Journal of Architectural Coatings

Transcription

Journal of
Architectural
Coatings
Vo l u m e 1
SPECIAL REPORT:
Restoration and
Preservation of Historic
Structures
Coating Systems for
Health Care Facilities
Warranties on
Coatings for Metal
/
Number 4
October 2005
M E E T
E X P E C T A T I O N S
W I T H O U T
C O M P R O M I S E .
You can rely on Sherwin-Williams to help you meet your green coating specifications
and satisfy all your quality expectations. And to help you identify our environmentally
preferable coatings that provide maximum performance, we’ve developed the
GreenSmart symbol. Products carrying this mark meet our highest standards for air quality,
VOC emissions, life cycle cost efficiency, durability, color, and coverage. So with
GreenSmart, you’ll never have to compromise to meet all your requirements. See your
Sherwin-Williams Architectural Account Executive or call our Architect & Designer
Answerline at 1-800-321-8194.
www.sher win-williams.com
©2005 The Sher win-Williams Company
october 2005
journal of architectural coatings / contents
18
28
The quest for coatings cures
Memorable masterpieces
Walter Scarborough, HKS
Architects and Joe Maty,
JAC Editor
Special Report:
Restoration/Preservation
Joe Maty, JAC Editor
Coatings play an important role in
creating and maintaining specialized environments in health-care
facilities. The importance of aesthetics as well as performance
properties such as durability and
resistance to mold and mildew are
discussed in this article. Also included are recommendations from key
paint suppliers on product prescriptions for hospitals.
Several notable historic preservation
and restoration projects are reviewed
in this Special Report. The various methods and materials used in planning,
specifying, and executing the surface
preparation and coatings removal and
application involved in these projects
are discussed.
Covering the angles on EIFS
Kevin Day, DuRock Alfacing
International Ltd.
Since the late 1960s, exterior
insulation and finishing systems
(EIFS) have carved out a significant
presence in the construction marketplace. Although EIFS technology
has made significant headway, the
author stresses that use and specification issues warrant attention.
34
44
project profiles
11
14
Insurance policies
or painted panels
Joseph Berchenko, AIA, CSI, CCS
Coil-coated steel makes up the
lion’s share of the market for metal
panels. This article provides basic
information about fluoropolymer
paint finish warranties for metal
panels, how to specify the appropriate coverage, and how to read
the warranty.
Air barriers head for the beach: The
designers and builders of the upscale
Main Sail at Shelter Cove condominiums in South Carolina employ a liquid
air-barrier system.
Shaking the oldie-but-moldie blues:
Coatings projects at the Sealife Centre
aquarium (Brighton, UK) and the Oak
Alley Plantation (Vacherie, LA) play on
theme of two-track strategy in fight
against fungus.
columns
3
Editor’s Word: Thanks for the vision,
the passion, the memories
6
News
66
Passing the Test: Sorting through the spin
on paint cleanability, scrub resistance
72
Getting it Right: Color and restoration—Putting the pieces together
76
Ad index and calendar
On the cover: Ceiling of New York’s Grand Central Station.
Courtesy of John Canning
Journal of Architectural Coatings / October 2005
1
#FDBVTFJOTQJSBUJPO
DPNFTJOFWFSZDPMPS
0REMIER&INISHES
FEATURING&LUORONAR
FROM4NEMECAVAILABLE
INOPAQUESANDMETALLICS
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editor’sword
Journal of
Architectural
Coatings
Editor
Joseph G. Maty
[email protected]
Assistant Editor
Daryl L. Fleming
[email protected]
Contributing Editors
Kevin Knight
[email protected]
Joseph Berchenko
[email protected]
Art Director
Peter Salvati
[email protected]
Production Manager
Milissa Bogats
[email protected]
Production Assistant
Daniel Yauger
[email protected]
Circulation Manager
Andy Folmer
[email protected]
Vice President, Advertising
Gina Fleitman
[email protected]
Advertising Sales
Jackie Ging
[email protected]
Bernadette Landon
[email protected]
Business Manager
Suzanne Sheehan
[email protected]
President/Publisher
Harold Hower
[email protected]
The Journal of Architectural Coatings is published quarterly by
Technology Publishing Company, 2100 Wharton Street, Suite
310, Pittsburgh, PA 15203; Telephone 412/431-8300; fax
412/431-5428. The office of the Editor is at 402 Portland
Avenue, Belleville, IL 62220. Copyright by Technology
Publishing; Reproduction of the contents, either in whole or in
part, is forbidden without the written permission of the Publisher.
Postmaster:
Send address changes to the Journal of Architectural Coatings,
2100 Wharton Street, Suite 310, Pittsburgh, PA 15203
Subscription Rates:
$24 per year (USA); $40 (non-US); single issue, $10.
Printed in the USA
Thanks for the vision,
the passion, the memories
P
eople who are passionate about historic preservation and restoration are much
like wine lovers, golfers, mountain climbers, and fans of the Chicago Cubs. They
are VERY passionate.
This devotion to the cause of conserving our architectural heritage is abundantly evident in the special report we present in this edition of JAC.
Let me say right off—and I know I speak for all of us associated with JAC—that we
are indebted to those who were involved in this collection of projects; no, these masterpieces. I don’t think we’re guilty of hyperbole in using that characterization.
We say thanks to these artists, historians, craftsmen, and supporting cast of suppliers
and contributors for sharing with us their insights, their trade secrets, their vision, their
passionate devotion to preservation and restoration. And we say thanks for the stunning
results of their efforts. The portrait we offer, in prose and photography, fails to do justice
to the depth and breadth of this artistry and passion.
Take, for example, the work done to address longstanding problems with the coatings
and gilding atop the West Virginia state capitol, where the legendary Cass Gilbert created a masterpiece described by restoration architects Swanke Hayden Connell as one of
the architect’s finest achievements. Here, Swanke Hayden Connell, supported by the West
Virginia General Services Division, probed and studied, consulted and tested—firmly
determined once and for all to bring the dome back to Gilbert’s original design and execute a restoration strategy that will preserve this architectural masterpiece for years to
come.
Thus, we see not just Gilbert’s intent in the contrast of the gray and gold elements of
the dome. We once again can gaze upon the master’s themes as portrayed in the gilded
elements; symbols—we are reminded by architectural conservator Elizabeth Moss—of
the American republic, modeled after classical images from the Roman republic and
adapted to an American incarnation as interpreted by Gilbert.
Elsewhere in this report, we see further evidence of this passion for restoration and
preservation of our architectural heritage, a devotion shared as much by the owners of
these landmarks as by these gifted designers, historians, artists, and craftsmen. From the
pinnacle of Notre Dame’s Golden Dome to the pine-wood clapboard substrate of the Old
Corner House in Stockbridge, MA, and from the soaring ceiling of Grand Central Station
to the limestone foundation of the old water tower in Riverside, IL, the depth of this devotion comes marching powerfully to the fore.
With these portraits, we’ve only just begun to touch the surface of this multifaceted discipline of restoration and preservation. We look forward to revisiting this territory early
and often.
Meanwhile, to those who shared their stories here, we say thanks for the vision and
the passion that help to keep the memory of our vast architectural heritage intact—and
in view.
www.paintsquare.com
Joseph G. Maty
Editor, JAC
3
Contributors
Kevin C. Day
Kevin C. Day (Covering the
Joseph
Berchenko
Angles on EIFS, p. 28) is the
Joseph Berchenko AIA, CSI,
technical director and national
CCS (Insurance Policies for
sales
Painted Panels, p. 34) is an
manager
of
DuRock
Alfacing International Limited.
architectural
He is a specialist in wall-
writer for AIA Masterspec, a
cladding and building-enclosure
master specification system
technology, with a particular
published by Arcom, Inc. Prior
expertise in exterior insulation
to his current position, he was
finish systems (EIFS), stucco
a building code official, a spec-
cladding, windows, and sealant
ification writer for architectural firms, and an independent
systems. He is a past president of the Ontario Building
specification consultant in Lincoln, NB. He holds an MArch
Envelope Council and current president of the EIFS Council
degree from the Univeristy of Nebraska, is a Certified
of Canada, serving on the Board since 1996. He has been
Construction Specifier with the Construction Specifications
active with several standard writing committees, including
Institute (CSI), and is active in the Metro DC Chapter of CSI.
specification
ASTM, ANSI, CSA, and ULC.
Walter
Scarborough
Allen Zielnik
Walter Scarborough, CSI, AIA
Allen Zielnik’s
(The Quest for Coatings Cures,
column for JAC,
p. 18) is vice president and
“Passing the Test,”
director of specifications with
appears on p. 66.
of experience in contract docu-
Jayson L.
Helsel, P.E.
ment production, construction
Jayson Helsel’s
administration, office adminis-
column for JAC,
HKS Architects. He has 30 years
tration, and construction specifications. As director of speci-
“Getting it Right,”
fications, he is responsible for product research, new master
appears on p. 72.
specification development, and maintaining a standard of
building product quality.
4
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in a smooth, easily cleanable, hard finish.” Jim Codde, Owner, Bay Cal Commercial Painting, Inc.
“When I need a performance coating to adhere to fluorinated acrylic coatings or powder
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and color retention, I select PSX® 700. In five years of applications it has never let me down.”
Dan Collins, President DC Painting
PSX® 700 is a revolutionary siloxane-epoxy coating offering performance that exceeds the
adhesion, toughness, corrosion and chemical resistance of the best epoxies and also gives
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polyurethane–all in one coating.
Ameron International
Performance Coatings &
Finishes Group
13010 Morris Rd, Suite 400
Alpharetta, GA 30004
T: 678-393-0653
F: 678-566-2699
www.ameroncoatings.com
Ameron BV
Performance Coatings & Finishes
P.O. Box 6
4190 CA Geldermalsen
The Netherlands
T: +31-345-587-587
F: +31-345-587-551
www.ameron-bv.com
Ameron (Australia) Ltd.
183 Prospect Highway
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T: 61-2 9421-8000
F: 61-2 9674-6224
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5 Monahan Road
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T: 64-9 573-1620
F: 64-9 573-1201
www.ameron.co.nz
PCF2
We invite you to contact your Ameron representative for more information or visit us at
www.ameroncoatings.com.
News
AIA urges legislative action
for rebuilding in wake of Katrina
In response to the
Hurricane Katrina disaster
and the need for massive
rebuilding, the
American Institute of
Architects announced the
launch of a nationwide campaign for federal legislation
aimed at ensuring that redevelopment programs are
“well-planned, well-designed,
and geared toward permanent solutions for the affected
communities.”
Ron Faucheux, vice president of government advocacy
for the 75,000-member AIA,
said federal recovery efforts
in affected areas “need to
ensure that long-term community planning and design
quality are incorporated into
every step of the rebuilding
effort.”
Faucheaux, a New Orleans
native and former Louisiana
legislator, said “America is
about to launch the largest
rebuilding effort in history.”
But he added, “It must be
done right from the start if
taxpayer dollars are to be
wisely spent and people’s
lives and communities are to
be rebuilt.”
The AIA’s legislative proposals call for:
• A $50 million federal grant
program to help
fund ten “New
Community”
demonstration projects in the
impacted areas, consisting of
a variety of mixed-use developments designed to serve as
models of quality design and
to spur job creation, new
housing, and business opportunities in the hardest hit
areas;
• A $200 million initiative
called “21st Century Schools:
Demonstration Projects for
Construction, Repair and
Modernization,” including
new, repaired, and modernized educational facilities in
the region;
• New tax incentives and federal grants to assist in the
preservation and rebuilding of
damaged historic structures
and homes;
Refurbishment
with Fluoropolymers
The Rotary International headquarters building in
Evanston, IL, recently underwent a major exterior
upgrade, capped by the application of high-performance fluoropolymer coatings supplied by PPG
Industries Inc. Removal of the original paint on the
30-year-old building and application of PPG’s
Coraflon coating was handled by the national painting contractor K&R/Christopher. PPG’s Coraflon coatings are based on the Lumiflon® resin chemistry
developed more than 20 years ago by Asahi Glass of
Japan. Lumiflon is marketed in the United States by
AGC Chemicals, a unit of Asahi Glass.
6
• Passage of federal and state
“Good Samaritan” legislation
that protects architects and
other design professionals from
tort liability during the voluntary provision of free services
to governmental authorities in
times of disaster and catastrophic events;
• Incentives to encourage
cleanup and redevelopment of
contaminated brownfield sites
through liability relief and tax
breaks in the hurricane-impacted area;
• Federal grants for local community planning efforts directed by local citizens and governments with involvement from
architects and planning professionals;
• Use of federal royalty payments from the leasing of offshore oil and gas concessions
to acquire and maintain lands
in areas impacted by Katrina
as natural flood protection barriers and wildlife refuges; and
• A two-year property and
sales tax holiday for residents
and businesses in the affected
counties and parishes, along
with full federal reimbursement
of lost revenues to local taxrecipient governmental bodies
pegged at pre-Katrina levels.
Greenguard
Institute issues
emissions standard
for schools
The Greenguard Environmental
Institute, Atlanta, issued a
“Standard for Children &
Schools” that defines criteria
for low-emission building mate-
rials, furnishings, finishes, and
cleaning products.
The Institute says the standard sets stringent levels for
volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions in school
buildings and day-care facilities. The standard can be
viewed at the institute’s website, located at www.greenguard.org.
In issuing the standard, the
Institute said no other existing
product standards and protocols on low emission levels of
VOCs take into account the
special needs of children. The
Institute said it created the new
standard as an extension of the
existing Indoor Air Quality
Certification Program, which
certifies low emitting products
for a variety of industries.
Aside from the building-specific distinctions between office
environments and schools, the
more sensitive nature of the
occupants of school buildings
warrant an even more stringent
approach to chemical exposure
level, the Institute said.
“Children are at greater risk
to develop health problems
due to poor indoor air quality
because they are more susceptible to pollutants than
adults,” the Institute said. Carl
Smith, Greenguard CEO, said
many heatlh-related risks to
children “occur in newly constructed or refurbished schools
because of high-emitting construction materials and furnishings.” Such emissions can
contribute to a variety of
health problems, the institute
said, including asthma attacks,
headaches, drowsiness,
breathing problems, fatigue,
coughing, rashes, and eye,
nose and throat irritation.
The Greenguard
Environmental Institute is an
independent, non-profit organization that oversees the
Greenguard Certification
Program for low-emitting
products. The Institute establishes standards for indoor
products and testing protocols.
Program plans
announced for
Paint & Coatings
Expo 2006
SSPC: The Society for
Protective Coatings and the
Painting and Decorating
Contractors of America (PDCA)
Recalling Fallingwater s beginnings
University of Pittsburgh
art historian Franklin
Toker, left, talks with
Edgar Tafel, reported to
be the last living link to
the creation of Frank
Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater, as the two stand
on one of the cantilevered balconies of
the landmark structure
in Pennsylvania. Tafel,
93, an AIA fellow, was
a Wright apprentice
when the legendary architect sketched plans
for Fallingwater. Tafel says Wright was drawing and modifying his plans for the first time
in a two-hour period just before meeting with
client Edgar Kaufmann Sr.
“He never drew a line (on
the Fallingwater project)
before,” says Tafel, who
was at the site for a meeting of the Fallingwater
advisory board. Toker is
the author of the book
“Fallingwater
Rising,”
which explores the unlikely collaboration of Wright
and
Kaufmann,
a
Pittsburgh merchant who
built the home for a family weekend residence. Sept. 22 marked the
70th anniversary of the day Wright drew the
Fallingwater design.
announced preliminary program plans for PACE 2006,
the Paint and Coatings Expo,
scheduled for Jan. 29-Feb. 1,
2006, in Tampa, FL.
Highlights will include the
PACE exhibition, a keynote
address by retired HarleyDavidson Chairman Rich
Teerlink, expanded program
tracks on a variety of technical
and business topics, guest and
spouse programs, a golf tournament, and a banquet and
auction.
Registration for the event is
open. More information,
including details on registration, the exhibition, technical/business program, special
events, and hotels and transportion, is available on the
website located at
www.pace2006.com, or by
calling 302/275-6213
Research nets
award for paint
additive
Dr. Michael Van De Mark,
director of the UMR Coatings
Institute at the University of
Missouri-Rolla, has received a
Presidential Green Chemistry
Award from the U.S.
Environmental Protection
Agency for his invention of an
environmentally friendly latex
paint additive.
Sharing the award with Van
De Mark were Paul Bloom
and George Poppe of Archer
Daniels Midland Company
(ADM) and Jeff Nelson of
Stepan Company, who implemented the UMR technology in
7
News
continued from page 7
developing the paint additive.
ADM markets the additive, a vegetable
oil-derived coalescent agent, under the
trademark Archer RC. The award was
recently presented at the National
Academy of Sciences in Washington,
DC.
In announcing the award to Van De
Mark, UMR noted that latex-based paint
makes up approximately 65% of all paint
used in the United States.
Sharing the award with Van De Mark
were Paul Bloom and George Poppe of
Archer Daniels Midland Company
(ADM) and Jeff Nelson of Stepan
Company, who implemented the UMR
technology in developing the paint
additive.
PPG expands
course programs for
architectural coatings
PPG Industries Inc. said it is offering an
expanded list of 14 continuing-education
programs that provide architects and
other building professionals the opportunity to earn AIA/CES Learning Units or
stay informed about current building
construction and specification issues.
The free programs encompass topics
related to architectural glass, high-performance metal coatings, and paint, with
instructors located throughout the country. Each course takes about one hour,
and can be conducted at individual
architectural firms. Some courses will be
offered online in the near future, the
company said.
Course topics include VOCs; surface
preparation; corrosion protection; basic
paint applications; color; introduction to
coatings; green building and paint specifications; selecting paints using MPI;
coatings for architectural metal; highperformance fluoropolymer coatings;
and others.
PPG said it also offers education sessions that cover proprietary subject mat-
ter, but those programs do not provide
continuing-education units.
The course catalog and other information is available on the website located
at www.ppgideascapes.com.
People in the News
Tremco names Soeder
vice president, U.S. sales
Tremco Commercial Sealants &
Waterproofing named Mike Soeder vice
president, U.S. sales. Soeder was formerly vice president and general manager of the Tremco Industrial Products
Division. He joined Mameco
International, which was later acquired
by Tremco, in 1990 and has held a variety of sales and marketing management
positions in both companies.
Tremco Commercial Sealants &
Waterproofing is a manufacturer of silicone and urethane sealants, waterproofing membranes, elastomeric coatings,
glazing systems, and drainage materials.
Product Pipeline
Intumescent
fireproofing material
International Paint introduced
Interchar®, described as an advanced
fireproofing material that is derived from
the company’s Chartek® technology
developed more than 30 years ago for
NASA’s Apollo program and offshore oil
rigs. The company says the new technology consists of a thin-film intumescent
epoxy material that offers aesthetic versatility for exposed steel designs while
providing anticorrosion and extremeheat fire-protection capabilities. Other
properties are rapid cure, superior adhesion to steel surfaces, durability, and
cured-film flexibility that allows shop
application. International Paint, an Akzo
Nobel company, is a manufacturer of
high-performance coatings and fireproofing materials.
INTERNATIONAL PAINT, Houston, TX
www.intertnationalpaint.com
Green-building guide
Dunn-Edwards Corp. issued a “Green
Building Guide” for the selection and use
of paints and coatings. The company
describes the guide as a “quick-read reference book” aimed at helping architects, designers, and contractors to navigate the complicated requirements for
paint and coatings compliance with key
green-building programs. The guide
includes a section that explains the
Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED) program of the U.S. Green
Building Council—what it is, how it
works, and how projects can become
LEED-certified. LEED environmental
requirements for paint are detailed, and
a list of LEED-compliant paint products is
included.
DUNN-EDWARDS CORPORATION, Los
Angeles, CA
www.dunn-edwards.com
Masonry coating
The Sherwin-Williams Co. introduced
Loxon XP™, a direct-to-concrete, highbuild masonry coating that the company
says requires no primer and provides
exceptional coverage. The product is
designed for use on
tilt-up, precast, or
poured-in-place concrete, as well as
CMU, cement-block,
and stucco surfaces,
and is reported to
provide superior
resistance to alkali
and efflorescence. The company says the
coating offers resistance to moisture penetration from wind-driven rain, long-term
durability, flexibility, and fade resistance.
THE SHERWIN-WILLIAMS COMPANY,
Cleveland, OH
www.sherwin-williams.com
9
“Of the many industry
events all of us attend
throughout the year,
the Finishing Industries
Forum has the potential
to be the most important.
