Full project description

FINAL REPORT
“Odonata
Diversity Relationship with Plant Vegetation Diversity in
Palimanan Quarry, Cirebon, West Java
Researchers: Geo Septianella
Researchers team :
Fatihah Dinul Qayyimah, Lulu’ Nisrina, Resti Aulunia, Rosnaeni, Yusuf Baskoro
Quarry Palimanan Cirebon- 2014
UNIVERSITY AL-AZHAR OF INDONESIA
ABSTRACT
Odonata or dragonflies are often referred to as the insects that are important for the environment
because they are bio-indicators of water areas. Odonata existence indicates that the environment
has good natural conditions. One area that has not been known to natural conditions related to
the presence of Odonata is the area around the Indocement factory, Palimanan, Cirebon, West
Java. Therefore, the research aims to analyze the relationship Odonata diversity of plants and
vegetation around the plant area Indocement, Palimanan. The results of this study may be the
first step of making the Eco Park as conservation of dragonflies and other animals in that area.
The study was conducted at 4 points, which is an 1, 2, 3 and 4 ponds, rice fields and villages
around the Palimanan Wetan plant. Identifications result toward these 778 individuals that were
collected at the study sites in 4 points are, 4 families consisting of 18 species. Plants were
identified consisting of 56 genus with 61 species. Plants that dominate Quarry Palimanan is
family Fabaceae. Other plants are influenced by the diversity of aquatic plants due to Odonata is
directly related to the life cycle of Odonate at nymph stage.
Key Words: Odonate diversity, plant vegetation, Indocement Palimanan factory
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is the one of the country with the highest biodiversity after Brazil, so it is
known as Megabiodiversity (Mittermeier 1997) that include species, genetic, and habitat
diversities. Species diversity of animals, plants, and microorganisms and Insects are one of the
group of the animal with a very big diversity.
Group of Odonata or dragonfly is one of the insect group with quite high species
diversity. Odonata is divided in two major group which are Anisoptera (common dragonfly) and
Zygoptera (needle dragonfly). The number of Odonata species diversity in the world is around
5000-6000 species (Corbet 1999). Indonesia has about 900 species of Odonata (Rahadi et al.
2013), spesifically the Java island has around 29% which is 177 species
(Lupiyaningdyahpers.com). One of the Cirebon area that already have the Odonata diversity data
is in the area of Ciremai Mountain which is about 20 species (Aswari et al. 2011).
Natural condition that change every year derived this study to discover the natural
condition at cement industrial mining site. Mining exploration can damage the habitat of living
organism. Thus need to know the diversity in the location of this mine, and also the effort needed
to sustain existing species, and preserve the habitat for the creatures living in these locations.
Solution is needed to restore the habitat for living organism to make room for the existing
species as a form of responsibility for the environment around the mining site.
This research can be the first step in the conservation of dragonflies (Odonata) and
habitat at local site, not only for the dragonfly, but for other living organism such as plants that
play an important role for the Quarry environmental conditions. This conservation effort is
formed in an area called Eco Park. Eco Park is a park or land-based in a beautiful environment
with vegetation dominated by plants that contribute to other living creatures. Furthermore, Eco
Park can provide a positive impact for the people of Cirebon, especially in the vicinity of Quarry
Palimanan. The positive impact of, among others, for is health aspect, can reduce the rate of
diseases such as dengue fever. Odonata nymph eats mosquito larvae, the vector of disease.
Agricultural aspect is a natural predators to reduce agricultural pests, for example walang rice
pest and leafhoppers. Farming aspects that could reduce ectoparasites for farm animals, and as
bio-indicators of water in surrounding environment.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
In this study we wanted to know the diversity of dragonflies (Odonata) and its relationship with
vegetation plants located in Quarry Location Palimanan Cirebon, West Java. This study include
catching several species of dragonflies as inventory data of dragonfly species diversity,
distribution and activity of the dragonfly observation based on the observation time, analysis
plants in four study sites, determine dragonfly related to plants and other insects through
identification of other insects, as well as knowing abiotic conditions of the four study sites.
The information is expected to be the first step in the conservation of dragonflies
(Odonata) and habitat at a local site, as well as other organisms that play an important role for
Quarry environmental conditions. This conservation effort is formed in the area called Eco Park.
Eco Park is a park or land-based in a beautiful environment dominated by plants that contribute
to other living creatures. Furthermore, Eco Park can provide a positive impact for the people of
Cirebon, especially around the site of Palimanan quarry.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
This research is motivated by the role of Odonata as bio-indicators of water. Basically
there has been no information about the diversity of Odonata in Palimanan quarry Cirebon. This
study was conducted to determine the diversity of Odonata in several locations Palimanan
quarry.
Odonata’s life is known closely related to plant vegetation. Thus, we also identify the
vegetation diversity of plants with the intent to determine the relationship between Odonata with
the existing vegetation in the area of Palimanan quarry, Cirebon.
Odonata can be a role players in health, one of them as disease prevention. Prevention is
done by preying insects which become vectors of some diseases. These insects include
mosquitoes, flies, insect pests and parasites for livestock. That is, become the basis for us to
determine insects are bad for health, agriculture, and farm. We will identify the other insects in
the area of Cirebon Palimanan Quarry.
Location of the study divided by the watery areas surrounding PT. Indocement,
Palimanan, Cirebon. Locations include 1,2,3 pond (artificial pond) which became a point of
study sites (Figure 1a), 4 ponds the location of point 2 (Figure 1b), and rice field became the
3rd point location (Figure 1c) , and Palimanan Wetan villages as the location of the control point
is similar to that located in the factory (Figure 1d).
