Centre of African Studies 1962-2012
Transcription
Centre of African Studies 1962-2012
CELEBRATING 50 YEARS OF THE Centre of African Studies 1962-2012 Cover: Two young Orma women on their way to the well in the Galole area of the Tana River District, Kenya. Photograph: James Pattison, CAS PhD student. Contents: Fishing on the banks of the Nile, Khartoum, Sudan. Photograph: Laura Mann, CAS PhD student. Contents Centre of African Studies Staff Gerhard Anders, Lecturer in African Studies: International Development Alan Barnard, Professor of the Anthropology of Southern Africa; Honorary Consul of the Republic of Namibia Lizelle Bisschoff, Leverhulme Trust Postdoctoral Fellow Barbara Bompani, Lecturer in African Development; Programme Director: MSc in Africa & International Development Davide Chinigò, Research Fellow: PISCES 2 Director’s welcome 4 CAS@50 conference 8 Centre of African Studies: The early years 10Africa and Edinburgh: Africanus Horton, the University of Edinburgh’s first African graduate 12Africa and Edinburgh: Julius Nyerere, graduate of the University of Edinburgh and first President of the United Republic of Tanzania 16Interdisciplinary engagements: A portrait of CAS@50 20 Degrees in CAS: PhD programme Joost Fontein, Lecturer in Social Anthropology 22 Degrees in CAS: MSc programmes Sabine Hoehn, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow 24CAS in the community: Knowledge exchange Sara Rich Dorman, Lecturer in Politics and International Relations Molefe Joseph, Leverhulme Trust Postdoctoral Fellow Peter Kingsley, INZI Research Fellow Seona Macintosh, Administrative Secretary Thomas Molony, Lecturer in African Studies; Programme Director: MSc in African Studies Paul Nugent, Director of the Centre of African Studies; Professor of Comparative African History James Smith, Professor of African and Development Studies; Assistant Principal: Global Development Academy Sam Spiegel, Lecturer in International Development Michelle Taylor, INZI Research Fellow Wolfgang Zeller, Co-ordinator: African Borderlands Research Network (ABORNE) 26CAS in the community: Africa in Motion Film Festival Director’s welcome Although the Centre of African Studies (CAS) was formally launched in January 1963, it had already been in operation since 1962. This makes 2012 the fitting year in which to mark our Golden Jubilee. CAS is as old as most independent African states – and slightly senior to Malawi and Zambia – and in a curious way our ups and downs have mirrored those of the continent as a whole. First, there was a period of youthful optimism in the 1960s, followed by a more sober realism over the following decade. In the 1980s, academic cutbacks posed a serious threat to the very existence of African Studies. Although at least two Centres in the UK were closed down in the lean years, CAS refused to succumb and fought a successful campaign to ensure its survival. Finally, at a time when optimism about Africa abounds once more, CAS has undergone a radical transformation of its own. Having been pared back to a single member of staff in the 1990s, we currently employ around a dozen core staff who work closely with some twenty other Africanists across the three colleges of the University. The unprecedented expansion of recent years has been built on rising student numbers – currently some 50 students on our two masters programmes and around 25 research students – as well as substantial research income. On our 40th anniversary, the tone of the reflections by our founding members was somewhat sombre. George (‘Sam’) Shepperson, who was the pre-eminent mover and shaker at the time when CAS was established, referred to the Centre as facing an “uncertain future”. 2 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk CAS has come through that uncertainty and now stands in an unprecedented position of strength. CAS is widely considered as the leading Centre in the United Kingdom and it is at the forefront of European collaboration through its active participation in the AEGIS network. In this commemorative publication, we seek to convey a sense of this history as well as to showcase our present activities. Along the way, we pay tribute to colleagues, including some former Directors, who got us up and running and steered us through some choppy waters: notably Sam Shepperson, Kenneth Little, Christopher Fyfe, Chris Allen, David McMaster, Ian Duffield, Alan Barnard and especially Kenneth and Pravina King. We also gratefully acknowledge our many supporters beyond the University who have contributed to our African scholarships and the regular cycle of conference activity (especially the Binks Trust). Without them, we probably would not have made it this far. Let the celebrations commence! Professor Paul Nugent Director of CAS Outreach event conducted by the Special Court in a village near Makeni, northern Sierra Leone. Photograph: Gerhard Anders, CAS staff member. Left: Core CAS staff 2012 with the Centre’s Director, Professor Paul Nugent, holding the wooden Yoruba head that has served as the CAS mascot for decades. This skilfully stencilled map of Africa was spotted on the outside wall of a secondary school in Moyo town, northern Uganda. Photograph: Wolfgang Zeller, CAS staff member. CAS @ 50 conference 6 - 8 June 2012 The Centre of African Studies (CAS) has hosted an international conference on a particular theme in every year since 1962. To mark the 50th anniversary, CAS will host its most ambitious event yet with over 80 panels and 250 participants. The theme of the conference is CAS@50: Cutting Edges and Retrospectives. The conference aims to revisit some of the issues that have been of interest to Edinburgh Africanists over the years and to highlight current research agendas. Three keynote speakers who have been at the forefront of Africanist scholarship and have made large contributions to the humanities and social sciences, will participate as keynote speakers in CAS@50: Professor Jean-François Bayart (CERI, Paris), Professor Frederick Cooper (New York University) and Professor Thandika Mkandawire (The London School of Economics and Political Science). To learn more about the Centre’s 50th anniversary conference, visit www.cas.ed.ac.uk/events/annual_conference/2012 4 