SDREO jsn 9-27

San Diego Regional Energy Office
Solar Energy Week 2006
Jeffrey Nelson, Manager
Solar Technologies Department
Sandia National Laboratories
Albuquerque, NM
Ph: (505) 284-1715
Email: [email protected]
A Department of Energy
National Laboratory
Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia
Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States
Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Sandia’s Core Business Lines as a
National Security Laboratory
Nuclear Weapons
Safe, Secure,
Reliable Weapons
Military Technologies
Bomb
Disablement
Systems
Non-Proliferation & Assessments
Detection
Surveillance
Energy & Infrastructure
Assurance
Transportation
Energy
Deeply Buried
Targets
Information
Environment
SNL Solar Energy Program
•
•
Work with Solar industry to develop new components and systems
“Honest broker” among U.S. industry and stakeholder community
for integrating, characterizing, and improving Solar systems.
Photovoltaics
Solar Hot Water
Concentrating Solar Power
Solar Energy Facts
Carbon “free” energy source
More energy from sunlight strikes the Earth in one hour than all the
energy consumed on the planet in one year (13 TerraWatts).
Solar energy is the only long-term option capable of meeting the
energy (electricity and transportation fuel) needs of our planet.
- Solar
- Wind
- Hydro
- Ocean
- Geothermal
7,500 TW
14 TW
1 TW
0.6 TW
2 TW
Estimated
Extractable
Resource
Sources of Our Energy
U.S. Energy Production Capacity – 2002
Cost of Solar Energy
2005 DOE Projections
PV Markets Are Growing Rapidly
The Solar America Initiative (SAI)
2007 Presidential Initiative
Reducing Solar Costs to Grid Parity in All U.S. Markets By 2015
Key R&D Activities
Focus of SAI Technology Development Efforts
Residential System
Installed Cost
(Total: $8.47/Wp)
Other Costs
15%
Installation
20%
Levelized Cost
(Total: $0.32/kWh)
O&M
28%
Modules
34%
Modules
47%
BOS
7%
Inverter
11%
Other Costs
11%
Installation
14%
Inverter
8%
BOS
5%
Technology Development:
–
–
–
–
–
–
High Volume Manufacturing Equipment & Approaches (Scale-Up)
Fully Integrated “Turn-Key” Standard Systems
Building and Infrastructure Integration
Improved Performance and Reliability
Continuous Improvements in Components, Materials, Devices and
Processes
Discover of New Materials and Devices
Key Non-R&D Activities
Focus of SAI Technology Acceptance Efforts
Infrastructure
Development
Provide technical, regulatory,
institutional, financial and
educational solutions to
technology acceptance
barriers.
Market Expansion
Accelerate demand for new
solar technologies through
highly cost-shared “market
pull” purchase opportunities.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
Promote codes, regulations and standards that
accommodate solar electric systems.
Promote the education and certification of solar
installers and code officials.
Develop and promote national rating system for
solar systems.
Promote improved financing and insurance
options for solar electric systems.
Promote large-scale installations of advanced
solar power systems.
Create and promote “Solar America City”
designation.
Manufacturing Scale-Up:
Continuous Cost Reduction and Performance Improvements
Crystalline Silicon Modules
Module Price ($/W) ($2002)
100
1980
$21.83/W
Historical
Projected
1990
$6.07/W
10
2000
$3.89/W
2010
$1.82/W
2013
$1.44/W
1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Cumulative Production (MW)
Courtesy of SunPower Corp.
100,000
Performance Evaluation of Sunpower Module
SPR-90 Modules
Table 1: Performance for SunPower SPR-90 modules at ASTM
Standard Reporting Conditions (1000 W/m2, AMa=1.5, 25°C)
Ser. No.
