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University of havana
School of foreign languages
Diploma paper
Title: “the noun-verb-imperative
syntactic function combination in
machine translation from Spanish into
English”
Author: Marlee de la fé cruz
tutor: Roberto espí valero phd
5 year
th
June, 2013
To my parents, brother, and boyfriend. You are every breath that I take,
every step that I make. You are my “Endless Love”.
I would like to give special thanks to:

Mi mamá y mi papá, por todo su amor incondicional y apoyo en
cada segundo de mi vida. Por ser ejemplo de perseverancia, sacrificio,
comprensión inteligencia y dedicación; y por enseñarme “… que el
tiempo y el amor son las únicas cosas que nunca tienen fin”.

Mi rayo de sol, mi tatao; simplemente gracias por existir. Desde
que naciste llenaste de luz y alegría mi vida.

Julio, porque llegué al cielo, conté las estrellas y encontré tu
regalo. No se ve sino con el corazón.

Tata y Pá gracias por las “canasticas de avellanas” y “el
chogüí”; y por cuidar y querer a la que siempre será su “gorda”.

Mima, por su amor desde que yo era una bebé y por hacer
siempre la comida más rica de todos los tiempos.

Prix, por todo: las galleticas furtivas, ¡cuidado que vengo
embalada! Y porque al ser tan bella nos diste al precioso Alan.

Mis primos Rachel, Elier y Oisis. Los extraño y extrañaré
mucho. ¡Nos vemos pronto!

Mi tía y mi tío, por creer que soy la más rápida, más bella y
más alta.

Lisbe, Eileen, Yise, Mayte y Any por vivir conmigo en B-612
todavía hoy después de tanto tiempo. Deny, Weelar y Ale gracias por
unirse a nosotras.

Yuli and Yanniel, for their useful and vast donation of nouns and
verbs and mainly to Yuli for all her help and friendship.

Yahi and Lia for their spectacular and “international” friendship
and for teaching me the meaning of “cagüallo” and many others…
¡Las Tunas Campeón!

Jessica, Diana, and Roger because they are also my BFF.

Profesor Espí, por su apoyo, paciencia y conocimientos no solo
como tutor de esta investigación sino como amigo y profesor.

All the teachers that made me a better student throughout these
six years, specially: Eriberto, Raydel, Espí, and Ida María.
When I got to this point I saw myself like Sisyphus. The Myth of
Sisyphus tells the story of a man having to roll, repeatedly, a huge stone
up a hill only to have it roll down again as soon as he had brought it to
the summit. Therefore, I thank everyone that helped me carry my rock for
these six years but now that it’s over, all I can think is that I have a
whole new hill right ahead of me
And, I can’t wait to get there!
Index
Abstract
1
Introduction
2
Chapter 1: “Theoretical Foundations of the Research”
10

Translation.
10

Stages of the Translation Process.
11

Machine Translation.
15

Ambiguity.
16

Ambiguity in Machine Translation.
17

The Noun, the Verb, and the Imperative: Definitions.
19

Directionality in Translation.
23
Chapter 2: “A Corpus of Spanish Homographs and a Corpus of English
25
Equivalents under the Noun-Verb-Imperative Syntactic Function Combination”

A Corpus of Spanish Homographs under the Noun-Verb-Imperative Syntactic
26
Function Combination.

Some Statistical Results from the study of the Corpus of Spanish Homographs
26
under the Noun-Verb-Imperative Syntactic Function Combination.

A Corpus of English Equivalents under the Noun-Verb-Imperative Syntactic
28
Function Combination.

Some Statistical Results from the study of the Corpus of English Equivalents
29
under the Noun-Verb-Imperative Syntactic Function Combination.
Chapter 3: “Insertion of the Corpus of Spanish Homographs and their English
32
Equivalents in the Structural Dictionary of the Machine Translation System”


Characteristics of the machine translation system.
Inserting the Spanish homographs under the Noun-verb-Imperative syntactic
32
39
function combination in the dictionary.

Functioning of the machine translation system with the Noun-Verb-Imperative
syntactic function combination.
41
Conclusions
45
Recommendations
47
Bibliography
48
Annexes
51
Abstract
This research is a study on the lexical-syntactic ambiguity in
machine translation, specifically the Spanish homographs under
the noun-verb-imperative syntactic function combination and their
equivalents in English. It aims at contributing to the elaboration of
the structural dictionary of the machine translation system from
Spanish into English proposed by Doctor Roberto Espí in his
doctoral thesis.
Keywords: translation, lexical-syntactic ambiguity, machine translation,
homographs, syntactic function combination.
1
Introduction
Translation is a very wide concept that can be interpreted in different ways. It is
possible to speak of translation as a process or as a product. As a process, it is
a complex mental operation that is carried out by stages and where linguistic
and pragmatic criteria are considered. As a product, it is the result of the
application of the previous process with the objective of establishing interlinguistic equivalences. (Espí, 1999)
With the Industrial Revolution, life changed in an enormous way. Trades,
politics, art, science, etc., started growing and developing in such a fast way
that no one could have ever imagined. Therefore, it was essential to increase
the number of translations due to the necessity of transmitting all the new
information. In the 1960s, 50% of the scientific discoveries of many countries
were lost for not being translated and published. In 1970, only 2 500 000 out of
5 000 000 articles were translated, and 10% of them were published.
(Arencibia, 1976)
Nowadays, the amount of information gets bigger every second. However, in
order to do an excellent translation, ambiguity is an important element to take
into account.
There are three types of ambiguity: phonetic, grammatical, and lexical
ambiguity. The latter can be divided into lexical-semantic ambiguity and lexicalsyntactic ambiguity.
Years ago, the possibility of facing the demand of
translations with the use of the computer was thought of. Research began with
the belief that machine translation was the solution. In spite of the increasing
complexity of machine translation systems, they cannot, so far at least, deal
with all types of texts in a reliable and precise way, that is to say, they can not
deal with ambiguity successfully.
2
Antecedents
The bibliography regarding machine translation is not very extensive.
Nevertheless, it was essential to mention some works and lectures on this
subject.

"Algunas consideraciones sobre la ambigüedad léxico-sintáctica en la
traducción
automática"
(Some
considerations
on
lexical-syntactic
ambiguity in machine translation), Ikala Magazine, Vol. 3, Us.1-2,
Medellín (1998).

"La unidad de traducción en la traducción automática" (The translation
unit in machine translation), published in the third issue of the Bulletin of
the "Leandro Caballero” Chair, at the School of Foreign Languages, UH
(1999).

"La automatización en la traducción" (Automatization in translation),
accepted for publishing in Ikala Magazine from the University of
Antioquia.

"La computadora personal como medio auxiliar del traductor", (The
personal computer as a translator aid), presented at the “Foreign
Language Teaching in the Verge of the Year 2000” Forum, Havana
(1996).

"Algunas consideraciones sobre la ambigüedad léxico-sintáctica en la
traducción automática", (Some considerations on lexical-syntactic
ambiguity in machine Translation), presented in the International
Workshop of Applied Linguistics. Havana (1997).

"La traducción asistida por computadoras: Necesidad y realidad en un
plan de estudios" (Computer assisted translation: a necessity and a
reality in a curriculum), presented in the First Colloquium on Translation
Didactics, Cali, Colombia (1998).

“La traducción automática en el proceso de automatización de la
traducción” (Machine translation within the process of automation in
3
translation), presented in the Second Symposium of Translation and
Interpretation Professionals, Cuba-Canada, Havana (1998).

Presentation of partial results of a research on a machine translation
system prototype to professors of the Translation and Terminology
Group at the University of Antioquia, Colombia (1998).
However, the only work, in Cuba and internationally, related to lexical-syntactic
ambiguity in machine translation that we have knowledge of is the parser and
structural dictionary of the machine translation system from Spanish into
English presented by Doctor Roberto Espí in his doctoral thesis, where he
proposed a corpus of 38 combinations of syntactic functions in order to
eliminate lexical-syntactic ambiguity. (see Annex I)
Some students at the School of Foreign Languages have already developed
some of the combinations of syntactic functions and others are just starting the
research of the combinations that remain unstudied. Such combinations are:
Noun-Verb, Noun-Adverb, Noun-Participle, Adjective-Noun, Adjective-NounVerb,
Adjective-Noun-Adverb-Verb,
Participle-Adjective-Noun,
Participle-
Adjective, Infinitive-Noun-Adjective, and Infinitive-Noun.
Research problem
According to Espí (1999), the methods used so far in the elaboration of machine
translation systems have not been able to solve many of the ambiguities that
sometimes appear in natural languages, therefore it has not been possible to
obtain machine translations whose linguistic expression is equivalent to the
original text.
How can we contribute to the elaboration of the structural dictionary of the
machine translation system proposed by Doctor Espí?
4
Hypothesis
The elaboration of a corpus of Spanish homographs under noun-verbImperative syntactic function combination and their corresponding English
equivalents will improve the structural dictionary of the machine translation
system from Spanish into English mentioned before, thus contributing to the
elimination of the lexical syntactic ambiguity.
Research Field
This research develops in the field of translation studies, specifically in the
branch of machine translation.
Research Object
The object of this research is the study of lexical-syntactic ambiguity in machine
translation from Spanish into English, specifically the noun-verb-imperative
syntactic function combination.
Objective
At this final stage of the research, the objective is to insert the corpus of
Spanish homographs under the noun-verb-imperative syntactic function
combination and their English equivalents in the structural dictionary of the
machine translation system from Spanish into English, in order to verify the
elimination of the lexical-syntactic ambiguity.
Research Tasks
In order to fulfill the research goals and verify the hypothesis formulated, it was
necessary to carry out the following research tasks:
1) Study of the bibliography available in order to get familiar with the
topic of machine translation and establish the working definitions.
2) Elaboration of a sample of Spanish sentences with homographs
under the noun-verb-imperative syntactic function combination.
5
3) Elaboration of a corpus of Spanish homographs under the noun-verbimperative syntactic function combination.
4) Analysis of the corpus of Spanish homographs under the noun-verbimperative syntactic function combination.
5) Elaboration of a corpus of English equivalents for the Spanish
homographs under the noun-verb-imperative syntactic function
combination
6) Analysis of the corpus of English equivalents under the noun-verbimperative syntactic function combination.
7) Insertion of the corpus of Spanish homographs and their English
equivalents in the dictionary of the machine translation system from
Spanish into English.
8) Verification of the elimination of the lexical-syntactic ambiguity with
the homographs studied.
9) Final revision and presentation of the diploma paper.
Methods, procedures and techniques
For the development of the research tasks proposed we used:
1) The synthesis method, to summarize the theoretical material
consulted and establish the working definitions.
2) The syntactic-distributional method, to elaborate a corpus of
sentences in Spanish, where the homographs under the syntactic
function combination under study appear in separate sentences.
3) The observation, analysis and synthesis methods, to study the corpus
of Spanish homographs under the noun-verb syntactic function
combination, and to look for their equivalents in English.
4) The statistical method, for the mathematical processing of the results.
5) The comparison and generalization methods, to study the corpus of
English equivalents in order to establish generalizations.
6
6) The lexicographic method, to include the Spanish homographs and
their English equivalents in the structural dictionary.
7) The experimental method, to verify the elimination of the lexicalsyntactic ambiguity with the homographs studied by the machine
translation system.
Level of Application
It is necessary to point out that this diploma paper is part of a larger research
work, namely the elaboration of a machine translation system from Spanish into
English. Thus, its application, right now only experimental, will be complete
once the elaboration of the system mentioned is accomplished.
Practical Significance
As it is all about obtaining draft translations of better quality that the translator
will later check, the solution to the problem of ambiguity in the noun-verbimperative syntactic function combination will lead to save a considerable
amount of translation time and increase the volume of translations.
Since our research subject is “The Noun-Verb-Imperative Syntactic Function
Combination in Machine Translation from Spanish into English¨, we considered
it was necessary to establish our working definitions for a better understanding
of our research subject.
Working definitions
Combination: a result or product of combining; a sequence of letters or numbers
chosen in setting a lock; also: the mechanism operating or moved by the
sequence. (Merriam-Webster, 2005)
Function: the action for which a person or thing is specially fitted or used or for
which a thing exists: purpose. (Merriam-Webster, 2005)
Syntactic elements: groups of words that a sentence contains and that may be
the subject, predicate, attribute, direct object, etc of the sentence (Gili y Gaya,
1975)
7
Syntactic function: function that the words can have in the context of a
sentence. From a functional point of view, words can be classified as nouns,
verbs, prepositions, adverbs, conjunctions, and interjections. (Bello, 1978)
Ambiguity: Character of a statement, syntactic element or part of a sentence
that can be subject to more than one interpretation, understanding interpretation
as the meanings a statement may have. (Gili y Gaya, 1975)
Homographs: one of two or more words spelled alike but different in meaning or
derivation or pronunciation. (Merriam-Webster, 2005)
After having set our working definitions, it is necessary to say that this diploma
paper is the continuation of three previous research papers presented in
second, third and forth years, respectively, on the noun-verb-imperative
syntactic function combination.
In our term paper in second year, we established the theoretical content which
we were going to work with throughout the whole research. The first step was
to begin the study of the Spanish homographs under the noun-verb-imperative
syntactic function combination for the parser and the structural dictionary of the
machine translation system from Spanish into English presented by Doctor
Roberto Espí in his doctoral thesis. To do so, we elaborated a sample of
homographs within our combination proving that lexical-syntactic ambiguity in
the noun-verb-imperative syntactic function combination really exists.
In the term paper in third year, we were able to conform a corpus of 951
Spanish homographs under the noun-verb-imperative syntactic function
combination with sentences of each of them in Spanish, as well as their amount
of lexical semantic variants. Moreover, we could also establish generalizations
that contributed to the elimination of ambiguity in machine translation and to the
elaboration of the structural dictionary. This term paper was presented at the
Students Scientific Day of last year.
In last year’s term paper, we elaborated a corpus of the equivalents in English
for the Spanish homographs that were established in third year’s term paper.
Therefore, we analyzed the results of the study of both corpora to make
8
generalizations. This term paper was also presented at the Students Scientific
Day of this year.
This year was the final stage of our research work. Hence, we inserted both
corpora of Spanish homographs under the noun-verb-imperative syntactic
function combination and their English equivalents in the structural dictionary of
the machine translation system from Spanish into English proposed by Dr. Espí,
in order to finally verify the functioning of the dictionary and the elimination of
the lexical-syntactic ambiguity with the homographs under that combination.
Aiming at a better understanding, this diploma paper has been structured as
follows: the present Introduction, Chapter 1: “Theoretical Foundations of the
Research”, Chapter 2: “A Corpus of Spanish Homographs and a Corpus of
English Equivalents under the Noun-Verb-Imperative Syntactic Function
Combination”, Chapter 3: “Insertion of the corpus of Spanish homographs and
their English equivalents in the dictionary of the machine translation system”,
Conclusions, Recommendations, Bibliography, and Annexes.
9
Chapter 1: “Theoretical Foundations of the
Research”
Translation
As part of our research, we studied several definitions of translation. In one
way or another they helped us understand this process. Such definitions,
different because some were more detailed than others, were taken from
different sources;
Among them, the Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), the
Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary (2003), Valéry (quoted by
Arencibia, 1976), J.C. Catford (1965), Kandler (quoted by Arencibia, 1976), and
Doctor R. Espí (1999).
Etymologically, “translation” is a “carrying across” or “bringing across”. The Latin
“translatio” derives from the past participle “translatus” of “transferre” (“to
transfer”- from “trans”, “across”+ “ferre”, “to carry or to bring”). The modern
Romance, Germanic, and Slavic European languages have generally formed
their own equivalent terms for this concept after the Latin model- after
“transferre” or after the kindred “traducere” (“to bring across” or “to lead across”)
(Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008)
Additionally, the Greek term of “translation”, “metaphrasis” (“a speaking across”)
has supplied English with “metaphrase”- a “literal translation”, or “word-for-word”
translation- as contrasted with “paraphrase” (“a saying in other words”, from the
Greek “paraphrasis”) (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008)
The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2003) defines it as “an act, process, or
instance of translating: as a rendering from one language into another; also: the
product of such a rendering”
Valéry (quoted by Arencibia, 1976) states that “traducir es reconstruir con el
mayor grado de precisión posible el efecto de una cierta causa”. (Arencibia,
1976:60-65).
Catford defines translation as “el remplazo del material textual de una lengua
por el material textual equivalente en otra lengua”. (Catford, 1965: 23).
10
Kandler (quoted by Arencibia,1976) goes a little bit deeper when he says
¨traducir es el esfuerzo de reconstrucción de una textura similar de
pensamiento con los medios de otra lengua, lo que equivale por decir, por
medio de otro juego de símbolos, que difieren no solamente de cada unidad
lexical y sintáctica por la forma; sino que es aún más importante, por los
significados de todas las unidades¨. (Arencibia, 1976: 60-65).
Finally, Dr. Espí (1999) considers that it is possible to speak of translation as a
process or as a product. As a process, it is a complex mental operation that is
carried out by stages and where linguistic and pragmatic criteria are considered.
As a product, it is the result of the application of the previous process with the
objective of establishing inter-linguistic equivalences.
After analyzing those definitions, we decided to follow Espí´s, because we
considered it to be better explained in the sense that he goes deeper into the
analysis of the translation process as a whole, stage by stage, so this process is
more detailed, therefore, more accurate for us.
Stages of the translation process
According to Delisle and Bastin (1997) the translation process consists of 3
stages;
1. Comprehension
2. Re-expression
3. Justificatory analysis
1. Comprehension
According to Delisle and Bastin (1997), the comprehension stage can be
divided into two levels: meaning apprehension and sense apprehension.
1.1. Meaning apprehension is a decoding operation carried out by reference
to the linguistic system. This operation is aimed at identifying the
11
conceptual content of words by means of a lexical and grammatical
analysis. However, in order to understand, being able to identify
meanings is not enough; it is necessary, at this first level of
comprehension, to discover the network of abstract relations among
words.¨. ( Delisle and Bastin, 1997)
1.2 Sense apprehension consists in defining more precisely the conceptual
framework of a statement, enriching it with the referential context it is
inserted in. Based on what the linguistic signs mean in the code, this
operation is aimed at discovering what those signs designate within the
message¨. ( Delisle and Bastin, 1997:88-90)
In the comprehension stage, the translator eliminates any trace of ambiguity
by a lexical-grammatical analysis of the words, the relations among them,
and the statements in which they are inserted considering the context where
they appear. As a result, the words and phrases, that form the statement,
get a pertinent meaning.
In this stage, the translator must acknowledge that, even though, words are
almost always found in specific contexts. According to Ullmann (1977) there
are cases in which they may appear by themselves, without any contextual
backup, and even then they still have meaning.
2. Re-expression
Re-expression can be divided into two operations: analogical reasoning and
re-verbalization of concepts. ( Delisle and Bastin, 1997:88-90 )
2.1 Analogical reasoning: ¨ In order to discover the sense of a statement in
a communicative situation and re-formulate it in another language, the
translator reasons by analogy. This task of exploring the expressive
resources of the target language consists in associating ideas
successively and deducing by means of logic (inferring) ¨. ( Delisle and
Bastin, 1997:88-90)
12
Re- verbalization was defined as “After having isolated the ideas, the translator
begins an analogical search for the target language resources to find linguistic
signs able to convey those ideas. Once the sense is apprehended, its
reformulation is done according to the ideas and not the words. The same
interpretation can be expressed differently in the target language, provided the
signifiers are not imposed by certain set writing practices.¨. ( Delisle and Bastin,
1997)
We consider that the re-expression stage is where the translator looks for
devices in the target language in order to convey the original meaning through
the use of linguistic units, words and equivalent structures that can express
these ideas. There are times in which we may find identity relations between
words, phrases and even sentences from one language into another, and the
meaning is still the same. Some other times this does not happen, and then the
translator looks for the best formulation, resorts to his linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge, and expresses the same meaning in a different way.
3. Justificatory analysis:
"Justificatory analysis is aimed at verifying the accuracy of the (provisional)
solution chosen. For the translator, this verification consists in making sure
the equivalence perfectly conveys the complete sense of the original
statement. The justification always depends on the interpretation prior to the
re-expression and it is guided by the interpretive model. When justifying his
translation, the translator wants to verify to what extent the formulation
chosen agrees with the sense of the original text or, what is more exact, with
his personal interpretation of the message of the text author." (Delisle and
Bastin, 1997).
In the justificatory analysis, the translator when comparing the texts must be
certain that the target text is similar to the original regarding to meaning. (Nida
and Taber, 1974)
13
After analyzing the stages of translation processes, Dr. Espi, in 1999, proposed
to include a fourth stage in the translation process because he believed that the
translation process stages were incomplete. The last stage was called Final
Revision and it was not included in the interpretative model by Delisle and
Bastin (1997). He considered this stage to be essential in the translation
process, since there will be no further contact between the original text and the
translated one.
4. Final revision
The translation is checked as to the correct use of the target language in terms
of style, writing, terminological uniformity, coherence, naturalness, etc - as if the
translated text had been originally written in that language.
After this analysis and having studied Dr Espi’s approach to the stages of the
translation process, we believe that Doctor Espi’s definitions are more
comprehensive and accurate. Therefore, we decided to work based on Dr.
Espi’s stages of the translation process:
-Comprehension of the original text is the analysis of the linguistic signs in a
statement, with the objective of grasping their meaning and apprehending the
real sense of the statement. (Espí, 1999 / 2009)
-Re-expression of the original text into another in the target language is the
search for equivalences to re-express the sense of the original text in the target
language using the linguistic signs and structures of the target language. (Espí,
1999 / 2009)
-Confrontation of the translation with the original text is the collating of the
original text with the translated text, with the objective of verifying the fidelity of
the translation to the form and sense of the original text. (Espí, 1999 / 2009)
-Final revision of the translated text is the act of checking the re-expression of
the sense of the original text to verify the correct use of the target language and
the stylistic resources corresponding to this language. (Espí, 1999 / 2009)
14
Machine translation
Machine translation must be capable of carrying out, automatically, the
comprehension and re-expression stages as similar as possible to the way a
translator would do it, so that draft translations with a higher quality can be
obtained and then confronted and checked by the translator. We consider this
as machine translation’s main objective.
Machine translation is defined by Vasconcellos as "the process of turning
information from a language into another by means of a computer
"(Vasconcellos, 1993:83).
Also, Shuttleworth & Cowie expressed that machine translation is a "translation
made completely, or partly, by a computer (…) and in which a human may
intervene or not" (Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1996:99).
Even though all these concepts are correct, we decided to follow Dr. Espi’ s
definition of machine translation as we consider it to be the most accurate one.
Dr. Espi(1999) states that machine translation is the process through which a
computer completely
does translations, and where the translator only
intervenes in the final revision of the translations looking for sense equivalents
and the correction in the use of the target language.
Unfortunately, there is no official record of a system capable of producing a
complete machine translation of a text without the intervention of a translator in
any of the steps. This occurs due to the fact that machine translation presents
some difficulties, such as, inadequate syntactic structuring of the translation
systems, ambiguity, incomplete dictionaries, and edition of the original text.
A machine translation system capable of eliminating these difficulties would
greatly reduce human intervention, which is now necessary before, during, and
after the translation process. Then, human participation would be actually
limited to a final revision of the translated text, aimed at verifying fidelity to the
original text in terms of sense and the correct use of the target language,
regarding style and language level as well.
15
When machine translation systems actually reduce human participation to a
final revision of the translated text, we will truly be in the presence of machine
translation, in other words, in the presence of high-quality machine translation.
However, as we mentioned before, machine translation still presents some
difficulties. Since our work is only related to ambiguity, we will not go any further
in the analysis of the other problems.
Ambiguity
Ambiguity is a linguistic condition that may be expressed in many ways. From a
purely linguistic point of view, there are three types of ambiguity: phonetic,
grammatical, and lexical. (Ullmann, 1977)

Phonetic ambiguity
It is presented in spoken language as a result of the phonetic structure within a
sentence. It is also grammatical; however, it does not depend on the syntactic
structure of the elements in the sentence but in the identification of the
elements. (Ullmann, 1977).

Grammatical ambiguity
It is the result of ambiguity in the grammatical forms or the structure within a
sentence which means that the words may appear in the same order and still
the construction they have formed may produce different meanings. (Ullmann,
1977).