The opportunity to
personally meet with
our colleagues from
throughout North
America is rare and this
event not only brings us
together to do so, but
also presents us with the
tools for a working
advantage within our
industries.”
THE PREMIER EVENT FOR UNION AND
INDUSTRY LEADERS TO ADDRESS THE
ISSUES IMPORTANT TO OUR WAY OF BUSINESS
The 2005 Painters and Allied Trades Labor
Management Cooperation Initiative Finishing Industries
Forum is the opportunity for the leaders in labor,
industry and industry associations to meet, collectively
address the demands upon us all and forge far-reaching and innovative solutions.
Sessions in the four-day event include discussions and
workshops on:
✓ Market Expansion Case Studies and Programs
✓ Apprenticeship Retention and Recruitment
✓ Supervisor Training Program
✓ Best Practices
✓ Legislative and Regulatory Issues on the Horizon
✓ The STAR Program
✓ Trustee Education by the The International
Foundation of Employee Benefit Plans
Tony Singh
LMCI CO-CHAIR
✓ Mutual Gains
✓ Reed Construction Data and Westlaw
And, attendees will also have the opportunity to
meet with the International Union of Painters and
Allied Trades General President James Williams and
Finishing Contractors Association Chairman Ed
Zaucha to personally discuss the pressing issues
in their own market.
“Labor is looking to
make more of a difference in the industries
we all work. This is
a prime opportunity
to share some of the
original training,
business and safety
programs we have
developed in the last
several years and make
certain our signatory
partners are taking full
advantage of them.”
James Williams
GENERAL PRESIDENT
OF THE IUPAT
AND LMCI CO-CHAIR
Air barriers
ProjectProfile
Air barriers head for the beach
Liquid-applied system counted on to stand up
to water and wind at Hilton Head Island condos
Liquid form billed as plus
n the chill of North Dakota, Nova
in presenting a unified front
Scotia, or New England, the use of
“Water intrusion is a top concern
air-barrier systems in buildings has
with condos on and near the ocean,”
become nearly as familiar as an
said Tony Isbell, general superintenAlberta Clipper roaring out of the
dent for the general contractor for
northwest.
Main Sail, Fraser Construction. “It
In more southerly climes, by contrast, the
takes a year to build the condos and
air barrier remains something of a foreign
it was important to get the buildings
concept, encountered about as often as frost
dried in.”
in Fort Lauderdale.
Also a plus, Isbell said, is the adheBut air barriers shouldn’t be given the cold
sive capability of the liquid-applied
shoulder south of the Mason-Dixon line,
material around windows and other
according to users and suppliers of the technology. The benefits of air barriers in warmer Main Sail at Shelter Cove is protected by a fluid-applied air-barrier system. openings. Once applied, the material “seals around the windows to prosettings are said to include waterproofing
vide a high-quality moisture barrier,” he said.
capabilities, prevention of moisture penetration (and, as a result, preBill Kibbe, also of Fraser Construction, said the liquid-applied barvention of mold), energy-efficiency gains, and building durability.
rier simplifies the task of filling the substrate and joints completely.
The designers and builders of the upscale Main Sail at Shelter
The air-barrier system employed in the project is comprised of the folCove condominiums in South Carolina had these types of benefits in
lowing two types of liquid-applied material:
mind when they decided to employ a liquid applied air-barrier sys• Sto Gold Fill®, a spray- or trowel-applied acrylic latex air- and
tem supplied by Sto Corp.
Greenwood Development Corp. built the mid-rise, five-story-high
Main Sail on the last site that could be developed along the Marina
front in Shelter Cove, situated in the posh Hilton Head Island area.
Main Sail consists of two stucco-clad, 120,000-square-foot structures, each with 28 condominium units situated over top of a onestory parking garage. The two- and three-bedroom units can only be
described as pricey, with an average selling range in the neighborhood of $600,000. Unit sizes run from 1,600 to 2,000 square feet.
Water intrusion is
“We needed the best products for our best development,” said
a top concern with
Chuck Pigg of Greenwood Development, based in Greenwood, SC.
condos in coastal
“Main Sail will set the pace for price points in Shelter Cove.”
climates. Air barrier
system was a must
A key point in favor of the Sto Guard fluid-applied waterprooffor Main Sail at
ing/air barrier system was the long-term warranty provided by Sto
Shelter Cove.
Corp., Pigg said.
Greenwood Development Corp. also develops sites in Palmetto
moisture-barrier material that is used over joints in sheathing or at
Dunes and Palmetto Hall plantations in Hilton Head, and in other
window and other openings in the wall assembly. A reinforcing mesh
Southeastern locations. The company had previous experience with
is applied to the joint areas prior to application of the fill material. The
the Sto Guard air-barrier system on an oceanfront property.
latex is elastomeric in nature, ensuring that the joints or openings
Architectural Coatings / October 2005
11
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WITH SUPERIOR BLOCKING PROPERTIES
Plioway resins were uniquely developed for solvent based odorless
stainblocking primers. These solvent based resins will give all the blocking and
penetration attributes of a solvent based primer, without all the odor. Plioway resins
have a very fine particle size which when used in a coating enables the coating to
penetrate deep.
THE PLIOWAY® LOGO
IS THE SIGNATURE OF PAINTS
MEETING HIGH QUALITY AND
PERFORMANCE TESTS.
Contact: Valerie Johnson
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Phone: + 1 330-734-1223
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Odorless stain blocking primers block difficult stains like
water-soluble inks, water damage and nicotine stains without the need to evacuate
the building during the application and drying process. These specialty primers also
block and seal in odors from fire and smoke damage. The odorless primers can be
applied by spray, brush or rollers.
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remain sealed by a continuous cured film
that can “move” or “give” with the structure;
• Sto Gold Coat®, a waterproof coating
applied by spray, roller, or brush to the
entire wall-sheathing surface.
John Edgar, Sto Corp. senior technical
services manager, said liquid-applied materials of the type used at Main Sail at Shelter
Cove essentially become a part of the substrate, providing waterproofing and airand moisture-barrier protection to the structure immediately after construction of the
wall assembly and for as long as six months
prior to installation of exterior cladding.
Application in liquid form, he said, helps to
ensure that any joints or gaps are filled.
Edgar said optimal air-barrier performance hinges on making sure the surface of
the wall assembly is completely continuous
and monolithic at all joints and openings.
“It’s critical that where this barrier ends,
something else begins,” he said.
In warm, humid environments such as the
South Carolina coast, the air barrier prevents the entry of moisture-laden air, Edgar
points out. This keeps condensation from
forming inside the wall assembly or underneath impermeable wall coverings, where
mold could grow. Condensation and mold
are more likely to occur when interior
spaces are cooled by air conditioning, he
said.
Edgar likens a gap in the air-barrier
shield to an entry point created when a
straw is inserted through a drink lid. “When
it’s not continuous, you’ve taken the cork out
of the straw,” he said of the gap in the barrier.
Also of importance is the effect of storms
that can reach hurricane intensity.
“In coastal environments, you often have
wind loads of up to 100 miles per hour. The
air barrier is crucial to keeping water from
rising into the wall due to the pressure differential created by this kind of wind,” he
said.
Project architect Jim Carson of NCG
Architects Inc., Atlanta, said the long-term
warranty that came with the air-barrier sys-
tem figured prominently in the specification
for Main Sail at Shelter Cove. In addition,
the design and construction team saw
advantages in the integration of barrier and
exterior-cladding systems offered by a single supplier.
Carson said NCG Architects places a pre-
mium on long-term, effective waterproofing
and air-barrier performance.
“Most of the work we do is along the eastern seaboard and the Florida panhandle,
where moisture and air infiltration are key
issues,” he said.
JAC
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13
ProjectProfile
Antimicrobial coatings
Shaking the oldie-but-moldie blues
Projects at venerable landmarks play on theme of two-track strategy in fight against fungus
and the stately, leafy Oak Alley
Plantation at Vacherie, LA.
The two sites share little in common in terms of latitude and
ambient temperature, but both
were beset by mold and mildew
growth, thanks largely to a heavy
dose of moisture and humidity.
The owners of the sites also
opted for the same strategy in
dealing with this revolting fungal
development: thorough surface cleaning and “mold-killing” and the
application of coatings formulated specially to be mold- and
mildew-proof. The choice of coating was the PERMA-WHITE®
Mold & Mildew Proof™ waterborne acrylic paint supplied by
Zinsser Co. Inc., a specialty coatings maker based in Somerset, NJ.
A recipe for fighting fungus at Sealife’s
version of the great primordial soup
Anti-mold/mildew paint was applied to porch ceilings and columns
on Oak Alley’s Greek Reveival-style “big house” and
on a replica of an 1850 milking barn.
All photos courtesy of Zinsser Co., Inc.
ike rock-and-roll tunes of yore, historical landmarks
and other venerable public attractions don’t play
well with the audience if they are saddled with the
dubious distinction of being “Oldie but Moldie.”
Unlike bottom-of-the-charts songs of yesteryear,
however, it’s the literal interpretation of the “Moldie” label that can
cause great consternation for owners and operators of noteworthy
landmarks and buildings.
Got mold? If the answer is yes, then there’s no question you’ve got
woes, and it’s not the penalty for poor taste in music. The mold blues
can strike anywhere, as long as the basic conditions for its growth
are present: food, air, and water. Without those requirements, fungus, mold, and mildew can’t thrive.
The challenge, of course, is to keep mold and mildew at bay when
environmental conditions favor their propagation.
Some very mold-friendly situations posed serious headaches at
two disparate locations on opposite sides of the Atlantic: The subterranean, seaside Sealife Centre aquarium at Brighton, England,
L
14
While Brighton, on the south coast of England, differs greatly from
southern Louisiana in climate, the interior environment at the Sealife
Centre can almost make the visitor feel as if he’s back down on the
bayou. The waters of the English Channel surge just a few hundred
yards away; the center is mostly situated underground, subjecting
the facility to water entry; and the temperature inside is kept high
enough to make even the resident tropical fish feel at home in their
own tailor-made primordial soup.
As a result, mold and mildew had reared their unsightly colors
since the inside of the building was last painted a number of years
earlier. The new paint job consisted of two shades—white for the
painted beams of the center’s graceful archways and a cream color
for the inset, or recessed, areas. The center’s managers chose a
satin finish, although the paint also is offered in semigloss and
eggshell gloss levels.
Born on the bayou: Mold, mildew
find southern setting to their liking
In steamy southern Louisiana, moisture is encountered above
ground and out of doors, hanging heavy like so much Spanish moss
from the cypress trees that tower above the swamps and bayous.
The historic Oak Alley Plantation, situated on the banks of the
Mississippi River between New Orleans and
Baton Rouge, resides majestically on a 25acre site where visitors are beckoned by an
entrance lined with majestic, 300-year-old
oak trees.
With copious rainfall and dripping
humidity, mildew presents a major problem
on exterior surfaces at Oak Alley. The site’s
maintenance chief, Doug Petri, first used the
Perma-White paint on 4,000 feet of white,
three-rail fence where an oil-based paint
was peeling and covered with dirt, mold and
mildew. The surface was essentially stripped
and treated with a well-known mold and
mildew killer also supplied by Zinsser.
In addition to the fence, the Perma-White
paint has been applied to porch ceilings
and columns on Oak Alley’s Greek Revivalstyle “big house,” a replica of an 1850
milking barn, and to the doors of another
outbuilding.
Christy Naquin, marketing director at
Oak Alley, says the paint has met the stern
test of service in the simmering climate of
the Gulf Coast. “It’s done very well for us,”
she says.
Fortunately, Naquin adds, Oak Alley
dodged the catastrophe that was visited on
New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina. The
devastating storm spared Oak Alley’s buildings and its trademark oak trees. The plantation also sits on one of the highest points in
St. James Parish, and was not flooded.
“We’re fully operational,” Naquin said
only days after Katrina blasted Louisiana
and Mississippi. “Spread the word.”
The key: ‘One-two punch’
of preparation, painting
Frank Glowacki, Zinsser senior business
manager and an acknowledged authority
on the subject of mold and mildew prevention, says effective cleaning of the affected
surface is crucial in the battle against fungal
invasion.
“If you have mold, you have to remove it.
Surfaces that are integrally sound must be
cleaned and the mold killed,” Glowacki
says. The surface preparation is part of
Anti-mold/mildew paint was used at the Sealife Centre in Brighton, England.
what Glowacki calls a “one-two punch” of
cleaning-disinfecting, followed by application of paint that resists mold and mildew
development. Traditional cleaning solutions
were mixtures of bleach and water, and
bleach-based products continue to serve
this function.
Bleach, however, is sometimes avoided in
interior settings, due to fumes that can be an
irritant. Thus, a number of other, non-bleach
mold and mildew cleaners, many containing
ammonium quaternary compounds, are
offered by various suppliers. Zinsser,
Glowacki says, is planning to introduce a
cleaner in January.
For tough exterior problems, Zinsser
offers the industry-mainstay product
Jomax® House Cleaner and Mildew Killer,
which was employed at Oak Alley. The
product contains bleach, but boasts a pro-
prietary “ChloRelease” formula that optimizes the potency of bleach even at reduced
chlorine-bleach concentrations.
“It’s been likened to taking bleach and
putting it on steroids, without the bad
effects,” Glowacki says. “It allows chlorine to
act at a high level but with lower concentrations. This is a plus for the grass and your
prize petunias.”
In regions where moisture and humidity
are prevalent—in the Gulf Coast states in
particular—exterior building cleaning using
Jomax is said to be nearly as customary as
tailgating at college football games. The formula’s combination of cleaning agents and
a lower concentration of bleach is designed
to provide muscle without fading the color of
the building surface. The product is EPA registered as a mold and mildew killer.
Glowacki emphasizes, however, that his
15
company does not make any claims about
scientific expertise on mold and mildew
removal. In demanding cases, he says, “We
recommend consulting with professionals.
We consider ourselves experts in prevention
of mold; others are experts in removal of
severe mold and mildew.”
Zinsser’s Perma-White is an acrylic,
water-based latex paint offered in interior
and exterior versions. The paint, first introduced in 1991—“well before the mold
craze,” Glowacki says—was originally targeted at high-moisture settings such as bathrooms.
Consumers and professionals have
expanded the use of such paint products well
beyond the bathroom as concerns about the
negatives associated with mold have mushroomed, due both to perceived health hazards and aesthetic considerations.
The emergence of mold and mildew as a
top concern among building owners and
designers also can be linked to the increased
attention to building airtightness, Glowacki
says. A more airtight building can cause
moisture to be trapped inside walls or under
coatings or wallcoverings, where fungal
growth can occur.
A key to formulating a paint for prevention
of mold and mildew, Glowacki says, is resin
chemistry that delivers a “breathable” dried
paint film—one that allows for rapid escape
and subsequent evaporation of moisture
trapped under the cured paint. The formula
developed by Zinsser also employs a proprietary combination of EPA-registered fungicides to provide long-term prevention of
mold and mildew.
In addition to cured-film “breathability,”
Glowacki says an all-acrylic resin system
helps to prevent mildew and mold growth.
Paints that use “modified acrylics”—resins
that are tweaked with oil-derived materials to
improve flow, application or other properties—can contribute to mold and mildew
growth, he says. Such oil-derived substances
can provide a “food source” for such organisms.
The company offers a five-year mold- and
mildew-proof guarantee if the user follows
specified directions for surface preparation
and applications of two coats of paint. A
primer is generally not required, except for
cases where stain-blocking capability is
needed.
Five years isn’t forever, but at least it’s a
break from the mold and mildew blues—or
would that be the greens.
JAC
16
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The entrance lobby to Centura Health’s Parker
Adventist Hospital in Parker, CO, is an example
of the creative design found in today’s hospitals.
All photos courtesy of HKS Architects
that are pleasing, attractive, and enjoyable for patients, visitors, doctors, medical staff, research programs, and other
medical businesses and institutions.
In a way, patients and visitors are the
clients of a hospital, and in turn, hospitals market themselves to doctors and
research programs to serve patients.
The importance of image
At any given time, a significant level of
hospital design and construction activity
is in progress across the United States.
Hospital administrators seem to be in
constant need of new facilities, and as a
result, architectural firms are engaged in
the design of new projects and builders
are actively constructing new buildings.
Also, as the existing stock of healthcare facilities ages, advances in medical
technology and the continual progression of the philosophy of treating
patients combine to put a tremendous
burden on the health-care industry to
THE quest
fOR coatings
It
cures
Key paint suppliers
share recommendations
on product prescriptions
for hospital settings
not only improve existing facilities, but
to add to those facilities. While many
new stand-alone hospitals are built, a
major portion of current construction
activity consists of projects involving ren-
may come as a surprise to many people that
hospitals and other medical-service facilities operate as
businesses as well as providers of health-care services
that are considered essential to society.
By Walter Scarborough
HKS Architects Inc.
and Joe Maty, JAC Editor
It would be logical to conclude, then, that these facili-
ovation and addition to existing facilities.
In order to maintain a recognizable
and unique public image, hospital
administrators focus on two primary aesthetic concerns: They are interested in
ties must operate just as any other business in order to be successful and continue to
the nature of the finishes in the original
provide health-care services.
facility, and they want to know what will
And it follows that significant pressure exists for health-care providers to create and
continuously maintain particular environments and make architectural statements
18
be required to maintain that original
design atmosphere.
the more important
• Durable performance characteristics are
maintenance issues
always important; however, they are par-
confronting hospitals.
ticularly crucial in some specialized hospital rooms. Will the painted surface
Image is important to today’s hospitals, as can be seen in this medical nursing unit
at Abbot Northwestern Cardiovascular Center in Minneapolis, MN.
Requirements and
considerations
hold up to the human traffic and abuse,
Most state-run regulato-
ing products and procedures that will be
ry agencies require hos-
used?
pitals to comply with
• Cost is always an issue, but hospitals
the American Institute
will pay appropriately for good products
of Architects’ (AIA)
that work. Will the paint product cost
“Guidelines for Design
more because of its uniqueness?
and Construction of
• Convenience and availability of paint
Hospitals and Health
products are a necessity because paint is a
Care Facilities” in addi-
consumable. Will the paint product be
tion to their own health
available locally when it is needed?
guidelines and licensing
• Ease of application should be a signifi-
regulations.
cant factor. Will there be a need for spe-
These requirements
Maintenance issues
and will it hold up to the extreme clean-
cialized application processes (ventilation,
address washability, cleanability, and resis-
masks, sealed rooms, etc.)?
Since health-care facilities are centers of
tance properties for coatings in various
• Quality of the product and its coverage
human activity and are open to the
facility settings. Also, several times each
and hiding power are important. Will one
public, the wear and tear on the floor,
decade, every hospital must undergo a rig-
coat or two coats be necessary to repaint a
wall, and ceiling surfaces is usually
orous on-site inspection by the Joint
surface?
more intensive than what is encoun-
Commission on Accreditation
tered in most other businesses. These
of Healthcare Organizations
circumstances, combined with aware-
(JACHO). The quality and
ness of the need to maintain a certain
condition of painted finishes
public image, dictate that hospitals are
is one of the many items
usually engaged in continuous repaint-
examined.
ing programs.
At the same time, administrators
Quality and performance
considerations for paints and
place a priority on ensuring that
coatings used in hospitals
repainting of wall surfaces is done as
include the following (in no
infrequently as possible, both for cost
particular order).
reasons and to minimize inconvenience
• Low Odor/Low VOC paint
to the public, staff, and patients.
products have become essen-
If all these issues were not enough to
tial in many interior building
Operating rooms, such as this one at Centura Health’s Parker Adventist
Hospital in Parker, CO, are the most sterile spaces in a hospital and are
subjected to very aggressive cleaning products and procedures.
worry about, hospitals are constantly
settings, and this is particular-
challenged with the need to control the
ly true in health-care facilities.
spread of infection. Thus, they endeav-
Will any odor associated with repainting
• Abrasion resistance in areas subject to
or to maintain the entire facility, espe-
activity cause disruption to operations or
traffic and human touch is a must in pub-
cially the interior finishes, in a clean,
be perceived as a threat to those who are
lic areas. Will the painted surface be easily
like-new, and bacteria-free condition.
sensitive to their environments?
scratched or marred by the activity in the
• Resistance to mold and mildew is an issue
room?
important battles a hospital wages, and
of major importance in today’s litigious
• Resistance to steam is an issue in relevant
the front line of this perpetual battle
society. Will the paint product include an
steam-producing situations. Will the
involves exposed interior surfaces. As a
antimicrobial property that will resist the
painted surface peel under the effects of
result, painted finishes may be one of
growth of mold or mildew?
steam?
