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advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1/10/e1500709/DC1
Supplementary Materials for
Blue reflectance in tarantulas is evolutionarily conserved despite
nanostructural diversity
Bor-Kai Hsiung, Dimitri D. Deheyn, Matthew D. Shawkey, Todd A. Blackledge
Published 27 November 2015, Sci. Adv. 1, e1500709 (2015)
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500709
The PDF file includes:
Fig. S1. Blue tarantula exemplars.
Fig. S2. Color survey and phylogenetic tree of 53 tarantula genera.
Fig. S3. Refractive index test.
Fig. S4. The blue color in tarantulas has a large viewing angle.
Table S1. The distribution of blue coloration in Lepidoptera and Aves.
References (54–62)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
Fig. S1. Blue tarantula exemplars. Blue is a common color in tarantulas. (A) Chromatopelma cyaneopubescens (adult ♂), no sexual dimorphism. (B) Lampropelma violaceopes (adult ♀), sexual dimorphic. (C) Avicularia laeta (spiderling), only spiderling appears to be blue. (D) Bonnetina rudloffi (adult ♀). (E) Avicularia geroldi. (F) Haplopelma lividum (adult ♀), sexual dimorphic. (G) Poecilotheria metallica (adult ♀), no significant sexual dimorphism. (H) Xenesthis sp. (juvenile ♀), sexual dimorphic. (I) Holothele sp. (adult ♀), sexual dimorphic. (J) Monocentropus balfouri (adult ♂), no sexual dimorphism. (K) Psednocnemis brachyramosa (adult ♀), sexual dimorphic. (L) Pseudhapalopus sp. (adult ♀), no sexual dimorphism. Courtesy of Tom Patterson©. (Ischnocolinae)
Catumiri
Oligoxystre
(to the left)
Ischnocolus
Holothele
Euathlus
Paraphysa
Grammostola
Cyriocosmus
Chromatopelma
Aphonopelma
Citharacanthus
Cyclosternum
(Theraphosinae)
Cyrtopholis
Phormictopus
Acanthoscurria
Brachypelma
Brachionopus
Pterinochilus
Harpactira
Ceratogyrus
(Eumenophorinae)
(Aviculariinae +
Stromatopelminae) (Ornithoctoninae)
Chaetopelma
(Harpactirinae)
Heterothele
(Thrigmopoeinae)
Ephebopus
Tapinauchenius
Avicularia
Pachistopelma
Iridopelma
Psalmopoeus
Pterinopelma
Lasiodora
Nhandu
Sericopelma
Poecilotheria
Haplocosmia
(Selenocosmiinae)
Eupalaestrus
Thrigmopoeus
Cyriopagopus
Lampropelma
Haplopelma
Xenesthis
Pamphobeteus
Pelinobius
Chilobrachys
Orphnaecus
Phlogiellus
Lyrognathus
Psednocnemis
Megaphobema
Selenocosmia
Schizopelma
Coremiocnemis
Metriopelma
(to the right)
Hapalopus
Fig. S2. Color survey and phylogenetic tree of 53 tarantula genera. Blue is produced via two different structural mechanisms in tarantulas, multilayer and quasi-­‐ordered structure. Comparing to blue, green is rare in tarantulas. bold: nanostructural basis has been investigated (
quasi-­‐ordered, : multilayer, : unstructured). box: tarantula genera that are investigated in this research. blue: tarantula genera with blue species. Colors each genus possesses are shown in the color palettes immediate to the right of the genus name. Upper row shows pigmentary colors; lower row shows colors with potential structural origins. : A
B
Fig. S3. Refractive index test. (A) Hairs and a cuticle fragment of C. cyaneopubescens are observed in air under reflected light microscope with omni-­‐directional white LED light as a light source. Hairs reflect blue color. (B) Exactly the same condition as in a, except that hairs and the cuticle are submerge in quinoline solution (n = 1.63), causing the blue color to completely disappear. scale bar: 250 μm. Fig. S4. The blue color in tarantulas has a large viewing angle. Segments of legs covered with blue hairs from P. metallica and L. violaceopes were observed under different viewing angles. A green iridescent tail feather from black-­‐billed magpie (P. pica) was subjected under the same observation conditions in comparison. The iridescent green from P. pica has very narrow viewing angles, the green can only be seen around ±30° from normal incidence. Contrast to that, not only can blue colors from tarantulas be seen ±75° from normal, but no conspicuous hue shift was observed within this range. Hence our observation argues that blue colors from tarantulas possessed little iridescent effect. Photos were taken with Canon PowerShot SX60 HS digital camera with Raynox DCR-­‐250 Super Macro Snap-­‐On Lens and Bestlight® 48 LED Macro Ring Light. Specimens were fixed on a rotatable stage, the tilting angle of the stage was measured by Wixey Digital Angle Gauge (WR300 Type 1) before photos were taken. All photos were taken under the same settings at once without post-­‐editing, except cropping. Table S1. The distribution of blue coloration in Lepidoptera and Aves. Lepidoptera
species
peak (nm)
nanostructure
reference
Morpho adonis
400
(54)
M. aega
500
(55)
M. didus
460
(54)
M. rhetenor
450
(54)
Christmas tree, multilayered wing scales
M. sulkowskyi
460
(54)
(n ~ 1.56)
Papilio ulysses
475
(55)
Parrhasius moctezuma
495
(55)
Troides urvillianus
475
(55)
Urania fulgens
473
(55)
Agapronis roseicollis
470
(56)
Ara macao
474
(57)
Melopsittacus undulates
440
(58)
Cyanocitta stelleri
413
(59)
Eudyptula minor
447
Aves
Spongy, quasi-ordered feather barbs
(60)
/nanofibers
Passerina caerulea
400
(61)
(n ~ 1.55)
Poephila guttata
440
(56)
Sialia sialis
401
(62)
S. mexicana
412
(62)
S. currucoides
442
(62)