Lexical ambiguity
This is the most important type of ambiguity and it is due to semantic factors.
There are words that can have two or more lexical meanings. Therefore, a
sentence is ambiguous when it is not possible to choose one among all the
meanings suggested by its components. (Ullmann, 1977).
16
When a word can activate two or more meanings, it is a case of polisemy.
Normally, only one of those meanings will be pertinent in a certain context.
When two or more words coincide in their phonological shape but differ in word
class and, logically, in meaning, it is a case of homonymy. The ambiguity that
relies on polisemy is called lexical-semantic ambiguity.
The ambiguity that
relies on homonymy is called lexical-syntactic ambiguity.
AMBIGUITY IN MACHINE TRANSLATION
Ambiguity is not a big problem for translators because disambiguation occurs
due to the combination of habits and skills of translation. Nevertheless,
determining the grammatical function of homographs in a sentence, or
recognizing the appropriate meaning of a polysemic word in a text is a major
difficulty for machine translation.
There are two kinds of ambiguity in machine translation: lexical-semantic and
lexical-syntactic. (Espí, 1999)
A. Lexical-semantic ambiguity is produced with those words that have more
than one lexical meaning in the same syntactic function. ( Espí, 1999)
For instance: La cocina es blanca.
The word cocina may have two interpretations. The first could be that the place
where the food is cooked is painted white. The second may be that the stove is
white. Just the location of the word in a context can determine which
interpretation it was referring to. (Espí, 1999)
B. Lexical-syntactic ambiguity is presented with those words that have more
than one syntactic function, then, they convey a different meaning.
( Espí, 1999)
17
For example:
1. El mago hizo un truco con la baraja.
2. Baraja el mazo de cartas.
In the example 1, the word baraja is a noun and in the example 2 the word
baraja is a verb in the imperative mood.
It is important to highlight that in terms of translation, intentional ambiguity must
be kept in the target language. A non-intentional ambiguity is usually clear in
the context; therefore it should be eliminated in the translation process to avoid
any possible misinterpretation. Sometimes the text is written in a so complex
way that it is not possible to disambiguate. In such cases, ambiguity should be
kept in the translated text, and then it is up to the reader to interpret what the
author of the original text meant.
We would like to emphasize that our research is only related to the lexicalsyntactic ambiguity in machine translation from Spanish into English.
With the aim of eliminating lexical-syntactic ambiguity in machine translation
from Spanish into English, Doctor Roberto Espí in his doctoral thesis proposed
a parser and a structural dictionary for a machine translation system.
Moreover, he established a corpus of 38 combinations of syntactic functions
that homographs can perform in Spanish. However, for this research to be
applied a very deep study of each combination is necessary. Some of these
combinations are already being researched by students of the School of
Foreign Languages of the University of Havana under the tutoring of Dr. Espí.
(see Annex I )
We chose to research for our term paper the noun-verb-imperative syntactic
function combination, because we thought it was the most interesting one, apart
from being also very complex. However, before going deeper into this
combination it was necessary to study the definitions of noun, verb, and the
imperative mood so that we could select the ones we were going to work with
18
throughout the term papers we carried out on second, third, and fourth years,
and finally in the diploma paper.
The Noun, the Verb, and the Imperative: Definitions
Since we had to elaborate a corpus of Spanish homographs and their
corresponding English equivalents, it was essential for us to establish
definitions for noun, verb, and the imperative mood in both languages. We
confronted those definitions in both languages and chose those whose meaning
coincided.
Definitions in Spanish
Sustantivo
Sustantivo: 1.Que tiene existencia real, independientemente, individual. 2.
Importante, fundamental, esencial.3. Gram. Nombre sustantivo (D.R.A.E. 2008)
Sustantivo: Palabra que designa substancia, o sea, seres que pueden ser
sujetos u objetos de una acción, un estado o cualquier accidente expresable
con un verbo (Moliner, 1967)
Gili y Gaya stated that “los sustantivos se piensan en sí mismos, como
representaciones o conceptos independientes. Pueden designar personas
(Juan), cosas (árbol), cualidades físicas o morales (blancura, bondad),
acciones (empujón), estados (quietud), es decir, cualquier fragmento o aspecto
de la realidad considerado como objeto independiente de nuestro pensar”. (Gili
y Gaya, 1975:99-105)
19
Verbo
Verbo: 1. Sonido o sonidos que expresan una idea. 2. Clase de palabra que
pueden tener variación de persona, numero, tiempo, modo y aspecto (D.R.A.E,
2008)
Verbo: Palabras con que se expresan las acciones y estados de los seres, y
los sucesos. La caracterización del verbo es puramente gramatical y consiste
en que es una palabra que se conjuga, o sea, que susceptible de cambios que
le permiten expresar los accidentes de tiempo, numero, persona y modo
(Moliner, 1967)
Regarding verbs, Gili y Gaya
wrote: ¨los verbos son necesariamente
dependientes: se piensan y expresan adheridos a un sustantivo. Se piensa
como una actividad o estado de un sustantivo¨. (Gili y Gaya, 1975:99-105)
Modo imperativo
According to Alvero Francés se dice del modo del verbo que se usa para
mandar, rogar o exhortar; el imperativo negativo se expresa en español por
medio del presente del subjuntivo y, a veces, por medio del infinitivo. (Alvero,
2008)
Imperativo: “que se manifiesta como orden o imposición. Deber o exigencia que
se tiene que cumplir. Modo verbal que expresa orden, ruego o mandato”.
(Diccionario de uso de español de América y España, 2003)
According to Gili y Gaya “Modo imperativo: este modo es una intensificación del
subjuntivo optativo. Pertenece, como las interjecciones y los vocativos, a lo que
hoy se llama función apelativa del lenguaje. En castellano no tiene más formas
propias que las segundas personas: ¡Entra! ¡Entrad! Las demás personas
coinciden con las del subjuntivo, de las cuales no de distinguen más que por la
20
entonación y por su uso no subordinado a otro verbo”. (Gili y Gaya, 1975:99105)
After having analyzed all the definitions in Spanish, we decided to work with the
ones proposed by Gili y Gaya (1975) because we consider he goes deeper in
the analysis of each term.
Definitions in English
Noun
¨A noun is the name of anything: man, country, city, Henry, Spain, Paris,
happiness, whiteness, crowd, team. All these are names of people, places or
things: all are nouns¨ (C.E. and J.M. Eckersley, 1969:19)
A noun is “any member of a class of words that typically can be combined with
determiners to serve as the subject of a verb, can be interpreted as singular or
plural, can be replaced with a pronoun, and refer to an entity, quality, state,
action, or concept (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2003)
Verb
¨A verb is a word for saying something about some person or thing. The part of
the speech by which we are able to say what a person or animal or thing is (jock
is a dog) or does (he walks and runs) or what is done to that person or animal
or thing (he is brushed and combed every day)… the part of speech that
predicates, assists in predication, asks a question and expresses a command¨
(C. E. and J.M. Eckersley, 1969:143).
Verb: “a word that characteristically is the grammatical center of a predicate and
expresses an act, occurrence, or mode of being, that in various languages is
inflected for agreement with the subject, for tense, for voice, for mood, or for
aspect, and that typically has rather full descriptive meaning and characterizing
21
quality but is sometimes nearly devoid of these especially when used as an
auxiliary or linking verb (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2003)
Imperative Mood
¨Mood is a grammatical term used to denote the forms that a verb takes to show
what work it is doing. The imperative mood has the same form, in the second
person singular and plural, as the infinitive without to. In the first and third
persons, it is preceded by let and an accusative, e.g. 'letś go to the cinema' 'I
can't see him right now; let him wait'. It is used to give orders or commands or
to make requests. e.g.’ open your books', don't make so much noise¨ (C.E. and
J.M. Eckersley, 1969: 225)
Constitutes the grammatical mood that expresses the will to influence the
behavior of another, b: expressive of a command, entreaty, or exhortation, c:
having power to restrain, control, and direct (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2003)
The definitions of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary are more detailed than the
ones found in the other dictionaries. Moreover, they also coincide in meaning
with the definitions that we selected in Spanish. Therefore, we chose to work
with the Merriam-Webster Dictionary for the definitions in English.
After finishing the sample and subsequently the corpus of Spanish homographs,
the next task was to provide the English equivalents for those homographs, by
means of the elaboration of another corpus. However, elaborating the corpus of
English equivalents required a careful application of linguistic and extra
linguistic knowledge. Therefore, we considered it was essential to discuss, at
this level, the topic of the directionality in translation.
22
Directionality in translation
Directionality in translation studies usually refers to whether translators are
working from a foreign language into their mother tongue or vice versa. (Beeby,
1995) . However, there are many criteria on what is the best direction in which a
translation should be made.
In popular belief, linguistic competence is symmetrical: the general public
makes no distinction between translating from a foreign language into the
mother tongue and vice versa and assumes that a translator
will have no
difficulty translating in both directions. (Beeby, 1995)
Translators, on the other hand, know that linguistic competencies rarely
symmetrical and discussion tends to centre on translation into the mother
tongue. In fact, Kelly (1979:111) maintains that since Johan Gottlieb Herder
(1767) the assumption has been that translation away from one’s own language
was not worth discussing, except to stress the difficulties involved. For example,
Ladmiral (1979:40-50) recognizes a professional point of view, he considers it
an absurd requirement and a hopeless task. Similarly, Newmark (1988:3)
believes that “Translating into your language of habitual use is the only way you
can translate naturally and accurately and with maximum effectiveness”.
This opinion is so widely held in Europe that the unmarked direction of
translation is into the mother tongue, and this is the direction translators are
expected to work into by the international organizations. This is made explicit in
UNESCO’s 1976 Recommendations on the legal protection of translators and
translations and the practical means to improve the status of translators: “A
translator should, as far as possible, translate into his, or her, mother tongue or
into a language of which he or she has a mastery equal to that of his or her
mother tongue”.
The unmarked use of “translation” to mean: translation into the mother tongue”
is so common in English that there is no other specific term, and there is no
agreement as to the terminology for translation into the foreign language. The
traditional term prose translation has fallen into disuse and is associated with
23
the academic exercise of making school children translate into Latin or Greek.
Other terms are inverse translation. (Beeby, 1995)
Russian, German, and Japanese professional translators have no specific
terminology for directionality, whereas in Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arabic,
Chinese and recently in English directionality is described in terms of translation
being direct or, as mentioned before, inverse.
The curriculum at the School of Foreign Languages of the University of Havana
focuses more in translating from English into Spanish (direct translation). The
students do not have much experience when it comes to translating from
Spanish into English (inverse translation) which was the technique we used to
elaborate the corpus of English equivalents
After a thorough research on this subject, we decided to work, for the
elaboration of the English equivalents corpus, with the terms and definitions
provided by Dr. Espí.
According to Dr Espí´s Diccionario Elemental de Traductología, (2009) ,
directionality in translation could be considered as the direction towards a
translation or an interpretation is done, taking into account if it is from a foreign
language into a mother tongue, or into a
habitual use language, of the
translator or interpreter, or vice versa.
Regarding this definition, there are two types of translation:

Direct Translation: ¨In terms of translation direction, it is the process
through which the translator produces a text in his/her mother tongue or
habitual use language, from a text written in a foreign language. In terms
of fidelity it is the translation procedure through which the re-expression
in the target language preserves parallelism with content, form,
grammatical structures and the lexicon of the original text¨. (Espí,2009)

Inverse Translation: ¨Procedure through which the translator produces
a text in a foreign language, from a text written in his mother tongue or
habitual use language (Espí,2009)
24
CHAPTER 2: “A Corpus of Spanish Homographs and a
Corpus of English Equivalents under the Noun-VerbImperative Syntactic Function Combination”
Before carrying out the research tasks corresponding to the elaboration of the
corpora, we decided to verify if the fact of having Spanish homographs under
the noun-verb-imperative syntactic function combination was truly a frequent
phenomenon. With this aim, a sample of Spanish homographs under the nounverb-imperative syntactic function combination was elaborated. It shows words
with their corresponding syntactic functions in separate sentences. (see Annex
III)
In order to do so, firstly, we had to find homographs whose their only syntactic
functions were noun and verb in the imperative mood. We had to be very
careful because there were some cases in which, once some verbs were
identified as homographs within our combination, we realized that they could be
conjugated in another mood and still be a homograph with the same noun.
Therefore, this word did not belong to our combination but to the noun-verb
combination which was being researched by other colleagues. Hence, we had
to eliminate those homographs from our list.
Secondly, we had to try to find words within our combination for each of the
letters of the alphabet. Once we were done, we noticed that the homographs
under the noun-verb-imperative syntactic function combination did not appear in
the letters K, Ñ, U, W, and X from the Spanish alphabet.
Finally, we had to provide sentences with the homographs with their
corresponding syntactic functions to prove that the lexical-syntactic ambiguity
within our combination was actually a fact.
For the elaboration of the sample of Spanish homographs under the noun-verbimperative syntactic function combination, we used the DRAE Dictionary on
Encarta Encyclopedia 2008, taking into consideration it is one of the most up-todate lexicographical sources in Spanish, as well as its qualitative advance
25
throughout the years. Moreover, we decided to use it for the elaboration of the
corpus of Spanish homographs.
A corpus of Spanish homographs under the Noun-VerbImperative syntactic function combination
In the case of the corpus of Spanish homographs, the procedure was similar to
the one of the sample. However, it was essential to analyze each and every
one of the words within the Spanish alphabet to determine whether they
belonged to our combination or not. While processing all the information we
realized that, from a linguistic view point, we were dealing with a considerably
high number of homographs. And our astonishment was still greater when we
finished because there are 951 units of homographs under the noun-verbimperative syntactic function combination.
For the elaboration of the corpus we made a chart containing all the
homographs under the noun-verb-imperative combination within the Spanish
alphabet, their syntactic function and the amount of lexical semantic variants of
each of them. (Annex VI) This annex will only appear in the digital copy of the
diploma paper.
Some statistical results from the study of the corpus of
Spanish homographs under the Noun-Verb-Imperative
syntactic function combination
After analyzing the corpus of Spanish homographs that was established in this
research stage, we got the following results:
 There are 951homographs in the noun-verb-imperative syntactic function
combination.
26
 The homographs ended only with the vowels ¨a¨ and ¨e¨. In the case of
verbs ending in ¨a¨, it refers to addressing people in general; in the case
of verbs ending in “e”, it refers to addressing people in a very respectful
manner.
For example:
 Compra vegetales para preparar una ensalada
 Galope usted junto a su esposa por la pradera.
 In this work, we did not find any Spanish homographs in plural, either
plural nouns or verb-imperative in plural form.
 There is a huge amount of homographs and lexical semantic variants in
Spanish. Letters ¨D¨, ¨A¨ ,¨C¨ and ¨E¨ turned to be the ones with the
higher numbers as shown in the following charts: (see Annex IV)
Spanish Alphabet
Number of homographs
D
148
A
144
Spanish Alphabet
Amount of lexical semantic variants
C
663
E
515
Once we finished the corpus of Spanish homographs we noticed that
establishing equivalent units in English for the homographs under this
combination was going to be undoubtedly an equally difficult task. However, we
carried out the present research with the motivation that its final results will help
structure the machine translation system in a better way, because what prevails
in us is the professional interest over the commercial concerns.
27
A corpus of English equivalents under the Noun-VerbImperative syntactic function combination
When we arrived at this stage we had to research on the subject of the
directionality in translation as mentioned in Chapter 1 of the present diploma
paper. Moreover, we established that there are two types of translation: direct
translation and inverse translation.
As to the present research, we worked with inverse translation considering that
the translation of a 951-unit corpus of Spanish homographs under the nounverb-imperative syntactic function combination into English had to be done. In
addition, this task challenged us to put into practice our extra-linguistic
knowledge, considering that we are only trained to work on direct translation at
the school. At this level, our work focused on the elaboration of the corpus of
the English equivalents for the Spanish homographs under the noun-verbimperative syntactic function combination in order to eliminate the lexicalsyntactic ambiguity of the translation system.
We believed it was important to mention that for the elaboration of the corpus
we consulted the following digital dictionaries: the DRAE Dictionary of Encarta
Multimedia Encyclopedia 2008; the Babylon 8th edition Dictionary 2005; the
Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 2004; the Concise Oxford Thesaurus 1995,
2002; the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2005; Merriam Webster
Collegiate Thesaurus, 2005.
28
Some statistical results from the study of the corpus of
English equivalents for the Spanish homographs under
the
noun-verb-imperative
syntactic
function
combination
After analyzing the corpus of English equivalents for the Spanish homographs
under the noun-verb-imperative syntactic function combination that was
established in this research stage, we got the following results:
 When translating the Spanish homographs, we found that 90 out of 951
did not have a one to one equivalent in English. Moreover, 47 out of
them were nouns and 43 were verbs, noticing that the amount of nouns
and verbs in imperative was almost the same.
 In order to solve this problem we had to come up with expressions that
conveyed the meaning of the Spanish homographs. The phenomenon of
not finding a one to one equivalent in English for some Spanish
homographs occurred in some cases. Some expressions in English are
stated with a phrase instead of just a word (see eg. A, below), including
some of the Spanish homographs that are proper of the Hispanic culture.
(see eg. B below).
A.
Contraseñar:
 Contraseña este programa para que nadie tenga acceso a él.
 Put a password to this program so that no one has access to it.
B.
Changar:
 México. Hacer trabajos de poca monta, en ocasiones de manera ilegal.
 To do a petty job
29
 In the case of the letters L, P, and V, some equivalents activated two or
more meanings (polysemy), so we were in the presence of lexicalsemantic ambiguity in English as well as in Spanish.
For example:
 Lima (Spanish): - fruto del limero, de forma esteroidal aplanada
-instrumento de acero templado
 Lima (English): - capital city of Peru.
- lime, small green citrus fruit with juicy sour
pulp; file, tool for smoothing surfaces; shirt, garment with long or
short sleeves that is worn on the upper body
 While analyzing the English equivalents corpus we realized that there
were 148 words that were also homographs in English as in Spanish due
to the occurrence of a zero derivation. This is one of the most frequent
word-building processes that take place in English. Therefore, we can
conclude that syntactic ambiguity exists in English as well.
 The following chart shows the letters of the Spanish alphabet with the
highest amount of homographs, one-word-based equivalents, and
phrase-based equivalents. (Annex V)
Spanish
alphabet
Amount
homographs
One-word-based
equivalents
Phrase-based
equivalents
A
144
121
23
C
116
109
7
D
150
121
29
E
142
127
15
30
This chart proves the scientific value of the research. It also contributes to the
elaboration of the structural dictionary of the machine translation system from
Spanish into English. It usually happens that machine translation systems do
not rely on complete dictionaries, thus making the translator’s work more
difficult.
31
Chapter
3:
“Insertion
of
the
corpus
of
Spanish
homographs and their English equivalents in the
dictionary of the machine translation system”
Up to this point, we have established a large theoretical basis related to the
topics of our research; that is to say: translation, the stages of the translation
process, machine translation, ambiguity, ambiguity in machine translation, and
the definitions of noun, verb, and the imperative mood, generally speaking.
Moreover, we succeeded to create a complete corpus of the noun-verbimperative Spanish homographs and English equivalents as to a group of
statistical results that allowed us to make useful generalizations. Therefore, our
next step was to prove right Dr. Espí’s machine translation system’s efficiency
in disambiguating the noun-verb-imperative homographs from Spanish into
English. With this purpose, a sample of sentences that contained homographs
within our combination was processed through Dr. Espí’s dictionary. However, it
was necessary to research first the characteristics of the machine translation
system, how to insert the words in the dictionary, and the functioning of the
machine translation system in the case of our combination.
Characteristics of the machine translation system
Generally speaking, machine translation systems use three groups of data: the
input text; the translation program (where all the input/output routines are
stored), and the permanent knowledge sources. The main sources of data are
dictionaries. Another knowledge source is the set of rules that are applied in the
different stages of the translation process. The machine translation systems
based on syntactic transference (which is the current tendency in machine
translation), have a monolingual, a bilingual and a phrase dictionary. They also
have a set of rules for each single phase of the translation process, and an
algorithm for executing that process.
The syntactic analysis program should have execution modules including a set
of routines designed to carry out separate functions. The function of the module
32
of the module of execution is to determine where and what elements should be
looked for. The functions of the routines are to provide the means to carry out
the necessary search. ( Espí, 1999)
There are two types of routines in computer science: analytic and system
control. Analytic routines carry out those tasks related to linguistic analysis, for
example, determining the internal structure of the sentence. System control
routines guarantee that the program remains updated, in other words, that the
program knows what word it is dealing with, how far to take a search at every
step, and where to stop. This means the program must know at all levels about
sentence limits, word position in the sentence, search range, etc.
As for syntactic analysis in machine translation, two methods have prevailed. In
one of them, the syntactic analysis program is made up of components: a
dictionary with grammatical codes for each entry, and an identification algorithm
based on the grammar of the source language. The other method separates the
grammar from the algorithm, and its syntactic analysis program has three
components: the dictionary with grammatical codes, the grammar, and the
syntactic analysis algorithm which uses the information supplied by the
dictionary and applies the grammar.
The main flaw in these translation systems lies on the fact that their syntactic
analysis programs are still unable of identifying properly the different limits and
components in a sentence. The syntactic information is essential not only to the
efficient solution of the lexical-syntactic ambiguity but tot the problem of the
word order in the resulting sentence. ( Espí, 1999)
Taking into consideration the objective set for his research, Dr. Espí first studied
the combinations of syntactic functions that words can perform in Spanish, to be
able to establish generalizations and make syntactic rules.
Aiming at elaborating a set of syntactic rules that would allow processing texts
from Spanish into English, Dr. Espí established the following sentence structure
based on the basis of Samuel Gili y Gaya’s general sentence scheme (Gili y
Gaya, 1975):
33
Afterwards, a set of syntactic rules was made taking into account the later
conformation of a programmable grammar in a software, as part of the machine
translation system.
For a better understanding of the syntactic rules, it was essential to clarify the
meaning of the following symbols:
"->" (puede estar formado por)
"+" (seguido de)
"±" (puede formar parte o no de)
";" (ó)
Moreover,
O (oración),
SN (sintagma nominal),
SV (sintagma verbal),
SCop (sintagma con verbo copulativo),
SA (sintagma adverbial),
SP (sintagma preposicional),
N (sustantivos),
V (formas verbales),
Vi (formas verbales intransitivas),
Vreflex (formas verbales reflexivas),
Cop (formas verbales copulativas),
Neg (adverbio negativo No),
Atrib (atributos),
34
Adj (adjetivos),
AdjDem (adjetivos demostrativos),
Adv (adverbios),
Ger (gerundios),
Inf (infinitivos),
Part (participios),
Det (determinantes),
ArtDet (artículos determinados),
ArtIndet (artículos indeterminados),
Prep (preposiciones),
Conj (conjunciones),
Interj (interjecciones),
Imper (formas del imperativo),
Relat (relativo),
PronAt (pronombres átonos),
PronPers (pronombres personales),
AcusDat (pronombres personales en función acusativa o dativa),
Poses (pronombres posesivos),
Exp (expresiones familiares),
Reflex (reflexivos),
Pas (pasiva),
PasImp (pasiva impersonal),
Comps (complementos),
SeReflex (forma reflexiva del pronombre personal 3ra. persona),
SePas (forma impersonal o de pasiva),
Now that we have clarified the meaning of the previous symbols, it is possible to
understand the following syntactic rules:
Syntactic Rules
1) a. O -> ± Comps ± SN ± SV
b. O -> ± Comps ± SN ± SCop
c. O -> Interj ± Comps
d. O -> Exp + Atrib
2) Comps -> Conj ± SA ± SP ± SN ± Ger ± Part ± Relat
3) a. SN -> ± Det ± Atrib(I) + N ± Atrib(II) ± Comps
b. SN -> PronPers ± Comps
4) SCop -> ± Neg + Cop ± Atrib ± Comps
5) a. SV -> ± Neg ± PronAt + Vi ; V ± Comps
b. SV -> ± Neg + Imper ± Comps
c. SV -> ± Neg + SeReflex + Vreflex ± Comps
d. SV -> ± Neg + SePas + V + Comps
35
6) SA -> Adv ± Comps
7) a. SP -> Prep + SN
b. SP -> Prep + Inf
c. SP -> Prep + Conj
d. SP -> Prep + AcusDat
e. SP -> Prep + Reflex
8) Atrib -> ± SA + Adj + Atrib
9) Ger -> Ger ± Comps
10) Part -> Part ± Comps
11) Relat -> Relat ± Comps
12) Det -> ArtDet ; PronAt ; ArtIndet ; AdjDem ; Poses
It is necessary to say that systems currently on the PC market are mostly
transference systems, and still limited by transference rules at the sentence
level. This brings about the translation that is linked in structure to the source
language,
in
spite
of
having
some
movement
operations
previously
programmed, but Dr. Espí considered that translations liked to structures can be
worthwhile if we bear in mind that the objective of machine translation should be
to generate draft translations, that will be later checked and improved by a
human translator, instead of high quality and fully machine translations.
Once the smallest translation unit had been set, syntactic transference rules
were elaborated. These rules generally coincide in terms of structure with the
afore-mentioned syntactic rules, but we may find some changes in the position
of sentence components according to the characteristics of English as target
language.
Syntactic transference rules
For example, the following syntactic rule:
SN -> ± Det ± Atrib(I) + N ± Atrib(II) ± Comps
El inteligente estudiante japonés.,
36
has as syntactic transference rule:
NP -> ± Det ± Atrib(I) ± Atrib(II) + N ± Comps
The intelligent Japanese student.
As can be seen, there is a change in the position of the adjectives in
correspondence to the structure of the English language.
The following syntactic rule:
SV -> ± Neg + SePas + V + Comps
No se realizaron debates importantes.,
has as syntactic transference rule:
SV -> Comps + SePas ± Neg + V ± Comps
Important debates were not carried out.
A can be seen, there is a change in the position of the direct object in
correspondence to the structure of the passive voice in the English language.
Taking into account everything stated above, and provided that the smallest
translation unit in machine translation is the phrase, the function of the syntactic
analysis program in Dr. Espí’s machine translation system is to identify the
phrases and the integration of said phrases in larger units until completing the
sentence, thus providing a solution for lexical syntactic ambiguity.
Logically, Dr. Espí’s machine translation system will include other analysis
levels. As a matter of fact, this author states on his research that machine
translation systems should find a solution for lexical semantic ambiguity just
after dealing with lexical syntactic ambiguity. Then, we could sum up Dr. Espí’s
machine translation system functioning to the following modules, although
Annex II can be consulted for synthetic information on the topic:
1) Text Entry: The original text is inserted in the system sentence by
sentence to be analyzed syntactically.
37
2) Linguistic Description: The sentence is split into words, whose
syntactic and linguistic descriptions are looked up in the system
dictionary. Then, the sentence is rebuilt providing the syntactic
description of its units.
3) Syntactic Analysis: Syntactic rules are applied in order to eliminate
lexical-syntactic ambiguity. The system provides a representation of
the internal structure of the sentence.
4) Semantic Analysis: Semantic rules are applied to eliminate lexicalsemantic ambiguity. The system provides a representation of the
internal structure of the sentence.
5) Syntactic Transference: Syntactic transference rules are applied to
search equivalent syntactic structures in the target language. The
system provides a representation of the internal structure of the
resulting sentence.
6) Generation: The system generates a linguistically equivalent
sentence in English.
7) Text Exit: The system creates a file where the generated sentences
are saved.
It is important to say that we will use a system prototype of Dr. Espí’s machine
translation system to process the above sentences, since the full version of this
system is not complete yet. It will be complete once the corpus on the remaining
combinations of syntactic functions are made. For the prototype, the
programming language PROLOG was used. PROLOG (Programming in Logics)
works with a set of basic mechanisms, including pattern comparison, a tree–like
representation
of information structuring, and what we call automatic
backtracking, which allows it to make some reasoning out of the relations that
are established and their correspondence with general rules. This programming
language is very adequate for natural language analysis.
The prototype includes input/output data routines that allow, among other
things, text reading, that is to say, the decomposition into sentences of the text
38
file to be translated; the parser, the set of syntactic rules and the set of syntactic
transference; and a sentence generator.
Once the prototype is run, it will ask through a user interface (UI) for the name
of the file to be translated. After the request is fulfilled, it looks for said file,
opens it, and extracts the first sentence.
This sentence is analyzed and
translated according to the process the algorithm indicates. After the sentence
is translated the process is repeated with the next sentence and so forth.
Inserting the Spanish homographs under the Nounverb-Imperative syntactic function combination in the
dictionary
For the sake of a better functioning of the system prototype, the information
monolingual and bilingual dictionaries give, in general, was unified into just one
bilingual dictionary, hence simplifying the search process. It is important to add
that the prototype has a search routine on this dictionary. Every entry on the
dictionary can have one or more English equivalents depending on the number
of syntactic functions of the homographs. Over said basis, the words in the
dictionary adopt one of the following structures:
A)
(a,b(c))
B)
( a1 , d [ b1 ( c1 ) , b2 ( c2 ),..., bn ( cn ) ] )
Where:
a- Represents an entry word
b- Represents the syntactic function
c- Represents the word equivalent in the target language that corresponds
to b
d- Represents the syntactic function combination.
39
For example, the system structure for the word, according to its two syntactic
functions in Spanish as noun and verb-imperative, will be:
baraja, sust_v_imper [sust (card) , v (shuffle), imper (shuffle ) ]
The insertion of the corpus of Spanish homographs and their corresponding
English equivalents was carried out following the previous structure. We took
every single Spanish homograph out of the 951 in our corpus and inserted them
in the dictionary of the machine translation system according to the structure
and order explained above for the word baraja. Notice that in the example, we
also provided the corresponding equivalents stated in the corpus of English
equivalents.
As it can be seen in the example above, we did not only need to include in the
system dictionary the English equivalents for the nouns but also the English
equivalents for the verbs in imperative. Also, in order to get full draft translations
from the prototype, we will have to insert into the system dictionary the linguistic
description of those words appearing in the sentences, other than the nounverb-imperative homographs.
As simple as it might seem, the programming proved to be very complicated
because we had to insert word by word with its symbol according to its linguistic
description in the dictionary. Taking into account that we could not make any
mistake when programming, otherwise the machine translation system wouldn’t
work properly, we had to be fully concentrated on that process.
.
40
Functioning of the machine translation system with the
Noun-Verb-Imperative syntactic function combination
Having all the above information stated, we thought it was important to show the
way the machine translation system will function with a sentence taken from the
corpus of Spanish homographs following the modules:
1. Text Entry:
El mago hizo un truco con la baraja.
2. Linguistic Description:
a. Division of the sentence into words:
El, mago, hizo, un, truco, con, la, baraja
b. Search in the dictionary for the linguistic description of the words:
el -> (el, det (the) )
mago -> (mago, sust (magician) )
hizo -> (hizo, v (made) )
un -> (un, artindet (a) )
truco -> (truco, sust (trick) )
con -> (con, prep (with) )
la -> (la, det (the) )
baraja -> (baraja, sust_v_imper [sust (card) , v (shuffle), imper
(shuffle ) ]
c. Rebuilding of the sentence with the syntactic description of its
units:
Det (the), sust (magician), v (made), artindet (a), sust (trick), prep (with), det
(the), , sust_v_imper [sust (card) , v (shuffle), imper (shuffle ) ]
41
3. Syntactic analysis:
 First level: lexical analysis
sust_v_imper [sust1 (card) , v (shuffle), imper (shuffle ) ]
(there is a word that can be a noun or a verb in imperative)
 Second level: lexical-syntactic analysis
Det (the), sust (magician), v (made), artindet (a), sust (trick), prep (with), det
(the), sust (card)
(as a result of the analysis, the lexical-syntactic ambiguity has been solved)
4. Semantic Analysis:
ORACION
Sintagma nominal
Sintagma verbal
sintagma nominal
Sintagma preposicional
Sintagma nominal
(det)
(sust)
(v)
(det) (sust)
(prep)
(det)
(sust)
The magician made a trick with the card
(the representation of the internal structure of the sentence is a list and not a
tree as it is represented in the previous figure).
42
5. Syntactic Transference: application of rules to search equivalent
syntactic structures in the target language. The system provides a
representation of the internal structure of the resulting sentence.
SENTENCE
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Noun phrase
Prepositional phrase
Noun phrase
(det)
(sust)
(v)
(det) (sust)
(prep)
(det)
(sust)
The magician made a trick with the card
6. Generation:
The magician made a trick with the card.
(The system generates a linguistically equivalent sentence in
English.)
7. Text Exit: The system creates a file where the generated sentences are
saved.
Up to this point, we inserted the corpus of Spanish homographs with their
English equivalents in the structural dictionary. We also checked the successful
functioning of the system with the homographs under our syntactic function
combination. Therefore, we wanted to conclude our diploma paper comparing a
sentence translated by Dr. Espí ’s machine translation system to the ones
provided by other translation systems.
43
For doing so, we used the sentence El mago hizo un truco con la baraja,
where the word baraja is a noun, and used the Spanish Assistant for Windows
(SPANASST) and Google’s translators (GT).
The results were the following:
El mago hizo un truco con la baraja.
SPANASST---The magician made a trick with the shuffle.
GT----The magician did a trick with the deck.
In the case of SPANASST, the word baraja is translated as shuffle which is not
a noun but a verb.
Although GT identifies baraja as a noun, the equivalent does not correspond to
the context because the first lexical semantic variant of the word deck is 1 : a
platform in a ship serving usu. as a structural element and forming the floor for
its compartments (Merriam-Webster, 2003); the lexical semantic variant that
makes reference to deck as to the meaning of baraja is 3 a : a pack of playing
cards (Merriam-Webster, 2003) but it refers to the plural form not singular which
is the one we wanted to translate.
However, Dr. Espí ’s machine translation system (TA, for its Spanish acronym)
translated the sentence in Spanish: El mago hizo un truco con la baraja as
follows:
TA---The magician made a trick with the card.
TA identified baraja as a noun and provided the correct English equivalent.
Lexical-syntactic ambiguity was eliminated being this the definite confirmation of
our contribution to the improvement of the structural dictionary of the machine
translation system from Spanish into English proposed by Dr. Espí in his
doctoral thesis.
Taking to consideration what we have explained so far, we considered we have
successfully attained the objective of our Diploma Paper.
44
Conclusions
The corpus of the 38 combinations of syntactic functions in Spanish,
established by Dr. Espí in his doctoral thesis, is the main theoretical principle to
eliminate lexical-syntactic ambiguity in machine translation.
It is important to mention that, in order to carry out our research, it was really
difficult for us to find bibliography related to our object because it is very scarce.
However, we were able to establish the theoretical content that we were going
to work with in the whole research.
It is mandatory to highlight that the elaboration of the Spanish homographs and
English equivalents corpora under the noun-verb-imperative syntactic function
combination would have been an impossible task without translation aids such
as monolingual and bilingual dictionaries as well as encyclopedias, in view of
the fact that most of the linguistic units that were analyzed are not frequently
used by the average speaker.
The combination of the noun-verb-imperative syntactic function in Spanish into
English is not only large but also complex, being based on a corpus of 951
units, many of which have more than one lexical-semantic variant.
From the academic viewpoint, we would like to mention that although working
on inverse translation posed a great challenge, because we are only taught to
work on direct translation at the School of Foreign Languages, it turned out to
be a really interesting and useful training because we translated a 951 unit
corpus of Spanish homographs into English, many of which have more than one
lexical-semantic variant.
Letters A, C, D, and E represent 58% of all homographs. This is an interesting
fact because those four letters represent almost 1/7 of the Spanish alphabet,
and even so, they conform half of the homographs found under our
combination.
45
We also found that 90 out of 951 Spanish homographs did not have a one to
one equivalent in English; this represents only 10% of them. So, we solved this
problem by providing expressions that conveyed the meaning of the Spanish
homographs.
When inserting the corpora of Spanish homographs and English equivalents in
the dictionary of the machine translation system, we faced a new challenge. We
had to research the characteristics of the machine translation system, its
programming, and its functioning. Moreover, the insertion of the Spanish
homographs and their English equivalents proved to be very difficult because
we had to deal with all sorts of symbols and structures.
Finally, the insertion of the corpus of Spanish homographs and their
corresponding English equivalents in the structural dictionary of the machine
translation system was successful, because the lexical-syntactic ambiguity with
the Spanish homographs under the Noun-Verb-Imperative syntactic function
combination was eliminated by the machine translation system.
The successful functioning of the corpora in the dictionary is the definite
confirmation of the practical significance of our research. This also means that
the system can receive the corpora of the remaining combinations.
46
Recommendations
Taking into account the results obtained in this research and the analyses
made, we recommend the following:
If the machine translation system is able to identify the functions of Spanish
homographs and look up their equivalents in the dictionary, it can eliminate
lexical-syntactic ambiguity. However, only when all the combinations are
finished, the dictionary will be completed. Thus, we suggest the study of the rest
of the combinations proposed by Dr. Espi and their insertion in the structural
dictionary of the system in order to obtain more efficient draft translations.
Students at the School of Foreign Languages of the University of Havana
complain about the lack of training on inverse translation. Hence, we
recommend that the curriculum should make more emphasis in the practice of
this kind of translation, which is also very important for the students’ formation
as interpreters and translators.
We would also like to advise the other students who are developing the
research of other combinations to make a systematic and detailed work in order
to provide an accurate solution to the lexical-syntactic ambiguity that occurs in
each word within their combination. On this relies the success of the functioning
of the dictionary.
We also propose the extension of the research on machine translation systems
at the School of Foreign Languages to other pair of languages, taking the
procedures used by Dr. Espi as valid and using similar methods to eliminate
lexical-syntactic ambiguity.
47
Bibliography