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk Kaizer Chiefs supporters eagerly anticipating a penalty kick versus Bloemfontein Celtic in a Premier Soccer League fixture (February 14th 2009, Super Stadium, Atteridgeville, South Africa). Photograph: Marc Fletcher, CAS PhD student. “I well remember the conference at Edinburgh in 1962. I was a young assistant professor and this conference assembled many of the leading scholars of Africa at the time. It was an exciting occasion, and an excellent start for Edinburgh’s long concern with the study of Africa. I can only hope the next fifty years will prove as strong.” Professor Immanuel Wallerstein, sociologist, social scientist and expert on post-colonial Africa | 2011 6 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk Centre of African Studies: In northern Uganda, hope and despair are often expressed in the names of small businesses like this one in the town of Koboko, the birthplace of Idi Amin. Photograph: Wolfgang Zeller, CAS staff member. The early years It was in the context of decolonisation that significant funding was invested in the academic study of Africa in Britain. Sir William Hayter was commissioned by the University Grants Committee to write a report on area studies in 1961. Hayter recommended the creation of two Centres of African Studies, supported by significant funding for a start-up phase, which was eventually extended to ten years. One of these Centres was allocated to Birmingham, becoming the Centre of West African Studies, and the other to Edinburgh. The model that was adopted was of a combination of core disciplines, in which the post-holders would have one foot in the Centre of African Studies (CAS) and another in a disciplinary department. When Edinburgh’s Centre of African Studies opened its doors, it employed Henry Ord (Development Economics), Christopher Fyfe (History), Malcolm Ruel (Social Anthropology) and David McMaster (Geography). Ruel moved to Cambridge in 1970 and Ord died in post in 1977, but both McMaster and Fyfe remained in Edinburgh until their retirement in 1987 and 1990 respectively. Although Sam Shepperson and Kenneth Little were instrumental in the creation of CAS and in establishing the reputation of African Studies at Edinburgh, neither was located in the Centre. Grace Hunter was the venerable administrator who doubled as the secretary and keeper of the library and by all accounts kept the daily show on the road. In the beginning, CAS offered a Diploma in African Studies, which was only later upgraded to an MSc degree. The launch event of 7 January 1963 brought together an impressive cast by any measure. Lord Hailey, whose criticism of Indirect Rule orthodoxies signalled the demise of the British Empire in Africa, was the guest of honour. In attendance were Thomas Hodgkin, Lucy Mair, Audrey Richards, Daryll Forde, Immanuel Wallerstein and Jacob Ajayi. 8 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk Over the years, CAS established itself as a hub for African Studies in Edinburgh and across Scotland. Much of the research took place in other parts of the University, for example in Law, Divinity and History, but this fed into the work of the Centre and enabled it to fulfil Hayter’s underlying interdisciplinary remit. Much of the synergy was achieved through the annual international conferences. These events were always organised as thoroughly interdisciplinary events – a tradition that continues down to the present. Many of these conferences were ahead of their time, including the inaugural conference of January 1963 which was entitled Urbanisation in African Social Change. The conference papers were all published in-house and it was only in the 1990s that there was a shift to external publication. In subsequent years, CAS was able to extend its field of operations into Politics, with the temporary appointment of Jabez Langley and subsequently of Chris Allen to a permanent position. By 1980, there were no fewer than five joint appointments. Thereafter, new appointments were made to departments rather than to the Centre, meaning that Africanists could only contribute as much time as their departments would allow. For many years, it was the cross-University committee and its elected chair that kept CAS moving forward. In 1990, when Kenneth King was appointed Director of the Centre, a muchneeded measure of stability was provided. This enabled the Centre to be rebuilt in more recent times, when staff are once more appointed full-time to CAS and the spirit of interdisciplinary collaboration lives on. “A Centre of African Studies was opened on Monday at the University of Edinburgh by Lord Hailey, in the presence of many representatives of African colleges. […] Amongst those present were Professor Thomas Hodgkin, Head of the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Professor Daryll Forde, Director of the International Africa Institute, Dr Immanuel Wallerstein, Dr Audrey Richards and Dr Van Belsen. The Centre will serve primarily candidates for the PhD degree already registered in their particular department, and candidates registered for the postgraduate Diploma in African Studies. Courses available include Arabic and Islamic History, Economics, Geography, History, Phonetics and Linguistics, Social Anthropology, and Social Medicine. Tuition and Examination are £60.” Report on the launch of the Centre of African Studies | 12 January 1963 Africanus Horton, the University of Edinburgh’s first African graduate. Africa and Edinburgh: Africanus Horton, the University of Edinburgh’s first African graduate Born in 1835 near Freetown in Sierra Leone, James Africanus Beale Horton was the son of an Igbo recaptive who resettled in Africa after being freed from a slave ship. Horton attended the CMS Grammar School, and was then awarded a scholarship from the War Office to study medicine in the United Kingdom. He spent three years at King’s College, London, and in 1858 became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons. After graduation, he then studied a fourth year for the MD in Edinburgh – where Robert Knox, whose racist theories Horton was later to take issue with, had only two years before been teaching Anatomy. While earlier records from London refer to