ADV higher Graphic Communication colour notes

Transcription

NEW - Advanced Higher 2015-16
James Hamilton Academy
Design & Technology Department
If lost pupils will be charged a £1.00p replacement fee.
H:\DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY COURSES (ALL)\GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION\NAT 4-5-HIGHER-Adv H\New Adv HIGHER\Adv HWK 2015-16
Advanced Higher G. Comm Design & Technology Department (Approximate Timeline)
ADV higher Graphic Communication colour notes:
File Formats
File Formats
A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how bits are used to
encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats may be either proprietary or free and may be either
unpublished or open.
Some file formats are designed for very particular types of data: PNG files, for example, store bitmapped images using
lossless data compression. Other file formats, however, are designed for storage of several different types of data: the Ogg format can act as a container for
different types of multimedia, including any combination of audio and video, with or without text (such as subtitles), and metadata. A text file can contain
any stream of characters, including possible control characters, and is encoded in one of various character encoding schemes. Some file formats, such as
PDF
PDF (Portable Document Format) is a file format that has captured all the elements of a printed document as an electronic image that you can view,
navigate, print, or forward to someone else. PDF files are created using Adobe Acrobat , Acrobat Capture, or similar products. To
view and use the files, you need the free Acrobat Reader, which you can easily download. Once you've downloaded the Reader, it
will start automatically whenever you want to look at a PDF file.
PDF files are especially useful for documents such as magazine articles, product brochures, or flyers in which you want to preserve
the original graphic appearance online. A PDF file contains one or more page images, each of which you can zoom in on or out
from. You can page forward and backward.
GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
GIF is a bitmap image format that was introduced by CompuServe in 1987 and has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and
portability. The format supports up to 8 bits per pixel for each image, allowing a single image to reference its own palette of up to 256 different colours chosen from the 24
-bit RGB colour space. It also supports animations and allows a separate palette of up to 256 colours for each frame. These palette limitations make the GIF format less
suitable for reproducing colour photographs and other images with continuous colour, but it is well-suited for simpler images such as graphics or logos with solid areas of
colour
Other files to be aware of;
BMP, AI, WMV, 3GP and Quick Time file formats
File Formats
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
TIFF is a computer file format for storing raster graphics images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry,[1] and both amateur and
professional photographers in general. The format was originally created by the company Aldus for use in desktop publishing. When Adobe Systems
acquired Aldus, they published Version 6 (1992) of the TIFF specification. The TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by
publishing and page layout applications, and by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition and other applications. TIFF is a flexible,
adaptable file format for handling images and data within a single file, by including the header tags (size, definition, image-data arrangement, applied image compression)
defining the image's geometry. A TIFF file, for example, can be a container holding JPEG (lossy) and PackBits (lossless) compressed images. A TIFF file also can include a
vector-based clipping path (outlines, croppings, image frames). The ability to store image data in a lossless format makes a TIFF file a useful image archive, because, unlike
standard JPEG files, a TIFF file using lossless compression (or none) may be edited and re-saved without losing image quality. This is not the case when using the TIFF as a
container holding compressed JPEG. Other TIFF options are layers and pages.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
In computing, JPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The degree of
compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable trade off between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible
loss in image quality
PNG (Portable Network Graphic)
Portable Network Graphics is a raster graphics file format that supports lossless data compression. PNG was created as an improved, non-patented replacement for
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), and is the most used lossless image compression format on the Internet. PNG supports palette-based images (with palettes of 24-bit
RGB or 32-bit RGBA colours), grayscale images (with or without alpha channel), and full-colour non-palette-based RGB[A] images (with or without alpha channel). PNG was
designed for transferring images on the Internet, not for professional-quality print graphics, and therefore does not support non-RGB colour spaces such as CMYK.
HTML (Hyper-Text Mark-up Language)
is a computer language devised to allow website creation. These websites can then be viewed by anyone else connected to the Internet. It is relatively easy to learn, with
the basics being accessible to most people in one sitting; and quite powerful in what it allows you to create. It is constantly undergoing revision and evolution to meet the
demands and requirements of the growing Internet audience under the direction of the » W3C, the organisation charged with designing and maintaining the language.
HTML consists of a series of short codes typed into a text-file by the site author — these are the tags. The text is then saved as a html file, and viewed through a browser,
like Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. This browser reads the file and translates the text into a visible form, hopefully rendering the page as the author had
intended.
To investigate other graphic file formats, go to the following Hyperlink:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_file_formats
You will be asked to identify & explain many file formats within your course and final exam
ADV higher Graphic Communication Image notes:
File Formats
Image types can be split into two categories, Bitmap and Vector. Each type has it’s unique benefits and limitations.