Alonso, José M. (1989): ¨ Traducción automática para aproximar
culturas¨, Cambio 16, No.938, 20.11.89

Arencibia, Lourdes (1976): “Traducción científica o traducción intuitiva”,
La Habana, “Pueblo y Educación” Ed.

Beeby,
Allison
(1995):
“Delimiting
Difficulties
and
Establishing
Progression in Teaching Translation in Spanish (A) Language to English
(B) Language”, Manson and Pagnoulle Ed.

___(1996) “Teaching Prose Translation from Spanish to English”,
Ottawa, University of Ottawa Press.

Bello, Andrés (1978): Obras completas, (Havana City, Editorial de
Ciencias Sociales).

Catford, J. C. (1965): ¨A linguistic theory of translation. An essay in
applied linguistics¨, Oxford University Press

Curbeira, Ana (2002): “Introducción a la teoría del lenguaje”, (Havana
City,

Curbeira, Ana (2003): “Lecturas de semántica I”, (Havana City, Felix
Varela Ed.)

Delisle, Jean and Bastin, George (1997): ¨Introducción a la traducción.
Enfoque interpretativo. Teoría y práctica¨. Caracas: U.C.V., Consejo de
Desarrollo Científico y Humanístico, Colección estudios.

Díaz Cabrera, Orestes (1982): ¨Temas de redacción y lenguaje¨, La
Habana, ¨Científico-técnica¨ Ed.

Eckersley, C. E. and Eckersley, J. M. (1969): ¨A comprehensive English
grammar for foreign students¨, La Habana, ¨Pueblo y Educación¨ Ed.
48

Espí, Roberto (1999): “Tratamiento de la ambigüedad léxico-sintáctica
en la traducción automática del español al inglés”, Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Havana.

Gili y Gaya, Samuel (1975): ¨Curso superior de sintaxis española¨, La
Habana, ¨Pueblo y Educación¨ Ed.

Rychtyckyj, Nestor (2007): ¨MT for manufacturing: A case study at Ford
Motor Company¨, A.I. Magazine, Fall 2007, Vol.28 No.3

Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. (1973): “A Practical English Grammar for
Foreign Students”, (Havana City, “Pueblo y Educación” Ed.).

Ullmann, Stephen (1977): ¨Semantics: an introduction to the science of
meaning¨, Oxford, Basil Blackwell

UNESCO’s “Recommendations on the legal protection of translators and
translations and the practical means to improve the status of translators”.
27 de November de 1976.

Vasconcellos, Muriel (1993): ¨La traducción automática, Binary, marzo
de 1993 No.48
Lexicographical Sources

Alvero, Francés, F. (1976): ¨Cervantes, Diccionario manual de la lengua
española¨, La Habana , ¨Pueblo y Educación¨ Ed.

Babylon 8th edition Dictionary (2005).

Concise Oxford Digital Dictionary, Third Edition, (2003).

Concise Oxford Thesaurus, (2002).

DRAE Digital Dictionary, Encyclopedia Microsoft Encarta. Microsoft
Corporation, (2008).
49

Espí Valero, Roberto (2009): “Diccionario Elemental de Traductología” ,
Versión 2.0 digital.

Luena Cayuela, Nuria et. al. (2003): “Diccionario de uso del español de
América y España” 1ra edición, digital, Barcelona, Spes Editorial.

Moliner, María (1984): ¨Diccionario del uso del español¨, Madrid,
¨Gredos¨ Ed.

Shuttleworth, Mark and Cowie, Moira (1996): ¨Dictionary of translation
studies¨, Manchester, St. Jerome Publishing.

Random House Webster's Electronic Dictionary and Thesaurus, College
Edition, Version 1.5, (2005), WordPerfect Corporation.
Encyclopedias
 (2007), Microsoft Encarta Premium, for Windows, Microsoft Corporation.
 (2008), Microsoft Student con Encarta Premium, for Windows, Microsoft
Corporation.
 (2008), Encyclopædia Britannica, Ultimate Reference Suite, Version
2008.00, Britannica Inc.
Machine Translation Systems Consulted
 (2003), Spanish
Assistant
for Windows
(SPANASST),
MicroTac
Software, Inc.
 (2012), Google’s translators on line (GT)
50
ANNEXES
ANNEX 1
“Corpus of 38 combinations of syntactic functions “
 sustantivo-verbo .
 sustantivo-adverbio
 sustantivo-adjetivo demostrativo
 sustantivo-preposición-verbo
 sustantivo-conjunción
 sustantivo-participio
 sustantivo-preposición
 sustantivo-interjección-subjuntivo-imperativo
 sustantivo-verbo-imperativo
 adjetivo-sustantivo
 adjetivo-verbo
 adjetivo-adverbio
 adjetivo-sustantivo-verbo
 adjetivo-sustantivo-adverbio-verbo
 adjetivo-interjección-subjuntivo-imperativo
 adjetivo-sustantivo-adverbio-preposición-verbo
1
 verbo copulativo-verbo intransitivo1
 verbo-imperativo
 adverbio-conjunción-verbo
 adverbio-interjección
 adverbio-reflexivo
 preposición-verbo
 preposición-adverbio
 preposición-conjunción
 preposición-imperativo
 interjección-sustantivo
 interjección-preposición-expresión familiar
 artículo determinado-pronombre átono
 artículo indeterminado-adjetivo
 participio-adjetivo-sustantivo
 participio-adjetivo
 relativo-conjunción-comparativo
 infinitivo-sustantivo-adjetivo
 infinitivo-sustantivo
 pronombre (personal)-pron (acusativo/dativo)-pron (posesivo)2
 reflexivo3-pasiva impersonal
1
Para el verbo copulativo ser y el intransitivo ir se va a producir esta misma situación de ambigüedad
para las conjugaciones de todas las personas del pretérito del modo indicativo, de los pretéritos primero y segundo
del modo subjuntivo, y del futuro del modo subjuntivo. ( Espí, 1999)
2
Nosotros es pronombre personal y se desempeña como sustantivo, pero al actuar como acusativo o
dativo, o como posesivo, la expresión lingüística en inglés es diferente, por eso se incluye en el inventario. Lo
mismo sucede con los pronombres él, ella, ellos, ellas, tú y ustedes. ( Espí, 1999)
3 Forma reflexiva del pronombre personal de la tercera persona. Espí, 1999).
 ablativo4-verbo
 imperativo-subjuntivo
The combinations marked with
have already been researched by students from the
School of Foreign Languages of the University of Havana.
4 Ablativo de singular y plural de la forma reflexiva se, sí, del pronombre personal de la 3ra. persona en
género masculino y femenino. ( Espí, 1999)
ANNEX 11
“Functioning of the machine translation system”
Eliminación de la ambiguedad por niveles
ORACIÓN
La alarma sonó temprano
PRIMER NIVEL: ANÁLISIS SINTÁCTICO
Alarma
(Sustantivo-verbo imperativo)
SEGUNDO NIVEL: ANÁLISIS LÉXICO-SINTÁCTICO
La
+
alarma
+
sonó
+
temprano
Determinante +
sustantivo +
verbo
+
adverbio
TERCER NIVEL: ANÁLISIS LÉXICO-SEMÁNTICO
La
+
alarma
+
sonó
+
Determinante +
+
verbo
+
temprano
adverbio
(aviso de amenaza, asustar, sobresaltar)
CUARTO NIVEL: ANÁLISIS SEMÁNTICO EN LA ORACIÓN
La
+
alarma
+
sonó
+
temprano
( aviso de amenaza)
QUINTO NIVEL: ANÁLISIS DEL DISCURSO
La alarma sonó temprano. Todos la oyeron.
ANNEX 111
“Sample of Homographs from the Noun-Verb-Imperative
Syntactic Function Combination in Spanish”
A
Ancla:
 El ancla está en el fondo del mar.
 Ancla el barco antes de que anochezca.
Ayuda:
 La ayuda a los niños necesitados fue el tema principal de la conferencia.
 Ayuda a la anciana a cruzar la calle.
B
Baraja:
 El mago hizo un truco con la baraja.
 Baraja el mazo de cartas.
Batalla:
 La marcha forma parte de la Batalla de Ideas.
 Batalla sin descanso y verás los resultados.
C
Compra:
 La compra de las nuevas maquinarias fue efectuada en Londres.
 Compra vegetales para preparar una ensalada.
Caza:
1. La caza de patos está prohibida.
2. Caza en esta área y serás arrestado.
D
Danza:

Las niñas practican la danza del próximo espectáculo.

Danza hasta que amanezca.
Demanda:
 La absolución de la demanda tuvo lugar en la Corte de Justicia el 7 de
Diciembre de 1989.
 Demanda a tu jefe por Daños y Prejuicios.
E
Entrega:
 La agencia se comprometió con la entrega del paquete.
 Entrega los objetos en la recepción.
Etiqueta:
 Al salir de la tienda el niño arrancó la etiqueta del pantalón.
 Etiqueta estas botellas antes de empaquetarlas.
F
Firma:
1. La firma no es legible.
2. Firma sobre la línea.
Flota:
 La flota española atracó en el muelle esta mañana.
 Flota sin salvavidas.
G
Grita:
 La grita me estuvo atormentando toda la noche.
 Grita por ayuda.
Guarda:
 Ella rezó al ángel de la guarda.
 Guarda mis pertenencias.
H
Honra:

El que quiera honra, que la gane.

Honra siempre a tus maestros.
Habla:
 La niña recuperó el habla al salir del coma.
 Habla con tus padres sobre tus problemas.
I
Idea:
 La idea surgió de los estudiantes.
 Idea un plan para escapar.
J
Joroba:
 Le ha salido una joroba.
 Joroba la cuchara.
Junta:
 La junta comienza a las 5 p.m.
 Junta dinero para los pobres.
L
Lucha:
 La lucha por el poder destruyó el país.
 Lucha con todas tus fuerzas.
Lanza:
 ¿La lanza fue inventada por los aborígenes?
 Lanza la pelota al aire.
M
Marcha:
 Todo el pueblo asistió a la marcha por el 1ro de Mayo.
 Marcha en el pelotón principal
Marca:
 Mi hermano tiene una marca de nacimiento en el hombro derecho.
 Marca con una cruz la respuesta correcta.
N
Nada:
 Ese auto salió de la nada.
 Nada en la piscina.
Nombre:
 Ese no es su verdadero nombre.
 Nombre todos los participantes.
O
Ofrenda:
 La ofrenda de flores a los santos es una antigua costumbre.
 Ofrenda un ramo de flores a tu virgencita.
Orina:
 La orina del deportista fue llevada al laboratorio.
 Orina en el frasco.
P
Pregunta:

La periodista hizo una pregunta capciosa.

