quicksand - TOS Media Kit

Transcription

The
y
t
i
s
o
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r
F
iles
u
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Explorations
with
Professor Ana Lyze, Expert
Quicksand
in
Outlandish Oddities
The Curiosity Files:
and
ks
Quic
© 2010 The Old Schoolhouse® Magazine, LLC
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Research Assistants: Heather Schwarzen, Regenia Spoerndle, Kimberly Leui Kovach,
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editor: Karen Sargent
cover and text layout: Jodie McCaffrey
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GRAPHIC DESIGNER: Molly Brew
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The Curiosity Files: Quicksand
2
www.TheHomeschoolMagazine.com
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................... 5
Everything You Never Wanted to Know
About Quicksand.......................................................................................................... 6
Let’s See How Much You’ve Learned.................................................................11
In the Beginning........................................................................................................14
Figure It Out...............................................................................................................19
Millimeters in the Quicksand...........................................................................19
Morecambe Bay Quicksand..............................................................................20
Quicksand and Tides...........................................................................................22
Quicksand Drawings...........................................................................................25
Math Facts..............................................................................................................25
Measures..................................................................................................................25
Quicksand Sinking Rates...................................................................................26
Quicksand TV Schedule......................................................................................28
The Write Stuff..........................................................................................................30
Essay Topic..............................................................................................................30
Word Fun................................................................................................................30
Is Your Essay Full of Quicksand?....................................................................31
Spelling and Vocabulary.........................................................................................35
Elementary Word List........................................................................................35
Junior High/High School Word List..............................................................36
Spelling Activities (elementary)......................................................................37
Spelling Activities (middle/high school)......................................................38
Word Search..........................................................................................................39
Crossword...............................................................................................................40
Just For Fun...........................................................................................................41
3
Copywork.....................................................................................................................42
In the Lab.....................................................................................................................52
Physics......................................................................................................................52
Surface Tension Experiment............................................................................52
Viscosity Experiment..........................................................................................54
Where in the World?................................................................................................56
Let’s Get Creative......................................................................................................60
Quicksand Goo.......................................................................................................60
Edible Quicksand..................................................................................................61
Decorative Colored Sand Bottles...................................................................62
Painted Walking Stick........................................................................................63
Sand Art Pictures................................................................................................64
Coloring Page.........................................................................................................66
Hands on Learning...................................................................................................67
Cornstarch Quicksand........................................................................................67
The Curiosity Fact Files...........................................................................................70
Snippet #1: Why Does Quicksand Make You Sink?................................72
Snippet #2: Non-Newtonian Fluid...............................................................73
Music Mania.................................................................................................................74
Read All About It......................................................................................................75
Wanna Learn More?.................................................................................................76
Answer Keys................................................................................................................78
Let’s See How Much You’ve Learned............................................................78
Figure it Out..........................................................................................................79
The Write Stuff.....................................................................................................80
Spelling and Vocabulary....................................................................................81
Word Search.....................................................................................................81
Crossword..........................................................................................................81
Where in the World?...........................................................................................82
4
INTRODUCTION
Ana Lyze.
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5
Everything You
Never Wanted to Know
About Quicksand
...
You don’t have to tell me what quicksand is. I’ve seen
plenty of movies where people stumble into it and drown. Are you telling
me that this stuff is real?
Yes—quicksand is very real. And yes, people and animals can accidentally find
themselves trapped in it. But just to set your mind at ease, you should know
this: it’s very, very rare for someone to actually die from being submerged in
quicksand.
Really? Are you sure? Because in the movies, people step in it and two
seconds later, they’re up to their necks!
I’ve seen the same dramatic scenes: a strapping hero blunders unsuspecting
through the deep, dark forest. Just as he’s inches away from escaping his foe,
he finds himself knee-deep in a sticky, slimy pool of something that looks like
mud but isn’t. The hero yelps, “Quicksand!” to his trusty assistant, who can’t
find a long enough tree limb until the hero’s head is just about to disappear.
Then, just in the nick of time, the joke-cracking sidekick finds the perfect
branch and stretches it out . . . and the hero grasps the offered lifeline and
drags himself from certain death. That’s the Hollywood version of quicksand,
right?
Trust me—it doesn’t quite work this way. Quicksand isn’t responsible for the
thousands of deaths each year that filmmakers would have you believe. People
and animals who die after a run-in with a pool of quicksand usually expire from
thirst, starvation, or exposure to weather or predators. As a matter of fact,
the only recorded deaths related to actually drowning in quicksand have come
from people who fell into the stuff headfirst—and that’s not exactly a common
accident.
6
Seriously? People don’t just sink until they’re completely submerged?
Not exactly. To understand why quicksand isn’t nearly as much of a threat
as you may have been led to believe, you have to know a little bit more about
where you find it and what it’s made out of.
First, quicksand can occur anywhere in the world where the right conditions
present themselves. If you find yourself near damp, saturated ground such as
along beaches, marshes, tide pools, and rivers, or if you are in a place where
underground springs bubble up, you might encounter quicksand. As long as it’s
undisturbed, quicksand appears to be what it once was: just normal, everyday
sand.
But the second your foot comes in contact with
the surface of that “ordinary” sand, some very
interesting physics come into play. While quicksand looks normal, it’s not. There are four key
ingredients that come together to form quicksand: sand, water, clay, and salt. Pressure on
the surface of a pool of quicksand causes it to
liquefy, allowing anything on top to sink into it very easily. The
sand, salt, and clay then sink to the bottom of the mixture, creating a thick
sludge that ultimately prevents the object from sinking further, but makes it
very, very difficult to escape. The water floats on top, but this sludgy layer—
which is now not only under, but also settling on top of whatever was unlucky
enough to fall into the quicksand—is about twice as dense as the original glop,
and it’s tightly packed around its victim. In other words, it isn’t moving.
The good news? Most patches of quicksand are only a few feet deep. Even
deeper pools don’t pose a drowning threat to humans, though. Remember that
incredible density I mentioned? Well, it actually works in the fearless hero’s
favor, it turns out. The density of quicksand is measured at two grams per
cubic centimeter. That’s exactly double the density of a human being’s body-meaning that while a person might sink to his waist, the laws of physics say
that he is unlikely to find himself up to his neck in the stuff.
7
A few feet deep? What’s the big deal, then? If it’s only up to your knees,
you can just walk right out of it.
While that sounds like it would be the case, the physics of quicksand also
have something else to say about that. Quicksand is what is known as a nonNewtonian fluid. In the 1700s, Sir Isaac Newton described the properties of
ideal fluids: basically, that they would have a constant rate of flow at a given
temperature. But quicksand doesn’t follow that rule. Instead, it shows properties of being a solid and a liquid--and the more you struggle against it, the
more stuck you become!
Remember, every tiny millimeter of space in quicksand is completely filled with
a super-dense solution that liquefies with movement. Struggling or thrashing
will only make a trapped victim sink faster. And trying to walk out is something
akin to lifting an elephant with your pinky toe--it’s impossible.
Equally daunting is trying to drag a person out with a horse or truck. Why?
The forces required to free the person involved would literally tear them
apart. To pull a person’s foot out of quicksand requires force equal to lifting a
family-sized car. Since it takes just 8 pounds of pressure to snap a bone, you
can see the dilemma: the human body simply wasn’t made to endure that kind
of abuse. Not even the body of a strapping, jungle-trotting action hero.
So you’re just stuck there? Forever?
Thankfully, no. With some quick thinking, you can work your way out of the
bind of quicksand--no sidekick necessary.
ªªStay away from it! This sounds like a no-brainer, but trust me, it’s important. Remember, you’re likely to find quicksand along beaches, the banks of
marshes and rivers, or near underground springs. Keep your eyes
open for ground that looks unstable. It may or may
not appear damp. If you step on ground that seems
to slip or give beneath you, step backward quickly
and smoothly. Your reaction time can probably beat
the liquefaction process of the quicksand.
8
ªªA stick is a good idea . . . When hiking or journeying along the banks of
a river or ocean, especially in an area you suspect contains quicksand, carry
a long, sturdy tree branch or pole. Test any ground that appears suspicious
before stepping in it, and if you do happen into quicksand, hang on to the
stick--it might come in handy when you need something to balance yourself
on.
ªª. . . but drop everything else. Your body is less dense than the quicksand,
and you want to make sure it stays that way. If you’re unfortunate enough
to find yourself sinking in quicksand, immediately shed anything that adds
extra weight, like your backpack. If it’s at all possible, see if you can gently
wriggle out of your shoes, too. Shoes create additional suction as you try to
free them from quicksand; pliable, bare feet have an easier time escaping
from the sticky goop.
ªªRelax and take a deep breath. Panicking is what causes you to sink; thrashing, flailing arms, and trying to fight your way out only aids the process of
liquefaction going on underneath you. Also, keeping your lungs full of air will
make you slightly more buoyant--another bonus of staying calm!
ªªLean back. If you’re sinking to your waist, see if you can spread out your
weight by lying back onto the surface of the quicksand. While it might
seem like you’re just getting more areas stuck, again, this is physics: by
spreading out the surface area, you’re making it harder for the quicksand
to suck you under as deeply. Once you’ve managed to lean back, slowly begin
to move your legs in circles, liquefying just the quicksand around your legs,
and slowly freeing them.