Infection control is one of the most
19
The challenge: Selecting the
right coatings for specific
applications
Keeping the above considerations in
mind, JAC asked several paint manufac-
tributed extensive commentary, while
forming coatings” and “an increasing
others preferred to simply offer product
need to utilize sustainable building tech-
recommendations (see accompanying “at
niques in the construction of new facili-
a glance” review).
ties.” This presents coatings companies
Bill Rafie, director of marketing, com-
with the mandate to supply low-odor,
turers to identify and discuss the types of
mercial segments, with The Sherwin-
low-VOC coatings that can meet tough
coatings that they would recommend for
Williams Co., noted that facility owners,
performance needs, he says.
various areas or “spaces” of hospitals.
architects, and contractors in the hospi-
Some participants in this review con-
tal segment are “focused on high-per-
“Hospital requirements for durability
are some of the most challenging in the
Hospital Coatings Recommendations AT A GLANCE
Sterile Spaces (surgical suites; sterile
corridors outside the operating rooms; invasive-procedure rooms; obstetrical facilities)
These spaces are critical to hospitals
because of the high income that is generated
from their use. Consequently, it is not easy to
take them out of service for repainting.
These rooms are subject to the most
aggressive cleaning procedures used within
a hospital. As a result, key performance
requirements are washability, scrubbability,
resistance to liquids used in surgery, and
durability to surface cleaners used to maintain a sterile environment.
Benjamin Moore: M40 100% solids epoxy
(floors); M42 Waterborne Epoxy Polyamide
(walls)
Dunn-Edwards: Inter H2O 735 water-borne
epoxy (International Protective Coatings) or
MONOCHEM 200® zero-VOC 100%
epoxy (Monopole Inc.)
Frazee: AMERON 335 Acrylic Gloss Epoxy
ICI Paints: TRU-GLAZE-WB™ 4408
Waterborne Epoxy Gloss Coating; TRUGLAZE-WB 4406 Waterborne Epoxy SemiGloss Coating (if primer is needed, PREP &
PRIME™ GRIPPER 3210 Multi-Purpose interior/exterior primer sealer)
Kelly-Moore: 7100 Enviro-Poxy Water
Reducible Epoxy (Gloss)
M.A.B. Paints: Ply-Tile 530 Acrylic Epoxy
PPG-Pittsburgh Paints: Aquapon® WB
Water Based Polyamide Epoxy
PPG High Performance Coatings:
Megaseal™ 100% solids, self-leveling epoxy
(floors)
20
Sherwin-Williams: Waterbased Catalyzed
Epoxy
Semi-Sterile Spaces (intensive care units;
coronary care units; catheter labs; rooms
that perform minor invasive procedures
associated with medical testing; emergency
services; nurseries; pediatric and adolescent
nursing units)
While these rooms are similar to sterile
spaces, they do not have the same level of
critical use, nor the same critical need for
performance; however, there is a need for
durability under the surface cleaners.
Benjamin Moore: M40 100% solids epoxy
(floors); M42 water-borne epoxy polyamide
(walls)
Dunn-Edwards: ECOSHIELD™ zero-VOC
water-based latex paint
Frazee: 124 MIRRO GLIDE 100% Acrylic
Semi Gloss Enamel or 032 ENVIROKOTE
ZERO VOC Semi Gloss Enamel
ICI Paints: DEVFLEX™ 4216HP High
Performance Waterborne Acrylic Semi-Gloss
Enamel
Kelly-Moore: 7100 Enviro-Poxy Water
Reducible Epoxy (Gloss)
M.A.B. Paints: Ply-Tile 530 Acrylic Epoxy,
Rust-O-Lastic Acrylic Enamel, or
Enviro-Pure zero VOC latex paint
PPG-Pittsburgh Paints: Manor Hall® Timeless
Interior Wall Paint and PPG Pure
Performance® zero-VOC wall paint
PPG High Performance coatings: Megaseal
100% solids, self-leveling epoxy (floors)
Sherwin-Williams: Duration Home styreneacrylic crosslinking paint
Toilets, Laboratories, and Rooms
with a High Concentration of
Plumbing Fixtures (public toilets; staff
locker rooms; patient room toilets; morgue;
laboratory suites; employee facilities; housekeeping rooms; linen services; facilities for
cleaning and sanitizing equipment and carts
with steam)
Resistance to mold and mildew are
among the most important considerations
for these spaces, especially in the larger
spaces and those open to use by the public.
Also, aesthetics are important.
Benjamin Moore: M42 Waterborne Epoxy
Polyamide
Dunn-Edwards: ECOSHIELD zero-VOC
water-based latex paint.
Frazee: 124 MIRRO GLIDE 100% Acrylic
Enamel or 032 ENVIROKOTE ZERO VOC
Semi Gloss Enamel AMERON 335 Acrylic
Gloss Epoxy for higher use areas
ICI Paints:
TRU-GLAZE-WB
4408
Waterborne Epoxy Gloss coating; TRUGLAZE-WB 4406 Waterborne Epoxy SemiGloss coating
Kelly-Moore: Dura-Poxy + 100% Acrylic
Enamels (Eggshell, Semi-Gloss, and Gloss)
Rust-O-Lastic Acrylic Enamel; for areas subject to high humidity and wash down, PlyMastic 650 Epoxy
PPG-Pittsbugh Paints: Manor Hall Timeless
Interior Wall Paint with acrylic crosslinked
formulation
Sherwin-Williams: Waterbased Catalyzed
Epoxy
industry, as these facilities must con-
tings, including patient, public, dietary,
environmentally friendly interior coat-
stantly present a fresh and clean image,”
and semi-sterile spaces. The styrene-
ings.
Rafie says. “This requires highly durable
acrylic formula is reported to possess a
coatings that can be cleaned frequently
unique “crosslinking” mechanism that
the cured coating film allows stains to
with minimal maintenance.”
provides a high level of durability,
be washed off with water or a mild
Rafie says Sherwin-Williams’ recently
Rafie says the crosslinked nature of
washability, and burnish resistance. The
cleaner. Low odor and antimicrobial
introduced “Duration Home” interior
product also merits Sherwin-Williams
properties are also cited as attributes for
paint has proved to be well suited to
“GreenSmart” designation, indicating it
the product’s use in hospital facilities.
application in a number of hospital set-
meets Green Seal’s GS-11 standard for
The paint is offered in flat, satin, and
Patient Spaces (nursing units—patient
rooms—both medical and surgical; nurse
stations; examination rooms; imaging suites;
nuclear medicine services; rehabilitation
therapy services; renal dialysis services—
acute and chronic; respiratory therapy services) These spaces are the primary locations
where the public and patients come into contact with the hospital, and while the painted
finish does have to have the same durability
as in some of the other spaces, aesthetics,
some resistance to abuse and abrasion, and
ease of quick repainting are the most important considerations.
Benjamin Moore: Super Spec® latex
eggshell enamel 274; for greater durability,
Moorcraft Super Spec Acrylic Epoxy 256 2K
water-borne acrylic epoxy
Frazee: 029 ENVIROKOTE Zero VOC
Eggshell or 032 ENVIROKOTE ZERO VOC
Semi Gloss Enamel
ICI Paints: LIFEMASTER 2000 LM 9200
Interior Semi-Gloss; LIFEMASTER 2000 LM
9300 Interior Eggshell
M.A.B. Paints: Rich Lux Low Lustre Latex
Enamel, Rich Lux Latex Eggshell Enamel,
Enviro-Pure zero VOC latex paint
PPG-Pittsburgh Paints: Manor Hall Timeless
Interior Wall Paint or Pure Performance
zero-VOC wall paint
Public Spaces (public areas; lobbies; corridors: waiting rooms; dining rooms)
These spaces are where appearance and
resistance to abuse are important.
Benjamin Moore: 221 Regal Matte 100%
acrylic flat with ceramic beads and stainrelease technology; or 256 Semi-Gloss
Acrylic epoxy
Frazee: 029 ENVIROKOTE ZERO VOC
Semi Gloss Enamel
ICI Paints: LIFEMASTER 2000 LM 9200
Interior Semi-Gloss; LIFEMASTER 2000 LM
9300 Interior Eggshell
Kelly-Moore: Enviro-Cote Low-Odor/Low
VOC Acrylic Enamels (Eggshell, Semi-Gloss)
M.A.B. Paints: Ply-Tile 530 Acrylic Epoxy
Interior Wall Paint or Pure Performance noVOC wall paint
Dietary Facilities (kitchens; food preparation areas; cooking; food storage; dishwashing) Important considerations are inservice durability and resistance to mold
and mildew.
Benjamin Moore: M43 water-borne acrylic
epoxy, 256 Super Spec Acrylic Epoxy; M42
Waterborne Epoxy Polyamide
Semi Gloss Enamel
ICI Paints: TRU-GLAZE-WB 4408
Waterborne Epoxy Gloss Coating; TRUGLAZE-WB 4406 Waterborne Epoxy SemiGloss Coating
“Back of House” and Utility Spaces
(administration and public areas; medical
records; central services; general stores;
pharmacy; engineering service and equipment areas; telecommunications, electrical
and mechanical rooms)
Finishes should be durable and resistant to
mold and mildew.
Benjamin Moore: M43 water-borne acrylic
epoxy; 256 Super Spec Acrylic Epoxy; M42
Waterborne Epoxy Polyamide
Semi Gloss Enamel
ICI Paints: DEVFLEX 4216HP High
Performance Waterborne Acrylic SemiGloss Enamel
Kelly-Moore: Enviro-Cote Low-Odor/Low
VOC Acrylic Enamels (Eggshell, Semi-Gloss)
Rust-O-Lastic Acrylic Enamel, or
Enviro-Pure zero-VOC latex paint
Interior Wall Paint or Pure Perfomance zeroVOC wall paint
21
semigloss finishes.
that resists burnishing. The product is rec-
For the most demanding settings,
ommended for use in high-traffic, high-
such as sterile spaces, Rafie says
maintenance areas, and is offered in a flat
Sherwin-Williams recommends a high-
or eggshell finish. Sherwin-Williams says
performance coating such as his compa-
the product can be used to cover surface
ny’s Waterbased Catalyzed Epoxy. The
irregularities and minor drywall imperfec-
product “is designed to handle the
tions. Its VOC content is very low, at 50
harshest chemicals and continuous
g/L.
cleaning” while providing long-term
durability, he says.
The catalyzed epoxy is reported to offer
resistance to corrosion and chemicals, is
Dunn-Edwards Corp., one of the
Entrance to the food serving area at Centura Health’s
Parker Adventist Hospital in Parker, CO. Food serving
areas, also encountered by the public, are also important
to the image of the hospital.
low in VOC at 250 g/l, low in odor, and
nation’s largest regional coatings manufacturers, says its no-VOC, low-odor
Ecoshield paint is well-suited for use in
most hospital settings, including the often
provides a “tile-like” wall finish. It is
gle coat, direct to drywall.” He says the
challenging environments encountered in
offered in gloss or semigloss versions.
product was developed “to enhance con-
semi-sterile, dietary, utility, laboratory, and
tractor productivity while at the same
laboratory/toilet areas. For sterile spaces,
that can meet a multifaceted perfor-
time provide a more durable, long-lasting
Dunn-Edwards’ Ed Edrosa, product man-
mance profile, Rafie says, is Sherwin-
finish.”
ager, marketing, says the company recom-
Another high-performance coating
Williams’ recently introduced ProMar XP,
Rafie says the coating applies at a thick-
mends water-based, two-component, cat-
a high-film-build acrylic that is said to
ness of 10 to 14 mils wet and provides a
alyzed epoxy coatings from two other sup-
provide “two-coat performance in a sin-
tough, durable, highly scrubbable finish
pliers. Those epoxy coatings are designed
to provide resistance to aggressive cleaning processes (see accompanying “at a
glance” review).
Dunn-Edwards suggests a semi-gloss
version of the zero-VOC Ecoshield for
dietary areas and other spaces subject to
frequent washing. Low-sheen or flat versions are preferable for patient and public
areas. The flat and low-sheen paints and a
primer are based on copolymer resins,
while the semigloss paint is 100% acrylic.
All are zero-VOC, minimal in odor, and
provide a durable, washable finish,
according to product data literature from
the company.
Offering extensive comment on coatings for hospital facilities was Frank
Magdits, Benjamin Moore & Co. product
manager, commercial and industrial
maintenance.
Magdits observes that highly challenging sterile spaces that require “frequent
scrub-downs with aggressive cleaning
products” can shorten the useful life cycle
of conventional coatings, At the same
time, he says, a number of so-called
“antimicrobial” coatings are currently
being marketed, “but the lifecycle of the
22
antimicrobial component is limited.”
“The next, and consequently more
practical approach, is to provide coatings with little or no permeability,
thereby limiting opportunity for microbial growth between sanitizing treatments,” Magdits says. “The theory is
simple: limit the porosity, and the
opportunity for microbial growth is correspondingly limited.”
For flooring in these highly challenging sterile areas, Magdits says Benjamin
Moore recommends the use of a highly
impermeable, 100% solids epoxy that
combines a no-VOC, low-odor formula
with a high level of abrasion and stain
resistance.
For walls in sterile spaces, Magdits
suggests a similarly durable, limited-permeability coating such as a low-VOC,
A patient room at Centura Health’s Parker Adventist Hospital in Parker, CO. Today’s patient rooms are
not the boring places they were in decades past—they are finished in much the same manner
as many of today’s houses.
using the same types
dirt, grease, and other contaminants that
of products as those
provide breeding grounds for mold and
recommended for
mildew.”
sterile spaces. This
polyamide epoxies are well suited to this
sense from an eco-
type of environment, Magdits says, with
nomic standpoint
a solvent-borne epoxy selected only if
and for simplification
the project area can be ventilated and the
of maintenance pro-
adjacent work areas can be evacuated.
grams, he says.
Patient spaces, while not subject to the
Laboratory, toilet,
Treatment rooms, like this magnetic imaging suite at Abbot Northwestern
Cardiovascular Center in Minneapolis, MN, are examples of semi-sterile spaces.
Again, catalyzed water-borne
approach makes
“deep-cleaning” procedures found in ster-
and other areas
ile spaces, do receive frequent, quick wipe-
where plumbing fix-
downs with fairly aggressive cleaning
tures are present
compounds. Here, Magdits suggests the
make for conditions
use of a low-sheen, blended acrylic coat-
similar to those
ing that offers durability and good touch-
found in severe
up and hiding characteristics. Meeting
low-odor water-borne epoxy polyamide
industrial environments, with the addi-
this product profile, he says, is a Benjamin
formulated for strong impact and abra-
tional requirement of pleasing aesthetics,
Moore Super Spec® latex coating that also
sion resistance and resistance to strong
Magdits says.
is reported to provide rapid dry, low odor,
solvents and cleaning compounds.
“These products may be used in a
“While not subject to as frequent a
cleaning cycle as sterile and semi-sterile
and low VOCs of less than 150 g/l.
For enhanced durability, an alternate
‘live’ facility with little, if any, conse-
environments, the constant presence of
choice is a two-component, water-
quence of odor or effects from solvent
water vapor dictates that a coating be
borne acrylic epoxy that also offers low
vapors,” Magdits says.
resistant to the growth of mildew and
odor and VOCs, a high degree of color
While semi-sterile spaces may require
mold,” he says. “Since mold and mildew
and gloss retention, and enhanced
a lesser degree of sanitation, they also
consist of spores that feed off organic
chemical and abrasion resistance. This
are subject to frequent cleaning with
materials, the answer is to provide coat-
product is supplied in a gloss or semi-
aggressive agents. Here, Magdits suggests
ings that resist the accumulation of dust,
gloss finish, depending on choice of
24
catalyst, and also can be applied over
bility. The product contains microscopic
use of a water-borne acrylic epoxy offer-
slightly damp surfaces.
ceramic beads and a proprietary stain-
ing low odor and VOCs, application on
release technology that are reported to
slightly damp surfaces, good color and
of premium-quality, 100% acrylic coat-
create a protective surface resistant to
gloss retention, and enhanced chemical
ings, such as Moore’s 221 Regal Matte, a
absorption of stains. VOC content is
and abrasion resistance. Offered in gloss
flat finish formulated to provide a high
quite low, at 100 g/l.
and semigloss finishes, this product also
In public spaces, Magdits suggests use
degree of stain resistance and scrub capa-
In dietary spaces, Magdits recommends
can be supplied as a clear coating. An
alternative choice is a water-borne
polyamide epoxy.
Magdits says the coatings recommendations for dietary spaces can also be applied
to “back of house” and utility areas.
Water-borne epoxy coatings also figure
prominently in recommendations from
ICI Paints’ Vijay Datta, director, industrial maintenance, who lists low odor and
washability as key properties for coatings
specified for demanding hospital settings
such as sterile spaces, dietary areas, and
laboratory and toilet areas.
ICI Paints’ recommended products for
these areas are the TRU-GLAZE-WB™
4408 gloss or 4406 water-borne epoxy
semigloss coating, which carry ICI Paints’
Devoe label. The products are described
as high-performance, two-component
coatings that provide a hard, durable finish with low VOCs. The coatings are suited for use in areas subject to continuous
high moisture, such as shower rooms,
according to product literature.
For semi-sterile spaces and “back of
house” and utility areas, ICI Paints recommends the DEVLEX™ water-borne
acrylic semigloss enamel from Devoe,
billed as a premium-quality, acrylic coating for high-traffic areas.
Eggshell and semigloss versions of ICI
Paints’ no-VOC paint, LIFEMASTER
2000, are suggested for use in patient
and public spaces. The company
describes the products as premium interior finishes with virtually no odor. The
semigloss version is “formulated to provide exceptional washability and stainresistance properties,” while the
eggshell finish is said to offer high levels of hiding and washabilty.
JAC
26
Just As Good As An OIL?
No, this Water-Based Wall
and Trim Paint is an OIL!
ICI Paints has accomplished the
improbable feat of bringing oil and
water together to preserve the
performance of oil paint while
reducing VOC’s.Almost a quart
of mineral spirits has been removed
and replaced with water.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
www.icipaintsstores.com
800-984-5444
Eggshell, Semi-Gloss and High Gloss
Interior / Exterior
H a rd n e s s o f a n O i l E n a m e l F i n i s h
Vi r t u a l l y N o Ye l l o w i n g
Wa t e r T h i n n i n g a n d C l e a n - u p
Tw o C o a t s i n O n e D a y
Brush, Roll and Spray
Full Tinting Capability
Significantly Reduced Odor
VOC Compliant
“An oil enamel finish with the
speed and ease of a latex”
Covering
the angles
on
EIFS
Technology has made
significant headway,
but use and
specification issues
warrant attention
ince the late 1960s, the
technology of
enveloping exterior
walls with rigid thermal
Fig. 1 (Above): EIFS installed over steel studs with sheathing.
All photos courtesy of DuRock Alfacing International Ltd.
insulation and rendering the surface with a synthetic composite coating system has
carved out a substantial presence in the construction marketplace. A significant number of buildings have been clad with these exterior insulation and finish systems
(EIFS), to the tune of more than 5 billion square feet of cladding. The coatings
By Kevin Day, DuRock Alfacing
International Ltd.
are typically applied by the plastering trades, which are also adept with the
application of conventional Portland cement plaster.
Since EIFS can be shaped and sculpted to create various architectural styles
and motifs, the technology was rather swiftly embraced as an economical
cladding solution that also made walls more thermally efficient and airtight. In
addition, EIFS are inherently more crack-resistant than conventional cement plas-
28
ters because they use the insulation as a
insufficient fire and impact resistance.
occurs. Insurance providers wary of risk
flexural movement buffer.
Over the past three-plus decades, howev-
decided not to underwrite policy holders
er, manufacturers of these systems have
(contractors) that installed such systems,
compositions—relatively thin renderings
been able to demonstrate that the systems
leading the industry to form its own
of polymer-modified cement reinforced
can be given thicker, harder renderings to
insurance program through the AWCI—
with glass-fiber mesh—are applied to
increase the impact resistance for wall
the Association of Wall & Ceiling
In EIFS applications, acrylic polymer
Industries, Falls Church, VA
Textured Finish Coat
Reinforced Polymer Cement
Base Coat
Expanded Polystyrene Insulation
Water Resistant Barrier Coating
Sheathing & Stud Substrate
Note: Insulation configured to provide
drainage, forming a rainscreen system.
(www.awci.org and www.awci-insurance.bm).