METHOD
Time and Research Location
This research was conducted at PT. Indocement Palimanan, Cirebon, West Java, and the
Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Zoologybiology Research Center, Bogor Cibinong. Field research was conducted for 18 days in the three
study areas (pond 1-4, rice fields) and 1 location in the village as a control Palimanan Wetan,
with 4 times the catching in each research area.
Field research was divided into 2 periods. The first part starts at 06:00 to 10:00 am, and
in the second part continued from 14:00 to 18:00 pm. The study was divided into 2 periods per
activity aimed to look at the dragonfly species in the study sites. Laboratory research includes
identification of the Odonata species, and other insects to the family stage, and preserved some
specimens of Odonata and other insects.
Sweeping and Malaise trap
Sweeping method is the method of catching insects by using insect nets (sweeping net). Insect
net is used to catch flying insects. Malaise trap is a passive trap to catch other insects, to
discover food or prey of Odonata (Faulds & Crabtree 1995).
Marking method
This method is used to estimate the Odonata population by marking the Odonata’s wing. This
marking using markers to give point and numbers on each catching. This marking is also
intended to avoid excessive taking in nature (Aguilar et al. 2008).
Temporary specimen storage
Storage is done to avoid specimen from decaying before preserved. Odonata specimens
is storage using triangle papilot paper for Anisoptera (dragonflies) and put in a plastic box, while
Zygoptera (needle dragonfly) is inserted in a small tube that contained 90% alcohol content. And
provision of camphor (Naptahlane) to avoid invading microorganisms and other insects such as
ants.
Plant and insect specimen identification in each area of research
Identification of plant is done as it is related to the purpose of this study is to determine
the relationship between the diversity of Odonata with plant. Identification of plant is done
directly by taking a picture and identified by LIPI staff Purwodadi Botanical Gardens. Identify
other insects for the supporting data, until the family stage. The specimens were identified in the
Research Center for Biology, Division of Zoology, LIPI Cibinong, Bogor using insect
identification books of Odonata (Orr 2003; Orr 2005; Rahadi et al. 2013), Coleoptera (Harde
KW 1999; Amir 2002), Diptera (Alexander 1981), Hemiptera (Cassis & Gross 1995),
Lepidoptera Butteflies (Peggie & Amir 2006), Moth (Zborowski & Ted 2007), Orthoptera
(Colles & Rentz 1985).
Specimen Preservation (Mounting)
Odonata and other insect specimens preserved by using the oven with a temperature of
450-500 C. Preservation by using the oven is intended to avoid the attack of microorganisms and
preservation can last long. This preservation using a needle insects (insect pin) which serves to
support the body of insects that can be placed neatly in the storage box.
Analysis of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson evenness index
Shannon-Wiener diversity analysis is used to determine the diversity of Odonata on each
study site by using the formula (H '= Σ pi In pi). Meanwhile, Simpson's evenness index to
determine the value of the dominance of each dragonflies species were caught at each study site
(E = H '/ Ln S).
Geographic Information Spatial (GIS)
This method is carried out for mapping Odonata species found per site. Where is the
method can determine the distribution of species in Quarry Palimanan Cirebon. This method uses
ArcGIS software (Photo 7 & 8).
RESULT
Odonata diversity
We managed to obtain 18 species of 778 individuals, of which 159 individuals caught,
were preserved. While the other 619 specimens were using tagged and released method. From
the 18 species caught consists of 4 families and 15 genus (Table 2). Number of families are most
commonly found is Libellulidae with 10 species. The lowest number of families is Gomphidae
and Platycnemididae consisting of 1 species.
In this study, the most commonly found species is Crocothemis servillia 250 individuals
and Orthetrum sabina as much as 128 individuals. All species caught is included into the
category of common species, but there are some that often and rarely found.
Crocothemis servilia has spread from Siam, Penang, Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra,
Bawean, Borneo, Jakarta, and Bali. This species can be found in rice fields habitat, ponds, lakes,
and areas of human habitation. species reaches a height limit in 2150 m (Lieftinck 1954).
Distribution Orthetrum sabina include Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo. This
species can be found at an altitude of 2400 m above sea level. This species is very common and
widespread (Lieftinck 1954).
Our observations are not only spreading at each point location, but also includes
observation time activity on the Odonata. Activity observation started at 06:00 to 18:00 it shows
the activity time of Odonata in nature. Generally the most common activity of Odonata perching
on plants from 07.00 to 09.00 (Figure 2). At 09.00-15.00 Odonata flying activities with the
purpose of seeking prey, looking for a mate, and seek for territorial to lay their eggs.
The results obtained were analyzed using the diversity Shannon-Wiener index diversity
and Simpson's index of diversity. The average yield SWI diversity index and SI in Palimanan
Quarry is H '= 2.866, E = 0.481. In (Figure 1) Pond 1,2,3 has the highest diversity index results
among 3 other locations (pond 4, Rice, and the Village Palimanan) that H '= 2.977 and E =
0.321. Pond 4 has the results of the index H '= 2.742 and E = 0.494. Rice Field Area at PT.
Indocement Palimanan is H '= 2.878 and E = 0.517. Last location Palimanan-Wetan Village the
control is H '= 2.821 and E = 0.590.
Our observations not only observations on spreading at each point location, but added the
observation time on the activity of Odonata found. Activity observation started at 06:00 to 18:00
it shows the activity time Odonata in nature. Based on general observations of activity Odonata
species most commonly found at 07.00 to 09.00 (Table 7). Species found at 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 as
many as 11 species, among others Brachythemis contaminata (Photos 2E), Crocothemis
servillia, Orthetrum sabina, Pantala flavescens, Potamarcha congener (Photos 2D),
Agriocnemis femina, Agriocnemis pygmaea (Photo 2G), Ischnura senegalensis (Photos 2H),
Pseudagrion microcepalum, Pseudagrion pruinosum, Pseudagrion rubriceps (Table 7).
