Preserve of Shan Tribes

Transcription

E-book is created by www.ShanYoMa.org
wgrf:q[ cldof:wh:
Dr.qhm:Omif,thm;
rhmwrf:yyf.
qhm:Omif,thm; wSrf;]]wgrf:q[cldof:wh:}}
yguf;urf:ekdif;
vldefar< 2011
2,000(OgifpAif)yyf.
uK<cef
ykdefsz
qhm:Omif,thm;? rguf,ul,Ogh;vSif? Nif:vhm:owf.wh:uof;vuf:
thm;v qgh;xwf:? thm;az, cyf.vduf;Omif,pmif<
wmrfwlofzl;wSrf;vduf; trf,tofuK<rl,vduf;aO
vlif:xkef:tdwf,tguf,
wD; rguf,ul,Ogh;vSif yldof;wK,bkdwf:toferf.wgef:uK<yyf.
vl,wmef:xkdif Nif:vhm:owf.wh:uof;vuf:(bef,ukif,)
vrf:e[:
(1)rldif: sv. ykdef:uof,
1
(2)rldif:wh:wK;ugif(wK<ugif<)
4
(3)rldif:rmof:vlif
15
(4)rldif:vmef.qof;
23
(5)apKcrf:wh:Okdyf,cyf.rK:
26
(6)vDN.qgrf: ydkef:tdef,wD:bK:
36
(7)ckefpdef,wl,irf:qgwf,tK,OBK.
44
(8)DVARAVATI, LANNA
50
(9)rldif:rgef:
54
(10)rdlif:IcSif,
65
(11)e[:vdefrguf,serK:
93
rdlif: sv. ykdef:uof,
eldofvkrf;'K.vlifeh.rldof;vAof rldif:rD:pdrf: 200/ qldof.cldof:ulef: uGmrf:vmwf;trf,rldefuefrD:
pAifvldof/ ayK:rD:ulef:rK:bof.auK; awrD;qldof.cldof:z[ref:rK:bof;/ ulef:auK;puf.ulef:? qldof;cldof;auK;
puf.MrfuSwf,scqldoflcdlof:bof;/ rmifqldof:auK; auK,omef;auK,rldif:? rmifqldof:auK; rD:ulef:Nof? zkifrl,qof;
uof,aO trf,yAefauK,rldif:/ ulef:cldof:ekdif; rD:rldif:auK;vD? trf,rD:rldif:auK;bof;? ykdef:qldof.cldof:z[
ref: rD:rK:bl,/ ykdef:eh. rldof;yAefeef. yAefbmif,ekdif;? rldof;vmwf;eef. Orf.yldif;uGK,? wmif,ukif,
erfuGK, qldif.ehauK; qmif<rD:/ qldof:tefwSrf;seoh. eif,cofpefeef.auK; rD:wif:erf/ rldof;ymef
uof,eef. auK.yAefckefauK; puf.cdlof:ckefcofaO wmif,qldof:yAefcK;cofwif:OAif;bof;/ qldof:puf.qldof.
qmwf;qof;cldof:auK; puf.cldof:cofaO pKsy.udefqmof:cldof:yldef;ulnf:bof;/ eefsv; zdwf:arK:?
zef:wSif:? pAwf:Okduf:awK,uef erfeK,/
e[:tef zef:wSif:uef erfxmef,eh. qldof.cdlof:wh: Okdyf,Ohmq[rK: rD:rK: 4000 yD
vldofvldofbof;/ rD:ymefuof,rK: qif,rD:ymefr[, rldof;vAof/ rD:rldif:uof,rK: qif,rD:rldif:r[, rldof;vAof/ rD:
ykdef:uof,rK: qif;rD:ykdef:r[,rldof;vAof/ rD:ulef:uof,rK: qif,rD:ulef:r[, rldof;vAof/ P;ayK:vh;rD: qldof.cldof:
wh:rK: awK,rldof;vAof ckefwh: qldof.cdlof:wh:ymefuof,auK; vh;pAwf:rK:sw.bof./ vh;cmrf,whmaO?
qkef.wlofqkef.q[aO tofyldef;whmsy.rK:sv;rldof;vAof wh:rD:qldof.cldof:wh:oh.bl,bof;/ vDcgyf;q[xkdif
tofukif,tofrkef ulef:vlifwh: qldof.cldof:wh:bl,bof;/ qldof.cldof:wh: rD:ykdef:rK:? rD:apKcrf:rK:? rD:apK
OSif(pkyf;sy.vh;apKcrf:wif:erfaO yAefrK: atuImqf;eh. wh: Mif.oK; apKOSifbof;)rK:/ cl<eK:?
cl<rldif:rK: pkdifemef:eK,bof;/
qldof.cldof:wh:auK; b[,pSif:rK:? rldif:wh:auK;b[,uGmif;rK:bl,sw.bof;/ ayK:awrK:wlnf: e[:
ykdef:sc, vgif;zkuf,ph<Ogrf;eK:eh. qldof.cldof:wh: arKrK:qof.eK,sw.bof;/ ugyf;yldof; arKzkuf,eK:
qof.sv; cof;erf. ukrf,udefaO cl<eK:r[, cl<rldif:r[,vh;rK: wduf:wduf:pkdof. eh eh.yAefvgif;olef.
vgif;ekdif;bl,/ omef,uK;aO Orf.chm.wlef;uK; rK:Ogrf;wD;eK:erf.eh. cof;ref:vh;erfvldof pAwf:ph<
bl,sw.bof;/ vhm:zkuf,cof;(eK:erf.)eh. yldef;bif:vhpAwf:tof wD;wh:rK:/ wh:q[.wkdof:uGhm: xheK:?
bAyf,cof;rK:/ wh:arKwD.tofqmif.aO q[.wkdof:e[:Okduf:rK:aOtrf,uK: arKq[.qmif.xheK:ugef,bof;/
ykdef:wh:ayK:pKe[:ykdef:sc,eh trf,eK;vAuf.wKwrf,Oif/ rD:ukduf:cofrK:/ bl,qgrf:uefrK: pkdifemef:
eK,bof./ qof.vldofymefTzK:ulof,wrK:ugef,bof;/ awK,pmef.sc,cofayK:Mif.rldif:wh: rldof;ymefwK;ugif
eef. (AD97, 120, 131 awK, AD 850)yAEf cBLdef;OSif,ulof;(rldif:cD,qmif.)oK;eh/ ohm:eh.
Orf.rK:wif; rldif:vmef.qof;(Nan Chao)? qof;wh:Nuf:rldif:vlifwkrfuSef,uef yAefrK: vmef.qof;
bof;/ qof;wh:Nuf:qof; rldif:wh:Nuf:rldif:eef.qrf: tguf,OAifsc,oh.oK; (1)rlifOldof;qof<(Mong Shu
Sao)? (2)rlifOD<qmof<(Mong She Sao)? (3)wldef<wmef,qmof<(DEarn Tan Sao)? (4)Oldef<
vmif;qmof<(Shern Lang Sao)? (5)vmif;cBLifqmof<(Lang Chung Sao)? (6)ab;OD;qmof;(Yae
Shi Sao)qldof:eh.bof./ tefwh:pof:oK; ]]qof;}}eef. sc,cof tguf,OAif]]qmof<}}uGK,? Orf.wSrf;
1
qgrf: Chao ehuGK,/ wD;e[:rldif:uvK: OAifwh:oK;qof;eef. uvK:auK;trf,wSrf;qgrf:vh;sv; tof
OAifcoftguf,aO wSrf;oh. Chowehbof;/
vgif;bl,wef:Oof:aOtrf,oK;? rK,eule:aOtrf,oK; vSuf;vhm;qgrf: qef.ref:? ikdef:
ref:? tmrf:emwf;ref:? ydif,nK,ref:eef.bl,bof;/ auK.rD:tmrf:emwf;rK:eef. ref:pefcldof:ref:
ulnf:bof;/ ulef:wmif,cldof: trf,rD:vh;eK;wK wK,cldof:ref:/ rldof;vAof pof:zSofbl,(21)qlof;ymuf,oh.
bof;/ q[c[;N.tefrmef,tefrSef;eef.auK; uldwf,qyf:rK: pif:z[pif:ref:/ tefwh:pof: uK;eluf.
bkif:bl,eef. yldef:trf,xmrfpof:aO oK;pof:uK;eluf.udif,uIK,eh/ rldefeif,eef ykdef:wh:wK;ugif
trf,vltrf,wlnf:aO wSrf;ykdef:rmef<uGK,? qldof.cldof:rmef< sw,wD;wK;ugifoK;eh/ eK,pmif;wK;ugifyAef
ymif,yof,oh.vhmvhm/ trf,rD:OifvK:vK:/ ckefuvK: Okrf:Okduf:aO zSofrK:? qkdof;wK;ugifOrf.vkuf.wD;v[
rK:/ pdrf:wK;ugifeh. rD:yl:urf,uof,uof,/ yl:urf,Orf. yAefuGmrf:Oif/ erf.uAofyAefqkdof;wh:/ rmef<cof
Orf.Mif.at,IK,owD,? eh.yAefacK;uGmrf:yIK,rD<? acK;uGmrf:pdef,wlurf:vAofbof;/ 2010 uGK,clwf.wK;ugif
vh;pef clof:arK; clof:vdef uvK: urf;zgif;? Orf.azK,oK; eh.yAef clof:ydof,(tefsc,cofMif.zSof;)
eef.oK;eh/ ayK:eef uvK:sv. ydof, yAeftefvAofulnf:bof;/ wD;rldif:rmof: pdrf:uRuf.sO,eef.
auK; oK;clwf.pefclof:uvK:urf;zgif;sv; wD;eh.auK; yAefrldif:ydof,bof; oK;ehvlifuGK,/ rldif:vlifydof,eh.
b[,sw.sw. ehauK; oK;vlifuGK,/ ydof,eh. yAefrmef<rldof;vAofbof; ehauK; oK;vlifuGK,/ cmof:cofwkduf.