Although problems with water
penetration are (and were) not
exclusive to buildings clad with
EIFS, suppliers of such systems have
adapted a rainscreen concept to
ensure that incidental moisture cannot penetrate a wall assembly. Such
systems incorporate waterproof bar-
Fig. 2: EIFS—A composite coating cladding system
rier coatings applied to the wall
prior to installation of insulation,
insulation and then finished with a poly-
areas situated in pedestrian areas; and fire
with some form of drainage medium
mer-based textured finish pigmented
testing demonstrates that these systems
placed in between. These coatings are also
with integral color. The insulation widely
do not propagate fire—that is, these sys-
called “air barriers,” because they inhibit
used in these systems is Type I Expanded
tems do not diminish the fire rating of a
the flow of air, which often contains
Polystyrene (EPS), although others may
given wall assembly.
moisture that can create water problems
be used.
In the mid 1990s, reports of problems
Coatings formulated by EIFS suppliers
with water penetration arose in various
through condensation.
A Canadian construction-industry
are water-based, and consist of acrylic
booming urban centers across America.
agency has taken the lead in incorporat-
resins that are dispersed in water along
These problems became evident in
ing such principles into an all-encompass-
with other additives. The products are
coastal areas such as the Carolinas,
ing assembly regime for water resistance
typically supplied in 5-gallon pails,
Virginia, and Seattle. In particular, EIFS
and durability of EIFS as a composite
although some products are formulated
installed on wood-framed residences
cladding system. The Canadian
in dry form and bagged.
were found to be problematic due to the
Construction Materials Centre, a subdivi-
placement of the insulation layer directly
sion of the National Research Council of
ucts are water-based requires a minimum
application temperature of 40° F, and
onto wood sheathing, which in itself is
Canada, evaluates products that are not
susceptible to moisture damage if not
typically referenced in the model building
application in temperatures above 90° F
properly protected.
code. This agency began developing crite-
In either form, the fact that the prod-
may require special precautions to prevent flash setting of the coatings.
Although class-action lawsuits were
ria for the evaluation of EIFS in the mid
filed alleging that these systems were
1980s, and has since developed a sophisti-
Fig. 2 shows the cross section of a
inherently defective, most of the settle-
cated method of assessing durability of
common commercial wall assembly,
ments determined that a second line of
any cladding system, in particular EIFS.
which can incorporate a polymer-modi-
defense to prevent moisture ingress into
Suppliers of EIFS are required to prepare a
fied cement coating. This coating is
the supporting walls mitigates most of
test panel that is subjected to a significant
applied to protect the substrate (support-
the risk.
series of coincided loads. These include
ing wall assembly) from water and
weather.
In reality, EIFS are hydrophobic and do
not allow water penetration. Interface
fluctuations in air temperature, simulated
wind-driven rain, and wind loading.
details between the EIFS and other com-
In Fig. 3, the loads are illustrated repre-
ponents of the wall assembly (windows,
senting one durability cycle, with not less
When first introduced, these systems
flashing, sealants, etc.), however, can
than 60 cycles being the principle expo-
were widely scrutinized due to their
leave openings where water penetration
sure. Also, each panel is subjected to these
General durability
29
loads after first being saturated with
some limitations and guidelines for per-
water. The principle here is to expose the
formance should be recognized.
coatings and insulation to the ultimate
EIFS are not recommended for the fol-
limits of their composite durability, com-
lowing applications and settings, unless
bining wetting/drying and freezing/thaw-
specifically engineered to do so:
ing, along with flexural movement.
• High-pollution or chemically-sensitive
Beyond the normal consideration for
environments (i.e., they are typically not
exposure of such systems, EIFS, when
suitable for industrial applications);
tested by this method, must leave the
• High-traffic, or potentially high-abuse
basecoat exposed on 50% of the area,
locations, such as sites adjacent to ship-
thus ensuring the basecoat layer (where
ping doors, major entrances to buildings
the primary line of rain penetration resis-
(specifically where people or vehicles
tance and durability are achieved) is
may be in direct proximity to the wall
stressed to the limits of its durability. A
area), and sites adjacent to playgrounds
Fig. 4: Panel after durability testing. Note: Staining (efflorescence) is from the exposure of the basecoat directly to
water, which only occurs if the basecoat is left unprotected
by the finish coat, a requirement of the CCMC test protocol
passing result provides an expectation
or recreational activities;
mesh. Typically, 4.5–6.0 oz/yd2 weight of
that a panel will not crack, chip, flake, or
• Situations where concerns exist regard-
mesh is considered standard, but mid- to
peel (Fig. 4).
ing the integrity of the substrate. EIFS
high-impact mesh ranges from 10–20
should not be used to overclad existing
oz/yd2.
In addition, over the 15-day duration
of the 60 cycles of testing, wind-driven
problem areas, such as delaminating
rain that penetrates the substrate results
paint on masonry, spalled brick veneer,
Architectural reveals
in a failing grade, even though water
weathered sheathing, etc. EIFS may be
Often referred to as “control joints” or
draining out through the base—through
used, however, if mechanical fasteners
“grooves,” reveals are cut into the insula-
the system’s
are employed and the
tion layer of the EIFS prior to rendering
drainage medi-
supporting wall is
of the lamina (the combination of the
um—is expected.
structurally sound.
mesh, base coat, and finish). Reveals can
Systems currently
Although some pro-
be installed for the purpose of architec-
approved by the
prietary EIFS may be
tural effect and/or delineating the work
Canadian
suitable for some of
areas for rendering of the EIFS finish
Construction
the above locations,
coat.
Materials Centre
the designer must
are required to
specify adequate
ing/substrate movement is anticipated.
undergo this test.
impact resistance and
The profile of the reveals should be such
No such require-
provide recommenda-
that the horizontal edges facing upward
ment exists in the
tions for maintenance.
are sloped to ensure rainwater runoff. It
U.S., although
Testing should be
is best if the reveals have round- or trape-
there is a standard
reviewed to determine
zoid-type profiles, thereby minimizing
the suitability of the
the strain on the EIFS lamina and sup-
system.
porting insulation and reducing the
method required
Fig. 3: Load Cycling for EIFS–CCMC
Technical Requirements
by the ICC
Evaluation Service for the evaluation of
In a given project, the design docu-
freeze-thaw performance.
ments should also consider the following
(Note: Staining (efflorescence) is caused
issues.
Reveals are not installed where build-
potential for cracking to develop.
Decorative shapes
by direct exposure of the base coat to
ASTM C 1397 recommends scaled sec-
water, which occurs only if the base coat
Heavy or high-impact mesh
tion drawings for cornices, moldings,
is left unprotected by the finish coat—a
All high-traffic areas, as well as any areas
and other decorative elements that form
requirement of the CCMC test protocol.)
that may be exposed to ongoing mainte-
the parts of the EIFS which are surface
nance equipment (such as window wash-
mounted during installation.
Performance limitations
ing) should be identified on the architec-
It is extremely important to provide a
Although EIFS are quite versatile in terms
tural drawings, with specified dimen-
proper slope for the horizontal edges
of their use on many building types,
sions and grades of glass-fiber reinforcing
that face upward. These must be sloped a
30
minimum rise overrun of 6:12. The
recommended for large wall areas.
Penetrations and terminations
length of the slope should not exceed
• Smooth textures are preferred as a way
All penetrations through EIFS and their
300 mm, according to most EIFS manu-
to minimize dirt and mildew accumula-
terminations should be detailed in the
facturers’ specifications. It may be pru-
tion, and elastomeric paints can be
architectural drawings, clearly delineating
dent, however, to consider the following
applied to the basecoat in place of a tex-
the interface of the EIFS and the adjacent
measures.
tured finish coat to make the exposed
elements. EIFS basecoat and reinforcing
• As a rule, for moldings and decorative
surface smoother.
mesh must be secured to the substrate,
elements that are often exposed to wind-
• In cases where an overhang is located
around the edge of the insulation, and
driven rain and snow or ice accumula-
directly above the
onto the wall. This is
tion (the top of a wall parapet, for exam-
projection, the
referred to as back-
ple), the horizontal projections should be
sloping require-
wrapping, as illustrat-
counter-flashed with metal, including a
ment could be
ed at the perimeter of
drip edge.
reduced.
the window interface
• Another option to enhance the mois-
• Drip edges
in Fig. 7.
ture resistance of horizontal projections
should be provid-
is the use of waterproof basecoats (not to
ed where possible.
Expansion joints
be confused with standard EIFS
Most horizontal
Expansion joints (Fig.
basecoats, which are considered water-
projections tend to
resistant) and elastomeric or high-con-
accumulate dust
tent polymer finishes. It should be noted
and dirt, which
that a waterproof EIFS basecoat is typical-
then typically cause stains below by
tion tracks in steel frame walls, masonry
ly low in vapor permeability and is not
means of rainwater runoff.
control joints, and floor lines in wood-
5) should be located
Fig. 5: Horizontal expansion joint for non-load bearing
steel stud walls
at all junctures in the
substrate (i.e., deflec-
31
exhibit pinholes that allow the
can be improved by regular washing
base material to affect the overall
every two to five years, depending on the
color, so a primer can hide the
building. A color change is easily
effect of the basecoat on the finish
achieved with a compatible acrylic latex
color.
low-luster paint. If cracking develops, the
It is generally acknowledged
Fig. 6: Horizontal joint, vented, at precast coping
use of a vapor-permeable elastomeric
that the basecoat provides primary
paint could be considered, but this
water resistance and that the addi-
should be limited to narrow cracks only.
tion of a primer will enhance this
• Alkali. Alkali attack on glass-fiber
capability by forming a continu-
reinforcing mesh, which occurs mainly
ous polymer film that retards liq-
in cases where Portland cement basecoats
uid moisture transport, thereby
are used, can only be quantified by test-
reducing the hygrothermal loads.
ing. The glass fibers are coated with resin
This increased moisture resistance
for protection, but a loss of tensile
strength can still result from the alkali
framed walls). The location and width of
is particularly important when concerns
the expansion joints should be delineat-
exist about the mix-
reaction with the
ed on the architectural drawings. The
ing quality and con-
cement. Since
thickness of the EIFS basecoat should be
sistency of a given
EIFS are no older
specified at adjoining edges of the
basecoat application.
than approxi-
expansion joints. At the very minimum,
the back-wrapped basecoat thickness
1
mately 30 years
Finally, the primer
allows the applicator
in North
should be ⁄16 inch around the full edge
to achieve greater
America, service-
of the insulation, and preferably thicker
coverage with the
life expectations
to allow subsequent replacement of the
finish-coat material,
are not defini-
sealant (at the end of its normal service
which saves on mate-
tively known for
life).
rial costs. Inclusion
the reinforcing
of primer coats
mesh component
Basecoat thickness
should not contra-
Two key performance objectives are
vene EIFS fire ratings.
of the lamina. As
Fig. 7: Window head, decorative detailing
a result, a maintenance program
affected by the basecoat thickness—resistance to fire and water penetration. As a
Other service-life factors
result, the basecoat should be applied to
for EIFS should include the services of a
A number of other factors affect the
consultant experienced with EIFS to con-
a minimum ⁄16-inch dry film thickness.
potential service life of EIFS, even
duct a detailed review of the cladding to
To ensure proper coverage both for
assuming that proper installation has
ascertain the integrity of the lamina. If
thickness and embedment of reinforcing
been achieved. The actual life cycle of
EIFS are well maintained, this review
mesh, the basecoat should be applied in
the cladding can be affected by the fol-
may only be needed every 15 to 25 years,
two passes, with curing of the first appli-
lowing.
depending on the exposure. In some
cation taking place before the second
• Damage caused by impact or
cases it may be necessary to apply a new
pass is made.
accidents. This should be repaired
EIFS lamina (removal and replacement,
immediately with compatible or identi-
or rendering over the existing).
1
It is crucial that the EIFS supplier pro-
Prime coat for the finish
cal materials.
A few good reasons can be given for
• Sealant deterioration. A building
vide test results that verify the alkali
application of a prime coat that is color-
owner should anticipate replacement of
resistance of the reinforcing mesh.
matched with the finish coat. The
the sealants in 10 to 15 years. The quali-
According to ASTM E 2098, reinforcing
primer will ensure that the color of the
ty of the EIFS installation will be the pri-
mesh must be tested in a cement or sodi-
finish coat is more consistent in all
mary factor that determines the success
um hydroxide solution with a high pH of
areas of the wall and that the basecoat
of the sealant replacement and respec-
12.5 for a minimum duration of 28 days
is not visible in any of the shallows of
tive costs.
without losing more than 50 to 60 per-
the texture. Textured finishes often
• Cleaning. The appearance of EIFS
cent of its tensile strength. At least 85.7
32
lbf/inch (150 N/mm) should be demon-
select systems that have been tested for
Combined with aesthetic benefits, the
strated after being subjected to the high
durability and fire resistance (as a func-
systems can easily be incorporated into
pH solution. This is the critical qualifi-
tion of applicable code requirements),
most building designs, and provide a
cation.
and incorporate alkaline-resistant, glass-
designer with a medium to create inter-
fiber mesh.
esting and dynamic architectural fea-
Architectural details
The architectural details for EIFS are
EIFS are practical and highly effective
in this day of increased energy costs.
tures that are unique to each building.
JAC
sometimes considered a challenge, particularly when it comes to understanding the interface of EIFS with other elements of the building envelope. One
key element is ensuring that the waterresistive barrier coating over the substrate is continuous. This can even be
detailed as the air and vapor barrier for
the wall assembly.
Also critical is making certain that
the drainage of incidental moisture can
be managed through the interface
joints, as shown in Fig. 6.
Penetrations invariably occur in these
systems, and the design detailing must
consider the construction sequence.
Thus, it is useful to issue details that
illustrate the steps needed to ensure the
system installation is done properly
during construction, as the cutaway in
Fig. 7 illustrates.
Concluding thoughts
EIFS have demonstrated durability and
fire resistance and can be widely adapted for many construction applications.
As with other cladding systems, limitations and weaknesses exist with EIFS.
An understanding of the technology
and established specification and application guidelines can provide a solid
basis for successful adaptation of EIFS
in contemporary construction practice.
As reviewed here, the primary mechanisms affecting EIFS performance are
directly proportional to fluctuations in
temperatures combined with wetting
cycles (hygrothermal loads); loss of
strength in the reinforcing mesh due to
alkali attack; building movement that
causes cracks; and impact/abrasion
damage. As such, it is fundamental to
33
Insurance policies for painted
What design
professionals
need to know
about warranties
tough fluoropolymer finishes are exceedingly rare. Call-backs for oil-canning are
much more common than call-backs for finish defects.
But if a claim ever arises, you want your client’s building to be protected. Ideally,
you’d like the client to find a carefully reviewed, fully executed finish warranty prudently stored with other building records in a neatly labeled binder in the office of
the facilities manager.
You’d like that warranty to clearly state what conditions are covered and to provide
measurable criteria for determining the validity of claims.
By Joseph Berchenko
AIA, CSI, CCS
You’d like the installer, representing the coil-coater, to promptly respond to the
claim, and refinish or remove and replace the faulty panels with minimum disruption and at no cost to the building owner.
Perhaps you’d even like a thank you from your client praising the helpfulness of
paint warranty is like
health insurance:
you never want to
use it, but if you get
sick, it’s nice to have around.
the construction documents prepared by your office.
It could happen!
This article will provide basic information about fluoropolymer paint finish warranties for metal panels, how to specify the appropriate coverage, and how to read
the warranty. The thank-you note is up to the client!
Based on statistical frequency, you are
unlikely to ever be involved in a warran-
Panel finish basics
ty claim involving faulty paint and a
Metal panel manufacturers buy rolls of uncoated aluminum or metallic-coated steel
metal panel. Premature failures of today’s
for forming into panels for walls and roofs. These may arrive pre-coil-coated with a
34
Huge coils of steel up to 72 inches in width arrive at the
coil coater’s plant carrying a pre-applied metallic coating of
zinc (galvanized steel sheet), aluminum (aluminized steel
sheet) or zinc-aluminum alloy (Galvalume).
Aluminum provides barrier protection,
be defined as “organic” finishes.)
covering the steel substrate with a thin
Fluoropolymer systems that possess at
protective layer of non-ferrous alu-
least 70% polyvinyldine fluoride (PVDF
minum. When aluminum is alloyed
or PVF2) resins are frequently identified
with zinc, a metallic coating is pro-
by their proprietary names. Examples
duced that offers both galvanic and bar-
are Kynar 500®, produced by Arkema,
rier protection.
and Hylar 5000TM, made by Solvay
Although metallic-coated sheet is
sometimes used without a finish-paint
Solexis. The remaining 30% resin content is acrylic.
coating, it is not recommended by this
When pigments and solvents are
author. Metal panels are typically finish
added to resin, a paint system is born.
painted. The job of the finish-paint coat-
Commercial fluoropolymer paints con-
ing is to add a secondary layer of protec-
taining 70% PVDF resin formulations
tion over the metallic coating, but also—
include Trinar (Akzo Nobel), Fluoroceram
and just as importantly—to add the
(BASF), Duranar (PPG), and Fluropon
color needed for building aesthetics.
(Valspar). The accompanying table pro-
Paint systems are identified by their
vides a summary of these products.
resin chemistry. In the metal building
These paints are sometimes re-branded by coil coaters; a few
of these are Duragard,
panels
Versacor, ColorKlad, PacClad, and Valflon, but
there are quite a few
more.
finish coating or may be coil coated by
A new-generation flu-
the panel manufacturer before roll-forming and cutting into individual panels.
oropolymer paint system
Millions of square feet of such panels are
based on fluorinated eth-
installed in the United States each month.
ylene vinyl ether (FEVE)
resin is offered by PPG
Metallic-coated steel makes up the
lion’s share of the metal-panel market-
Industries Inc., and goes
place, with aluminum panels somewhat
by the name Coraflon.
less common. Aluminum naturally
This fluoropolymer sys-
resists rusting but steel does not. Metallic
tem is not addressed in
coatings of zinc (galvanized steel sheet),
aluminum (aluminized steel sheet), or
Metallic-coated steel makes up the lion’s share of
the metal-panel marketplace.
this article.
To create red panels of
auto showroom quality, a
zinc-aluminum alloy (Galvalume) are
applied to huge coils of steel up to 72
cladding industry, fluoropolymer resin
coil of metallic-coated steel is first
inches in width prior to their fabrication
finish systems are state of the art. These
loaded onto a paint line. The coil is then
into panels.
systems are exceptionally durable; their
unreeled, cleaned, pre-treated, primed,
strength—and the fluoropolymer
cured, top coated, cured again,
the primary defense against rusting for
name—are derived from the fluorine-to-
quenched, and recoiled, all at speeds of
steel wall and roof panels. Zinc provides
carbon bond, one of the strongest
up to 800 feet per minute. This is called
galvanic protection, sacrificing its own
known to chemistry. (The carbon part of
coil-coating and is not to be confused
atoms to heal surface nicks and scrapes.
the bond means these finishes can also
with metallic coating.
It is the metallic coating that provides
35
Coatings Co.
BASF
Product Name
Fluoroceram
UltraMet
Fluoroprint
ULTRA-Cool
Valspar
Akzo Nobel
PPG
Fluropon
Fluropon Classic
Fluropon Cl;assic II
Fluropon Premiere
Flurothane II
Flurothane IV
Fluropon SR
Description
Also available in standard gloss (25-40) and low gloss/sheen (less than 20)
Mica (and rarely aluminum flake) containing coating
Uses a print roll to transfer a pattern of Fluoroceram or Ultramet onto a
basecoat of the same systems
Uses pigment that reduces surface temperature of metal roofing and thus
reduces transfer of heat into building
70% Kynar® or Hylar® (Earth tone palette)
70% Kynar or Hylar (Metallic effects)
70% Kynar or Hylar (Pearlescent effect)
70% Kynar or Hylar (Bright colors)
Thick film, 70% Kynar or Hylar
Thicker film, 70% Kynar or Hylar
70% Kynar or Hylar combined with ceramic infrared pigments to decrease
energy use and urban heat island effect
70% Kynar 500® or Hylar® 5000
TRINAR®
70% Kynar 500 or Hylar 5000 for low-gloss/low-sheen applications
TRINAR LS
70% Kynar 500 or Hylar 5000, designed to reduce surface temperature
TRINAR Cool
of metal roofing, resulting in less heat transfer into buildings
Chemistry™/TRINAR CC™
70% Kynar 500® or Hylar 5000®, earth tone palette, standard gloss
Duranar®
70% Kynar 500 or Hylar 5000, mica/pearlescent palette
Duranar Sunstorm™
70% Kynar 500 or Hylar 5000, contains clear topcoat, required over some
Duranar XL
bright colors and all metallic colors
70% Kynar 500 or Hylar 5000, thick film coil coating systems
Duranar Plus
70% Kynar 500 or Hylar 5000, thick film coil coating systems with clear topcoat
Duranar XL Plus
70% Kynar 500 or Hylar 5000, IR reflective coatings designed to reduce
Duranar SPF
surface temperature
100% Fluoropolymer, bright colors and high glosses available
Coraflon®
come into play.