Pregunta cada vez que tengas dudas.
Pesa:
 La pesa no está equilibrada.
 Pesa las papas para saber el precio.
Q
Quema:
 La quema del indio Hatuey fue una injusticia.
 Quema los papeles.
R
Recluta:
 El recluta fue enviado de regreso a casa.
 Recluta la cantidad de personas que necesites.
Rifa:
 La rifa tuvo lugar en la feria.
 Rifa 3 diccionarios en la fiesta.
S
Sutura:
 La sutura de su herida demoró una hora.
 Sutura al niño rápido.
Siembra:
 Con el inicio de la primavera comenzó la siembra de tulipanes.
 Siembra las flores antes de que se marchiten.
T
Toma:
 La toma de la Bastilla dio inicio a la Revolución Francesa
 Toma tus cosas y vete.
Tala:
 La tala de los árboles en el Amazonas está prohibida.
 Tala todos los árboles del parque.
V
Vacuna:
 La vacuna se le pondrá a los niños menores de 5 años.
 Vacuna a tu hijo contra el AH1N1.
Venda:
 La venda que cubre su herida está sucia.
 Venda su pierna para que pare de sangrar.
Z
Zanja:
 La zanja que divide las casas hay que cerrarla.
 Zanja la tierra detrás del huerto.
Zurra:
 La zurra que le dieron lo tuvo en cama por una semana.
 Zurra al perro por desobediente.
As a part of our research of homographs we could not find any example for letters, such
as, K, Ñ, U, W, Y, and X.
ANNEX IV
“Chart of homographs”
Spanish Alphabet
Number of
Amount of lexical
homographs
semantic variants
A
144
430
B
42
251
C
116
663
D
148
484
E
142
515
F
46
197
G
34
186
H
22
152
I
12
54
J
10
46
L
28
193
LL
6
34
M
30
383
N
12
33
O
13
70
P
40
250
Q
2
16
R
28
130
S
26
87
T
30
207
V
12
49
Y
2
4
Z
6
22
TOTAL
951
4456
ANNEX V
“Chart of equivalents”
Spanish alphabet
Amount of
homoghraphs
One-word-based
equivalents
Prase-based
equivalents
Amount of lexicalsemantic variants of the
English equivalents
A
144
121
23
430
B
42
40
2
251
C
116
109
7
663
D
150
121
29
484
E
142
127
15
357
F
46
44
2
107
G
34
32
2
72
H
22
19
3
38
I
12
12
-
32
J
10
10
-
20
K
-
-
-
-
L
28
25
3
84
LL
6
6
-
20
M
50
50
-
175
N
12
11
1
17
Ñ
-
-
-
-
O
14
14
-
31
P
4
4
-
127
Q
2
2
-
4
R
28
28
-
65
S
26
26
-
41
T
30
30
-
88
U
-
-
-
-
V
12
12
-
22
W
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
Y
14
14
-
2
Z
6
6
-
16
Total
951
866
85
3146
ANNEX V1
“Corpus of Spanish Homographs”
Homographs in Spanish
Syntactic Function
Amount of Lexical
Semantic Variants
1.
Abate
Noun: El abate abandonó la iglesia.
3
2.
Abate
Verb: Abate las velas del barco.
10
3.
Abetuna
Noun: La abetuna crece en un claro del bosque.
1
4.
Abetuna
Verb: Abetuna los zapatos.
1
5.
Ablande
Noun: La fábrica realiza el ablande del carro.
1.
6.
Ablande
Verb: Ablande usted los frijoles para la cena.
7
7.
Abra
Noun: El sismo creó un abra de 5 metros de ancho.
6
8.
Abra
Verb: Abra todas las ventanas.
34
9.
Acabe
Noun: Los hacendados celebran el acabe de la
2
cosecha del café.
10.
Acabe
Verb: Acabe con la limpieza de una vez por todas.
15
11.
Accidente
Noun: Los peatones causaron un accidente.
10
12.
Accidente
Verb: Accidente a los pasajeros e irá a la cárcel.
2
13.
Aceche
Noun: El aceche contamina el ambiente.
1
14.
Aceche
Verb: Aceche a los sospechosos.
1
15.
Aceite
Noun: Entre los ingredientes no había aceite
5
16.
Aceite
Verb: Aceite el sartén para freír las papas.
3
17.
Acople
Noun: La banda tiene gran acople.
2
18.
Acople
Verb: Acople las piezas del sillón
10
19.
Acose
Noun: El acose está penado por la ley
1
20.
Acose
Verb: Acose a su enemigo.
3
21.
Acuse
Noun: Voy al correo al acuse de mi carta.
3
22.
Acuse
Verb: Acuse al culpable de su accidente.
11
23.
Adarve
Noun: Los soldados hacen la guardia en el adarve.
3
24.
Adarve
Verb: Adarve la Fortaleza para evitar cualquier
invasión.
2
25.
Ademe
Noun: Falta colocar un solo ademe.
2
26.
Ademe
Verb: Ademe este pasadizo para terminar con la
obra.
1
27.
Adjunta
Noun. En la adjunta encontrarás la información
que necesitas.
1
28.
Adjunta
Verb: Adjunta las fotos al informe.
2
29.
Afate
Noun. Tengo un afate en el dedo del pie
1
30.
Afate
Verb. Afate la caballería
1
31.
Afeite
Noun: Lleva el afeite para la fiesta.
2
32.
Afeite
Verb: Afeite las crines y las colas de los caballos.
8
33.
Afufa
Noun: Los presos preparan su afufa.
1
34.
Afufa
Verb : Afufa con todo el dinero que tengas.
1
35.
Agache
Noun: Este documento no tiene agache.
1
36.
Agache
Verb: Agache la cabeza cuando pase entre los
árboles.
8
37.
Agarre
Noun: Los marineros hicieron un buen agarre de
las velas.
3
38.
Agarre
Verb: Agarre sus pertenencias y retírese.
14
39.
Aguante
Noun: Hay que tener tremendo aguante para
superar esa tarea.
3
40.
Aguante
Verb: Aguante solo dos minutos más.
41.
Aguate
Noun: Se le encajó un aguate en el dedo.
42.
Aguate
Verb: Aguate todo el vino que quieras.
1
43.
Aguja
Noun: Necesito la aguja para coser la camisa.
32
44.
Aguja
Verb: Aguja el dedo de tu hermano y verás el
castigo que te va a tocar.
45.
Ahonde
Noun: El ahonde de las minas deberá hacerse
rápido.
2
46.
Ahonde
Verb: Ahonde este agujero para enterrar el Tesoro.
4
47.
Ajea
Noun: Esta ajea es muy pegajosa
1
48.
Ajea
Verb. Ajea de todo
2
49.
Ajote
Noun: Ajote (azuce) a los peros para que se fajen.
1
11
1
3
50.
Ajote
Verb: Ajote (azuce) a los peros para que se fajen.
1
51.
Ajuste
Noun: El ajuste de cuentas no se permite en esta
escuela.
4
52.
Ajuste
Verb: Ajuste el vestido de bodas.
17
53.
Alambre
Noun: No me queda más alambre.
5
54.
Alambre
Verb: Alambre esta area.
3
55.
Alarma
Noun: La alarma sonó a las 5 am.
5
56.
Alarma
Verb: Alarma a todos del terrible accidente.
2
57.
Albergue
Noun: No queda espacio en el albergue.
5
58.
Albergue
Verb: Albergue a los damnificados del ciclón.
5
59.
Alborote
Noun: Ellos tienen tremendo alborote.
1
60.
Alborote
Verb: Alborote a los niños solo cuando terminen
sus deberes.
4
61.
Alcachofa
Noun. No me gusta comer alcachofa.
7
62.
Alcachofa
Verb: Alcachofa este pedazo de pan.
1
63.
Alcahueta
Noun: A ella le dicen alcahueta.
1
64.
Alcahueta
Verb: Alcahueta todo lo que hace tu amiga Rachel
1
65.
Alcahuete
Noun: Eres un alcahuete.
5
66.
Alcahuete
Verb: Alcahuete los actos de los demás.
1
67.
Alcantarilla
Noun: Los encargados de poner la alcantarilla no
vinieron al trabajo.
3
68.
Alcantarilla
Verb: Alcantarilla las calles aledañas.
1
69.
Alea
Noun: La alea del Corán dice: todo está escrito.
1
70.
Alea
Verb: Alea los brazos mi vida, a ver si vuelas.
5
71.
Alegra
Noun: Esta alegra (barrena) esta partida.
1
72.
Alegra
Verb: Alegra la vida a sus padres con tu sonrisa.
10
73.
Alerta
Noun: Nos encontramos en fase de alerta
ciclónica.
1
74.
Alerta
Verb: Alerta a los policías
2
75.
Alfombra
Noun: La alfombra de la sala se manchó.
4
76.
Alfombra
Verb: Miguel alfombra la sala para que se vea
mejor
2
77.
Alforza
Noun: La alforza quedó bien hecha
2
78.
Alforza
Verb: Alforza el vestido.
2
79.
Alhaja
Noun. Me encanta tu alhaja nueva
6
80.
Alhaja
Verb. Alhaja un poco tu vestuario
2
81.
Alicate
Noun: Este alicate esta desafilado.
6
82.
Alicate
Verb: Alicate estas losas, por favor
3
83.
Alinde
Noun: Este alinde no sirve.
3
84.
Alinde
Verb: Alinde un poco esta casa que no se ve bien
4
85.
Almagre
Noun: A esta pintura le falta almagre.
2
86.
Almagre
Verb: Almagre esta pintura, por favor.
3
87.
Almendra
Noun: Quiero un helado de almendra.
7
88.
Almendra
Verb: Almendra el pastel
1
89.
Almohadilla
Noun: Necesito una almohadilla para poder
descansar
11
90.
Almohadilla
Verb: Almohadilla los cojines de su casa.
2
91.
Alpargata
Noun: Esta alpargata está sucia.
1
92.
Alpargata
Verb: El zapatero alpargata (hacer alpargatas) muy
bien.
1
93.
Alterne
Noun: El alterne del trabajo y el ocio, es lo mejor.
1
94.
Alterne
Verb: Alterne con personas de cuenta y todo irá
mejor.
8
95.
Alumbre
Noun: Debes tomar alumbre zucarino.
1
96.
Alumbre
Verb: Alumbre aquí, por favor.
14
97.
Alzaprima
Noun. Necesito la alzaprima
6
98.
Alzaprima
Verb. Alzaprima el carro.
2
99.
Ama
Noun: Mi ama ordenó limpiar/Ella es ama de casa.
9
100.
Ama
Verb: Ama a su hija con locura.
2
101.
Amante
Noun: Él es mi amante.
4
102.
Amante
Verb: Amante a esa criatura que está pasando
mucho frio.
1
103.
Amarre
Noun: Tengo que hacer un amarre a mi marido.
3
104.
Amarre
Verb: Amarre bien a ese perro, que parece que
muerde.
10
105.
Ambiente
Noun: Me gusta sentirme en un ambiente
intelectual.
6
106.
Ambiente
Verb: Ambiente este cuarto que tenemos visita.
107.
Amenaza
Noun: La amenaza realizada paralizó a la víctima.
2
108.
Amenaza
Verb: Amenaza con quitarte la vida
3
109.
Ampolla
Noun: Esa ampolla se ve muy mal.
8
110.
Ampolla
Verb: Ampolla los dedos al hacer ejercicio.
111.
Ancla
Noun: Los barcos tienen un ancla porque la
3
3
3
necesitan.
112.
Ancla
Verb: Ancla el barco por favor.
4
113.
Aparte
Noun: El aparte del artista conmovió al público.
6
114.
Aparte
Verb: Aparte la vista de esos dulces que se van a
caer.
10
115.
Aporte
Noun: El aporte monetario nos sacó que la banca
rota.
3
116.
Aporte
Verb: Aporte su granito de arena por el medio
ambiente
6
117.
Apunte
Noun: Este apunte no está completo.
12
118.
Apunte
Verb: Apunte esta dirección.
29
119.
Arcilla
Noun: Necesitamos un poco más de arcilla.
1
120.
Arcilla
Verb: Arcilla esta parte, que es la única que falta.
1
121.
Arenga
Noun: La arenga pronunciada del capitán fue
alentadora.
1
122.
Arenga
Verb: Arenga para levantarnos el ánimo.
1
123.
Arrope
Noun: El arrope de moras es excelente para la
gripe.
4
124.
Arrope
Verb: Arrope a esas criaturas, se van a morir de
frÍo.
5
125.
Arruga
Noun: Mamá te salió una arruga en la frente.
3
126.
Arruga
Verb: Arruga la frente cuando estés molesto.
5
127.
Asfixia
Noun: La causa de muerte fue asfixia
3
128.
Asfixia
Verb: Asfixia a eso peros que no me dejan dormir
1
129.
Astilla
Noun: Hay astilla por todo la casa, limpia.
4
130.
Astilla
Verb: Astilla este madero, por favor
1
131.
Atalaje
Noun. El atalaje no ha llegado
2
132.
Atalaje
Verb. Atalaje todo su cuerpo
1
133.
Ataque
Noun: El ataque fracasó.
6
134.
Ataque
Verb: Ataque esta zona inmediatamente.
2
135.
Atoba
Noun: La atoba ya esta lista.
1
136.
Atoba
Verb: Atoba al público con tu gracia, que tu
puedes.
1
137.
Atona
Noun: Esta atona lo hace muy bien.
1
138.
Atona
Verb: Atona a la gente con tu risa, te sentirás
mejor
1
139.
Autografía
Noun: No se ha terminado la autografía del
documento.
2
140.
Autografía
Verb: Autografía este documento, por favor.
1
141.
Ayuda
Noun: La ayuda de su pare lo sacó de ese vicio.
8
142.
Ayuda
Verb: Ayuda a Ana con sus tareas, que lo necesita.
4
143.
Azote
Noun: El azote fue un arma de castigo.
8
144.
Azote
Verb: Azote a los esclavos, ahora.
8
1. Baile
Noun: El baile fue una maravilla.
12
2. Baile
Verb: Baile al ritmo de esta canción.
12
3. Balde
Noun: El balde está roto.
2
4. Balde
Verb: Balde estos órganos, por favor.
5
5. Baraja
Noun: el mago hizo un truco con la baraja.
9
6. Baraja
Verb. Baraja el mazo de cartas
13
B
7. Baraje
Noun: Este no fue un buen baraje.
1
8. Baraje
Verb: Baraje los naipes, por favor.
13
9. Barba
Noun: La barba de miguel es muy larga.
19
10. Barba
Verb: Barba muy seguido.
3
11. Barda
Noun: Esta es la barda de la montaña.
2
12. Barda
Verb: Barda las paredes.
1
13. Basca
Noun: Siento una basca en el estómago
4
14. Basca
Verb: Juan obrará según le dé la basca.
2
15. Batalla
Noun. La batalla duró más de 10 días
26
16. Batalla
Verb. Batalla sin descanso
4
17. Bate
Noun. Préstame el bate
1
18. Bate
Verb. Bate los huevos
3
19. Bazuca
Noun: Dispara con la bazuca, ahora.
5
20. Bazuca
Verb: Bazuca el coctel.
1
21. Berrea
Noun: La berrea del ciervo me pone nerviosa.
2
22. Berrea
Verb: Berrea cuanto quieras, no te haré caso.
4
23. Bocina
Noun: Esta bocina no se oye.
8
24. Bocina
Verb: Bocina para que nos dejen seguir.
1
25. Boga
Noun: Esa boga es enorme.
5
26. Boga
Verb: Boga esa parte del río, pero ya.
3
27. Borde
Noun: El borde de la hoja está roto.
3
28. Borde
Verb: Borde esta figura lo antes posible.
3
29. Bota
Noun: Esta bota no es mía.
3
30. Bota
Verb: Bota la basura cuando salgas.
15
31. Bote
Noun: El bote está sucio.
5
32. Bote
Verb: Bote los papeles en el cesto.
15
33. Boya
Noun: Esta boya no sirve.
2
34. Boya
Verb: El barco boya sin problemas.
1
35. Brisca
Noun: Jugamos a la brisca todas las tardes.
2
36. Brisca
Verb: Brisca este pañuelo que lo voy a regalar.
1
37. Briza
Noun. La briza está marchita
2
38. Briza
Verb. Briza al niño para que se duerma
1
39. Broma
Noun: Su broma no dio gracia.
8
40. Broma
Verb: Broma la madera lo antes posible.
1
41. Brote
Noun: Se detectó un brote de cólera en la zona.
2
42. Brote
Verb: Cuando el maíz brote ya habremos partido.
8
C
1.
Cabriola
Noun: La cabriola es muy divertida.
3
2.
Cabriola
Verb: Cabriola al compas de la música.
1
3.
Calumnia
Noun: esto es una calumnia
4
4.
Calumnia
Verb. Calumnia delante de todos
4
5.
Calva
Noun: Su calva es muy evidente.
1
6.
Calva
Verb: Calva el madero sino no vas a ganar.
2
7.
Cancela
Noun: Debo limpiar la cancela.
2
8.
Cancela
Verb: Cancela la función de hoy.
2
9.
Capea
Noun: La capea terminó
2
10.
Capea
Verb. Capea temprano
8
11.
Captura
Noun: La captura fue todo un éxito.
1
12.
Captura
Verb: Captura a los ladrones lo antes posible.
2
13.
Carea
Noun: La carea dio efecto.
4
14.
Carea
Verb: Carea a los dos culpables del delito.
9
15.
Carga
Noun: La carga está perdida.
19
16.
Carga
Verb: Carga el avión. Estas retardado.
46
17.
Carroza
Nou. La carroza es blanca
3
18.
Carroza
Verb. Carroza el auto
1
19.
Casa
Noun: Me gusta estar en mi casa.
15
20.
Casa
Verb: Casa a Miguel mañana.
11
21.
Causa
Noun: La causa de su desgracia fue su vicio.
5
22.
Causa
Verb: Tu hecho causa un efecto dominó.
3
23.
Cava
Noun: La cava está llena.
1
24.
Cava
Verb: Cava un hueco profundo, lo antes posible.
4
25.
Ceda
Noun: La ceda es muy suave.
2
26.
Ceda
Verb: Ceda un poco, no todo es orgullo.
9
27.
Ceja
Noun: Tienes las ceja partida.
9
28.
Ceja
Verb: Ceja, que sabes que no todo es como tú
piensas.
3
29.
Cena
Noun: La cena está lista.
3
30.
Cena
Verb: Cena con nosotros esta noche.
1
31.
Censura
Noun: La censura debe ser medida.
8
32.
Censura
Verb: Censura esa canción.
5
33.
Changa
Noun: Esta changa no me conviene.
5
34.
Changa
Verb: Changa este madero por favor.
1
35.
Charola
Noun: La charola está llena de vasos.
1
36.
Charola
Verb: Charola estos zapatos por favor.
1
37.
Chicharra
Noun: Los niños juegan con la chicharra.
5
38.
Chicharra
Verb: Miguel chicharra los bisteques.
1
39.
Chiste
Noun: El chiste no me gustó.
5
40.
Chiste
Verb: No chistes, que no estamos de ánimo.
3
41.
Chiva
Noun: La chiva berrea cuando tiene hambre.
12
42.
Chiva
Verb: Chiva a tus amigos que son muy malcriados.
7
43.
Chote
Noun. El chote no sirve
1.
44.
Chote
Verb. Chote las cosas
1
45.
Cinta
Noun: Esta es mi cinta favorita.
23
46.
Cinta
Verb: Cinta los arreglos por favor.
1
47.
Circunstancia
Noun. La circunstancia fue diferente
8
48.
Circunstancia
Verb. Circunstancia tus acciones
1
49.
Cisca
Noun: Esta cisca me tiene al borde de la locura.
1
50.
Cisca
Verb: Cisco mis pantalones al limpiar.
2
51.
Clarea
Noun. Ella utiliza la clarea
1
52.
Clarea
Verb. Clarea los colores
5
53.
Clausura
Noun: La clausura del evento está por comenzar.
6
54.
Clausura
Verb: Clausura las puertas por favor.
12
55.
Clava
Noun: Me hirió con su clava.
2
56.
Clava
Verb: Clava estos posters lo antes posible.
13
57.
Clave
Noun: Me gusta el sonido de la clave cubana.
11
58.
Clave
Verb: Clave el cuadro en la pared.
13
59.
Coca
Noun: La coca es dañina.
11
60.
Coca
Verb: Coca la planta cada tres meses.
1
61.
Cocina
Noun: La cocina está sucia.
5
62.
Cocina
Verb: Cocina todos los viernes.
4
63.
Colecta
Noun: La colecta dio buenos resultados.
4
64.
Colecta
Verb: Colecta dinero por una buena causa.
1
65.
Cometa
Noun: El cometa vuela muy alto.
3
66.
Cometa
Verb: No cometa una locura por favor.
8
67.
Comporte
Noun: Su comporte es digno de admirar.
4
68.
Comporte
Verb: comporte su conducta.
4
69.
Compra
Noun. La compra de las maquinarias es en Londres
4
70.
Compra
Verb. Compra una lavadora
3
71.
Condena
Noun: Su condena es muy larga.
1
72.
Condena
Verb: Condena al asesino.
10
73.
Conquista
Noun: la conquista fue en 1854.
5
74.
Conquista
Verb: conquista el corazón de Ana
4
75.
Conserva
Noun: La conserva está lista.
4
76.
Conserva
Verb: conserva muy bien el agua
5
77.
Consigna
Noun: Listos para recitar la consigna.
3
78.
Consigna
Verb: consigna a sus trabajadores.
10
79.
Consulta
Noun: La consulta está programada para este
viernes.
6
80.
Consulta
Verb: Consulta a mi amigo, por favor.
4
81.
Contesta
Noun: Su contesta no fue correcta.
1
82.
Contesta
Verb: Juan contesta todas mis cartas.
7
83.
Contingente
Noun: El contingente está terminado.
7
84.
Contingente
Verb: Contingente esta mercancía, por favor
1
85.
Contraseña
Noun: Esta contraseña no es correcta.
3
86.
Contraseña
Verb: Contraseña el programa, es confidencial.
1
87.
Contraste
Noun: El contraste del cuadro es magnífico.
13
88.
Contraste
Verb: Contraste los colores de la imagen.
4
89.
Contrata
Noun: Ya se realizó la contrata.
5
90.
Contrata
Verb: contrata a los nuevos salvavidas.
2
91.
Copa
Noun: España ganó la copa de futbol.
12
92.
Copa
Verb: copa su dinero al banco.
3
93.
Copia
Noun: La copia está mal hecha.
10
94.
Copia
Verb: Copia esta pregunta en la libreta.
8
95.
Corona
Noun: La corona de la reina desapareció.
28
96.
Corona
Verb: Corona a su hijo.
8
97.
Correa
Noun: El perro partió la correa.
7
98.
Correa
Verb: Correa estas telas lo antes posible.
1
99.
Corta
Noun: La corta de arboles es ilegal.
1
100.
Corta
Verb: Corta este papel por aquí.
30
101.
Corte
Noun: Este corte de cabello te queda muy bien.
27
102.
Corte
Verb: Corte este pellejo ahora.
30
103.
Cosecha
Noun: La cosecha de maíz terminó.
6
104.
Cosecha
Verb: Cosecha arroz y todo irá bien.
2
105.
Crema
Noun. La crema es de fresa.
8
106.
Crema
Verb. Crema el cadáver
1
107.
Cruce
Noun. Detente en el cruce del ferrocarril
6
108.
Cruce
Verb. Cruce la calle despacio
14
109.
Cruza
Noun: La cruza está bloqueada.
2
110.
Cruza
Verb: Cruza la calle con mucho cuidado.
14
111.
Cuadra
Noun: Vivo en esta cuadra.
11
112.
Cuadra
Verb: Cuadra este madero, por favor.
18
113.
Culpa
Noun: La culpa es suya.
4
114.
Culpa
Verb: Culpa a su novia de lo ocurrido.
1
115.
Cura
Noun: El cura terminó el sermón.
8
116.
Cura
Verb: Cura a los heridos.
13
1.
Dalla
Noun: No encuentro mi dalla.
1
2.
Dalla
Verb: Dalla la hierba.
1
3.
Danza
Noun: La danza es mi vida.
7
4.
Danza
Verb: Danza como los dioses.
3
5.
Data
Noun: La data es perfecta.
5
6.
Data
Verb: Data los hechos.
3
D
7.
Debate
Noun: El debate culminó.
2
8.
Debate
Verb: Dabate a cerca de sus vivencias.
2
9.
Debe
Noun: El debe del informe está mal.
1
10.
Debe
Verb: Debe dinero.
6
11.
Deleite
Noun: Es un deleite hablar con usted.
2
12.
Deleite
Verb: Deleite su gusto con este manjar.
1
13.
Demanda
Noun. La demanda demora muchos días
18
14.
Demanda
Verb. Demanda a tu jefe por daños y prejuicios
6
15.
Demora
Noun: Su demora es preocupante.
4
16.
Demora
Verb: Demora mucho la llegada.
3
17.
Denuncia
Noun. La denuncia fue retirada
4
18.
Denuncia
Verb. Denuncia a todos
7
19.
Deporte
Noun: El beisbol es nuestro deporte nacional.
2
20.
Deporte
Verb: Deporte a esto inmigrantes inmediatamente.
3
21.
Derrame
Noun: Sufrió un derrame cerebral.
10
22.
Derrame
Verb: Derrame el jugo en el suelo.
7
23.
Derriba
Noun: La derriba fue agotadora
1
24.
Derriba
Verb: Derriba la puerta si es necesario.
10
25.
Derrota
Noun: Sufrió una inminente derrota.
5
26.
Derrota
Verb: Derrota a sus enemigos.
6
27.
Derrumbe
Noun: El derrumbe no causó heridos.
2
28.
Derrumbe
Verb: Derrumbe este edificio, ya.
2
29.
Desaire
Noun: Me hiciste un gran desaire esta mañana.
2
30.
Desaire
Verb: Desaire a este niño delante de sus
compañeros.
2
31.
Desajuste
Noun: Arregle el desajuste de la ventana.
1
32.
Desajuste
Verb: Desajuste la puerta por favor.
2
33.
Desarme
Noun: El desarme fue inminente.
2
34.
Desarme
Verb: Desarme esta pistola, ya.
10
35.
Desate
Noun: Su desate fue inoportuno.
2
36.
Desate
Verb: Desate al perro ahora.
8
37.
Desbarate
Noun: El desbarate fue inmenso
1
38.
Desbarate
Verb: desbarate el techo de su casa.
6
39.
Descarga
Noun: A este informe le falta descarga.
4
40.
Descarga
Verb: Descarga toda mi rabia en ti.
11
41.
Descarte
Noun: Estoy lista para el descarte.
3
42.
Descarte
Verb: Descarte esa posibilidad.
5
43.
Descote
Noun: Este descote es demasiado para mí.
1
44.
Descote
Verb: Descote un poco el vestido, No luce bien.
2
45.
Descuadre
Noun: El descuadre de la cuenta me preocupa.
1
46.
Descuadre
Verb: Descuadre esa cuenta lo antes posible.
1
47.
Desembalse
Noun. Haga el desembalse
1
48.
Desembalse
Verb. Desembalse las cosas
3
49.
Desemboque
Noun. El desemboque terminó rápido
1
50.
Desemboque
Verb. Desemboque el pomo
4
51.
Desempate
Noun: Debemos hacer un desempate.
1
52.
Desempate
Verb: Desempate los cables que están haciendo
corte.
1
53.
Desenganche
Noun: El desenganche se debe realizar sin demora.
1
54.
Desenganche
Verb: Desenganche los autos, por favor.
4
55.
Desenlace
Noun: Este es un desenlace fatal.
1
56.
Desenlace
Verb: Desenlace los lasos de la niña cuando pueda.
3
57.
Desestiba
Noun. Ella trabajo en la desestiba
1
58.
Desestiba
Verb. Desestiba el cargamento
1
59.
Desfase
Noun: El desfase de electricidad es muy evidente.
2
60.
Desfase
Verb: Desfase lo hará fracasar.
2
61.
Desfile
Noun: El desfile está por comenzar.
1
62.
Desfile
Verb: Desfile solo cuando realmente lo sienta.
5
63.
Desfogue
Noun. No tuvo más remedio que hacer el desfogue
1
64.
Desfogue
Verb. Desfogue rápido
5
65.
Desfonde
Noun. El desfonde de las vasijas no es mi culpa
1
66.
Desfonde
Verb: Desfonde las cajas
4
67.
Desgaje
Noun. El desgaje se hace en temporada ciclónica
1
68.
Desgaje
Verb. Desgaje las plantas
4
69.
Desgana
Noun: Su desgana no tiene remedio.
3
70.
Desgana
Verb: Desgana de nada.
3
71.
Desgaste
Noun: No se pudo solucionar el desgaste de la
maquina.
1
72.
Desgaste
Verb: Desgaste la piedra de la fosforera.
4
73.
Desglose
Noun. Ya hice el desglose de la casa
1
74.
Desglose
Verb. Desglose los apartamentos
4
75.
Deshoje
Noun. Por esta fecha ocurre el deshoje de las
plantas
1
76.
Deshoje
Verb. Deshoje la libreta
4
77.
Deshonra
Noun: Eres la deshonra de esta familia.
4
78.
Deshonra
Verb: Deshonra a sus padres con sus acciones.
4
79.
Deslumbre
Noun: Eres un deslumbre para mi.
2
80.
Deslumbre
Verb: Deslumbre a los demás con su inteligencia.
3
81.
Desmadre
Noun: El desmadre está seco.
3
82.