him as ‘James B. Horton’ (‘Beale’ being an adoption after his missionary benefactor), at Edinburgh he was registered as ‘James Africanus Beale Horton’ – the African identifier immediately establishing his continent of origin. In Edinburgh Horton lodged at 50 Rankeillor Street, some ten minutes’ walk from his classes. He passed his oral examinations in five medical subjects satisfactorily, and in Practice of Medicine was the only student of the year to be awarded Honours. He also wrote a doctoral thesis – ‘Thesis on the Medical Topography of the West Coast of Africa including Sketches of its Botany’ – for which he was commended and (with nine others) he was awarded a certificate of merit for helping with histological demonstrations. After Edinburgh Horton served for twenty years as a medical officer in the British army in West Africa, reaching the rank of Surgeon-Major. During these years he carried out medical research and published several books, including a standard work on tropical medicine. As a political, social and economic thinker, he was far in advance of his age. Convinced that Africa’s “complete regeneration must be looked for from her sons alone”, Horton’s perceptive mind also concerned itself with the types of government suitable for each of the British possessions. 10 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk This was expressed in his West African Countries and Peoples, the first call for self-government by a West African author – dating from 1868 and published in London, but reprinted in 1969 by Edinburgh University Press. By advocating the establishment of a West African university (with special emphasis on the teaching of science and the education of women) as well as a supra-territorial legislative assembly, Horton’s ideas were truly in line with the early 20th century nationalists, and some of his demands on education and business investment were in step even with post-independence African politicians and economic planners. Professor George Shepperson, a previous member of the Centre of African Studies, has described Horton as “the father of modern African political thought”, and one of the pioneers of Pan-Africanism. Horton died at the age of 48 in 1883, and the centenary of the death of the University of Edinburgh’s first African graduate was commemorated by the Centre of African Studies in 1983. A memorial plaque was dedicated on 23 June 1983 by Dr Arthur Porter, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sierra Leone, in the presence of the Sierra Leone High Commissioner, Mr Victor Sumner. Before the ceremony the Principal of the University of Edinburgh, Dr John Burnett, delivered the annual Africanus Horton Memorial Lecture, which then was given in alternate years in the universities of Edinburgh and Sierra Leone. Notes: Horton’s biographer was Christopher Fyfe, author of Africanus Horton, 1835-1883: West African Scientist and Patriot (1972). Horton was not the first Doctor of African descent to graduate from the University: William Fergusson, a West Indian, had done so in 1814, and John Baptist Phillip of Trinidad in 1815. Fergusson went on to become Governor of Sierra Leone. “the father of modern African political thought” Africanus Horton described by Professor George Shepperson, former Dean of the Faculty of Arts and leading figure in the creation of the Centre of African Studies. Africa and Edinburgh: Julius Nyerere, graduate of the University of Edinburgh and first President of the United Republic of Tanzania Julius Nyerere was born in 1922 to Mugaya Nyang’ombe and Nyerere Burito, the chief of Butiama village in the northwest of what was then Tanganyika. He studied at Mwisenge Native Administration School in Musoma, Tabora Government School, and Makerere College in Uganda. He returned to Tabora, where at St Mary’s he taught Biology and History – hence the name Mwalimu (teacher) – before obtaining a scholarship to study in the United Kingdom. Nyerere was originally assigned to train to become a science teacher and took a short preparatory course of Physics and Chemistry in Edinburgh. Various universities were discussed, but in October 1949 he gained a place to study for a Master of Arts degree at the University of Edinburgh. As Nyerere himself put it at the time in a letter from Edinburgh, “if I can be useful to my country after my studies here, I will be more useful if I take an arts rather than a science degree”. The courses he chose were in English, Political Economy, Social Anthropology (taken during his first year); British History and Economic History (second year); and Constitutional Law and Moral Philosophy (third year), subjects that he chose in order “to get a fairly broad course of study without bothering too much about the details of a specialist”. While at Edinburgh Nyerere wrote to Father Walsh, the Director at St Mary’s and his mentor, to tell him that he was considering becoming a priest because he “could do a lot of good for people”. Walsh then wrote back to tell the young Nyerere that he did not have a vocation to the church. The vocation was elsewhere, as Nyerere probably already knew. “There was no moment when it all clicked into place. It wasn’t a sudden inspiration, I didn’t suddenly see the light. It was not like the call of the Christian, ‘I’ve been called!’ At Edinburgh, I was certain I was coming back [to Tanganyika] to get myself involved in full-time politics. I had made up my mind that my life would be political.” Nyerere graduated with an Ordinary Degree of Master of Arts on 4 July 1952 and was “anxious to get back to work as soon as possible”. Eight years after leaving Edinburgh, Julius Nyerere became the first Chief Minister of Tanganyika. 