Fluoropolymer finish failures are
indeed rare. When they do occur, it is
generally because the building is located in a severe environment, as in cases
where the building is subject to saltspray from the ocean or is affected by
acid rain.
Quality control is a high priority in
the industry. For example, every coil of
steel received by each panel manufacturer arrives with a metallurgical report.
Huge coil-coating machines that cost
hundreds of thousands of dollars offer a
high degree of precision and narrow tolerances when applying paint coatings.
The typical warranty for standardcolor fluoropolymer paint finishes for
buildings in moderate environments
should be at least 20 years for a two-coat
system consisting of primer and topcoat.
Some manufacturers now offer standard
warranties for periods of 30 or 40 years
or more. Such long-term warranties are
nice, but, as indicated above, they do
not necessarily mean the finish system is
better or even different from that sup-
Panel manufacturers such as AEP-
turer offering a 20-year warranty.
plied by other manufacturers.
For custom colors, buildings in corro-
Span, Berridge, Centria, Englert, MBCI,
Beware; although longer warranties are
McElroy, Una-Clad, or one of the many
fine, it is not uncommon to see two
sive environments, or premium two-,
other suppliers of metal panels for
panels with the exact same finish system
three- or even four-coat systems, warran-
cladding of buildings may do their own
but with different warranty lengths.
ty availability should be verified. If a
coil coating or buy pre-coil-coated steel
coils.
It is the panel manufacturer who typi-
Moreover, although a non-fluoropoly-
standard—that is, no-additional-cost—
mer system such as a siliconized poly-
warranty is not available, it might be
ester may carry a 20-year warranty, that
possible to purchase a custom warranty.
cally offers the warranty, not the resin
does not necessarily mean it is equal to a
producer, the paint producer, or the
fluoropolymer finish.
Paint failures covered
by warranty
installer, although the installer often ser-
A paint warranty is insurance against a
vices claims on behalf of the panel man-
faulty finish, not a predictor of longevi-
Fading (loss of color retention), chalking
ufacturer.
ty. It comes into play when a problem
(development of a chalky-white powder
occurs with the finish itself. For exam-
on the panel surface), and peeling (loss of
Warranty basics
ple, the paint suddenly detaches from
adhesion), are the Big Three coatings-
An important point to remember about
the substrate after an overnight freeze.
film failures typically covered by indus-
warranties is that they should not be the
Some small, incidental loss of paint
try-standard fluoropolymer finish system
basis of panel selection. Most design
adhesion might be acceptable after two
warranties.
professionals know this already. Still, it
or three (or more!) decades, but not
is tempting to think that a manufacturer
two or three years after substantial
formance is related to a standard. AIA
offering a 30-year warranty might pro-
completion. If such a development
Masterspec, the widely-used model spec-
vide a better product than the manufac-
were to occur, the warranty would
ification system, invokes standards set
36
Each of these three categories of per-
by the American Architectural
ness. Performance requirements should
Manufacturers Association (AAMA) to
not be confused with warranty require-
ensure that competitively bid paint fin-
ments.
ish systems for metal panels meet mini-
The three performance measurements
mum performance requirements. (In the
typically addressed by metal panel paint
interests of full disclosure: I happen to
warranties are as follows.
be an architectural specifications writer
• Fading is primarily a measure of pig-
for Masterspec.)
ment performance in a given resin sys-
Because the measurements used in
tem and indicates loss of color intensity.
these standards have been adopted for
If the building owner’s red panels turn
warranties, it’s useful to take a brief look
pink, they’re fading. AAMA 621 calls for
at the standards.
evaluation of color retention by fence
The AAMA standard used by
sample testing with a “Florida exposure
Masterspec to specify steel wall and roof-
south of latitude 27 degrees North at a
panel finishes is AAMA 621 Voluntary
45-degree angle facing south for five
Specifications for High Performance Organic
Coatings on Coil Coated Architectural Hot
Dipped Galvanized (HDG) and Zinc-
years.” (See “UV Resistance: Just The Tip
Metallic coating provides the primary defense against
rusting for steel wall and roof panels.
Aluminum Coated Steel Substrates. AAMA
intended for extruded shapes. Although
Of The Iceberg For Testing Of Coatings
Durability,” JAC, April 2005, for a detailed
discussion of finish system testing.)
620 Voluntary Specifications for High
metal panels, storefronts, and curtain
Performance Organic Coatings on Coil
walls may all use 70% PVDF fluoropoly-
ASTM D 2244 Standard Practice for
Coated Architectural Aluminum Substrates
mer finishes, there are differences: aside
Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color
provides a companion standard for alu-
from the fact that metal wall and roof
Differences from Instrumentally Measured
minum panels.
panels are most often steel, finishes for
Color Coordinates. The measurement sys-
These standards should not be con-
storefronts and curtain walls are typically
tem used is named “Hunter units.” The
fused with the older and perhaps more
spray-applied onto extrusions, while fin-
AAMA standards call for a maximum
familiar AAMA 2604 and 2605 that are
ishes for panels are applied to sheets in a
color change of 5∆E Hunter units. (You
coil-coating process.
may remember from science class that
The AAMA standards are a collection
of prescribed tests and prescribed results.
It is useful to employ the AAMA stan-
38
“∆” is pronounced “delta” and means
“change”.)
Although one Hunter unit is theoreti-
dards rather than list the dozen or so
cally the smallest amount of change
individual tests described in each stan-
detectable by the human eye, most peo-
dard. Not only does this save time and
ple find it hard to detect a change of less
ink, but the AAMA standards recom-
than two or three units. Standard indus-
mend a specific range of test results to
try warranties typically retain the 5∆E
ensure excellence, thereby providing a
measurement, but warrant the color
reliable gauge of performance based on
retention for a 20-year or longer period
industry consensus, rather than the
rather than the 5-year period described
design professional’s limited experience.
in the standard.
These standards, however, are not war-
Quality control is very important in the coil coating
industry, and every coil of steel received by a panel
manufacturer arrives with a metallurgical report.
The resulting fade is judged using
A slight fading might be expected over
ranty requirements. A panel might be
the decades, particularly with bright col-
coated with a long-lasting fluoropolymer
ors such as fire-engine red, but a dramat-
finish system that meets a specified per-
ic change in color may present a warran-
formance standard, and yet not be war-
ty issue.
rantied at all. Additionally, the standards
• Chalking is caused by the breakdown
describe many tests and performance
of resin under the relentless onslaught of
requirements not directly addressed by
UV exposure. This white powdery coat-
warranties, for example, dry film hard-
ing on the panel surface is actually a dis-
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T h e A t l a s D i f f e r e n c e.
39
integration of the high-tech resin.
test measurement involves scribing a
by corrosive or aggressive environments.
AAMA 621 calls for measuring chalking
sample surface with criss-crossing cuts,
If some question exists as to whether a
under the same five-year test exposure
covering the area with tape, and then
particular building is located in an
indicated for fading. In this case, the
pulling the tape sharply away. Such a
aggressive environment, the metal-
units of measurements derive from
test is usually not spelled out in war-
panel product rep can be asked to get a
ASTM D 4214 Standard Test Methods for
ranties to describe peeling. If the finish
determination from the manufacturer.
Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of
system detaches from the substrate prior
Exterior Paint Films, specifically, Test
to the end of the 20-year warranty peri-
salt-spray areas, metal cladding may not
Method A of that standard. A maximum
od, however, you won’t need an arcane
be the ideal choice for the client’s build-
rating of No. 8 is allowed for colors, and
test measurement to know: peeling of
ing. If metal cladding is nonetheless
No. 6 for whites. The No. 8 rating is
paint and the presence of paint chips
desired, a three- or four-coat paint sys-
retained by standard industry war-
on the ground are quite self-evident.
tem might be advisable, and a custom
ranties, but again over a 20-year or
The same goes for “alligatoring”; if that
warranty sought.
longer period, not the five indicated in
initially smooth panel starts looking like
the standard.
leather, it’s time to check the warranty.
If you can rub your hand over the
finish and then find your hand coated
with a white powder, it may be time to
In corrosive environments, including
Chemicals and chemical fumes are
often expressly excluded from warranty
protection, and the term “chemicals”
Paint failures NOT covered
by warranty
covers a lot of ground. Don’t expect to
find a manufacturer anxious to replace
dig out that warranty.
More items are not covered by paint
a 19-year-old panel directly below a
• Peeling, or lack of film adhesion, is
warranties than are covered.
restaurant grease-hood exhaust duct.
also described by AAMA 621, but the
Many finish problems can be caused
Of course, abuse is not covered.
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Clear and distinct to the eye and durable into the future.
Peeling adjacent to cuts and abrasions
cannot guarantee that the finish will
of the coating film is given a degree of
forever be protected as if by an invul-
resistance by both the paint coating
nerable force field.
and the metallic coating—the zinc
proper location within that section.
The “Performance Requirements”
article is not the proper location. It
There is one common exclusion that
may very well be that performance
coating, if you recall. These coatings
the design professional might find sur-
requirements for fading, chalking, and
possess a limited ability to self-heal,
prising: substrate deterioration is not a
peeling are listed there, perhaps indi-
but these problems are not generally
cause for a finish warranty claim.
rectly by referencing AAMA 621. But a
covered by finish warranties.
Fluoropolymer finishes are permeable
finish system can meet performance
and it is possible, in certain conditions,
requirements and still not be war-
side of a building or grocery carts are
for steel to actually deteriorate beneath
rantied.
repeatedly smashed into it, the paint
the finish film. This is particularly true
There are two places to properly
warranty can’t be expected to cover
if a panel is in continuous contact with
address warranties in the metal-panel
damage to the panel finish. Just as
water. A failure of a paint system will
section. The first is under the
obviously, riots, fires, earthquakes, and
not be warrantied if the metal substrate
“Warranty” article. The following
other monumental catastrophes are
to which the paint previously adhered
issues should be addressed at that loca-
not covered. Don’t expect graffiti to be
has now rusted away.
tion.
Obviously, if a truck runs into the
covered either.
• What is warrantied: State that the
Specifying paint warranties
The key theme here is that the man-
warranty will cover deterioration of
ufacturer warrants against finish
The metal-panel section of specifica-
defects—a bad batch of paint or a mis-
tions should address warranty issues,
• Standard vs. Custom: The spec should
aligned coating roll. The manufacturer
but it is important to do so in the
call for the manufacturer’s standard
metal-panel finishes.
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warranty. If unusual conditions require
Cracking, checking, peeling, or fail-
or install the new panels. The client
a custom warranty, and you have veri-
ure of paint to adhere to bare metal.
will not be happy when the remedy for
fied that such warranties are available,
• Warranty Length: Specify the period
a deteriorated finish is a stack of panels
call for that instead.
covered, listing a start date, usually the
dumped in the driveway.
• Remedies: Deteriorated panels should
Date of Substantial Completion.
Actual warranty language differs
be remedied by repair or replacement
The other location to address war-
and this should be spelled out in the
ranties is in the “Submittals” article. It
particular, paperwork requirements
spec. Some manufacturers offer to
is important to ask for a sample war-
should be carefully examined. The
refund the purchase price of the panels
ranty so that compliance with the war-
owner will receive the final approved
as a remedy, and usually only at a pro-
ranty requirements listed above can be
warranty upon payment for the panels,
rated amount, perhaps 5% less each
verified.
and will be given a certain time span in
year for a 20-year warranty. If this is of
concern, the spec should prohibit purchase-price refund as a remedy.
from manufacturer to manufacturer. In
which the papers must be completed in
Conclusions and final
recommendations
a certain way. Make sure the owner
understands specific obligations for fil-
• Covered Failures: Deterioration of pan-
It is crucial to read sample warranties
els should be defined using the follow-
submitted, primarily to verify compli-
ing industry-accepted criteria:
ance with specifications. Also impor-
ally within 30 days after panel deterio-
tant is vigilance for language that
ration is detected. Although the war-
allows the manufacturer to furnish
ranty resides with the coil-coater/man-
replacement panels as a remedy, but
ufacturer, it is recommended that the
not remove the existing faulty panels
installer be contacted first. A good
Color fading of more than 5 Hunter
units according to ASTM D 2244;
Chalking in excess of a No. 8 rating
according to ASTM D 4214;
ing the warranty.
Claims must be made promptly, usu-
installer will act as intermediary with
the manufacturer and should be the
person who actually performs repairs,
even though the warranty may allow
otherwise.
High-quality manufacturers may provide service above and beyond minimum warranty requirements. There is
considerable truth in the old saw that
you get what you pay for, and this
becomes evident in warranty claims.
National manufacturers who sell millions of square feet of premium panels
are concerned about preserving their
reputations, and will invariably stand
behind their product. If a paint finish
system is faulty, they will see to it that
it is replaced promptly and to the
owner’s complete satisfaction.
Many design professionals do not
take the time to read paint finish system warranties and understand the
terms of coverage. When the time
comes for a client to make a claim,
however, the design professional who is
knowledgeable about warranty terms
and savvy about specifications will find
this expertise amply rewarded.
42
JAC
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Coatings removal,
application methods,
and materials play
integral role in important
renewal, rehab programs
By Joe Maty, JAC Editor
\
n planning and executing a major restoration of
the exterior of its iconic
Golden Dome, Notre Dame
University faced a challenge near-
ly as daunting as defending a number-one
national football ranking by the school’s
famed “Fighting Irish.”
The university that gave us the gridiron
legends Knute Rockne, The Gipper, Frank
Leahy, Paul Hornung, Joe Montana, and
other illustrious stars was faced with a for-
The recently refurbished Main Administration Building at the University of Notre Dame.
Photo courtesy of PPG
midable task in refurbishing the main
administration building of the historic South Bend, IN, campus.
Breaking from the huddle, a team quarterbacked by the university’s architects devised an ambitious restoration plan involving coatings removal, lead-
On Golden Dome,
a paint problem
paint containment, surface preparation, coatings selection, and coatings
application. The Golden Dome itself and the Blessed Mary statue on top also
Planning for the Notre Dame dome project
received a new 24-karat gilding.
began in early 2004, when school administra-
The recently completed Notre Dame project is one of several notable his-
tors and the office of University Architect
toric preservation and restoration projects that are reviewed in this JAC spe-
Doug Marsh agreed that deteriorating paint on
cial report. The projects showcase various methods and materials involved in
the tower of the main administration building
planning, specifying, and executing paint and coatings removal, surface
required attention. At the same time, it was
preparation, coatings application, and related processes in the course of
decided that new gilding would be applied to
preservation or restoration.
the dome itself.
44
“We needed to start from scratch and
A primer, PPG’s ADS 550 solvent-based
see what was required to be done,” said
epoxy, was applied to the bare metal fol-
Tony Polotto, senior project manager
lowing coatings removal and application
with the University Architect’s office.
of an acid-etch treatment to facilitate
The building had been completely
renovated in 1996, but that project had
More details
on domes: One
not-so-golden dilemma
adhesion.
Fluoropolymer-based coatings are gen-
Also in the category of golden domes,
not addressed excessive buildup and sub-
erally regarded as state-of-the-art materi-
the West Virginia State Capitol building
sequent breakdown of coatings on the
als for such exterior architectural appli-
in Charleston, designed by the famed
extensive metallic portions of the tower.
cations, and boast a projected service life
Cass Gilbert in 1931, is nearing comple-
These areas consist of galvanized panels
of 25 years and beyond.
tion of a $4.5 million exterior restora-
with built-in decorative elements, along
For window trim and certain portions
tion program directed by Swanke
with other ornamental and miscella-
of other ornamental steel, the university
Hayden Connell Architects, New York.
neous sheet metal gables, valleys, turrets,
opted for an all-acrylic, water-borne
The structure is considered one of
and eaves.
coating system from PPG—the DTM-KL
Simply adding a new coat of paint
primer for direct-to-metal applications,
Gilbert’s finest achievements, with a
gilded dome modeled after the 17th-cen-
wasn’t the answer, as the presence of
followed by topcoat application of PPG
tury dome of the Hotel des Invalides in
multiple layers of old paint would only
KLWC latex in the same three-color
Paris.
serve to create stress on newly applied
scheme. A water-borne clear finish was
coatings, likely leading to a repeat of
applied over the acrylic topcoat.
cracking and peeling of the paint surface.
The collegiate gothic-style building
PPG says the acrylic coatings offer a
as Gilbert and state officials likely envi-
number of advantages for such applications, including the ease of use of water-
dates to 1879, in the university’s early
borne, single-component materials; a
days, and serves as a high-profile exam-
solid overall performance profile in
ple of the campus’s dominant architec-
terms of adhesion and color retention;
tural motif.
and a fraction of the cost of fluoropoly-
A primary objective in planning and
But the gold on the capitol dome has
not glittered as consistently or radiantly
mer-based coatings. These types of coat-
executing the job was long-term perfor-
ings are recommended for areas where
mance, Polotto says. Erection of the scaf-
regular maintenance painting is less
folding alone constituted a major under-
problematic.
taking, and the university didn’t want to
repeat the job anytime soon.
The presence of so many layers of old
paint on the metal surfaces of the tower
made removal with chemical strippers
ineffective, so high-pressure water-jetting
was employed. Extensive containment
Restoration Note
Historical accounts indicate
the Notre Dame main adminis-
measures were taken due to the presence
tration building was construct-
of old lead-based paint.
ed with bricks made from clay
Specification of coatings for the job
were determined by the need for longterm performance on the metallic façade
surfaces, particularly in areas where
maintenance painting presents logistical
deposits found on the campus
property, with labor supplied
by Notre Dame’s Holy Cross
challenges. In these areas, a high-
priests and brothers them-
performance fluoropolymer coating,
selves. The architect of the
Coraflon® ADS from PPG Industries
Inc., was used for the topcoat in a threecolor scheme of beige, gray and brown.
administration building was
Willoughby J. Edbrooke.
The West Virginia State Capitol Building with the dome
scaffolded and surrounded by containment.
Photos of the Capitol courtesy of Swanke Hayden
Connell
sioned when the building was completed in 1932. Despite five different restoration campaigns, the dome’s applied
coatings have repeatedly failed. Swanke
Hayden Connell was enlisted to help
find a solution, once and for all, to the
dome’s woes.
Only the decorative elements of the
dome were gilded in the original Gilbert
design, with the background dome panels left as exposed lead-coated copper to
45
SPECIAL REPORT:
Restoration Note
Only the decorative elements of
the dome were gilded in the
original Gilbert design, with the
background dome panels left
as exposed lead-coated copper to accentuate the gold leaf.
exhibited mechanical failure due to corrosion of portions of the underlying
structural steel, with water infiltration
pinned with the blame.
Swanke Hayden Connell Architects
was commissioned to undertake a
detailed investigation of the problems
and formulate a lasting solution. This
work included a detailed, hands-on
(Above): West Viginia Capitol Building, 1932
Courtesy of WV State Division of Culture & History
(Below): Application of gold leaf to the Capitol dome
inspection of the dome and an accelerataccentuate the gold leaf. But shortly
ed testing and monitoring program of
after the dome’s completion, deficiencies
the recommended coatings systems.
appeared. The dome was abrasive blasted
metal repairs at decorative elements,
1970s, but the coatings failed in a mat-
repairs to underlying architectural and
ter of a few years.
structural deficiencies at the (upper)
The two-tone color scheme was main-
Lantern Level, and returning the dome
tained until 1988 when state administra-
to its original appearance while employ-
tors decided to re-gild the entire dome.
ing durable, high-performance coatings.
That, too, failed the test, as black biolog-
Vertical Access, an Ithaca, NY-based
ical streaks—caused by inappropriate
company specializing in difficult-access
and excessive use of linseed oil as an
building surveys, assisted with the
extender in the gilding oil size—and ero-
inspection. Conservation Solutions Inc.
sion of the gold-leaf finish marred the
of Washington, DC, was involved in the
building’s appearance.
early stages of the project for its metal-
The failure of this last coating pro-
conservation consulting expertise.
gram has been attributed to extreme
Structural engineering services were pro-
weather conditions and inadequate
vided by a local firm, CAS Structural
supervision. Even more serious, some of
Engineering Inc., of Alum Creek, WV.
the sheet-metal cladding of the dome
46
The total project also involved sheet-
and painted in the 1940s, 1960s and
Illustrating the determination to
PRESERVE AND
PROTECT WITH
reverse the dome’s checkered past, the
manufacturers and KTA-Tator, the third-
West Virginia General Services Division
party independent testing company.
assembled a consortium of experts that
A final decision on the coating sys-
includes Swanke Hayden Connell’s
tems specified was dependent on the
Robert Vail Cole, the project manager,
results of an accelerated weathering test
and colleague Elizabeth Moss, architec-
program undertaken as part of Swanke
tural conservator.
Hayden Connell’s design effort.
Also on board is the coatings inspec-
Included was a battery of ASTM stan-
tion and consulting firm KTA-Tator, rep-
dard accelerated testing for adhesion,
resented by Richard Hanlon of the firm’s
abrasion resistance, cyclic salt fog/UV
Charleston, WV, office. The exterior
exposure, flexibility, and color and gloss
dome restoration and regilding contract
retention.
was awarded to Wiseman Construction
During application, the contractors
of Charleston, WV. All coating removal
were required to employ an enclosed
and painting was performed by the
scaffolding system that allows tempera-
W.Q. Watters Co., also of Charleston.
ture and humidity to be tightly con-
The gilding subcontractor is John
trolled within an ideal range for proper
Canning Painting and Conservation
surface preparation and coating applica-
Studios, Cheshire, CT. All required sheet
tion.
metal repairs were performed by Harris
Because of the inconsistencies in the
Brothers Roofing & Sheet Metal,
sheet metal surfaces caused by previous
Charleston, WV.
sandblasting campaigns—resulting in a
Representing the state General
bimetallic coating of lead and copper—
Services Division were Jim Burgess, pro-
the entire dome surface required a pro-
ject director, and Frank Drobot, project
tective basecoat to achieve uniform
manager.
appearance and performance objectives
Prior to beginning construction,
prior to the application of gilding.
extensive research and testing was
Removal of all old coatings was carried
undertaken to determine the most
out using environmentally safe chemical
appropriate surface preparation, coat-
stripping materials.
ings, and application methods. To facili-
Based on the results of the testing
tate a testing program outlined for the
program, the project managers specified
project, Swanke Hayden Connell super-
coatings materials supplied by Tnemec
vised the removal of approximately
Co., Inc. A basecoat of polyamide epoxy
eight square feet of original lead-coated
primer was applied to the entire dome
copper sheet metal from the lantern
surface. For background areas to be left
base and the subsequent installation of
ungilded, a gray-colored (Tnemec “No. 2
a new lead-coated copper patch. The
Pencil”) acrylic polyurethane enamel
sheet metal removed from this area was
intermediate coat and a clear aliphatic
sent to Conservation Solutions Inc. to
acrylic polyurethane enamel finish coat
be stripped of all existing coatings in
for UV protection, were applied. For
preparation for application of coatings
exposed areas where regilding was speci-
proposed for the project.
fied, subsequent layers of an aliphatic
Epoxy urethane-based coatings systems submitted by two major manufac-
COLOR
AND
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acrylic polyurethane and gilding were
applied.
turers were identified for potential use
Once the surfaces were sufficiently
and were applied to the sample panels
prepared, gilding was applied. The gild-
by the respective manufacturers. These
ing process involves two simple steps,
coated samples were tested by both the
but requires skilled application methods.
A Division of Dayton Superior
47
SPECIAL REPORT:
First, the surfaces to be gilded were coat-
headed by John Canning, a classically
Grand Central Station, Radio City Music
ed with slow-set (12-hour) exterior oil
trained craftsman who completed rigor-
Hall and the Apollo Theater in New
size, which was tinted yellow. Size, with
ous decorative-arts apprenticeships and
York; the U.S. Treasury Building; Yale
an alkyd resin base, looks and handles
certificate programs in Glasgow,
University; and state capitols in
very much like varnish.
Scotland, before emigrating to the
Pennsylvania, Michigan, Rhode Island,
United States in the early 1970s.
Iowa, and Massachusetts, just to name a
The size must be dry to the touch but
still tacky before the gold can be applied.
Canning’s professional credits include
few.
To determine the correct tack, the sur-
experience as a practitioner, educator,
face is gently brushed with the back of
and advocate in the field of historic
pantheon is the renovation and restora-
the hand. It should feel dry and smooth,
paint and preservation. He has worked as
tion of a former seminary chapel into
but make a slight squeaky noise. Size
a consultant to architects, developers,
one of several major banquet facilities
should never be touched with an open
and owners of museums, public build-
operated by the Culinary Institute of
hand or pressed with fingers. Body oils
ings, and religious buildings throughout
America in New York State. Existing and
and dirt, even in the smallest amount,
the United States. He is the author of
newly crafted artistry involving paint
can result in failure of those areas.
numerous articles and has conducted
and coatings played an integral part in
seminars on a variety of restoration and
the overall renovation program.
When the proper tack is achieved,
One recent addition to this varied
there is a window of up to 72 hours
(depending on environmental conditions) during which to apply the gold.
For this project, rolls of 23-karat gold
(weighing 21 grams per 1,000 sheets)
were applied to the sized surfaces by
hand. Excess gold flakes (skewing) were
burnished away with soft, camel hair
brushes. Unacceptable areas were resized
and gilded as needed.
Commenting on the project, Swanke
Hayden Connell says that because the
dome was properly prepared and a highquality, chemically compatible coating
system was used, the gilded dome is
expected to easily last for decades.
“Durable and glistening, the West
Virginia dome will once again be a beacon of pride for its residents,” the firm
says.
Classic training applied
to coatings restoration,
preservation
The ceiling of the former seminary chapel now used as a banquet facility by the Culinary Institute of America.
Photo courtesy of John Canning Studios
conservation topics, mostly related to
paint, coatings, and related materials.
John Canning Studios’ voluminous
The Romanesque chapel is part of the
former Jesuit seminary St. Andrew-onHudson, which was acquired by the
The involvement of John Canning
project portfolio spans some 40 years
Culinary Institute in 1970 to serve as its
Studios in the West Virginia Capitol pro-
and hundreds of projects too numerous
campus after the institute outgrew its
ject represents just one chapter in the
to list here, but a few landmarks of
former home in Connecticut.
Cheshire, CT, company’s extensive
household-name status veritably leap
record of work in the realm of coatings-
from the pages of the Canning credits.
tive reuse, the project’s objective was
related restoration and preservation pro-
The firm has had a hand in work at the
conservation and restoration of the orig-
grams. The company was founded and is
White House and the U.S. Capitol;
inal sacred decoration, while extending
48
Exemplary of the philosophy of adap-
ALWAYS
these themes to create new design ele-
“stone” and “mortar joints,” with a coat
ments in keeping with the current use as
of primer and two finish coats of paint
a secular dining space. Over the past 30
applied followed by the simulated mor-
years the original decorative treatments
tar-joint lines. Ornamental moldings
had been largely obscured by layers of
were cleaned and given the same paint
paint and surface-mounted mechanical
color as the adjacent surfaces to appear
and electrical systems, devices, and
as if carved out of the same stone as the
upgrades.
walls and pilasters.
Following an exhaustive investigation
rated stage areas and murals were
course of action chosen represented a
restored in similar fashion, although the
variety of treatments ranging from strict
face of the main arch and pilasters fram-
preservation and conservation to new
ing the face of the stage was given a new
decoration.
decorative motif to reflect the Culinary
designs also were created on the stage
by means of plaster consolidation where
walls, with elements portraying fruits
needed, cleaning of surfaces, in-painting
and grape leaves, the Culinary Institute
of areas where water damage had caused
logo and credo. The tones and materials
paint loss, and sealing of the entire sur-
were in keeping with the original fine
face.
art on the ceiling, tying the new and old
Canning Studios also created a new
together in content and tone. In addi-
sky mural in the barrel-vaulted ceiling to
tion, the original surfaces were isolated
create the illusion that the ceiling was in
and conserved using a reversible sealer
fact open to the sky as it would have
prior to new paint applications.
Walls, pilasters, and ornamental mold-
In a review of its work on the site,
Canning Studios said the coatings
ings in the hall were cleaned, patched,
used—paint, shellac, tinted varnishes
and painted in a scheme that duplicated
(transparent glazes), and aluminum
an original ashlar-block simulation. New
leaf—“are not in themselves remarkable.
paint colors were selected to reflect the
What is remarkable is that they were
original complementary colors of
used to simulate architectural fabrics,
specifically ashlar block—square-cut
stone—mortar, and mosaic tile.”
Canning Studios says the simulated
Restoration Note
mosaic decoration was conserved and in
some cases, where water intrusion had
In areas where faux-mosaic and
resulted in up to a 50-percent loss of
aluminum-leaf decorations were
original artwork, the decoration was
covered with subsequent paint
layers, decorations were re-created using techniques similar to
reinstated to match.
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• Available in several
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• Warrantable and
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www.daytonsuperior.com
coated with shellac gives the appearance
of gold leaf, but with a lower price tag.
The aluminum leaf was applied to a textured gesso substrate in a technique that
prove impossible to expose the
makes use of the rough surface to refract
stantial damage.
Permalastic coatings,
provided through Conspec,
Dayton Superior, and
Edoco brands are a highbuild coating system that
provides long-lasting
weatherproof color with
elastomeric properties that
keeps dynamic cracks
hidden on concrete,
stucco, and masonry walls.
Canning Studios says aluminum leaf
the original artistry, as it would
original decoration without sub-
AFTER
Institute’s identity. New decorative
conservation of ceiling faux-mosaic areas
been in Roman times.
BEFORE
Portions of the hall’s extensively deco-
of the site’s existing condition, the
Included in the scope of work was
HIDE YOUR
CRACKS
light, contributing to the illusion of
individual mosaic tiles.
To define the tiles, two materials were
49
SPECIAL REPORT:
used. An alkyd-based paint, Sign
sent—in order to achieve the stated
• How should it be conserved, restored,
Writer’s One Shot, was stenciled on to
result,” says John Canning.
and repaired?
define grout areas, outlines, and “tiles.”
Canning says the restoration authori-
Typically, Canning says, these ques-
The paint was used because of its
ty should be consulted early in the pro-
tions are addressed in an historic paint
opaque property, full coverage, fast dry,
ject to collaborate with the project
analysis and conditions report. In paint
and matte finish.
architect and all others involved in
analysis, microscopic investigation and
defining a scope of work and creating
chemical testing can identify the color,
specifications for materials and methods
period, and composition of each layer
In a second application, tinted, transparent, alkyd glazes were used to recreate the patterns of the original gilded
tiles. Winsor & Newton’s Liquin, the
glaze material used, provides the desired
transparency and high gloss, and was
tinted with artists’ oil pigments.
Tinted glazes of a different composition were used on the dimensional
ornament. Benjamin Moore Alkyd Glaze
Clearcoat, a translucent medium, was
tinted with universal pigments to
achieve subtle colors that were applied
to ornament. The effect was to create
deeper shadow areas, thus increasing
the dimensional detail. Canning Studios
says this glaze was selected because it
dries to a matte finish and has other
application attributes that make it well
suited for the intended use.
For the reversible sealer used to protect original decoration before inpainting, Canning artisans applied Acryloid B
72, an acrylic resin suspended in
toluene or xylene.
‘Do no harm’
philosophy in Grand
Central restoration
Canning Studios says it espouses a
preservation/restoration mantra that
each historic building presents a unique
The Sky Ceiling Mural at Grand Central Station after cleaning and preservation.
Photo courtesy of John Canning Studios
combination of elements—materials,
to be used to achieve the defined out-
of paint or coating applied. Paint expo-
methodologies, environmental stress,
come. Before the scope and specifica-
sures can reveal decoration at varying
usage history, current condition, and
tions can be addressed, however, the fol-
intervals in a building’s history.
intended outcome.
lowing questions must be answered.
• What was there originally, and at sub-
Reviving Grand Central’s glory
however, is the restoration professional’s
sequent decorative periods?
Canning Studios says its adherence to a
obligation to pay critical attention to
• What materials and methods were
guiding conservation philosophy is vivid-
the chemical interaction and interde-
used in executing the finishes?
ly illustrated it its role in the painstaking
pendence of all coatings—past and pre-
• What is the current condition?
restoration of Grand Central Terminal in
“What is common to all projects,
50
HIGH-END
New York. There, the
protect the daily
firm was charged with
the cleaning and conservation of the Sky
Ceiling Mural in the
Experience and the
no
harm”
approach can lead to
simple solutions for
seemingly
complex
problems,
Canning
Studios
When restoring the Sky Mural
LOW-END COST
dental spills.
Elaborate ideas
were discussed,
and Grand Central Terminal in but ultimately, the
terminal.
“do
throngs from acci-
Restoration Note
LOOKS WITH
says
in
New York City, Canning
Studios artists uncovered notes,
messages, and signatures of
solution occurred
to John Canning
while driving
home one day. He
the workers who reinstated the purchased a plastic
“kiddy pool” to
a mural in 1944. Weddings, births, contain the buck-
review of its Grand
Central work. After
comprehensive chemi-
soldiers returning from war,
and, most notably, the end of
ets of water, cleaning solution, and
used cloths. This
cal analysis of the
World War II are all chronicled simple idea solved
mural’s surface condi-
among the constellations, and the problem inex-
tion, the properties of
the original paint and
remain untouched.
the properties of the
pensively and
without delay.
The quality of
dirt and pollution adhering to it, the
the original paint used to create the
studios’ conservator at the time, Felicity
mural contributed to Canning
Campbell, developed a solution that
Studios’ success in conserving the
thoroughly removed the surface soil
masterpiece. “These oil-based paints
while leaving the original, oil-based
have held up beautifully for over 50
paint and leafing intact. Extensive test-
years and now that the dirt has been
ing showed the cleaning solution to be
removed, they should easily last for
completely harmless to the painted and
the next 50 years and beyond,” says
decorated surface.
John Canning.
for applying and removing the cleaning
and clean water. Each piece of fabric
was folded and then unfolded in a pro-
The right chemistry,
130 years
in the making
scribed way to make sure the removal of
the cleaning agent was done with a
In the late 1800s, the youthful but
clean surface for each “swipe.” Once the
growth-minded town of Riverside, IL,
cleaning was completed, very little in-
built a soaring, Victorian gothic water
painting and regilding were required to
tower in the hope that it would adver-
return the mural to its original appear-
tise to one and all that the village
ance.
could deliver a highly coveted com-
The logistics of this process proved to
be the most challenging aspect of the
project. The ceiling rests more than 140
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modity to prospective residents: fresh
running water.
More than 130 years later, the
feet above the floor, and more than
town, located just a short commuter-
500,000 people pass through the termi-
rail ride from Chicago, is putting the
nal each day. The architects, engineers,
finishing touches on restoration work
and consultants all puzzled over how to
that could help give the tower anoth-
51
SPECIAL REPORT:
Restoration of the tower in progress.
Photo courtesy of Deslauriers, Inc.
ject architect.
As a result, the tower’s exterior has
reached the final stages of a major overhaul that combined repair, cleaning,
coatings removal, and coatings application. Coatings applied to the tower’s relatively younger, uppermost masonry
portion are designed to provide a match
in appearance to the original, 1870s
brick façade of the lower sections.
The coatings are supplied by Keim, a
venerable German company that makes
a potassium silicate paint formulated to
chemically bond to masonry substrates.
The coatings were specified, McMilllan
Computer-modified photo demonstrating the future color scheme of the Riverside water tower.
Photo courtesy of Antunovich Associates
says, to protect the newer but less-sturdy
brick that was used to add about 20 feet
er century or more as one of the area’s
from the American Water Works
to the tower’s height in the early 1900s.
most recognizable landmarks.
Association, McMillan says.
The colorful brick employed in the
“The tower was used as a selling point
lower, original part of the tower
planned suburbs,” says William
to draw residents,” he says. “It was a way
remained largely intact, and was
McMillan, a Chicago architect who has
to demonstrate that the town had work-
repaired and stripped of old coatings
directed the nearly completed restora-
ing plumbing, and could offer country
and given a thorough cleaning.
tion of the brick water tower. The plan
for the village was drawn by Frederick
living with the amenities of the city.”
By the end of the 20th century, how-
ornate Riverside tower boasted a three-
Law Olmsted, widely regarded as the
ever, the tower was showing the ravages
colored brick façade and pointed arches,
“granddaddy of American landscape
of time, with a deteriorating and grimy
and evokes the flavor of Bavarian or
architecture.” Olmsted’s credits also
brick façade that needed a serious
Teutonic lineage perhaps as much as
include New York’s Central Park and
upgrade. The village of Riverside, as part
Victorian elements.
Golden Gate Park in San Francisco.
of a plan to transform the tower into a
“Riverside was one of the early
Architect William LeBaron Jenney’s
McMillan calls the tower a “hybrid,”
heritage center, enlisted McMillan’s firm,
based on the 20-foot addition to the
National Register Landscape District.
Antunovich Associates, to direct an eval-
top, built in 1914 after a fire destroyed
The tower was the second structure of
uation and restoration program for the
the original wooden water tank. The
its type to earn a landmark designation
aging tower. McMillan was named pro-
original tower’s masonry, which extends
In 1976, Riverside was designated a
52
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©2005 Insl-X Products Corporation.
SPECIAL REPORT:
done in a way that matched the original
appearance.
The surfaces were cleaned with a lowpressure water blast. In areas of soot
buildup, the process employed a special
glass bead material that is minimally
abrasive, McMillan says.
The original tower’s lower 60 feet, consisting of a gray limestone base and
cream- and red-brick façade, have thus
been restored to an appearance essentially identical to the tower’s 1870s origins.
For the top 20 feet of newer brick added
in 1914, application of the potassium-silicate Keim paint was specified to provide
Failed and/or deteriorated bricks were removed prior to finishing the entire wall system.
Photo courtesy of Deslauriers, Inc.
protection and an appearance matching
the 1870 materials.
to a height of about 60 feet, consists of
McMillan says the potassium silicate
common red brick and a material known
as “Milwaukee Cream Brick,” derived
from a light-colored clay found in
deposits in Milwaukee. The 1914 alter-
paint chosen for the job met perfor-
Restoration Note
mance objectives due in part to its
The Riverside water tower
ation included a metal water tank, with
boasts a solid architectural
the additional tower height designed to
pedigree and an eventful life-
provide greater water pressure.
The brick used for the topmost addi-
time of service to the village.
breathable, cementitious properties. The
material is reported to penetrate masonry
surfaces and chemically bond with the
substrate’s matrix. The beginnings of this
technology are traced to the 19th century German scientist and inventor Adolf
tion, however, was lower in quality, and
The tower was designed by
Wilhelm Keim, who combined water-
the tower over the years was painted to
William LeBaron Jenney, an
glass (potassium silicate) with reactive
keep the façade intact and to provide a
uniform appearance.
In addition to being covered with several layers of oil-based paint, the tower
surface showed evidence of sandblasting
in the 1960s or 1970s, which caused
some damage. Cracking and spalling of
engineer and architect who
was responsible for the first
steel-frame building in Chicago,
the Home Insurance Building,
mineral fillers and inorganic pigments to
make a paint that chemically reacts with
a mineral substrate. The result, the company says, “is a solid mineral and insoluble compound of paint and absorbent
mineral substrate.”
In addition to permeability to water
completed in 1884.
the brick had taken a toll, and has been
vapor and long-term color retention and
attributed in part to the use of imperme-
stripper, PreTox 7000, supplied by
protection of the substrate, Keim says
able oil-based paints that tend to trap
NexTec Inc., Dubuque, IA. Due to lead
properties of the material include fungi
moisture inside the brick walls. The
content in the old paint, the
and algae resistance due to the paint’s
northern Illinois climate of frequent
stripper/paint mixture was handled
totally inorganic composition.
freeze-thaw cycling contributed to the
according to requirements for hazardous
moisture-induced decay.
materials. Three applications were
technical personnel, who tweaked the
“Those walls are designed to breathe,
required to do the complete removal job.
formula and pigmentation of the paint
to take on moisture and then dry out,”
After the original masonry and mortar
McMillan says of the masonry construc-
were exposed, the restoration team was
tion.
able to make repairs by using some brick
McMillan gives high marks to Keim’s
to obtain the proper penetration and
color properties for the Riverside tower.
It might be said that the Riverside
recovered from the site and other new
Water Tower and Keim Mineral Paints
tractor JSL Masonry Restoration Inc.,
brick that closely matched the original
Franklin Park, IL, used a paste chemical
common red brick. Tuckpointing was
can both trace their respective beginnings to the late 19th century. The two
For coatings removal, project subcon-
54
SPECIAL REPORT:
didn’t cross paths until 130-odd years
later, but paint maker and tower owner
would appear to agree the chemistry is
right.
The Brooklyn Museum:
Blending the
new and old
An extensive renovation and expansion
program for the beaux-arts Brooklyn
Museum led to the design and construction of a major new entry pavilion for
the 110-year-old building.
The renovation program, completed
in 2004, was charted in a 1986 master
plan developed by a partnership of
architects Arata Isoszki and James
Stewark Polshek. High-performance coatings played important parts in this dramatic renovation plan, both for the new,
$63 million Entry Pavilion and existing
portions of the 19th-century landmark.
ification that includ-
The entry pavilion is described as a
ed a Tnemec zinc-
dramatic creation of structural glass and
rich aromatic ure-
skylight roof structure, painted steel
thane primer,
plates, and architectural steel-truss assem-
described as offering
blies. The sun-filled pavilion provides an
rapid cure to allow
inviting vestibule for the museum.
application of top-
Key coatings issues involved sequenc-
coats the same day.
ing of application and matching of coat-
A second, “tie-coat”
ings applied in the shop and field.
product chosen for
Performance considerations included the
the job was
corrosive urban environment of central
Tnemec’s F.C.
Brooklyn.
Typoxy®, a low-
Polshek Project Manager Craig Mutter
temperature
(Top): The new entry pavilion of the renovated Brooklyn Museum
(Bottom): The exterior of the 110-year-old structure
Photos courtesy of Tnemec Co., Inc.
worked with coatings consultant Phil
polyamide epoxy.
Gonnella of the Righter Group of
The topcoat for the pavilion is Tnemec’s
that have protected the building’s win-
Wilmington, MA, to specify coatings sys-
Endura-Shield® aliphatic acrylic
dows since 1895. Building restoration
tems and plan application strategies.
polyurethane coating, reported to offer a
and stabilization expert James R.
Most of the coatings for the pavilion’s
high level of resistance to abrasion, wet
Gainfort, a former Polshek architect, and
steel, exposed fixtures, and plate systems
conditions, and exterior weathering, in
Polonia Restoration of New York speci-
were shop-applied, but interior finishes
addition to normal interior physical
fied partial stripping of the iron window
were field-applied, and the challenge of
abuse and
grates and application of Tnemec’s
matching color and appearance loomed
cleaning.
Chembuild® modified polyamidoamine
large.
Gonnella, representing coatings supplier Tnemec Co., Inc., developed a spec56
A contrasting coatings challenge for
epoxy high-build coating as a primer
the museum renovation partners was
coat. The product is formulated to pro-
presented by the 8- by 6-foot iron grates
vide superior surface wetting and adhe-
NOW WITH MORE
LEADS AND COVERAGE
OF COMMERCIAL
PAINTING BIDS AND
AWARDS
Public and private industry bid notices, awards
and results focused on the painting work in
maintenance and new construction projects
www.paintsquare.com/bidtracker
SPECIAL REPORT:
sion on marginally prepared rusty steel
changed the name of
and tightly adhered existing coatings,
the business from the
the company says.
Colorado Brewery to the
The topcoat specified for the window
Tivoli Union Brewery
grates was the Endura-Shield aliphatic
Co. after the famous
acrylic polyurethane, billed as offering a
Tivoli gardens in
high degree of resistance to highly corro-
Copenhagen.
sive, wet, and abrasive conditions found
The Tivoli grew to
in the urban Brooklyn environment.
become one of the most
successful Rocky
Mountain breweries, and
Peeling away the
years in contrasting
scenarios
even managed to make a
comeback following prohibition, but closed in
1969 after a crippling
Coatings-removal methods and tech-
labor strike. The tower
nologies figured prominently in two
and hall were placed on
contrasting restoration projects at his-
the National Register of
toric sites that also differed dramatically
Historic Places in 1973,
in size, scope, and location. The common denominator was the use of
Dumond Chemicals Inc.’s Peel Away®
paint removal system.
At the Tivoli Student Union—located
(Above): The Tivoli Student Union in process of renovation
(Below): The entire structure is shown
Photos courtesy of Dumond Chemicals Inc.
of red-brick façade.
and saw service as a specialty shopping center
before becoming part of
the university.
The 1901 building was originally part
The brick façade’s multiple layers of
at the University of Colorado’s Auraria
of a brewery complex started by German
paint became a focus of attention under
Campus and named for the brewery that
immigrant Moritz Sigi in 1866. A subse-
a $20 million renovation and restoration
once occupied the historic building—a
quent owner, Max Melsheimmer, added
program launched in 2001, directed by
monumental coatings-removal objective
the seven-story mansard tower and Turn
Slaterpaull Architects of Denver. The job
involved a staggering 80,000 square feet
Halle opera house. Melsheimmer
of removing the paint fell to Denver-
58
SPECIAL REPORT:
Restoration Note
Milk-based paints, which saw
use into the 20th century,
constitute a mixture of milk
protein, lime, and earth
pigments.
or cause exposure to airborne lead.
Lavoie decided on the poultice system
from Dumond after patch-testing several
chemical strippers. A thin layer of the
paste was applied by sprayer, then was
covered with the fibrous, laminated
paper. Following a dwell of more than
24 hours, the still-wet paste-and-paint
mixture was peeled back, with most of
The Old Corner House in Stockbridge, MA. Photo courtesy of the Norman Rockwell Museum
the stripped paint attached to the paper.
based Denver Commercial Coatings Inc.,
century home in the center of the pic-
Putty knives were carefully used to
with removal beginning in July 2003
turesque New England village of
scrape the wood of any remaining paint,
using Dumond Chemicals’ Peel Away 1
Stockbridge, MA. The house saw service
and the paper and paste were put in
system. The exterior of the building was
as the first Norman Rockwell Museum,
drums for disposal in line with EPA and
first painted in the 1930s, and several
which subsequently relocated to a much
local regulations for hazardous waste.
additional applications of paint had
larger site along the Housatonic River.
taken place over the years.
The house, located adjacent to the
A second application of stripper completed the job, although one or two
onetime Rockwell family home, had
greenish “ghost” images remained, the
a “poultice” system consisting of a paste
been painted with a variety of products
result of interaction of organic milk-
that is applied to the paint surface and a
over the years, including milk- and lead-
paint ingredients and wood substrate.
special, laminated paper placed on top
based paints, with 20 or 30 layers of
Such milky ghosts are nearly impossible
of the paste. The company says the sys-
paint adding up to a total coating thick-
to eradicate from soft, porous and
tem works by controlling evaporation
ness of as much as 3⁄8 inch.
absorbent substrates such as the pine
The Peel Away process is described as
during the dwell time of the chemical
paste on the surface.
In the Tivoli project, the paste was
Lavoie Painting, based in Becket, MA,
wood on the Old Corner House, so fur-
was charged with the task of paint
ther stripping or removal efforts were
removal and new paint application. The
not taken.
The work crew used a low-pressure
applied by hand and sprayer, then
situation posed unique challenges,
allowed to dwell for two to three days.
including the need to contain lead dur-
garden hose to neutralize the stripped
Subsequent application of the paste and
ing paint removal. Milk-based paint,
wood clapboard, and followed that with
paper were used to remove the remain-
meanwhile, penetrates wood substrates
a low-pressure clean-water rinse. Runoff
ing paint, followed with a low-pressure
and forms a strong bond to the surface,
was captured by plastic sheeting and
power rinse of clean water. The brick
adding to the challenge of removal.
vacuuming with a specially equipped
exterior was repaired in areas of deterio-
John Lavoie of Lavoie Painting said the
recycling system.
ration, but has otherwise been returned
Old Corner House presented “a combi-
Following a light sanding, the Old
to its original red-brick appearance.
nation of hazardous and stubborn coat-
Corner House was given a new coat of
ings, layered over historic clapboard.”
white paint, bringing the surface to an
the picture on a much smaller scale in
Lavoie wanted to use a chemical stripper
appearance that echoes its 18th-century
the exterior restoration of the Old
that would remove the coatings without
origins.
Corner House, a clapboard-clad, 18th-
affecting the porous pine-wood cladding
The Peel Away process also entered
60
JAC
BECAUSE YOU CAN’T
FIND THIS STUFF
AT YOUR LOCAL
FLEA
MARKET
The MarketPlace at PaintSquare
www.paintsquare.com
SPECIAL REPORT:
Surface Preparation Products
Abrasive, agricultural
Agsco Corp.
Walnut Shells
Corn Cob
The Andersons, Inc.
Grit-O’ Cobs
Abrasive, glass beads
AGSCO Corp.
AGSCO Glass Beads
Flex-O-Lite, Inc.
Blast-O-Lite
Sponge-Jet, Inc.
White Sponge Media
TriVitro Corporation
VitroGrit—Crushed Glass
Abrasives
Abrasive, steel shot
AGSCO Corp.
AGSCO Steel Shot
Blast machines, pots
Agsco Corp.
Clemco Classic and
Contractor Blast Pots
Hydraflow Equipment Co.
Clemco
Schmidt/Axiom
SPE International
SPE Open Blast Machines
Sponge-Jet, Inc.
Sponge-Jet Feed Unit
Chemical cleaning materials
Back to Nature Products
Abrasive, plastic media
Scour Powder
AGSCO Corp.
Diedrich Technologies, Inc.
AGSCO Plastic Blast Media
200, 202, 202V New Masonry
Sponge-Jet, Inc.
Cleaners
White Sponge Media
Masonry Restoration Cleaners
Envirestore 100, 101, 101G
Abrasive, soft blast media
Dumond Chemicals
AGSCO Corp.
Safe n’ Easy Restoration
Sponge-Jet
Products
Natrium Products Inc.
Napier Environmental
Natrium Soda Blast
RemovAll 120 - Concrete
Sponge-Jet, Inc.
Safe Etch
Sponge Media
RemovAll 400 – Graffitti
SensiClean Media
Remover
FoamOff – Flooring Adhesive
Abrasive, soluble blast media
Remover
AGSCO Corp.
Sea To Sky Innovations, Inc.
Armex Blast Media
SPC-501 Stainless Steel
The Arma Kleen Company
Cleaner
Armex Baking Soda Blast Media
SPC-601 Mold and Mildew
Natrium Products, Inc.
Cleaner
Natrium Soda Blast
Corona Eliminator – Anti
Viricidal, Antibacterial
Disinfectant
Abrasive, steel grit
SPC-801 Graffitti/General
AGSCO Corp.
Purpose Cleaner
AGSCO Steel Grit
F1/F2 Rust Remover
Sponge-Jet, Inc.
F3 Concrete Etch
Red Sponge Media
SPC-808 Cleaner/Degreaser
Laser cleaning systems
Adapt Laser Systems
CL 120 Q – 120 Watt Laser
CL 500 Q – 500 Watt Laser
Paintstrippers, chemical
Ready Strip Pro
Multi Strip
Ultra Strip
Besway Systems
Floor-Strip
KAS
M-36
T-21
The Big E
PT-38
Diedrich Technologies, Inc.
606, 606Y Multilayer Paint
Removers
505 Special Coating Stripper
Dumond Chemicals
Peel Away Paint Removal System
Eldorado Solutions
DoradoStrip 2021,3031,5051
DoradoEtch 1012
DoradoFix 1400
Franmar Chemical, Inc.
Soy-Gel
RemovAll 210
RemovAll 310
PreTox Products – NexTec, Inc.
PreTox 7000
PreTox 2000 – Fast Dry
PreTox 2000 – Demolition
Sea To Sky Innovations, Ltd.
SPC-201
SPC-202
SPC-208
Star 10, Inc.
Star 10 Phase 1 – Semi Paste
Star 10 Phase 2 – Liquid
Vacuum blast systems
Clemco
Water blast units, high pressure
(above 5,000 psi)
Flow International
Husky Pump
Eagle Pump
Lances
Robots
Mi-T-M
Hydro-Engineering, Inc.
Hydro-Jetter
Jet Edge, Inc.
Jet Edge Waterjet
Jet Edge Abrasive Waterjet
Jetstream of Houston
Jetstream Waterblasters
Mi-T-M Corporation
Cold and Hot Water Pressure
Washers
NLB Corp.
NLB 225 Series
NLB 4075 Series
Water Cannon
Water Cannon
WOMA Corporation
Various Models
Water blast units, low pressure
(below 5,000 psi)
Mi-T-M
Hydro-Jetter
Mi-T-M Corporation
Cold and Hot Water Pressure
Washers
Water Cannon
Water Cannon
63
SPECIAL REPORT:
Company Contact Information
Adapt Laser Systems
1627 W. 31 St.
Kansas City, MO 64108
Tel: 816-531-7402
Fax: 816-531-7403
Contact: Georg Heidelmann
Email: [email protected]
Eldorado Solutions
11611 N. Meridian St., Suite 600
Carmel, IN 46032
Tel: 678-575-4423
Fax: 210-653-0825
Contact: David Hunter
Jetstream of Houston
4930 Cranswick Rd.
Houston, TX 77041
Tel: 713-462-7000
Fax: 713-462-5387
Contact: Tony Fuller
SPE International
Honeyholes Lane Dunholme
Lincoln, England LN23SU
Tel: +44 (0) 167 386 0709
Fax: +44 (0) 167 386 1119
Contact: John Hill
AGSCO Corp.
160 W. Hintz Rd.
Wheeling, IL 60090
Tel: 847-520-4455
Fax: 847-520-4970
Contact: Diana Jaekel
Flex-O-Lite, Inc.
125 Cassens Ct.
Fenton, MO 63026
Tel: 330-310-6878
Fax: 330-745-4297
Contact: Rick Symanski
Mi-T-M Corporation
8650 Enterprise Dr.
Peosta, IA 52068
Tel: 563-556-7484
Fax: 563-556-1235
Contact: Don Holdridge
Sponge-Jet, Inc.
235 Heritage Ave, Suite 2
Portsmouth, NH 03801
Tel: 603-431-6435
Fax: 603-431-6043
Contact: Ted Valoria
The Arma Kleen Company
469 N. Harrison St.
Princeton, NJ 08543
Tel: 609-497-7220
Fax: 609-497-7176
Contact: Delia L. Downes
Email:
[email protected]
Flow International
23500 64th Ave S
Kent, WA 98032
Tel: 800-446-3369
Fax: 253-813-9377
Contact: Debbie Strauss
720 Eaton Way
Delta, B.C. V3M6J9
Tel: 913-709-5763
Fax: 913-498-1598
Contact: Todd Cottrell
Star 10, Inc.
575 W. Hume Ave.
Muskegon, MI 49444
Tel: 231-830-8070
Fax: 231-830-8090
Contact: Phillip E. Pennington
Franmar Chemical, Inc.
P.O. Box 5565
Bloomington, IL 61702
Tel: 309-452-7526
Fax: 309-862-1005
Contact: Jason Davonport
Natrium Products, Inc.
58 Pendleton Street
P.O. Box 5465
Cortland, NY 13045
Tel: 800-962-4203
Fax: 607-753-0552
Contact: Tim Herman
The Andersons, Inc.
P.O. Box 118
Maumee, OH 43537
Tel: 419-891-6611
Fax: 419-891-6539
Contact: Ted Weaver
28 Harrison Ave. Suite 238
Englishtown, NJ 07728
Tel: 800-922-0621
Fax: 732-792-8344
Contact: Donna Herkert
Besway Systems, Inc.
305 Williams Avenue
Madison, TN 37115
Tel: 615-865-8310
Fax: 615-865-8327
Contact: Amanda Taylor
Diedrich Technologies Inc.
7373 S. 6th Street
Oak Creek, WI 53154
Tel: 414-764-0058
Fax: 414-764-6993
Contact: Larry Kotke
Dumond Chemicals
1501 Broadway
New York, NY 10036
Tel: 212-869-6350
Fax: 212-264-5762
Contact: Barry Dubin
64
8125 Brentwood Ind. Dr.
St. Louis, MO 63144
Tel: 800-444-0423
Fax: 314-644-6652
Contact: Robert McClelland
14706 Park Almeda
Houston, TX 77047
Tel: 713-782-1932
Fax: 713-782-4202
Contact: Darrell Saha
Jet Edge, Inc.
12070 43rd St. NE
St. Michael, MN 55376
Tel: 763-497-8700
Fax: 763-497-8701
Contact: David Dumas
NLB Corp.
29830 Beck Rd.
Wixom, MI 48343
Tel: 248-624-5555
Fax: 248-926-4347
Contact: Jenna Eads
PreTox Products – NexTec, Inc.
4050 Westmark Dr.
Dubuque, IA 52002
Tel: 800-338-8296
Fax: 563-589-1237
Contact: Dave Steffen
Sea To Sky Innovations, Inc.
91 Golden Drive, Unit 8
Coquitlam, BC V3K 6R2
Tel: 604-468-7711
Fax: 604-468-7712
Contact: Sergio Vikomir
TriVitro Corporation
18420 68th Avenue South, Suite 101
Kent, WA 98032
Tel: 425-251-8340
Fax: 425-251-8301
Contact: Paul Murphy
Water Cannon, Inc.
4044 West Lake Mary Bvld.
Lake Mary, FL 32746
Tel: 800-333-9274
Fax: 888-928-9274
Contact: Charlie McSwain
WOMA Corporation
P.O. Box 6793
Edison, NJ 08818
Tel: 732-417-0010
Fax: 732-417-0015
Contact: Bob Carvajales
Surface Cleaning Showcase
Restore it with...
Sponge-Jet and
F
ace it. Removing graffiti or mold,
stripping coatings or paint - no matter
what cleaning or restoration needs to be
done, it’s difficult, time consuming, and often,
frustratingly, must be repeated.
Soda Blast may change all that!
Sodium bicarbonate is a environmentally
friendly, water soluble material that can
remove contaminants and coatings efficiently
normally without damaging delicate substrates. Because it is relatively soft, 2.5 on
Mohs hardness scale, it is the ideal media for
many substrates.
Natrium’s soda blast is generally less dusty
and more productive than the competitive
products available. Less dusty means being
able to see what you are blasting better. More
productive means getting the job done quicker
with less labor.
Contact us today to recommend the right
Natrium Sodablast for your needs, or for
referral to a distributor in your area.
Precision-Prep
By using Sponge-Jet Sponge
Media and Precision-Prep cleaning
and restoration abrasives:
TM
CLEANING
TM
Clean / Depaint / Restore
Brick, sandstone, granite,
limestone, terracotta, cast iron
and other sensitive substrates
■ Rejuvenate ornamental
iron work, window frames,
balustrades, tin roofs & fencing
■ Capture dust without water
■ Reduce rebound and potential
damage to adjacent structures
and surfaces
■
BEFORE AFTER
DEPAINTING
BEFORE AFTER
For More Information Call 800-776-6435
or visit www.spongejet.com
We invite you to see why
PreTox 7000 Chemical Paint
Stripper is ideal for historic
preservation which involves
removal of lead based paints.
PreTox 7000 has been uniquely formulated to remove paint without damaging
valuable surfaces. Additionally, PreTox
7000 renders resulting paint waste to be
not a RCRA hazardous classified waste,
thus saving disposal cost and liability.
PreTox 7000 was carefully selected by
JSL Masonry Restoration, Inc. for
removing coating from the City of
Riverside 100 year old brick Water
Tower. Likewise, PreTox 7000 has been
chosen for other high profile restoration
projects by the U.S. Park Service,
Department of Defense Agencies, and
the Tennessee Valley Authority.
For consultation call: 800 338-8296
Website/Email : contact at www.PreTox.com
Photo credit : Courtesy of Antunovich Associates
For sensitive
cleaning and paint
removal, try Adapt
Laser Systems.
Our lasers remove
paint, dirt, and contaminants quickly without
damaging the surface,
so they’re a great solution for many conservation projects. Adapt
lasers have been used
on large restoration jobs
throughout the world for
cleaning sandstone
facades, removing
oxides from bronze,
cleaning marble, etc.
Tel 816-531-7402
[email protected]
65
Durability
Wash and wear:
Sorting through the spin on paint
cleanability, durability
Passing the test
–Allen Zielnik
Atlas Material Testing
Technology LLC
ou’ve carefully chosen the
exterior and interior paint
colors for your project.
Dirt pickup and cleanability can be affected by in-service aging and limit a coatings service life.