Desmadre
Verb: Desmadre a estas crías antes que sea muy
tarde.
5
83.
Desmesura
Noun: Su desmesura pasó los limites.
1
84.
Desmesura
Verb: desmesura el orden de su casa.
2
85.
Desmonte
Noun: El desmonte nos fatigó demasiado.
4
86.
Desmonte
Verb: Desmonte los paquetes por favor.
10
87.
Desnieve
Noun: El desnieve es inminente.
1
88.
Desnieve
Verb: Desnieve el carro, por favor.
1
89.
Despalme
Noun: El despalme de los sacos está listo.
2
90.
Despalme
Verb: Despalme este madero, por favor.
5
91.
Despegue
Noun: El despegue se realizará en una hora.
2
92.
Despegue
Verb: Despegue lo antes posible el avión.
5
93.
Despeje
Noun. El jugador hizo un buen despeje
1
94.
Despeje
Verb. Despeje la mesa
9
95.
Despelote
Noun. Se armó el despelote
1
96.
Despelote
Verb. Despelote al equipo
6
97.
Despinte
Noun: Necesito este despinte.
1
98.
Despinte
Verb: Despinte las uñas de esas clientes.
4
99.
Despioje
Noun. Sin pasar por el despioje no entra
1
100.
Despioje
Verb. Despioje a su hijo
1
101.
Despiste
Noun: Tu despiste es inmenso.
2
102.
Despiste
Verb: despiste a los ladrones para que no te
encuentren.
5
103.
Desplante
Noun. Te dio el desplante del siglo
2
104.
Desplante
Verb. Desplante a todos en la fiesta
3
105.
Despliegue
Noun: Se realizó el despliegue de las fuerzas
armadas.
2
106.
Despliegue
Verb: Despliegue las toallas aquí.
4
107.
Desplome
Noun: El desplome del edificio fue devastador.
3
108.
Desplome
Verb: Desplome el edificio antes de las 12.
4
109.
Desplume
Noun: El desplume fue desastroso
1
110.
Desplume
Verb: Desplume la gallina para cocinarla luego.
4
111.
Despunte
Noun: Necesitamos este despunte.
2
112.
Despunte
Verb: Despunte este lápiz, por favor.
7
113.
Desqueje
Noun: El desqueje de las plantas es extraño
1
114.
Desqueje
Verb: Desqueje las plantas, si es que puede.
1
115.
Desquite
Noun: Es hora del desquite.
1
116.
Desquite
Verb: Desquite con él toda su rabia.
3
117.
Destape
Noun: Él no hizo el destape de los envases.
2
118.
Destape
Verb: Destape los posuelos
4
119.
Destete
Noun: El destete de su hijo fue apresurado
1
120.
Destete
Verb: Destete a su bebé
4
121.
Desyerba
Noun: Realize la desyerba del terreno
1
122.
Desyerba
Verb: Desyerba el patio
1
123.
Dieta
Noun: Voy a empezar una nueva dieta
9
124.
Dieta
Verb: Dieta a tu hija que la obesidad es mala
1
125.
Diploma
Noun: Obtuvo un diploma por su buen desempeño
2
126.
Diploma
Verb. Diploma a tus estudiantes que se lo merecen
3
127.
Disculpa
Noun: Acepto tu disculpa de todo corazón
1
128.
Disculpa
Verb: Disculpa a tu hermano por su equivocación
3
129.
Disfrute
Noun: Llegó la hora del disfrute
1
130.
Disfrute
Verb: Disfrute de sus regalos
4
131.
Disloque
Noun: El disloque del brazo ocurrió porque se cayó
del techo
1
132.
Disloque
Verb: Disloque la pata del pollo
3
133.
Disputa
Noun: La disputa terminó mal
1
134.
Disputa
Verb: Disputa con tus compañeros por tu puesto
4
135.
Distancia
Noun: La distancia es mala para los enamorados
5
136.
Distancia
Verb: Distancia esos hombres para que termine la
pelea
2
137.
Dobla
Noun: La dobla ocurrió muy rápido
1
138.
Dobla
Verb: Dobla la ropa antes de que se estruje
21
139.
Dobladilla
Noun: La dobladilla no está bien hecha
2
140.
Dobladilla
Verb: Dobladilla este alambre.
1
141.
Dona
Noun. Quiero una dona de vainilla
4
142.
Dona
Verb. Dona tu dinero a una causa justa
4
143.
Droga
Noun: La droga es muy dañina para el organismo
7
144.
Droga
Verb. Droga al paciente antes de llevarlo a operar
2
145.
Ducha
Noun. Compre una ducha nueva
8
146.
Ducha
Verb: Ducha a tu hijo que está churrioso
2
147.
duda
Noun: El alumno tiene una duda
3
148.
duda
Verb. Duda de lo que te dijeron
4
149.
dulzura
Noun: Haz las cosas con dulzura y amor
4
150.
dulzura
Verb: Dulzura las aceitunas
1
1.
Eclipse
Noun: Nunca he visto un eclipse
2
2.
Eclipse
Verb: Eclipse a todos con su mirada
4
3.
Efigie
Noun. Eres la efigie del dolor
2
4.
Efigie
Verb. Efigie a su padre
1
5.
Embalse
Noun: El embalse está lleno desde ayer
2
6.
Embalse
Verb. Embalse esta agua
3
E
7.
Embarque
Noun: El embarque de los exiliados se suspendió
3
8.
Embarque
Verb: Embarque a los estudiantes en el navío
4
9.
Embolate
Noun no dice más que un embolate tras otro.
1
10.
Embolate
Verb. embolate al público con sus palabras
7
11.
Emboque
Noun. Tumbé el emboque
4
12.
Emboque
Verb. Emboque el pan
8
13.
Embrague
Noun: ¿qué cosa es un embrague?
3
14.
Embrague
Verb. Embrague las piezas
3
15.
Empalme
Noun. El empalme quedó perfecto
4
16.
Empalme
Verb. Empalme esas hojas
6
17.
Empaste
Noun: necesito un empaste en la muela
4
18.
Empaste
Verb: empaste los dientes que tengan caries
7
19.
Empate
Noun: el partido terminó en empate
1
20.
Empate
Verb: empate los dos puntas del cordel
7
21.
Empella
Noun: la empella tiene mucha grasa.
2
22.
Empella
Verb. Empella a todos para afuera
1
23.
Empeña
Noun: la empeña no da resultado
10
24.
Empeña
Verb: empeña las joyas de la abuela
9
25.
Empina
Noun: hay que cortar la empina
2
26.
Empina
Verb. Empina la cabeza para que puedas ver algo
6
27.
Emplea
Noun: la emplea de los asistentes será mañana
1
28.
Emplea
Verb. Emplea todos tus recursos
6
29.
Empuje
Noun: él tiene gran empuje
4
30.
Empuje
Veb: empuje el auto loma arriba
3
31.
Encaje
Noun. Ponle el encaje al vestido de novia
9
32.
Encaje
Verb: encaje la sombrilla en la arena
17
33.
Encante
Noun: en el encante se vende un Rembrandt
3
34.
Encante
Verb: encante a sus aficionados
5
35.
Encarte
Noun.el encarte no fue bueno
3
36.
Encarte
Verb. Encarte a los presos
6
37.
Encepe
Noun. Tienes que hacer el encepe de las plantas
1
38.
Encepe
Verb. Encepe las anclas
6
39.
Enceste
Noun: practique el enceste del balón
1
40.
Enceste
Verb. Enceste la pelota en el aro
5
41.
Enchufe
Noun: el enchufe está medio flojo
5
42.
Enchufe
Veb. Enchufe la computadora a la corriente
5
43.
Enclave
Noun.realice el enclave de los territorios
2
44.
Enclave
Verb. Enclave la puerta
4
45.
Encuadre
Noun. Ella no sabe cómo hacer el encuadre
2
46.
Encuadre
Verb. Encuader este documento
1
47.
Encuarte
Noun: el encuarte fue un robo
2
48.
Encuarte
Verb. Encuarte el vehículo
4
49.
Endoble
Noun. Los mineros realizan el endoble todos los
días
1
50.
Endoble
Verb. Endoble las ovejas.
1
51.
Endulce
Noun: necesita más endulce
1
52.
Endulce
Verb: endulce las galletas
4
53.
Enfoque
Noun: no entiendo el enfoque de tu informe
1
54.
Enfoque
Verb: enfoque la cámara antes de tirar la foto
4
55.
Enganche
Noun: toma las puntas para hacer el enganche
3
56.
Enganche
Verb. Enganche los vagones a la locomotora
15
57.
Engargante
Noun:el engargante de la comida no es bueno
1
58.
Engargante
Verb. Engargante a los pájaros
3
59.
Engaste
Noun. El engaste es llano por un lado y redondo
por el otro
3
60.
Engaste
Verb. Engaste la piedra en el metal
1
61.
Engorda
Noun: la engorda de los cerdos es muy importante
2
62.
Engorda
Verb. Engorda un poco que eres muy flaca
3
63.
Engrase
Noun: el engrase del motor se realiza en el taller
2
64.
Engrase
Verb: engrase las piezas del ventilador
5
65.
Enmienda
Noun: la Enmienda Platt era un apéndice
constitucional
9
66.
Enmienda
Verb: enmienda tus errores
4
67.
Enrame
Noun. El enrame está lindo
1
68.
Enrame
Verb. Enrame el techo del portal
4
69.
Ensanche
Noun: haga el ensanche de las bandas
4
70.
Ensanche
Verb. Ensanche un poco el pantalón que me
aprieta
3
71.
Ensaye
Noun cancelaron el ensaye de la banda
5
72.
Ensaye
Verb. Ensaye toda la tarde
8
73.
Entable
Noun:no tengo más entable
2
74.
Entable
Verb: entable una conversación amena.
11
75.
Entalle
Noun: el entalle de la ropa lo hago yo
2
76.
Entalle
Verb. Entalle el vestido de novias
9
77.
Enlace
Noun: no hay enlace entre un párrafo y otro
11
78.
Enlace
Verb: enlace sus ideas
7
79.
Entretalla
Noun. Hizo una entretalla
1
80.
Entretalla
Verb. Entretalla la madera
6
81.
Entrega
Noun: haz la entrega a tiempo
10
82.
Entrega
Verb: entrega tus pertenencias
11
83.
Entronque
Noun: no hay nadie en el entronque
3
84.
Entronque
Verb: entronque ambas piezas
6
85.
Envase
Noun: el envase está roto
3
86.
Envase
Verb. Envase la comida en los recipientes
5
87.
Envidia
Noun: la envidia es un mal sentimiento
2
88.
Envidia
Verb: envidia sus zapatos azules
2
89.
Escabuche
Noun. Use el escabuche para escaldar
1
90.
Escabuche
Verb. Escabuche los erizos
2
91.
Escala
Noun: esto es un proyecto a gran escala
9
92.
Escala
Verb: escala el Monte Everest
6
93.
Escape
Noun: la solución es el escape
6
94.
Escape
Verb: escape de prisión
12
95.
Escarpe
Noun: los bueyes hacen el escarpe del sembradío
2
96.
Escarpe
Verv:escarpe la tierra
2
97.
Escoba
Noun: la bruja vuela en una escoba
3
98.
Escoba
Verb: escoba el piso del cuarto
2
99.
Escobilla
Noun: alcánzame la escobilla
10
100.
Escobilla
Verb: escobilla los muebles que tienen mucho
polvo
2
101.
Escote
Noun: me encanta el escote de tu blusa
4
102.
Escote
Verb: escote un poco el vestido
3
103.
Esmalte
Noun: compré esmalte de uñas
6
104.
Esmalte
Verb: esmalte la lámina de acero
4
105.
Espante
Noun: vino para hacer el espante de los espíritus
1
106.
Espante
Verb: espante a las moscas
4
107.
Espera
Noun; la operadora me puso en espera
8
108.
Espera
Verb: espera unos minutos más
6
109.
Esperanza
Noun: la esperanza es lo último que se pierde
7
110.
Esperanza
Verb: esperanza a los familiares con tu noticia
1
111.
Espía
Noun: el espía fue descubierto
5
112.
Espía
Verb: espía a tu hermana
3
113.
Espiga
Noun: hay una nueva espiga
15
114.
Espiga
Verb: espiga las plantas
8
115.
Espina
Noun: la rosa tiene una sola espina
9
116.
Espina
Verb: espina su camino
6
117.
Esponja
Noun: la esponja es rosada
4
118.
Esponja
Verb. Esponja los cojines
4
119.
Esposa
Noun: mi hesposa es hermosa
5
120.
Esposa
Verb. Esposa al delincuente
1
121.
Espuma
Noun: me encanta la espuma de mar
5
122.
Espuma
Verb: espuma el agua para lavar
3
123.
Esquina
Noun: en la esquina venden dulces
2
124.
Esquina
Verb. Esquina la mesa
4
125.
Estafa
Noun: la película se llama la Gran Estafa
4
126.
Estafa
Verb. Estafa a los compradores
2
127.
Estampa
Noun: tienes muy buena estampa
7
128.
Estampa
Verb. estampa los sellos
5
129.
Estofa
Noun: la estofa es un poco vieja
2
130.
Estofa
Verb: estofa la carne
6
131.
Estrella
Noun: la estrella Polar sale todas las noches
14
132.
Estrella
Verb: estrella tu auto
6
133.
Estrena
Noun: ella como siempre en la estrena de cosas
2
134.
Estrena
Verb: estrena el vestido esta noche
5
135.
Estufa
Noun: tengo una estufa nueva.
8
136.
Estufa
Verb. Estufa la comida
1
137.
Etiqueta
Noun: la etiqueta está corrida
5
138.
Etiqueta
Verb: etiqueta los paquetes antes de entregarlos
3
139.
Excava
Noun: la excava de los tesoros concluyó
1
140.
Excava
Verb: excava un gran hueco
3
141.
Excusa
Noun: ella dio una gran excusa
3
142.
Excusa
Verb. Excusa a tu novio por no haber venido a la
fiesta
5
1.
Facha
Noun: la casa tiene buena facha
4
2.
Facha
Verb. Facha la entrada
2
3.
Factura
Noun: dame la factura de ayer
7
F
4.
Factura
Verb. Factura el pedido
3
5.
Falla
Noun:hubo una falla en el sistema
9
6.
Falla
Verb: falla nuevamente y verás
6
7.
Fatiga
Noun: ya se me quitó la fatiga
5
8.
Fatiga
Verb: fatiga a todos bajo el sol
2
9.
Felpa
Noun: me regalaron una felpa azul
3
10.
Felpa
Verb: felpa esa tela
2
11.
Filme
Noun: estrenaron un filme nuevo
1
12.
Filme
Verb: filme la escena luego
2
13.
Firma
Noun: ponga su firma sobre la raya
17
14.
Firma
Verb. Firma de una vez y por todas
6
15.
Fisga
Noun. No me gusta la fisga
4
16.
Fisga
Verb. Fisga para ver lo que encuentras
4
17.
Fisura
Noun: la fisura ya sanó
4
18.
Fisura
Verb. fisura el hueso del pollo
1
19.
Flecha
Noun. Necesito un arco y una flecha
6
20.
Flecha
Verb. Flecha la manzana que está sobre el árbol
4
21.
Fleje
Noun. El fleje salió disparado
3
22.
Fleje
Verb. Fleje las cabillas
2
23.
Flota
Noun. La flota española atracó en el muelle
8
24.
Flota
Verb. Flota sin salvavidas
4
25.
Forja
Noun. la forja quedó bien hecha
4
26.
Forja
Verb. Forja una espada
5
27.
Forma
Noun. Dale forma a la escultura
19
28.
Forma
Verb. Forma dos columnas
9
29.
Fosa
Noun. La fosa tiene mucha peste
7
30.
Fosa
Vern. Fosa un hueco profundo
2
31.
Fotocopia
Noun. La fotocopia no se ve bien
1
32.
Fotocopia
Verb. Fotocopia los documentos.
1
33.
Fotografía
Noun: la fotografía quedó borrosa
4
34.
Fotografía
Verb: fotografía a tu hermana
2
35.
Fractura
Noun : ella tiene una fractura en el pie
3
36.
Fractura
Verb: fractura el hueso y dáselo al perro
1
37.
Fragua
Noun: echa los metales en la fragua
3
38.
Fragua
Verb: fragua el yeso ahora
3
39.
Fresa
Noun: me encanta la fresa
3
40.
Fresa
Verb: fresa el helado.
4
41.
Freza
Noun: es tiempo de que los peces realicen la freza
7
42.
Freza
Verb: freza el estiercol de los animales
8
43.
Frisa
Noun: las aldeanas hacen sus vestidos de frisa
6
44.
Frisa
Verb: frisa la tela
5
45.
Fuga
Noun: los prisioneros planean su fuga
9
46.
Fuga
Verb: fuga a tu hermano de la cárcel
2
1.
Gafa
Noun: utilize la gafa para armar la ballesta
7
2.
Gafa
Verb: gafa el churre con las uñas
4
3.
Galope
Noun: los caballos se fueron al galope
5
4.
Galope
Verb: galope por la pradera
2
5.
Gana
Noun: lo hizo de mala gana
15
6.
Gana
Verb: gana el oso de peluche para mi
13
G
7.
Garrocha
Noun: la garrocha es una modalidad del atletismo
4
8.
Garrocha
Verb: garrocha con cuidado
1
9.
Gloria
Noun: Gloria no vive conmigo
18
10.
Gloria
Verb: Gloria las acciones de tu hijo
3
11.
Glosa
Noun: necesito una Glosa para entender el libro
5
12.
Glosa
Verb: glosa un texto de cuatro líneas.
3
13.
Gobierna
Noun: la gobierna está rota
1
14.
Gobierna
Verb: gobierna con sabidurÍa
5
15.
Goce
Noun: el goce de su tiempo libre es importante
1
16.
Goce
Verb: goce de su suerte
7
17.
Grapa
Noun: tuvieron que ponerle una grapa
6
18.
Grapa
Verb: grapa las hojas
1
19.
Grada
Noun: pintaron de azul la grada de la derecha
13
20.
Grada
Verb: grada la tierra después de ararla
1
21.
Grama
Noun: la grama se marchitó
3
22.
Grama
Verb: Grama el pan
1
23.
Grana
Noun: siembra una grana cada medio metro
12
24.
Grana
Verb: grana las plantas
1
25.
Granalla
Noun: cuenta los kilogramos de granalla que hay
1
26.
Granalla
Verb; granalla los metales
1
27.
Grita
Noun: La grita me estuvo atormentando toda la
noche
5
28.
Grita
Verb: Grita por ayuda
4
29.
Guadaña
Noun: no tengo tu guadaña
2
30.
Guadaña
Verb: guadaña el pasto
1
31.
Guarda
Noun: Ella rezó al ángel de la guarda.
24
32.
Guarda
Verb: Guarda mis pertenencias
16
33.
Guinche
Noun: trae el guinche por la tarde
1
34.
Guinche
Ver: Guinche la carne con el palo
1
Habla
Noun; La niña recuperó el habla al salir del coma
13
H
1.
2.
Habla
Verb: Habla con tus padres sobre tus problemas
43
3.
Hacha
Noun: dale filo al hacha
10
4.
Hacha
Verb: hacha toda esa madera
1
5.
Hamaca
Noun: necesito cocer la hamaca
3
6.
Hamaca
Verb: hamaca al babé para que se duerma
3
7.
Hebilla
Noun: la hebilla es de oro
2
8.
Hebilla
Verb: hebilla los zapatos
1
9.
Hila
Noun: la hila de agua se está secando
9
10.
Hila
Verb: hila la manta
6
11.
Hincha
Noun: el hincha del equipo va a todos los juegos
3
12.
Hincha
Verb: hincha la barriga
6
13.
Hipoteca
Noun: tenemos una nueva hipoteca
3
14.
Hipoteca
Verb: hipoteca la casa
2
15.
Historia
Noun; la historia es muy importante
23
16.
Historia
Verb; historia lo que te ha ocurrido
4
17.
Honra
Noun: El que quiera honra, que la gane
9
18.
Honra
Verb: Honra siempre a tus maestros
5
19.
Hueva
Noun: la hueva está encerrada en una bolsa oval
1
20.
Hueva
Verb: hueva las aves
1
21.
Husma
Noun: tu andas siempre a la husma
3
22.
Husma
Verb: husma sin que te descubran
1
1.
Idea
Noun: La idea surgió de los estudiantes
17
2.
Idea
Verb: Idea un plan para escapar
2
3.
Iguala
Noun; ellos están a la iguala
6
4.
Iguala
Verb: iguala las cantidades
5
5.
Importe
Noun: el importe es de cinco pesos
1
6.
Importe
Verb: importe todo el azúcar que necesite el pais
5
7.
Incordia
Noun: ella siente gran incordia por ti
1
8.
Incordia
Verb: incordia a los de tu clase
1
I
9.
Injerta
Noun: la injerta de las células fue un éxito
9
10.
Injerta
Verb; injerta ese tejido
2
11.
Injuria
Noun: esto es una injuria
3
12.
Injuria
Verb: injuria en el estrado
2
1.
Jalea
Noun: la jalea es de frambuesa
4
2.
Jalea
Verb: jalea a los perros
3
3.
Jeringa
Noun: bota la jeringa
4
4.
Jeringa
Verb; jeringa el medicamento
3
5.
Joroba
Noun: le ha salido una joroba
3
J
6.
Joroba
Verb: joroba la cuchara
1
7.
Junta
Noun: la junta comienza a las 5 am
16
8.
Junta
Verb; junta dinero para las vacaciones
8
9.
Justa
Noun: los caballeros van a la justa
3
10.
Justa
Verb: justa con tus enemigos
1
1.
Lanza
Noun: ¿La lanza fue inventada por los aborígenes?
24
2.
Lanza
Verb: Lanza la pelota al aire.
9
3.
Lasca
Noun: me pegó con una lasca de piedra
3
L
4.
Lasca
Verb: lasca un poco el cabo
1
5.
Lava
Noun: la lava arrasa con todo a su paso
2
6.
Lava
Verb: lava la ropa temprano
6
7.
Leña
Noun: la leña no se quema
15
8.
Leña
Verb: Leña esos maderos
1
9.
Levante
Noun: el sol sale por el levante
10
10.
Levante
Verb: levante los platos de la mesa
32
11.
Lía
Noun: la lía esta partida
3
12.
Lía
Verb: lía el cargamento
12
13.
Libela
Noun: tengo una sola libela
1
14.
Libela
Verb: libela tus necesidades
2
15.
Liga
Noun: amarra la liga en el pelo
11
16.
Liga
Verb; liga el agua y el aceite
12
17.
Lija
Noun: busca la lija con las herramientas
5
18.
Lija
Verb; lija la madera
2
19.
Lima
Noun: me encanta el jugo de lima
13
20.
Lima
Verb: lima las uñas de la niña
3
21.
Losa
Noun: falta poner una losa en el piso
5
22.
Losa
Verb: losa la terrasa
1
23.
Lucha
Noun: La lucha por el poder destruyó el país.
6
24.
Lucha
Verb: Lucha con todas tus fuerzas
3
25.
Luche
Noun: En Chile se come luche
2
26.
Luche
Verb: luche por lo que desee.
3
27.
Lustre
Noun: los zapatos tienen buen lustre
3
28.
Lustre
Verb: lustre el espejo
3
1.
Llaga
Noun: mi padre tiene una llaga en la boca
6
2.
Llaga
Verb: llaga sus pies
1
3.
Llama
Noun: la llama crece con el aire
3
LL
4.
Llama
Verb: llama a tu casa
14
5.
Llena
Noun: el ciclón provocó la llena del rÍo
1
6.
Llena
Verb: llena estas bolsas
9
1.
Macha
Noun: no soporto comer macha
1
2.
Macha
Verb: macha la piedra contra el piso
1
3.
Malla
Noun: retiraron la malla del terreno
7
4.
Malla
Verb: malla estos hilos
4
5.
Malva
Noun: Eileen prefiere el color malva
8
6.
Malva
Verb: malva los vegetales que compraste
3
M
7.
Mama
Noun; deja que el ternero tome de la mama
2
8.
Mama
Verb; mama hasta que te llenes
8
9.
Mancha
Noun: tienes una mancha de tinta en la blusa.
17
10.
Mancha
Verb: mancha la tela de verde
4
11.
Manga
Noun: el pullover tiene una sola manga
46
12.
Manga
Verb: Manga la camiseta
5
13.
Maniobra
Noun: tuve que realizar una difícil maniobra
8
14.
Maniobra
Verb; maniobra con el timón para no tener
accidentes
1
15.
Maraña
Noun; la canción ganadora es la Maraña
7
16.
Maraña
Verb: maraña la hoja
2
17.
Maravilla
Noun: eres la octava maravilla
16
18.
Maravilla
Verb; maravilla a todos con tu talento
2
19.
Marca
Noun: Mi hermano tiene una marca de nacimiento
en el hombro derecho
16
20.
Marca
Verb; Marca con una cruz la respuesta correcta.
21
21.
Marcha
Noun: Todo el pueblo asistió a la marcha por el 1ro
29
de Mayo.
22.
Marcha
Verb: Marcha en el pelotón principal
5
23.
Marea
Noun: la marea está alta
13
24.
Marea
Verb: marea a tu mama dando vueltas a su
alrededor
9
25.
Mata
Noun: sácale las espinas a la mata
16
26.
Mata
Verb: mata las cucarachas
25
27.
Mate
Noun: en Argentina se toma mucho mate
27
28.
Mate
Verb: mate los mosquitos
25
29.
Mecha
Noun: la mecha no enciende
16
30.
Mecha
Verb: mecha la carne
1
31.
Media
Noun: tengo una media perdida
6
32.
Media
Verb: media en la discusión
7
33.
Medicina
Noun: la medicina está vencida
4
34.
Medicina
Verb: medicina al paciente
1
35.
Mejora
Noun: la mejora del local se hizo rápido
5
36.
Mejora
Verb: mejora tu conducta
7
37.
Merma
Noun: la merma no sale en el listado
2
38.
Merma
Verb: merma los artículos defectuosos
2
39.
Mesa
Noun: no quepo en la mesa
54
40.
Mesa
Verb: mesa los cabellos y te quedarás calvo
1
41.
Mesura
Noun: actua con mesura
5
42.
Mesura
Verb: Mesura lo que vas a hacer
4
43.
Mezcla
Noun: se acabó la mezcla
5
44.
Mezcla
Verb; mezcla los ingredientes
7
45.
Moje
Noun: el moje está un poco salado
1
46.
Moje
Verb: moje el pan en los frijoles
6
47.
Montea
Noun: la montea se utiliza para sacar las plantillas
y señalar los cortes.
5
48.
Montea
Verb: montea las reces.
3
49.
Muda
Noun: las serpientes tienen su muda de la piel
todos los años
9
50.
Muda
Verb; muda tus pertenencias
14
1.
Nada
noun: : Ese auto salió de la nada.
6
2.
Nada
Verb. nada todos los estilos
4
3.
Nafra
Noun: se terminó la nafra
1
4.
Nafra
Verb. Nafra rápido
1
5.
Nance
Noun: no sirve el nance
2
6.
Nance
Verb. Nance sin cansarse
2
N
7.
Náusea
Noun. ya no tengo náusea
2
8.
Náusea
Verb. Náusea a todos con tu historia
2
9.
Nevisca
Noun. La nevisca cubrió todo
1
10.
Nevisca
Verb. Nevisca el local
1
11.
Nombre
noun: Ese no es su verdadero nombre.
8
12.
Nombre
verb: nombre a los participantes
3
1.
Obra
verb: Ella obra con amor y devoción.
17
2.
Obra
verb: obra con amor y devoción.
6
3.
Octava
Noun: logró entonar una octava
8
4.
Octava
Verb. Octava un poema
2
O
5.
Ofensa
Noun. La ofensa no quedará impune
1
6.
Ofensa
Verb. Ofensa a todos aquí
1
7.
Oferta
noun: La oferta de comida es muy variada.
6
8.
Oferta
verb: oferta comida variada en la cafetería.
4
9.
Ofrenda
noun: La ofrenda a los santos se hará el lunes
próximo
1
10.
Ofrenda
verb: ofrenda dinero a la iglesia una vez al mes.
1
11.
Orina
noun: El análisis de orina es un examen rutinario.
3
12.
Orina
verb: Ella orina varias veces en la madrugada.
2
13.
Orquesta
noun: Esa orquesta tiene un repertorio muy
conocido.
3
14.
Orquesta
verb: Orquesta su obra musical.
1
P
1.
Paga
noun: La paga se realizará mañana.
6
2.
Paga
verb: paga la renta todos los meses.
6
3.
Parcela
Noun. Tu parcela no está cercada
3
4.
Parcela
Verb. Parcela el terreno
2
5.
Parte
Noun. La parte tuya es importante
27
6.
Parte
Verb. Parte la tiza
17
7.
Patrulla
noun: La patrulla hizo la última ronda.
4
8.
Patrulla
verb: Patrulla bien los alrededores.
2
9.
Pauta
noun: La vida de los santos es nuestra pauta.
4
10.
Pauta
verb: Pauta el papel blanco para que no se tuerzan
3
los renglones.
11.
Pecha
Noun. La pecha está jorobada
4
12.
Pecha
Verb. Pecha lo que tangas
6
13.
Peine
Noun. Préstame un peine
12
14.
Peine
Verb. Peine las pelucas
8
15.
Pelea
Noun. No quiero otra pelea
1
16.