12 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk He went on to deliver the territory to independence from Britain and became its first Prime Minister, and then the first President of Tanzania when Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar in 1964. In 1967 he made the Arusha Declaration, which outlined the principles of ujamaa, his vision of the country’s national socialism and self-reliance. He officially retired from domestic politics in 1985, but continued to work with the South Centre for many years. He was still working as chief mediator in the Burundi conflict until shortly before his death in 1999, and is still fondly referred to in Tanzania as Baba wa Taifa: ‘Father of the Nation’. Nyerere returned to Edinburgh on many occasions, first in 1959 and then in 1962 to receive an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws from the University. In 1987 he gave the opening address at the Department of History’s conference on The Making of Constitutions and the Development of National Identity with a paper entitled, ‘Reflections on Constitutions and African Experience’. His final trip to his alma mater was in 1997 when he taught and conducted seminars at the Centre of African Studies, and on 9 October delivered the Lothian European Lecture, ‘Africa: The Third Liberation’, in which he castigated neo-colonialism and appealed for African countries to be allowed to develop their own forms of democracy. On 14 December 1999, exactly two months after his death in London, the University held a Celebration and Thanksgiving for the Life of Mwalimu Julius Nyerere. The University now honours Mwalimu with three Julius Nyerere masters scholarships. The entrance to the School of Social and Political Science also now proudly bears a plaque, unveiled by retired President H.E. Ali Hassan Mwinyi at the two-day celebration of the life of Julius Nyerere, held at the University in conjunction with the Tanzania High Commission to mark ten years after the Father of the Nation’s death. The plaque reads: ‘In Honour of Mwalimu Julius Nyerere, 1922-1999, African Statesman, first President of the United Republic of Tanzania, Graduate of the University.’ Bust of Julius Nyerere, situated in the Centre of African Studies Maasai warriors (ilmurran) doing a traditional dance at Naboisho Conservancy, Maasai Mara, at celebrations for World Tourism Day, 2011. Photograph: Crystal Courtney, CAS PhD student. “Moving to the Centre of African Studies in 1992 was a defining moment in my life. I had been a deputy head teacher in rural Zimbabwe but needed some space to think and feel what was right for me to do next. CAS provided that for me with its rich mixture of interdisciplinary perspectives and its broader social experience. It was at CAS where I read many of the authors that are still important to my academic work as a professor today and where I started my collaboration with Kenneth King, still very active after 20 years.” Professor Simon McGrath, University of Nottingham MSc in African Studies 1992-93 and PhD 2002 | 2011 14 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk Gerhard Anders, CAS staff member, doing research at Kailahun Police Station, eastern Sierra Leone in March 2009. Photograph: Géraldine Bollmann. CAS members have been involved in a number of research projects that inform their teaching and supervision. Their research falls under five research themes: Creativity and Consumption; Politics, Law and Governance; Development and Innovation; Religion, Beliefs and Society; and Space and Connectivity. Creativity and Consumption Professor Paul Nugent, the Centre’s Director and President of AEGIS, currently works on a project entitled ‘Race, Taste and Power: The Cape Wine Industry’, funded by the Leverhulme Trust. The project spans the 20th century and combines a history of (stalled) innovations in the Cape wine industry with an analysis of the role of racialised discourses and practices in shaping wine consumption patterns and vice versa. Interdisciplinary engagements: A portrait of CAS@ 50 Since its establishment in 1962, the Centre of African Studies (CAS) has been a hub of interdisciplinary research and teaching. It is one of the leading Centres of African Studies in Europe and an active member of several academic networks, including AEGIS - African Studies in Europe. Currently, the Centre’s core staff includes historians, anthropologists, political scientists and geographers with wide-ranging expertise in development, nineteenth and twentieth-century history, politics, transitional justice, new information and communication technologies, civil society activism, borderlands, public health and environmental issues. CAS serves as the University of Edinburgh’s focal point for scholars from all academic units working on African issues and is housed within the School of Social and Political Science. 16 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk Within the College of Humanities & Social Science, CAS has associated members in History and Classics, Divinity, the Business School, Education and in the School of Law. There is also close collaboration with Africanists in the Colleges of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine and Science & Engineering, especially in Geosciences and Tropical Veterinary Medicine. Members of CAS also contribute to the Global Development Academy, which provides a platform for research and teaching collaboration across its three colleges. CAS has well-established research partnerships across Europe and in Africa, especially in Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, Ghana, Malawi, Namibia and Botswana. East African cinema and African popular culture is the subject of Lizelle Bisschoff’s research, funded in part by the Leverhulme Trust. In her postdoctoral research Lizelle is assessing the emergence of indigenous filmmaking in East Africa in an attempt to trace how audiovisual representations contribute to imagining and shaping the postcolonial nation. Politics, Law and Governance Several members of CAS are involved in research projects on transitional justice, international criminal law and crime control in Africa. Gerhard Anders’ research focuses on globally circulating ideas about development, good governance, international criminal justice and the rule of law, tracking the everyday experiences of civil servants, lawyers and others involved in the production and diffusion of administrative and legal knowledge. Sabine Hoehn, a postdoctoral fellow in CAS, is conducting a study on transitional justice and the intervention of the International Criminal Court in Kenya funded by the British Academy. Currently, Gerhard is co-developing an anthropological study focusing on the experiences of defence lawyers in international war crimes trials. The