ªªBe prepared for it to take a while. Quick, scared movements are only going to make it worse, remember? Whatever you do, do it slowly. Slow movements will gradually free your body bit by bit without turning the whole
slosh back into a pit waiting to suck you down. And don’t forget to rest. If
you get tired out, chances are far better that you’ll end up a victim rather
than a victor.
9
It’s kind of freaky to think that I can find myself in quicksand just about
anytime, anywhere.
I hate to tell you, but chances are good that you’ve already encountered quicksand. Think back to the last time you were at the beach. Maybe you were wearing flip-flops, and walking along the shore just as the tide was going out. As you
were walking, suddenly your flip-flop got stuck--hard enough to root you to one
spot! You couldn’t quite lift your foot, and the only way to free your flip-flop
was to slip it from your foot and yank it out of a couple of inches of wet sand
with your hand.
That was quicksand?
That was quicksand. Really, quicksand is an everyday thing. There are very,
very few areas where it’s a huge, threatening pool--and those areas are generally well-known and clearly marked for people’s safety. Take, for instance,
Morecambe Bay in northwest England. The bay is miles of intertidal mudflats,
sand--and quicksand. Prior to the 1850s, numerous deaths were linked to the
quicksand in the area, mainly from the sinking or overturning of horse-drawn
coaches. But once again, the quicksand itself wasn’t actually to blame. Morecambe Bay is known for its notoriously rapid incoming tide, which overtook
victims before they had the chance to free themselves from the goop.
But again, quicksand is relatively easy to find. It’s so easy, you can make your
own version at home with the recipe found here. While this isn’t an exact replica, this is a similar non-Newtonian fluid that mimics quicksand very well.
Wow. I had no idea that quicksand was so common . . . or that it was so
unlikely to kill me!
Don’t believe everything you see in the movies. That’s the moral of the quicksand story!
10
Let’s See How Much You’ve Learned . . .
1. Quicksand is a ___________ fluid.
2. True or false: It is very rare for someone to die from being stuck in quicksand.
3.
Most people who die in quicksand die because
A. they are scared
B. they drown
C. of thirst, starvation, or exposure to weather or predators
D. all of the above
4. About the only way to drown in quicksand is to do what?
______________________________________________________
5.
You’re most likely to find quicksand in which of the following locations?
A. marshes
B. tide pools
C. beaches
D. all of the above
6. The four ingredients of quicksand are what?
______________________________________________________
7. True or false: Quicksand is more dense than a human being.
8.
A person falling into deep quicksand will most likely only sink as far as
his:
A. chin
B. waist
C. knees
D. head
11
9. Non-Newtonian liquids show properties of:
A. both solids and liquids
B. temperature
C. constant viscosity
D. being wet
10.Can you always spot a puddle of quicksand by sight? ________________
11. What process occurs when the surface of quicksand is disturbed?
A. solidification
B. liquefaction
C. absorption
D. evaporation
12.Why is pulling someone from quicksand with a truck not a good idea?
______________________________________________________
13.Where in the world are you most likely to find quicksand?
______________________________________________________
14.Why should you try to shed your shoes if you stumble into quicksand?
______________________________________________________
15.Which of the following is good to have if you fall into quicksand?
A. a fully-equipped backpack
B. a GPS system
C. a stick
D. a side-kick
16. Most patches of quicksand are only how deep? ____________________
12
17.What part of the quicksand floats to the top when disturbed?
A. the water
B. the clay
C. the salt
D. the sand
18.Which of the following is the best way to free your legs from quicksand:
A. jumping
B. kicking
C. small circles
D. none of the above
FOR OLDER LEARNERS:
Explore the properties of non-Newtonian fluids, and give examples from everyday life. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid)
13
In the
Beginning
Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will
liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock:
25
And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat
upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock.
26
And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall
be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand:
27
And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat
upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it. (Matthew 7:24-27,)
24
The important thing to remember about quicksand is to stay away from
it. Temptation and sin can be like quicksand for our lives. If we aren’t
careful, they can drag us into a life we shouldn’t be living, apart from
God. Jesus shared great advice regarding how to live our lives in a Godcentered way. He reminded His followers to build their lives on the strong
foundation of His Word and commandments. He said when the storms of
life, like temptation, trouble, or sin crash into our lives, we will remain
firm. We will not, like quicksand, be sucked into destruction.
Read Matthew 7:24-27 (above) and answer the following questions.
1. What does Jesus compare His commandments to?
2. Why is this a good analogy?
14
3. What will be the result if we build our lives around
God’s commandments and Word?
4. If we hear God’s Word and understand His commandments yet refuse to apply them to our lives,
what does Christ say we are like?
5. What will be the end result for us when the
storms of life come?
6. Can you think of any examples of someone who has built his “house” on the
foundation of Jesus Christ? How did this help him or make a difference in
his life?
7. Does knowing what Jesus taught about obeying His words and commandments change your perspective of Bible study? Do you think it should be an
important part of your life? Why or why not?
*For another account of this teaching read Luke 6:47-49
8. Does Luke have anything different to share with the reader than Matthew
did?
9. Why do you think both Luke and Matthew wrote about this particular moment of their life with Christ?
The importance of following God’s commandments is taught throughout the
Old and New Testaments of the Bible. The book of Proverbs is filled with
wise advice. Proverbs 3 reminds us of the importance of building a strong
foundation for our lives just like Jesus taught in Matthew and Luke.
My son, forget not my law; but let thine heart keep my commandments:
2
For length of days, and long life, and peace, shall they add to thee.
3
Let not mercy and truth forsake thee: bind them about thy neck; write them
upon the table of thine heart: (Proverbs 3:1-3)
1
15
10. What does it mean to have your “heart keep commandments”?
11. Do you think King Solomon phrased his thoughts this way to stress how
important this concept is? Why or why not?
12. Where do we find “mercy and truth to bind about our neck” or “write on
the table of our heart”?
13. What is promised as the end result if we do this?
14. How does this scripture passage relate to Jesus’ teaching in Matthew
7:23-27? (pay special attention to Matthew 7:23, 24)
Jeremiah was a prophet of God who lived 600 years before Jesus. God
asked him to speak to the people of Judah because they were not living
their lives following God’s commands or laws. They led foolish lives. Read
Jeremiah 23:12 to find out God’s plan for the lives of these foolish people.
Wherefore their way shall be unto them as slippery ways in the darkness:
they shall be driven on, and fall therein: for I will bring evil upon them, even
the year of their visitation, saith the LORD. (Jeremiah 23:12)
12
15. What is the “darkness” God is speaking of?
16. What will happen to these people who have not built
their lives on a strong foundation?
17. From reading this verse, how important do you
think it is to God that we follow His commands?
Does this change your view of the importance
of your relationship with Him? Are you building your life on a strong foundation?
16
Psalm 73 was written by Asaph, a man who served in David and Solomon’s
court as a musician, putting most of the psalms to music. Asaph wrote
this psalm to express deep feelings of grief and anger over the death
of his brother. Asaph’s brother, Zechariah, was murdered in the temple
upon the order of King Solomon. King Solomon, whom God had blessed with
wisdom, had stopped following God’s commands and law and was leading a
foolish life. He was playing in “quicksand.”
Truly God is good to Israel, even to such as are of a clean heart.
2
But as for me, my feet were almost gone; my steps had well nigh slipped.
3
For I was envious at the foolish, when I saw the prosperity of the wicked.
4
For there are no bands in their death: but their strength is firm.
5
They are not in trouble as other men; neither are they plagued like other men.
6
Therefore pride compasseth them about as a chain; violence covereth them
as a garment.
7
Their eyes stand out with fatness: they have more than heart could wish.
8
They are corrupt, and speak wickedly concerning oppression: they speak loftily.
9
They set their mouth against the heavens, and their tongue walketh through
the earth.
10
Therefore his people return hither: and waters of a full cup are wrung out
to them.
11
And they say, How doth God know? and is there knowledge in the most High?
12
Behold, these are the ungodly, who prosper in the world; they increase in
riches.
13
Verily I have cleansed my heart in vain, and washed my hands in innocency.
14
For all the day long have I been plagued, and chastened every morning.
15
If I say, I will speak thus; behold, I should offend against the generation of
thy children.
16
When I thought to know this, it was too painful for me;
17
Until I went into the sanctuary of God; then understood I their end.
18
Surely thou didst set them in slippery places: thou castedst them down
into destruction.
1
17
How are they brought into desolation, as in a moment! they are utterly consumed with terrors.
20
As a dream when one awaketh; so, O Lord, when thou awakest, thou shalt
despise their image.
21
Thus my heart was grieved, and I was pricked in my reins.
22
So foolish was I, and ignorant: I was as a beast before thee.
23
Nevertheless I am continually with thee: thou hast holden me by my right
hand.
24
Thou shalt guide me with thy counsel, and afterward receive me to glory.
25
Whom have I in heaven but thee? and there is none upon earth that I desire
beside thee.
26
My flesh and my heart faileth: but God is the strength of my heart, and my
portion for ever.
27
For, lo, they that are far from thee shall perish: thou hast destroyed all
them that go a whoring from thee.
28
But it is good for me to draw near to God: I have put my trust in the Lord
GOD, that I may declare all thy works.
19
18. Do you think the people referred to in verse 18 as being in “slippery places” are followers of God’s commands? Why or why not?
19. Do you think Asaph believes these evil people he speaks of have built their
lives on the strong foundation of God’s Word? What do you think they
have built their lives on?