Observation time activity that most rare Odonata is at 15:00 to 18:00. Species found at that time
only 5 species including Brachythemis contaminata, Crocothemis servillia, Diplacodes trivialis,
Orthetrum sabina, Pantala flavescens, and Potamarcha congener (Table 7).
Plant Vegetation
From the 61 species of plants were recorded in 4 locations of which consist of 3 types of
habitus which 17 types of trees, bushes or shrubs 18 types, and as many as 26 types of herbs.
Plants were recorded consisting of 20 families (Table 3), with three locations is dominated in
Quarry Area Palimanan the family Fabaceae, and the species of plants that are found in all four
locations is Mimosa pudica. Type of plant consists of terrestrial plants and aquatic plants. Water
plants are recorded only 2 types of Typha aungustifolia and Phragmites karka (Photo 5). Both of
these plants are in the location of the pond 1,2,3 and the Palimanan Wetan Village.
Other Insects
There are 6 ordo we manage to note with Malaise Trap method, they are Coleoptera,
Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera. Diptera Ordo has the most
number of individual of about 1277 of 5 families. Hymenoptera are 430 of 14 families,
Lepidoptera are 5 255 of 6 families, Orthoptera are 9 of 14 families and the least is Hemiptera, 6
individuals of 2 families. (Sheet no 3).
Order Diptera most commonly found in each site Palimanan Quarry. Family is most
commonly found in the order Diptera Tabanidae and Muscidae this is. Tabanidae and Muscidae
most commonly found in the location of pond 4 In order Lepidoptera Noctuidae family is most
prevalent in the location of the third point.
Walang sabngit that is included in the order Hemiptera with Alydidae family is also
found at the site pond and rice fields in the Area 4 Palimanan Quarry. Walang sangit known as a
pest of rice because it can suck plant sap and attack the rice so that the fruit pieces into a hollow,
and scars from stitches can cause white patches into place for the fungus.
Abiotic Condition of Palimanan Quarry
Abiotic conditions consisting of physical and chemical conditions. Obtained physical
condition, is temperature, altitude, wind speed, and humidity, while chemical conditions include
water quality conditions at Palimanan Quarry and PH at Palimanan-Wetan Village, Dissolved
Oxygen (DO), BOD (Biochemical Oxygent Demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygent Density).
Abiotic conditions is important to determine the condition of an environment that can be said is
good or not, depends on the outcome abiotic conditions.
Based on the data obtained (Table 4) that the location of Quarry Palimanan has 30oC35oC temperature (Table 4). Data on height at the location which is between 45-52 m, wind
speeds of about 4-11 km / h, and the humidity was between 48-52%. The data obtained from the
measurement of pH of data on the four different locations are not too significant, which results
in a row pond 1 7.87, 2.88 Pond, Pond 3 ,89, Swimming 4 5.99, Rice 6.5, and Palimanan village
Wetan 6.8. Data were obtained from DO measurement results of data obtained from the
observation that the pond 1 was 5.6 mg / l, 2 ponds was 6.0 mg / l, 3 ponds was 5.8 mg / l, 4
ponds of 4, 5. While in the area of rice fields and village Palimanan- Wetan respectively of 4.4
and 4.3 mg/l. BOD in Pond 1, Pond 2 and Pond 3 respectively of 7.6; 8.805; and 9.97 mg/l.
While the pond 4, paddy fields, and village-Wetan Palimanan namely 8.63, respectively; 31.82;
and 21.73 mg/l. COD measurement results, obtained similar results in Pond 1, Pond 2 and Pond
3 is 25.8 mg/l. Meanwhile, in a row in Pond 4, paddy fields, and village-Wetan Palimanan is
21.2; 85.62; and 54.65 mg/l.
DISCUSSION
Analysis of Diversity Index (H ') and Evenness Index (E)
Based on data from Odonata diversity and evenness were obtained at each location in
Quarry Palimanan included into the category of being, but the location with the highest diversity
values pond 1,2,3, H '= 2.977 (see Figure 1) presumably because of the location points wider
than the third point which is 12 hectares of other locations, as well as various types of plants over
29 species (Table 3). At this location also has a water plant which is mostly dominated by Typha
aungustifolia and Phragmites karka. Diversity index showed that variability in the category is
moderate (Table 1). The lowest diversity index value H '= 2.742 at the location of pond 4 despite
being in the moderate category. 4 suspected because an area smaller than other woods all three
locations, but the plants are known there are 26 types of plants (Table 3). Species diversity is a
combination of species richness compiled by evenness. Factors affecting species diversity (H ')
among other geological conditions, the spread of a species, habitat conditions, the influence of
season, and sebagianya (Rusmendro 2007).
Evenness index were tested with Simpson index showed that the value of evenness at the
pond 1,2,3 E = 0.321 is included in the category of small populations. All three other locations in
the category is moderate. Locations with the highest evenness index values, is Palimanan Wetan
Village is E = 0.590. E values indicate higher category indicates that there is a more dominant
type in a community, or can be said to be relatively the same type obtained.
Odonata Habitat
Habitat for Odonata life is in need of water and plant aroud it There are two types of good
habitat for Odonata, the habitat with shallow water with a large variety of foreign plants and the
lush surrounding waters, and shallow water habitats with emerged plant (plants half submerged
in the water and half on the surface of the water ), and include with bushes and trees that are not
too dense (Aguilar et al. 2008).
In the first habitat the invaded habitat (Figure 2a), foreign tree cover the growing local
grasses and shrubs. This leads to changes in habitat structure and reduce the solar energy which
adult dragonfly depend on that (Samways 2006). It also affects the insects that live in the habitat
at the plant vegetation which will affect the existence of the dragonfly and dragonfly life support.