project focuses on defence lawyers representing those charged with crimes against humanity, war crimes or terrorism before international and hybrid criminal tribunals. Gerhard is also involved in a German-Swiss research project on the emergent international regime of crime control and security in Africa. The project studies how Africa is being turned into a laboratory for new technologies of crime control. The multifarious connections between resource extraction and livelihoods in Africa have been the focus of Sam Spiegel’s work. Interested in interdisciplinary approaches for understanding issues of global inequality, Sam’s research has addressed a variety of inter-linkages in the socioeconomic, environmental and political dimensions of resource extraction and rural livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, with particular attention to conceptualisations of regulation and resource management challenges in artisanal and small-scale mining communities. In Social Anthropology, Laura Jeffery is responsible for an ESRC-funded research project on the forcible removal of the inhabitants of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius, the Seychelles and the United Kingdom. In Politics and International Relations, Sara Rich Dorman has worked on NGOs in Zimbabwe and the politics of nationalism in Eritrea, while editing African Affairs. In the Business School, Kenneth Amaeshi works on corporate business responsibility, while Peter Rosa focuses on entrepreneurship in family businesses in Uganda. In Law, Professor Anne Griffiths has carried out legal anthropological studies on social relationships, gender and the law in Botswana. Making the best of poor infrastructure after years of civil war in northern Uganda, women traders have managed to give this section of the market of Gulu a distinctly feminine touch. Photograph: Wolfgang Zeller, CAS staff member. Interdisciplinary engagements: A portrait of CAS @ 50 Development and Innovation Professor James Smith, Co-Director of the Centre of African Studies, has played a leading role in a number of international projects, notably the Department for International Development (DFID) ‘Policy Innovation Systems for Clean Energy Security (PISCES)’ project with Tom Molony and Davide Chinigò, which is examining bioenergy security in East Africa and South Africa, and the ESRC Innogen Centre, which is exploring the social, political and economic implications of the new life sciences. Other recent projects have included a project funded by the Microsoft Foundation to look at mobile banking in Kenya, and a systematic review, commissioned by DFID, examining the evidence of the impact of aid on maternal and reproductive health. James is also working together with Lawrence Dritsas, Professor Sue Welburn, Michelle Taylor and Peter Kingsley on a major project examining the evolution of human and veterinary research into sleeping sickness from the 1960s until the present day. This research, funded by the European Research Council, will conduct comparative studies in East, West, Central and Southern Africa over the next five years. Religion, Beliefs and Society The importance of religion in African civil society is studied by Barbara Bompani, who has been working in South Africa since 1999 where she conducted research on religious organisations and faith-based organisations (FBOs). Her research focuses on the dialectical relationship between FBOs, their activities and socio-political action; the production of knowledge around faith, development and the relationship between civil society; and society and politics in South Africa after the end of apartheid. She is currently involved in a project that analyses the role of FBOs in South Africa to support noncitizens during the xenophobic attacks in Spring 2008 and the churches’ critical voice of state intervention. In Social Anthropology, Joost Fontein has played a leading role in launching the Bones Collective Research Group and on a research project exploring the ‘Materialities of Death in Southern Africa’. In Divinity, Afe Adogame organised the CAS annual conference on Scotland in Africa in 2009. Afe’s research focuses on African traditional religion and African diaspora in the UK. Over the years, there have been a few dominant themes across Divinity and the Centre of African Studies, including the history of Christianity in Africa, missionary history, Islam and Christian relations in Africa, African traditional religions and more recently religion, globalisation and the African diaspora. To learn more about the Centre’s research and staff, visit www.cas.ed.ac.uk/staff_profiles 18 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk Space and Connectivity Since 2007, CAS has served as hub for the African Borderlands Research Network (ABORNE), an interdisciplinary network of researchers interested in all aspects of international borders and trans-boundary phenomena in Africa funded by the European Science Foundation. Professor Paul Nugent and Wolfgang Zeller are both founding members and respectively serve as chairman and scientific coordinator. The emphasis is largely on borderlands as physical spaces and social spheres, but the network is also concerned with regional flows of people and goods as well as economic and social processes at some distance from the geographical border. The membership of ABORNE has grown to nearly 250 individual researchers and institutions from across Europe, Africa, North America and Asia. New information and communication technologies are another area of interest. Tom Molony’s work concentrates on information and communication technologies (ICT), initially with a focus on how mobile phones and the internet are used in micro and small enterprises in Tanzania. This has drawn him into also looking at the social use of these technologies in countries across Africa and, increasingly, their application in other areas such as the political sphere. In Social Anthropology, Professor Alan Barnard has been engaged in an ESRC-funded project on language and kinship in the Kalahari Basin in collaboration with Humboldt University Berlin. In History, Francesca Locatelli has researched the history of Asmara, while Ola Uduku from the Edinburgh College of Art