20. Do you think Asaph has built his life on the strong foundation of God’s
Word and commandments? If so, how can you tell? Would you say this is
definitely an example of a “storm of life,” which Jesus taught about in
Matthew and Luke?
21. How would you conduct your life in the midst of such a storm?
18
Figure it Out
Millimeters
in the
Quicksand
Remember how every tiny millimeter of space in quicksand is completely filled
with a super-dense solution that liquefies with movement? Convert these millimeter amounts into inches. To do that, divide the number of millimeters by
25.4. Round to the nearest whole number. Don’t forget to label your answers!
102 mm = ____________
2,008 mm = ____________
4,444 mm = ____________
375 mm = ____________
12,245 mm = ____________
999 mm = ____________
10,000 mm = ____________
Now convert from inches to millimeters. Multiply the number of inches by
25.4.
7 in = ____________
100 in = ____________
36 in = ____________
144 in = ____________
12,345 in = ____________
780 in = ____________
5,551 in = ____________
19
Morecambe Bay Quicksand
Morecambe Bay is an area in England
where the quicksand causes death. This is
due to the tide coming in so quickly that
there is no time to escape if you get into
quicksand. In 2002 a man and his 9-yearold son got stuck. The man hoisted his son on his shoulders and used his cell phone to call for help, but it was too late by the time
rescuers arrived. Answer these word problems from Morecambe Bay.
According to the BBC, “The flood tide rushes into the bay faster than a man
can run, and seawater that surges up gullies between sand ridges can easily cut
people off.” Compare the speed of the following things, putting them in order
from slowest to fastest. Use less-than and greater-than signs.
Man: 7 mph
Alligator: 30 mph
German shepherd: 19 mph
Bee: 12 mph
Dolphin: 25 mph
_____ < _____ < _____ < _____ < _____
Around 319,100 people live around Morecambe Bay. How many people live in
your town? What is the difference in population? Subtract to find the answer.
Write the numeral in the ten-thousands’ place of the population around Morecambe Bay.
What numeral is in the thousands’ place?
What numeral is in the tens’ place?
20
Write out the number word for the population of 319,100.
Morecambe Bay covers 310 square kilometers. How many square miles is that?
(to convert, multiply by .3861)
The phone number for obtaining information on the tides at Morecambe Bay is
0151 931 3341. Add each individual number to get a total for the whole phone
number. Example, 0 + 1 + 5 + 1 etc.
Write down the numbers for your phone number, and then add them up. Which
number is higher?
A room at the Clarendon Hotel in Morecambe starts at 30 British pounds per
night. In the nearby Lake District, the Borrowdale Hotel has a starting price
of 79 British pounds per night. If the exchange rate is 1.5 U.S. dollars per
British pound, how much would you spend per night at each hotel in U.S. dollars?
In 2004, at least 21 Chinese immigrants drowned while picking up cockle shells.
Write in words the numbers 2004 and 21.
Which numeral is in the ones’ place of 2004?
21
Quicksand and Tides
One of the problems with quicksand is that a person may become trapped in it
when the tide is coming in. Below is a February tide schedule for Edisto Island,
South Carolina. Look at the chart and answer the questions.
February 2010
Day
High
Mon 1
Tue 2
Wed 3
Thur 5
12:18 AM
EST /
6.01 ft
1:14 AM
Sat 6
EST /
5.73 ft
2:11 AM
Sun 7 EST /
5.50 ft
3:11 AM
Mon 8 EST /
5.37 ft
4:10 AM
Tue 9
EST /
5.37 ft
5:06 AM
Wed 10 EST /
5.48 ft
5:54 AM
Thur 11 EST /
5.65 ft
Fri 5
Low
High
Low
High
2:56 AM
EST/
-1.66 ft
3:46 AM
EST /
-1.41 ft
4:37 AM
EST /
-0.98 ft
5:29 AM
EST /
-0.45 ft
6:26 AM
EST /
0.07 ft
7:30 AM
EST /
0.49 ft
8:36 AM
EST /
0.70 ft
9:38 AM
EST /
0.72 ft
10:34 AM
EST /
0.62 ft
11:22 AM
EST /
0.45 ft
12:06 PM
EST /
0.27 ft
9:02 AM
EST /
7.04 ft
9:53 AM
EST /
6.69 ft
10:45 AM
EST /
6.25 ft
11:37 AM
EST /
5.79 ft
12:31 PM
EST /
5:37 ft
1:25 PM
EST /
5.03 ft
2:21 PM
EST /
4.80 ft
3:19 PM
EST /
4.70 ft
4:17 PM
EST /
4.75 ft
5:12 PM
EST /
4.92 ft
5:59 PM
EST /
5.14 ft
3:21PM
EST /
-1.44 ft
4:07 PM
EST /
-1.26 ft
4:53 PM
EST /
-0.92 ft
5:43 PM
EST /
-0.50 ft
6:37 PM
EST /
-0.07 ft
7:37 PM
EST /
0.26 ft
8:41 PM
EST /
0.43 ft
9:42 PM
EST /
0.44 ft
10:37 PM
EST /
0.33 ft
11:26 PM
EST /
0.19 ft
9:34 PM
EST /
6.67 ft
10:27 PM
EST /
6.53 ft
11:22 PM
EST /
6.29 ft
22
Moon
Last
Quarter
Sunrise
Sunset
7:15 AM
EST
5:54 PM
EST
7:14 AM
EST
5:55 PM
EST
7:14 AM
EST
5:56 PM
EST
7:13 AM
EST
5:57 PM
EST
7:12 AM
EST
5:57 PM
EST
7:11 AM
EST
5:58 PM
EST
7:11 AM
EST
5:59 PM
EST
7:10 AM
EST
6:00 PM
EST
7:09 AM
EST
6:01 PM
EST
7:08 AM
EST
6:02 PM
EST
7:07 AM
EST
6:03 PM
EST
Day
High
Fri 12
Sat 13
Sun 14
Mon 15
Tue 16
Wed 17
Thur
18
Fri 19
Sat 20
Sun 21
12:54 AM
Mon 22 EST /
5.70 ft
1:59 AM
Tue 23 EST /
5.79 ft
3:07 AM
Wed 24 EST /
5.98 ft
4:14 AM
Thur
EST /
25
6.27 ft
Low
High
Low
High
12:11 AM
EST /
0.05 ft
12:52 AM
EST /
-0.07 ft
1:30 AM
EST /
-0.14 ft
2:07 AM
EST /
-0.14 ft
2.42 AM
EST /
-0.10 ft
3:17 AM
EST /
-0.00 ft
3:53 AM
EST /
0.14 ft
4:33 AM
EST /
0.32 ft
5:17 AM
EST /
0.53 ft
6:12 AM
EST /
0.75 ft
7:19 AM
EST /
0.88 ft
8:32 AM
EST /
0.79 ft
9:42 AM
EST /
0.46 ft
10:44 AM
EST /
-0.01 ft
6:35 AM
EST /
5.80 ft
7:13 AM
EST /
5.90 ft
7:47 AM
EST /
5.92 ft
8:20 AM
EST /
5.85 ft
8:52 AM
EST /
5.72 ft
9:24 AM
EST /
5.54 ft
9:58 AM
EST /
5.34 ft
10:38 AM
EST /
5.15 ft
11:25 AM
EST /
4.98 ft
12:21 PM
EST /
4.86 ft
1:24 PM
EST /
4.82 ft
2:31 PM
EST /
4.93 ft
3:40 PM
EST /
5.20 ft
4:47 PM
EST /
5.64 ft
12:46 PM
EST /
0.09 ft
1:23 PM
EST /
-0.05 ft
1:58 PM
EST /
-0.14 ft
2:31 PM
EST /
-0.18 ft
3:04 PM
EST /
-0.17 ft
3:37 PM
EST /
-0.12 ft
4:12 PM
EST /
-0.04 ft
4:51 PM
EST /
0.06 ft
5:37 PM
EST /
0.19 ft
6:33 PM
EST /
0.29 ft
7:40 PM
EST /
0.29 ft
8:52 PM
EST /
0.10 ft
10:00 PM
EST /
-0.28 ft
11:03 PM
EST /
-0.74 ft
6:42 PM
EST /
5.36 ft
7:20 PM
EST /
5.54 ft
7:55 PM
EST /
5.66 ft
8:29 PM
EST /
5.72 ft
9:02 PM
EST /
5.74 ft
9:36 PM
EST /
5.73 ft
10:15 PM
EST /
5.71 ft
11:01 PM
EST /
5.69 ft
11:54 PM
EST /
5.68 ft
23
Moon
New Moon
First
Quarter
Sunrise
Sunset
7:06 AM
EST
5:04 PM
EST
7:05 AM
EST
5:05 PM
EST
7:04 AM
EST
5:06 PM
EST
7:04 AM
EST
5:06 PM
EST
7:03 AM
EST
6:07 PM
EST
7:02 AM
EST
6:08 PM
EST
7:01 AM
EST
6:09 PM
EST
6:59 AM
EST
6:10 PM
EST
6:58 AM
EST
6:11 PM
EST
6:57 AM
EST
6:12 PM
EST
6:56 AM
EST
6:12 PM
EST
6:55 AM
EST
6:13 PM
EST
6:54 AM
EST
6:14 PM
EST
6:53 AM
EST
6:15 PM
EST
Day
High
Fri 26
5:16 AM
EST /
6.61 ft
Sat 27
Sun 28
Low
11:41 AM
EST /
-0.52 ft
12:01 AM
EST /
-1.18 ft
12:56 AM
EST /
-1.50 ft
High
5:47 PM
EST /
6.15 ft
6:12 AM
EST /
6.91 ft
7:04 AM
EST /
7.08 ft
Low
12:33 PM
EST /
-0.97 ft
1:23 PM
EST /
-1.30 ft
High
6:41 PM
EST /
6.63 ft
7:32 PM
EST /
6.96 ft
Moon
Full Moon
Sunrise
Sunset
6:52 AM
EST
6:16 PM
EST
6:51 AM
EST
6:16 PM
EST
6:50 AM
EST
6:17 PM
EST
1. On the first Friday in February, what are the times for the high tides?
2. On Valentine’s Day, what are the low tide times?
3. Just in case you are planning a romantic meal, what time is sunset on Valentine’s
Day?
