000. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis centraluri kolxeTis samarovanTa agebulebisaTvis. Ziebani #5.
Tbilisi. 55-64.
papuaSvili r., esebua T., 2000. caiSis samarovnebi. Ziebani
#10. Tbilisi. 49-50.
ramiSvili
a.,
1974.
kolxeTis
materialuri
kulturis
istoriidan. baTumi.
171
ramiSvili a., 1998. Sida qarTlis brinjaos xanis finaluri stadiis arqeologiis problemebi. disertacia ist.
mecn. doqtoris samecn. xarisxis mosapoveblad. xelnaweri.
ramiSvili a., 2001. kolxuri da Sida qarTluri kulturebis
urTierTobis
sakiTxebi.
kavkasia.
neoliT-brinjaos
xanis arqeologiis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi. 156-158.
ramiSvili a., 2004. brinjaos xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi
waRvlSi. Tbilisi.
ramiSvili r., jorbenaZe b., 1964. erwos velis dazverviTi
arqeologiuri eqspediciis muSaobis angariSi. XII samecniero sesia (moxsenebaTa anotaciebi). Zv. w. VIII-VII s.s.
Tbilisi. 19-20.
saxarova l., 1973. uZvelesi sabrZolo iaraRis istoriisaTvis. macne. 1973. #3. Tbilisi. 82-94.
saxarova
Sesaxeb
l.,
2001.
brinjaos
neoliT-brinjaos
culebis
xanis
erTi
jgufebis
arqeologiis
sakiTxebi.
Tbilisi. 171-172.
sulava n., 2000. samTavros samarovnis fibuliani samarxebis daTariRebisaTvis. Ziebani #5.. Tbilisi. 65-72
sulava n., 2006. kavkasiis fibulebi. disertacia ist. mecn.
doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. xelnaweri.
uruSaZe a., 1964. Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi.
Tbilisi.
fancxava l., 1988. kolxuri kulturis mxatvruli xelosnobis Zeglebi. Tbilisi.
172
fancxava l., maisuraZe b., 2001. brinjaos anTropomorfuli
figurebi Sildis samlocvelodan. kavkasia. neoliT-brinjaos xanis arqeologiis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi. 147-152.
ficxelauri k., 1959. gvianbrinjaos xanis samarovani sof.
gulgulidan. mska II. Tbilisi. 139-147.
ficxelauri
k.,
1973.
aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos
tomTa
istoriis ZiriTadi problemebi. Tbilisi.
ficxelauri k., 2008. centraluramierkavkasiuri arqeologiuri kultura. Tbilisi.
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. t. I. 1950. Tbilisi.
qarTuli
enis
ganmartebiTi
leqsikoni.
t.
IV.
1955.
Tbilisi.
qoriZe d., 1955. Tbilisis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. naw. 1.
Tbilisi.
qoriZe d., 1958. Tbilisis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. naw. 2.
Tbilisi.
qoriZe d., 1961. SemTxveviTi arqeologiuri aRmoCena sof.
kurzuSi. ssmm. XXII-B. Tbilisi. 55-70.
qoriZe
d.,
1965.
kolxuri
kulturis
istoriisaTvis.
Tbilisi.
qoriZe
d.,
1969.
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
mopovebuli
brtyeli culebis klasifikacia da genezisis sakiTxisaTvis. ssmm. XXVIII-B. Tbilisi. . 5-28.
173
RambaSiZe i., 1999. samcxe Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi
(borjomis
xeobis
masalebis
mixedviT).
sadisertacio
naSromi ist. mecn. kandidatis samecn. xarisxis mosapoveblad. xelnaweri.
RambaSiZe o., 1963. Txmoris ganZi. Tbilisi.
RambaSiZe o., 1971. mesxeT-javaxeTis eqspediciis 1970 wlis
angariSi (xelnaweri).
RambaSiZe o., 1973. mesxeT-javaxeTis eqspediciis 1972 wlis
angariSi (xelnaweri).
RambaSiZe o., arTilayva v., 1974. mesxeT-javaxeTis
arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1973 wlis muSaobis angariSi.
xelnaweri.
RambaSiZe
o.,
1975.
mesxeT-javaxeTis
arqeologiuri
eqspediciis 1974 wlis angariSi. xelnaweri.
RambaSiZe o., arTilayva v., 1976. mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri
eqspediciis
1975
wlis
muSaobis
angariSi.
xelnaweri.
RambaSiZe
o.,
1983.
axali
masalebi
samcxe-javaxeTidan
winaazia-egeosur samyarosTan urTierTobis sakiTxisaTvis
Zm. #63. Tbilisi. 11-16.