Pelea
Verb. Pelea por tus cosas.
7
17.
Perfume
Noun. El perfume tiene peste
4
18.
Perfume
Verb. perfume la habitación
3
19.
Permuta
noun: La permuta se realizó sin problemas.
4
20.
Permuta
verb: permuta una casa por dos.
3
21.
Pesca
Noun. La pesca de la ballena está prohibida
11
22.
Pesca
Verb. Pesca algo para cenar.
8
23.
Pesga
noun: Pon las viandas en la pesga.
1
24.
Pesga
verb: Pesga la carne de puerco.
2
25.
Pifia
noun: El pelotero hizo una pifia.
3
26.
Pifia
verb: Pifia la pelota en este juego.
4
27.
Pinta
noun: Tienes una pinta amarilla en la blusa.
17
28.
Pinta
verb: Pinta tu cuarto de azul.
20
29.
Plancha
noun: Me compré una plancha.
16
30.
Plancha
verb: Plancha toda esa ropa.
3
31.
Porfía
noun: La porfía era interminable.
3
32.
Porfía
verb: Porfía del tema con tus amigos.
3
33.
Pregunta
noun: El hizo una buena pregunta.
2
34.
Pregunta
verb: Pregunta lo mismo en todas las clases.
2
35.
Prenda
noun: Esa prenda tiene gran valor sentimental
para mí.
8
36.
Prenda
verb: Prenda de tu cuello un collar.
3
37.
Propina
noun: Cuando terminamos de trabajar repartimos
la propina.
3
38.
Propina
verb: Propina a las personas al entrar.
3
39.
Protesta
noun: La Protesta de los trece fue un hecho muy
significativo.
4
40.
Protesta
verb: Protesta siempre que no estés de acuerdo.
6
1.
Quema
noun: La quema de Hatuey aceleró la rebeldía
entre los indios cubanos.
2
2.
Quema
verb: Quema los papeles.
14
1.
Rebaja
noun: La rebaja será a finales de año.
4
2.
Rebaja
verb: Rebaja la mercancía hoy.
9
3.
Receta
noun: La receta será guardada.
6
4.
Receta
verb: Receta lo que necesiten sus pacientes.
2
5.
Recolecta
noun: La recolecta será mañana
1
6.
Recolecta
verb: Recolecta todas las manzanas.
2
Q
R
7.
Recompensa
noun: La recompensa es de 1000 pesos.
2
8.
Recompensa
verb: Recompensa a todo el que le ayude.
3
9.
Reconquista
noun: Vamos a la reconquista de la medalla de oro
2
10.
Reconquista
verb: Reconquista el cariño de tu ex novia.
2
11.
Reforma
noun: Ellos propusieron una nueva reforma.
5
12.
Reforma
verb: Reforma todo lo criticado y verás las
mejoras.
5
13.
Remesa
noun: Este mes no recibí la remesa.
3
14.
Remesa
verb: Remesa a tu hija todos los meses.
2
15.
Renta
noun: Ya pagué la renta de la casa.
5
16.
Renta
verb: Renta parte de tu casa para que ganes
dinero.
1
17.
Renuncia
noun: Presentó su renuncia para evitar problemas.
3
18.
Renuncia
verb: Renuncia para trabajar por cuenta propia.
4
19.
Rifa
noun: Había de todo en la rifa.
2
20.
Rifa
verb: Rifa los objetos de valor.
3
21.
Rima
noun: La rima hace el poema más interesante.
7
22.
Rima
verb: Rima los versos.
3
23.
Ronda
noun: La patrulla ya terminó su ronda.
15
24.
Ronda
verb: Ronda la casa antes de entrar.
8
25.
Rueda
noun: La rueda de prensa es por la mañana.
13
26.
Rueda
verb: Rueda la pelota por el piso.
12
27.
Ruina
noun: Estoy en la ruina.
5
28.
Ruina
Verb: Ruina todo lo que toques en esa casa.
1
1.
Saeta
noun: La saeta es de fuego.
6
2.
Saeta
verb: Saeta la trayectoria.
1
3.
Saliva
noun: La saliva facilita la deglución de los
alimentos.
1
4.
Saliva
verb: Saliva los alimentos.
1
5.
Salvaguarda
noun: Ella es la encargada de la salvaguarda de los
niños
4
S
6.
Salvaguarda
verb: Salvaguarda el territorio en cuanto llegues.
1
7.
Secuencia
noun: Esa secuencia de números es fácil de
recordar.
7
8.
Secuencia
verb: Secuencia tus acciones.
1
9.
Seda
noun: Esas telas son de seda.
7
10.
Seda
verb: Seda al paciente antes de operarlo.
1
11.
Sentencia
noun: Su sentencia fue injusta.
6
12.
Sentencia
verb: Sentencia a los malhechores después de
presentar todas las pruebas
4
13.
Sobra
noun: Échale la sobra al perro
6
14.
Sobra
verb: Sobra la comida que tengas.
4
15.
Sospecha
noun: Tengo la sospecha de que ella ya llegó.
1
16.
Sospecha
verb: Sospecha de todos.
2
17.
Subasta
noun: La casa la compré en una subasta.
2
18.
Subasta
verb: Subasta todas sus pertenencias.
1
19.
Suma
noun: La suma de todos esos números te dará el
total.
6
20.
Suma
verb: Suma todas las cifras.
4
21.
Suplica
noun: La súplica no fue escuchada.
4
22.
Suplica
verb: Suplica por tu vida si quieres vivir.
2
23.
Sustancia
noun: El Plutonio es un sustancia altamente
nociva.
9
24.
Sustancia
verb: Sustancia la sopa.
2
25.
Sutura
noun: Para contener el sangre le hicieron una muy
buena sutura.
3
26.
Sutura
verb: Sutura bien la herida para que no quede
marca.
1
1.
Tala
noun: La tala indiscriminada daña el medio
ambiente.
6
2.
Tala
verb: Tala el árbol para vender la madera.
5
3.
talla
noun: Ese pantalón es de tu talla.
20
4.
talla
verb: Talla bien esa madera.
12
5.
Tapa
noun: La tapa del tanque está rota.
10
6.
Tapa
verb: Tapa la botella para que no pierda el gas.
5
7.
Tarifa
noun: Esta no es la tarifa que habíamos hablado.
3
T
8.
Tarifa
verb: Tarifa el servicio para que las personas no
molesten preguntando.
2
9.
Tarja
noun: Van a poner una tarja con su nombre.
9
10.
Tarja
verb: Tarja tu nombre en la piedra.
1
11.
Tasa
noun: La Tasa de mortalidad en Cuba es muy baja.
3
12.
Tasa
verb: Tasa la mercancía antes de abrir la tienda.
3
13.
Tempera
noun: Usaron tempera para pintar el cuadro.
1
14.
Tempera
verb: Temperas tus dibujos.
3
15.
Tinta
noun: Compré tinta de todos los colores.
7
16.
Tinta
verb: Tinta los cristales para que no te moleste el
sol
1
17.
Tira
noun: Necesito una tira para amarrarme la herida.
4
18.
Tira
verb: Tira las propagandas del concierto.
33
19.
Toma
noun: La segunda toma será a las ocho.
8
20.
Toma
verb: Toma pastillas cada ocho horas.
37
21.
Tortura
noun: Muchos criminales usan la tortura para
conseguir lo que quieren.
4
22.
Tortura
verb: Tortura a los asesinos.
1
23.
Traba
noun: Alcánzame la traba para ponerla en la goma
del carro.
13
24.
Traba
verb: Traba la puerta para que el aire no la cierre.
13
25.
Trenza
noun: Se hizo una trenza en el pelo.
2
26.
Trenza
verb: Trenza su pelo ahora.
2
27.
tumba
noun: ¿En qué tumba lo enterraron?
10
28.
tumba
verb: Tumba los mangos para hacer el batido.
8
29.
Tunda
noun: La tunda se acabó.
3
30.
Tunda
verb: Tunda los pacos
1
1.
Vacuna
noun: Le puse la vacuna a la perrita.
3
2.
Vacuna
verb: Vacuna al animal antes de que se enferme.
3
3.
Valla
noun: El salto con valla es un deporte muy seguido
en Cuba.
7
4.
Valla
verb: Valla la niña divina.
1
5.
Vara
noun: Necesito una vara para tumbar los frutos.
15
6.
Vara
verb: Vara la embarcación para protegerla de los
golpes.
5
V
7.
Venda
noun: Le puse una venda en los ojos para que no
viera el camino.
2
8.
Venda
verb: Venda la herida para contener la sangre.
2
9.
Ventisca
noun: Nos vamos cuando termine la ventisca.
2
10.
Ventisca
verb: Ventisca en estos momentos.
2
11.
Viola
noun: Tengo un amigo que sabe tocar la viola.
2
12.
Viola
verb: Viola la ley siempre que puedas.
5
13.
Yoga
noun: Yo practico yoga todos los días.
2
14.
Yoga
verb: Yoga todos los días de 5 a 7.
2
Y
Z
1.
Zanja
noun: Vamos a abrir una zanja para que corra el
agua y no se estanque.
2
2.
Zanja
verb: Zanja el terreno para empezar a construir.
2
3.
Zozobra
noun: Esta zozobra nos puede traer problemas en
alta mar.
4
4.
Zozobra
verb: Zozobra en el mar.
5
5.
Zurra
noun: Le dio una zurra porque no lo obedeció
5
6.
Zurra
verb: Zurre a los exclavos que se están portando
mal.
4
ANNEX V11
“Corpus of English equivalents”
Homographs in Spanish
English Equivalents
Amount of Lexical
Semantic Variants
1. Abate
n. abbot, abbe, head of a monastery
3
2. Abate
v. demolish, tear down; fell, chop down (a tree);
shoot down, cause an aircraft to fall; lower, drop;
depress, make sad; humiliate, degrade
7
3.
Abetuna
n Shoot of the silver fir
-
4.
Abetuna
v. (Latin America) polish, shine, make glossy; clean
2
5.
Ablande
n. (Latin America) running-in
1
6.
Ablande
v. soften, make soft; alleviate, soothe; mitigate,
soften in force or severity; moderate, reduce the
intensity of; (Latin America) run in
5
7.
Abra
n. cave; inlet; gorge; dale; (Southern Cone and
Mexico) clearing, clarification; (Latin America) panel;
(Mexico) fault, fissure, narrow crack
7
8.
Abra
v. open; open up; cut open (Medical); spread out,
extended; discover, expose; unfold, uncurl; run
12
away, escape; sharpen; turn on; unbar; undo; start,
begin
9.
Acabe
n Completion of a work
-
10.
Acabe
v. finish, terminate, end; be terminated; conclude,
bring to an end; destroy; defeat; complete, perfect;
add the finishing touches; (Latin America) speak ill
of; (Vulgar Slang) come, reach orgasm
9
11.
Accidente
n. accident, casualty; mishap; misadventure;
accidental, incidental; catastrophe; wreck, smash;
faint, swoon; accidence, part of grammar which
deals with the inflections of words; basic elements
which make up a subject
9
12.
Accidente
v Cause an accident
-
13.
Aceche
n. Common vitriol
-
14.
Aceche
v. observe, watch; spy; threaten; ambush, waylay
4
15.
Aceite
n. oil, greasy liquid (derived from animal, vegetable,
and mineral substances) that does not mix with
water and is used for many purposes (i.e. food, fuel,
lubrication, etc.); (Slang) hashish (Mexico); LSD,
acid (Slang)
3
16.
Aceite
v. oil, grease, lubricate; bribe (Southern Cone and
Caribbean)
2
.
17.
Acople
n. Coupling of things
-
18.
Acople
v. couple, join, link; engage; mate
3
19.
Acose
n. Pursuit in an undesired way
1
20.
Acose
v. accost, waylay; harass, annoy; besiege, beset
3
21.
Acuse
n. acknowledgment of receipt
1
.
22.
Acuse
v. accuse, place blame; charge with a crime,
incriminate; denounce; arraign; display; register
6
23.
Adarve
n walkway (behind a parapet)
1
24.
Adarve
v. fortify with battlements
1
25.
Ademe
n. on the mines, a piece of wood that is used to
secure a place that is about to collapse
1
26.
Ademe
Put a piece of wood to secure a place that is about
1
to collapse
27.
Adjunta
n. adjunct
1
28.
Adjunta
v. append, add; attach, annex; enclose; include
4
.
29.
Afate
n Small and thin thorn that appear in some plants
1
such as corn and sugar cane
30.
Afate
v. Dress with an excessive amount of clothing
1
31.
Afeite
n. makeup, cosmetics
1
32.
Afeite
v. shave
1
33.
Afufa
n. escape, running away
1
34.
Afufa
v. run away, flee, take flight, escape
1
35.
Agache
n. lie, falsehood
1
36.
Agache
v. duck, crouch, hunker
1
37.
Agarre
n. handgrip; purchase; guts, courage, energy
3
38.
Agarre
v. grasp, seize; grip; take root (Botany); get drunk,
get sloshed; get; take; stock up; (vulgar) have sex
with (Caribbean); understand, grapple (Central
America, Caribbean and Mexico)
7
.
39.
Aguante
n. endurance, stamina; guts, determination
2
40.
Aguante
v. endure, tolerate, bear; sustain, withstand
2
41.
Aguate
n. (Mexico) prickle, thorn, thistle
42.
Aguate
v. water down, dilute, make watery; water; spoil
2
43.
Aguja
. needle; hatpin, pin that holds a hat in place;
pointer, hand on a clock; shaft; pine needle; spire,
steeple; rib, any of the curved bones which form the
rib cage; garfish, type of fish that has a long thin
snout and needlelike teeth
7
44.
Aguja
v. prick, pierce; vent; hole
.
1
2
45.
Ahonde
n the effect of deepening
1
46.
Ahonde
. v deepen; delve
2
47.
Ajea
n. sticky plant
1
48.
Ajea
Repeat the sound of aj aj aj
1
49.
Ajote
n. garlic, type of pungent-smelling bulb used in
cooking and medicine; curse, swear word; (Slang)
one dose of LSD
3
50.
Ajote
v. (Central America) incite, inflame, provoke;
(Caribbean) scorn, deride; rebuff, reject
3
51.
Ajuste
n. adjustment, fit; setting; scaling; patch
4
52.
Ajuste
v. fit, adjust; regulate; suit; trim; doctor
5
53.
Alambre
n. wire
1
.
54.
Alambre
v. wire up, wire; (Latin America) fence in
2
55.
Alarma
n. alarm, alert; warning; scare
3
56.
Alarma
v. alarm, startle, frighten
1
57.
Albergue
n. shelter, refuge, harbor
1
58.
Albergue
v. shelter, refuge, harbor
1
59.
Alborote
Greater disturbance
1
60.
Alborote
v. disturb; ballyhoo; rampage; excite; (Central
America) become amorous; (Southern Cone) rear up
5
61.
Alcachofa
n. artichoke, plant with an edible flower head
1
62.
Alcachofa
v. Open like an atichoke
1
63.
Alcahueta
n. procuress, bawd, woman who runs a brothel;
gossip, one who gossips
2
64.
Alcahueta
Participate in a gossip
1
65.
Alcahuete
n. pimp, pander, one who manages a prostitution
business
1
66.
Alcahuete
v. serve as a person or obect that helps hide things
1
67.
Alcantarilla
n. culvert; drain; sewer; (Caribbean and Mexico)
public fountain
4
.
68.
Alcantarilla
v. install sewage system, install sewers
1
.
69.
Alea
n. risk, hazard
1
70.
Alea
v. alloy, mix metals; corrupt by adding other
substances; reduce in value or quality
3
71.
Alegra
n. Auger used to drill the wood
1
72.
Alegra
v. gladden, cheer; liven, enliven
2
73.
Alerta
n. alert, stand to
1
74.
Alerta
v. alert, alarm; be alert
2
75.
Alfombra
n. carpet, rug, fabric floor covering
1
76.
Alfombra
v. carpet, cover or furnish with carpeting
1
77.
Alforza
n. tuck; hem
2
78.
Alforza
v. tuck
1
79.
Alhaja
n. jewel; fancy furniture; (Slang) pip
3
80.
Alhaja
v. furnish, supply, provide; equip
2
81.
Alicate
n. pliers, pincers; pinchers, nipper
2
82.
Alicate
v. cover with tiles, tile
1
83.
Alinde
n. embellishment, adornment
1
84.
Alinde
v. embellish, adorn, beautify, ornament; mark off,
restrict; indicate
3
85.
Almagre
n. red ochre
1
86.
Almagre
v. rubric, redden; tint with red ochre, mark; contuse,
bruise, injure
3
87.
Almendra
n. almond, type of edible nut; cutglass drop; kernel,
softer and often edible section contained within husk
or stone
3
88.
Almendra
v. Embellish with almonds
1
89.
Almohadilla
n. small cushion, pad; inkpad
2
90.
Almohadilla
v. boss
1
91.
Alpargata
n. espadrille, type of flat shoe with a fabric upper
and a rope sole
1
92.
Alpargata
v. Make rope sandals
1
93.
Alterne
n. mixing, fraternization
1
94.
Alterne
v. alternate, rotate; interchange; reciprocate
3
.
95.
Alumbre
n. alum, double sulfate (Chemistry)
1
96.
Alumbre
v. light, light up
1
97.
Alzaprima
n. Lever, crowbar, wedge, bridge
1
98.
Alzaprima
v. pry open
1
99.
Ama
n. madame, respectful title used when addressing a
married woman (French); landlady, female landlord
2
100.
Ama
v. love
1
101.
Amante
n. lover, paramour; mistress
2
102.
Amante
v To toss…in a blanket
1
103.
Amarre
n. moorage
1
.
104.
Amarre
v. hitch, tie up; lash; moor; (Central America)
kidnap, abduct
4
105.
Ambiente
n. atmosphere, climate; environment, surroundings;
ambience, aura
3
106.
Ambiente
v. give an atmosphere, give an ambience; add color;
orientate, guide
3
107.
Amenaza
n. menace, threat; assault
2
.
108.
Amenaza
v. threaten, menace; loom up, impend
2
109.
Ampolla
n. ampule, sealed glass bulb for holding hypodermic
solutions; phial, small glass container or vial (often
used to hold medicine or chemicals); blister
3
110.
Ampolla
v To cause blisters on
111.
Ancla
n. anchor
1
112.
Ancla
v. anchor, drop anchor
1
113.
Aparte
n. aside; byplay
2
1
.
114.
Aparte
v. separate, divide; alienate; distract; avert, turn
away; lure away, allure
5
115.
Aporte
n. input; (Latin America) contribution, act of
donating
2
116.
Aporte
v. contribute
1
117.
Apunte
n. note, memorandum; record; entry
3
118.
Apunte
v. aim; level; point; write down; record; score;
outline; mend, darn; tack down; prompt, provide a
cue for an actor's forgotten lines; appear; sprout;
fail to keep one's word; bet, place a wager
119.
Arcilla
n. pug; clay
2
120.
Arcilla
v. clay
1
121.
Arenga
n. harangue; allocution; spiel
3
122.
Arenga
v. harangue
1
.
13
123.
Arrope
n. syrup made of grapes or honey
124.
Arrope
v. cover; clothe; tuck
3
125.
Arruga
n. wrinkle, line; crease, fold; ridge; trick,
mischievous or deceptive act; debt, something owed
(as in money)
4
1
.
126.
Arruga
v. wrinkle, crease; seam; shrivel
3
.
127.
Asfixia
n. suffocation, asphyxia
1
128.
Asfixia
v. asphyxiate, suffocate; be suffocated
2
129.
Astilla
n. splinter, chip; sliver, shiver
2
.
130.
Astilla
v. splinter
1
131.
Atalaje
n. team, cart pulled by hitched horses; harness,
straps and other parts by which a draft animal is
attached to a vehicle
2
132.
Atalaje
v. put a harness
1
133.
Ataque
n. attack, assault; spasm, seizure; onslaught
3
134.
Ataque
v. stuff, cram; attack, assail, assault; attach, fasten;
tamp
4
135.
Atoba
n. adobe
1
136.
Atoba
v. Surprise, admire
1
137.
Atona
n. Sheep that raises another sheep’ s breeding
1
138.
Atona
v bewilder
1
139.
Autografía
n. autography
1
140.
Autografía
v To autograph.
1
141.
Ayuda
n. help, aid, assistance; donation, charity; enema,
fluid injected into the rectum; laxative (Latin
America); valet
5
.
142.
Ayuda
v. help, aid, assist; support; befriend; favor;
advance
5
.
143.
Azote
n. whip, lash, scourge
1
144.
Azote
v. scourge, lash, whip, flog; chastise, punish
severely; paddle, spank; (Mexico) slam
4
1. Baile
n. dance, dancing; ballet; ball, formal dance; hop
4
2. Baile
v. dance, move rhythmically to music (often
following pre-composed steps and movements); skip
or bounce about in a dance-like manner; spin; jig.
4
3. Balde
n. pail; tub
2
4. Balde
v. cripple, disable
1
5. Baraja
n. pack of cards, deck; (Mexico) cards
2
6. Baraja
v. shuffle, riffle; throw in; consider; (Mexico)
explain; make
5
B
7. Baraje
n. slyness, craftiness
1
8. Baraje
v. shuffle, riffle; throw in; consider; (Mexico)
explain; make
5
9. Barba
n. chin; beard, whiskers; wattle; actor who performs
as an elderly man
4
10. Barba
v. grow a beard, let a beard grow on one's face;
strike a root in gardening
2
11. Barda
n. preserving covering on a wall; (Mexico) hedge,
row of bushes forming a fence or boundary; fence;
jacket
4
.
12. Barda
v. bard
1
13. Basca
n. nausea, queasiness; outburst of rage, tantrum
2
14. Basca
V suffer from anxiety
1
15. Batalla
n. battle; fight, wrestle
2
16. Batalla
v. battle, fight
1
17. Bate
n. (Latin America) bat, wooden club used in baseball
and cricket
1
18. Bate
v. beat; whisk, whip; whir; hammer, hit or strike
with a hammer; flap, move the wings or arms up
and down; reconnoitre, scout an enemy's territory in
order to gather useful information; defeat; (Andean)
rinse out; (Southern Cone) inform against
9
19. Bazuca
n. bazooka, portable tube-shaped rocket launcher
that fires high-power ammunition
20. Bazuca
v. stir, mix up a liquid with an object; jolt, push
forcefully
2
21. Berrea
n bellowing
1
22. Berrea
v. howl, bawl; blare, scream
2
1
.
23. Bocina
n. trumpet, one of several musical wind instruments
made of brass tubing with a flared bell at the end
and having a strong and penetrating tone; horn;
megaphone; ear trumpet, sound intensifying device
held to the ear for those with defective hearing
3
.
24. Bocina
v. honk; toot, hoot
2
25. Boga
n. vogue, fashion; popularity; bogey; rower, one
who propels a boat with oars
4
26. Boga
v. row, propel a boat with oars; sail
2
27. Borde
n. edge, border; term; side; brim; brink, verge;
fringe
6
28. Borde
v. embroider, decorate with ornamental needlework
1
29. Bota
n. boot, shoe which extends over the ankle;
wineskin, large bag made of the skin of an animal
for carrying and containing wine; water bucket
3
30. Bota
v. launch; (Latin America) throw away, dispose of;
throw, cast; bounce; lose
4
.
31. Bote
n. thrust, thrust force; bounce; launch; can, tin,
canister; kitty, jackpot; jalopy; dinghy
7
32. Bote
v. launch; (Latin America) throw away, dispose of;
throw, cast; bounce; lose
5
.
33. Boya
n. buoy, anchored float used as a guide to
navigators
1
34. Boya
v. float
1
.
35. Brisca
n. Spanish card game
1
36. Brisca
v Card game
1
37. Brizna
n Strand, blade, drizzle
1
38. Brizna
v. drizzle, rain lightly (Caribbean)
1
39. Broma
n. joke, funny tale, jest, humorous remark; prank,
practical joke
2
40. Broma
v. joke, tell a funny tale, jest; banter, tease; fool,
play a joke on; spoof
4
41. Brote
n. shoot, sprout; outbreak; upsurge
3
.
42. Brote
v. sprout, burst forth; grow quickly; cause to sprout
.
C
3
1. Cabriola
n. caper, skip, prance
1
2. Cabriola
v. caper, cavort, skip
1
3.
Calumnia
n. calumny, slander, libel; defamation, slur
2
4.
Calumnia
v. calumniate, libel, slander; bad-mouth
2
5.
Calva
n. bald patch
1
6.
Calva
v. nail down; knock in; spike; rivet; fasten; thrust;
plunge
7
7.
Cancela
n. lattice gate
1
.
8.
Cancela
v. cancel, call off; annul; delete; countermand;
repudiate
9.
Capea
n. bullfight using young bulls
10.
Capea
v. play with the cape; deceive; weather
5
1
3
11.
Captura
n. capture, catching; arrest, apprehension; trapping
3
12.
Captura
v. capture, catch; prize.
2
13.
Carea
n. sheepdog, dog trained to guard and herd sheep;
act of bringing people face to face in order to
ascertain the truth
2
.
14.
Carea
v. confront, bring face to face
1
15.
Carga
n. cargo, freight, baggage; load, burden; onus,
responsibility; attack, onslaught; tax, levy
5
16.
Carga
v. load; burden; encumber; charge; stoke; oppress;
carry; plow; attack, assault; lean, incline; pester,
annoy; veer, change direction; crowd together
17.
Carroza
n. coach; float
2
18.
Carroza
V put a carriage to a mean of transportation
1
19.
Casa
n. house, place where people live; household;
interior; building, edifice; menage; hostel; place, lieu
7
20.
Casa
v. marry, wed; marry off; annul, cancel; harmonize,
reconcile
4
13
21.
Causa
n. cause, factor, reason; principle, purpose; basis for
a legal case; snack, small amount of food or drink
eaten between regular meals; food suitable for light
informal eating
5
.
22.
Causa
v. create, produce, make; cause, make happen,
bring forth; entail, involve
3
23.
Cava
n. digging
1
24.
Cava
v. dig; mole; delve
3
25.
Ceda
n. truce; give, ability to yield
2
26.
Ceda
v. concede, admit; yield, give up; cede, assign, grant
3
27.
Ceja
n. eyebrow, brow; flange
2
28.
Ceja
v. draw back, recoil; reel; be chicken
3
29.
Cena
n. supper, evening meal; dinner party
2
30.
Cena
v. dine, eat dinner
1
31.
Censura
n. censorship, suppression of material deemed
objectionable; censure, stricture; denunciation,
condemnation; animadversion
4
32.
Censura
v. censor, remove material (from books, movies,
etc.) which is considered offensive or immoral;
censure, condemn, blame; criticize
3
33.
Changa
n. porter; odd job, occasional job, irregular job
(Andes, Southern Cone), tip, gratuity especially paid
to a porter (Andes), joke, humorous remark
(Caribbean)
1
34.
Changa
V do a petty job.
1
35.
Charola
n. (Mexico) tray
1
36.
Charola
v. varnish
1
.
37.
Chicharra
n. cicada, any insect of the family Cicadidae (i.e.
cricket, grasshopper, locust, etc.)
1
38.
Chicharra
v. overcook, cook too long; bother, annoy; shoot,