4. What time is sunrise on February 11?
5. What date has a full moon?
6. On the 17th, what is the latest high tide?
7. What is the elevation for the first high tide on February 1st? (Hint: The number of feet listed tells how many feet above sea level it is.)
8. What is the highest point above sea level that a high tide gets?
9. What is the lowest point above sea level that a high tide gets?
10. What is the date when the low tide is .88 feet above sea level?
11. What dates does the sun rise at 7:11?
12. How much time elapses from the first high tide to the following low tide on
February 19?
13. How much time elapsed from the last high tide of February 25 to sunrise on the
26th?
14. What is the range of the high tide to the second low tide on Thursday the 4th?
24
Quicksand Drawings
On a sheet of construction paper, you will draw four different square quicksand pits. Make them the following sizes: 1 inch squared, 2 inches squared,
3 inches squared, and 4 inches squared. The 1-inch pit should have weeds all
around and two sticks floating on top of the quicksand.
1. Draw a person stuck in the 2-inch pit.
2. Draw a cow falling into the 3-inch pit.
3. Draw Ranger Ron pulling a hiker out of the 4-inch pit.
4. Draw a path from one quicksand pit to the next.
Math Facts
Get out a pack of flashcards. Put down a towel to represent quicksand. For every answer you get correct, you are safe from quicksand. If you miss a flashcard, you must stand in the quicksand. If you get one correct, you may step
out of the quicksand. If you miss the next one though, you must sink deeper
by squatting. I hope you will stay completely out of the quicksand!
Measures
Science tells us the most we should be able to sink into quicksand is up to our
waist. Measure the distance from the floor to the waist of everyone in your
house. Write each of their names and measurements in order from shortest
to tallest waist. Find the average height. (Add up all the heights and divide by
the number of people in the family.)
25
Quicksand Sinking Rates
We have learned that sinking all the way
to the bottom of quicksand happens only in
the movies. The TV show, Ranger Ron, has
various quicksand episodes. Answer the
following questions from these episodes.
1. Ranger Ron was chasing a poacher when the poacher ran right into quicksand. If the poacher was sinking one foot every 5 minutes and at 25 minutes he would be completely covered, how tall is the poacher?
2. Based on the answer to #1, what would happen if the poacher was sinking 1½
feet every 10 minutes? Would he have an hour before he sank completely?
3. Ranger Ron is a kind man, so he will throw a rope out to help pull the poacher
out. If the poacher is sinking at a rate of 2 feet per 5 minutes, does Ranger
Ron have time to watch a half-hour sitcom?
4. Because the poacher knew how to get himself out of quicksand, he was able
to get out before Ranger Ron showed up. If it was 3:30 p.m. when Ranger
Ron arrived at the quicksand and the poacher had fled 40 minutes before,
what time did the poacher flee?
5. What time would it be if Ranger Ron left the quicksand at 9:10 a.m. and arrived back at the lodge 1½ hours later?
26
6. There are two poachers looking for bears. One of them travels due east
for 6 miles. It takes him 3 hours. The other poacher travels due west for
2 hours and hikes 5 miles. Who is the faster hiker?
7. Ranger Ron accidentally walks into quicksand. He sinks 6 inches into the
quicksand. He isn’t too worried because he knows how to get out of quicksand. After following the procedures he has learned, Ranger Ron escapes.
The whole ordeal lasted about 15 minutes. How many more inches would he
have had to sink if he had sunk 3 feet?
8. Poacher #2 has been thrashing around. He is sinking at a rate of 3 inches
every 5 minutes. How many inches will he sink in 30 minutes? How many
yards?
9. How many inches will Poacher #2 sink if the quicksand is 3½ feet deep?
10. The poachers were caught. They traveled 30 miles to the nearest jail.
How many feet is that?
11. They served a sentence of 5 years for
poaching. How many months is that? How
many weeks?
27
Quicksand TV Schedule
It is Quicksand Day on the
Homeschool Science channel. Look at the following
schedule and answer the
questions.
1:00 AM
Science News
2:00 AM
Mystery at Quicksand Isle
4:00 AM
Paid Programming
6:00 AM
Animal Vet—Quicksand
6:30 AM
Paid Programming
7:00 AM
Science News
8:00 AM
Quicksand Devotionals
8:30 AM
Crafts (sand episode)
9:30 AM
Quicksand—What Is It?
10:00 AM
Ranger Ron
11:00 AM
Getting Out of a Quicksand Jam
11:30 AM
Songs of the Sea
12:00 PM
Crafts (sand episode)
1:00 PM
Truth or Fiction
2:00 PM
Mystery at Quicksand Isle
4:00 PM
Paid Programming
4:30 PM
5:00 PM
Myths of Quicksand
5:30 PM
Paid Programming
6:00 PM
Ranger Ron
7:00 PM
Getting Out of a Quicksand Jam
7:30 PM
Animal Vet—Quicksand
8:00 PM
Quicksand Devotionals
8:30 PM
Songs of the Sea
9:00 PM
Morecambe Bay Disasters
11:00 PM
28
Which show sounds most interesting to you?
What show comes after the second showing of Animal Vet?
How long is the Morecambe Bay Disasters show?
Which program has the most showings?
If you wanted to make a sand craft, what time should you watch?
Which program might teach you quicksand safety?
Which shows are one hour long?
What time does Quicksand Devotionals begin?
What time does Mystery at Quicksand Isle begin?
What show is on at 5 PM?
If you were writing a paper on quicksand and had no clue what it was, which
show should you watch? What times is it on TV?
When is Myths of Quicksand finished?
When does Morecambe Bay Disasters end?
How long does Quicksand Devotionals last?
Think of a name for your own quicksand show. What would it be about?
29
The Write Stuff
Essay Topic
Description: Now that you know what quicksand is, describe it in detail. What
does it look like? What does it feel like? In what locations can it be found?
In writing, describe to someone else how to identify quicksand. If he were to
accidentally wander into quicksand, how would he get out of it? Add any necessary precautions your reader may want to observe. Consider an interesting
way to introduce your topic.
Is your essay interesting to read? Is it clear? If not, add more detail or
clarify it (see “Is Your Essay Full of Quicksand?” on the next page). Have fun!
Word Fun
Using the letters in “quicksand,” see how many words you can create, not including proper nouns, plural forms, foreign words, or abbreviations.
QUICKSAND
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
30
Is Your Essay Full of Quicksand?
One of the most important
things you can do when writing
a good essay is to start with
an outline. An outline provides
your essay with a solid foundation and lends support to
your ideas. Without a solid
foundation, your essay will
quickly sink and your ideas
will go down with it.
A good outline will help you
to organize your thoughts and provide a necessary structure
for your paper. It will also make your essay easier to write because you will
already have your supporting ideas to validate your main idea, or thesis.
There are five main parts to a good essay: the title, the introduction, the body,
the conclusion or summary, and your citations. Let’s look at each of these and
how they will each play a part in your essay and the outline of your essay.
The Title
The title of your essay should be placed at the top of your paper. Everything
else in the essay will be placed below it. Choose a title that will catch the
interest of your reader. For example, “Is Your Essay Full of Quicksand?” is
more interesting than just “Essay Outlines.”
The Introduction
The introduction of your essay should also catch the attention of your reader.
This is where you will tell why you chose this topic and the main idea, or thesis,
of your essay. This is also a great place to share your intended conclusion and
list the points you will cover in the body of your essay.
31
The Body
In the body of your essay, you should use the points you listed in the introduction as subheadings. Beneath each point, list the information that will support
and explain your view. This information will make up the body of your essay.
The Conclusion or Summary
The conclusion is simply a summary of the information you used to support
your main idea. This is where you show how you reached your conclusion.
Citations
If you used outside sources of information, you will need to list them here.
Now let’s look at how these parts work together in an outline to provide a firm
foundation for your essay. This is how you will make sure your paper is solid
instead of just writing and finding your paper sinking before you even really
begin. Check out the sample outline on the following page.
32
Title
(Centered or aligned to the left)
Introduction
A. Main idea, or thesis:________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
B. Intended conclusion and points:_______________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
A.
Body
Subheading 1:_____________________________________________
1. Supporting information:____________________________________
2. Supporting information:_ __________________________________
B.
Subheading 2:_ ___________________________________________
C.
Subheading 3:_ ___________________________________________
A.
Conclusion or Summary
Summary of supporting information: ____________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
B. Conclusion Reached:________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Citations
Now let’s practice making outlines for essays using the sample outline listed on
the previous page. You can print out the sample and make copies to use again
and again, or you can just reference it and write on your own notebook paper.
Here are some topics to practice with:
yy Dung Beetle
yy MRSA
yy Red Tides
yy Puffer Fish
yy Blue Diamonds
yy Zombie Fire Ants
yy Cicada-Killing Wasp
yy Blue-Footed Booby
yy Quicksand
yy Snow Rollers
yy Slime Eel
yy Vegetarian Spiders
The more you practice, the easier it will become. It will also make writing your
essays quicker. This will be important when you need to write a timed essay.
You will be able to quickly organize your ideas and provide the support that is
needed so your essay doesn’t sink like quicksand.
The words of a man’s mouth are as
deep waters, and the wellspring of
wisdom as a flowing brook.
(Proberbs 18:4)
34
Spelling &
Vocabulary
Elementary Word List
quicksand – Thick, wet sand that can suck down and trap both animals and people.
physics – The scientific study of energy and matter and how they relate to one
another.
marsh – A very wet, grassy area similar to a swamp.
tide pool – A pool of sea water left behind as the tide goes out.
saturated – Completely soaked with water.
force – To use your own body strength and energy to move.
dense – Thick and hard to see or move through.
clay – Thick, sticky, muddy soil made of very fine particles.
submerged – Completely covered with water.
sediment – Bits of sand and gravel that settle on the bottom of the ocean, river, or sea.
riverbank – The ground along the edge of a river.
suction – The pulling of liquid or an object in, as in a vacuum.
35
Junior High/High School Word List
quicksand – Thick, saturated bed of sand that sucks down and traps both animals and people.
liquefaction – The process by which something becomes a liquid.
physics – The scientific study of energy and matter and how they relate to one
another.
marsh – A very wet, grassy area similar to a swamp.
tide pool – A pool of sea water left over by the receding tide.
saturated – Completely soaked with water.
force – To exert your own physical strength and energy to accomplish an activity.
dense – Thick and hard to see or move through.
clay – Thick, sticky, muddy soil made of very fine particles.
submerged – Completely covered with or under water.
sediment – Bits of sand and gravel that settle at the bottom of the ocean, river, or
sea.
buoyancy – The ability to stay afloat when placed in water or another liquid.
non-lethal – Something that won’t kill or destroy life.
riverbank – The ground along the edge of a river.
suction – The pulling of liquid or another object in, such as in a vacuum.
sedimentologist – A scientist who studies sediment and sedimentary rock.
non-Newtonian – A liquid that does not follow the Newtonian model of having a
constant flow rate at a given temperature.
36
Spelling Activities
(elementary)
Fill in the missing vowels:
1. Q _ _ C K S _ N D 7. S _ T _ R _ T _ D
2. M _ R S H
8. F _ R C _
3. P H _ S _ C S
9. S _ B M _ R G _ D
4. T _ D _ P _ _ L
10. S _ D _ M _ N T
5. C L _ _
11. R _ V _ R B _ N K
6. D _ N S _
12. S _ C T _ _ N
Draw a line from the vocabulary word to its correct meaning.
suction
Physical strength or power
physics
Completely under water
force
Sea water left behind by the ocean tide
riverbank
Scientific study of matter and energy
dense
Thick and hard to move through
quicksand
Soaked with water
tide pool
The ground along the edge of a river
clay
Thick, sticky, muddy soil
saturated
Thick, wet sand that sucks things down
submerged
To suck something in like a vacuum
marsh
Sand and gravel on the bottom of the sea
sediment
A very wet, grassy area
37
Spelling Activities
(middle/high school)
Write the vocabulary words in reverse ABC order. Label each word with its
correct part of speech (noun, verb, adverb, adjective).
1._ _____________________ 10. _ _____________________
2._ _____________________ 11. _ _____________________
3._ _____________________ 12. _ _____________________
4._ _____________________ 13. _ _____________________
5._ _____________________ 14. _ _____________________
6._ _____________________ 15. _ _____________________
7._ _____________________ 16. _ _____________________
8._ _____________________ 17. _ _____________________
9._ _____________________
Super Short Story
Write a short (1-4 paragraphs) story using each of the vocabulary words once.
Stories can be silly or factual, but must include all vocabulary words. Write
your story either on a separate sheet of paper or on the computer.
38
Word Search
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quicksand Created with www.puzzle-maker.com
39
Crossword
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
11
13
14
15
16
17
ACROSS
ACROSS
DOWN
DOWN
3. The ability to stay afloat when placed 3 The ability to stay afloat when placed in
in water
another
liquid.
wateror
or another
liquid.
5. Thick,
sticky,
soilmade
made
of very
sticky,muddy
muddy soil
of very
5 Thick,
fine particles.
fine particles.
A very
wet,
grassy area
to ato a
11. A 11
very
wet,
grassy
areasimilar
similar
swamp.
swamp.
be completely
soaked with
12
12. To beTocompletely
soaked
withwater.
water.
To
be
completely
covered
with
or
under
14
14. To be completely covered with or
water.
under water.
15 Something that won't kill or destroy life.
15. Something
that won’t kill or destroy 16 The pulling of liquid or an object in, such
life. as in a vacuum.
16. The
of and
liquid
or an
Bits of sand
gravel
thatobject
settle at in,
the 17 pulling
such bottom
as in aofvacuum.
the ocean, river or sea.
17. Bits of sand and gravel that settle at the bottom of the ocean, river or sea.
1. Process by which something becomes a
1 Process by which something becomes a
liquid.
liquid.
22.Thick,
Thick,
saturated
bed that
of sand
saturated
bed of sand
sucks that down
sucks
andanimals
traps both
animals and anddown
traps both
and people.
scientist who studies sediment and
4 Apeople.
rock.who studies sediment and
4.sedimentary
A scientist
The
ground
along
the edge of a river.
6
sedimentary rock.
A
liquid
that
does
not
7
6. The ground alongfollow
the the
edge of a river.
Newtonian model of having a constant
7. A liquid that does not follow the
flow rate at a given temperature.
Newtonian model of having a constant
8 To be thick and hard to see or move
through.
flow rate at a given temperature.
98.The
Toscientific
be thick
and
see
or move
study
of hard
energyto
and
matter
and
through.
how they relate to one another.
your own physical
and and 10
9.Exerting
The scientific
study strength
of energy
energy
to
accomplish
an
activity.
matter and how they relate to one
pool of sea water left over by the
13
Aanother.
receding tide.
10. Exerting your own physical strength and energy to accomplish an activity.
13. A pool of sea water left over by the
receding tide.
40
r
o
F
t
Jus
The “Sparkle” Game
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Students form a circle.
The teacher reads one spelling word aloud.
One student is chosen to start the word, saying the first letter of the word.
Play moves clockwise, having each student say the next letter of the word.
When the word has been spelled correctly, the next student in line says “sparkle.”
Then the next word is given.
If a student says the wrong letter, he/she is out of the game and must sit down. Keep going until all the spelling words are used. The person left standing wins!
The Memory Game
Write each vocabulary word on an index card. On a separate index card, write the word
definitions. Place index cards face down and have students take turns flipping over two
cards—one word card and one definition. If they’re a match, the student keeps them. If
not, the student flips them back over so the next student can have a turn. The person with
the most matches wins.
Hangman
Take turns playing this traditional classroom favorite! See how many “body parts” you can
draw before your friends/classmates/siblings guess the correct word.
Jeopardy!
Create your own version of this classic TV game show, using only your vocabulary words and
other interesting facts about quicksand. Make sure you answer in the form of a question!
Timed ABC/Reverse ABC Order
Race your siblings to see who can write their vocabulary words in either ABC or reverse
ABC order first. For added “drama” set a timer for 1 minute or less!
41
Copywork
Deuteronomy 33:19
They/shall/call/the/people/unto/the///////
mountain;/there/they/shall/offer//////////
sacrifices/of/righteousness:/for/they/shall//
suck/of/the/abundance/of/the/seas,/and//
of/treasures/hid/in/the/sand./////////////
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42
Psalm 69:1-2
Save/me,/O/God;/for/the/waters/are/////
come/in/unto/my/soul.///////////////////
I/sink/in/deep/mire,/where/there/is/no/////
standing:/I/am/come/into/deep/waters,////
where/the/floods/overflow/me.////////////
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43
Psalm 69:14
Deliver/me/out/of/the/mire,/and/let/me//
not/sink:/let/me/be/delivered/from/them//
that/hate/me,/and/out/of/the/deep//////
waters.//////////////////////////////////
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44
Proverbs 27:3
A/stone/is/heavy,/and/the/sand/weighty;//
but/a/fool's/wrath/is/heavier/than/them///
both.///////////////////////////////////
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45
Matthew 7:26
And/every/one/that/heareth/these////////
sayings/of/mine,/and/doeth/them/not,/////
shall/be/likened/unto/a/foolish/man,///////
which/built/his/house/upon/the/sand:///////
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46
Deuteronomy 33:19
They/shall/call/the/people/unto/the/////////
mountain;/there/they/shall/offer/sacrifices///
of/righteousness:/for/they/shall/suck/of/the//
abundance/of/the/seas,/and/of/treasures/hid/
in/the/sand./////////////////////////////
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47
Psalm 69:1-2
Save/me,/O/God;/for/the/waters/are/come///
in/unto/my/soul.////////////////////////
I/sink/in/deep/mire,/where/there/is/no/////
standing:/I/am/come/into/deep/waters,/////
where/the/floods/overflow/me.//////////////
////////////////////////////////////////
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48
Psalm 69:14
Deliver/me/out/of/the/mire,/and/let/me////
not/sink:/let/me/be/delivered/from/them////
that/hate/me,/and/out/of/the/deep/waters.///
////////////////////////////////////////
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49
Proverbs 27:3
A/stone/is/heavy,/and/the/sand/weighty;////
but/a/fool/’s/wrath/is/heavier/than/them////
both.////////////////////////////////////
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50
Matthew 7:26
And/every/one/that/heareth/these/sayings///
of/mine,/and/doeth/them/not,/shall/be//////
likened/unto/a/foolish/man,/which/built////
his/house/upon/the/sand://////////////////
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51
In the lab
Physics
Remember, with quicksand some very interesting physics comes into play. Just
what exactly is physics?