RambaSiZe o., 1984. mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1983 wlis muSaobis angariSi. xelnaweri.
174
RambaSiZe
o.,
RambaSiZe
i.,
kvirkvaia
r.,
1984.
mesxeT-
javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis muSaobis angariSi
(1984 w.) xelnaweri.
RambaSiZe
o.,
RambaSiZe
i.,
kvirkvaia
r.,
1987.
mesxeT-
javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1986 wlis muSaobis
angariSi
xelnaweri.
RambaSiZe o. RambaSiZe i., 1987. axali arqeologiuri masalebi samcxe-javaxeTidan. Zm. #4. Tbilisi. 36-43.
RambaSiZe o., RambaSiZe i., kvirkvaia r. 2000. arqeologiuri
kvleva-Zieba sof. saroSi. aspinZa. samcxisa da javaxeTis
sazRvarze. Axalcixe. 115-183.
CarTolani S., 1968. larilaris samarovani. kavkasiisa da
maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis
istoriis
sakiTxebi.
Tbilisi.
302-319.
Ciqobava a., 1938. Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni. tfilisi.
CubiniSvili n., 1987. centraluri kolxeTis samarovnebis
SeswavlisaTvis. Zm. #3. Tbilisi. 45-48.
CubiniSvili t., 1963. amiranis gora. Tbilisi.
CubiniSvili
t.,
1950.
gostibes
xeobis
arqeologiuri
Zvlebi. ssmm. XVI- . Tbilisi. 9-34.
CubiniSvili t., RambaSiZe o., 1965. mesxeT-javaxeTis 1964
wlis
savele
muSaobis
Sedegebi.
XIV
samecniero
sesia,
175
miZRvnili 1964 wlis savele-arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis
Sedegebisadmi. Tbilisi. 8-11.
wiTlanaZe l. 1963. yazbegis ganZis zogierTi sakiTxisTvis.
mska. III Tbilisi. 39-58.
WaniSvili T., 2005. zarakebis tipologiur-qronologiuri
sakiTxebi
aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos
arqeologiuri
masalis mixedviT. iberia-kolxeTi 75. Tbilisi. 19-29.
WaniSvili
T.,
2007.
zarakebis
tipologia-qronologiis
sakiTxebi dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri masalis
mixedviT. iberia-kolxeTi. #3. Tbilisi. 97-108.
xazaraZe
n.,
1962a.
frigiis
uZvelesi
istoriis
sakiTxi.
kaak. II. Tbilisi. 44-64.
xazaraZe n., 1962b. gordionis yorRanuli samarxebi. kaak. II.
Tbilisi. 255-264.
xazaraZe
n.,
1984.
saqarTvelos
Zveli
istoriis
eTno-
politikuri problemebi (mosxebi). Tbilisi.
javaxiSvili a., CubiniSvili t., 1959. udis ganZi. sx. #4.
Tbilisi. 59-62.
javaxiSvili
iv.,
1979.
qarTveli
eris
istoria.
t.
1.
Tbilisi.
javaxiSvili g., 1984. anTropomorfuli plastika warmarTuli xanis saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi.
janaSvili m., 1996. saqarTvelos istoria. t. 1. tfilisi.
176
janaSia s., 1952. Sromebi. t. II. Tbilisi.
jafariZe o., 1950. kolxuri culi. ssmm. XVI
. Tbilisi. 35-
89.
jafariZe o., 1957. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi sof. oJoraSi.
Tsu Sromebi. t. 65. Tbilisi. 182-216.
jafariZe
o.,
2003.
saqarTvelos
istoriis
saTaveebTan.
pirvelyofili epoqa. Tbilisi.
Абрамишвили
Р.,
1976.
Археологические
исследования
на
новострой-ках Грузинской ССР. Тбилиси. 23-29.
Абрамишвили Р., Кахиани К., Гоциридзе Д., 1976. Грмахевиставские
селища и могильники. Паи в 1975 г. Тбилиси. 20-26.
Абрамишвили Р., Бохочадзе А., Квижинадзе К., Мирцхулава Г.,
Николайшвили В., Рамишвили А., 1971. Археологические раскопки
в Дигомском ущелье. АО 1970. Москва. 371-372.
Алексеева Е., 1971. Древняя и средневековая история КарчаевоЧеркессии. Москва.
Асланов Г., Ваидов Р., Ионе Г., 1959. Древний Мингечаур (Эпохи
энеолита и бронзы). Баку.
Батчаев В., Бетрозов Р., Нагоев А., 1979. Курганы скифского времени
у села Нартан. Тезисы докладов IX Крупновских чтений. Элиста. 2931.
177
Блек В., 1981. Стилистическая общность пластики Южного Кавказа
и
Хетто-Хуритского
Круга
эпохи
бронзы
и
раннего
железа.
Культурные взаимосвязи периодов Средней Азии и Кавказа с
окружающим миром в древности и Средневековье. Москва. 20-22.
Гамбашидзе О., Квижинадзе К., 1982. Отчет Месхет-Джавахетской
археологической экспедиции. Паи в 1979. Тбилиси. . 57-62.
Гамбашидзе О., Гамбашидзе И., 1987. Месхет-Джавахетская экспедиция. Паи в 1984-1985 гг. Тбилиси. 28-32.
Георгиев В., 1960. Передвижение смычных согласных в армянском
языке и вопросы этногенеза армян. ВЯ. №5. Москва. 31-48.
Гернес М., 1914. Культура доисторического прошлого Бронзового
века. Ч. II. Москва.
Гогадзе Е., 1984. К вопросу о хронологической периодизации памятников Колхидской культуры. ssmm. XXXVII B. Tbilisi.
Даудов О. 1974., Культура Дагестана. Эпоха раннего железа.
Махачкала.
Девежян С., 1981. Лори-берд I. Ереван.
Джанашия Н., 1960. Статьи по этнографии Абхазии. Сухуми.
178
Джапаридзе О., 1953. Бронзовые топоры Западной Грузии. СА.
XVIII. Москва. 281-310.
Дьяконов И., 1968. Предыстория армянского народа. Ереван.
Еремян С., 1952. К вопросу об этногенезе армян. ВИ. № 7. Москва.
25-78.
Есаян
С.,
1976.
Древняя
культура
племен
Северо-Восточной
Армении. Ереван.
Есаян С., Мнацаканян О., 1970. Находки новых бронзовых статуэток
в Армении. СА № 2.. Москва. 157-168
Захаров А., 1928. Кавказ, Малая Азия и Эгейский мир. ТСА. Т. II.
Москва. 34-35.
Званба С., 1955. Этнографические этюды. Сухуми.
Ивановский
А.,
1911.
По
Закавказью.
МАК.
Вып.VI.
Санкт-
Петербург.
Иващенко М., 1935. Исследование архайческих памятников материальной культуры в Абхазии. Тбилиси.
Иналифа Ш., 1965. Абхазия. Сухуми.
Ипполитов А., 1868. Этнографические очерки Аргунского округа.
Сборник сведений о Кавказских горцах. Тифлис. 49-52.
179
Капанян Г., 1948. Хаиаса – Колыбель армян. Этногенез армян и их
начальная история. Ереван.
Каталог 1964а. Каталог археологических предметов Дилижанского
краеведческого музея. 1964. Ереван.
Каталог 1964б. Каталог экспонатов. Музей истории. Ереван.
Квирквелия Г., 1981. Материальная культура северо-западной Колхиды в VIII-Vвв. до н.э. (Автореферат кандидатской диссертации).
Тбилиси.
Козенкова В., 1982 а. Обряд кремации в Кобанской культуре
Кавказа. СА 1982. № 3. Москва. 15-83.
Козенкова В., 1982 б. Типология и хронологическая классификация
предметов Кобанской культуры (Восточный вариант). Археология
СССР. Свод археологических источников. Москва.
Кривицкий В., Нечаева Л., Членова Н., 1976. Исследование крематория эпохи поздней бронзы в Северной Осетии. АО. 1975. Москва.
131.
Кривицкий В., Нечаева Л., Членова Н., 1978 а. Этнические и
социальные черты населения, оставившего Верхняя Рухта (Северная
Осетия). Краткое содержание докладов Среднеазиатско-Кавказских
чтений. Ленинград. 20-22.
180
Кривицкий В., Нечаева Л., Членова Н., 1978 б. Крематории могильника Верхняя Рухта в Северной Осетии. Тезисы докладов VIII.
Крупновские чтения. Нальчик. 24-27.
Крупнов Е., 1960. Древняя история Северного Кавказа. Москва.
Куфтин Б., 1941. Археологические раскопки в Триалети. Т. 1.
Тбилиси.
Куфтин Б., 1944. Урартский колумбарий у подошвы Арарата и КуроАракский энеолит. Тбилиси.
Куфтин Б., 1949 а. Археологическая маршрутная экспедиция в
Южно-Осетию и Имеретию. Тбилиси.