fire a weapon; (Latin America) flatten, make flat
4
39.
Chiste
n. joke, gag; story; motto
3
40.
Chiste
v. jape
1
41.
Chiva
n. heroin, addictive narcotic which is made from
morphine (Mexico); stool pigeon, informer to the
police (Caribbean)
2
42.
Chiva
v. bother, annoy
1
43.
Chote
n Fruit of the plant chayote
1
44.
Chote
v. suck
1
45.
Cinta
n. tape; ribbon; film; cassette; loading belt;
headband
6
46.
Cinta
v Put ribbons
1
47.
Circunstancia
n. circumstance; contingency; conjuncture
3
48.
Circunstancia
v. account for; interpret, explicate, explain
2
49.
Cisca
n Plant native of Spain
1
50.
Cisca
v. dirty, soil, mess up, make a mess; put down,
humiliate, belittle (Caribbean and Mexico)
2
51.
Clarea
n. white wine with spices added
1
52.
Clarea
v. brighten, lighten; clarify
2
53.
Clausura
n. closing, closure; gag
2
.
54.
Clausura
v. close down; gag
2
55.
Clava
n. club, bat, cudgel
1
56.
Clava
v. nail down; knock in; spike; rivet; fasten; thrust;
plunge
7
57.
Clave
n. key, note; cypher, crypt; code, succession of
commands in a programming language
(Computers); clef, sign placed upon a staff to
indicate the pitch of notes (Music); harpsichord,
antique keyboard instrument (early form of the
piano)
5
58.
Clave
v. nail down; knock in; spike; rivet; fasten; thrust;
plunge
7
59.
Coca
n. coke, cocaine (addictive drug); Coca-Cola (sweet
carbonated drink); coca, any of a number of South
American shrubs (especially e. coca whose leaves
contain cocaine)
3
60.
Coca
v. scratch, rub, fray
1
61.
Cocina
n. kitchen, room or area in which food is prepared
and cooked; caboose, galley, kitchen on ship; stove;
oven; cooking; cuisine
6
62.
Cocina
v. cook
1
63.
Colecta
n. collection; quest; purse; kitty
4
64.
Colecta
v. collect, gather
1
65.
Cometa
n. comet, celestial body with a luminous tail; kite,
light framework covered with a thin material and
flown in the air at the end of a long string; hangglider, large wing equipped with a passenger
harness; sweetener
4
66.
Cometa
v. commit; make; give, entrust
3
67.
Comporte
n. behavior, conduct, manner of acting, bearing
1
68.
Comporte
v. bear, endure; comport oneself
2
69.
Compra
n. purchase, buy
1
70.
Compra
v. buy, purchase; get; invest in
3
71.
Condena
n. conviction
1
72.
Condena
v. condemn, convict; damn, doom; indict
3
73.
Conquista
n. conquest; capture, taking
2
74.
Conquista
v. conquer; win over; carry; capture
4
75.
Conserva
n. preserve, conserve
1
76.
Conserva
v. preserve, conserve; keep, retain
2
77.
Consigna
n. motto; cloakroom; locker
3
78.
Consigna
v. dispatch, consign; record; state
3
79.
Consulta
n. consultation; conference
2
.
80.
Consulta
v. consult, advise with; read
2
81.
Contesta
n. answer, response, reply (Latin America)
1
82.
Contesta
v. answer, reply; return; write back
3
83.
Contingente
n. contingent, quota
1
84.
Contingente
v. make subject to quotas
1
85.
Contraseña
n. password; shibboleth
2
86.
Contraseña
v Put a password.
1
87.
Contraste
n. contrast; contrary; hallmark; contradistinction,
distinction through the comparison of differences
4
88.
Contraste
v. resist; check; contrast
3
89.
Contrata
n. contract, agreement, pact; contracting, signing of
an agreement
2
90.
Contrata
v. contract; engage; hire
3
.
91.
Copa
n. glass; cup; goblet; crown; top; hearts; hubcap,
circular piece of metal that fits over the center of a
wheel; connoisseur
7
92.
Copa
v. surround; cut off; walk away
3
93.
Copia
n. copy; replica; print; transcript; abundance,
richness
4
94.
Copia
v. copy; write out; engross.
3
95.
Corona
n. crown, diadem; coronet; corona; krone, unit of
currency in Denmark and Norway
4
96.
Corona
v. crown, coronate; diadem; top, pinnacle; queen
4
97.
Correa
n. purlin, horizontal timber supporting the rafters of
a roof; strap, band; belt; leash
4
98.
Correa
v Put a strap
1
99.
Corta
n. crop; cutting
2
100.
Corta
v. cut; hack; chop; slice; lop; prune; nip; mow; clip;
exscind; fell
11
101.
Corte
n. cut; slice; court; retinue; circumcision; outage;
failure; break; haircut; paring; notch; incision; edge;
section
14
.
102.
Corte
v. cut; hack; chop; slice; lop; prune; nip; mow; clip;
exscind; fell
103.
Cosecha
n. crop, harvest, yield (Agriculture); vintage
2
104.
Cosecha
v. harvest, reap, gather in ripe crops
1
105.
Crema
n. cream; custard
2
106.
Crema
v. cremate, cinder, incinerate
1
11
107.
Cruce
n. crossing, junction, intersection
1
108.
Cruce
v. cross; criss cross; intersect; traverse
4
109.
Cruza
n. second plowing, tilling the soil for the second
time; hybrid, mixed breed, cross between two
animals or plants from different breeds or species
(Southern Cone)
2
110.
Cruza
v. cross; criss cross; intersect; traverse
4
111.
Cuadra
n. stable; hall; block
3
112.
Cuadra
v. square, quadrate; tally; assort
3
113.
Culpa
n. fault, blame, guilt
1
114.
Culpa
v. blame, accuse, inculpate
1
115.
Cura
n. cure, treatment; medication; curate; ecclesiastic,
priest; parson; reverend
6
116.
Cura
v. cure, restore to health, make well; correct a bad
3
habit; preserve food
D
1. Dalla
n scythe
1
2. Dalla
v. fail
1
3.
Danza
n. hornpipe, lively sailors' dance
1
4.
Danza
v. dance
1
5.
Data
n. date; item, thing, object
2
6.
Data
v. date, apply a date to
1
7.
Debate
n. debate, discussion
1
8.
Debate
v. debate, discuss
1
9.
Debe
n. debit
1
10.
Debe
v. should, shall; must; owe
3
11.
Deleite
n. delight, joy; treat
2
12.
Deleite
v. delight
1
13.
Demanda
n. demand, petition; count; request; rush
4
14.
Demanda
v. claim, demand; pursue; sue
3
15.
Demora
n. grace, reprieve; delay
2
16.
Demora
v. tarry, delay; postpone; linger
3
17.
Denuncia
n. denunciation, denouncement; delation;
impeachment; complaint
4
18.
Denuncia
v. denounce; squeal, inform against; proclaim,
announce; denote; foretell
5
19.
Deporte
n. sport, game; recreation; athletic competition
(especially one held outside)
3
20.
Deporte
v. deport; transport.
2
21.
Derrame
n. spillover; leak; outpouring
3
22.
Derrame
v. spill, cause or allow something to fall out of a
container (especially unintentionally); scatter;
divulge (Informal)
3
23.
Derriba
n. throw
1
24.
Derriba
v. knock down, cause to fall over; demolish; upset,
overturn; overthrow; fell; subdue, gain control over
6
25.
Derrota
n. defeat; rout; beating; reverse
4
26.
Derrota
v. rout, defeat; whip, beat
2
27.
Derrumbe
n. collapse
1
28.
Derrumbe
v. overthrow, overturn
1
29.
Desaire
n. snub, rebuff, slight; slap in the face
2
30.
Desaire
v. neglect; rebuff, slight, snub
2
31.
Desajuste
n. maladjustment; disarrangement; breakdown
3
32.
Desajuste
v. disarrange
1
33.
Desarme
n. dismantling
1
34.
Desarme
v. disassemble, dismantle; disarm
2
35.
Desate
n. cause and effect of being loosen
1
36.
Desate
v. undo, unloose; loosen, unbind, untie
2
37.
Desbarate
n.mess up
1
38.
Desbarate
v. ruin, damage; (Mexico) spoil, mess up; thwart,
frustrate, foil; mock, debunk; wreck, smash; rave,
speak deliriously; take apart, disassemble; squander,
misuse
8
39.
Descarga
n. unloading; volley, discharge
2
40.
Descarga
v. discharge, unload; release; download, copy files
from a distant computer through a modem
3
41.
Descarte
n. discard
1
42.
Descarte
v. discount; discard; dismiss; reject
4
43.
Descote
n.decolletage
1
44.
Descote
v Cut to fit
1
45.
Descuadre
n. Bad calculated bill
1
46.
Descuadre
v miscalculate a bill
1
47.
Desembalse
n Cause and effect of letting the water flow
1
48.
Desembalse
v Let the water flow out of a reservoir
-
49.
Desemboque
n outlet, outfall
1
50.
Desemboque
v. disgorge; flow; join; empty
4
51.
Desempate
n. tie breaker; replay
2
52.
Desempate
v. break a tie
1
53.
Desenganche
n release
1
54.
Desenganche
v. release; disengage; unhook
3
55.
Desenlace
n. outcome, denouement, final result; payoff
1
56.
Desenlace
v. unlace, undo or loosen laces on shoes or clothing
1
57.
Desestiba
n. unloading, removing, dismantling
1
58.
Desestiba
v. unload
1
59.
Desfase
n. gap
1
60.
Desfase
v. change the phase of something; upset the
balance, destabilize the equilibrium
2
61.
Desfile
n. march past; parade, procession
2
62.
Desfile
v. parade, troop, march in a procession
1
63.
Desfogue
n. venting
1
64.
Desfogue
v. vent
1
65.
Desfonde
n.Cause and effect of staving in
1
66.
Desfonde
v. stave in, bilge
1
67.
Desgaje
n.Cause and effect of tearing apart
1
68.
Desgaje
v. break off
1
69.
Desgana
n. reluctance, disinclination
1
70.
Desgana
v Lack of appetite
1
71.
Desgaste
n. wear; waste; leak; attrition; wastage
5
72.
Desgaste
v. outwear; wear out; abrade, wear off; fray
4
73.
Desglose
n. apportionment; breakdown
2
74.
Desglose
v. apportion; break down
2
75.
Deshoje
n.Leaves fall
1
76.
Deshoje
v. defoliate, remove leaves
1
77.
Deshonra
n. obloquy, defamation; disgrace, dishonor, shame
2
78.
Deshonra
v. defile; discredit; disgrace, dishonor
3
79.
Deslumbre
n glare, dazzle
1
80.
Deslumbre
v. blind, dazzle; glare
2
.
81.
Desmadre
n. excess, overabundance; immoderation; outrage
1
82.
Desmadre
v decline, fall off.
3
83.
Desmesura
n. excess; enormity; disproportion
3
84.
Desmesura
v. exceed, go beyond
1
85.
Desmonte
n. clearance
1
86.
Desmonte
v. dismount, alight; disassemble, dismantle; strip;
level
4
87.
Desnieve
n Melting of the snow
1
88.
Desnieve
v Melt the snow
1
89.
Despalme
n Cut performed in a tree
1
90.
Despalme
v Clean and give grease
1
91.
Despegue
n. blast off, takeoff
1
92.
Despegue
v. lift-off, take-off; peel off, detach, unstick
2
93.
Despeje
n. clearance
1
94.
Despeje
v. clear; free; open up; turn out; level
5
95.
Despelote
n. nudity, nakedness, state of being exposed; big
night out
2
96.
Despelote
v. strip, undress
1
97.
Despinte
n Portion of mineral inferior to the expected
1
98.
Despinte
v. remove paint; distort, deform
2
99.
Despioje
n Cause and effect of delousing
1
100.
Despioje
v. delouse
1
101.
Despiste
n. vagueness
1
102.
Despiste
v. mislead, sidetrack
1
103.
Desplante
n. dance steps in a Flamencan dance
1
104.
Desplante
v. pull out, remove, uproot, extirpate
1
105.
Despliegue
n. display; deployment; unfolding
3
106.
Despliegue
v. display, show; reveal; open up; unfold
4
107.
Desplome
n. collapse; leaning; sagging
3
108.
Desplome
v. come down; fall in, collapse
2
109.
Desplume
n the plucking a bird’s feathers
1
110.
Desplume
v. pick, deplume, pluck
1
111.
Despunte
n blunting
1
112.
Despunte
v. blunt
1
113.
Desqueje
n Cause and effect of forming cuttings
1
114.
Desqueje
v Form cuttings
1
115.
Desquite
n. retribution, requital, retaliation
1
116.
Desquite
v. compensate
1
117.
Destape
n. nudity, nakedness, state of being exposed;
permissiveness, quality of being permissive
2
118.
Destape
v. open; uncover
2
119.
Destete
n. weaning
1
120.
Destete
v. wean
1
121.
Desyerba
n. weeding, removing weeds
1
122.
Desyerba
v. weed
1
123.
Dieta
n. diet, regimen
1
124.
Dieta
v Be on a diet
-
125.
Diploma
n. diploma, certificate given upon completion of a
course of study (i.e. high school, university, etc.)
1
126.
Diploma
v. diploma
1
127.
Disculpa
n. apology, excuse; exculpation
2
128.
Disculpa
v. justify, excuse; exculpate; forgive
3
129.
Disfrute
n. enjoyment
1
130.
Disfrute
v. enjoy, delight, take pleasure in
1
131.
Disloque
n. limit, point at which something ends; last straw,
small issue following a series of difficult matters that
causes a person to lose his cool; confusion, disorder,
bewilderment
3
132.
Disloque
v. put out; dislocate
2
133.
Disputa
n. dispute, argument; debate; haggling
3
134.
Disputa
v. vie; contest, dispute
2
135.
Distancia
n. distance; interval; remoteness
3
136.
Distancia
v. distance, keep at a distance; leave far behind;
maintain a distance between
3
137.
Dobla
n Spanish golden coin
-
138.
Dobla
v. fold, bend; dub; double, play the part of a double
in a play or film; subdue; turn; yield
6
139.
Dobladilla
n. hem, folded and stitched down edge of cloth;
edge of a garment
2
140.
Dobladilla
v. hem, fold and sew down the edge of a piece of
cloth, enclose
1
141.
Dona
n. dona; gift, present; legacy
3
142.
Dona
v. grant, donate, gift
1
143.
Droga
n. cocaine, drug used to relieve pain (highly
addictive); dope, addictive drug; drug, natural or
artificial substance used as a medication; narcotic
4
144.
Droga
v. dope, drug
1
145.
Ducha
n. douche, stream of water used to cleanse various
parts of the body (for medical or hygienic purposes);
shower bath, device that releases water into a bath
for cleansing purposes
2
146.
Ducha
v. douche
1
147.
duda
n. doubt, qualm, misgiving
1
148.
duda
v. waver; boggle; doubt
3
149.
dulzura
n. mellowness, softness; gentleness; sweetness
3
150.
dulzura
v mitigate, soften in force or severity; lessen the
impact or intensity of; appease, make easier,
sweeten; be assuaged, become less severe (about
punishments, circumstances, emotions, etc.)
-
1. Eclipse
n. eclipse, obscuring of one celestial body by
another (i.e. sun, moon, etc.); any obscuration of
light
1
2. Eclipse
v. eclipse, cause to undergo an eclipse; outshine,
overshadow, surpass
2
E
3.
Efigie
n. effigy, representation of a person, sculpted
likeness (as on a monument)
1
4.
Efigie
v. personify
1
5.
Embalse
n. dam; reservoir
2
6.
Embalse
v. cross a river; dam; raft
3
7.
Embarque
n. embarkation, going aboard; shipment; melodrama
3
8.
Embarque
v. embark, go on board; ship
2
9.
Embolate
n. mess
1
10.
Embolate
v To mess up
1
11.
Emboque
n. tight passage
1
12.
Emboque
v. hole, create a hole
1
13.
Embrague
n. clutch, gear, mechanical device which transmits
power from the engine to the gears (in a vehicle)
1
14.
Embrague
v. engage; clutch
2
15.
Empalme
n. joint, connection; junction; splice; union,
combination; abutment
5
16.
Empalme
v. join, splice; accrete
2
17.
Empaste
n. filling
1
18.
Empaste
v. paste; fill; plug
3
19.
Empate
n. draw; dead heat; joint
3
20.
Empate
v. join, connect; bother, harass; waste; draw, tie
4
21.
Empella
n. vamp; lard
2
22.
Empella
v. push, shove, thrust
1
23.
Empeña
n shovel
1
24.
Empeña
v. pawn, hock; pledge; give; throw; engage; join
6
25.
Empina
n Grass that grows on unwanted areas
1
26.
Empina
v. raise; tip; drink
3
27.
Emplea
n merchandise
1
28.
Emplea
v. use, employ; engage; exercise; hire
4
29.
Empuje
n. pressure; hustle; shove, push; buoyancy; vim,
verve
5
30.
Empuje
v. push, shove, thrust; urge, prod; apply pressure;
promote an initiative
4
31.
Encaje
n. insertion; socket; lace; tatting
4
32.
Encaje
v. insert; encase; enclose; rabbet; chuck; fit
6
33.
Encante
n. auction sale, location where authion sales take
place
1
34.
Encante
v. bewitch, charm, enchant, captivate
1
35.
Encarte
n. insert, inset
1
36.
Encarte
v. enrol; outlaw
2
37.
Encepe
n Cause and effect of putting someone in a stock
1
38.
Encepe
v Put someone in a stock
1
39.
Enceste
n. basket
1
40.
Enceste
v. score a basket
1
41.
Enchufe
n. joint; sleeve; contact; socket, jack; plug; push;
pull; soft job
8
42.
Enchufe
v. join, connect; plug; telescope; merge
4
43.
Enclave
n. enclave, territory or culturally distinct entity
surrounded by the territory of another country
1
44.
Enclave
v. lock up; nail, pierce; embed; swindle
4
45.
Encuadre
n. background, setting
1
46.
Encuadre
v. frame, enclose in a frame
1
47.
Encuarte
n. price, cost, value
1
48.
Encuarte
v. rope, tie, fasten with a rope (Mexico)
1
49.
Endoble
n Double shifts that the miners do
1
50.
Endoble
v Make two sheep raise a breeding together
1
51.
Endulce
n Cause and effect of sweeten olives
1
52.
Endulce
v. sweeten, sugarcoat
1
53.
Enfoque
n. focusing; grasp; approach
3
54.
Enfoque
v. focus; approach; consider; angle; zoom
5
55.
Enganche
n. hook; hitch; coupling; connection; recruitment;
deposit
6
56.
Enganche
v. hook up; hitch; gaff; snag; harness; inveigle;
attach; recruit
8
57.
Engargante
n meshing
1
58.
Engargante
v Stick something in a throat
1
59.
Engaste
n. setting; mounting; bezel
3
60.
Engaste
v. set; take to; mount
3
61.
Engorda
n. fatstock, fattening; fattened animals
2
62.
Engorda
v. fatten, grow fat; swell, increase; gain
3
63.
Engrase
n. lubrication, application of a lubricant (i.e. oil,
grease), state of being lubricated; bribe, money or
favors given to influence or corrupt another's
conduct
2
64.
Engrase
v. oil, grease
1
65.
Enmienda
n. emendation, correction, improvement
1
66.
Enmienda
v. emend; amend, reform, rectify
2
67.
Enrame
n Cause and effect of covering with branches
1
68.
Enrame
v. cover with branches, start budding leaves
1
69.
Ensanche
n. enlargement, expansion; extension; development
3
70.
Ensanche
v. enlarge; widen, broaden; extend, stretch
3
71.
Ensaye
n. assay, testing of an ore or alloy to determine the
amount of metal contained in it
1
72.
Ensaye
v. test, assay, try; essay, attempt; rehearse
3
73.
Entable
n. boarding; planking, wood flooring
2
74.
Entable
v. board; floor; start, establish; file; prosecute
5
75.
Entalle
n Carved rock
1
76.
Entalle
v. sculpt; notch; tailor
3
77.
Enlace
n. link, connection, bond; hyperlink, part of a
hypertext document which leads a user to another
hypertext document (Computers); relationship,
liaison; marriage, wedding; meeting
5
78.
Enlace
v. link, connect; tie, bind; knit together; hyperlink
(Computers); marry, wed (Mexico)
5
79.
Entretalla
n Half size
1
80.
Entretalla
v engrave
1
81.
Entrega
n. delivery; post; handing over, surrender; part,
instalment; number, fascicule; commitment,
dedication, devotion; enthusiasm
6
82.
Entrega
v. deliver, convey; give over; consign; submit;
surrender; address; serve
7
83.
Entronque
n. junction, place where two things meet and cross
(roads, rivers, etc.); intersection; connection;
cognation, cognate relationship
4
84.
Entronque
v. connect, join, link
1
85.
Envase
n. wrapping, packaging; bottling; canning; package,
pack; can; container
6
86.
Envase
v. package, pack; packet; can; bottle; knock back
5
87.
Envidia
n. envy, jealousy
1
88.
Envidia
v. envy, begrudge
1
89.
Escabuche
n. weeding hoe
1
90.
Escabuche
v Small hoe used to weed
1
91.
Escala
n. ladder; scale; stopover
3
92.
Escala
v. climb, scale; escalate; burgle, break into and
steal; call
4
93.
Escape
n. escape, flight, getaway; leak; avoidance; exhaust
4
94.
Escape
v. escape, flee, run away; let off
2
95.
Escarpe
n. escarp
1
96.
Escarpe
v. escarp, scarp; rasp
2
97.
Escoba
n. broom, brush; besom; broomstick
3
98.
Escoba
v. brush, comb or polish with a brush
1
99.
Escobilla
n. small broom, whisk, brush
1
100.
Escobilla
v. tap the feet on the floor (Latin America), brush;
scrub
2
101.
Escote
n. low neck; neckline; Scot
3
102.
Escote
v. cut out; draw water, pump water
2
103.
Esmalte
n. enamel, varnish
1
104.
Esmalte
v. enamel, varnish
1
105.
Espante
n Confusion made when the cattle gets loose
1
106.
Espante
v. frighten, scare; appall, horrify, dismay
2
107.
Espera
n. wait; delay; stay; patience
4
108.
Espera
v. hope, expect; wait, tarry; stay; watch; anticipate;
trust
6
109.
Esperanza
n. hope, expectation, anticipation; confidence
2
110.
Esperanza
v. give hope to
1
111.
Espía
n. spy, person who is employed by a government to
gather information on other countries, secret agent;
(Computers) cookie, file planted on a user's hard
disk by an Internet site
1
112.
Espía
v. spy, spy on, keep watch on; watch, look
2
113.
Espiga
n. ear; tang; spike; sprig; spigot; tenon; dowel, peg;
shaft; clapper; fuse; masthead
114.
Espiga
v. glean; pin; shoot up
11
3
115.
Espina
n. thorn, spine, prickle; splinter; bone; fishbone;
doubt
5
116.
Espina
v. prick, perforate, pierce; nettle, sting with thorn or
nettle
2
117.
Esponja
n. sponge, aquatic animal with a porous outer body
and a rigid or elastic skeleton; skeleton of a sponge;
piece of flexible and absorbent plastic or rubber
used for cleaning; one or that which absorbs;
sponger
5
118.
Esponja
v. sponge, absorb liquid
1
119.
Esposa
n. wife, female spouse; helpmate
2
120.
Esposa
v. handcuff, restrain with handcuffs (ring-shaped
shackles for the wrists)
1
121.
Espuma
n. foam, froth, light frothy mass of bubbles; lather,
soapy foam; scum; head
4
122.
Espuma
v. skim off, scum; froth, foam
2
123.
Esquina
n. corner; quoin
2
124.
Esquina
v. make a corner
1
125.
Estafa
n. swindle, cheating, fraud
1
126.
Estafa
v. cheat, swindle; sharp; trick; shortchange
4
127.
Estampa
n. imprint, stamp
1
128.
Estampa
v. print, impress; stamp; engrave; tool; pattern;
block
6
129.
Estofa
n. quilting; quality; verse
3
130.
Estofa
v. stew
1
131.
Estrella
n. star; self-illuminating gaseous celestial body,
celestial body which is seen on Earth as a small light
in the nighttime sky (Astronomy); celebrity
(especially an actor or athlete); design with five or
six points; pip; blaze; canvas
7
132.
Estrella
v. star; spangle, decorate with spangles; dash,
shatter; fry
4
133.
Estrena
n. gift; token, memento; Christmas present
3
134.
Estrena
v. release, use for the first time; launch, show for
the first time
2
135.
Estufa
n. stove, apparatus which provides heat for cooking
or warmth and is powered by electricity or fuel;
(Mexico) cooker; heater
3
136.
Estufa
v. braise, stew
1
137.
Etiqueta
n. etiquette; formality; ticket; docket; tab; mark;
(Computers) tag, label which instructs the computer
to display the text following it in a certain way (in
the programming language HTML)
6
138.
Etiqueta
v. label, affix a tag or sticker to; classify
2
139.
Excava
n Cause and effect of digging
1
140.
Excava
v. excavate, dig out, hollow; dig, grub; burrow,
tunnel
3
141.
Excusa
n. apology, excuse; alibi
2
142.
Excusa
v. excuse; exempt; avoid, prevent; spare
4
F
1. Facha
n. look; figure; picture; fascist, one who favors a
dictatorial system of government
4
2. Facha
v steal
1
3.
Factura
n. invoice, bill; sales check
2
4.
Factura
v. bill; invoice; check in
3
5.
Falla
n. fault, flaw; failure; void; shift
4
6.
Falla
v. ruff, trump; pronounce, proclaim; fail; miss;
misfire
5
7.
Fatiga
n. fatigue; toil, labor
2
8.
Fatiga
v. tire, weary, fatigue; distress
2
9.
Felpa
n. chenille, decorative thread or yarn; plush
2
10.
Felpa
v. cover with plush
1
11.
Filme
n. film, picture, movie
1
12.
Filme
v. film, shoot, record a motion picture
1
13.
Firma
n. signature; endorsement; signing; firm, company,
commercial business
4
14.
Firma
v. sign, mark, indicate; write one's name,
autograph; ratify; witness
4
15.
Fisga
n. fish spear
1
16.
Fisga
v. pry, snoop; mock; jeer
3
17.
Fisura
n. fissure, narrow crack, narrow opening; natural
cleft or groove (Anatomy)
2
18.
Fisura
v Produce a fissure