is working on urban architecture in West and Southern Africa. Degrees in CAS: PhD programme The PhD in African Studies is one of the few doctoral programmes dedicated to the study of Africa in the UK. The programme has, over the years, drawn on the core disciplines of the Centre’s academics and associates to provide a multidisciplinary take on social scientific research in Africa. In the last (2008) Research Assessment Exercise, all subject areas to which the Centre’s academic staff contributed (politics, sociology, social anthropology and history) were rated in the top six in their research subject areas. Our multidisciplinary approach to researching Africa is built on disciplinary strength. The PhD programme has traditionally worked on a co-supervisor system, which helps embed an interdisciplinary approach and ensures a good balance of regional and thematic expertise. Students are actively encouraged to draw on multiple theoretical traditions, diverse methodologies and interdisciplinary approaches to produce holistic, novel and insightful research on Africa. This approach has been successful. Our students regularly publish in leading international journals before completing their studies. Journals such as the Journal of Southern African Studies, African Affairs, Journal of East African Studies and Journal of International Development have all recently featured articles by our students. Over the years the programme has attracted students from all over the world, Africa, the UK, Europe, North America and Asia. Many of these students have gone on to make their mark internationally, while others have enjoyed the city, University and Centre so much they have remained. Of current academic staff, Barbara Bompani (graduated in 2007, religion and politics in South Africa), Sabine Hoehn (2010, civil society in Namibia), Tom Molony (2005, information and communication technologies in Tanzania) and Michelle Taylor (2011, health systems policy in Uganda) all completed their doctoral studies in the Centre of African Studies. 20 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk Other graduates work elsewhere in the University of Edinburgh, such as Joan Haig, who is a research fellow in the Scottish Centre for Diaspora Studies. Our doctoral students have also been very successful at winning competitive and prestigious post-doctoral research fellowships. In recent years, our graduates have secured several fellowships from the UK Government’s Economic and Social Research Council, the Leverhulme Trust and the British Academy. Our graduates have also played key roles in large, collaborative research projects such as the UK Department for International Development-funded Bioenergy project (Tom Molony) and the European Research Council-supported Sleeping Sickness project (Michelle Taylor). Our past students have also travelled far and wide. Emilie Venables (graduated in 2009, sexuality in West Africa) is now a senior researcher at the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute in South Africa, where she leads research on HIV prevention projects, focusing on youth, vaccine development and migration. James Pattison (2011, pastoralist livelihoods in Kenya) is a researcher at the International Institute for Environment and Development. Andrew Newsham (2007, participation in rural livelihoods in Namibia and Argentina) is a research fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex. Daniel Hammett (2007, coloured identity in the Western Cape, South Africa) is a lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Sheffield. Alex Beresford (2011, politics and trade unionism in South Africa) has been appointed to a permanent lectureship in the Politics of African Development at Leeds University. For a small centre, our graduates’ intellectual footprint is large. Marcello Olum from Opiro village near Moyo town in northern Uganda with his highly decorated taxi bike. Photograph: Wolfgang Zeller, CAS staff member. Beatrice Lamwaka (left) and Jackee Budesta Batanda (right) are award-winning authors, pictured here outside the office of women writers’ association FEMRITE in Kampala, Uganda. Photograph: Wolfgang Zeller, CAS staff member. Degrees in CAS: MSc programmes The MSc in African Studies and the MSc by Research (African Studies) have long acted as the backbone to postgraduate programmes in the Centre of African Studies (CAS). Indeed, the MSc in African Studies was introduced not long after the Centre was established in 1962. In 2009, the MSc in Africa and International Development was added to the suite of postgraduate programmes offered by the Centre. MSc in African Studies For its anniversary year, CAS has merged the MSc in African Studies and the MSc by Research (African Studies) to form a new ESRC-accredited MSc in African Studies. The MSc will commence with the new intake of students in September 2012 and remains true to its roots, offering a solid foundation in the core CAS strengths of Anthropology, History and Politics. The programme is structured around two core courses: The first, ‘Modern Africa’, uses a comparative framework to offer a wide-ranging overview of social and political processes, with an explicitly interdisciplinary focus. The second core course, ‘Contemporary African Issues and Debates’, allows students to frame and interrogate a range of contemporary debates that are common to much of sub-Saharan Africa today. The core courses are complemented by a range of optional courses, among them the new options of ‘African Borderlands’, ‘African Cities’, and ‘African Popular Culture’. Added to these is a new research training course, ‘Research in Africa’, which complements other ESRC-accredited research training in the Graduate School and offers a dedicated Africafocused research training course that equips students with the relevant skills to undertake fieldwork on the continent at graduate level. It also serves as a grounding for those planning to undertake doctoral research. The dissertation is a component of both the MSc in African Studies and the MSc in Africa and International Development and provides the opportunity for students to undertake supervised research on a topic of their own choice and can involve fieldwork – a captivating experience