Куфтин Б., 1949 б. Материалы к археологии Колхиды. Т. 1. Тбилиси.
Куфтин Б., 1950. Материалы к археологии Колхиды. Т. 2. Тбилиси.
Латышев В., 1886. Известия древних писателей греческих и римских
о Скифии и Кавказе. I. Санкт-Петербург.
Лемлеин Г., 1951. Каменные бусы Самтаврского некрополя. mski.
nakv. 29. Tbilisi. 183-210.
Мамонтов В., 1980. О погребениях позднего этапа срубной культуры
в Нижнем Поволжье и Волго-Донском междуречье. СА №1. Москва.
170-177.
181
Мартиросян А., 1954. Раскопки в Головино. Ереван.
Мартиросян А., 1964. Армения в эпоху бронзы и раннего железа.
Марковин В., 1986. Культовая пластика Кавказа. Новое в археологии
Кавказа. Москва. 74-124.
Матье М., 1956. Древнеегипетские мифы. Москва-Ленинград.
Меликишвили Г., 1954. Наири-Урарту. Тбилиси
Меликишвили Г., 1959. К истории древней Грузии. Тбилиси.
Менабде М., 1973. Триалети в эпоху поздней бронзы и раннего
железа (XIV-VI в.в. до н.э.). Автореферат. Тбилиси.
Микеладзе Т., 1982. Основные результаты полевых исследований
Колхидской
археологической
экспедиции.
Паи
в
1980
году.
Тбилиси. 31-35.
Микеладзе Т., 1990. К археологии Колхиды. Тбилиси.
Насидзе Г., Личели В., 1987. Об ареале колхидской культуры.
Причерноморье в VIII-V вв. до н.э. Тбилиси. 220-221.
Ниорадзе Г., 2006. Могильник «стеклянного завода». dmanisi V.
Tbilisi. 15-24.
182
Отращенко Б., 1976. Погребения с трупосожжением у племен
срубной культуры Нижнего Поволжья. Энеолит и Бронзовый век
Украины. Киев. 181-199.
Пантюхов П., 1896. О пещерах и позднейших жилищах на Кавказе.
Тифлис.
Пиотровский Б., 1949. Археология Закавказья. Ленинград.
Пиотровский Б., 1950. Кармир-блур. Т. 1. Ереван.
Пиотровский Б., 1952. Кармир-блур. Т. 2. Ереван.
Пиотровский Б., 1959. Ванское царство. Ереван.
Пицхелаури К., 1979. Восточная Грузия в конце Бронзового века.
Тбилиси.
Погребальный обряд племен Северной и Средней Европы в I
тысяче-летии до н.э., (ред.В. Седов). 1974. Москва.
Погребова
М.,
1965.
Вооружение
и
войско
Центрального
и
Восточного Закавказья в эпоху поздней бронзы и раннего железа.
Автореферат канд. диссертации. Москва.
Погребова М., 1969. Железные топоры скифского типа в Закавказье.
СА. 1969. № 2. Москва. . 179-188.
183
Погребова М., 1977. Иран и Закавказье в раннем железном веке.
Москва.
Погребова М., 1984. Закавказье и его связи с Передней Азией в
скифские времена. Москва.
Рамишвили А., 1995. Археологические раскопки в Хашурском
районе. Паи. 69-74. Тбилиси. Табл. 102-117.
Рамишвили А., 1997. Раскопки в селе Нацаргора (Хашурский район).
Паи в 1988 году. 40-44. Тбилиси. Табл. 33-38.
Смирнов К., 1957. О погребениях с конями и трупосожжениях эпохи
бронзы в Нижнем Поволжье. СА. XXVII. Москва. 209-218.
Тереножкин А., 1976. Киммерийцы. Киев.
Техов Б., 1972. Очерки древней истории и археологии Юго-Осетии.
Тбилиси.
Техов Б., 1977. Центральный Кавказ. VII-VI вв. до н.э. Москва.
Техов Б., 1980 а. Скифы и Центральный Кавказ в VII-VI вв. до н.э.
Москва.
Техов Б., 1980 б. Тлийский могильник. Т. 1. Тбилиси.
Техов Б., 1981. Тлийский могильник. Т. 2. Тбилиси.
184
Техов Б., 1985. Тлийский могильник. Т. 3. Тбилиси.
Трапш М., 1954. Новая археологическая находка в Абхазии. Ксиимк.
вып. 53. Москва. 139-142.
Трапш М., 1969. Труды. Т. 2. Сухуми.