Designers will choose the correct type of file to use depending on the application or final product. These file types can be mixed in the same document for example a
magazine page will contain Bitmaps (usually photographs etc) and Vector images (text and graphic items)
Bitmap Images
Bitmap graphics are composed of pixels, each of which contains specific colour information. A pixel is minutely small; a single image
may be composed of hundreds of thousands of individual pixels. These pixels are only clearly and individually visible when the image
is magnified A graphic composed entirely of pixels each with its own colour properties is ideal for photographic images where there
are thousands, even millions of different colours. Complex fills, shading and gradient effects can easily be rendered. The Bitmap
image offers as much freedom as an empty canvas. When a Bitmap graphic is saved, the computer is really saving an exact visual
picture of the image: this pixel goes here and is this colour; this pixel goes there and is that colour, and so on and so on.
Benefits: Image quality if appropriate resolution used, recreation of photographic full colour images.
Drawbacks: File sizes significantly larger than Vector images, Up scaling will result in blurring or pixilation. Typical software: Adobe Photoshop, Corel Photo Paint, Gimp,
Serif Photo Work
Raster Images
In computer graphics, a raster graphics image is a dot matrix data structure representing
a generally rectangular grid of pixels, or points of color, viewable via a monitor, paper, or
other display medium. Raster images are stored in image files with varying formats
Vector Images
Rather than being composed of pixels, Vector graphics consist of points, lines, and curves
which, when combined, can form complex objects (fig 3).
These objects can be filled with solid colours, gradients, and even patterns.
Benefits: Lower file sizes, can be scaled without loss of quality.
Drawbacks: Full colour gradients cannot be produced, photographic images cannot be produced.
Typical software: MS Publisher, Adobe Illustrator, Flash, Corel Draw, AutoCAD (2D), Serif Draw Plus
Internet Browsers
Internet Explorer
Microsoft Internet Explorer, as of version 5.0, was the first browser to support reading and saving web pages and external resources to
a single MHTML file.
Opera
Support for saving web pages as MHTML files was made available in the Opera 9.0 web browser.[1] From Opera 9.50 through the rest of
the Presto-based Opera product line (currently at Opera 12.16 as of 19 July 2013), the default format for saving pages is MHTML. The initial release of the
new Webkit/Blink-based Opera (Opera 15) did not support MHTML, but subsequent releases (Opera 16 onwards) do
Firefox
Mozilla Firefox requires an extension to be installed to read and write MHT files. Many such extensions are freely available, two
of which are the Mozilla Archive Format and UnMHT. Although Firefox does not currently (as of version 28.0) include support
for MHTML without the use of add-ons, there is source code available for viewing MHTML files within the related Thunderbird
project, indicating that future support in Mozilla software such as Firefox may become available without such add-ons.
Safari
As of version 3.1.1 onwards, Apple Inc.'s Safari web browser still does not natively support the MHTML format. Instead, Safari
supports the web-archive format, and the OS X version includes a print-to-PDF feature. As with most other modern web
browsers, support for MHTML files can be added to Safari via various third-party extensions
Google Chrome
Creating MHTML files in Google Chrome (v25+) is supported by toggling the experimental "Save Page as MHTML" option on the "chrome://flags" page.
Computer Cookie
is a message given to a web browser by a web server. The message is stored in a text file. The message is then sent back to the server each time the
browser requests a page from the server. The main purpose of cookies is to identify users and possibly prepare customized web pages
for them. When you enter a website using cookies, you may be asked to fill out a form with information about yourself. This
information is packaged into a cookie and sent to your Web browser which stores it for later use. The next time you access this
website, your browser will send the cookie to the web server, so that a custom web page will be displayed.
A Mobile Application is a computer program designed to run on smartphones, tablet computers and other mobile devices. Apps are usually
available through application distribution platform, which began appearing in 2008 and are typically operated by the owner of the mobile
operating system, such as the Apple App Store, Google Play, Windows Phone Store, and BlackBerry App World. Some apps are free, while
others must be bought. Usually, they are downloaded from the platform to a target device, but sometimes they can be downloaded to
laptops or desktop computers. For apps with a price, generally a percentage, 20-30%, goes to the distribution provider (such as iTunes), and the rest goes to
the producer of the app. The same app can therefore cost the average Smartphone user a different price depending on whether they use iPhone, Android, or
BlackBerry 10 devices
ADV higher Graphic Communication printing notes:
Commercial Printing
Offset Lithography
Offset Lithography is by far the most common form of commercial printing.
The basic principle on which it works is that oil and water do not mix. A litho printing plate has non-image
areas which absorb water. During printing the plate is kept wet so that the ink, which is inherently greasy,
is rejected by the wet areas and adheres to the image areas.
Artwork is produced digitally with graphic design software. An image-setter is then used to produce films
(either positive or negative). When printing with more than one colour there is a separated film for each
ink used. (See also Four Colour Process Printing). Each film is used to make a printing plate by a
photochemical process. The plate surface has non-image areas which absorb moisture and repel ink.
The flexible plates, which can be made of a variety of materials, are attached to the plate cylinder. The plate is kept
moist throughout so that ink only adheres to image areas.
During every cycle of the press the ink image is first transferred to a rubber surfaced blanket cylinder and from there
to the paper. This indirect method is the 'offset' after which the process is named. The blanket cylinder's flexibility
both preserves the delicate plate and conforms to the surface of textured papers.
After printing the sheets are taken for finishing - trimming, folding and binding.
The press can either be fed with paper one sheet at a time (Sheet fed) or from a large roll of paper (Web). Web
printing is normally reserved for large scale, long run work such as magazines and catalogues.
The basic stages of the modern production process are:
1 Original artwork - photographs, illustrations and text - are scanned and entered into a computer.
2 These elements are combined into a document using page makeup software.
3 Full size films are output using a high-resolution image-setter. These could be either positives or negatives.
4 Printing plates are made from the films using a photochemical process. The plates are exposed to high-intensity
light through the films and then chemically treated so that non-image areas are water absorbent.
5 The flexible plates are attached to the plate cylinders of a litho press and the job is printed.
Diagrams on the right shows the production process for a colour job. See Four Colour Process Printing for a detailed explanation.
Commercial Printing
Commercial—Four Colour Process Printing
The most common system for producing full colour print.
The vast majority of magazines and colour books are produced using four-colour process. Originally the artwork and originals were
separated photographically using filters to produce four printing plates. Today the separation is carried out digitally with programmes such
as Adobe Photoshop.
The four ink colours are Cyan (Blue), Magenta (Red), Yellow and Black (K) - often referred to as CMYK. Because the inks used are
translucent, they can be overprinted and combined in a variety of different proportions to produce a wide range of colours.
Theoretically it is possible to produce an adequate range of colours using just Cyan, Magenta and Yellow. Indeed for a time three Colour
Process was a viable option. However, in practice much better results are achieved with the addition of black. The black plate is used to
strengthen the shadow areas and reduce the amount of CMY inks required.
Although the range of colours which can be achieved is adequate for most jobs the process has its limitations. It is important to remember that many colours which are
available as special inks have no close equivalent in four colour process.
In some cases it may be necessary to print a fifth plate in order to match, for example, a particularly difficult company logo colour or a matt varnish effect. The additional
cost of this is normally prohibitive and the necessity should be avoided at the design stage.
It is not unusual, where an elaborate effect is required, to print in six or more colours. There are presses which are capable of printing eight different plates in a single run
through the machine.
Home Printing—Four Colour Process Printing
Ink jet printers will simulate 4 colour process printing. They do this by using the CMYK cartridges within a home desk jet printer or colour
laser printer. The printers software splits any image you wish to print into the CMYK colours and then prints the specific amount of each
colour onto the page to create a printed image.
Commercial Printing
Flexography
Flexography is a printing process which utilizes a flexible relief plate that can be adhered to a printing cylinder. It is
basically an updated version of letterpress. It much more versatile than letterpress in that it can be used for printing
on almost any type of substrate including plastic, metallic films, cellophane, and paper. It is also well suited for
printing large areas of solid colour applications.
The ability of flexography to print on a variety of substrates (materials) allows the process to be used for a wide range
of printed products. Food packaging is an important market because of the ability of flexography to print on nonporous substrates
This ability makes it useful for printing on plastic bags as well. Other common applications printed with flexography
include gift wrap, wallcovering, magazines, newspaper inserts, paperback books, telephone directories, and business forms.
Screen printing
Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink-blocking stencil. The attached stencil forms
areas of mesh that transfer ink or other printable materials which can be pressed through the mesh as a sharp-edged image onto a
material (also known as a substrate). A roller or squeegee is moved across the screen stencil, forcing or pumping ink past the
threads of the woven mesh in the open areas.
Screen printing is also a stencil method of print making in which a design is imposed on a screen of silk or other fine
mesh, with blank areas coated with an impermeable substance, and ink is forced through the mesh onto the printing
surface. It is also known as silkscreen, serigraphy, and serigraph.
Common application for screen printing include T shirts, posters, plastic and metal signs.
Screen printing’s biggest advantage is that it is economical for short runs, the stencils are easy to
produce and it allows you to print on nearly any
type of material.
However Screen Printing is not suitable for
full four colour high production run applications.
open
Commercial Printing
Offset printing
is a commonly used technique in which the inked image is transferred (or “offset”) from a plate to a rubber blanket,
then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion
of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed
obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a water-based film (called “fountain solution”), keeping
the non-printing areas ink-free. The modern “web” process feeds a large reel of paper through a large press machine in
several parts, typically for several metres, which then prints continuously as the paper is fed through.
Inkjet printing
is a type of computer printing that recreates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, or other
substrates. Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer and range from small inexpensive consumer
models to very large professional machines that can cost tens of thousands of pounds, or more
Laser printing
is an electrostatic digital printing process. It produces high-quality text and graphics (and moderate-quality photographs) by repeatedly passing a laser beam
back and forth over a negatively charged cylindrical drum to define a differentially-charged image. The drum then selectively collects electrically charged
powdered ink (toner), and transfers the image to paper, which is then heated in order to permanently fuse the text and/
or imagery. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction/all-in-one inkjet printers, laser printers employ a xerographic
printing process. However, laser printing differs from analogue photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct
scanning of the medium across the printer's photoreceptor. This enables laser printing to copy images more quickly than
most photocopiers.
R—RED
G—GREEN
Colour In Print
B—BLUE
RGB COLOUR. RGB colour is how images are created on a monitor or TV. Dots of the three colours are mixed in varying
proportions on your screen to create different colours. RGB colours will always look different to the image on screen when
printed. * RGB is only for display purposes not PRINT*
C—Cyan M—Magenta
Y—Yellow
K—Black
CYMK COLOUR. Is used when an item needs to be printed. By mixing varying
proportions of the 4 colours you can create all colours. RGB colours are
converted by the printer to CMYK to allow it to be printed.
*CMYK is for Printed media*
HTML colour references—e.g. HTML 6600
When images need to be displayed on web pages colours will vary depending on the type of Internet Browser used. In order to ensure that the
colour is always displayed the same way Web Safe colours are used. There is not as much choice of colours using
this method. RGB and CMYK colours will need to be converted to closet HTML colours. *HTML colours for web
sites*
Pantone colour reference e.g. Pantone 121 c
Pantone colour is a universal reference system for colours a bit like paint charts in B&Q. The idea being that if you need a colour printed exactly you reference the closest Pantone colour and no matter where the item is printed commercial printers can
match it to the Pantone reference colour code. *Pantone is a Universal colour reference system*
Calendaring
Commercial Paper
Paper Opacity
Imposition
Duplex Printing
Printing on both sides of a sheet of paper is duplex printing. Usually the term refers to printers that can
automatically (or through the use of a duplexing attachment) print on both sides either by reversing the
paper back through the printer after one side is done or by printing both sides simultaneously.
3D Modelling Techniques
4
3D modelling terms
Thickness
Thickness is an object property that gives the object a 3D effect. If you apply thickness to lines,
circles, ellipses, arcs, polylines, solid fills, and traces they will acquire some height. Thus by
changing the shade mode they will look like 3D surfaces and/or solids.
3D Modelling Terminology
SHAPE
COMMAND
ICON
BOX
BOX
Creates a solid box after you
provide 2 opposite corners.
SPHERE
SPHERE
Creates a solid sphere from a
center point and radius.
CYLINDER
CYLINDER
CONE
CONE
Creates a tapered cone from a
center point, radius and height.
WEDGE
WEDGE
Creates a triangular wedge from
2 opposite points.
TORUS
TORUS
Ruled Surface (used within surfaces in Inventor)
TABSURF and RULESURF are two of those commands that create 3D Meshes. The first command
builds a surface with the help of a path curve and a vector. The second one connects to curves with
a 3D mesh. Both commands are affected by the value of SURFTAB1 system variable.
DESCRIPTION
Creates a straight cylinder from a
center point, radius and height.
Revolved Surface (surfaces created through revolution in Inventor)
The REVSURF command enables you to create a surface, based on the revolution of a curve about
an axis. The curve can be a line, spline, polyline, arc, circle, ellipse, or elliptical arc. The SURFTAB1
and SURFTAB2 system variables control the number of divisions in the final 3D mesh
Solid Primitives ( i-features in Inventor)
A primitive solid is a ‘building block' that you can use to work with in 3D.
Creates a torus (donut shape)
based on center point, radius and
tube radius.
Rather than extruding or revolving an object, AutoCAD has some basic 3D shape commands at your disposal.
From these basic primitives, you can start building your 3D models. In many cases, you get the same result from
drawing circles and rectangles and then extruding them, but doing it one command is generally faster. Using these
Boolean operations can be a very effective way of drawing in 3D. There are 6 six different shapes that you can
choose from
You can use the Boolean Operations to create complex solid models out of primitives.
Intersect: Defines a new solid object based on the common volume between selected solids.
INTERSECT (same in Inventor)
This command creates a new solid from the intersecting volume of two or more solids or regions. AutoCAD will find where the two objects
have an volume of interference and retain that area and discard the rest.
In Inventor use extrude and then check the Intersect box.
with
Boolean operation continued ….
Union/Join: Defines a new solid that consists of common and uncommon volume between
selected solids.
UNION (Join in Inventor)
Left, there is a box and a cylinder. These are two separate objects. If you want to combine them
into one object, you have to use the union command.
In
Inventor use extrude and then check the Join box.
The UNION command combines one or more solid objects into one
object
Subtract/Cut: Select two set of solids. A single solid based on the removal of the second set from
the first one will be created
SUBTRACT (Cut in Inventor)
The subtract command is used to cut away, or remove the volume of one object from another.
The SUBTRACT command removes the volume of one or more
solid objects from an object
In Inventor use extrude and then check the Cut box.
British standards abbreviations/symbols
British standards abbreviations/symbols
Drawing Types - knowing the difference
Topological Surveys
In order to determine the suitability of a site for the proposed facilities the first stage of any project should
be to carry out topographical and geotechnical investigations. To give adequate information about the site
for design purposes we will undertake a topographical survey to obtain precise levels data and the location
of key features and existing services. The results of the survey are shown on a scaled drawing.
Plumber Drawings are used to show where each pipe and fitment is placed.
Gas Fitting Drawings are used to show where each pipe and fitment is
placed. It looks very different to Plumbers Drawings
Electricians work with electrical and electronic applications need to
understand how to interpret electrical drawings. Electrical drawings are
sometimes referred to as electrical diagrams or schematics.
Understanding electrical diagrams can help electricians, engineers and
even non-professional workers find particular parts of a system, identify
components, follow a circuit, correct problems with a system or
troubleshoot equipment.
CAD Lighting
There are four different types of lighting available when rendering in a 3D modelling package. Different lights can be used to create different
moods and effects e.g. spot lights give dramatic shadows. The four different types of CAD lighting are:
Ambient light

Provides a constant illumination to all surfaces of a model.

Is always there and does not originate from ant particular source.

Ambient light on its own does not produce good rendered images.
Distant Light

Gives a parallel beam in a particular direction

The user specifies the target point and the light source location.

Think of a torch shining on an object.
Point light

A point light emits light in all directions from its position.

The user specifies the point light location.

Think of a light bulb.

Point lights are used for general lighting effects.

Point lights are used with spot lights for lighting effects.
Spot Light

Gives a directional cone of light.

The user specifies the direction of the light and the size of the cone.

The intensity of the spot light diminishes with the distance from the model.

Spot lights have hot-spots and fall off angles that determine how the light diminishes at the edge of the cone.
3D Modelling—Testing
Intellectual property (IP)
is a legal term that refers to creations of the mind. Examples of intellectual property include music, literature, and other artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and
words, phrases, symbols, and designs. Under intellectual property laws, owners of intellectual property are granted certain exclusive rights. Some common types of
intellectual property rights (IPR) are copyright, patents, and industrial design rights; and the rights that protect trademarks, trade dress, and in some jurisdictions trade
Finite Element Analysis (FAE—Testing)
FEA consists of a computer model of a material or design that is stressed and analysed for specific results. It is used in new
product design, and existing product refinement. A company is able to verify a proposed design will be able to perform to the
client's specifications prior to manufacturing or construction. Modifying an existing product or structure is utilized to qualify
the product or structure for a new service condition. In case of structural failure, FEA may be used to help determine the
design modifications to meet the new condition.
There are generally two types of analysis that are used in industry: 2-D modelling, and 3-D modelling. While 2-D modelling conserves simplicity and allows
the analysis to be run on a relatively normal computer, it tends to yield less accurate results. 3-D modelling, however, produces more accurate results while
sacrificing the ability to run on all but the fastest computers effectively. Within each of these modelling schemes, the programmer can insert numerous
algorithms (functions) which may make the system behave linearly or non-linearly. Linear systems are far less complex and generally do not take into
account plastic deformation. Non-linear systems do account for plastic deformation, and many also are capable of testing a material all the way to fracture.
Computer Fluid Dynamics
Fluid simulation, or computational fluid dynamics, is a computer graphics tool used to generate realistic animations of liquids such as water and smoke. A
fluid simulator emulates the motion of a described fluid, making use of the Euler equations or Navier-Stokes equations which describe the physics of fluids,
or any simplified version of them. In computer graphics, such simulations range in complexity from extremely time-consuming high quality animations for
film & visual effects, to simple real-time particle systems, or Fourier synthesis of water surface wave, used in modern games.
CAD/CAM (computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing)
Refers to computer software that is used to both design and manufacture products. CAD is the use of
computer technology for design and design documentation. CAD/CAM applications are used to both design a
product and program manufacturing processes, specifically, CNC machining. CAM software uses the models
and assemblies created in CAD software to generate tool paths that drive the machines that turn the designs
into physical parts. CAD/CAM software is most often used for machining of prototypes and finished parts.
Manufacturing Processes
CNC Machining
Is a fancy term for tools such as routers, grinders and milling machines that are guided by computer instead of by
hand. Many CNC, or computer numerical control, machines still need humans to run them, however. These types
of tools use CAD, or computer-aided design, to function. Most are highly-automated, working from programmed
code that tells them where and when action needs to be taken, and only require human intervention at the
beginning and end of the job.
3D Printing (or additive manufacturing, AM)
Is any of various processes used to make a three-dimensional object. In 3D printing, additive processes are used, in
which successive layers of material are laid down under computer control. These objects can be of almost any shape
or geometry, and are produced from a 3D model or other electronic data source. A 3D printer is a type of industrial
robot.
3D printing in the term's original sense refers to processes that sequentially deposit material onto a powder bed with
inkjet printer heads. More recently the meaning of the term has expanded to encompass a wider variety of
techniques such as extrusion and sintering based processes. Technical standards generally use the term additive
manufacturing for this broader sense
Visual Balance
A-symmetry
Types of BALANCE on a visual/graphic
Radial
Symmetry
NEW - Ad-
James Hamilton
If lost pupils will be
Additional Principles & Elements
Golden Ratio
Many of you may be aware of the rectangle shape below, but how does it apply to the Golden Ratio? Actually, the rule is simple, if you divide the size of square 8/5, it results in the Golden Ratio, 1.61. Subsequently, dividing the square 5/3 = 3/2 = 2/1
= 1.61
The Rule of Thirds
is a "rule of thumb" or guideline which applies to the process of composing visual images such as designs, films,
paintings, and photographs. The guideline proposes that an image should be imagined as divided into nine equal parts by
two equally spaced horizontal lines and two equally spaced vertical lines, and that important compositional elements
should be placed along these lines or their intersections. Proponents of the technique claim that aligning a subject with
these points creates more tension, energy and interest in the composition than simply centering the subject.
Dynamic Affect
Is about the effect the visual has on the viewer. How the visual grabs the attention of the viewer and how it forces the viewer to make the next step ie turn
to the next page or further interaction with a website etc etc
Focal Point
The point of the Web page where the eye is drawn to. A focal point is the most important part of the page or the part of the page that is
the most dominant. Good design uses a focal point to create a page that has a purpose. The focal point of the Web page should be the
element that is most important on the page. It gives the eye a place to rest and allows the viewer to determine the point of a page very
quickly
Negative Space
is an important element of marketing and design. With logo design and other print design, the use of negative space takes thought and
planning. It is not something to be overlooked or avoided. Great design works takes all the space into consideration, both used and used
elements
Additional Principles & Elements
Value
The lightness or darkness of an object or portion of a design, regardless of colour, is its value. Sometimes grouped with colour, value
is a colour-related. Sometimes relates to quality of graphic and media used.
Mnemonics
is any learning technique that aids information retention, such as visual displays. Mnemonics aim to translate information into this form so
that the brain can retain this visual information. Even the process of merely learning this conversion might already aid in the transfer of
information to long-term memory. Some people are visual learners and some prefer textual. Graphic Communication is about all
communication in whatever form.
Silhouette
is the image of a person, animal, object or scene represented as a solid shape of a single colour, usually black, its edges matching
the outline of the subject. The interior of a silhouette is featureless, and the whole is typically presented on a light background,
usually white, or none at all. The silhouette differs from an outline, which depicts the edge of an object in a linear form, while a silhouette appears as a solid shape
Asymmetric Balance
Used to describe one aspect of the principles of design known as balance, asymmetrical design is typically off-center or created with an odd or
mismatched number of disparate elements. When the left and right sides of the design are unequal it is said to have asymmetrical balance.
Asymmetrical does not necessarily mean unbalanced
Computer Aided Illustration
Specularity
In computer graphics, it means the quantity used in three-dimensional (3D) rendering which represents the amount of reflectivity a
surface has. It is a key component in determining the brightness of specular highlights, along with shininess to determine the size of the
highlights. It is frequently used in real-time computer graphics and ray tracing, where the mirror-like specular reflection of light from
other surfaces is often ignored (due to the more intensive computations required to calculate it), and the specular reflection of light
directly from point light sources is modelled as specular highlights
High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI or HDR)
is a set of techniques used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with
standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. The aim is to present the human eye with a similar range of luminance as
that which, through the visual system, is familiar in everyday life. The human eye, through adaptation of the iris (and other
methods) adjusts constantly to the broad dynamic changes ubiquitous in our environment. The brain continuously interprets this
information so that most of us can see in a wide range of light conditions. Most cameras, on the other hand, cannot.
Bump mapping
is a technique in computer graphics for simulating bumps and wrinkles on the surface of an object. This is
achieved by perturbing the surface normals of the object and using the perturbed normal during lighting
calculations. The result is an apparently bumpy surface rather than a smooth surface although the surface
of the underlying object is not actually changed. Bump mapping was introduced by James Blinn in 1978.
Texture mapping
is a method for adding detail, surface texture (a bitmap or raster image), or color to a computer-generated graphic or 3D model.
Its application to 3D graphics was pioneered by Edwin Catmull in 1974. Originally a method that simply wrapped and mapped
pixels from a texture to a 3D surface - now more technically called diffuse mapping to distinguish it from more complex mappings
- in recent decades the advent of multi-pass rendering and complex mapping such as height mapping, bump mapping, normal
mapping, displacement mapping, reflection mapping, mipmaps, occlusion mapping, and many other complex variations on the
technique have made it possible to simulate near-photorealism in real time, by vastly reducing the number of polygons and
lighting calculations needed to construct a realistic and functional 3D scene.
YOU MAY NEED TO RESEARCH RELEVENT INFORMATION TO PROVIDE ACCURATE ANSWERS. YOU WILL BE REQUIRED TO SUBMIT YOUR SOURCE ALONG
WITH YOUR ANSWER;
i.e. www.finding-relevent-information.org.uk
Q1
In your jotter….
Self
3D Printing is a relatively new process. It is now widely used in the world of medicine.
i)
In your own words, explain how this process works (Minimum of 100 words).
4
ii)
Identify a medical practice within the world of medicine that has benefitted from this new process.
1
iii)
In what way has this been a benefit? (Your answer MUST be justified with your example)
1
Q2
CNC is now an established manufacturing system.
i)
ii)
Identify a discipline within engineering where they have benefitted from its introduction and use.
4
1
Q3
CAD-CAM is now an established manufacturing system.
i)
4
ii)
Identify a discipline within engineering where they have benefitted from its introduction and use.
1
(Do not use the same answer as before)
USE THIS LINK TO SEE CAD-CAM: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8I3diD1lpho
YOU MAY NEED TO RESEARCH RELEVENT INFORMATION TO PROVIDE ACCURATE ANSWERS. YOU WILL BE REQUIRED TO SUBMIT YOUR SOURCE;
i.e www.finding-relevent-information.org.uk
Q4
A)
In your jotter….
Explain the requirements of a selected technical graphic for a chosen Engineer.
Self
3
(1 mark for engineer type, 1 mark for requirements & 1 mark for selected justified graphic type)
B)
In relation to engineering, what does ANSI stand for, and what codes and standards does it promote?
2
i) Identify 3 differences between drawing standards of ANSI 1st angle and BS8888 3rd angle projection ?
3
C)
CNC is widely used in the engineering world. What does CNC stand for?
D)
Describe what does ‘TOOL PATH’ mean in relation to CNC?
1
E)
What does ‘CAD-CAM’ stand for?
1
F)
Conduct some research and Identify an area within industry that utilises CAD-CAM (Explain in approx. 30 words
how/where its used)
1
G)
Identify 3 benefits of using CAD-CAM within this industry?
3
1
YOU MAY NEED TO RESEARCH RELEVENT INFORMATION TO PROVIDE ACCURATE ANSWERS. YOU WILL BE REQUIRED TO SUBMIT YOUR SOURCE ALONG
WITH YOUR ANSWER;
i.e. www.finding-relevent-information.org.uk
Q5
In your jotter….
Self
In your own words, explain the following file formats;
i)
TIFF
ii)
GIF
1
iii)
JPEG
1
iv)
PNG
1
Q6
1
In your jotter, create a single visual that has the following DTP features;
Q7
i)
Portrait at 130mm x 90mm (+/-1 tolerance)
1
ii)
3 Column grid structure (equal)
1
iii)
Headline rotated by 90 degrees
1
iv)
5mm margins
1
For your visual, discuss the following features in relation to Design Principles;
A
i)
Balance
1
ii)
Alignment
1
iii)
White space
1
In relation to CAD, what does the following terms mean?
B
Bump Map
1
ii)
Textured Map
1
iii) Applied Lighting
1
iv)
Final Render
1
i)
Q8
Self
In your jotter….
Prior to creating a Web site a designer would need to plan the layout. Using your current
knowledge;
*For this question you need to visit:
http://www.disney.co.uk/disney-junior/content/video.jsp?v=miles-from-tomorrow-attack-of-the-flickorax#/v/miles-fromtomorrow-attack-of-the-flickorax
ii)
Visually, how affective is the Home page in relation to colour and layout?
1
iii)
Who is the target market and justify your answer?
1
iv)
Identify 3 areas that are ‘user interface’ friendly, justify your answer
1
v)
Explain why Cookies are important and how do they relate to ‘web browsing’
1
http://www.disney
.co.uk/disney-junior
/
content/video.jsp?
v=miles-from-tomor
rowattack-of-the-flickor
ax#/v/miles-fromtomorrow-attackof-the-flickorax
Q9
ii)
Explain what an ‘App’ is
1
iii)
Explain what a ‘user interface’ is in relation to an App?
1
iv)
Explain how you would overcome a language barrier using an app?
1
v)
What is the difference between a mobile website and an App. (Santander E-Bay etc)
1
Self
Q10
*For this question you need to visit:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1
Following your review of the Radio 1 website, shown opposite, answer the
following;
ii)
Visually, how affective is the Home page in relation to colour and layout? 2
iii)
Who is the target market and justify your answer?
1
iiii) Explain what is meant by the term ‘interactive user interface’
1
iv)
Identify 3 areas that are ‘user interface’ friendly, justify your answer
3
v)
In relation to web design, what is meant by the term ‘accessibility’
1
vi)
In relation to web design, what is meant by the term ‘web-browser’
1
Vii) Identify one ‘hyperlink’ in the visual opposite and explain the significance 2
of it
Q11
Explain, in detail, how your new web site/page could get found on search engines.
(In your OWN words, identify at least 5 main points in your answer)
The following website may assist you:
http://www.idealware.org/articles/found_on_search_engines.php
5
Q12
In your jotter….
Ex/2015/Q2
Q13
continued….
Ex/2015/Q2
Q14
Ex/2015/Q2
continued….
Ex/2015/Q3
Q15
Refer to G. Comm notes ….
Q15
continued….
Ex/2015/Q3
Q15
Ex/2015/Q3
continued….
In your jotter….
from the previous page
1
Ex/2015/Q3
Q16
a)
Refer to G. Comm notes …….
Ex/2015/Q4
Q17
In your jotter….
Further info on the next page
Q17 supplement
Ex/2015/Q4
Q17 supplement
Ex/2015/Q4
Q18
In your jotter….
Ex/2015/Q5
In figure 1
in figure 2
Figure 2
Figure 1
Self
Q19
With assistance and inspiration from the Place In The Sun website
opposite:
i)
Create/plan a flow chart (Minimum of 4 sub categories, not including your
Home page) for a website that is aimed at people you are aged 20-30
who want to join the armed forces.
ii)
Use the correct terminology to describe images/text/file format etc.
https://www.apple.co
m/itu
nes/
Q20
In your jotter….
Ex/2015/Q1
Q21
Self
Ukulele Assembly
Neck Support-Image 2
In your jotter….
String Adjuster -Image 1
A CAD technician has produced a 3D model and Orthographic drawings of a Ukulele
Assembly.
Use sketches to aid your answer
i)
Describe the 3D CAD modelling technique and edits used to create the Ukulele Neck Support (Image 2).
ii)
Describe the 3D CAD modelling technique and edits used to create the String Adjuster.
(No dimensions are required during both tasks)
7
7
Q22
Self
In your jotter….
a)
b)
Image of ‘Screen-Grab’
Q23
Self
In your jotter….
Prior to creating a Web site a designer would need to plan the layout. Using your current knowledge;
i)
Design a flow chart that shows progression from page 1 to page 5. You should consider menus/sub-menus etc
Your theme is informing young people of ‘T’ In The Park (considerations may be; whose appearing, where it is held,
how to get there, map of the site etc. etc.)
5
*For this question you need to visit the ‘T’ In The Park website: www.tinthepark.com
ii)
Visually, how affective is the Home page in relation to colour and layout?
2
iii)
In what way is figure 1 important?
1
iv)
Identify and justify 3 areas that are ‘user interface’ friendly
v)
Explain why Intellectual Property is important for this website
3
Figure 1
3
Figure 2
http://www.tinthepark.com/
Part 3
Q24
Part 2
Self
In your jotter….
A CAD technician has produced a 3D model and Orthographic drawings of a Coffee Press.
Use sketches to aid your answer Use the start point for part 1
i)
Describe the 3D CAD modelling technique used to create the gold holder (Part 1).
4
You should refer to dimensions from the Orthographic in your answer.
Part 4
ii)
Describe the 3D CAD modelling technique used to create the handle (Part 2)
3
Part 1
iii)
Describe the 3D modelling technique to create the base (Part 4)
3
iv)
Describe the 3D modelling technique to create the glass jar (Part 3)
4
REFER TO DIMENSIONS IN THE DRAWING ON NEXT PAGE
(You are encouraged to use your own dimension where none are stated on the
drawing)
Part 2
Part 4
Start point ‘X’
Q24 continued….
COFFEE PRESS
You are encouraged to use your own dimension where none are
stated on this drawing.
Self
Q25
Self
In your jotter….
Classic Bike magazine is aimed at owners of classic motorcycles. It is issued
monthly and has high publishing numbers across the UK and abroad. Look
closely at the front page and describe, in detail, your understanding of:
Focal point
1
Value
1
Rule of third
1
3
Q26
In your jotter….
Cycling is a magazine is aimed at long distance cyclists. It is issued bymonthly and has high publishing numbers across Scotland. Look closely at
the front page and describe, in detail, your understanding of:
Focal point
1
Dynamic affect
1
Balance
What do the 2 magazines have in common.
1
4
1
Q27
In your jotter….
Holding bracket
Assembly -Image 1
Self
Holding bracket
Brake cable
attachment
A CAD technician has produced a 3D model and Orthographic drawings of a brake calliper (Image 1).
Use sketches to aid your answer
i)
Describe the 3D CAD modelling technique and edits used to create the Holding Bracket. 4
You should refer to dimensions from the Orthographic in your answer
ii)
Describe the 3D CAD modelling technique and edits used to create the Brake Cable
Attachment.
4
(You are encouraged to use your own dimension where none are stated on the drawing)
Brake cable
attachment
Self
Q28
2.5
In your jotter….
A CAD technician has produced a 3D model and Orthographic
drawings of a brake calliper & Parts (Image 1).
i)
R2.5
0 1.5
Compare the two Orthographic drawings, Image 1 & 2. Image 1
is to ASN Standard and Image 2 is to BS 8888. Identify 8 errors
that can be seen in image 1 that are NOT to BS 8888..
ELEVATION
43.00001
8
12.000
PLAN
Image 1
ii)
Select an audience that would use this type of drawing
and explain in detail Where and Why they would use this
type of drawing.
3
Image 2
Q29
In your jotter….
Self
There are two magazines shown below. Both have the same theme of music, but are presented in different ways.
Look closely at both front pages. Compare and describe, in detail, your understanding of:
Focal point
2
Value
2
Balance
2
Dynamic affect
2
Negative space
2
Colour
2
Describe your understanding of:
Camera ready copy
1
Image format
1
14
Q30
Ex/2015/Q1/self
In your jotter….
The Scottish Rugby logo that is shown on the right has been produced as a vector
graphic. It is used on the Scottish Rugby website and on their new magazine.
i)
Describe 4 advantages of the vector graphic compared to a raster
image
4
The graphic designer noticed a change in colour when converting the RGB colours
from the website to CMYK
ii)
Explain the issues associated with the conversion of RGB colour space to CMYK
2
colour space
Web designers have blocked the option for users to download images from the
website. However, it is also possible for consumers to “screen grab” an image.
iii)
Explain the disadvantages of screen grabbing.
iv)
Explain two of the issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights that
1
the Scottish Rugby magazine may encounter when publishing its magazine. 1
®
Q31
Ex/2015/Q2/self
In your jotter….
A client has requested that the following features be incorporated into the design for a new secondary school (Shown
below):

One building that can be used as a
gymnasium and ability to be separated into
two independent gymnasiums.

each independent classroom is to have its
own point of entry and a window

Kindergarten will open onto private outside
play area

the open areas will have a communal meeting
place that can be used for learning & teaching
if required

Bicycle storage area on north-east corner
After a discussion with the client, the architect
has produced the sketched floor plan and garden
shown below.
Play area
Analyse the architect’s sketched floor plan of a
new school on the right.
i)
Describe three ways the architect has implemented the client’s request by making reference to rooms and/or features.
3
ii)
Identify one area that the architect has NOT implemented the clients request
1
Q31
Ex/2015/Q2/self
Continued….
The graphic communication images shown were created by the architectural
technician and were used to communicate relevant technical data to the school
Parent Council.
iii)
Describe two ways the images from the new school garden, created by
the architect, could help Parent Council members to visualise the design.
2
iv)
Describe two ways in which images 1&2 would be used by the construction trades.
2
vi)
Describe two ways a 3D CAD models of the new school could be used to evaluate
aesthetics of the design, prior to construction.
2
Image 2
Image 1
CAD model 1
CAD model 3
CAD model 2

ADV higher Graphic Communication colour notes

Transcription

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