that often ensures our students get a lasting taste for African research, or continue with an Africafocussed career path. 22 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk MSc in Africa and International Development The MSc in Africa and International Development builds on the University’s cross-disciplinary expertise on development and is aimed towards students and professionals looking to develop a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics of international development in the African context. In less than three years, the MSc in Africa and International Development has become a popular programme that brings together a very international community of students from all over the world. Studying African development in CAS means being involved in a truly international environment with staff and students that bring distinct experiences and different interpretations. Uniquely this programme offers teaching, resources and opportunities to gain both theory and practical knowledge of international development issues. Students can choose among a wide range of courses with a focus on health, gender and development, security, human rights, entrepreneurship, politics and theories of development, education, poverty and governance. Students are also encouraged to attend practical courses to gain skills in order to work in development agencies and to take part in the internship programme with our NGO partners in Africa and in the UK. As a past student stated: “If you are remotely interested in Africa’s history, future, or position in international relations then you would be making the right choice by taking this course. An attractive outcome is that, whether it is in a small or large way, you will be empowered with the knowledge and inspiration to make a positive contribution to the trajectory of this potential-rich continent”. To learn more about the Centre’s postgraduate programmes, visit www.cas.ed.ac.uk/postgraduate_study A view from above of Owino Market, Kampala, Uganda. Photograph: Caroline Valois, CAS PhD student. CAS in the community: Knowledge exchange For the past 50 years, scholars linked to the Centre of African Studies (CAS) have been challenging the conventional boundaries delineating access to knowledge and discussion. As Professor Paul Nugent notes in his welcome, CAS’s history is finely intertwined with the first crucial decades of African independence, and this has given scholars linked to the Centre ample opportunities to make their research count in diverse and interesting ways. For many years, Professor Kenneth King’s pathbreaking research on the informal sector and education were widely consulted by the aid community. In 1997, Kenneth and Pravina King also launched a year-long schedule of activities, called Scotland Africa ’97, which brought Africa to the doorsteps of people right across Scotland. The deep personal and professional links that CAS members have since forged with scholars, journalists, intellectuals, public figures, activists and policy-makers on the African continent, in the UK and wherever people take an active interest in Africa, are too numerous to mention. Today these links reach far beyond the confines of NGO planning units and the board rooms of national and international donor agencies, into the management of private enterprises investing in Africa; into the studios of filmmakers, broadcasters and musicians; into museums, cinemas, stages and other public spaces of contemporary African cultural production; into courtrooms of Europe’s increasingly rigid immigration and asylum systems as well as those of the institutions of international criminal justice. 24 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk Journalists, governmental and nongovernmental institutions frequently approach CAS for interviews or expert commentary, in particular in relation to elections in African countries where staff members have particular expertise. In recent years, topics have included: Biofuels and new information technologies (Professor James Smith, Tom Molony); criminal and post-conflict justice (Gerhard Anders, Sabine Hoehn); mineral extraction (Sam Spiegel, Wolfgang Zeller); (in-)security in border areas and regional integration (Professor Paul Nugent, Wolfgang Zeller); and xenophobic and sexually motivated violence (Barbara Bompani). The weekly CAS seminar series provides outstanding international scholars in African Studies and related disciplines an opportunity to speak to a wider audience within and well beyond the University of Edinburgh. The annual Africa in Motion Film Festival, founded by CAS’s Lizelle Bisschoff, brings high-quality feature and documentary films as well as discussions and seminars with some of their creators to a broad audience at Filmhouse Cinema. As Edinburgh’s premier independent cinema, it also hosts the Take One Action Film Festival, which frequently invites CAS staff as expert discussants for their screenings of socially critical films. In recent years CAS has set up an active blog and facebook page, through which current and past students keep each other and staff informed of new projects they are involved in. CAS staff run regular writing and publishing workshops designed to enable our students and researchers to develop their skills to write critically and effectively for a wide range of audiences. These activities relate to the growing editorial and publishing expertise within CAS. The Centre currently includes the editors of three of the leading Africanist journals: Journal of Modern African Studies, Journal of Southern African Studies and African Affairs, amounting to a substantial fieldshaping role. In 2009, CAS launched the open access peer-reviewed journal Critical African Studies, which seeks to return Africanist scholarship to the heart of theoretical innovation within each of its constituent disciplines. The journal has been widely noticed and its re-launch under the aegis of an established academic publisher is under negotiation. In diplomatic settings, Professor Alan Barnard is a very active honorary consul for Namibia and Professor Paul Nugent has acted as a leading consultant/advisor to the US State Department and the African Union. Professor Paul Nugent, Sara Rich Dorman, Wolfgang