analisis potensi dan kebutuhan air untuk menyusun rekomendasi

Edisi Khusus Rawa, Desember 2013
Halaman
Emission of Methane and Carbon Dioxide at Management of Organic Matter on Acid Sulphate
Soil under Laboratory Experiment
Wahida Annisa, Azwar Maas, Benito H. Purwanto, Jaka Widada ................................................
1
Relationship between Soil Chemical Properties and Emission of CO2 and CH4 of
Guludan under Surjan System in Acid Sulphate Soil
Ani Susilawati , Bambang Hendro Sunarminto ..................................................................................
7
Application of Azolla pinnata Enhanced Soil Available P and Rice Yield
A. Arivin Rivaie, Soni Isnaini, Maryati .....................................................................................................
13
Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth and Controlling Sheath
Blight Diseases at Transplanting Stage on Tidal Swamps
Ismed Setya Budi, Mariana, Ismed Fachruzi, Fachrur Rozy ...........................................................
17
Water Quality Distribution of Peat Swamp of Lowland Areas under Jambi Province
Muhammad Naswir, Susila Arita, Marsi, Salni ....................................................................................
JTI
Edisi Khusus
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Hal 1 – 32
Bogor, Desember 2013
ISSN 1410-7244
23
ISSN 1410-7244
Jurnal TANAH dan IKLIM
Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal
Edisi Khusus Rawa, Desember 2013
Terakreditasi LIPI, No. 471/AU2/P2MI-LIPI/08/2012
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Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim Edisi Khusus Rawa, 2013
CONTRIBUTION OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES IN INCREASING THE PADDY
GROWTH AND CONTROLLING SHEATH BLIGHT DISEASES AT
TRANSPLANTING STAGE ON TIDAL SWAMPS
Ismed Setya Budi, Mariana, Ismed Fachruzi, Fachrur Rozy
Lecturer, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University, Jl. A. Yani Po Box 1028 Banjarbaru 70714, South Kalimantan
INFORMASIARTIKEL
Riwayat artikel:
Diterima:
Disetujui:
Keywords:
Endophyte
Rice sheath blight
Tidal swamps
Abstract. Tidal swamps are mostly cultivated with by local paddy varieties and one of
the plant diseases that is very crucial in transplanting stage (taradak, ampak and
lacak) is soil borne pathogen. The research was conducted on tidal swamps type B in
Barito Kuala, South Kalimantan, it was M&M arranged in split plot design with the
combination of endophytic microbe and transplanting stage application time as the
treatments. Endophytic microbes formulation were Trichoderma viride PS-2.1,
Nonpathogenic Fusarium PS-1.5, and Pseudomonas fluorescens PS-4.8. Combination
application of endophytic microbes and transplanting stage on tidal swamps could
decrease the disease intensity of sheath blight, as about 49.39 to 93.25%. Endophyte
could also be able to stimulatethe plant growth that was indicated by the addition of
plant height around 2.05 to 24.00 cm, the addition of rice grain weight as 0.7 to 9.3
g/1000 grains, and the addition of seed weight as about 0.3-1.2 kg. The result of soil
analysis before and after application the endophyte showed that there was an
increase in soil fertility with the element addition of N, P, K and pH.
Introduction
Sheath blight is one of the most importance disease
that attacks paddy cultivated in tidal swamps of South
Kalimantan. In the field, diseases intensity always increase
because the difficulty to control it on the flooded condition
(Budi and Mariana, 2009). So, it takes a certain control
method which more space effective, efficient, and safe for
the environment.
Thus, the use ofspecificbiological agents should be
done immediately because of consumer demand on
synthetic chemicals free products. On biological control,
R. solani can be parasitized by mycoparasites such as
Gliocladium spp., Trichoderma spp. and Verticillium
biguttatum Gams (Van den Boogert, 1996). The fungus V.
biguttatum is a mycoparasite with biological activity
against the important soil borne pathogen.
According to Howell and Stipanovic (1995), the
growth of R. solani on the cotton plant can be controlled
by seed treatment using Gliocladium virens. Antagonists
of nonpathogenic Fusarium strains which isolated from
supressif soil has a capability to reduce the disruption
caused by Fusarium wiltin some plant (Nel et al. 2006).
While the bacterium Pseudomonas capacia, P. fluorescens
*Corresponding author: [email protected];
Phone: +6281933753340
and P.gladiowere alsoable to control the the growth of P.
solanacearum causing wilt on tomato. Other bacteria such
as Bacillus mesentericus, B. megaterium, B. mycoides and
Erwinia sp. Also act as biological control of wilt disease in
several plant (Hartman et al. 1992).
The use of specific biological agents which have had a
coevolution will be able to stimulate the development of
harmful plant rhizosphere microorganisms (von Alten et
al. 1993), and this can always be isolated more than one
kind of antagonist (Budi and Mariana, 2009).
Therefore,what is needed is to select the best combination
of antagonists that can be better protect plants against
various pathogens disorders.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was carried out on tidal swamplands
of B type of Desa Karang Indah, Kabupaten Barito Kuala
Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan during dry session
2009/2010. The experiment employed split plot design to
determine the effects of treatments and the differences
between treatments were tested using DMRT at 5% level.
Isolation and Mass Production of Endophytic Agents
Plant samples were taken from health plants on the
infested area of paddy. Isolation of endophyte was done on
the stem of plants and the rhizosphere zone. Isolation was
17
Ismed Setya Budi et al.: Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth
based on Homby methods (Fokkema et al. 1959) and
continued with dilution plate method (10-4 to 10-6). Each
isolated of Pseudomonas fluorescens group was then
tested according to Dhingra & Sinclair method (1995).
Inhibition Ability and Sinergism Test of endophytic
fungi and rhizosphere bacteria against R.solani on in
vitro Condition
Tests were carried out on an potato dextrose agar
(PDA) in a petri dish by growing isolates that existin pairs,
then performed measurements to see the growth inhibition
by using the formula of Fokhema (Fokhema et al. 1959);
I = (r1 - r2) (r1) – 1 x 100
Description:
I is the percentage of inhibition
r1 is the radius of A colony that grows in the opposite
direction to B
r2 is the radius of A colony that grows in the direction of
B.
Isolates that have the ability to inhibit the growth of
pathogens in pairs test were then performed to determine
the best combination of paire disolates.
In Vivo Test of Endophytic Hitting Ability on sheath
blight Disease
In-vivo test conducted in field experiment (split plot
design). Endophytic inoculation was performed straw at
one month before seedling . While the application of
antagonists conducted of soil one week before
transplanting stage, and also at the time of planting by
soaking seeds for 24 hoursat10-4 per ml spore suspension.
Observations were carried out three weeks later in
transplanting stage (local term are: taradak, ampak and
lacak) by counting the number of plants that wilt or sheath
blight symptoms and measure the height of the plant, seed
weight and grain weight. To determine effect of the
difference between treatments then tested DMRT at 5%
level test.
Results and Discussion
Effect on Disease Intensity and Plant Height
The results of analysis variance showed that there
wasa significant treatment effect than the controls as
shown in the Table 1 and Fig 1, ie disease intensity and
plant height. In the taradak stage treatment effect T.
viridae + P. fluorescens, T. viridae + FNP, FNP + P.
fluorescens, T. viridae + FNP + P. fluorescens was not
significantly differentto the intensity ofthe disease,
18
butthere is a significant difference on plant height. The
treatment gives the best effect on plant height is T. viridae
+ FNP.
In the ampak stage there is no difference effect to
diseases intensity between T. viridae + P. fluorescens and
FNP + P. fluorescens. However, they have effect
differences with T. viridae + FNP and T. viridae + FNP +
P. fluorescens. While the T. viridae + FNP and T. viridae
+ FNP + P. fluorescens has a different effect . At ampak
stage there are not differences influence between T.
viridae + P. fluorescens and FNP + P. fluorescens on
disease intensity. However, they are have different effect
with T. viridae + FNP and T. viridae + FNP +
P.fluorescens.
While the T. viridae + FNP and T. viridae + FNP + P.
fluorescens have adifferent effect. The best treatment
suppress the intensity of the disease is FNP + P.
fluorescens (smallest intensity, 7.28%). Effect of treatment
on the ampak stage to plant height showed T. viridae +
FNP + P. fluorescens different than T. viridae + P.
fluorescens. T. viridae + FNP. Treatment T. viridae + FNP
+ P. fluorescens give higest effect on plant height (53.40
cm).
On the lacak stage, T. viridae + P. fluorescens have the
lowest disease intensity. This treatment has no effect
differences with FNP + P. fluorescens and T. viridae +
FNP + P. fluorescens, but they have effect difference with
T. viridae + FNP. At T. viridae + P. fluorescens treatments
give effect smallest disease intensity (5.00%). There is no
significantly difference between T. viridae + FNP and T.
viridae + FNP + P. fluorescens, but the both have
significantly differences with other. T. viridae + FNP and
T. viridae + FNP + P. fluorescens have the best effect on
plant height ( 75.74 and 72.29 cm).
In general, all three phases of the reduction in disease
intensity ranged between 49.39 and 93.34%, while the
addition of plant height ranged between 2.05 and 24.00cm.
Guetsky et al. (2001). Two biocontrol agents, Pichia
guilermondii and Bacillus mycoides, were tested
separately and together for suppression of Botrytis cinerea
on strawberry leaves. The biocontrol agents significantly
inhibited spore germination, lesion formation, and lesion
development. The mixture of B. mycoides and P.
guilermondii suppressed B. cinerea effectively (80 to
99.8% control). Thus, application of both biocontrol
agents resulted in better suppression of B.cinerea, and also
reduced the variability of disease control. Application of
more than one biocontrol agent is suggested as a reliable
means of reducing the variability and increasing the
reliability of biological control.
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim Edisi Khusus Rawa, 2013
Table 1.
Effect of treatment on disease intensity and plant height on three transplanting stage
Taradak
Symptom
Intensity
Reduction
Treatments
29.50 c
Control
T. viride+ P. fluorescens
T. viridae + FNP
FNP + P. fluorescens
T. viridae + FNP + P. fluorescens
8.73
a
11.36
a
9.28
a
10.10
a
Transplanting Stage On Tidal Swamps
Ampak
Lacak
Symptom
Symptom
Plant
Plant
Height Intensity
Height Intensity
Reduction
Reduction
0.00
18.25 a
46,00 d
70.41
24.15
b
10,40
a
29.74
c
18.42
b
7,28
a
23,28
c
51.32
68.54
65.76
21.40
ab
25.29
b
Plant
Height
0.00
37.20 a
75.12 c
0.00
45.57 a
77.39
44.17
b
5.00
a
93.34
64.15 b
46.12
b
21.18
b
71.81
75.74 c
10.00
a
86.69
50.12 ab
6.47
a
91.39
72.29 c
60.00
84.17
49.39
50.72
bc
53.40
c
**Within column, means values followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.01; LSD test).
In treatment has effect to decrease disease intensity and
to increase plant height. In the microbe have capability to
induced plant resistance to disease, therefore they produce
chemical which trigger plant defence response. Yedida et
al. (1999) reported that Trichoderma penetrate epidermis
and outer cortex strengthen it.This is due to deposition of
newly formed barriers. This typical host reaction were
found beyond the sites of potential fungal penetration.Wall
apposition contained large amounts of callose and
infiltrations of cellulose. The wall-bound chitin in
Trichoderma hypahewas preserved, even when the hyphae
had undergone substansial disorganization. Biochemical
analyses revealed that inoculation with Trichoderma
initiated increased peroxidase and chitinase activities
within 48 and 72 h, respectively. Nonpathogenic Fusarium
can induce systemic resistance in plant when invade host
plant species before the pathogen (Kaur et al. 2010).
cotton growth as root length, shoot length, fresh weight,
dry weight and vigour index. In our research the microbe
promote plant height, grain weight, and seed weight, but in
grain weight and seed weight just some treatment
significantly different than control (Table 2).
Fuchs et al. (1997), Nonpathogenic Fusarium
oxysporum strain Fo47 controls the incidence of Fusarium
wilt. Four bioassays in which a strain of the pathogen F.
oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fo47 were not in direct
contact were developed to evaluate whether Fo47 could
induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato plants.
Inoculation with Fo47 increased chitinase, b-1,3glucanase, and b-1,4-glucosidase activity in plants,
confirming the ability of Fo47 to induce resistance in
tomato. Microbe nonpathogenic strain of F. oxysporum
can induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato plants.
As shown Table 2 and Figure 2 the best combination of
Figure 1. The intensity of the disease and plant height after application at transplanting stage
Another mechanism in the control of plant pathogens
by antagonistic microbes is parasitism, antibiosis, and
competitionsite andnutrients. Trichoderma spp. can
compete with other microorganism for key exudates from
seed that stimulate germination of propagules of plant
pathogenic fungi in soil (Harman et al. 2004).
It have known that some microbe as Trichoderma spp
and P. fluorescens can promote plant growth.
Shanmugalah et al. (2009) reported that Trichoderma
viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens to promote plant
treatment to reduce disease intensity and to increase plant
height is T4P1 (smallest intensity, 10.8%, and plant
highest, 172.2 cm). While the best treatment for the
increased weight of grain is T4P4 (the heaviest,
30.2g/1.000grain) and to increase the weight of the seed is
T4P1 (the heaviest, 3.6 g/1.000 seed). In general,
increased grain weight and seed weight, each ranging
between 0.7 and 9.3 g/1.000 grains, and between 0.3 and
1.2 g.
19
Ismed Setya Budi et al.: Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth
Table 2.
Effect of treatment on Diseases Intensity, plant height, grain weight and seed weighton tidal swamp type B
Treatmen
K
P1
P2
P3
P1
P2
P3
P1
P2
P3
P1
P2
P3
T1
T2
T3
T4
Diseases Intensity
(%)
62.4 d
19.2 b
28.1 bc
21.2 bc
20.3 bc
22.7 bc
18.7 bc
20.5 bc
23.3 bc
13.4 ab
10.8 a
17.5 b
12.4 a
Plant height
(cm)
125.7 a
160.8 bc
157.6 bc
159.0 bc
162.6 c
158.4 bc
165.5 c
167.5 c
159.9 bc
167.3 c
172.2 d
168.9 c
169.5 c
Grain weight
(g)
20.9 ab
23.7 b
21.8 ab
22.9 ab
22.8 ab
22.1 ab
27.5 bc
21.6 ab
19.9 a
23.6 b
28.4 bc
27.3 bc
30.2 c
Seed Weight
(kg)
2.4 a
2.6 ab
2.8 b
2.8 b
3.0 bc
2.7 ab
3.2 c
2.8 b
2.4 a
3.0 bc
3.6 d
2.7 ab
3.1 c
Mean values followed by the different letters are significantly different from each other(P<0.05) accordingDMRT
T1
T2
T3
T4
P1
P2
P3
K
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Combination T. viridae PS-2.1 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8
Combination T. viridae PS-2.1 and FNP PS-1.5
CombinationFNPPS-1.5 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8
Combination T. viridae PS-2.1 and FNP PS-1.5 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8
Application endophytic at straw one month before planting
Application by soaking seeds for 24hours before planting
Kombination P1 + P2
Control.
Figure 2. Effect of treatment on disease intensity, plant height, grain and seed weight
Effect of microbes onsoil nutrients and soil pH
The microbe enhance nutrient and pH soil as shown in
Table 3 dan Fig 3. This occurs because the fungi and
bacteria as decomposers of organic material. Thus, the
organic material decompose into compost so that enrich
the soil and available to plants. Thus, the organic material
decompose into compost so that enrich the soil and
nutrients are available to plants. In addition, microbe and
organic composting material change soil pH becomes
more alkaline so the nutrients become available to plants.
This finding is in agreement with Yan et al. (1996) who
found increases in soil pH with glucose addition due to the
decarboxylation of functional groups and aminization of
nitrogen compounds. This contributes to plant growth.
The combined activity was due to the summation of
biocontrol mechanisms of both agents. The modes of
action of the biocontrol agents were elucidated and the
relative quantitative contribution of each mechanism to
suppression of Botrytis cinerea was estimated using
multiple regression with dummy variables. The
improvement in control efficacy achieved by introducing
20
one or more mechanisms at a time was calculated.Pichia
guilermondii competed with Botrytis cinerea for glucose,
sucrose, adenine, histidine, and folic acid (Guetsky et al.
2002).
Table 3 and Figure 3 show that treatments to elevate
the content of N, P, and K. The increase in N after
treatmen tranged from 0.410 (T. viridae +P.fluorescens)
and 0.456 (T. viridae +FNP+P.fluorescens). While the
increase in Pranged between 0.002 (T. viridae
+FNP+P.fluorescens) and 0.015 (FNP +P.fluorescens). At
K, the increase ranged from 0.383(T. viridae + FNP) and
0.485 (T. viridae +FNP+ P.fluorescens). For pH, the
increase ranged from3.42 ( T. viride+FNP) and 3.63 (P.
fluorescens + FNP). So, does an increasedue to treatment,
but not the best hikes on just one treatment.
Paddy residues can be a source of organic material for
the growth of rice plants in the field. Residues contains a
highcellulose and decomposition process takes time, but
with the activity of the microbial decomposition of
running fast. Decomposition into mono sacchari
decompounds, CO2 ando ther organic acids (Rao, 1994).
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim Edisi Khusus Rawa, 2013
Table 3. Effect of microbes on soil nutrient and pH
Soil Nutrient Analysis
Treatment
Before Treatment
N
P
After Treatment
K
pH
N
P
K
pH
CONTROL
T. viridae PS-2.1 + P. fluorescens PS-4.8
0.546
0.546
0.021
0.021
0.352
0.352
3.97
3.97
0.533
0.956
0.020
0.026
0.366
0.485
5.72
7.50
T. viridae PS-2.1 + FNP PS-1.5
0.546
0.021
0.352
3.97
0.984
0.024
0.383
7.39
FNPPS-1.5 + P. fluorescens PS-4.8
0.546
0.021
0.352
3.97
0.979
0.036
0.399
7.60
T. viridae PS-2.1 + FNPPS-1.5 +P.
fluorescens PS-4.8
0.546
0.021
0.352
3.97
1.002
0.023
0.457
7.42
Soil acidity and pH affects the availability of nutrients,
because in general the acid soils nutrientsless available, at
neutral pH of nutrients available to plants. While the tidal
swamps on South Kalimantan in generalis acidic. So this
treatment helps increase the acidity of the soil to be
neutral. In general, availability of nutrients can help
increaseplant resistance to disease and plant growth.
According to Harman (2006), Trichoderma sp pasplant
symbionts capable of being able to control some of the
root and leaf disease resistance mechanisms affected and
directly attacking pathogens and changing the composition
of microflora roots.
growing hyphae of the biocontrol fungi within a 2- to 3day period under no special aseptic conditions. G. virens
and T. hamatum applied to soilless mix at a rate of 1.5%
(wt/wt) reduced damping-off of eggplant caused by
Rhizoctonia solani. The inhibition of pathogen spread
significantly reduced the pos temergence damping-off of
cucumber, eggplant, and pepper seedlings.
Trichoderma effect on plants, and the presence of local
and systemic resistance affected. These fungi colonize the
root epidermi sand oute rcortex and secrete bioactive
molecules that cause the formation ofcell walls
fromTrichoderma thalus. At the same time, the plant
Figure 3. The results ofchemicalanalysis ofsoilbefore and afterapplication formulation in tidal swaps
Contribution of pH available to plants on tidal swamps
in South Kalimantan in general is acidic and availability of
nutrients can help increase plant resistance to disease and
plant growth. Maurhofer et al. (1998), of salicylic acid
induces systemic acquired resistance in tobacco. pchA and
pchB, which encode for the biosynthesis of salicylic acid
in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These constructs were
introduced into two root-colonizing strains of P.
fluorescens and significantly improved its ability to induce
systemic resistance in tobacco against tobacco necrosis
virus. Lewis et al. (1998), Trichoderma spp. and
Gliocladium virens to produce achlamydospores actively
transcrip to meandproteome changes, so willspur
resistance of plants, increasing plant growth and increase
nutrient absorption (Harman, 2006).
Conclusions
Application of microbes used in this study shows that
they have a good effect, which reduces the intensity of the
sheat blight disease, stimulated plant height, grain weight
and seed weight. Microbes also have the effect of soil
fertility, which is made of N,P, and K increased and
available to plants. In addition the research also showed
21
Ismed Setya Budi et al.: Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth
that an increase in soil pH. However, there is no single
best combination for each parameter measured. Thus, this
treatment can be applied to tidal swam price field by
considering the best treatments. This result combination
isolate has important practical implications for biocontrol
of paddy on tidal swamps diseases under commercial.
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Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Strain Fo47 to Induce
resistence aggainst Pythium ultimum infection in cucumber.
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Budi, I.S. dan Mariana. 2009.Pengendalian penyakit layu padi di
lahan pasang surut Kalimantan Selatan dengan
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Fokkema, N.J., J.H. Bond and H.A. Fribourg.1959.Methods for
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Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim Edisi Khusus Rawa, 2013
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Makalah terdiri atas Pendahuluan, Bahan dan Metode,
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Pendahuluan meletakan penelitian dalam persfektif
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Penyitiran dalam teks menggunakan sistem namatahun dalam dua bentuk, yaitu Subandi (1990) atau
(Subandi 1990). Jika lebih dari satu sitiran, sitiran
harus disebutkan bersamaan dan ditulis dalam urutan
tanggal; contohnya, (Partohardjono and Adiningsih
1991; Widjaja-Adhi 1995; Muljadi 1997). Jika lebih dari
dua penulis, ditulis nama pertama dan diikuti et al.
Singkatan et al. TIDAK PERNAH digunakan dalam
Daftar pustaka. Semua sitiran/acuan harus disajikan
dalam Daftar Pustaka.
Daftar Pustaka disusun menurut urutan alfabetis.
Masing-masing pustaka yang disitir adlah yang
tercantum dalam teks. Format pembuatan pustaka
adalah sebagai berikut:
Artikel Jurnal
Akhter, M. and C.H. Sneller. 1996. Yield and yield
components of early maturing soybean genotypes
in the mid-south. Crop Sci. 36: 877-882.
Buku
Bosc, A.N., S.N. Ghosh, C.T. Yang, and A. Mitra. 1991.
Coastal Aquaculture Engineering. Oxford and IBH
Pub. Co. Prt. Ltd., New Delhi. 365 pp.
Artikel di Buku/Bab
Powers, D.A. and P.M. Schulte.1996. A molecular
approach to selectionist/neutralist controversy. p.
327-352. In J.D. Ferraris and S.R. Palumbi (Eds.)
Molecular Zoology: Advances, Strategies, and
23
Ismed Setya Budi et al.: Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth
Protocols. Wiley-Liss, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware
(DE).