Physics is a branch of science that deals with forces and energy, and their
effect on matter, or anything that has mass. There are three states of matter—solid, liquid, and gas.
Surface Tension Experiment
As an example, let’s take a look at water. Let’s start with a swimming pool
first. It’s fun to be in a pool splashing all around, isn’t it? You can jump, swim,
and splash in the water. Have you been to a pool that has a diving board?
Have you used it or watched others use it? Many times, kids jump or dive off
the board. Sometimes, kids (and adults too!) try a fancy dive but aren’t able
to make the complete rotation before reaching the water,
so instead they “belly flop.” Has that happened
to you before? What does it feel like? It stings,
doesn’t it? At the moment you hit the water, it
didn’t feel like a liquid, did it? The water seemed
to be pulled tight, and you hit the surface of it. In
fact, you experienced the surface tension of water. Surface tension is what allows water striders
to travel across the top of the water.
52
To experiment with surface tension, try this
Supplies:
•Clean bowl or pan
•Clean water
•Clean paper clips
Fill your clean container with water. Pull up the center of your paper clip to
have something to hold onto. With a steady hand, slowly lower the paper clip
onto the surface of the water and gently let go. The surface tension will hold
up the paper clip. How many paper clips can you float at one time?
What happens if you add a
small drop of dish detergent
to the water? It almost immediately breaks the surface
tension and the paper clips
fall through the surface.
53
Viscosity Experiment
Viscosity is a fluid’s resistance to flow. In other words, it is how quickly or
how slowly a fluid flows, and whether temperature affects its flow ability. As
an example, think of two fluids, such as water and ketchup. Which one flows
quickly? You’re right, water. That means water has a low viscosity. Ketchup
flows s-l-o-w-l-y, which means it has a high viscosity.
Have you ever shopped with your dad in the automotive store for car oil? On
the oil can, there’s a measurement like “5W-30” or “10W-40.” These measurements correspond to the oil’s viscosity and how the oil flows at different temperatures.
You can conduct your own viscosity experiment at home, measuring
different household fluids. Some
possible ideas: water, shampoo,
conditioner, corn syrup, cooking oil,
honey. You will mark two lines on
the outside of the container, fill a
container with the fluid, and time
how long it takes for a marble to
travel between the two lines.
Supplies:
•Clear glass, plastic cup, or graduated cylinder
•Marble
•Household fluids to measure
•Stopwatch
•Water-soluble marker
•Ruler
54
On your container, mark two lines on the outside. Use a ruler to measure the
distance between the two lines (centimeters or millimeters). Place your container on top of newspaper or paper towel to catch any spills.
Fill your container with the first fluid to measure. Have a stopwatch handy to
time how long it takes for the marble to travel between the two marked lines.
When ready, drop the marble into the fluid, start and stop the timer accordingly. Use the chart below to record your results.
Reuse the container to measure the viscosity of other fluids (or, if possible,
have several containers with the two
lines marked the same distance apart on
each container) and record your results.
To figure out the speed the marble
traveled, simply divide the distance
between the two marked lines by the
number of seconds the marble took to
travel the distance.
Fluid
Time
Speed
(distance divided by time)
Of the fluids you tested:
Which fluid has the highest viscosity (the longest time for marble to travel)?
Which fluid has the lowest viscosity?
55
Where in the
World?
For our quicksand geography study and activities, let’s begin by looking at a
quote:
“Quicksand can occur anywhere under the right conditions.” — Denise
Mouchelle, geologist, U.S. Geological Survey
By “anywhere,” do you think this geologist means anywhere in the world? I
doubt that. She does clarify her statement by saying that it must be under
the right conditions. You should have learned by now that quicksand needs
sand or loose soil, water, and agitation. And where are the best places to find
sand and water? Coastlines! The beach!
For our first activity, I want you to take your world map and outline the countries just on their coastlines. Use a brightly colored marker (not blue) that
will stand out when you look at the map. Don’t highlight any of the edges of
countries that are not on the water. We want only coastlines for this activity. There’s a lot of coastline in the world, isn’t there? Where there’s coastline, there’s water, right? Seventy-two percent of the earth’s surface is water! Ninety-seven percent of that water is salty. Let’s color all the water on
our map blue. You may even use up your entire blue marker with this coloring
project!
56
So you’ve learned what quicksand is. Now, you need to know where quicksand
is. Our first quote told you that it can happen anywhere, but there are several
geographical locations for this phenomenon. Quicksand can be found:
•
•
•
•
•
On a riverbank.
At the beach.
Along a lake shoreline.
Near an underground spring.
In a marsh.
58
This presents five different geographical terms you need to know. Let’s make
a quicksand geography vocabulary book using these five geographical terms.
Take six 3”x5” index cards—the kind with a red line at the top and blue lines
completing the card. Stack these cards on top of each other and secure them
with two or three staples on the left side as you are looking at the cards.
First, we need to make a cover. Let’s use the title, “Quicksand Geography
Terms.” Write it in your best print. If you have room, add a quicksand picture
to your cover, or a picture of a lake, river, stream, or beach. Remember, we
are defining “riverbank”, “beach”, “lake shoreline”, “underground spring”, and
“marsh.” First, let’s arrange the five terms in alphabetical order. Now, on the
red line of each of the next five cards, write one of our geography terms.
Next, using a dictionary, geography book, or the Internet, define each of these
terms. If you cannot find “lake shoreline” try just looking up “shoreline.”
Now that you know what these terms mean, let’s solidify that learning. Imagine
a location that has all five of these geographical features. Draw a map of your
location. Be sure to label the riverbank, lake shoreline, beach, underground
spring, and marsh in your new land.
Finally, just for fun, there are two U.S. towns named Quicksand. One is in
Kentucky and one is in Texas. Also, Lewis and Clark originally
named the Sandy River in Oregon
“Quicksand River” but the name
was eventually shortened to Sandy River. There is a town, Sandy,
Oregon, situated on the Sandy
River.
Print out your U.S. states outline
map at http://www.50states.com/
maps/usamap.htm. Label and color
Texas, Kentucky, and Oregon in
honor of our quicksand locations.
as
ian River in Tex
Along the Canad
59
Let's Get Creative
Quicksand Goo
Ages: 3 to 100
This mixture is what scientists call a hydrosol or a solid scattered throughout
a liquid. It is also referred to as a non-Newtonian fluid, because sometimes it
acts as a solid and sometimes as a liquid, depending on how much pressure is
applied. Punch the mixture and tiny drops of water will become trapped between tiny bits of cornstarch. This makes the surface feel solid even when
it truly isn’t. When pressure is removed, the mixture becomes a liquid again.
Have fun “experimenting” with this gooey concoction.
Materials needed:
•1 cup cornstarch
•½ cup water
•1 tablespoon water (if needed)
•Bowl for mixing
Instructions:
1. In the bowl, mix together 1 cup of cornstarch with ½ cup of water. Get
messy and use your fingers for mixing.
2. Mix the ingredients until they form a thick paste. If the mixture is too
crumbly add water, 1 tablespoon at a time, until it is the correct consistency. If you accidentally add too much water, just add more cornstarch ½
teaspoon at a time to achieve the appropriate balance of water/cornstarch.
3. Punch the surface of the mixture and watch what happens to your fist.
4. Next, slowly dip your hand into the mixture, pick it up, and let it ooze
through your fingers.
5. Squeeze the goo and watch it turn from gooey liquid to dry solid and back
to gooey liquid.
60
Edible Quicksand
Ages: 3 to 100
When in doubt . . . eat. Enjoy eating this version of
“quicksand.”
Materials needed:
•Clear plastic 6- to 8-ounce cups
•1 (4-serving size) box instant chocolate pudding
•Cinnamon graham crackers
•Marshmallow creme
•Optional: Gummy bears or similar to get “stuck” in the quicksand
Instructions:
1. Place 4-5 cinnamon graham crackers in a plastic bag and “smoosh” them up
until they resemble sand.
2. Pour marshmallow creme into the bottom of each serving cup. Add as little
or as much as you desire, saving room for chocolate pudding and graham
cracker layers.
3. Make pudding, following package directions.
4. Pour equal amounts of pudding on top of marshmallow layer in each serving
cup.
5. Top off each layered dessert cup with the prepared cinnamon sand.
6. Just for fun, “trap” some gummy bears or other gummy characters in your
edible quicksand.