qkdof;ydof,bl,eef. oK;cofyAefrmef<bof.eh trf,vh;/ emif:crf: sv. qhm:Omrf yAefNdef:vlnf;
uefbof.aO rD:vkuf;qhm: Omif,xkef: rK:/ rldof;qof. rldof;emif:crf:yAefOmofbl,eef. uGK,oK; ref:
yAefsr;Omif,xkef:cofeh trf,vh;? trf,rSef;/ tl:yK,Iul,auK; vmwf;bl,]]ayK:Olawqkuf:eldofq[puf.
cldof:(OK,zhm,pof:vhmvhm)eef.aO wSrf;ykdef:qkdif eef.awtrf,yAefykdef:}}oK;eh/
e[:rldif:pof: rldof;vAof zl;wSrf;ykdef: sp;yK;sp;zhm, rD:rK:wif:erf/ qldof:rD:rldif:auK; wSrf;
vgif;rldif: wldof:vldofuGK,/ qldof:trf,rD:rldif:auK; wSrf;vgif;qldof.cldif: wldof:vldofuGK,/ ugyf;yldof;zSofbl,(21)
Nofymuf,yDoh.bof. sv; yAefwh:aOwK. awcwf:q[wSrf;vgif;ydkef: tefqkuf:Okdof;eef.uGK,bl,bof;/
awwSrf;tefrD: wD;bdyf:wD;urf? wD;sevh; wD;urf.wD;uSrf eef.bl,bof;/ qArfrldof; rD:sc,auK;rD:
wh:? qArfrldof; rD:wh:auK; rD:sc,eef. vgif;qldof.cldof:wh: rD:bl,e[:yyf.sc,? e[:apKsc,wif:erf/ ohm:
vifrK: wh:vh;bl,qyf: rgef:? crK,(crAef)rK:/ ayK:eef e[:yke
d f:rgef:auK; awvh;pKwSuf;eldif:
qgrf:bl,bof;/ qldof.cldof:uvK: cof;rK:ql:rdlif:wh: rldif:wK;ugifsv; ydkef:UvK:auK; awvh;pKwSuf;eldif:
qgrf:bl,bof;/ tefwSuf;eldif:ref: erfuK;pkdof vDceef.bof./
qldof.cdlof:wh:? sc, qof.vldofymefTzK:ulof,wrK:/ ykdef:rmef< rD:ohm:vifqof;ulof,wrK:/ urf;
zgif; c[;P;ykdef:rmef< qof.uGK,sv; rK:oK; ydof,eh. yAefrmef<bof.eh trf,xkuf,/ qkdof;ydof,cof
yAefacKacKsv; cofyAefulef:acKacK? uGK,oK; ydof,yAefrmef< trf,vh;/ ydof,cof q[.acK;uGmrf: ySrf,rpD,
(Brahmi)sv; cofyAefpdef,wl,bof;/ ydof,cof vkuf.rldif:uvK:rK: (Dr.¨mef:xkef:auK; oK;ehbl,)/
qArfrldof;yh,zSofzif,uAofrK: cofayK:yAefpdef,wl,oh.bl,bof;/ sr;erf.at,IK,owD,(erf.uAof)eh. yAef
qkdof;pdef,wl,aO sv; yAefpdef,wl,azK,qyf:oh.bof;/ e[:yyf. Akhand Bharat eef. wSrf;se
2
oh. wD;pdwf,wl,cof zSofrK:bl, wD;sr;erf.uAofeef. wD;eh.Mif.oK;Brahman Desh (yIK,rmef,aw,
OK.)oK;eh/ ohm:rK: yAefrK:Burma(zK.rK.)oK;eh/ wD;rldif:uvK: e[:ykdef:cofwSrf;oh.bl, qldif.eh?
ulef:uvK:auK; ygif,N.oh.qldif.eh/ pof:Orf. awpkdofwSrf; tefyldif;uefeef./ rldif:uvK: Nif:pAef:
qef.Okif yyf.pAef: Geography auK; wSrf;seoh.rldefuef/
rldof;vAof vgif;rldif: sv. ykdef: awwrf:yhm: wSuf;eldif:qgrf:yldef;aO awwmifseuef
uGK,qldif.ehcK;bof;/
(1)ykdef:qAif:wkif rldof;uof, yAefrldif:]]o}}tefoK;eef. ayK:yAefrldif: awvh;rD:acK;rldif:? acK;ckef?
wK;ckef qldof:eh.ugef,/ ayK:trf,rD: acK;ref: awpkdofoK;yAefrldif:/
(2)cdif:yK:uldof.(e[:ykdef:wh:ul;cldof:cldof:)oK; ]]ckefapKcrf: rldif:vmef.qof; yAefqldof.cldof:OhmOkdyf, rK,u
x}}oK;oh.qldif.eh/ ckefapKcrf:vmef.qof;eh. eK;wKyAefeK;wKuvK:oh.pkdof.`/
(3)auK.ekdif;Orf.wSrf; ckefapKcrf:vmef.qof; yAefqldof.cldof:OhmOkdyf, rK:wD;rldif:vmif:uK(OD,Nof,)eh/
(4)e[:ydkef:sc,oK; ckefzcof yAefqldof.cldof:OhmOkdyf, ckefOK,uD,omif,(cldof:TzK:)oK;eh/
(5)sc, sv. uBK,ymef, ckefapKcrf:cofeh. yAefqldof.cldof:OhmOkdyf, rK:wD; ckefoef:rldif:zDeh/
(6)uBK,ymef, yhm:uldif:eduhm zhm,ygwf:qmef: ckefapKcrf:cof yAefqldof.cldof:OhmOkdyf, rK:wD;cldof:TzK:? cdlof:
rK,uxeh/
(7)NofOkduf:sc, ]]wmef.qkif<zif}}uGK,qgh;ydof,wkduf:vmif:uK tefrK:bK.wofydof,? ugyf;ydof,cofbgef:rK:/
cmof:eef. ydof,auK; yAefydof,oh.bl, sv; coftrf,rD:qdkof;Ogifqldof.Ogif'ef:/ ohm:vif ydof,avK:yAef
zruGK,aOwK. qlof;cofyh,avK:phmuGK,eef. uGK,Mif.cofyAef zr xK;oh.eh zdwf:oh.bl,bof;/ yAef
ulef:'ef:z['ef:ref:oh.ugef,? ydof,acKacK? zracKacK/
vgif;ykdef:uof, wldof:wSuf;eldif: wldof:olef.vdkuf.zgif;cK;/
À À À À À À
3
rldif:wh: wK;ugif(wK<ugif<)
ayK:awwSrf;vgif;ydkef:? awvmwf;vgif;ykdef:eh awvh;pKwlnf: yDrldif:rldof;cmof:eef.?
pmif;eK;vdefrldof;eef.? ulef:bl,wD;eef. rldof;cmof:eef.aOugef,/ ayK:awqkuf:eldofq[puf.cldof:vhm
vhmaO wSrf;ykdef:eh awyldif;vgif;yldif;wmif: b[,erfbl,bof;/ ymefrldof;vAofeh. awvh;pKwlnf:vgif;
wmif:? vgif;yAefref:eef.aO qkuf:eldofvgif;wmif:eef. qif,wSrf;ykdef:? vmwf;vgif;ykdef:qkdif
awwldof:qyf:vgif;qyf:wmif:vDwldof:bl,bof;/
ayK:ulnf:tmef,pefyyf.ekdif;aO awqkuf:qyf:yyf.eef.uGK,urf:vAofauK; olef.aOugef,/
ayK:rD:yyf.wmif,zkdef vh;wSuf;eldif:aO qif,cyf.vgif;wmif:ref:eh awvDwldof:uGK,bl,atK;/ yyf.
tefpefrSef;eef.auK; auK.wSrf;eef. wmif:N.erfuGmif;uK;pkdof/ rldof;ylef.rK: 2500 yDvldofvldof?
vgif;ulef:uK.(yvD.u? Ozkuf.O)eef. qkdof;auK;yAefqkdof;uvK:? OAifauK;Orf. yAefOAifuvK:? Orf.
vkuf.wD;v[? yhwmif:pkdof:` cD,Ndof:pkdof:` zSofuGK,wD;TzK:yAefqof;/ qof;Ohm<vlif(thm:Owhmif:)oK; wK,
vh;wmif:N. P;arKxrfauK.ukdwf:vgif;xmrfeef. ukdwf:ySwf;wmif:N.r[,ref:bof; oK;eh/ rldof;ylef.rK:
2500 yD<vldofvlofeef. sr;erf.uAof? bmof:zSofwD;v[bof. pmif;eK;vdefvkrf;'K. AD 1700 yhm
qif,rD:rK:/ i[;erf.uAof? xlrfO[,rK:wduf:wduf:sv; eK;vdefr[,auK; wldof:rK:wduf:wduf:/ wD;zif,erf.
uAofeh. ulef:Oifbl,oh./ erf.uAofeh.yAefqkdof;wh:azK,qyf:oh.aO wh:wkdof:oh. Mif.oh. awK,rldof;vAof/
erf.uAof rD:qkdof;uvK:pdef,wl,(tD,IK,owD,)eh.ulnf: awK,oef:rldof;vAof/ zif,erf.uAofeh. ulef:Oif
bl,oh./ ulef:rgef:cofOrf. zSofyK,uldof(sy:ulof:)rK:rldof;v[/ eh.sevgif; pof:awvh;wlnf: yD? eK;
vdef? ulef:aOsv; qif,vmwf;ehawvDwldof:uGK,bl,eef.bof;/
ulef:rldif:pof: tgefueftdifeldof (rmef,emef:bK,qodef,) eef. pSif:vldofoh.sw.sw./
auK.ulnf:arKvduf;zreef. trf,rD:yyf.OifxSif;/ auK.arKqgrf:vduf;wh:eef. awwSuf;eldif:vh;wldof:
uGK,/ auK.arKqgrf:vduf;sc,xSif;eef. awwldof:pefpmif;zmifref:zgrf.wldof:uGK,/ auK.arKqgrf:vduf;tAif:
uvAwf;eef. cSef:vDwldof:/ auK.arKqgrf:vduf;uvK:xSif;eef. vDwldof:xSif;bof;/ auK.arKqgrf:vduf;
rgef:qgrf:xSif;eef. cSef;vDwldof:xSif;bof;/ apKcrf:zr(yK.uBD:awK,zbK:)bl,e[:apKref:aO q[.