Disertasi/tesis
Simpson, B.K. 1984. Isolation, Characterization, and
Some Application of Tripsin from Greenland Cod
(Gadus morhua). PhD Thesis. Memorial University
of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
179pp.
Prosiding Konferensi
Tangendjaja, B. and E. Wina. 2000. Tannins and
ruminant production in Indonesia. p. 40-43. In J.D.
Brooker (Ed.) Tannins in Livestock and Human
Nutrition. Proceedings of an International
Workshop, Adelaide, Australia, 31 May-2 June,
1999. ACIAR Proceedings no. 92.
Artikel Konfrensi
Chin, L.J., L.M. Tan, and K. Wegleitner. 2007. Occurrence
of mycotoxins in feed samples from Asia. A
continuation of the Bromin mycotoxin survey
program. Paper presented in 15th Annual ASA-IM
Southeast Asian Feed Technology and Nutrition
Workshop, 27-30 May 2007, Bali-Indonesia.
Artikel penelitian (working paper)/laporan/artikel
kerja
Hanya artikel yang merupakan bagian dari serial
publikasi oleh institusi yang dikelompokan sebagai
artikel penelitian (Working Paper). Ini harus
mencantumkan nomor artikel penelitian yang
diberikan oleh institusi.
Contoh:
Heidhues, P. and B. Kassogi. 2005. The Impact of
Consumer Loss Aversion on Pricing. Centre for
Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper 4849.
Artikel online
Hawk, A. 2004. Mycotoxins. Proc. Grain Elevator and
Processing Society (GEAPS). http://www.geaps.
com/ proceedings/2004/Hawk.ctm. (1 July 2008).
Korespondensi pribadi tidah disebutkan dalam Daftar
Pustaka tetapi dapat disitir dalam teks secara
langsung: (Z.Harahap, pers. com.).
Tulisan yang telah diterima untuk publikasi tetapi
belum dipublikasikan dapat disitir sebagai 'in press'
dalam Daftar Pustaka, dan harus disertai dengan nama
jurnal.
Contoh:
Husen, E., A.T. Wahyudi, A. Suwanto, and R.
Saraswati.2008. Prospectif use of ACC deaminaseproducing bacteria for plant growth promotion and
defence againstbiotic and abiotic stresses in peatsoil-agriculture. Microbiol. Indones. (in press).
Satuan Pengukuran menggunakan sistem SI untuk
semua jenis pengukuran.
Tabel harus diketik dengan spasi ganda, dinomori
secara berurut, mempunyai judul yang singkat, dan
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Catatan kaki menggunakan nomor dengan superscript.
24
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kehilangan detil. Gambar yang dibuat dengan microsoft
office dapat dikirim dalam file utuh atau yang sudah
dikonversi ke dalam bentuk file .tif. Setiap gambar
diberi judul, diikuti oleh deskripsi singkat. Simbolsimbol singkatan yang terdapat dalam gambar harus
dilengkapi dengan penjelasan. Setiap gambar dinamai
dengan nama penulis, judul tulisan, dan nomor gambar.
Foto yang dikirimkan harus memiliki kualitas baik
dengan tingkat ketajaman yang cukup.
KOMENTAR EDITOR
Semua makalah yang dikirimkan ke Jurnal Tanah dan
Iklim dinilai (di-review) oleh Dewan Editor yang terdiri
atas Penyunting dan Mitra Bestari yang bertindak
sebagai wasit sesuai dengan topik dan cakupan
keahlian masing-masing. Para wasit akan menilai
apakah makalah yang dikirimkan memberikan
kontribusi yang nyata pada Ilmu Tanah dan Ilmu Iklim
Pertanian di Indonesia, orisinal, dan hasil penelitian
sah dan nyata. Penolakan makalah oleh Dewan Editor
bersifat final.
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim Edisi Khusus Rawa, 2013
25