7. Conquer the quicksand by eating it!
61
Decorative Colored Sand Bottles
Ages: 4 and up
Materials needed:
•Small glass or plastic bottles with cork tops
(available at most craft stores)
•Funnel
•Colored sand
•Optional: simply color your own sand by mixing food coloring with plain sand
•Newspapers to cover work surface
•Paper and colored pencils/crayons/markers to create design for your bottle.
Instructions:
1. Lay the newspapers over the work surface. This is a messy craft!
2. Draw the shape of your bottle on the paper and plan your design of the layers of sand by drawing layers with the colored pencils.
3. Once the plan is made, slowly begin adding layers of colored sand to your
bottle by using the funnel.
4. When your design is complete, push the cork top in place so the sand will
not spill out.
5. Add a Bible verse or quicksand fact to a small piece of paper and attach it
to your bottle with a decorative ribbon.
6. Enjoy!
62
Painted Walking Stick
Ages: 4 to 100
The key to avoiding getting trapped in quicksand
is to stay away from it. When hiking in woods, a
hiking stick can help you test questionable areas.
Make a special hiking stick to take on your next
trek through the woods.
Materials needed:
•Large stick from a wooded area (if unavailable try
purchasing a large dowel rod or broom handle at a local hardware store)
•Acrylic paints
•Paint brushes
•Newspaper to cover work surface
•Sandpaper
•Optional: shellac or Mod Podge
Instructions:
1. Lay newspaper over work surface.
2. If using a stick from the woods, peel off the bark with the help of an adult.
You may need a knife to help with this.
3. Sand the stick smooth. If using a dowel rod or broom handle, you might also
want to sand the surface to help it become more accepting of the paint layers.
4. Paint your walking stick with the colors and design of your choice. Many
people choose to have their walking stick display reminders of the journeys
they have traveled. Consider this fact as you design yours.
5. If using shellac or Mod Podge, apply after paint is completely dry.
63
Sand Art Pictures
Ages: 18 months to 12 years
Materials needed:
•Craft knife
•Colored card stock or heavy weight construction paper
•White or clear contact paper
•Colored sand
•Saltshakers (available in pairs at dollar stores—once committed to crafting,
use only for this purpose)
•Tape
•Newspaper for work surface
Instructions:
1. Using a plate or other round object, trace a circle on the center of the
cardstock.
2. An adult will carefully cut the circle out of the cardstock with the craft
knife. The cardstock is now a frame for the sand art picture.
3. Cut a piece of contact paper so that it is slightly larger than the circle
frame center.
4. Placing the contact paper face down, carefully peel off the back, revealing
its sticky side.
64
5. Lay the cardstock frame over top of the sticky contact paper. Press firmly
so the contact paper adheres to the frame securely.
6. Working over a newspaper-covered surface, place colored sand into saltshakers, securing lids into place. Cover some of the saltshaker holes with
tape so sand does not flow too freely from the shaker.
7. Even toddlers can get involved. Demonstrate how to shake the shakers and
let the sand fall onto the contact paper without actually touching the paper.
8. Dump “extra” sand from artwork as desired onto work surface.
9. To preserve the sand art place a layer of clear contact paper over top of
sand creation, or laminate.
Crafty Idea for Older Kids (ages 10 and up)
If creating a sand art collage picture as directed here, make two and laminate
them to use as a cover for a book. Have the child write a report on all he has
learned regarding quicksand, including photos of other crafts, snacks, and
experiments. Find a world map and label all the continents where quicksand
can be found. Find photos of quicksand from the Internet and include them as
well. Write a creative story about an adventurer who comes across quicksand
and how he/she copes with it. Finally, include some Bible verses and commentary of what your child has learned in the Bible section of this unit.
gI
Everythin
Learned
About
Quicksand
65
Hands-On Learning
Cornstarch Quicksand
Ages: Any school-age child—special needs
modifications suggested as needed
Time needed: 1 to 2 hours
Objective:
Examine the characteristics of a non-Newtonian liquid similar to quicksand.
Materials:
yy One (16-ounce) box cornstarch
yy Large mixing bowl
yy Cookie sheet, square cake pan, or something similar
yy Pitcher of water
yy Spoon
yy Gallon-size zipper-style plastic bag
yy Newspaper or a plastic drip cloth to cover the floor
yy Water
yy Food coloring (optional)
Procedures:
Pour approximately ¼ of the box (about 4 ounces) of cornstarch into the mixing bowl and slowly add about a half-cup of water. Stir. Sometimes it is easier
to mix the cornstarch and water with your bare hands (of course, this only
adds to the fun).
Continue adding cornstarch and water in small amounts until you get a mixture
that has the consistency of honey. It may take a little work to get the consistency just right, but you will eventually end up mixing one box of cornstarch
with roughly 1 to 2 cups of water. Notice that the mixture gets thicker, or
more viscous, as you add more cornstarch.
67
Sink your hand into the bowl of “quicksand” and notice its unusual consistency.
Compare what it feels like to move your hand around slowly and then very fast.
You can’t move your hand around very fast! In fact, the faster you thrash
around, the more like a solid the gooey stuff becomes. Sink your entire hand
into the goo and try to grab the fluid and pull it up. That’s the sensation of
sinking in quicksand!
Drop a plastic toy animal into the cornstarch mixture and then try to get it
out. Pour the mixture onto the cookie sheet or cake pan. What is its consistency like when you pour it into the pan? Draw a line with your finger across
the surface of the goo. What do you notice?
Try to pick up some of the goo and form a
ball. With your hand flat, slap the surface
of the liquid glop as hard as you can. Does
it make a splash? What happens?
According to theory, you should not be
able to make a splash. If your mixture
splatters everywhere, it means you need
to add more cornstarch to get the right
consistency. When you have finished experimenting, pour the goo into a large,
zipper-style plastic bag. Do not pour
this mixture down the drain: the mixture will separate and clog your drain.
The first resource link provided with
this lesson shows not only the above
experiment, but plenty of information
to help a teacher, parent, or older
student understand the properties of a non-Newtonian liquid and how it actually works. There are videos that will add more information and show others having fun exploring with the goo.
68
All students, whether special needs or not, will benefit from this hands-on exploration of “quicksand,” which few of us will ever see in real life. With some
special needs children such as deaf-blind, blind, or others, a connection may
need to be made first. They may need to feel the materials separately first, or
they may not realize since they can’t see what you are doing that the materials
are, in fact, two separate things mixed together.
After allowing the child to feel the separate ingredients, begin pouring the
water over the child’s hands as he has his hands in the dry cornstarch. Encourage him to help mix the ingredients by hand, which is more fun than with
a spoon anyway, so he can feel the changes taking place as you both bring the
mixture to the “quicksand” state. A deaf-blind child may also need to feel dry
sand and then mix with water to understand that quicksand is similar to the
cornstarch mixture. In fact, outside it is possible to create real “quicksand”
in a large container with water. Most of us just don’t have access to the fine
sand or clay required, or enough of it to do the trick. Also, if you get a chance
to go to a beach after this experiment, remind your child of this experiment
as he or she wiggles toes and feet in the sand as the surf comes in and back
out under sinking feet.
69
The Curiosity
Fact Files
Children learn best by doing, so we have provided a fun way to ensure that your children
are really learning the material that they
are studying. Our “Curiosity Snippets” are
mini-book activities that are simply meant to
provide a starting point for your family. We
hope that you will have fun with these, and
that you will come up with more Snippets of
your own to add to your collection.
On the next page, you’ll find a file folder template that you can use to create a storage
container for your Curiosity Snippets. Have
fun!
70
First you need to make a folder to store your files. To get started, take a
piece of 8½” x 11” card stock and using the template below, trace a line along
the top edge of your paper with a pencil. Cut along the line to make the top of
your folder.
!
Next, fold your paper in half width-wise, and tape the sides together. You
should now have a folder measuring 5½” x 8½”. Fill in what your objective will
be for this case, and cut out the report cover below to glue onto your file
folder.
!
Quicksand
FACT: Quicksand can be
found in many places
around the world.
OBJECTIVE:
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
Now use your folder to keep your files safe, and have fun with The Curious
Case of Quicksand!
Snippet #1: Why Does Quicksand Make You Sink?
Read the info on “Why Does Quicksand Make You Sink?” at this website:
Read the info on “Why Does Quicksand Make You Sink?” at this website:
http://www.faqkids.com/357-quicksand-sink.html
http://www.faqkids.com/357-quicksand-sink.html
Write
three things that you learned about quicksand.
Write three things that you learned about quicksand.
Why
does
quicksand
make you
sink?
Quicksand is a non-Newtonian fluid. Cornstarch mixed with water is also a
non-Newtonian fluid. Mix together cornstarch and water and experiment with
72
Snippet #2: Non-Newtonian Fluid
Quicksand is a non-Newtonian fluid. Cornstarch mixed with water is also a nonNewtonian fluid. Mix together cornstarch and water and experiment with it
to see how
non-Newtonian
fluids act.
(Itact.
will
a liquid
when
ititisisresting,
it to
see how non-Newtonian
fluids
(Itact
will like
act like
a liquid
when
but whenit
it is
agitated it
a solid.)
your parent
to take
but whenresting,
it is agitated
becomes
a becomes
solid.) Ask
yourAsk
parent
to take
pictures
pictures of you playing with your non-Newtonian fluid and put them in the
of you playing with your non-Newtonian fluid and put them in the mini book
mini book below. Write the definition of a non-Newtonian fluid in the top
below. Write
the
of a non-Newtonian fluid in the top portion of the
portion
of definition
the mini book.
mini book.