Zeller and Tom Molony have acted as international election observers. Tom is also writing a new biography of Julius Nyerere’s early years including the former Tanzanian president’s time in Edinburgh. Film poster for Togetherness Supreme, a Kenyan film screened at the Africa in Motion Film Festival in 2010. Image courtesy of Hot Sun Films. CAS in the community: Africa in Motion Film Festival frica n otion Edinburgh African Film Festival ...the festival has screened over 200 African films to audiences totalling around 15,000 people over the past six years. Lizelle Bisschoff, a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Centre of African Studies, founded the Africa in Motion (AiM) Film Festival in Edinburgh in 2006, which takes place annually in October and November at Edinburgh’s Filmhouse Cinema. Devised as a platform to increase access to one of the most marginalised of cinemas worldwide, the festival has screened over 200 African films to audiences totalling around 15,000 people over the past six years. Many of these films are virtually inaccessible to UK audiences, with few distribution networks and exhibition outlets to exhibit African films in the UK. Over the years, many African films have had their UK premieres at AiM, and the festival includes screenings of classics, contemporary features, short films and documentaries from all the corners of the continent. Since its inception, the Centre of African Studies has been a partner and financial supporter of the festival. Film screenings are accompanied by a wide range of complementary events, including directors’ master classes and Q&As, workshops, seminars, academic symposia, art exhibitions and music performances by Edinburgh-based African musicians. Some highlights from the past six years include the presence of the famous director Gaston Kabore from Burkina Faso in 2008, who introduced a retrospective of his work and hosted a director’s master class at the Edinburgh College of Art in collaboration with the Scottish Documentary Institute. A retrospective of the work of Malian director Souleymane Cissé also took place in 2008, as well as tributes to the founding fathers of African cinema north and south of the Sahara in 2007 and 2008 respectively: Senegalese director Ousmane Sembene who passed away in 2007, and Egyptian director Youssef Chahine who passed away in 2008. In 2006 and 2007 the festival had a focus on ‘lost African film classics’, where little-known African films from the early years of post-independence filmmaking were screened at the festival, followed by panel discussions by international African film scholars. In 2009 the festival’s theme was trauma, conflict and reconciliation in Africa, in line with the United Nations’ International Year of Reconciliation. An accompanying symposium on how art is used to promote and advance reconciliation in post-conflict African societies resulted in a much-anticipated book edited by festival co-directors Lizelle Bisschoff and Stefanie Van de Peer entitled: Art and Trauma in Africa: Representations of Reconciliation in Music, Visual Arts, Literature and Film. 26 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk To learn more about AiM, visit www.africa-in-motion.org.uk In early 2010, AiM received a prestigious international award from the S.E.R. Foundation, endorsed by the UN, in recognition of the festival’s contribution to promoting and highlighting peace and reconciliation issues in Africa. Education has always been at the heart of the festival, and collaborations with children, young people and schools have resulted in animation workshops, drumming and dancing workshops, storytelling events, school screenings and educational sessions, and packages of animation short films being screened to families every year at the festival since 2008. In 2008 the festival launched a short film competition for young and emerging African filmmakers with the winner selected by an international jury of high-profile film practitioners. Through the short film competition the festival endeavours to make a contribution to assisting and nurturing the growth of African film industries. Since 2008 the festival has toured to other parts of the UK: In 2008 a selection from the main programme toured to 12 cities across the UK. In 2009 and 2010 the festival toured to the highlands and islands of Scotland. African films have been screened on the Isle of Skye, the Shetland and Orkney Islands and various locations in the Scottish Highlands and Fife. In February 2012, the festival toured to schools in Edinburgh and its surroundings, screening African films to primary and secondary school classes and talking to pupils about how to be responsible global citizens. Now entering its 7th year, Africa in Motion has reached maturity to become a premier platform for the exhibition of African cinema in the UK and internationally. Senegalese musician Soriba Kanout performing at the Africa in Motion Film Festival in 2011. Copyright: Michael Marten, www.marten.org.uk, 2011 In 2002 Kenneth King said “The Centre is older than the discovery of the jua kali [informal sector] in Ghana and Nairobi in the early 1970s. […] The buzz around the Centre has surely something to do with the commitment and enthusiasm of those associated with it. Like the jua kali the Centre doesn’t have regular hours – it doesn’t have formal sector lunch hours and it seems to be open after many departments are closed. Like the informal sector, it is very hard to put your finger on what makes it special and different from the formal sector. But as soon as you go into an informal jua kali workshop in Kibera, Kamukunji or Mathare in Nairobi, you know it’s different. I think that is the same in CAS.” Kenneth King, former Director of CAS, in Encounters with the Centre of African Studies – Celebrating 40 Years of African Studies in Edinburgh | 2002 28 Centre of African Studies www.cas.ed.ac.uk Centre of African Studies The University of Edinburgh Chrystal Macmillan Building 15a George Square Edinburgh EH8 9LD Scotland, UK Tel: +44 (0)131 650 3878 Email:[email protected] Website: www.cas.ed.ac.uk This publication can be made available in alternative formats on request. 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