1
19.
Flecha
n. arrow; dart; shaft
3
20.
Flecha
v. dart
1
21.
Fleje
n Hoop, metal/ plastic strip , spring
1
22.
Fleje
v Collocate hoops
1
23.
Flota
n. navy; fleet, armada; shipping
3
24.
Flota
v. float, stay on the surface of a liquid; drift; wave;
waft; hover
5
25.
Forja
n. forge; foundry; forging
3
26.
Forja
v. forge, fashion; trump up
2
27.
Forma
n. form, shape; turn; line; figuration; likeness,
similitude; pattern; way
7
28.
Forma
v. form, shape, fashion, create; design; constitute;
arrange; take shape; educate, teach, train; form up
7
29.
Fosa
n. pit; fossa, cavity or depression in a bone
(Anatomy)
2
30.
Fosa
v. moat, trench, dig a deep ditch
1
31.
Fotocopia
n. photocopy, xerox
1
32.
Fotocopia
v. photocopy, photostat, xerox
1
.
33.
Fotografía
n. photography, art of producing images on film that
is sensitive to light or radiation, art of taking
pictures; photograph, photo, picture
2
34.
Fotografía
v. photo, photograph, take a picture, produce an
image using a photographic process
1
35.
Fractura
n. fracture, breakage
1
36.
Fractura
v. fracture, be broken
1
37.
Fragua
n. forge, forgery
1
38.
Fragua
v. forge; bind; set
3
39.
Fresa
n. strawberry, small low growing plant; red edible
fruit of the strawberry plant; drill, milling cutter
3
40.
Fresa
v. mill
1
41.
Freza
n. spawn; seed; dung
3
42.
Freza
v. spawn, reproduce, produce eggs in large numbers
(about aquatic animals)
1
43.
Frisa
n. frieze, decorative border (Architecture)
1
44.
Frisa
v. border on, lie on the boundary of
1
45.
Fuga
n. outflow; leakage; escape; elopement; jailbreak,
escape from prison; fugue, type of musical
composition
6
46.
Fuga
v. escape, run away, flee; elope, secretly run away
for the purpose of being married
2
G
1. Gafa
n. grapple, clamp
1
2. Gafa
v. hook, ensnare; hang; jinx, bring bad luck upon
2
3.
Galope
n. gallop, fast run (of horse)
1
4.
Galope
v. gallop, ride a horse at a gallop
1
5.
Gana
n. desire; wish
2
6.
Gana
v. gain, acquire; profit, earn; add; win; defeat;
capture, possess; reach, arrive; prosper, succeed;
flourish, thrive
9
7.
Garrocha
n. goad, device used to urge an animal in a certain
direction; spear; pole; vaulting pole
4
8.
Garrocha
v Jab with the lance
1
9.
Gloria
n. glory, fame; triumph
2
10.
Gloria
v glorify
1
11.
Glosa
n. gloss; explanatory note (in the margins of a text,
etc.); commentary
3
12.
Glosa
v. gloss; add an explanatory note (in the margins of
a text, etc.); comment
3
.
13.
Gobierna
n Weathercock
1
14.
Gobierna
v. govern, rule; control; guide, direct; steer,
navigate
4
15.
Goce
n. enjoyment, fun, pleasure
1
16.
Goce
v. enjoy, joy; take; earn
3
17.
Grapa
n. staple; clamp; holdfast
3
18.
Grapa
v. staple, bind together by means of a staple or
staples
1
19.
Grada
n. step; tier; harrow; shipway
4
20.
Grada
v. harrow, break up and level plowed ground by
means of a harrow; gradate
2
21.
Grama
n. grass, green plant with flat leaves and jointed
stems (used as a ground cover in lawns, fields, etc.)
1
22.
Grama
v. grass; hackle
2
23.
Grana
n. cochineal, red dye; small seed; scarlet, bright red
color
3
24.
Grana
v. seed, plant or sow seeds; run to seed, fertilize a
seed
2
25.
Granalla
n Amount of metallic portions
1
26.
Granalla
v Reduce a metal
1
27.
Grita
n. shouting, act of yelling, act of screaming, act of
calling out; uproar, tumult, disorder, pandemonium
2
28.
Grita
v. shout, yell, scream, shriek
1
29.
Guadaña
n. scythe, agricultural tool comprised of a long
curved blade attached to a long handle (used for
cutting and harvesting)
1
30.
Guadaña
v. scythe, cut or harvest with a scythe
1
31.
Guarda
n. guard, ward; keeper; blank page
3
32.
Guarda
v. guard, preserve, watch over; keep; protect
3
33.
Guinche
n crane
1
34.
Guinche
v. screech, ululate
1
1. Habla
n. speech, speaking ability; something that is
communicated orally, something that is spoken;
dialogue, conversation; manner in which one
speaks; dialect; language
6
2. Habla
v. speak, talk; communicate; chat, gab
3
H
3.
Hacha
n. axe, chopper, hatchet; torch
2
4.
Hacha
v. hew, cut off, cut down (as with an ax)
1
5.
Hamaca
n. hammock, hanging bed made of woven rope or
canvas and suspended by cords at either end
1
6.
Hamaca
v. swing, rock
1
7.
Hebilla
n. buckle; barrette
2
8.
Hebilla
Put buckles
1
9.
Hila
n. row, line
1
10.
Hila
v. spin, form thread or yarn by drawing out and
twisting fibers
11.
Hincha
n. ill-will, animosity; fan, supporter
2
12.
Hincha
v. fill up, make full
1
13.
Hipoteca
n. mortgage, conditional conveyance of property as
for security on a loan; pledging, lien
2
1
14.
Hipoteca
v. mortgage, hypothecate, pledge as security
1
15.
Historia
n. story, tale; record, history
2
16.
Historia
v. chronicle, record, write down (historical or other
events)
1
17.
Honra
n. honor, esteem, respect, good reputation;
integrity, honesty, truthfulness; award
3
18.
Honra
v. honor; grace
2
19.
Hueva
n. roe, eggs of a fish, eggs of various crustaceans
1
20.
Hueva
Having spawn
1
21.
Husma
Cause and effect of pry
1
22.
Husma
v. nose, sniff; poke about
2
I
1. Idea
n. idea, concept, thought; outline, scheme; memory;
intention; opinion; belief
6
2. Idea
v. think up, dream up; ideate, think; invent,
originate; devise, contrive
4
3.
Iguala
n. equalization, act of making equal; act of making
uniform
2
4.
Iguala
v. equalize, level; make even; balance; match;
compare
5
5.
Importe
n. amount
1
6.
Importe
v. import; matter; amount to
3
7.
Incordia
n Nuisance, pest
1
8.
Incordia
v. bother, annoy, harass
1
9.
Injerta
n Grafting; graft, scion
2
10.
Injerta
v. graft, inserted a portion of a plant into the stem
of another (Horticulture); surgically transplant a
portion of tissue from one place to another; illegally
3
or dishonestly acquire money
11.
Injuria
n. insult, invective
1
12.
Injuria
v. insult; revile; wrong
3
1. Jalea
n. jelly, soft food product containing gelatin or
pectin; jam
2
2. Jalea
v. prod on
1
J
3.
Jeringa
n. squirt; douche; syringe
3
4.
Jeringa
v. squirt, shoot out in a thin stream (of liquid)
1
5.
Joroba
n. hump, rounded projection (especially on the back
of humans or animals); boss, roundish lump
(Botany, Zoology)
2
6.
Joroba
v. tease, pester
1
7.
Junta
n. junta, temporary ruling body established after a
revolution (often comprised of military officers);
council; administrative council, political council
(especially in South America)
3
8.
Junta
v. join, attach, connect; unite, combine; be
connected; become a member; scare up
5
9.
Justa
n. joust, fight between knights on horseback who
attempt to unseat each other with lances
1
10.
Justa
v. joust
1
1. Lanza
n. lance, spear; pole
2
2. Lanza
v. throw, cast; send; sling; aim; shoot; pitch;
release; launch; dart, dash
9
L
3.
Lasca
n. chip, small piece
1
4.
Lasca
v. slacken; graze; chip
3
5.
Lava
n. lava, molten rock expelled from a volcano;
solidified volcanic rock
2
6.
Lava
v. wash, cleansing; rinsing; cleaning; cleaning
laundry; shampoo, wash one's hair with shampoo
5
7.
Leña
n. brushwood, firewood; brush; wood
3
8.
Leña
v. cut into firewood
1
9.
Levante
n. Levant, countries located on the eastern shores of
the Mediterranean Sea
3
n. east, direction from which the sun rises, direction
opposite west on a compass; uprising, rebellion,
revolt
10.
Levante
v. raise, elevate, lift; uplift, cause emotional or
spiritual elation; excite, arouse; straighten; erect,
build; take; flush; remove; adjourn; recruit; clear
away; earn; arrest, imprison
11.
Lía
n. esparto grass
1
12.
Lía
v. tie, tie up, bind; roll
2
13
13.
Libela
n Silver coin used by the Romans
1
14.
Libela
v Make reference to something
1
15.
Liga
n. league; table; suspender; garter; alloy; lime; link,
part of a hypertext document which leads a user to
another hypertext document
7
16.
Liga
v. tie, bind; attach; alloy; slur
4
17.
Lija
n. dogfish, type of small shark
1
18.
Lija
v. sand, sandpaper
1
19.
Lima
n. Lima, capital city of Peru (country in South
America)
4
n. lime, small green citrus fruit with juicy sour pulp;
file, tool for smoothing surfaces; shirt, garment with
long or short sleeves that is worn on the upper body
20.
Lima
v. file, smooth with a file
1
21.
Losa
n. slab, flagstone, paving-stone
1
22.
Losa
v Cover the floor with flagstones
1
23.
Lucha
n. fight, battle, combat; wrestle; quarrel
3
24.
Lucha
v. fight, battle; combat; wrestle; agonize
4
25.
Luche
n Wrinkled, crumpled
1
26.
Luche
v. fight, battle; combat; wrestle; agonize
4
27.
Lustre
n. polish, substance used to shine; gloss
2
28.
Lustre
v. shine; polish (shoes, silverware, etc.); glaze
3
1. Llaga
n. sore, wound
1
2. Llaga
v. wound, hurt
1
LL
3.
Llama
n. llama, South American mammal which has soft
woolly hair and is used as a beast of burden; flame,
blaze
2
4.
Llama
v. call; name; invite; attract; knock; ring up;
summon; recall
8
5.
Llena
n overflow
1
6.
Llena
v. fill; cover; pack; stuff; crowd; occupy; equate
7
1. Macha
n. mannish woman
1
2. Macha
v. souse, make intoxicated (Slang)
1
M
3.
Malla
n. netting, mesh; network; mail; bathing suit
4
4.
Malla
v Make a mesh
1
5.
Malva
n. mallow, any of a number of plants belonging to
the genus Malva having hairy stems and pink or
white flowers; mauve, pale bluish-purple color
2
6.
Malva
v corrupt
1
7.
Mama
n. mammary gland
1
8.
Mama
v. suck, draw into the mouth using the lips and
tongue; (vulgar) fellate, participate in oral sex
2
9.
Mancha
n. spot, roundish stain, dot, speck; blemish
2
10.
Mancha
v. spot, mark; soil, dirty; smear, smudge
3
11.
Manga
n. hose, flexible tube through which water or other
liquids are conveyed; sleeve, part of a shirt which
covers the arm; protective cover or case (as for a
book or record); cylinder, tubular piece (Machinery);
cheesecloth; windsock
5
12.
Manga
v. pinch, pocket
1
13.
Maniobra
n. maneuvering, handling; move
2
14.
Maniobra
v. handle, maneuver; work
2
15.
Maraña
n. thicket; entanglement; skein
3
16.
Maraña
v tangle
1
17.
Maravilla
n. marvel, wonder, wondrous thing; marigold, plant
with orange or yellow flowers
2
18.
Maravilla
v. astonish, astound, wonder
1
19.
Marca
n. mark; stamp; footprint; trademark; performance;
patent; landmark; (Computers) bookmark, Internet
address saved in a user's list of favorite sites;
(Computers) tag
9
20.
Marca
v. mark, indicate, signal; write down, record; notice;
make a mark; score
5
21.
Marcha
n. march, long journey by foot; coordinated steps of
soldiers; decampment; walkout; run; walk; hike;
speed; running, functioning; track; way; tide; line
13
22.
Marcha
v. go; walk; track; move; travel; march; trot; live;
10
direct; level
23.
Marea
n. tide, ebb and flow, current; anything that
fluctuates like the tides of the sea
12
24.
Marea
v. sail; navigate; annoy; faze
4
25.
Mata
n. bush; shrub; tuft, clump
3
26.
Mata
v. kill, murder; slaughter; homicide; butcher;
postmark; destroy; file, smooth with a file; cancel;
diminish; upset
27.
Mate
n. mate; checkmate; gourd; dummy; smash
28.
Mate
v. kill, murder; slaughter; homicide; butcher;
postmark; destroy; file, smooth with a file; cancel;
diminish; upset
10
29.
Mecha
n. wick, bundle of fibers or string used in burning a
candle or an oil lamp; match; fuse
3
30.
Mecha
v. lard, spread with pig fat; flavor with pig fat; stuff,
fill with some type of stuffing
3
31.
Media
n. stocking; sock; mean, average, median; medium
4
32.
Media
v. arbitrate, mediate; happen
2
10
5
33.
Medicina
n. medicine, medicament; dose; doctor
3
34.
Medicina
v. treat, medicate; dose
2
35.
Mejora
n. improvement, amelioration
1
36.
Mejora
v. improve, make better, increase in quality,
enhance; become better, recuperate; fix up, repair;
upgrade; gain; break, do better than
6
37.
Merma
n. decrease; shrinkage; depletion; ullage; waste
5
38.
Merma
v. deplete, waste away; shake; abate
3
39.
Mesa
n. table; bureau; drawing table; liturgy
40.
Mesa
v. Pull one´s beard
1
41.
Mesura
n. measuring glass
1
42.
Mesura
v. admeasure, measure out, portion out; measure a
ship (Nautical)
1
3
43.
Mezcla
n. mixture, combination, blend, compound; jumble,
variety
2
44.
Mezcla
v. blend, mix, merge, combine
1
45.
Moje
n sauce
1
46.
Moje
v. wet, soak in water; moisten; drench, soak,
saturate
3
47.
Montea
Cause and effect of chasing animals
1
48.
Montea
v. hunt, search
1
.
49.
Muda
n. change of clothing; moult, periodical shedding (of
horns, skins, feathers, etc.)
2
50.
Muda
v. change, alter; turn; vary; transfer; turn around;
veer; moult; mutate
8
n. nothingness, nought; nil, naught
2
N
1. Nada
Nada
v. swim, propel oneself through water using the
arms and legs
1
3.
Nafra
n Wound
1
4.
Nafra
v injure
1
5.
Nance
n bush
1
6.
Nance
v harvest
1
7.
Náusea
n. nausea, qualm
1
8.
Náusea
v. nauseate, cause uneasiness in one's stomach
1
9.
Nevisca
n Light snowfall
1
10.
Nevisca
v. snow lightly
1
2.
11.
Nombre
n. name, word or phrase by which someone or
something is called or identified; noun
2
12.
Nombre
v. name, appoint; nominate; post; commission
4
O
1. Obra
n. work; effort; play; building site; hearth; example;
production; workmanship, handiwork; exemplar;
danger
2. Obra
v. act, do; operate; work
3
10
3.
Octava
n. octave, eight line stanza in poem; musical note at
interval
2
4.
Octava
Reduce the eighth part
1
5.
Ofensa
n. offense, insult, affront; trespass; misdemeanor
3
6.
Ofensa
v. give offense, offend, insult, hurt the feelings of
1
7.
Oferta
n. offer, tender, bid; gift, present; supply
3
.
8.
Oferta
v. tender, offer formally, suggest, make a suggestion
1
9.
Ofrenda
n. oblation, offering or sacrifice
1
10.
Ofrenda
v. offer up
1
11.
Orina
n. urine, yellowish liquid waste secreted by the
kidneys through the urethra
1
12.
Orina
v. urinate, discharge urine from the body, discharge
fluid excrement from the body
1
.
13.
Orquesta
n. orchestra, band composed of musicians of many
different instruments (usually including string and
wind instruments); space reserved in front of a
stage for musicians (Theatre)
2
.
14.
v. orchestrate; score
2
1. Paga
n. pay, pay packet
1
2. Paga
v. pay, give money for goods or to cancel debts;
settle, repay; give; acquit; discharge; allow; bear;
honor; meet; light
10
Orquesta
P
.
3.
Parcela
n. plot; piece of ground; parcel; particle; allotment
5
4.
Parcela
v. break up, split up
1
5.
Parte
n. part; message; report; dispatch; news bulletin;
portion; section, segment; share; side; role;
contender; spare part
12
6.
Parte
v. divide, split up; share; cut, chop; break; tear;
district; abandon, depart; dole out; fly off; chapter
10
7.
Patrulla
n. patrol; section
2
8.
Patrulla
v. patrol, scout
1
.
9.
Pauta
n. rule; norm; guide; line; pattern, model, example;
paragon
6
10.
Pauta
v. interline, interlineate
1
11.
Pecha
n. push, act of shoving or thrusting, shove, thrust
1
12.
Pecha
v Shove, justle
1
13.
Peine
n. comb, toothed object used to arrange hair
1
14.
Peine
v. comb; dress; do
3
15.
Pelea
n. battle, fight, combat; scrambling; infighting;
scene; concourse
5
16.
Pelea
v. scrimmage, skirmish, quarrel
1
17.
Perfume
n. scent, odor, perfume
1
18.
Perfume
v. scent, perfume
1
19.
Permuta
n. barter, exchange goods and services
1
20.
Permuta
v. permute, exchange; barter
2
21.
Pesca
n. pinch; catch; fishing; bag
4
22.
Pesca
v. fish, catch fish; try to catch fish; search for fish
3
23.
Pesga
n dumbbell
1
24.
Pesga
v crush
1
25.
Pifia
n. bloomer; blunder
2
26.
Pifia
v. mess up, blunder
1
.
27.
Pinta
n. marking; pint, unit for measuring volume that is
equal to one-eighth of a gallon; spot; pinta, bacterial
disease that causes spotting and discoloration of the
skin (Pathology)
4
.
28.
Pinta
v. paint; picture; depict, portray; decorate; stain
5
29.
Plancha
n. iron; plate; griddle, frying pan; gaffe, howler;
gangway
5
.
30.
Plancha
v. iron, press, remove wrinkles from fabric with an
iron
.
1
31.
Porfía
n. insistence, obstinacy
1
.
32.
Porfía
v. insist, persist
1
33.
Pregunta
n. question, inquiry, query; exasperation
2
.
34.
Pregunta
v. ask, question, inquire; examine; treat; grill
4
35.
Prenda
n. pledge; favor; forfeit; garment; token; gift; pawn
7
36.
Prenda
v. captivate, enchant, capture someone's interest
7
v. arrest, apprehend; capture; get; take; turn on;
switch on
37.
Propina
n. perquisite; gratification; tip
3
.
38.
Propina
v. treat to a drink; strike a deal
2
39.
Protesta
n. protest, objection; obtestation; insurrection;
moan, wail; (Mexico) promise, pledge; oath, words
of a solemn promise
6
.
40.
v. protest, demonstrate, remonstrate; assert, make
a declaration; assert objection, declare opposition
3
1. Quema
n burning.
1
2. Quema
v. burn, incinerate; scorch; shrivel; frost
4
Protesta
Q
.
R
1. Rebaja
n. discount, reduction, abatement
1
2. Rebaja
v. lower, lessen; deduct; abate; discount; deflate;
cheapen, debase
6
.
3.
Receta
n. recipe; prescription
2
.
4.
Receta
v. prescribe
1
5.
Recolecta
n. Harvest; collection
2
6.
Recolecta
v. gather, garner; harvest
2
7.
Recompensa
n. recompense, reward, repayment, reimbursement;
compensation, restitution
2
.
8.
Recompensa
v. guerdon, recompense, reward, requite
1
9.
Reconquista
n. recapture, reconquest
1
10.
Reconquista
v. retake, recapture, reconquer
1
11.
Reforma
n. reform, improvement; alteration; upgrade
3
12.
Reforma
v. reform; reclaim; alter; upgrade; clean up
5
.
13.
Remesa
n. consignment; remittance
2
14.
Remesa
v. remit, release, send, dispatch
1
.
15.
Renta
n. income, revenue; interest; allowance; rent;
national debt, public debt, total debt of a nation;
lead
6
16.
Renta
v. rent; produce, yield
2
17.
Renuncia
n. renunciation, abdication; abnegation; resignation;
relinquishment
4
.
18.
Renuncia
v. renounce; discard; revoke; relinquish; resign;
vacate
6
19.
Rifa
n. raffle
1
20.
Rifa
v. raffle, hold a lottery, hold a prize drawing
1
21.
Rima
n. rhyme, similarity of sound at the end of words or
lines of poetry; word that ends with a sound similar
to that of another word
2
.
22.
Rima
v. rhyme, compose rhymes, write words or lines of
poetry that end in similar sounds; be similar in
sound, sound alike or identical
2
23.
Ronda
n. patrol, watch; prowl; round
3
.
24.
Ronda
v. hang about; patrol; haunt; prowl
4
25.
Rueda
n. roller; wheel; runner
3
.
26.
Rueda
v. roll; wheel; trundle; run in
4
27.
Ruina
n. ruin, undoing, downfall; wreck; rape; bankruptcy
4
28.
Ruina
Ruin
1
1. Saeta
n. dart; arrow
2
2. Saeta
v Shoot with an arrow
1
S
3.
Saliva
n. saliva, spittle, spit
1
4.
Saliva
v. salivate, produce saliva, secrete saliva into the
mouth (esp. in excessive quantities)
1
.
5.
Salvaguarda
n. protection, safeguard; safe-conduct
2
6.
Salvaguarda
v. protect, safeguard; save
2
7.
Secuencia
n. sequence
1
8.
Secuencia
v. Arrange in sequence.
1
9.
Seda
n. silk, fibers produced by silkworms; thread or
fabric made from silk fibers; garment of silk
3
10.
Seda
v. sedate
1
11.
Sentencia
n. sentence, judgement, judgment, verdict
1
.
12.
Sentencia
v. adjudicate, sentence, condemn
1
13.
Sobra
n. surplusage, surplus
1
14.
Sobra
v. leave; take away; remain
3
15.
Sospecha
n. suspicion, hunch; odor
2
16.
Sospecha
v. suspect, imagine to be so, believe to be true
1
17.
Subasta
n. bidding; auction; sale
3
18.
Subasta
v. auction off, auction
1
.
19.
Suma
n. sum, total, amount
1
20.
Suma
v. add, sum up, total; unite
2
.
21.
Suplica
n. supplication, earnest request, humble entreaty,
petition
1
22.
Suplica
v. supplicate, appeal, pray; invoke, conjure
2
23.
Sustancia
n. matter, substance; meat; goodness
3
24.
Sustancia
v Substantiate; back up
2
25.
Sutura
n. suture, seam
1
.
26.
v. stitch, suture
1
1. Tala
n. felling, chopping down of trees; destruction;
(Caribbean) axe, hatchet; vegetable garden, plot of
land on which vegetables are planted and grown
4
2. Tala
v. cut down, chop, fell
1
Sutura
T
.
3.
talla
n. height, stature; size
2
4.
talla
v. cut, incise; shape; measure; work; bother, annoy;
gossip
6
.
5.
Tapa
n. lid, cover, top; housing; appetizer
.
3
6.
Tapa
v. cover; shield, screen; close; plug; seal
5
7.
Tarifa
n. rate, tariff
1
8.
Tarifa
v. Price; argue ; quarry; fall out.
4
9.
Tarja
n. tally, reckoning
1
10.
Tarja
v. Cross out ; delete
2
11.
Tasa
n. valuation
1
12.
Tasa
v. value, appraise, assess; estimate; tax, rate
3
13.
Tempera
n tempera
1
14.
Tempera
v. temper, moderate, soften, tone down; spend the
summer
2
.
15.
Tinta
n. ink; ceruse; cudbear
.
3
16.
Tinta
v. dye, color
1
17.
Tira
n. strip, band; shred
2
18.
Tira
v. pull; throw, toss over; draw; shoot; lay; cast;
print; discard; knock off; pitch
19.
Toma
n. taking; capture; seizure; takeoff; intake;
assumption; reduction; administration
20.
Toma
v. take, seize; accept; have; drink, eat; impound;
touch; understand; draw; reduce; live on
21.
Tortura
n. excruciation, torture
1
22.
Tortura
v. excruciate, torment, torture
1
10
8
10
.
23.
Traba
n. tether, trammel
1
24.
Traba
v. lock; trammel; interlock; jam
4
25.
Trenza
n. braid, plait; pigtail; twist
3
26.
Trenza
v. braid, plait; twist
2
27.
tumba
n. vault, tomb, grave
1
28.
tumba
v. topple, overthrow; drop; tumble
3
29.
Tunda
n. spanking, belting, slap on the buttocks given in
punishment
1
30.
Tunda
v. shear
1
1. Vacuna
n. vaccine, solution of weakened or modified
pathogen cells which is injected into the body in
order to stimulate the production of antibodies to a
disease; program that is designed to protect against
computer viruses; vaccination
2
2. Vacuna
v. vaccinate, render unsusceptible to a disease by
inoculating
1
V
3.
Valla
n. hurdle; fence
2
.
4.
Valla
v. fence, enclose within a fence or other barrier;
separate with a fence or other barrier
2
5.
Vara
n. rod, switch, cane
1
6.
Vara
v. strand, run aground, run ashore
1
7.
Venda
n. bandage; headband; blindfold
3
8.
Venda
v. bandage, dress; swathe
4
v. sell, trade, market; place
9.
Ventisca
n. blizzard, severe snowstorm
1
10.
Ventisca
v. Blow a blizzard; drift
2
11.
Viola
n. viola, four-stringed instrument from the violin
family that is larger than a violin but smaller than a
cello and is held under the chin
1
12.
Viola
v. violate, transgress, break (a law); desecrate;
attack or disturb violently; rape
4
Y
1. Yoga
n. yoga, Indian system for training the body and
soul using breathing exercises and meditation
1
2. Yoga
v rest
1
1. Zanja
n. ditch, trench; drain; trough
3
Z
.
2. Zanja
v. dig
1
3.
Zozobra
n. anxiety
1
4.
Zozobra
v. keel over, capsize
1
5.
Zurra
n. dressing; thrashing, beating; scuffle, brawl
3
6.
Zurra
v. thrash, trounce; welt; warm
3