Non-Newtonian
Fluid
73
Music Mania
Now, getting stuck in quicksand probably wouldn’t have you wanting to sing a
little song or do a little jig. However, we can use rhythm to help us remember
what we should do if we are ever stuck in it!
If you have rhythm sticks hanging about (or even two blocks to beat together), then get them ready. Otherwise, you can just clap with your hands.
Underlined words will have the sticks hitting the floor or table beside you.
Alternatively, you can clap your hands onto your legs. Words in bold lettering
will have the sticks brought together in front of you (or your hands in a clap.)
Typically, you will have two downbeats (hitting the ground) followed by one
upbeat (clapping in front of you.)
Find your rhythm, and words that are not marked for a beat get fit in between
the beats.
(Refrain/prompt between kids’ responses)
Quick-sand here, quick-sand there
Damp saturated ground is where it’s found!
The more you struggle, the more stuck you are.
What can you do? What can you do?
Possible responses from the kids:
(1) Walk with a stick! Walk with a stick!
(2) Drop everything else! Drop everything else!
(3) Try to relax! Try to relax!
(4) Take a deep breath! Take a deep breath!
(5) Lie back on it! Lie back on it!
(6) Slow motions only! Slow motions only!
(7) Take a rest! Take a rest!
74
Read All About It
•The Quicksand Book by Tomie dePaola
•Quicksand (Wonders of the World Series)
by P.M. Boekhoff and Stuart A. Kallen
•Quicksand and Other Earthly Wonders (Amazing Science)
by Q.L. Pearce
•100 Most Dangerous Things on the Planet
by Anna Claybourne
•The Worst Case Scenario Survival Handbook—Extreme Junior Edition
by David Borgenicht and Justin Heimberg
75
Wanna
Learn
More?
Surprisingly, much information is available about quicksand. If you’d like to learn
more, visit these websites. Please remember that TOS does not endorse these Web
sites and is not responsible for the content therein. Parents, we would encourage
you to visit these websites first and check for content before allowing your children
to click through to them.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/quicksand.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHCW_bqWLTo
http://www.wikihow.com/Get-out-of-Quicksand
http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/whatisquicksand-1/
http://www.education.com/activity/article/Quick_Sand/
http://geologyecology.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_science_of_quicksand
http://geology.about.com/od/geo_movies/a/aa_quicksand.htm
http://dictionary.infoplease.com/quicksand
A word search containing the word quicksand and other geographic terms:
http://www.wordsearchfun.com/69639_Desert_Word_Search_wordsearch.html
For fun: The Princess Bride quick clip of Buttercup falling into the lightning sand:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixCloC1ZjlE (Quicksand is nothing like this—yet
Hollywood often portrays quicksand in odd ways for dramatic effect.)
http://www.dellamente.com/quicksand/
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/09/0928_050928_quicksand.html
http://www.mobilegeographics.com:81/calendar/month/1755.html
http://www.ehow.com/how_2081302_read-tide-table.html?ref=Track2&utm_
source=ask
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/lancashire/3465109.stm
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Morecambe_Bay
76
http://www.morecambebay.org.uk/PDF/safety_advice.pdf
http://www.visitnorthwest.com/morecambe/clarendon.htm
http://www.lakedistricthotels.net/borrowdalehotel/tariff.htm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/quicksand-sinking.htm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/quicksand2.htm
http://mdmetric.com/tech/cvtcht.htm
http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/experiment/00000088
http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1481486/quicksand_how_to_make_and_play_
with_a_non_newtonian_fluid/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksand
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bU7t5bVfY4E
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6229042631102035511#
77
Answer Keys
Let’s See How Much You’ve Learned . . .
1.Non-Newtonian
2.True
3.C
4.Fall in head first.
5.D
6.Clay, sand, water, and salt
7.True
8.B
9.A
10.No
11.B
12.The forces required to free the person involved would literally tear him/her
apart.
13.Anywhere the conditions are right.
14.Because they have increased suction and will make escape more difficult.
15.C
16.A few feet.
17.A
18.C
78
Figure It Out
Millimeters in the Quicksand
Quicksand and Tides
102 mm = 4 in
1. 12:18 AM, 12:31 PM
2008 mm = 79 in
2.1:30 AM, 1:58 PM
4444 mm = 175 in
3.6:06 PM
375 mm = 15 in
4.7:07 AM
12,245 mm = 482 in
5.February 28 a Sunday
999 mm = 39 in
6.9:36 PM
10,000 mm = 394 in
7.7.04 feet
8.7.08 feet
7 in = 178 mm
9.4.70 feet
100 in = 2,540 mm
10.Monday the 22nd
36 in = 914 mm
11.Saturday the 6th, Sunday the 7th
144 in = 3,658 mm
12.6 hours 13 minutes
12345 in = 313,563 mm
13.14 hours 5 minutes
780 in = 19,812 mm
14.6.29 feet
5551 in = 140,995 mm
Quicksand Sinking Rates
Morecambe Bay Quicksand
5 feet tall
7 < 12 < 19 < 25 < 30
No, less than an hour. He would sink in
Answers will vary.
less than 40 minutes.
1
no!
9
2:50 PM
0
10:40 AM
three hundred nineteen thousand, one
Poacher #2
hundred
30 inches (Did you notice the extra, un-
119.691 square miles
needed information?)
31
18 inches or ½ a yard
Answers will vary.
42 inches
Clarendon Hotel costs 45 U.S. dollars
158,400 feet
Borrowdale Hotel costs 118.50 U.S. dollars
60 months, 260 weeks
two thousand four
twenty-one
4
79
Quicksand TV Schedule
Which show sounds most interesting to you? Answers will vary
What show comes after the second showing of Animal Vet? Quicksand Devotionals
How long is the Morecambe Bay Disasters show? 2 hours
Which program has the most showings? Quicksand—What Is It?
If you wanted to make a sand craft, what time could you watch? 8:30 AM, 12 PM
Which program might teach you quicksand safety? Getting Out of a Quicksand Jam or
Quicksand –What Is It?
Which shows are one hour long? Ranger Ron, Crafts, Science News, Truth or Fiction
What time does Quicksand Devotionals begin? 8 AM, 8 PM
What time does Mystery at Quicksand Isle begin? 2 AM, 2 PM
What show is on at 5 PM? Myths of Quicksand
If you were writing a paper on quicksand and had no clue what it was, which show would you
watch? What times is it on TV? Quicksand—What Is It? 9:30 AM, 4:30 PM, 11 PM
When is Myths of Quicksand finished? 5:30 PM
When does Morecambe Bay Disasters end? 11 PM
How long does Quicksand Devotionals last? ½ hour
Think of a name for your own quicksand show. What would it be about? Answers will vary
The Write Stuff
Word Fun Suggested Answers
a
ad
an
and
as
ask
cad
can
cask
dank
din
duck
dun
dunk
I
kin
kind
nick
quack
quick
quip
sack
sad
sand
sank
scan
sick
80
sin
sink
skid
skin
squad
squid
suck
sun
sunk
Spelling and Vocabulary
Word Search
C
V
D
R
T
F
B
E
D
I
S
N
D
L
M
S
E
X
K
N
H
D
Q
U
H
E
S
V
W
A
G
V
Q
H
P
W
C
Y
T
L
W
E
C
P
R
Q
Z
I
U
T
A
A
Q
N
S
U
W
S
E
S
P
R
I
Z
R
U
O
N
G
F
J
C
M
R
H
O
A
U
I
Q
E
O
X
C
T
I
B
M
N
K
T
C
E
D
D
B
W
L
I
S
U
W
O
A
K
O
E
C
R
O
F
A
D
Y
S
C
S
S
B
O
Y
R
K
B
V
Y
E
H
C
C
A
K
N
A
B
R
E
V
I
R
P
P
Z
N
C
K
S
Z
P
S
G
N
L
P
O
I
D
M
L
J
E
D
M
U
H
E
D
X
O
B
Q
X
X
S
F
C
G
A
R
E
D
M
L
E
G
O
Z
S
E
D
I
M
E
N
T
D
clay
dense
force
Crossword
marsh
physics
quicksand
L
I
Q
U
E
D
F
E
A
F
N
C
O
S A T U R A T
E
I
C
I
O
E
D
N
E
P
S U C T I O
O
L
riverbank
saturated
sediment
submerged
suction
tide pool
Q
B U O Y A N
I
C L A Y
K
S
P
M A R S H
N
Y
E D
S U
I
C
S
N
C Y
R
I
N
V
O
E
N
R
N
B M E R G E
A
W
N O N L E T
K
O
N
I
A
S E D I M E N
81
S
E
D
I
M
E
N
D
T
O
H A L
O
G
I
S
T
T
Where in the World?
Geographical Terms in Alphabetical Order
beach – Accumulation of sand at a coast or at the edge of a body of water
marsh – An area of soft, wet, low-lying land, characterized by grassy vegetation and often
forming a transition zone between water and land.
riverbank – the bank of a river.
shoreline – the edge of a body of water.
underground spring – groundwater that does not flow out of the ground.
82

quicksand - TOS Media Kit

Transcription

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