ykif,eK:(yIK,rmef,=ySrf,rK,=uvK:pdef,wl,? ykif,eK:reD.yl:If)? qof;Ipmef:? rl:rmwf;ulef:arKcof?
wSrf;rldof;AD1824? P;wSrf;vgif; ckefuvK:(tyD.bK,qK,)zSofwK;ugifrK: oK;oh.]]qof.vldofymefTzK:
ckef 33 yK:}}ehsv; rldof;BC.900_800eef. TzK:bif:yhayK,rD:? Orf.ayK:oK;(tyD.bK,qK,)yAef
cldof:(Ouf.uBK.)? cldof:TzK:oh.bl,bof./ uhm,cyf.uGK,Nefvif? P;yK.uBD:awK,zbK: yAefcldof:tyD.bK,qK,?
ref:Orf.oK; P;yAefcldof:TzK:aO ayK:eef yK.uBD:awK,zbK: yAefcdlof:TzK:uGK,bof.tldof;eh uhm,seoh.
qldif.eh/ tyD.bK,qK,Okrf:Okduf:aO tguf,rldif:uvK:rK:? yAefcldof:OifauK; trf,ayK:N.vD? pkdifylef.uGK,
(1829+800)2696 yDbof.vl:/ TzK:bif:yh,ayK,? cldof:TzK:cldof:Ouf.uBK. Orf.pkdofNrfqlrf:qgrf:? N.
quf:qgrf:vh;/ uhm,zdwf:oh.ulnf:bof;/ TzK:yAefqof;auK; apK:oh.bl,(e[:Okuf.wmef,uK,vreef.)ayK:
c[:N. P;xmrf? bK,P;bkrf,ihm;JJoK;eh/
4
sr;tguf, qof;OD,xmwf;(Siddartha)yAef rpK,rK,bK,/ qof;ayK;yAef qof;Ol.wlof:we
(Suddhodana)apKcrf:rldif:ulof:vD.bK.(Koliya)yAefegif.clnf qof;Ol.wlof:we/ iof;oAif:vlifrldif:
ulof:vD.bK.? yAefIK,rurf,(Ramagama)/ sr;tguf,emif:vlifrpK,rK,bK, OAif;umrf,uGK, rldof;qof;OD,
xmwf;vh;ySwf,oef:/ ohm:rK: sr;eK.qof;emif:ulof:wrf,rD(Gotami)Okdyf,pyf.yAefsr;qof;rK:/ acK;
uGmrf:uvK:pdef,wl, urf,(gama)eh. ygif,oK;omef;_oAif:/ yl:urf,eh. yAefuGmrf:pdef,wl,(Purugama)?
oAif:ykif,eK:yl:Il: ygif,oK;eh/ zr(rmef<)Orf.wSrf; ]]yk}}ehbl,? Orf.uGK,tguf,OAif]]y}}vhmvhmsv; uh
OAifpdef,wl,uGK,aOwK. yAefuGmrf:pdef,wl,ulnf:/ OAifwh:pof:oK; yl:urf, eef. rSef;oh.bof;/ OAifwh:
pof: erf.sr;umif:uK,(Ganga)eef. rSef;oh.bof.? erf.sr;uAif:uK, trf,q[;/
vkuf.wD;rldif:tK,o? ckdef;uGK,wmif:Mif,127vuf:? pdrf:zif,erf.uAof(qkdof;pdef,wl,Mif.oK; tD,
IK,owD,)eef. rD:rldif:wh:wK;ugif(wK<ugif<)/ qgrf:eif,ykdef:e[:apKogif.sc, auK.wD,ykdef:uBD, eguf;
vSefvdefrldif:sc,eh. rD:rldif:Omef<ulof;(rldif:wh:)/ rldof;AD-97, 120, 131 qof;apKcrf:wK;ugifMif.
qkdof; blif<bAof;wSof,(OAifsc,)eef. Olif,zkifrl,zgif:cAof uGK,seeK;sewK? uGK,sewmif:uwf. wD;
apKogif.sc, qkdof; vdof.ul<wD;oAif:iof;rldif: oAif:vlof;bmif;/ ogif.sc,yef wK;ckef]]cmef,wK,wl<olnf,}}
P;qof;blif<bAof;wSof,/
rldof;AD233(yDwh: 327)? bmif:(rldif:bmif:)cof;bK.? uof:? qkwf,? qlefrldif:wK;ugif/ cmof:
eef. ckefapKcrf:wh: yAefqof;Omef,rl,wK,(OAifsc,)/ ref:qof;oh.ckeftgefwh: P;zgif:irf:wD;
wK;ugifaO wlofref:qof; chm.sw,apKr[,wD; yl:urf,(trf,ayK:uhwK;ugif/ ohm:vif zrrmef<cof Mif.
qgrf:oK; tnK,yl:urf,/ umyf;ckefwh: wK;ugif? rK:Okdyf,wD;yl:urf,eh.bof;/
wD;oAif:yl:urf,(pdrf:wK;ugif)? rldof;AD565? qof;apKcrf:wh: qkdof;Omef,av,qlof:ref:?
ref:qof;cGmuf;szar,uGmif;rldif:wh:? ygif'dif;sw,ySif<? cl<ph<cGmuf;eK:/ blif:aOK,bkrf,brfurfqgrf:
ykwf.xzK,OK,/ wif;apKzDqof;rldif:/ bK,P;vuf.vgrfpdrfpkyf;uef/ P;cgwf,zef;yef;uSef, yAef
zmif;vAof? P;ap.cwf:ulef:cAef/ (awK,cmof:eh.e[:ykdef:wh: ykdef:sc, vgif;ckefuvK:trf,yh,rD:/
vgif;rldif:wh:wK;ugifeh. e[:ykdef:zrrmef< trf,wSrf;O[,oh.Oif/)
e[:ykdef:pdef,wl, bif:rD:cldof:TzK: cID.OeK:? cldof:ckefyl:Il:orf:OD: chm.tguf,rldif:rK:/ yl:Il:
cof Okrf:Okduf:uGK,? tguf,yhm;/ qof.vldofAD233? pdrf:wK;ugif? ayK:rD:omef;ykif,eK:yl:Il:(Purugama
=yl:urf,)oh.bl,bof;/ eh.seoK; ykif,eK:pdef,wl,? uvK:ayK:zSofpdrf:wK;ugifaO sw,omef;oh.pif:cof
bof;/ ykif,eK:? arKuK,vK:? arKbK sv; omef;yl:urf, ulef:cof;tguf,erfaO ukdef:oh.pif:ref:/
rldof;AD233? qof;wK;ugif chm.apKr[,? sw,wD;omef;yl:urf,? eefsv; yl:urf,auK; yAefoAif:qof;wK;
ugifrK:? ckefwh:wK;ugif? rK:Okdyf,wD; omef;yl:urf,eh.bof;/ eh.seoK; ykif,eK:yl:Il: rK:sw,omef;pdrf:
wK;ugif? omef;cofMif.oK; yl:urf,(Purugama)eh. qof.vldofwldof:yl:urf,(w[;)1800 yDvldofugef,bof;/
cmof:eef. ykif,eK:pdef,wl,cof vkuf.wD;rldif:uvK:rK:? vkuf.wD; yeD.yl,IfrK:? cofyAefqof;ydif,nK,vlif
bof;/ cofvh;qgh;e[:apKwif:erfbof;/ ohm:vif yl:Il:ykif,eK:qldof:eh. rl,b[,rK:sv; wif;rldif:wif;apK
5
tkyf.rldif:pif:ulnf:aO yAefrK:(ydof,)bl,bof;/ rldof;qof.wSr;]]jAL}}aOwK. rmef<trf,q[.OAif]]R=I}}
sv; wSrf;]]AsL}}rK:bof;/ eh.aeoK; pdef,wl,uvK: zSofsu;wh:rK: rK:wif;omef;yl:urf,(AD233)/
ohm:vifrK:(AD565)ykwf.xzK,OK, qif,qgrf:vifpdef,wl,? cof;zSofwh:rK:eef.bof;/
rldof;AD850apKcrf:Okrf:Okduf: rldif:uvK:Mif.qkdof;oK; tzD.IK,qK, qkdif:cof;wK;ugifrK:/ rK:
bl,pdrf:erf.uAof? wif;oAif:r[, Mif.qkdif;oK; oAif:pkif<OK,(pmif:OK,)/ ohm:rK: ch.xkdif wK<ay:(wK;sy:)/
ohm:vif ckeftgef,wh: eif;bl,wD;wK;ugifeef. bmif,tguf,uGK,Oof:wD;oAif:qgef</ ckeftzD.IK,qK,
ckdef:pAwf:ckefvlif wK;ugif/ ckefuvK:yK:rK: arKbK? arKuK,vK:? arKwSrf;? arKMif.? arKwdefarKrkdof:
wif:erfsv; rD:eK;rD;wK/ ulef:wh:cofql:cofwif:erfsv; ckefwK;ugif qif,bmif,bhm.uGK, oAif:
qgef</ e[:zkdefwh:? zkdefsc, rD:yDrhmwgif:vDimrf:aOsv; wSrf;wrf:seoh.qldif.eh/ ckefuvK:ylof,
r[,rK: wD;wK;ugif rldof; AD850oK;eh/ acK:uGmrf:(ylof,r[,)eh. seoK; uK;ugef,trf,wgef.rD:rK:eef.
bof;/ ykif,eK:? uvK:pdef,wl, zSofrK:wD;pdrf:wK;ugif rK;sw,omef;yl:Il:urf,(Purugama)qArfrldof;
AD233 aOwK. ckefuvK:ylof,r[, rK:eif;apKsw. AD850qif,rD:rK:/ qkdof;sr;erf.uAofeh.sw.
qgrf:eif,ykdef:uvK: Akhand Bahrat seoh. rD:rK:ykif,eK: sv. ulef:uvK: ayK:zSofqkdif:cof;
zif,erf.uAofrK: erfrK:bof.sv; cofazK,qkdof;sr;erf.uSofeh.pif:cof? cofMif. acK;uGmrf:pdef,wl,cof
]]tD,IK,owD,}}? wD;ygif,ref: erf.sr;qmif.zlduf, oK;eh? ukduf:oh.awK,rldof;vAof/ cmof:eef. uvK:rK:bl,
qgrf:wh:oh.bl,sv; qkdof;sr;erf. yAefoh. qkdof;wh: sv. qkdof;uvK:/ ygwf:eldofsr;erf.uAof rD:wh:
erf? ygwf:w[;erf.uAof rD:pdef,wl,uvK:erf/ ohm:rK: xkdifrK: AD573? ulef:cldof:rgef:cof qif,vkuf.
wD;wGK,IK.owD,(Dvaravati)chm.rK:wD; yK,uldof(sy:ul:)/
rldof;ymef quSif:rdef:(yuBD:awK,)AD1829? ref:qof;pyf.ymif: Ipmef:? ykif,eK:? rl:
rmwf;? ulef:arK(13)auK.aOsv; P;sr:ukrf:ykdef:zr teftl:uvK:wSrf;oh.eef.eh/
vkrf;'K.urf,zK,vlifeh. pAwf:pkdofyAefrK:? vgif;ySrf,rK,(Brahman)? vgif;ckefOmif(ySrf,rK,)
udefi[<vdefaO yAefulef:rK:? rD:avK:zrK:? vgif;ulef:qyl,wD,y(rldif:uvK:)? vgif;TzK:? vgif;ckef
uBmif.urf? vgif;zgif:cAof? vgif;cK;? vgif;qgif;zlduf,? vgif;rldif:vD? vgif;yAefOkduf:? vgif;Okrf:Okduf:? vgif;
ckefydrf,yD.OK,IK.? vgif;tuBK,Owmwf;/ vgif;qldof:eh. rD:bl,e[: yyf.so,wK.uBmrf:pdef,wl, OD,uBmrf:
eef.bl,/ yAefykif,eK: tgefNofxlof:eK;aO wSrf;seoh./ P;ayK:pmif;vD? P;ayK:ckefqlrf:eef.
ulnf:bof;/ Orf.Okdyf,wSrf;uGK, vgif;rldif:wK;ugif/
ckefuvK:vkuf.wD; rwf.qD.raw,OK. qldof.cldof:OK,iD, qkdof;tzD.IK,qK,rK:sw,rldif:vlifwK;
ugif/ qldof.cldof:zrrmef< sw,wif;rK: wD;wK;ugifbof.oK;eh/
rldif:vlifwK;ugifeh. rldof;ymefTzK: uul,Omef,eef. Mif.qkdof;Orf,OIyl,I oK;eh/ rldof;ymef
TzK:auK:eukif, eef.Orf. qkdof;rldif:wK;ugifeh. vSuf;vhm;yAefuGK, Ixyl,IoK;eh/ rldof;ymefTzK:uwf.
Oyeef. Mif.qkdof; rldif:Omif:wgh: oK;eh/ rldof;ymefTzK:auK:wr(ulof,wrK:)eh. Mif.qkdof;rldif:wK;ugif
6
oK;eh/ ygwf:wgef<eh.sw. awyAef qof;Ipmef:cof c[;bgif;abK: ckefapKcrf:yuBD:awK,sv; wSrf;
vlifuGK,qldif.eefbof;/ cofqof;wSrf;oh.eef. ckefuvK: zSofrK:wK;ugif qArfrldof;TzK:ulof,wrK:yh,ylof,
yh,rD:/ ohm:vif tzD.IK,qK, zSofwK;ugifrK: 200 yDaOugef, qif,rD:TzK:ulof,wrK:-rK:/ ayK:aw
olef.qgrf: Ohmvlrf:ykdef:cofwSrf;eef.qkdif cmof:tzD.IK,qK, zSofrK:eef. bif:yh,rD: qof;ulof,wrK:
qldif.cldof:OK,uD, pkdofawqkdof;OAifvif<vkdof:vh; xK;oh.tgefwmif:/ ugyf;trf,yh,rD:TzK:ulof,wrK:sv;
qkdof;OAifTzK: OD,OltgefeK; eef.auK; qof;apK;seref: trf,yh,rD:ugef,/ ayK:qof;OD,qof;
eef. trf,yh,rD:eh qkdof;rldif:vlifwK;ugif tefuof,uof,tefoK;eef.auK; awvh;pAwf:pkdofbdyf:urf
tof/ ckefuvK:pdef,wl,? vkuf;egif.wif:rl,zkifauK; yAefuvK:pdef,wl,? qldof:zSofoh.xK; cldof:ykif,eK:
yl:Il:cof? pdef,wl,bl,oh.wD;omef;yl:urf,(Purugama)eldofoh.? pAwf:pkdofeh. ukdif.umif.oK;uGK, qof;ckef
sv. ulef:uvK:pdef,wl, qldof:eh. yAefzrrmef< uGK,aObof. Okdyf,oK;uGK, qldof.cldof:rmef< sw,rD:
rK: wD;wK;ugif-bof.eh/ ayK:acK;sw,eef. trf,rSef;eh acK;qgrf:seref:auK; awbmyf,aw
yef,wlif,oh.bl,wduf:wduf:bof;/ tefvgif; ckefuvK: sv. zkifrl,pdef,wl, zSofrK:wK;ugifeef.e[:
yyf.wh:? yyf.sc, auK; rhmoh. seoh.bl,sv; eh.awtrf,rD:vgif;xAifOifbof/ yDzSofrK:eef. aw
Okdyf,sexSif;bl,/ ulnf:uK; qldof.cldof:rmef< sw,wif;wD;wK;ugifeef.sw. vDckdef:olef.uefvDvD
bl,bof;/
yyf.ykdef: rpK,IK,qodef,awK,uBD:eef. ymefqof;rmif:wkif: ckdef:P;sr:ukrf:ehsv; AD1867 yAefrK: wl,wdbrpK,IK,qodef, eh ukduf:qyf:rK:bof;/ ugyf;yldof;yDqof;tzD.IK,qK, zSofrK:wK;
ukif;eef. cofsw,wif;qof.eK,(BC-900/800)eef.sv; ohm:vifyD;egif.yD;emif: qof;tzD.IK,
qK, rK:Okdyf,sw,rldif:r[,xSSif; OIDcwf.OIK? oD.Oel: qldof:eh.auK; vh;cyf.qgrf: yDuof,pAwf:rK:eef.
aO yDauK; awyAeftefwldof:qof.uGK,rlwf:bof;/ pof:ckdef:Okdyf,olef.wlnf: zkdefsc, zdkefwh:
zdkefuvK:aOugef,/
wD;e[: yyf.ykdef:rldif:uvK:? auK.wSrf;yAef Jiban Mukhopadhyay, 2009 eh.yAefyyf.
ydkef: cofq[.e[:Nif:pAef:rldif:uvK:bof;/ wD;eK;vduf; 52 wSrf;oh.oK; ]]rldof;AD-850? ckefapKcrf:
Pala qkdof; Narayana Pala Okrf:Okduf:sv; vh;tguf,yhm;}}eh/
wD;e[:yyf.Lonely PlanetyAefyyf.uSrfrldif:wK,ulef:rK:tSof,rldif:uvK:? Lonelyplanet.com,
13 edition, 2009? wD;eK;vduf; 42 wSrf;oh.oK; ]]rldof;AD-850? apKcrf:cldof: Cholas cofwkduf:
ay.apKcrf: cldof: PallavasuGK,sv; ckefvlif? ckeftgef, Pallavas cof tgefyhm;}}eh/
th
yyf.ykdef:uvK: rldof;yD AD-850 ckefuvK: Pallavas tguf,yhm;eef. rK:ukduf:uefwif:yD
AD-850 tefrD:e[: zkdefwh: sv. zdkefsc, vgif;oK; ckefuvK:ylof,r[, qkdof;tzD.IK,qK, zSof
rK:pdrf:wK;ugif/ vgif;eh. rK:irf,uefvDeK,/ yK.uBD:awK,P;wSrf;zkdefykdef:apKzr rldof;AD-1829/ yD
tzD.IK,qK, zSofpdrf:wK;ugifrK:eef. ayK:awtofyD AD-850 oK;qkdif yAefvgif;wmif: rldof;ylef.rK:
1000 yDeef.bof;/ ugyf;zl;wSrf;ydkef:qldof:eef. c[;bgif;abK:apKcrf:sv; P;ckefuvK: tzD.IK,
7
qK, yAefOK,uDoif,ySwf;aObof;/ tofcldof:tzD.IK,qK, uhm,Okwf.vlif:rK:vgh:vhg: P;ckefapKcrf:zr
auK; yAefcldof:TzK:uGK,aObof;/ qkdof;rldif:wK;ugif rD:vhmqkdof;vhmqkdof; qArfrldof;ymef TzK:OD,Ol,tgefeK;
qldof:eef. vmrf:Ol:vmrf:OK: O[,oh.ulnf:bof;/ yDtef ckefuvK: tzD.IK,qK, zSofrK:eh.auK; pkdif
emef:eK,aO Orf.trf,rD;zkdeftdifref:sv; vmrf:aOoK;uGK, qArfrldof;tgefeK;TzK:yh,ayK, 200300 yDeef.aObof;/ ayK:tof yDcofoK;qkdif bl,wD; AD-1829 aO cofuGK,wSrf;vgif;wmif: t
zD.IK,qK, rldof;ylef.rK: 2600 yDrldif:eef.bof;/ wlnf:vl:? ugyf;yldof;trf,rD:zkdeftdifsv; vgif;
ckefuvK:zSofwK;ugifrK:eh. ySuf,uefoh. 1600 yD/ ykdef:sc,eh.sw. yAefvgif;wmif: e[:apKsc,wSrf;
oh. rldof;yD AD-850eef.bof;/
wD;rldif:uvK:eh. ayK:oK;]]urf<? urf,}}eh ygif,oK; omef; trf,eef oAif: bof;/ rldof;ymef
TzK: wD;rldif:ulof:vD.bK.(Koliya)? iof;rldif:yAef oAif:IKrurf,(Ramagama)bof;/ ykif,eK:pdef,wl,?
yl:Il:cofeh. zSofrK:rldif:wh: pdrf:wK;ugif(AD-233)rK:wif;omef;yl:urf,(Purugama)aO bl,oh.bof;/
ayK:xkdif AD-565 ckefwh:wK;ugif? vh;bl,vlnf;ykif,eK:uvK:pdef,wl, yl:Il:cofrK:(AD-233)qof.
vldofwldof: cofyAefykwf.xzK,OK,(AD-565)eef.bl,bof;/ rldof; AD-233ckefwh:wK;ugif qof;
Omef,rl,wK, ch.rK:wif;apK wD;omef;ykif,eK: yl:urf,(Purugama)eh./ yl:urf,pdrf:wK;ugifeh. zr
rmef<cofMif.yl:urf,eldof(tnK,yumef,)eh/
yl:urf,pdrf:wK;ugifeh.
qof.vldofyl:urf,w[;(taeK,IxK,AD-1044)/
yl:urf,OgifoAif:eh. qkdof;ref:rldefuefoh.sv; awyAef ykif,eK:yl:Il:cof sw,omef;yl:urf,
(Purugama)xK;oh. tgefwmif:(rldefeif,yl:urf,pdrf:wK;ugif)aObof; ckeftaeK,IxK,cof qkdof:cof;
rK:bl, omef;ulef:ukdef:aO yAefoAif:apKcrf:uGK,pkdof:` yl:Il: sv. yl; sv. ydof, OAifref:qrfuef
eK,sv; yAefulef:uvK:tefvAofuefulnf:pkdof`/ ykif,eK: tefrD:bl, e[:owf.pdef,wl,rldof;vAofauK;
oK; ydof,eh. yAefuvK: yAefyl:Il:ulnf:ehbl,/ awK,rldof;vAof cof;ql:cof? cof;xmrfcofauK; vh;bl,/
ugyf;yldof; ckefzrawtrf,qlrf:sv; ykif,eK:rmifqldof:auK; trf,c[;vmwf;? ayK:rkdwf;uefrK:bof.auK;
cofauK;vmwf;ykdef:cof rldefuef/
awckdef:Okdyf,wSrf; vgif;rldif:wh:wK;ugif/ e[:zdkefrhm e[:apKcrf:rldif:sc, ulof;wD,ykdef:uBD,
wSrf;seoh. eguf;cgyf,vSefvdefrldif:sc, rD:rldif:apKcrf: Omef<ulof;(rldif:wh:? rldif:OSrf)oK;eh/ rldif:wK;
ugifeh. sc,cofMif.xSif; cBLdef;OSif,ulof;(rldif:ulef:cD,qmif.)oK;eh/ rldof;yDAD-97? ckefapKcrf:wh:wK;
ugif qkdof;qof;bkif<bAof;wSof, Olif,zgif:cAof sv. rl,ulef:uwf.? Olif,uGK,yguf;ekdif;/ yguf;Ogifrldof;
AD-120 ckefyK:vAofulnf: Orf.vkuf.wD; zhm,oef:tguf,qAif:wkifrldof;vAof Olif,uGK,xSif;/ xkdifrK: AD
-131 Orf. vkuf.wD;ygwf:Mif,rldif:oD,bSwf.erf, rldof;vAof Olif,zgif:cAof sv. ulef:uwf. uGK,q[:e[:
apK vlof;bmif. xSif;yguf;Omrf? ckefwh:yK:eef.eif,uof,/ ogif.sc,auK; ckdef:yef cgifzmuf,? clof:
sz:rK:/ Orf.bif: wmif,yefwK;ckef]]cmef,xK,wl<olnf,}}yefrK:/ eh.seoK; rldif:wh:wK;ugifeh.bl,
eguf;vSefvdefrldif:sc,(seoK; Oof:acKpif:ulnf:oh.bl,)/ vkuf.wD;wK;ugif bkdwf.bmof:xkdif pdrf:qAif:
wkif bkdwf.bmof:vlif:uGK, zSofqArfzhm,Mif,oD,bSwf.erf,oh.bl,bof;/ rldif:wh:wK;ugifeh. rldefOhmpmof.vlif
8
ugwf,qyf:rldif:sc,oh.bl,bof;/ qArfrldof;eef. cldof:wh:bl,cof;qkdif:zSof oD,bSwf.erf,? urf,ayK:wD:bK:
(zl,eef,)sv. wGK,IK.owD,(xh:)uGK,oh.bof;/
e[:apKsc,? yyf.ydkef:cofeef. yK:rK:vgif;wh: qArfrldof;ymef wK;ugif(AD-97, 120, 131)
eef.bl,bof;/ ugyf;yldof; ckefwh:wK;ugif uGK,cof;tguf,wD;cof/ rldof; AD-802 ulef:ydof,(yl:Il:)uvK:
pdef,wl,rK:ykdif;ckefwh:rldif:vmef.qof;aO P;yK:cofuGK,xkdifapKogif.sc, oK;eh/ ckefwh:vmef.qof;auK;
Olif,yefuGK,/ cofuGK,se wmif:uK;ydof,(zSof:)coful;vgif;vgif;/ sc,cofrhmoh. vgif;ph,wkdif; sv. wmif:
uK;rldefuvK:oh.vkrf:vkrf:oK;eh/ e[:yyf.ykdef:zr vgif;oK;ydof,(yl:Il:)vh;rK:ql:vmef.qof;ehauK; trf,
wSrf;trf,se/ vkuf.oAif:v[rK:auK; trf,wSrf;trf,se/ Orf.oK; ydof,eh. ohm:rK: avK:ulef:ykdef.rldif:
aO yAefrmef<rK:bof. ehaOsv; ydof,eh.auK; bkdefP;yAefrmef<uGK,qof.qof.eef.trf,xkuf,trf,
rSef;/ rldof;cofq[.wkdof:qkdof; ydof,(yl:Il:)bl,eef. cofwkduf.yAef uvK:bl,vkrf:vkrf:/ ckefzrrmef<
bif:yh,rD:/ ykdef:eh. tefuof,Nrf,xkdiftefr[,vh;bl,/ eK;wKulef:tefr[, uGK,Nrf,NefvifuGK, trf,
vh;? trf,rSef;/
yldef;wif:OAif; qldof:q[.wkdof:vduf;Sanskrit(rmef<Mif. wSuf.uw)eef. q[. sa yAef O?
rD;zrrmef<vhmvhmulnf: q[. sa yAef tha(¨)/ ugyf;eh tefqkdof;OAifpdef,wl, vduf; Sanskrit?
oAif: Sriksetra eef. zrOrf.tofwlofcof qgrf:OAifzdwf:cof wSrf;tguf, Thirikithara ehuGK,aO
sv; eK,pmif;OgifoAif:eh. trf,rldefuef? trf,uhm,pdef,wl,/ sw.ref: yAefoAif:pdef,wl,vhmvhmulnf:/
e[:yyf. Guide to Chinese Buddhism, by Zheng Lixin, P-172? zkif:uD:sc, qof;qkdof;
Xuangzang eef. tguf,rldif:aO ZSofrldif:uvK:? Orf.zSofrK: oAif:pdef,wl, Sriksetra rldof; AD643/ e[:oAif:pdef,wl,eef. vh;pef qof;Ipmef:ykwf.xzK,OK, wkif:Ogrf:oK;eh/ uvK:pdef,wl,
ydof,(yl:Il:=zSof;)cof uGK,ql: vmef.qof;aO P;yK:cofuGK,ql: ogif.sc, yD AD-802 tefoK;eef.
sc:awyAefvh; vkuf.wD; Sriksetra(Thirikithra)eh.uGK,bl,bof;/
awOkdyf,wSrf;vgif;ykdef:wh:wK;ugif/ rldif:wh:wK;ugifeh. (AD-97,120,131)vkuf.wD;wK;ugif
bkdwf;bmof:awK, oef:tguf,qAif:wkif? awK,oD.bSwf.erf,ygwf:Mif,aO rldefOhmpmof.Myf,rldif:sc,oh./
sc,cofMif. rdlif:wK;ugifeh. yAef San Kuoeh/ cBLdef;OSif,ulof;(rldif:ulef:cD,qmif.)ehauK; Mif.qgrf:/
wD;wK;ugifeh. qkdof;ulef:Mif.oK; Siam, Syam sv;qif, sc,cofrhmoh. San Kuo ehbof;/ Tai eh
auK; wkdof:bl,? zhm,erfwkdof: Siam bof;/ xkdifrK: ymefrldif:vmef.qof; Orf.wkdof: Tai erfwldof:
Saim rK:bl,bof;/ tefpof:oK; wh:(Tai)eef. xh:rldof;vAoftguf,OAif xh:(Thai)eh/ yAeftef
vAof? wlofvAof? ulef:cldof:vAofulnf:bof;/ acK; Siam eh.yAefacK;ymefuof,? acK; Tai(Thai)eh.
yAefacK;ymefr[,ulnf:/ rldif:wh:wK;ugif Mwf;xkdif oD,bSwf.erf,ygwf:Mif,rldof;vAofsv; wh:rD:bl,e[:rldif:
oD,bSwf.erf, tefoK;eef. trf,q[;vgif;vmuf,vhm:Oif/ wD;wGK,IK.owD, tefoK;rldif:xh:(Thai)
eef.auK; wh:zSofoh. bl,qgrf:uefvlnf;rgef:cofoh.bl,bof;/ cmof:eh.qkdof;ulef: Siam auK;q[.?
Tai(Thai)auK;q[.avK:uefoh.bl,bof;/ e[:rldif:oD,bSwf.erf, rD:cldof:wh:(Tai)oh.bl,? cofOrf.wSrf;
qgrf: OAifzIif,OAwf;sv; wSrf;oK; TayehaOwK. tguf,OAif Tai ehulnf: rldefuefbl,/
9
qArfrdlof; AD-200 yD? ulef:pdef,wl,rldif:uvK: ayK:tguf,rK:uK.chm q[.wkdof:Ndof:rK:wmif:erf.
bof;/ cmof:eef. auK.arKq[.wkdof:Ndof: Orf.qkdef,wlofqkdef,q[aO tguf,cmof:wmif: cmrf;ymif,vhm,w
av:aO uGK,uK.chmvh; awK,rldif:oef:tguf, xemofOD,ID.? urf,ayK:q(zl,emef,)? rK,vK,bl.qldof:eh.
qkdif vh;ikdef:vh;crf: yAefOax:rK:bof;/ eefsv; e[:ykdef:uvK:qif,oK; qldof:ulef:uK.Ndof: zSof
rldif:oef:tguf,eh. rldefuefwif:zSofrK: Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.(rldif:tguf,crf:)eef.bl,bof;oK;eh/ ugyf;eh
qldof:yAefvh;eef. ayK:xkdifcmof:uwf:? cmof:trf,rD:vlrf:vSif.eh ulef:uK.Ndof:uvK:pdef,wl,cof tguf,rK:
uK.wldof:ulef:ykdef.rldif: qldof:cofOkdof.chm(Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.)erfwldof:rK:wduf:wduf:/ yhm:ydif,nK,? yhm:arK
cofOK,wldof:ulef:ykdef.rldif: qldof:cofOkdof.chm(Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.)eef.sv; cofygifomef;ygifrldif:wD;ukef
tK,OBK.(Indo-China)eh. ayK:qgwf,uGK,bof;/ wD;urf,ayK:wD:bK:auK; rD:erf.rkdof:pdef,wl, (Angkorvat)/ wD;tdef,wlof,eD:OBK:auK; rD:erf.rkdof:pdef,wl,uvK:(Borobodur)/ pmif;xmwf;wD;rdlif:I
cSif,? rRuf.tl:eh.auK; wif:pmif; Borobodur rldefuefoh.? yAeferf.rkdof:pdef,wl,OAif;OAif;/ pdef,wl,
zSofoh.? sw,oh.? tkyf.yldif,irf:rldif:oh.aOsv; qif,ohm:vifzhm,zK,OK,ykwf.xqgrf:rK:/ eefsv;
ykdef.ref:awvh;pef ykdef.pmif;pdef,wl,aO pmif;ykef.xzK,OK, O[,qgrf:rK:zgif;eef.bof;/ uvK:
wif:OAif; N.ygif,oK; Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.eh. yAefrldif:oef:tguf,wif:vhm/ xemofOD,ID.auK; yK:e[:eh.
ulnf:? oAif:Oxkif,eh. yK:e[:Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.eh. tdwf:tgef,ekdif; zSuf,ekdif;bl,/ ulnf:uK; uGK,oK;
Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.eh. yAefOxkif,rldefyAif:Oxkif,ehsw. trf,rSef;/ Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.eh. b[,
wldof:? uGmif;wldof: Oxkif,pSif:oh.bl,sw.sw./ q[pof:awuGK,oh.qyf: wmif:N.uof,eef.aO trf,c[;
yAef,? trf,c[;chm.eef. awtrf,rSef;/ tefwmif:N.uof,eef. uSyf;uK;pkdof uGmif;uK;pkdof vDcdkyf;qgrf:
wlnf:bl,/ wmif:N.eh. tefv[uGmif;wldof: awvh;toftefeef.bof;/ qof;ykdef:vlifzIif,OAwf;
G.Coedes(The indianized States of Southeast Asia, 1967)auK; clef.cGK.vDimrf:aO wSrf;
seoh.rldefuef/
rldif:Camboja sv. rldif: Dvaravati auK; qyf:uefoh./ qkdof;rldif: ayK:yAefqkdof;pdef,
wl,oh.bl,bof;/ urf,ayK:qeh. sc,cofMif. zl,eef,eh e[:yyf.cofauK; rhmoh.bl,/ e[:rldif:urf,ayK:q
sv. wGK,IK.owD,eh. rD:ulef:ykdef.rldif:crK,? rgef:? wh: sv. uvK:? pdef,wl,cof ckdef:pAwf:ckef/
ugyf;yldof; rgef:sv;wh: bl,avK:uefoh.sv; rldof;AD-600 wh:(Siam, Same)pdrftofpmif;apKrgef:
cof wD; wGK,IK.owD,/ ehsv; rgef:cofoK; ulnf:ugyf;eK;vdefulnf: trf,vDpAwf:Okduf:bof;/ pof:uGK,
tofvh; eK;vdefr[,wif:erf oK;ehaOsv; cofbmif,P;OArf:cofaO rgef:cofchm.rK: wD;yK,uldof(sy:
ul:)/ rgef:crK,cofMif. Tai(Thai)oK; OArf:(Same, Siam)ehbof;/ eh.yAef uGmrf:crK, sv. rgef:
cof Mif.wh:/ yAefacK;uGmrf:rgef:crK,ehsw. trf,q[;/ qArfrldof; ymefwK;ugif wh:ayK:qkdof; Siam,
San oh.bl,bof;/ Siam auK; yAefqkdof;qof;uof,? wh:auK; yAefqkdof;qldof.cldof:qof;uof,/ yldef;Mif.pof:
qgrf:qkdof;pof:azK,eef.ulnf:/ ymefwK;ugif wkdof: Siam, San urf;erf/ ymefvmef.qof; wkdof:
Tai urf;erf/ Siam sv. wh:(Tai)wkdof:avK:uefoh.bl,wK,aObof;/ ohm:aOwif; vmef.eK:
(Lanna, Yonakaratha)bof.auK; rD:rK: rldif:Siam/ rldof;rD:rldif: Siam bl,eh. e[:rldif:oD,bSwf.
erf, rD:qldof.cldof:wh:oh.wK,aO,? cofwSrf; Tay ehauK; tguf,OAif Tai ehulnf:/ rldof;ymefuof,auK;
10
wkdof:avK:uefrK:? ymefr[,auK; Siam, Tai wkdof:avK:uefoh.bl,/ tofrgef:cof vkuf.wD;
wGK,IK.owD, chm.rK:eh. rD:e[:yyf.ykdef:rgef:cofoh.bl,/
Siam, Tai
ulef:pdef,wl, zSoferf.uAofrK:
11
rldof;AD-832? wyf.Okduf:wh:vmef.qof; cof;wkduf:rldif:pdef,wl,ydof,cof(pmef,vdef:)sv;
rldif:cofauK; vh;vl.vSofySwf;rlwf:bof;/ vgif;eh. wSrf;seoh. e[:yyf.ydkef:zrcofoh.bl,/
ayK:oK; ymefrldif:wK;ugif ogwf;uGK,bof.auK; rD:rldif:OIDcwf.xIK,(Sriksetra)qkdof;OAifNdof;
Ndif:rK:/ (eh. wSrf;qgrf: rldif:tzD.IK,qK, wK;ugif sw, BC-800/900 eef.oh.bl,bof;/) ayK:
awtofqgrf: ykdef:wh:? ykdef:sc,? tzD.IK,qK, zSofwK;ugifrK: rldof; AD-850 eef.? awvh;oK;
qkdof;OAifckefwh: ogwf;uGK,aO qkdof;OAifckefuvK: Ndof;Ndif:rK:/ rldof;ymef rD:ckefwh:wK;ugifeef.rldif:
pdef,wl, Sriksetra ayK:rD:oh.bof;/ Ipmef:sc, Xuangzang, rldof; AD-643 zSofrldif:pdef,wl,
Sriksetra rK:/ ayK:tof ykdef:wh: ykdef:sc,oK; ckefuvK:pdef,wl, zSof Sriksetra tgefwmif: t
zD.qK,qK,zSofwK;ugif/
e[:yyf.ykdef:zrwSrf;sw.
ckefwkwf.wygif,(ydof,)sw,wif;rldif:ydof,
Sriksetra oK;eh/ cmof:eef. rldif: Sriksetra eh. wkduf.yAef zif,ymif,vhm,xav: oh.sv; Ndof:
ulef:uK.uvK:rK:uK.rK:chm oK;eh/ rldof;vAof zhm,qmef:rldif:ayB,eh. wD;arK,qK,eef. yAefoAif:
Sriksetra sv; rD:cl:oAif:uof,oh./ awvh;pef ugif:rl:Omif:xl: ayK:ayK:uBD:? zbK:rK,? pmif;zmifOmif:
xl:ugif:rl:qldof:eh. rldefpmif;Omif:xl:pdef,wl, rldif:uvK:eef.bl,bof;eh ykdef:rmef<auK; wSrf;rhmoh.
bl,/ wD;rldif:ydof, Sriksetra eh. ugyf;cofawK,cof trf,rSef;uefsv; ckefrgef:cof rK:wkduf:Odrf:
tofySwf;uGK,bof; oK;eh qdlif.eh/ ykdef:zreh. ugyf;yldof;uGK,cyf.yDref:qgrf: qzD.IK,qK, BC-800/
900 (qof.ylef.wD;eK,)sv; ohm:vifcyf.wmrf:rK:qldof:eh. cof;xSofbmyf,uGK,/ wD;Sriksetra eh. I
pmef:sc, Xuangzang zSofrK: rldof; AD-643 tefoK;eef. ref;uSef,aOyldef;bof./ urf;wlof
ref:zSofrK:aO urf.wlofref:wSrf;oh.vl:/ tefqof.vldofeh. ykdef:zrwSrf; yDref: qldof:eh. aw
cyf.qgrf:bmyf,sw.sw./ yDtzD.IK,qK, ckefuvK:pdef,wl, zSofwK;ugifrK:eef. ayK:awruf:ref;
qgrf: zkdefwh:? zkdefsc,? zdkefuvK:? oh.P;yAef AD-850 ehqkdif awrSef;wldof:bl,bof;/
e[:yyf. Dr.tl:¨mef:xkef:(OBLnf,ylof,)wSrf;vgif;yhm:pdef,wl, sv. ykwf.xNrf,irf:eldof
rldif:rmef<eef.(rkd;ausmfolpmay? 2010)wSrf;seoh. qkdof;uof,cgifrldif:zrtefMif.oK; yK:rK:(Burma)eef. vkuf.wD;Brahman(jA[®ma'o)eh.yAefrK:/ ayK:wlnf:wD;eh. awvh;pef vgif;qmof:
pdef,wl, Nrf,irf:wD;rldif:eh. qof.eK,bof;eh/
oAif:uof, wD;rldif:zrrldof;vAof yAefulef:uvK:pdef,wl,cof sw,wif;rK:/ rldif:ayB,rldof;vAofeh.
qkdof;Sriksetra? yAefqkdof;xgwf;qkdof;rSwf; cgifpdef,wl,cof/ oAif:(wgif,wdgef:)eh.auK; rmef<tguf,
OAif yD.welof: ehauK; yAefqkdof;TzK:pdef,wl, Vishnu./ IK,rowD,ehauK; yAefqkdof;TzK:pdef,wl,
Ramavati/
TOK,vliftl:wdef,tgif, wSrf;oh. ulef:rmef< vkuf.wD; rldif:uvK:rK:eh trf,oK;/ IK,qul:rK:
If(vkuf;qhm: uBmef,qdwf.wK:)Orf.q[.wkdof:vduf; yK,vD.? rmef<? ydof,? rgef:/ ugyf;eh yl:urf,eh.yAef
ydof, sv. rmef< Nrf;uefsw,wif;rK:/ qkdof;yl:urf,eh. yAef ydof,urf,r(Pyu-gama)yAefyl:urf,rK:
oK;eh/ ydof,eh. avK:yldef;(umef:bmef,? ¨Swf.)aOsv; phmyAef rmef<uGK,/ ydof,eh. yAefcdlof:ykif,
12
eK: yl:Il:/ yl:urf,eh.auK; yAefvh; Purugama eef.? eh.auK; vDtofolef.qgrf: wSuf;eldif:qgrf:
bl,bof;/
vduf;pdef,wl, zSoferf.uAofrK:
ykdef:rldif:zr tefzrcofwSrf;eh. cofqkuf:eldof q[puf.cldof:cofvAofvAofeef. pSif:ylef.
oh.tdwf:ekdif;/ auK.tmef,eef. awvh;eldif:wSuf; ykdef:yldef;pdrf:Mrf:aOugef,/ wD;wK;ugifeh. rD:
rldif:wh:? ckefwh:oh.eh trf,seoh./ ckefuvK:pdef,wl, tzD.IK,qK, vkuf.wmif:rldif:uvK:ygwf:Mif,
qkdif:cof;xkdif wK;ugifrK: rldof;BC-800/900/ yguf;urf:Ogif ckefuvK:pdef,wl,eif,uof, qkdof; wq
IK,qK, oK;eh/ vkuf.wD; rldif:uvK:ygwf:qmef:cof;rK:ql:wK;ugif xSif;urf:ekdif;/ cmof:eef. ulef:pdef,
wl, qkdif:cof;zif,erf.uAofauK; rD:wif:erf/ ydof,yAefcldof:uvK:sv; ydof,zSofwD;v[ pdef,wl,zSofwD;
eef./ ykif,eK:(yIK,rmef,)zSofwD;eef.eif,uof,bof;/ ckefuvK:Ogifrl, zSofwK;ugifrK:ehsw. clof:
cgiftefcofclwf.pef wD;wK;ugifeh. yAefclof:ydof,oK;eh/ uvK:pdef,wl,cof arKpAwf:arKwkdof:cSyf:wgif:?
arKavK,cSyf:idkef:qArfqof.bof;/ eef.sv; cSyf:wgif:? cSyf:ikdef: tefclwf.vh;rK: awvh;pef
pmif;pdef,wl,? pmif;OBD,oK.? pmif;iSrf<OmrfvSrf? pmif;quf.uK.? pmif;olof:? pmif;Ndef:? uGmif? eluf.bkif:? pmif:
OK,? Mhcmof? Oofomif:? cgef.zwf.? arK;erf.? pmif;yK qldof:eh.bl,bof;/
13
zK,OK,pdef,wl,eh. qof.wldof:vldof zK,OK,ykwf.x yAefpAifyDref:bl,bof;/ vgif;rD:ckef
quf.uBK,oaw:? Omrf,OIK,? vgif;IweK,qAwf:yK:(quf.uK.? qmif.? rK.? ywrBK:? ar:emif:? Oax:?
vkuf;qhm:vlif)qldof:eh. rD:oh.e[:uBmrf:ao,wpdef,wl,cofaO qkdrf:cof;uBmrf:ykwf.xrK:/ OdefpK;OAef;eh.
auK; yAefacK;ckefquf.uBK,oaw: ylifpmrf;oh.bK,cK;q[yldef;? bK,vuf.? bK,zdwf:ar:yldef;? bK,ySwf.
bK,chm,? bK,udefvof;rof:urf/ e[:ykdef:zrOrf. wSrf;vgif; ckefquf.uBK, seoh.bl,/
e[:rldif:zreh. yhm:olef. vgif;pAwf:Omif; yhm:rldif: qldof:eh. tofhm:pdef,wl,sv. yhm:ykwf.x
qof; Nrf,irf:oh. oK;eh/ ugyf;yldof; pdef,wl, rD:rK:qof.wldof: pdef,wl,zSofwD;sr;erf.uAof xK;oh.qof.
eK,sv;(rldefuefwif: rldif:urf,ayK:wD:bK:)ayK:oK; yhm:pdef,wl,Nrf,irf:oh.tgefwmif:aO yhm:ykwf.x
qkdif:cof;rK:zhm,vif ehqkdif awwldof:rSef;vDbl,bof;/ yhm:ykwf.xrK:zhm,vifaOwK. ckef sv.
ulef:rldif: qlrf:tofyhm:ykwf.x wldof:rK:/
e[:yyf. G.Coedes wSrf;seoh. - rldof; AD-1278 wyf.Okduf:sc, pkyf;wkduf:tofomef;
rlof;(Bhamo)? AD-1283 wyf.Okduf:sc, Okdyf,wkduf:vlif:qgrf:erf.uAofrK: zSofiOgif,uBmef:/ qlof;
wyf.Okduf:sc, yh,zSof yl:urf, apKcrf:zr eIK,OD,pyaw. tguf,yhm;ySwf;yl:urf,bof;/ wyf.Okduf:sc,
Nrf,irf:rldif:wK;ugif rldof; AD-1284 eef.bof;/ rldof;apKcrf:zr awckdef:rK:ql: yl:urf,eef.
vkuf;qhm:qof;uof,ref: tofref:whmySwf;rldof; AD-1287 wD;rldif:ayB,eef.bof;/ wyf.Okduf:sc,cof;
Nrf,irf:yl:urf, yDeef.eif,uof,bof;/
e[:yyf.ykdef:wh:? ykdef:sc,? ykdef:zhm,tAif:uvAwf; wSrf;oh. vgif;wK;ugifaO trf,uK: wK;
ugifyAefrldif:wh:eh seoh.vDvDimrf:imrf:bl,/ yyf.ykdef:zrOrf.wSrf;vgif;wK;ugifbl,? ulnf:uK; cofsw,
wD; ckefuvK:pdef,wl, tzD.IK,qK, zSofwK;ugifrK:eef.aO vgif;wK;ugifyAefrldif:wh: trf,wSrf;
trf,rhm/ ykdef:zr rmef,emef: wSrf;seoh. vgif;tzD.IK,qK, zSofwK;ugifrK: rldof; BC-800/900
qldof:eh.v[? vgif;oK; tzD.IK,qK,vkuf.rldif:TzK:rK:aO yAefcldof:TzK:(Ouf.uBK.)v[? qkdof;oAif:wK;ugif?
ckefwK;ugif cyf.wmrf:wSrf;seoh. qldof:eh.v[? wK,awpyf.Okdyf,wkdof:uGK, bmyf,sw.sw./ ydkef:rldif:z
r? ykdef:rldif:urf,ayK:wD:bK:? ykdef:rldif:xh:urf;zgif; yAefykif,eK: tgefwSrf;urf;erf/ ykdef:tefyAef
bl,rldof;cmof:wSrf;eef. rSef;oh.bl,/ tefcofwkduf.vmuf;NefvifuGK,eef. trf,qyf:wmif:ref:/ ykdef:
sc,ulnf: wSrf;rldof;ref:pef? tefref:pefeef.ulnf:/ e[:apKsc, MrfOdrf:vduf;wlofxlyf:yAefoh.
bl,eef. rD:oh. 5000 yD awK,rldof;vAof/
ugyf;eh ykdef:wK;ugif teftofwKwh:wSrf;eef. vDrD:bl,/ awvh;clef.cGK.pKaOwSrf;bl,/
zl;wSrf;vduf; pKtguf,rK:ceh. cyf.wrf:serK;qldif.eh P;yAefykdef.uSef,cSifwK,Okdyf,clef.cGK.uGK,xSif;
eef.aOurf:/ Okdyf,clef.cGK.xSif;aOurf:/
À À À À À À
14
rldif:rmof:vlif
e[:qldof;AD-567-1448 (yDwh:661-1547)ckefvl:? ckefvh:? Ogifqof;yD;egif.tofrldif:
rmof:(ymif,yAif:pdrf:erf.rmof:)wif;yAefiof;rldif:/ Nrf,irf:ylef. erf.clif:? erf.uAof? Nrf,awK,Mwf;qAif:
wkif? qAif:OSef? qAif:rh,/ xkdifrK: ymefqof;tl:wAif, Nrf,vh;wldof:xSif; xkdiferf.sr;Mif;Nof;/ erf.
sr;yIK,rK.ykwf.wIK,(erf.yl,vK<rK:zl:xldof;vK<)auK; ir:zSofuGK, e[:ymef apKOSifOldofcmef,'K./
ayK:tofrldif:wh:rK:oK;qkdif yAefcmof:irf:vh; uGmif;wldof:vldofsw.sw.? omef;rldif:auK; udkef:xK:cdkef;b[,
r[,Okifoh./
bl,rldif:rmof:aO wif;rldif:wldif:uK:/ rD:cK;omef;ulef:rldif: rdkef,OSefNdef:/ ygh,Okduf:wkduf:qdif:?