Трапш М., 1970. Труды. Т. 1. Сухуми.
Трубникова Н., 1947. К вопросу о назначении кобанских «сечок».
Ксиимк. XVIII. Москва. 49-53.
Тушишвили Н., 1980. Результаты работ археологической экспедиции
Алгетского ущелья. Паи в 1978 году. Тбилиси. 89-101.
Тушишвили Н., Амиранашвили Д., 1982. Итоги работ Алгетской
археологической экспедиции. Паи в 1970 году. Тбилиси. . 23-29.
Тушишвили
Н.,
Амиранашвили
Д.,
1987.
Археологическая
экспедиция Алгетского ущелья. ПАИ в 1984-1985гг. Тбилиси. 17-28.
Уваров А., 1887. К какому заключению о бронзовом периоде
приводят сведения о находках бронзовых предметов на Кавказе.
Труды V АС в Тифлисе. 1981 г. Москва. Приложение 1-9.
Уварова П. 1900. Могильники Северного Кавказа. Материалы по
археологии Кавказа. Вып. VIII. Москва. 3-96.
Хачатрян Т., 1963. Материальная культура Древнего Артика. Ереван.
185
Хаханов А. 1903. Древнейшие пределы расселения грузин по Малой
Азии. Отдельный отп. из Записок
Кавк. Отд. Имп. Русск. Геогр.
Общ. кн. XXII. вып.6-ой.Тифлис.
Хоштария
Н.,
1941.
Чкороцку-могильник
с
трупосожжением
(захоро-нение в урнах) и остатки поселений. mski. II navv. Tbilisi.
67-92.
Хоштария Н., 1955. Археологические исследования Уреки. mska. t. I.
Tbilisi. 25-72.
Barnett R. 1967. Phrygia and the Peoples of Anatolia in the Aeron Age.
CAM. II. XXV. 3-41.
Lordkipanidze O., 2000. The Golden Eleece micth Eahemeristic.
Explantation and Archeolgy jurnal of Archeology. 2000. #1. Oxford. 129.
Snodgrass A., 1964. Early Greek Armou and Weapons from the end of
the Bronze Ageto. 600 b.e. Edinburg.
Zakharov A., 1993. Antropomorpchic bronze statuettes Material for the
archeology of the Caucasus. Swaitowit. 15.
Blinkeberg C., 1926. Fibules greqes et orientales, Det Klg. Danske
Videnskabernes, Historisk-bilogiske Meddeleseer, XIII, Kobenhavn. 526.
186
Goetze A., 1936. Heithiter Ghurriter und Assyrer. Oslo.
Goetze A., 1957. Kulturgeshichte des Altch Orients. Kleinaisen.
München.
Kretschmer P., 1986. Einleitung in die Geschichte der Griechishen
Sprache. Gottingen.
Motzenbäcker I., 1997. “Fremdlinge in Mescheti?”. EA. Band 3. Berlin.
330-351.
Unterwags zum golden Vlies archeologiche Funde aus Georgien, 1995 –
Saarbrüken.
Morgan
J.
de.,
1889.
Mission
scientibique
au
Caucase.
Etudes
archeologiques – historiques. t. 1. Paris. 179-181.
Mourier J., 1887. Archeologie au Caucase. Paris.
Rostovzeff M., 1931. Dieux et chevaux. A propos de quelques bronze
d’Anotolie de Suzie at Armenie Syria. vol. XII. Paris. 55-57.
Tallgren A. 1912. Die Kurferner Flachäxte mit seitichen Zäpfen.
"Finsk. Forn. Tidskribt" XXVI. 24. Helsingfors.
187
SemoklebaTa ganmartebebi
kak – kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli.
mska – masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis arqeologiaSi.
mski – masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriaSi.
sa – saqarTvelos arqeologia.
sin – saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi.
ssmae
–
saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo
muzeumis
arqeologiuri
eqspediciebi.
sx – sabWoTa xelovneba.
Ziebani – Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi
Zm – Zeglis megobari.
АО – Археологические открытия.
ВИ – Вопросы истории.
ВЯ – Вопросы языковедения.
КСИИМК – Краткие сообщения о докладах и полевых исследованиях
Института Истории и материальной культуры АН СССР.
МАК – Материалы по археологии Кавказа.
ПАИ – Полевые археологические исследования.
ТСА
–
Труды
искусствознания
секции
РАНИОН
археологии
-
Института
Российской
археологии
ассоциации
и
научно-
исследовательских институтов общественных наук.