Area
(m2)
PSEL#
Isc
(A)
Voc (V)
B46J00065206
.548
B46J00065204 (AR)
.548
Imp
(A)
Vmp (V)
2123
5.87
2124
95% CL=
FF
Pmp
21.47
5.43
17.62
.759
95.6
17.4
5.99
21.46
5.56
17.59
.760
97.7
17.8
±2.3%
±1.0%
±2.4%
±1.1%
±1.0%
±2.7%
±2.8%
(
W
)
Eff (%)
Performance Evaluation and Analysis of
Sanyo Bifacial Modules
10-15% More Energy Than Without Bifacial Design
Table: Performance for front and back of Sanyo H168 bifacial HIT-Si module
at ASTM Standard Reporting Conditions (1000 W/m2, AMa=1.5, 25°C)
BACK SIDE ILLUMINATION BLOCKED
Ser. No.
Area
(m2)
PSEL#
Isc
(A)
Voc
(V)
Imp
(A)
Vmp
(V)
FF
Pmp (W)
Eff (%)
Bifacial Module #2
1.19
2115
3.63
66.7
3.38
54.0
.754
182.5
15.3
Bifacial Mod#2-Back
1.19
2115
3.05
66.3
2.83
54.2
.761
153.6
12.9
95% CL=
±2.3%
±1.0%
±2.4%
±1.1%
±1.0%
±2.7%
±2.8%
Inverter Reliability is the Key Metric For
BOS Cost and O&M Reduction
Sandia Distributed Energy Technology Laboratory
Inverter Efficiency at Different dc Input Voltages
94
Efficiency (%)
92
90
88
255 Vdc
320 Vdc
405 Vdc
485 Vdc
86
84
82
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
dc Power (W)
* 2-3 Year MTBF was typical in ~2002
3000
DOE/Industry/Sandia High-reliability
Inverter Initiative (HRII)
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
The Need in 2002
MTBF~2Years
MTBF~2Years
DOE/SNL
Inverter
Workshops
Determined
Industry
Consensus
Priorities
The HRII
2002-2006
Meets
First Step to
10-Yr Integrated
MTBF Systems
2006
•Preproduction Prototypes
(Xantrex, GE)
New Thin-Film Materials are Entering the Market
Wafers
Decreased Efficiency
Decreased Raw Materials Usage
Thin-Films
CSP Planned Worldwide Deployments
United States
– 1 - MW trough power plant in Arizona (operating)
– 64 - MW trough plant in Nevada (under construction)
– 800 of Dish Stirling in CA (contracted)
PARABOLIC TROUGH
UNITED STATES
864 MW
MEXICO
240 MW
SPAIN
500MW
MOROCO
200 MW
ISRAEL
100 MW
IRAN
400 MW
JORDAN
EGYPT 130 MW
140 MW
INDIA
40 MW
POWER TOWER
DISH STIRLING
SOUTH AFRICA
100 MW
2.76 GW of CSP Worldwide
CSP Activities Under SAI
R&D Priorities
Troughs
• Provide technical support for CSP projects in Nevada and Arizona, including
optical testing to optimize receiver and concentrator designs.
• Begin development of next-generation system capable of operating at 450C.
• Develop improved receiver testing capabilities, advanced selective coatings,
receiver maintenance systems, and optical characterization tools.
Dish / Engines
• Work with industry on the six-dish mini-plant at the industry/laboratory test
facility in New Mexico to test dishes in a power plant configuration.
• Focus on engineering solutions to Stirling engine reliability issues.
• Work with industry to improve dish manufacturability and any necessary
component upgrades or redesigns.
• Assist industry in the design of the 1.0 MW demonstration project in
California
Storage
• Identify a heat transfer fluid suitable for both the solar field and storage system at temperatures up to
450C, has a high thermal capacity, low vapor pressure, and remains liquid at ambient temperatures.
• Conduct lab and field tests of a single tank thermocline energy storage system that may offer a nearterm, low-cost storage option for industrial trough projects.
On the Horizon:
Solar Fuels, H2, and CO2 Reduction
CO2 Feedstock
(Power Plant/Atmosphere)
H2O Feedstock
Sustainable
Energy
Infrastructure
Learn More About Solar Energy
Acknowledgments
SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM