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CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism
THE DRAWING. THE ARCHITECT’S RAISON D’ÊTRE - MICHIEL RIEDIJK CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism THE DRAWING. THE ARCHITECT’S RAISON D’ÊTRE - MICHIEL RIEDIJK CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism THE DRAWING. THE ARCHITECT’S RAISON D’ÊTRE - MICHIEL RIEDIJK MUSEUM AAN DE STROOM CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism METROPOLIS & MODERNITY through the lens of Simmel, Kracauer and Benjamin CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism MODERNITY AND MODERNISM CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism MODERNITY AND MODERNISM CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism MODERNITY AND MODERNISM CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism MODERNITY AND MODERNISM Picasso & Le Corbusier CUHK Arch 5321 Karl Marx Architectural Theory and Criticism MODERNITY AND MODERNISM Einstein & Le Corbusier CUHK Arch 5321 Friedrich Nietzsche Architectural Theory and Criticism When was it and How did it begin? Time and contextual background for its emergence CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism TRANSITION BETWEEN TWO PERIODS Enlightenment> Industrial Revolution> Modernism > Post-modern > Post Critical> Religion and superstition Prior to Enlightenment (18th Century) CUHK Arch 5321 Watt’s steam engine,1765 Industrial Revolution (19th Century) Architectural Theory and Criticism MODERN CITY “The streets are our brushes, the squares our palettes”. poet Vladimir Mayakovsky CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism LATE 19TH CENTURY Moulin de la Galette by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1876 CUHK Arch 5321 Sunday afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat, 1886 Architectural Theory and Criticism LATE 19TH CENTURY Paris opera house by Charles Garnier, 1875 CUHK Arch 5321 Paris Street: Rainy Day by Gustave Caillebotte, 1877 Architectural Theory and Criticism LATE 19TH CENTURY Bourgeois =資產階級 Paris opera house by Charles Garnier, 1875 CUHK Arch 5321 Paris Street: Rainy Day by Gustave Caillebotte, 1877 Architectural Theory and Criticism METROPOLIS TRANSITIONING FROM 19TH TO 20TH CENTURY CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism METROPOLIS TRANSITIONING FROM 19TH TO 20TH CENTURY A 1913 slum dwelling in Ivry-sur-Seine, Paris CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism EARLY 20TH CENTURY Smug of Pittsburgh, USA Impacts of industrial revolution are starting to take effect CUHK Arch 5321 Sign of pollution or progress towards the future? Architectural Theory and Criticism VIEW OF SUBURBAN LONDON Similar image in London CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism METROPOLIS TRANSITIONING FROM 19TH TO 20TH CENTURY CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism METROPOLIS Metropolis directed by Fritz Lang, drawing by Hugh Ferriss CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism METROPOLIS CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism METROPOLIS CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism METROPOLIS Metropolis - Short Metropolis - Long CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism Who was a part of? Major contributors and their projects CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism THINKERS OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL Georg Simmel (1858-1918) CUHK Arch 5321 Siegfried Kracauer (1889-1966) Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) Architectural Theory and Criticism GEORG SIMMEL Metropolis and the Mental Life CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism GEORG SIMMEL "The modern city is supplied almost exclusively by production for the market, that is, for entirely unknown purchasers who never appear in the actual field of vision of the producers themselves." Metropolis and the Mental Life CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism INDIVIDUALITY & FRAGMENTATION Social individuality and fragmentation Human interactions in the metropolis is short and instrumental Metropolitan lifestyle leads to the neglect and degradation of the personality. CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism Blasé attitude The city's inflation of sensory stimulus transforms man into rational being The metropolis mental life are essentially intellectual, not emotional. People are enslaved to time, working under the clock. Quantitative yields what Simmel terms as "blasé" attitude CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism OBJECTIVE OVER SUBJECTIVE For Simmel, the big city is dominated by objectivism (as opposed of subjectivism, with the individual at the center). As Simmel writes, “The development of modern culture is characterized by the predomination of what one can call the objective spirit over the subjective . . . the growth of which is followed only imperfectly and with an even greater lag by the intellectual development of the individual." CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism SIMMEL’S KEY CONCEPTS Important concepts formulated by Simmel on metropolis: Blasé attitude (indifference) Sensual stimuli/ Withdraw Objectivism Alienation Fragmentation Negation/ Not there CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism GEORG SIMMEL Metropolis and the Mental Life CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism THE SCREAM, 1893 BY EDVARD MUNCH CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism SENSORY STIMULI CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism FRAGMENTATION & MULTIPLICITY AS DEPICTED BY CUBIST PAINTERS Girl with Mandolin by Pablo Picasso, 1910 CUHK Arch 5321 Violin and Palette by George Braque, 1909 Architectural Theory and Criticism AUTOMAT, 1927 BY EDWARD HOPPER Negation and withdraw CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism NEW YORK MOVIE, 1939 BY EDWARD HOPPER Individual versus the masses Two spatial conditions CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism NIGHTHAWKS, 1942 BY EDWARD HOPPER Isolation and Pearl Harbor CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism SIEGFRIED KRACAUER Siegfried Kracauer studied architecture In 1920s Kracauer was editor of Frankfurt newspaper CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism SIEGFRIED KRACAUER "For Kracauer modernity was characterized by a form of transcendental homelessness, which was embodied in the hotel lobby, the space where silence reigns and where guests bury themselves in their newspapers to avoid exchanging glances." Neil Leach CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism HOTEL LOBBY, 1943 BY EDWARD HOPPER Individuals go about their lives without exchanging glances CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism PHENOMENON CONTINUES CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism TILLER GIRLS Tiller Girls- a popular dance company formed by John Tiller Known for their precise body movement and coordinated gestures Dancers body movement reflects the mechanized gestures of factory workers CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism TILLER GIRLS DANCE TROUPE 1890-1935 CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism TILLER GIRLS Kracauer described the movement of the Tiller Girls as a lifeless monster Individual dancers had no say in its form CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism MASS ORNAMENT He later published the influential book The Mass Ornament Kracauer argued that The Mass Ornament reflects abstraction Workers in a factory is like dancers in a stadium CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism CONCEPTS Kracauer analyzed the Tiller Girls as: Abstracted form of rationality as signs of modernity Manufactured in the USA Regulation and standardization from Henry Ford and Frederick Taylor (a.k.a Fordism and Taylorism) Mass ornament continues to reproduce itself Fragmented body, legs, arms, bodies artificially packaged CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism STANDARDIZED MOVEMENT “actors not aware of stagecorrespond setting in its they consciously take part in its formation.” “The hands in the factory to totality; the legsyet, of the Tiller Girls Repetitive movement of the Tiller Girls and the Factory Girls, both reflect signs of the modern condition “Legs of the Tiller Girls are the abstracted signs of their bodies” The Tiller Girls are devoid of any erotic association CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism ASSEMBLY LINE WORKER Arms and legs of the Tiller Girls is equated to components of car, manufacturing system developed by Henry Ford CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism ASSEMBLY LINE WORKER CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism ASSEMBLY LINE WORKER Individuality becoming standardized CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism ASSEMBLY LINE WORKER CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism TILLER GIRLS & SOL LEWITT Tiller Girls as abstracted form of rationality CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism POLITICIZING MASS ORNAMENT CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism MILITARIZED MASS ORNAMENT CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism Tiller Girls CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism WALTER BENJAMIN Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism EXTENSION OF BENJAMIN North : A Berlin Chronicle (Architecture through haptic and visceral experience) West: Paris, Capital of 19th Century (The Arcade Project) East: Moscow Dairy 1927 (Russian transition to Stalinism) South: Naples 1925 (City of porosity in space and time) CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism BENJAMIN’S SEMINAL BOOKS CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism THE ARCADE PROJECT Parisian arcades began to be constructed around the beginning of the nineteenth century and were sometimes destroyed as a result of Baron Haussmann's renovation of Paris during the Second French Empire (ca. 1850-1870). Benjamin linked them to the city's distinctive street life and saw them as providing one of the habitats of the Flâneur (i.e., strolling in a locale to experience it). Wikipedia CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism 19TH CENTURY ARCADE IN PARIS CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism ARCADE AS FORM OF PUBLIC SPACE CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism THE WORK OF ART IN THE AGE OF MECHANICAL REPRODUCTION Aura (光環) Loss of aura Reception in a state of distraction CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism THE WORK OF ART IN THE AGE OF MECHANICAL REPRODUCTION Describes the concept of Aura and its relationship to Authenticity History of art reproduction Presence of time and space Loss of Aura through mechanical reproduction CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism AURA (光環) “Presence of the original is the prerequisite to the concept of authenticity” “Even for the most perfect reproduction of a work of art is lacking in one element: its presence in time and space, its unique existence at the place where it happens to be” Prior to the possibility of mechanical reproduction, manual reproduction of the original is considered to be a forgery, a fake. This however, is not true for mechanical reproduced work. CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism LOSS OF AURA (光環) The destruction of “aura” in mechanical reproduction signals the passage from the artwork as cult (i.e., as a religious object) to the artwork as exhibits (in museum and inevitably in cinema). CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism LOSS OF AURA “Presence of the original is the prerequisite to the concept of authenticity” CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism LOSS OF AURA CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism RECEPTION IN A STATE OF DISTRACTION Reception through distraction/ shock/ habit CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism RECEPTION IN A STATE OF DISTRACTION Tian Zi Fang (⽥田⼦子坊） CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism PAINTER = MAGICIAN Magician operating from a distance CUHK Arch 5321 The Art of Painting by Vermeer, 1666 Architectural Theory and Criticism SURGEON = CAMERAMAN Cameraman by Buster Keaton CUHK Arch 5321 Surgeon and cameraman penetrates deeply into the web Architectural Theory and Criticism AUTHENTICITY IN ARCHITECTURE CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism AUTHENTICITY IN ARCHITECTURE CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism AUTHENTICITY IN ARCHITECTURE CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism AUTHENTICITY IN ARCHITECTURE CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism AFAM CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism MOMA CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism MOMA CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism MASS PRODUCTION VS. AUTHENTICITY CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism CRAFTING IMPULSE - TONI LUI CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism RURAL STUDIO - SAMUEL MOCKBEE CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism CONCEPTS Kracauer analyzed the Tiller Girls as: Abstracted form of rationality as signs of modernity Manufactured in the USA Regulation and standardization from Henry Ford and Frederick Taylor Mass ornament continues to reproduce itself Fragmented body, legs, arms, bodies artificially packaged CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism SIMMEL’S KEY CONCEPTS Important concepts formulated by Simmel on metropolis: Blasé attitude (indifference) Sensual stimuli Objectivism Alienation Fragmentation Withdraw Negation/ Not there CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism BENJAMIN’S KEY CONCEPTS Loss of Aura & Authenticity Reception in a state of distraction Porosity The arcade and the flâneur (漫遊者) CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism THURSDAY - 9/24/2015 ATRIUM SPACE - 6:30PM Trailer CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism 27.09 Lecture 2/ Simplicity: Autonomy and Rationality GROUP PRESENTATION Reading: -Theodor Adorno, "Functionalism Today," Walter Gropius, The New Architecture and the Bauhaus -M. Risselada, Raumplan versus Plan Libre -Le Corbusier, Towards A New Architecture Abstract for Paper 2 Due 03.10 Lecture 3/ The Avant Garde: Dada, Team X and Metabolist Reading: Peter Bürger, “Theory of the Avant-Garde and Critical Literary Science,” Theory of the Avant-Garde Rem Koolhaas and Hans Ulrich Obrist, "Kisho Kurokawa," Project Japan Presentation 1: Metropolis and Modernity G1- Walter Benjamin, "Paris, Capital of the Nineteenth Century," Reflections Criticism by: G3 G2- Georg Simmel, "The Metropolis and Mental Life," On Individuality and Social Forms Criticism by: G4 10.10 Lecture 4/ Complexity: Communication and Deconstruction Reading: -Robert Venturi, "Introduction, Chapter 1-4," Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture -Mark Wigley, "The Translation of Architecture, the Production of Babel," Assemblage 8 Presentation 2: Avant Garde G3- Gordon Matta Clark, Art, Architecture and Attack on Modernism G4- Koolhaas + Obrist, Project Japan Criticism by: G5 Criticism by: G6 12/13.10 Special Lecture/ 20+20 CUHK: Mark Wigley + Alejandro Zaera-Polo + Nader Tehrani CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism 17.10 Lecture 5/ Contextualism and Nostalgia CORRECTION- Final Essay Assign 4b due on 12/ 18 Essay Assign 1 due on 9/ 30 CUHK Arch 5321 Architectural Theory and Criticism