Now the clients have told
Photo courtesy Atlas Material Testing Technology, South Florida Test Service
you that because of a
bad experience with another building they manage, they want
sion and weathering tests to specify products that will withstand
assurance that the painted surfaces can withstand high traffic
the ravages of time. And you have a gut feeling that certain
wear and be cleaned as needed without damage.
paint types and finishes are more durable and, from a mainteFresh, clean walls that do not require frequent repainting are
nance perspective, are probably more cleanable than others.
a common expectation of specifiers and facility managers. From
But the question remains, how do you objectively evaluate this
your own experiences in painting your kids’ room, you may
cleanability or washability property?
know that some paint finishes wear and clean better than othIn evaluating the washability of paints and coatings, there
ers. But how do you evaluate and specify the “cleanability” of
are several factors that should be considered, including the folcommercial architectural coatings, and do higher-cost, premium
lowing.
products automatically assure better performance?
• How resistant is the coating to soiling (dirt pickup)?
From previous experience you know that paints and coatings
• How easy is the coating to clean (dirt release)?
serve many functions, from corrosion protection to aesthetic
• How durable is the coating to repeated cleaning/scrubbing
enhancement. You know how to evaluate the ratings from corrowithout damage?
Y
66
• How does weathering and environmental aging affect these properties?
• Do lab tests correlate to field performance?
The name game
First, let’s try to define some terms.
According to ASTM International D3730,
Standard Guide for Testing High
Performance Interior Architectural Wall
Coatings (HIPAC), “cleansability” [sic] is
evaluated by applying one or more stains
or soils to the coating and determining
how readily they are removed. It is interesting to note, however, that both ASTM
D3450, Standard Test Method for
Washability Properties of Interior
Architectural Coatings and D4828,
Standard Test Methods for Practical
Washability of Organic Coatings, use the
term “washability.”
In D3730, “washability” is evaluated
by determining the resistance of the paint
film to wet erosion, either by visual
assessment or measured film loss. The
applicable test method, however, is
D2486, Standard Test Methods for Scrub
Resistance of Wall Paints.
In International Standards
Organization ISO 11998, Paints and
Varnishes—Determination of Wet-Scrub
Resistance and Cleanability of Coatings,
“scrub resistance” is defined as the ability
of a clean paint film to resist erosion,
while “cleanability” is determined by testing on soiled films.
Scrub-a-dub
Dirt pickup—the propensity of a paint to
attract and trap surface soil—is largely
related to the type of binder in the paint.
Paints based on acrylic latex typically
generate less dirt pickup than alkyd oil
paints. Also important is the gloss of the
surface finish, with the highest degree of
dirt pickup seen with flat finishes and
improved performance observed with
increasing gloss.
In general, the same relationship also
flour, detergent, thickener, tri-sodium
applies to cleanability and scrub resisphosphate, and a preservative is used.
tance. These characteristics, however, can
A nylon brush is soaked overnight in a
also be affected by specific binder chem1% solution of detergent, and then the
istry; for example, styrene-acrylic paints
bristles are evenly coated with 10 grams
often exhibit better results in cleanability
of the scrub medium and placed in the
than 100% acrylic latex paints.
holder. Approximately 5 milliliters of
Each paint binder is designed to prowater are applied on the path in front of
vide a unique set of functions. Adhesion
the brush and holder and the machine is
and flexibility properties and resistance to
started. After 400 scrub cycles the nylon
moisture, sunlight, and abrasion vary
brush is again coated with 10 grams of
greatly from binder to binder. Adjusting
scrub medium and 5 more milliliters of
the quality and quantity of these binders,
water are applied to the panel. Failure is
as well as the pigments, gives a paint fornoted when the paint film is fully removed
mulator the flexibility to make a wide
in one continuous line across the width of
range of interior and exterior products to
the shim and the number of cycles to failfit various needs. Typically, lower-cost
ure is reported.
paint contains a lower-quality binder.
Lower-grade paints may only pass sevAnd scrub resistance can be improved
with higher-solids
(binder and pigment)
concentrations found in
premium-grade paints,
even though lesser
grades may contain a
greater proportion of
pigment (PVC, or pigment volume concentration).
It is estimated that
more than 80% of commercial wall-paint jobs
specify an eggshell finish. So if a “best conA technican manually washes weather-exposed panels to
tractor grade” eggshell
evaluate aging and limit a coatings service life.
paint is specified, what
Photo courtesy Atlas Material Testing Technology, South Florida Test Service
exactly does that mean
eral hundred cycles, while premium
in terms of durability?
paints typically pass 2,000 cycles.
Coatings specifically formulated and marLaboratory tests
keted for superior scrub resistance often
Washability and scrubbability tests are all
pass 4,000-5,000 cycles, and extremely
fairly similar. They are based on rubbing
durable paints (usually formulated with
a cured paint film on an automated
ceramic nanoparticles or hollow glass
straight-line cyclic wear tester. In the
microspheres as additives) have exceedscrub cycle test, paint is applied to a
ed 25,000 cycles!
panel in a uniform thickness and cured
In the ISO version of the test, the test
for seven days. A thin shim is then insertsample is subjected to 200 cycles, the
ed under part of the panel to accelerate
erosion of paint film is measured through
the failure. A small amount of abrasive
mass loss, and the mean loss in film thickscrub medium consisting of water, silica
67
ness is calculated.
The washability tests are similar,
although the test specimen is first soiled
with a mixture such as carbon black in
mineral oil, and a sponge is used instead
of a nylon brush. Both abrasive and nonabrasive cleaners may be used, as can
other media such as hog-bristle brushes,
cloths, 3M ScotchBrite™ #7448 pads,
etc. These combinations are often useful
in correlating the results to actual field
maintenance.
The ASTM test runs 100 cycles, followed by evaluation of the panel for
reflectance loss. The ISO test runs 200
cycles, followed by measurement of the
loss of film thickness. If the measurements
are within specified limits of erosion, there
should be no visual difference between
the cleaned and virgin paint films.
Durability in today’s interior coatings
Straight-line mechanical wash and scrub resistance tester.
Photo courtesy Paul N. Gardner Company.
may be better defined as the combined
scrub and burnish-resistance performance. Burnishing and marring—an
increase in gloss or sheen—can occur
when the paint film is subjected to rubbing, scrubbing, or having an object
brush against it. Gloss is usually measured at an angle of 30° to the coating,
while sheen is measured at 5°.
The resistance of a coating to burnishing
is important to appearance and customer
satisfaction. Walls that show burnish marks
are unsightly and require more maintenance. That translates into more frequent
repainting and dissatisfied customers. An
eggshell paint that gets a high scrub rating
but offers poor burnish resistance is not the
best choice for durability.
To test burnish resistance, the change
in angular sheen is evaluated after the
paint has been subjected to 20 cycles of
rubbing with a soft cloth, using test
machinery similar to the apparatus for
scrub testing.
Field performance
Like all laboratory tests, the procedures
described above provide a common basis
for comparison but may not always
directly predict actual field performance.
These tests are almost always performed
on new paint films that may not be fully
cured, and are typically conducted using
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68
Water resistant.
For over 110 years, Muralo Paint has engineered innovative products to satisfy the most discriminating of
customers. Muralo’s latest breakthrough, Ultra Ceramic, creates an impenetrable barrier that stands up
to the most rigorous conditions. Fully scrubbable, water and stain resistant, Ultra Ceramic provides a long
lasting, elegant finish that will never yellow. For performance paint you can trust, turn to Muralo.
To learn more about the full line of Muralo products call 800.631.3440 or visit www.muralo.com.
Confidence in a can.
laboratory application methods on plastic
or glass substrates that may not represent
applications in field use. Also, the scrub
and cleaning resistance is usually not
evaluated on aged or weather-exposed
panels, even though these coatings may
be expected to provide years of service
on pre-existing substrates.
As paint films age, they can show surface degradation and erosion, leading to
increased dirt retention. In these cases,
manual cleaning with commonly used
cleaners on environmentally exposed,
aged test panels may provide valuable
WHERE COATINGS
PEOPLE FIND
COATINGS JOBS.
The Career Center at PaintSquare
www.paintsquare.com
information on long-term coatings performance and maintenance requirements.
Finish choices
Paint with a flat finish is recommended for
a uniform appearance over a large area.
The low gloss level helps hide dents and
dings; however, flat paints also can trap
dirt and create an environment where
mildew may grow. Flat paint tends to burnish more than higher sheen finishes. It is
often used for painting ceilings.
Low-sheen paint gives a subtle, elegant
effect to wall areas without looking
“shiny.” The slightly higher sheen compared to a flat paint provides better
cleanability. The higher the quality of lowsheen paint, the better the stain resistance
and burnish resistance.
Semigloss paint tends to resist dirt and
mildew, but its shiny appearance accentuates surface defects. Its resistance to moisture makes it a good choice for wet
areas. Semigloss paints represent a good
alternative for wood trim if a high-gloss
appearance is not desired.
Gloss paint accentuates trim, windows,
and doors with more shine than a semigloss finish, and is now available in
acrylic latex formulas as well as oil-based
alkyds.
Ceiling paints are specially formulated
to diffuse light from lamps and windows.
They offer excellent spatter resistance during application, but since they do not hide
stains well and possess low scrub resistance, they are not recommended for
walls. Standard flat-finish paints are also
appropriate for ceilings.
Scrub-resistant paints are premium
products that may be based on advanced
binder chemistry or contain special performance additives. These can be excellent choices for children’s rooms and
high-traffic areas. They are available in a
variety of sheens and command a higher
price, but the cost may be offset by lower
maintenance and refinish requirements.
JAC
70
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3I
GettingItRight
Color and restoration:
Putting the pieces together
By Jayson L. Helsel, P.E.
D
ue to the importance of many historical structures,
A common objective of a historical analysis is the determination
there is considerable interest in restoring their
of a previous or original color so that new coatings can be successappearance to that of a previous era. This applies
fully matched to faithfully restore appearance. Visual color matching
to a variety of structure types, from historic courtis typically performed in a laboratory using small paint chips comhouses and government buildings to schools and even bridges.
prised of many coating layers. The number and color of each layer
Paints and coatings can figure prominently in restoration prois determined by viewing the samples under a microscope and
grams, both in terms of duplicating original color and appearance
comparing them to a known color standard. The process is often
and preserving the structure or the substrate into the future.
slow and painstaking due to the small surface areas that must be
One recent restoration project of significant importance involved
viewed for each paint layer.
bronze figures on a bridge in Pittsburgh, PA (photo at right). This
Various color standards or systems can be used for this purpose,
project offers a good illustration of the process of examining coatsuch as those published by Munsell. The largest Munsell standard
ings-related issues and executing a restoration strategy. More on
collection consists of more than 1,600 individual glossy samples
this project later; first, let’s review some of the
steps involved in the restoration process as it
pertains to coatings.
The first step in the process is collecting any
information available related to the painting
and maintenance history of the structure.
Often a site visit is necessary to determine the
condition of existing coatings and the types of
surfaces or substrates involved, and to collect
paint samples for further analysis. The visit
should also uncover underlying problems at
the site—e.g., moisture exposure—that need
to be corrected before work proceeds.
The overall physical condition of the structure and, more specifically, the condition of
the substrate, will be factors in determining
what can and should be done for restoration.
Bronze figure from the Sixteenth Street Bridge in Pittsburgh, PA. This project involved determining the previous
After a visit is completed, collected paint
painting history, what type of coating(s) had been used, and how best to remove the coatings. The goal in this case
samples can be analyzed in a laboratory to
was to restore the figures to their natural bronze appearance, which weathers to a green colored patina.
determine various coating characteristics.
An analysis can identify the generic coating
type and may also indicate that degradation has occurred to the
covering a broad range of colors. Munsell identifies colors by a
degree that the coatings should be removed. Very old coatings are
color order system that defines a color by the attributes of hue,
most likely oil-based materials that have degraded significantly
value, and chroma.
over time. Such coatings may also contain lead or other toxic metAlthough the printed standards represent specific colors, the
als, which may require specific additional worker-safety and envisystem allows for identifying colors that fall between the pubronmental safeguards.
lished colors, meaning that essentially, any color can be identified
72
Hallelujah!
by the Munsell system.
Another set of commonly used visual color
standards is published by the U.S. government (Federal Standard No. 595B). This set
consists of several hundred colors identified
by a 5-digit number. The first digit of the
identification number indicates the gloss
level; 1 is for gloss, 2 for semigloss, and 3
for flat.
The Federal colors are far less comprehensive than the Munsell collection and do
not allow for definition of colors that do not
match an existing published standard.
Federal colors, however, are referenced in
many government or military jobs.
Another alternative for identifying color is
by means of instrumental color measurement. One restriction here is that the physical samples must be large enough to adequately measure. The minimum surface area
for measurement is typically on the order of
one-half square inch, although more accurate measurements can be obtained when a
sample is substantially larger, such as 2 inches by 2 inches.
Instrumental measurement quantifies a
color by defining three coordinates that represent a unique point in a three-dimensional
color system or space. One of the most common color systems (and there are multiple
systems) is known as CIELAB.
CIE stands for a French name that translates to the International Commission on
Illumination, the main international organization concerned with color and color measurement. LAB refers to the three-color coordinates or values that comprise the system:
L*, a*, and b*. The L* value represents the
“lightness” of a color (black to white), the a*
value represents the degree of red to green
of the color, and the b* value represents the
degree of blue to yellow of the color.
For instrumental measurement, it is
important to understand the parameters
used by the color-reading instrument. The
critical parameters are the instrument viewing geometry, standard illuminant, and
standard observer (or observer viewing
angle). The same parameters must be used
for each measurement to be able to compare the results obtained. These parameters
describe how an instrument measures color:
a light source, defined by the illuminant, is
directed at the sample and reflected from the
surface; the instrument geometry and standard observer describe how the light is
reflected and collected by the instrument for
measurement.
A common set of parameters might be
represented by the following: geometry—
bidirectional (45/0 or 0/45); standard illuminant—Illuminant D; and standard observer—10 degree.
In the case of the bridge in Pittsburgh, the
objective was to restore the bronze monuments to their original appearance. The
monuments, thought to be nearly a hundred
years old, sit atop stone pillars at the end of
the bridge, rising to a total height of 50 feet.
The actual monuments are 16 feet in height
with bases measuring 12 feet by 12 feet.
Each monument consists of the torsos of four
winged horses extending at each corner,
with a spherical cage resting on the backs of
the horses.
The coating history indicated that the
monuments were painted in the 1980s with
a bronze-colored coating and clear acrylic
sealer. It was not clear when the monuments
were first coated, but it was believed that the
monuments had not been coated for much of
their previous existence.
The site investigation found that the existing coatings exhibited uniformly poor adhesion and could be easily removed by scraping with a putty knife. Although a coating
and sealer had reportedly been applied,
only one coating layer appeared to be present—a dark brown finish up to 5 mils in
thickness. A laboratory analysis confirmed
that this coating was an acrylic-based material. The analysis also indicated that the coatings contained lead.
The poor condition of the existing coatings
warranted complete removal. A primary
consideration in coating removal was minimizing damage to the relatively soft bronze
metal of the monuments. Consequently, spe-
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73
cialized blast cleaning using a mildly
aggressive abrasive material was recommended. These types of abrasive media
include polyurethane sponge impregnated
with mild abrasives, plastic-type abrasives,
or agricultural-type abrasives such as corncobs or walnut shells.
The presence of lead brought into play the
OSHA Construction Industry Lead Standard,
which applies when lead, in any amount, is
found in coatings. The standard requires the
contractor to implement specific control
measures for any renovation, removal, or
demolition activities that are performed on
lead-painted surfaces. These measures must
be taken until exposure monitoring is performed to document actual airborne lead
concentrations in worker breathing zones.
In terms of restoration, the local authorities decided that after the old coatings were
removed, the monuments should remain
uncoated and be allowed to weather naturally. The desired color in this case would
end up being the characteristic green patina
formed when bronze weathers.
Consideration was given to reapplying
protective coatings to the monuments, but
ultimately it was decided not to recoat, since
any applied coating would prevent the monuments from weathering naturally. Although
the patina that forms on bronze is a corrosion product, it is protective in nature to the
base metal and essentially prevents further
corrosion from occurring. The only other
necessary repairs were for cracks that had
formed in the bronze, and these were
repaired by brazing or welding.
While there are many facets of the art
and science of historic preservation, color
restoration remains one of the most important components. The key steps in coatings-related preservation work include a
systematic procedure for assessing the
condition of existing coatings, collecting
samples, and performing laboratory
analysis. Understanding the important
aspects of colors and their measurement is
critical for success.
JAC
74
JUST FOR WHEN YOU
WANT TO CATCH UP ON
A LITTLE LIGHT READING.
The Journal of Architectural Coatings
Archives at PaintSquare
www.paintsquare.com/architectural
AdIndex
3M Performance Materials Division . . . . . .71
Adapt Laser Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Ameron International - Protective
Coatings Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Arkema Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
The ArmaKleen Company . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Atlas Material Testing Technology . . . . . . .39
BASF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Bayer Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Blastrac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Coronado Paint / Insl-X . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Crown Polymers, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . .40 - 41
Dayton Superior . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 49, 51
Diamond Vogel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
DuPont Industrial Coatings . . . . . .Back Cover
Eliokem, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Graco/Gusmer . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover
ICI Paints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
PaintSquare . . . . . . . . .57, 62, 68, 70, 75
KTA-Tator, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Kelly-Moore Paint Company . . . . . . . . . .23
L.M. Scofield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
LMCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
W.R. Meadows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Muralo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Natrium Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
NexTec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
PPG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Rainguard International . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Rubber Polymer Corporation . . . . . . . . . .33
Sherwin-Williams . . . . . . . .Inside Front Cover
Solvay Solexis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Sponge Jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Spraylat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 42
Sto Corp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Tnemec Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Troy Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
United Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
ZRC Worldwide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Calendar
Oct. 19-22
AAH Fall Conference: Realizing a Sustainable
Architecture for Health
American Institute of Architects
Westin Century Plaza Hotel & Spa
Los Angeles, CA
800/242-3837 or 202/626-7300
www.aia.org
Nov. 6-9
Biennial Western Coatings Symposium and Show
Western Coatings Societies and Federation of
Societies for Coatings Technology (FSCT)
Westin Casuarina Hotel & Spa
Las Vegas, NV
610/940-0777
www.coatingstech.org
Oct. 23-25
SWR Institute Fall Technical Meeting
Sealant, Waterproofing and Restoration Institute
The Stanford Court Hotel
San Francisco, CA
816/472-7974
www.swrionline.org
Nov. 6-10
ACI Fall Convention
American Concrete Institute
Kansas City Convention Center
Kansas City, MO
248/848-3795
www.concrete.org
Oct. 23-25
NPCA 2005 Annual Meeting
National Paint & Coatings Association
Cleveland, OH
202/462-6272
www.paint.org
Nov. 7-11
Greenbuild 2005
U.S. Green Building Council
Atlanta Convention Center
Atlanta, GA
202/828-7422
www.greenbuildexpo.org
Nov. 2
BETEC 2005 Fall Symposium
”Comfort and Productivity: The Fenestration Factor“
Building Environment and Thermal Envelope
Council
Sheraton National Hotel Arlington
Arlington, VA
202/289-7800
www.nibs.org
Nov. 2-4
ICRI 2005 Fall Convention
International Concrete Repair Institute
Kansas City Marriott Downtown
Kansas City, MO
847/827-0830
www.icri.org
76
2006
Jan. 11-14
2006 International Builders’ Show
National Association of Home Builders
Orange County Convention Center
Orlando, FL
800/424-5249
www.buildershow.com
Jan. 16-20
World of Concrete 2006
Hanley Wood Exhibitions
Las Vegas Convention Center
Las Vegas, NV
972/536-6379
www.WorldofConcrete.com
Feb. 8-11
North American Steel Construction Conference
American Institute of Steel Construction
Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center
San Antonio, TX
312/670-5438
www.aisc.org
Nov. 15-17
21st Annual Build Boston
Boston Society of Architects
Seaport World Trade Center
Boston, MA
800/544-1898
www.buildboston.com/home.asp
Dec. 6-7
Fluorine and Silicone Coatings Conference
Paint Research Association
Manchester, UK
+44.0.20.8614.4800
www.pra.org.uk
Feb. 14-16
International Roofing Expo
Hanley Wood Exhibitions
Mandalay Bay Convention Center
Las Vegas, NV
800/684-5761
www.TheRoofingExpo.com
Feb. 15-17
Smart Coatings 2006 Conference
Eastern Michigan University Coatings Research
Institute
Disney World Resort
Orlando, FL
734/487-2203
www.emich.edu
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Journal of Architectural Coatings

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