СА – Советская археология
CAM – Cambridge Ancient History
EA – Eurasia antiqua.
188
tabulebis aRweriloba
I.
1.
borjomis raionis arqeologiuri ruka:
bakuriani.
(botanikuri
baRi).
gvianbirjaos
xanis
adrebrinajoas
xanis
namosaxlari.
2.
balanTa.
(oqrosqvabis
mRvime).
kultu-ruli fena. gvianbrinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqcia.
3.
bozaTxevi.
(sof.
Wobisxevis
maxloblad)
gvianbrinjaos
xanis kenotafi. antikuri xanis namosaxlari.
4. borniRele. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis samarovani .
5.
borjomi.
(Zveli
abano).
gvianbrinjaos
xanis
nivTebis
koleqcia.
6. borjomi. (parki). ax. w. I s. abazanis naSTi.
7.
gomna.
(yverbili).
gvianbrinjao_adrerkinis
xanis
samarovani.
8. dviri. samarxi-qvayuTi. (periodi daudgenelia).
9. dviri. (silis xevi). adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis xanis
keramikuli WurWlisa da Zv.w. VIII-VI ss. nivTebis koleqcia.
10. did cemi. (sajvare, naqerala). brinjaos xanis nivTebis
koleqcia.
11. vardevani. Zv.w. VIII-VI ss. samarovani.
12. TavkveTili. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxebi.
13. Telovani. brinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqvia.
14.
Tiselis
seri.
adrebrinjaos
xanis
namosaxlari
da
samarovani.
15.
Tofi-oli.
Suabrinjaos
xanis
yorRanuli
samarxi
da
kulturuli fena.
16. kviracxoveli. (saTixis Rele). gvianbrinjao–adrerkinis
xanis samarovani.
17. kvirikiani. (sof. Wobisxevi). gvianbrinjao _ adrerkrinis
xanis kulturuli fena.
189
18. kodiani. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxi.
19. larebi. ax.w. I saukunis spilenZis, vercxlis da Tixis
WurWlis koleqcia.
20.
maWarwyali.
21.
mzeTamze.
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
adrebrinjaos,
xanis
samarovani.
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
da
antikuri xanis samarovani.
22. mitarbi.
gvianbrinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqcia.
23. moliTi (cixe). kremaciuli urnebi. (savaraudod Zv.w. VIIIV ss.). 24. moliTi. (jalili). brinjaos xanis yorRani da
nagebobebi.
25. moliTi. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxebi.
26.
rveli.
(banisxevi).
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
da
aqemeniduri xanis samarovani.
27. saTixe. sameTuneo saxelosnos naSTi.
28. sakire. (sanacreebi). elinisturi xanis samarovani.
29. sakire. gvainbrinjaos xanis namosxlari da samarovani.
30.
sakoWavi.
(bakurianis
andeziti)
qvis,
brinjaos
da
antikuri xanis kultruli fenebi. qvisa da metalurgiuli
saxelosnoebis naSTebi.
31. slesis cixe. samarxi-qvayuTebi (periodi daudgenelia).
32. tabawyuri. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxebi da
didi raodenobiT (112 kg.) brinjaos wida.
33.
timoTesubani.
(qvevrebis
seri).
antikuri
xanis
ormosamarxi, parTiis mefis orod II-is monetiT.
34. qvabisxevi. gvianbrinjaos xanis kremaciuli urna-qoTnebi
da brinjaos nivTebis da Tixis WurWlis koleqcia.
35.
quruxeTi.
(Wobisxevi).
antikuri
xanis
nagebobebi
da
kulturuli fena.
36.
qciis
mindori.
(sof.
tabawyurTan).
Zv.w.
VII-V
ss.
namosaxlari.
37. Ritoras miwebi. Suabrinjaos xanis samarxi.
38. yvibisi. brinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqcia.
190
39.
CiTaxevi.
(CiTaxevis
miwebi).
adrebrinjaos
da
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis samarovani.
40. cemi. brinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqcia.
41.
waRveri.
brinjaos
xanis
namosaxlari,
samarovani
da
metalurgiuli saxelosno.
II. CiTaxevis samarovnis saerTo gegma. 1972 w.
III. borniReles samarovnis saerTo gegma.
IV. CiTaxevis #73 samarxi.
V. CiTaxevis #70 samarxi.
VI. CiTaxevis #18 samarxi.
VII. CiTaxevis #33 samarxi (qvayrili).
VIII. 1. CiTaxevis #21 samarxis aRmosavleT kedeli.
2. borniReles #91 samarxi kremaciuli urna.
IX. CiTaxevis #86 samarxi.
X. 1. borniReles #21 samarxi. 2. borniReles #26 kremaciuli
samarxi. 3. CiTaxevis #93 samarxi. 4. borniReles #78 samarxi.
XI. CiTaxevis #2 samarxi.
XII. CiTaxevis #76 1 samarxi.
XIII. 1. `bimetaluri~ maxvili borniReles #8 samarxidan.
2. maxvili CiTaxevis #22 samarxidan.
3. brinjaos qarqaSi CiTaxevis #22 samarxidan.
XIV. 1. brinjaos satevari borniReles #4 samarxidan.
2. brinjaos satevari borniReles #23 samarxidan.
3. brinjaos satevari CiTaxevis #85 samarxidan.
4. rkinis satevari kviracxovlis #55 samarxidan.
5. rkinis satevari CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.
XV. 1. rkinis satevari kviracxovlis #29 samarxidan.
2. rkinis satevari kviracxovlis #31 samarxidan.
3. rkinis satevari CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.
4. rkinis satevari CiTaxevis #73 samarxidan.
5. rkinis satevari CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.
6. `bimetaluri~ satevari CiTaxevis #26 samarxidan.
XVI. 1. brinjaos xelSubispiri borniReles #71 samarxidan.
191
2. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #71 samarxidan.
3. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #92 samarxidan.
4. rkinis Subispiri CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.
5. brinjaos Subispiri borniReles #8 samarxidan.
XVII. 1. rkinis Subispiri kviracxovlis #29 samarxidan.
2. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #32 samarxidan.
3. rkinis Subispiri CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.
4. rkinis Subispiri CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.
5. rkinis Subispiri kviracxovlis #29 samarxidan.
XVIII. 1. rkinis Subispiri CiTaxevis #29 samarxidan.
2. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #4 samarxidan.
3. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #32 samarxidan.
4. brinjaos Subispiri borniReles #8 samarxidan.
5. brinjaos Subispiris gravirebuli masra borniReles
#8 samarxidan.
XIX. 1-2. rkinis Subispirebi CiTaxevis #20 samarxidan.
3-4. rkinis Subispirebi CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.
XX. 1-4. brinjaos isrispirebi CiTaxevis #73 samarxidan.
5-6. rkinis isrispirebi rvelis #22 samarxidan.
7-8. brinjaos isrispirebi borniReles #76 1 samarxidan.
XXI 1. brinjaos culi CiTaxevis
#26 samarxidan.
2. brinjaos culi borniReles
3. brinjaos culi CiTaxevis
4. rkinis culi CiTaxevis
#92 samarxidan.
#26 samarxidan.
#22 samarxidan.
XXII 1. rkinis culi borniReles #65 samarxidan.
2. rkinis culi CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.
3. rkinis culi CiTaxevis #29 samarxidan.
4. rkinis culi rvelis #22 samarxidan.
5. rkinis brtyeli culi borniReles #1 samarxidan.
XXIII. brinjaos sakinZebi CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da
borniReles samarovnebidan.
XXIV. brinjaos samajurebi rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis
da borniReles samarovnebidan.
192
XXV. 1-5. brinjaos samajurebi CiTaxevis da borniReles
samarovnebidan. 6. sawvive rgoli borniReles #73
samarxidan.
XXVI. 1, 2, 4. brinjaos sayureebi CiTaxevis da borniReles
samarovnebidan. 3. vercxlis sayure rvelis #7
samarxidan.
5,8. brinjaos vardulebi borniReles #32 samarxidan.
6-7. brinjaos beWdebi CiTaxevis #37 samarxidan.
9-10. brinjaos zaraki borniReles #24 samarxidan.
11. brinjaos zaraki borniReles #32 samarxidan.
12. brinjaos gulsakidi borniReles #24 samarxidan.
13. brinjaos gulsakidi borniReles #32 samarxidan.
XXVII. 1. brinjaos xatisuReli CiTaxevis #26 samarxidan.
2. brinjaos xatisuReli CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.
3. rkinis xatisuReli rvelis #7 samarxidan.
XXVIII. 1-2. brinjaos abzindebi CiTaxevis #25 samarxidan.
3. brinjaos abzinda borniReles #79 samarxidan.
4-5. brinjaos abzindebi borniReles #64 samarxidan.
XXIX. 1. brinjaos fibula CiTaxevis #10 samarxidan.
2. brinjaos fibula CiTaxevis #16 samarxidan.
3. brinjaos fibula CiTaxevis #26 samarxidan.
4. rkinis fibula CiTaxevis #20 samarxidan.
XXX. mZivebi rvelis, kviracxovlis, CiTaxevis da borniReles samarovnebidan.
XXXI. 1. brinjaos mxedris qandakeba borniReles #32
samarxidan.
2. mamakacis iTifaluri brinjaos qandakeba
borniReles #32 samarxidan. 3. mcuravi frinvelis
brinjaos qandakeba borniReles #32 samarxidan.
XXXII. 1. jami borniReles #76 1 samarxidan. 2. jami
borniReles #44 samarxidan. 3. jami CiTaxevis #75
samarxidan. 4. jami borniReles #27 samarxidan. 5.
jami CiTaxevis #16 a samarxidan. 6. jami sof. dviridan
193
(silis xevi).
XXXIII. 1. jami borniReles #4 samarxidan. 2. jami
borniReles #23 samarxidan. 3-5. jamebi CiTaxevis #70
samarxidan.
6. jami borniReles # 8 samarxidan. 7. jami CiTaxevis
#14 samarxidan. 8. jami CiTaxevis #74 samarxidan.
XXXIV. 1. qoTani CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan. 2. qoTani
borniReles #89 samarxidan. 3. qoTani borniReles
#79 samarxidan.
4. qoTani borniReles #76 1 samarxidan.
XXXV. 1. qoTani CiTaxevis #85 samarxidan. 2. qoTani
CiTaxevis #76 1 samarxidan. 3. qoTani borniReles #80
samarxidan. 4. qoTani CiTaxevis #87 samarxidan. 5.
qoTani borniReles #11 samarxidan. 6. qoTani
borniReles #2 samarxidan.
XXXVI. 1. qoTani borniReles #27 samarxidan. 2. qoTani
borniReles #81 samarxidan. 3. qoTani borniReles
#13 samarxidan. 4. qoTani CiTaxevis #85 samarxidan.
XXXVII. 1. qoTani borniReles #25 samarxidan. 2. qoTani
borniReles #16 a samarxidan. 3. qoTani borniReles
#64 samarxidan. 4. qoTani borniReles #17
samarxidan. 5. qoTani borniReles #89 samarxidan.
XXXVIII. 1. qoTani CiTaxevis #85 samarxidan. 2-5. qoTnebi
CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.
XXXIX. 1. koWobi sof. dviridan (silis xevi). 2. koWobi
borniReles #76 1 samarxidan. 3. koWobi CiTaxevis #73
samarxidan. 4. koWobi CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan. 5.
koWobi CiTaxevis #28 samarxidan. 6. koWobi
borniReles #23 samarxidan. 7. koWobi borniReles
#25 samarxidan.
XL. 1. tolCa borniReles #65 samarxidan. 2-3. tolCebi
borniReles #1 samarxidan. 4. tolCa borniReles #32
samarxidan. 5. tolCa borniReles #13 samarxidan.
194
XLI. 1. tolCa borniReles #23 samarxidan. 2. tolCa
borniReles #87 samarxidan. 3. tolCa borniReles #64
samarxidan. 4.tolCa CiTaxevis #16 samarxidan. 5.
`sarkmliani~ tolCa CiTaxevis #25 samarxidan. 6. tolCa
CiTaxevis #86 samarxidan.
7. tolCa borniReles #64 samarxidan. 8. `sarkmliani~
tolCa borniReles #23 samarxidan.
XLII. 1. tolCa CiTaxevis #13 samarxidan. 2. tolCa CiTaxevis
#12 samarxidan. 3-4. tolCebi CiTaxevis #22 samarxidan.
5. tolCa CiTaxevis #14 samarxidan. 6. tolCa CiTaxevis
#7 samarxida (gareTa kuTxe). 7. doqi kviracxovlis
#29 samarxidan.
XLIII. 1. sasmisi borniReles #8 samarxidan. 2. sasmisi
borniReles
#4 samarxidan. 3. sasmisi CiTaxevis #87 samarxidan. 4.
sasmisi borniReles #82 samarxidan. 5. sasmisi,
aRmoCenili CiTaxevis #82 samarxis Tavze kulturul
fenaSi.
XLIV. 1. sasmisi borniReles #99 samarxidan. 2. sasmisi
borniReles #71 samarxidan. 3. kaTxa CiTaxevis #33
samarxidan.
4. Caidniseburi WurWeli borniReles
#50 samarxidan.
XLV. 1. ornamentis nimuSebi Tixis WurWelze borjomis
Xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII s.s. samarxebidan.
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240