In the second habitat the recovered habitat (Figure 2b) solar energy penetrate the tree
cover and help local grasses and shrubs grow well. Local habitat structure and amount of solar
energy improve the quality that needed by endemic and rare habitat specialists and also can
increase the diversity of dragonfly habitat. The amount of water plant can increase the number
and types of Odonata to live in these habitats. The growth of shrubs that can either increase the
number of other insects that are food sources of Odonata (Samways 2006).
Plant vegetation for Odonata
The study was conducted in rice fields located in Indocement Palimanan Quarry area and
as a location for the control of rice fields in the Palimanan Wetan village. The number of
Odonata species which successfully caught is 11 species at rice field and 10 species at Palimanan
Wetan Village. Results The number of Odonata species is smaller than the number of Odonata
species in artificial ponds 1, 2, and 3.
Based on research Akhmad et al. (2002) the insect that found as the pest of rice plants is
the Hemiptera, Homoptera and Lepidoptera order. Some insects that act as predators of insects in
rice plants was found of the order Coleoptera. Odonata is the top predator insects in a rice field
habitat in the form of nymphs and adults, and the prey of various types of insects and other
organisms, including insect pests of rice crops, such as rice stem borer (Chilo sp.), Brown
grasshopper (Nilaparvata lugens), and walang sangit (Laptocorisa acuta) (Boror et al. 1992;
Shepard et al. 1992).
Odonata relationship research with other aspects, such as the relationship between the
population Odonata with rice phenology (plant growth) has not been widely studied. In the
development of Odonata life is affected by abiotic factors such as the use of insecticides that can
affect the declining abundance of Odonata. In research Asahina et al. (1970) also reported that
due to the use of insecticides against rice stem winches conducted in 1955-1959 in Japan,
resulting in Odonata population has decreased drastically. In this study suspected it was one of
the causes of the diversity of Odonata less than other locations.
Water plants around the area of rice fields is suspected can also influence the abundance
of Odonata nymphs, because Odonata nymphs prefer to live among aquatic plants or attached to
the roots of the plant crops (Ahmad 1982). As well as the types of plants found in the area of rice
fields also affect the diversity of Odonata.
The number of Odonata species diversity is influenced by plant vegetation. There are 18
species of Odonata with 25 species of plants in the pond 1,2, and 3 location, while the Palimanan
Wetan village there are 10 species of Odonata with 17 species of plants. The results showed a
relationship with a number of Odonata species with plants is directly proportional to the amount
of vegetation. Palimanan village location is a residential area of rice fields.
It is known that there are some adults Odonata who do not lay their eggs in the water of
rice field environment, but in the surrounding waters like streams of water in the drainage area of
rice fields. Based on this study that the village locations around the rice fields at Palimanan
Wetan rushing streams and allegedly was used as a breeding place Odonata nymps. This is
consistent with studies (Aguilar et al. 2008) the existence of some kind of dragonfly habits that
lay their eggs on the fast-flowing water or stagnant water.
Insects That Influence Environment
Tabanus sp. found in rice fields and pond 4 is the main vector of the trypanosomiasis
disease. Tabanus sp is flies of the family Tabanidae of Diptera order are most commonly found
in Palimanan Quarry Area (Figure 6). The genus is found in both the point location as close to
the farm owned by PT. Indocement Palimanan Cirebon which consists of chickens, goats, and
cows farm.
`
Based on data from the Directorate of Animal Health (2012) Indonesia there are 28
species of Tabanus, Chrysops species 3, and 5 species of the genus Haematopota that bring the
trypanosomiasis disease vector. Trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi, the
protozoan that infects the blood plasma (Department of Agriculture and Forestry District.
Pemalang 2014). Transmission from one animal to another animal do when flies feed on blood
(Directorate of Animal Health 2012).
Immune system and the lack of information makes it difficult to control the Tabanus sp.
Adult females slightly resistant to insecticides and who spend little on its host, which reduces the
effective time period for exposure to chemical substances (Brown & Lancaster 1973). Tabanus
sp responsible for spread of two major virus diseases in livestock, hog cholera virus and equine
infectious anemia virus. Hog cholera virus is the cause of fever in pigs: very acute, infectious
disease that causes death. There are several natural enemies of Tabanus sp. which is useful as a
biological control (Pechuman 1981). Tabanus sp. is the prey of adult dragonflies (Odonata),
robber flies (Asilidae), and wasps (Vespidae) from different genera (Pechuman 1981). Therefore,
the role of Odonata as natural predators of the genus is needed to reduce the population of
Tabanus sp. in nature.
Family Muscidae also found in the location of the pond 4, because the pond 4 is a point
location adjacent to the farm. This is the Muscidae flies berhabitat on poultry farms, and
mammals, as well as their life cycle in the feces, carcasses, soil, and decaying vegetation.
Muscidae penyaki commonly known as vectors of human and cattle. Muscidae or house flies are
vectors for disease-causing agents such as bacteria carriers of E. coli, Salmonella spp (Iqbal et al.
2014).
It has been found walang sangit which is included in the family Hemiptera in malaise
traps which is installed in the rice fields. Walang sangit is a serious pest in the agricultural
industry (Bendoy et al. 2013). Walang sangit pest usually perch in the generative phase of rice
crops to suck on rice grains (Pratimi & Soesilohadi 2011). This can affect grain quality and
viability of rice grains into low (Jahn et al. 2004).
Walang sangit can also cause discoloration of rice grains (Berg & Soehardi 2000). Rice has
walang sangit infestations have stylet puncture marks on the lemma and palea grain leather
which is indicated by the brown spots (Private 2012). The existence of walang sangit in rice
fields can not be left just like that due to the adverse impact of agriculture. With the 11 species of
Odonata in rice fields so they can be walang sangit biological control, because walang sangit is
one of the Odonata’s prey.
Noctuidae which is a family of Lepidoptera, and belongs to the group of moth most
commonly found in each location Quarry Palimanan,. Noctuidae may be an advanced prey for
Odonata. Noctuidae is a pest that is polifagus, where the host including tomato, tobacco, wheat,
and sunflower (Cunningham et al. 1999)
Abiotic condition for Odonata
Based on the data obtained, the dragonfly move with the ambient temperature of 30oC35oC (Table 5). Hot enough temperature is needed to assist the movement of a dragonfly wing,
because venation on the dragonfly can work effectively when the environment temperature is
more than 30oC. in addition, the temperature of the environment is need to hot enough for the
Odonata vision. Part of the dragonfly brain is used to analyze the visual information from the
vision of more than 80%. To sight as seeing prey, the compound eyes of dragonflies in dire need
of light (Miller 1995).
Dragonflies can live in forest, gardens, fields, rivers, and lakes habitat, even down to the
backyard and urban environment. Dragonfly at Indocement averagely found at altitudes 45-52 m
(Table 6). It is appropriate according to Ansori (2011), that dragonflies can be found from the
coast up to the altitude of 3,000 m above sea level.
Biological processes in insects is influenced by moisture. The optimum humidity range
73-100%. If the humidity is too high or low, it can inhibit the activity and insect life, except for a
few types of insects which is usually live in the wet environment (Sunjaya 1970)
Wind can indirectly give effect to the insect body temperature and water content. Air
motion greatly affects the dispersal and insect activity. As the wing that has a light body,
although the flight power is weak or not winged, the wind is able to move the insects to more
distant places. Therefore, this can happen because of the vertical air motion and the horizontal
motion of the air (Sunjaya 1970).
The degree of acidity (pH) is used to determine the levels of acid / alkaline in the water.
pH is a value to stated the value of the hydrogen concentration in a solution. The pH value which
good for the life-sustaining aquatic organisms 7-8.5 (Barus 2004). Dissolved oxygen (DO) is
required to decompose organic waste in waters. When compared with Class III water quality
standard for DO based on the parameters of the East Java Provincial Regulation No. 2 In 2008, a
class III water quality standard for DO is equal to 3 mg/l (Ward 2004). In addition, good water
and low pollution levels is > 5 mg/l. this indicates that the waters in the area are good
Indocement (Salmin 2005).
BOD is an analysis required to determine the amount of water pollutant load resulting
from wastewater and to conduct biological treatment systems (Alerts & Santika 1987).
Therefore, BOD is the amount of oxygen that is needed in the aquatic environment for
microorganisms to degrade organic waste material in the water to carbon dioxide (CO2) and
water. Clean water contains microorganisms that much less when compared to the polluted, so
the greater the BOD, the more polluted waters (Effendi 2003).
According to UNESCO/WHO/UNEP, 1992, the maximum allowed BOD5 levels for
drinking water use and sustain the lives of aquatic organisms is 3.0 to 6.0 mg/l. Based
kep.51/MENKLH/10/1995, for the BOD5 value of effluent quality standards derived from
industrial activity class I is 50 mg/l and class II is 150 mg/l. In addition, the quality of
wastewater BOD5 is 12 mg/l (Emery et al. 2013). Therefore the quality of BOD5 which are in
Pond 1, Pond 2, Pond 3 and Pond 4 is better than the area of rice fields and Palimanan Wetan
village.
COD is the amount of oxygen (mg O2) required to oxidize organic substances in 1 liter
water sample (Alerts & Santika 1987). According to government regulations NO. 82 of 2001 that
the chemical oxygen demand which is good for the waste water is 100 mg/l. generally,
uncontaminated waters have COD value of less than 20 ml/g and the waters which polluted COD
levels over 200 mg/l. while in the industrial wastewater COD concentration can reach 20,000
mg/l (UNESCO/WHO/UNEP 1992). The results of the analysis of COD in water pond levels 1,
2, 3, and 4 show that these waters better than paddy fields and Palimanan Wetan village. This is
because the area of rice fields and Palimanan Wetan village which is the area of rice fields in
residential areas has been mixed by organic waste resulting decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO),
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (Lestari 2008).
Conservation efforts
According Řehounkova et al. (2013) at the end of the study report Quarry Life Award
(QLA) stated that one of the species is important for conserve is Odonata. Odonata have an
important role for the environment which can be bio-indicators of water, as natural predators of
insects that is can harm the health, livestock, and agriculture, such as Tabanus sp. (Diptera) and
walang sangit (Hemiptera). The role of Odonata which can be predators by reducing the
population of harmful insects, also the balance of nature in these locations.
Based on research by Goertzen & Suhling (2013) in maintaining and introducing
dragonfly diversity in urban design with a natural make well vegetated ponds, and different types
of pond vegetation. It is also stated by Vermonden et al. (2009) that preserve and create a variety
of different types of pond water levels and stages of succession would be beneficial because of
the diversity of pond can be the key of species diversity.
Conservation efforts which can be done to keep the population of Odonata and other
living organisms is with creation of a more beautiful living space for living things around him.
Indocement Palimanan factory need to think about the interests of Odonata role for plant
environment. Abiotic data obtained, as well as collected plants data, it created a need for new
living space like Eco Park. Eco Park has a great added value for the company and Cirebon
society, especially around Palimanan. It also can make Indocement Palimanan factory as an good
factory with a good environmental standards. As for some of the purpose of the Eco Park is can
be use as an education for students, as well as children, and can be a tourist place with good
security at the site. Conservation efforts are consistent and in line with objectives of
HeidelbergCement is increasing awareness and understanding of biodiversity.
Conclusion
Quarry Palimanan PT. Indocement, Cirebon based on the results of our study found as
many as 18 kinds of dragonfly species and a total of 61 variety of plant species. The level of
diversity of dragonflies are in a condition that indicates that the productivity is high enough, the
condition of a balanced ecosystem, and ecological pressure is medium (Krebs 1978). Meanwhile,
abiotic conditions here are obtained during the study describes the environmental conditions are
included in either category. However, it is necessary dragonfly conservation efforts for the
species of plants and vegetation in the area.
Vegetation existing plants need to be maintained and enriched with planting other types
of plants that can support life of dragonflies and other insects. The types of plants in the form of
terrestrial plants and water local plant. Reduced or increased diversity of plant species also affect
the existence of Odonata and other insects, as a perch, nest, breed, hiding from predators, rest,
and feed resource provider.
Tabanus sp. and walang sangit found in Quarry Palimanan have a negative impact on the
environment from agricultural, health, and farm aspect. Therefore, the existence and preservation
of Odonata in Palimanan Quarry can play an important role as control agents of insect
populations which can harm humans in addition to its primary role as a bioindicator of aquatic
environments.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank the Quarry Life Award Project for the support of this program,
and the employees of PT. Indocement Palimanan, Cirebon, West Java, which has helped and
supported during the study, especially the Indonesia Quarry Life Award committee. We also
thank the supervisor of this study is Mrs. Pungki Lupiyaningdyah, M. Sc as Cibinong LIPI
researchers, and Bogor dragonfly’s observer in Indonesia and Mrs. Dr. Dewi Elfidasari for their
guidance and prayer. In addition, to Mr. Matrani and Dwi Narko as LIPI staff Purwodadi
Botanical Gardens which has helped identify plant data that collected.
APPENDIX
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APPENDIX Table 1 Results
Table 1. Range Shannon-Wiener index category and Simpson index
Index Name
Indeks Shannon-Wiener
(SWI)- Diversity (H’)
Molles (1999)
Indeks Simpson (SI)Evenness (E)
Krebs (1985)
Range
≤ 1,5
1,5 < H' ≤ 3,5
> 3,5,
Category
Low
Moderate
High
0 < E ≤ 0,4
Low
0,4 < E < 0,6
E ≥ 0,6
Moderate
High
Table 2. Data dragonfly at the study site
Family
Species Name
Coenagrionidae
Gomphidae
Libellulidae
Platycnemididae
Agriocnemis femina
Agriocnemis pygmaea
Ischnura senegalensis
Pseudagrion microcepalum
Pseudagrion pruinosum
Pseudagrion rubriceps
Ictinogomphus decoratus
Brachythemis contaminata
Crocothemis servillia
Diplacodes trivialis
Orthetrum sabina
Pantala flavescens
Potamarcha congener
Rhodothemis rufa
Rhyothemis phylis
Tholymis tillarga
Trithemis festiva
Copera marginipes
Total
Pond 4
2
18
4
1
1
0
0
6
33
10
58
34
22
0
0
0
0
0
189
Location
Rice
Pond1, 2, 3
Field
17
7
6
8
54
22
3
0
2
6
1
0
1
0
5
13
96
43
4
3
49
7
19
35
42
4
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
11
2
315
150
= The species with the highest number of individuals in Pond 1,2,3 and Rice Field
= The species with the highest number of individuals in the Palimanan Village
= The species with the highest number of individuals in the Pond 4
Total
Palimanan
Village
1
11
4
0
0
28
0
4
33
2
14
16
11
0
0
0
0
0
124
27
43
84
4
9
29
1
24
205
19
128
104
79
1
2
1
1
13
778
Table 3. Data of plant species in Quarry Palimanan, Cirebon
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Family
Malvaceae
Fabaceae
Amaranthaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Moraceae
Polypodiaceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Apocynaceae
Caricaceae
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Araceae
Fabaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Cyperaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
Poaceae
Moraceae
Fabaceae
Bignoniaceae
Malvaceae
Lamiaceae
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Verbenaceae
Poaceae
Fabaceae
Anacardiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae/Legumenosae
Fabaceae/Legumenosae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae/Legumenosae
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Polygonaceae
Fabaceae/Legumenosae
Euphorbiaceae
Poaceae
Arecaceae
Fabaceae
Malvaceae
Verbenaceae
Meliaceae
Lamiaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Thypaceae
Malvaceae
Fabaceae/Legumenosae
Genus
Abroma
Acacia
Achyranthes
Aeschynomene
Albizia
Artocarpus
Athyrium
Bambusa
Blumea
Calotropis
Carica
Centrosema
Chromolaena
Coloasia
Crotalaria
Cucumis
Cyperus
Dalbergia
Delonia
Desmodium
Elephantopus
Emilia
Enterolobium
Eulalia
Ficus
Glycine
Handroanthus
Hibiscus
Hyptis
Ipomea
Ipomea
Jatropha
Jatropha
Lantana
Leersia
Maghania
Mangifera
Manihot
Micania
Mimosa
Mimosa
Moghania
Phaseolus
Phragmites
Pluchea
Polygonum
Prosopis
Reutealis
Saccharum
Salacca
Sesbania
Sida
Stachytarpheta
Swetenia
Tectona
Themeda
Themeda
Typha
Urena
Vigna
Species
mollis
auriculiformis
aspera
elegans
julibrissin
integer
esculentum
vulgaris
lasera
gigantae
papaya
pubescens
odorata
esculenta
zanzibarica
sativus
rotandus
lafiola
regia
triflorum
scaber
javanica
cyclocarpum
amaura
benjamina
max
chrysanthus
sabdariffa
suaveolens
batatas
fistulosa
gossypiifolia
urens
camara
hexandra
strobilifera
indica
esculenta
cordata
invisa
pudica
lineata
radiatus
karka
indica
barbatum
alba
trisperma
spontaneum
Zalacca
grandiflora
rhombifolia
jamaicensis
mahagoni
grandis
arguens
giganthes
aungustifolia
labata
radiata
Local Names
Akasia
Pond 1, 2, 3
Rice Field
√
√
Location
Pond 4
√
Habitus Type
Palimanan Village
√
√
√
√
Cempedak
Paku-pakuan
√
Biduri
Pepaya
Taro/ talas
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Mentimun
√
√
√
√
√
Bunga Tessel
Telinga gajah
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Kacang kedelai
√
√
Rosela (teh)
Sweet potato
Jarak
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Rumput sejati
Mahoni
Mangga
Putri malu
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Kacang hijau
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Ilalang
Salak
TanamanKolibri
Kawat liar
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Kayu jati
√
√
√
√
√
Kac.Panjang
√
√
√
shrubs
tree
shrubs
shrubs
tree
shrubs
shrubs
tree
Herb
tree
shrubs
tree
shrubs
tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
tree
tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
shrubs
Herb
shrubs
shrubs
Herb
shrubs
Herb
shrubs
shrubs
shrubs
Herb
shrubs
tree
tree
Herb
shrubs
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
shrubs
tree
Herb
tree
tree
shrubs
shrubs
tree
tree
Herb
Herb
Herb
shrubs
Herb
61
Asteraceae
Wedelia
trilobata
√
Bunga Wed
Herb
Table 4. Type of insects in Quarry Palimanan, Cirebon
Order
Family
Pond 1, 2, 3
Coleoptera
Diptera
Hymenoptera
Hemiptera
Lepidoptera
Orthoptera
Carabicidae
Coccinellidae
Curculionidae
Scarabidae
Tabanidae
Tachinidae
Muscidae
Nyamuk
Apiidae
Braconidae
Diapriidae
Encyrtidae
Eurytomidae
Gasteruptiidae
Formicidae
Ichneumonidae
Megachilidae
Mutilidae
Sapygidae
Scoliidae
Tipiidae
Vespidae
Cycindilidae
Alydidae
Hesperiidae
Lycaenidae
Lymantridae
Noctuidae
Nympahlidae
Acriididae
Gryllacrididae
Gryllotalphidae
Tettigonidae
35
110
337
25
3
Location
Pond 4
1
2
1
1
127
55
503
23
Total
Rice Field
3
19
11
17
15
12
1
2
1
128
169
3
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
33
2
3
83
2
6
4
2
1
2
1
2
3
132
3
2
1
70
7
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
5
1
1
181
176
857
63
3
12
1
2
1
3
380
3
2
10
2
1
8
2
1
6
3
2
3
235
12
4
2
1
2
Table 5. Abiotic conditions at Quarry Palimanan, Cirebon
Location
Pond 1
Pond 2
Pond 3
Pond 4
Rice Field
Palimanan Wetan Village
Specification
Specification
:
1
06˚42.767'
06˚42.752'
06˚42.667'
06˚42.982'
06˚42.721'
06˚71.138'
South
2
108˚24.299'
108˚24.277'
108˚24.282'
108˚24.304'
108˚24.356'
108˚42.166'
East
3
30˚ C
30˚ C
30˚ C
34.4˚C
32.1˚C
33.7˚C
Temperature
= Physical Condition
= Chemical Condition
Physical-Chemical Conditions
4
5
6
48 m
5 km/jam
80,9 %
48 m
5 km/jam
80,9 %
48 m
5 km/jam
80,9 %
52 m
4.3 km/jam
78 %
45 m
3,9 km/jam
84 %
47 m
10,2 km/jam
48,6 %
Altitude
Wind speed
Humidity
7
7,87
7,88
7,89
5,99
6,5
6,8
pH
8
5,6 mg/l
6,0 mg/l
5,8 mg/l
4,5 mg/L
4,4 mg/L
4,3 mg/L
DO
9
7,64
8,805
9,97
8,63
31,82
21,73
BOD
10
25,8
25,8
25,8
21,2
85,62
54,65
COD
Table 6. Types of dragonflies in different abiotic conditions at Quarry Palimanan, Cirebon
Species Name
Temperature
Agriocnemis femina
Agriocnemis pygmaea
Ischnura senegalensis
Pseudagrion microcepalum
Pseudagrion pruinosum
Pseudagrion rubriceps
Ictinogomphus decoratus
Brachythemis contaminata
Crocothemis servillia
Diplacodes trivialis
Orthetrum sabina
Pantala flavescens
Potamarcha congener
Rhodothemis rufa
Rhyothemis phylis
Tholymis tillarga
Trithemis festiva
Copera marginipes
30˚ C- 35˚ C
30˚ C- 35˚ C
30˚ C- 35˚ C
30˚ C- 35˚ C
30˚ C- 35˚ C
30˚ C- 33˚ C
30˚C
30˚ C- 35˚ C
30˚ C- 35˚ C
30˚ C- 35˚ C
30˚ C- 35˚ C
30˚ C- 35˚ C
30˚C
30˚C
30˚C
30˚C
30˚C
30˚ C- 33˚ C
Physical-Chemical Conditions
Elevation
Wind Speed
(m)
(km/hour)
45 - 52
3,9 - 10,2
45 - 52
3,9 - 10,2
45 - 52
3,9 - 10,2
48 - 52
4,3 - 5
45 - 52
3,9 - 10,2
47 - 48
5 - 10,2
48
5
3,9 - 10,2
45 - 52
3,9 - 10,2
45 - 52
3,9 - 10,2
45 - 52
3,9 - 10,2
45 - 52
3,9 - 10,2
45 - 52
45 - 52
5
48
5
48
5
48
5
48
5
45 - 52
3,9 - 5
Humidity
48,6 - 80,9
48,6 - 80,9
48,6 - 80,9
78 - 80,9
78 - 84
48,6 - 80,9
80,9
48,6 - 80,9
48,6 - 80,9
48,6 - 80,9
48,6 - 80,9
48,6 - 80,9
80,9
80,9
80,9
80,9
80,9
80,9 - 84
Table 7. Distribution of the species of dragonfly is based on the observation time at each
location Quarry Palimanan, Cirebon
Observation time
Species
07.00 - 09.00
Subordo Anisoptera
Family Libellulidae
Brachythemis contaminata
Crocothemis servillia
Diplacodes trivialis
Orthetrum sabina
Pantala flavescens
Potamarcha congener
Rhodothemis rufa
Rhyothemis phylis
Tholymis tillarga
Trithemis festiva
Family Gomphidae
Ictinogomphus decoratus
Subordo Zygoptera
Family Coenagrionidae
Agriocnemis femina
Agriocnemis pygmaea
Ischnura senegalensis
Pseudagrion microcepalum
Pseudagrion pruinosum
09.00 - 12.00
12.00 - 15.00
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
15.00 - 18.00
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√
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√
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Pseudagrion rubriceps
Family Platycnemididae
Copera marginipes
√
Appendix 2. Graphics Results
Shannon-Wiener Index and Simpson Index
SWI (H')
SI (E)
2,742
2,977
2,821
2,878
0,517
0,321
0,494
Kolam 1,2,3
Kolam 4
Sawah
0,590
Desa Palimanan
Figure 1. Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson index Evenness
The number of species and individuals per
family
1
6
13
Coenagrionidae
196
Gomphidae
1
564
1
Libellulidae
Platycnemididae
10
Figure 2. Number of odonata species Family
Af
Ap
Is
Pm
Pp
Pr
Id
Bc
Cs
Dt
Os
Pf
Pc
Rr
Rp
Tt
Tf
Cm
The number of individuals per species
1
2
1 11
1
Af The number of individuals per species
Ap
2
4 1
Is
1
22
18
Pm
6
Pp
Bc
34
CS
33
Dt
Os
Pf
Pc
58
10
5
17
42
54
2
19
1
1
1
49
6
96
3
A
B
The number of individuals per species
The number of individuals per species
1
2
4
7
Af
8
11
Ap
Is
35
22
3
43
C
Ap
Is
Pr
Pp
6
13
Af
4
16
Bc
7
11
28
Cs
Bc
Cs
14
Dt
Dt
Os
Os
2
Pf
33
Pc
4
D
Figure 3. Number of types of Odonata on location. (A) Pond 1,2,3, (B)Pond 4 (C) Rice Field,
(D) Palimanan-Wetan Village. Agriocnemis femina (Af), Agriocnemis pygmaea (Ap),
Ischnura senegalensis (Is), Pseudagrion microcepalum (Pm), Pseudagrion pruinosum
(Pp), Pseudagrion rubriceps (Pr), Ictinogomphus decoratus (Id), Brachythemis
contaminata (Bc), Crocothemis servillia (Cs), Diplacodes trivialis (Dt), Orthetrum
sabina (Os), Pantala flavescens (Pf), Potamarcha congener (Pc), Rhodothemis rufa
(Rr), Rhyothemis phylis (Rp), Tholymis tillarga (Tt, Trithemis festiva (Tf), Copera
marginipes(Cm).
Pf
Pc
Appendix 3. Photographs at Study Sites
Photo 1. Plan dots research sites in Quarry Palimanan, Cirebon
A
C
B
D
E
G
F
I
H
Photo 2. Some species of Odonata (Anisoptera and Zygoptera) were found in Quarry
Palimanan Cirebon. (A) Crocothemis servillia, (B) Ictinogomphus decoratus, (C)
Potamarcha congener, (D) Crocothemis servillia, (E) Brachythemis contaminata, (F)
Pantala flavescens, (G) Agriocnemis pygmaea, (H) Ischnura senegalensis, (I) Copera
marginipes.
A
B
Photo 3. Odonata that capture prey. (A) Odonata and Orthoptera, (B) Odonata and Diptera
A
B
Photo 4. Type parasitic insects into the environment. (A) Tabanus sp., (B) Walang sangit
A
B
Photo 5. Type of aquatic plants in the pond location 1,2,3. (A) Phragmites karka, (B)
Typha aungustifolia
A
B
C
Photo 6. Other insect type Palimanan Quarry, Cirebon. (A) Lepidoptera, (B) Orthoptera, (C)
Hemiptera
Photo 7. Map of the distribution of family Coenagrionidae, Gomphidae, and
Platycnemididae Palimanan Quarry caught in Cirebon.
Agriocnemis femina
Agriocnemis pygmaea
Ischnura senegalensis
Pseudagrion microcepalum
Pseudagrion pruinosum
Pseudagrion rubriceps
Ictinogomphus decoratus
Copera marginipes
Photos 8. Map Libellulidae distribution Palimanan Quarry caught in Cirebon.
Brachythemis contaminata
Crocothemis servillia
Diplacodes trivialis
Orthetrum sabina
Pantala flavescens
Potamarcha congener
Rhodothemis rufa
Rhyothemis phylis
Tholymis tillarga
Trithemis festiva
Trithemis festiva