ayK:vh;bof.wD;ekdif; ygh,P;vkuf;qhm:uGK,ugef:irf:auK.ekdif;/ rD:uGmrf:ruf:wdef,P;cof e[:ekdif;yDP;rK:Omuf;
yefcldif;cgif xkdifiof;aq< oAif:vlifrldif:rmof: ekdif;yguf;oK;eh/
vkuf;qhm:vlifckefvl: Mif.qkdof;ckefvlif irf:ugef:wK;ugif/ ckefzK.irf:ugef:rldif:bmif:? rldif:
rlof,? ekdif;yD rK:Omuf;rK./ ckeftl irf:ugef: vrfymif<? qAif:OSef? ekdif;yD rK:Omuf;qmif./ ckefuldof
olnf,'K. irf:ugef: rldif:abK? ekdif;yD rK:Omuf;crf:/ ckefvK; irf:ugef: oAif:qK<vAif,? ekdif;yD rK:
Omuf;eluf.uKerf./ ckefqK; irf:ugef: tK,oK.? rK:Omuf;OSif/ ckefOl,irf:ugef:rldif:bl./
bl,e[:umyf;ymefrldif:rmof:eh. umyf;ckefwldif: yAeftefqkdof;OAifNdof;Ndif:oh./ ckefvlifrldif:
vmef.qof; rK:urf.qgh;ref:/ ckefwldif: pAwf:qof;apKcrf:rldif:rmof: vh; 72 yD? tK,bl. 88 yDOAif;
umrf,/ OAef;wmif:uGK,vDrK:Mwf;/ vgif;uK.chm tldif,wldif:rldif:pof: sv. wmif,ukef? wmif,wldif:uK: yAefvD
ar,cmuf;Ndif:xK:/
awOkdyf,wSrf;vgif;ckefwldif: bmrf:rldof;vAuf./ e[:omef;aq<wgif; rldif:rmof:? vkuf;qhm:wh:
Ndef:ekdif; qkdof;thm;/ b[,rK:aO wif:emif:euK: pyf.ySif:uef? yAefNdef:/ rldof;AD-730 yDeef.
rD:vkuf;qhm:rK:auK.ekdif; P;qkdof;ckefwldif:oK;eh/ ckefwldif:rldof;vAuf.eef. vAef;pdrf:erf.pdrf:egif/
zkduf:pAef:cSef.? pAef:uK; vhm:wdefvhm:rkdof:/ wgif;xmrfvgif;umefomef;rl:rldif:/ rD:q[c[;uGK,w[;rK:eldof/
rD:pmif;zmifqof;qgrf/
ckefwldif:b[,vh; 16 yDrSef;rldof; ckefvlifrldif:vmef.qof; vlduf;? qmrf:? pKvkuf;clnfqof;/
vkuf;bdif:qof; eif;bl,wd; ukefvAof? apKvAof erf.Myf;oh./ ayK:oK; zl;v[trf,q[.Ndof:sy:OifaO
zSofvh;wD;emif:qkdif awpyf.P;yAefclnfqof; oK;eh/ ckefwldif: ugyf;rD:sr;euK:qgh;xSrf;sv; wh:
eldofzdoferf.aO xkdifapKigef< emif:Omofeef.vh;bof;/ emif:auK; qlrf:puf.sv; clefwldif:vh;
emif:bof;/
15
rldof;AD-762 (yD;wh: 856)? ckefvil frldif:vmef.qof; rldif:wh: pyf.Mif:P;ckefwldif:(vkuf;
clnfqof;)yAefckefapKcrf:rldif:rmof:aObof;/ ckefvlifrldif:vmef.qof; ygh,ulef:arKrK: P;qgh;auK,pmif;apK
rldif:rmof:sw.bof;/ ohm:eh. ckefwldif:cGmuf;rldif: vh;yK:eldofclif:? qAif:wkif? qAif:rh,? rldif:vmof:? rldif:ab;
emef;ygwf:Mif, qldof:eh.bof;/
vgif;qof;apKcrf:emif:vl:
ohm:aOumyf;ymef ckefwldif: sv. vkuf;vmef(AD-762-954)? cofqAuf,uef? zef:uef?
pdrfpmif;pdrfapKsv; awK,ayK: trf,rD:vkuf;ckefuGK,/ qif,Orf.rD:rK: vldwf;ckef-emif:vl: ckdef;yAef
qof;emif:apKcrf: wD;oAif:aq<vmef. rldof;AD-954/ qlof;vkuf;ymefvmef eif;apKcrf: awK,AD1330 (yDwh:1084-1424)bl,bof;/
vkuf;qhm:emif:vl: qof;wlefNof ckdef;yAefqof;apKcrf:aq<vmef./ ref:qof;sv. ckef
wof. zgrf.uefvDimrf:/ rldif:rmef< rK:wkduf:aq<vmef.? coftrf,rK:qrfvh;? cofvh;yguf;rldof:rldif:cof/
ref:qof;ygifOmif;sr: rldif:rmof:vlif/ cGmuf;ar,vh; rldefuof,bof;/ ulef:wif:vhm Mif.ref:qof;]]qof;
'K.vlifMif:rldif:}}oK;eh/(AD-1024)
emif:rgef:vK;
qof;wlefNof rD:vkuf;qhm: qof;auKvmif: sv. vkuf;bdif: qof;rgef:vK;/ ugyf;yldof;c[;P;rD:
vgif;vD wK,ulef:rldif:sv; qif,tofvkuf;bdif: yefqof;taeK,IxK, P;yAefemif:ar:/ ohm:vif
emif:eif,uef chm,uefoK; ref:rD:zldof.eh vh;ckdef:rldof:rldif:rmof:aq<vmef./ rldof;uGK,auK; rD:rl,qldif.
emif: cD,qmif.uGK,? cD,qmif.rldof:Ndef:/ emif:rgef:vK; sw,xmwf;Olnf,qK,bmef,/ qof;auKvmif:rK:
pyf.? ref:emif:ayK:OAif;umrf, wD;OD,yguf;(OD,ayK.? arK,cAof;ulof)bof;/ ckrfOmif:OSif:ref:emif: rD;bl,
wD;OD,ayK./
umyf;apKcrf: cldof:Ndef:Oldof
e[:qlof; qof;apKcrf:rldif:rmof:vlif(urf;zgif;auK; bgif;yAefrldif:ulof:qrf,yD,)rD:qof;Oldofcmef,
'K. wkduf:Okduf:zef:rldif:bl,wK,aO,/ OldofNrf,'K.? Oldofirf:'K.? Oldofckdef;'K. cofauK; yAefqof;
cdlof:Ndef:Oldof/ iof;oAif: chm.yAefvhmwD;/ aq<phm:? aq<vmef.? wK<ylof<? qAif:vkdef:? ugif:apKcrf:
(ymif,ykif,)? rldif:ugifqldof:eh.bof;/
ugyf;yldof;eK;Okduf:wkduf:awK:trf,xmwf,? qof;Oldofcmef,'K. blif:aOK,P;ulef:rldif:ul;auK. P;
uwf.cSef,oK;eh/ ekdif;yDekdif;yguf; pAwf:ymifsc.cAif,cSef./ zhm,'dif;si;ehauK; Orf.blif:aOK,P;arK
]]atK;cK;}}awK,uef/ P;ulofbrf xgrf,uGmrf:xof;su, oK;eh/
16
eK;vdefrldif:rmof:vlif ekdif;pkdifekdif;b[,uGmif;/ yD AD-1331 ref:qof;P;egif.qhm:ref:qof;
Omrfvlif cgwf,Okduf:wkduf:awK: zhm,oef:wluf:(zSofyIK,rK.ykwf.wIK,)/ Okduf:qof;Omrfvlif rldefzK.
zK,rh. pkyf;vh;vhmrldif:vhmwldif:/ ohm:rK: wldif:b[, wldif:tgef, rK:ugrf:awK,rldif:rmof:vlif/ Oldofcmef,'K.
pyf.yAefapKOSif(at,uISwf.)bof;/ aw,qArfrldof; AD-1342 ogif.sc, rdef.Oof. rK:wkduf:rldif:rmof:
(vl.Ogef<)vhmyguf;vhmyD trf,cof;vh;? yhm;cdkef:rldof:uGK,bof;/
clofqlrf clofzl:
vhmumyf;ylef.uGK, OldofNrf,'K.cdkef;eif;rldif:rmof:vlif/ ugyf;pAwf:vh; vof; sv. emif:bdif:?
rldof; AD-1384 ref:qof;wif;umwf,r[,/(iof;oAif:yAef ymif,ugif:apK? ymif,ykif,/ clofqlrf clofzl: rD:
su; ymif,ykif, sv. rl,aq< rldof;vAof)/ umwf,eK;uAif; sv. uhm,clofqlrf(bl,oh.e[:erf.? Ogifrh.)wK,
ulef:eK;uAif;/ umwf,eK;vhm: sv. clofzl:(clofOrwK<)wK,ulef:eK;vhm:/ ref:y[.wlnf: cKvof:emif:
bdif: qldof:vh;wh,clofqlrfeef./ ref:yAefapKcrf:bkyf:auK.ekdif;ulnf:sv; zgif:rldif: sv. ulef:rldif:
zgrf.uefaO ydef;awK,ref:? ref:vh;tguf,yhm;uGK,xkdif rldif:aO/
ckdef:sr:rldif:
qof;Oldofimrf,'K.(irf:'K.)? vkuf;qhm: OldofNrf,'K. Okdyf,ckdef;eif;rldif:/ ref:qof;qgrf:
'dif;'K.ygifrldif:(10)yldifeef. vDimrf:/ P;wdefzgrf.q[/ cgwf,Okduf:wkduf:awK:/ trf,ayK:vhmyD tof
vh; rldif:rSef: awK,xkdifrldif:aO/ omef;rldif:Ndof;Ndif:yldif:O[rK:/ ulef:rldif:auK; rD:q[vDq[qlrf:qgrf:rK:/
rldif:rmof:vlifvl.umef.
ugyf;yldof; qof;Oldofimrf,'K. pdrfirf:vh; eK;vdeferfwldof:rK:aOtrf,uK: Orf.qkdif:ckdef;
wmif:rldif:eldof rldif:sc, uGK,wduf:wduf:sv; ogif.sc, rh;q[c[;qK.aO ylifuGmrf:P;pkyf;tofckdef: vSef
vdef/ ehsv; rD:rK: ykdef:vlif]]wkduf:vl.Ogef<(rldif:rmof:vlif)Omrfyguf;}}ehbof;/ e[:qlof;cmof:ySwf,yD
rK:wkduf:rldif:rmof:vlif Omrfyguf;/ Okduf:sc,rD: 350,000? Okduf:qof;'K.wh:rD: 200,000 sv.qmif./
awK,yguf;Ogif sc,Okrf:umef.? yguf;OmrfrK: rldif:rmof:vlifauK:qrf,yD,auK; vl.umef.uGK,bof;/ trf,rD:rldif:
wkrfuSef,aOyAefrK: qof;'K.tgef,tD;wif:erfbof;/
17
qof;'K.rldif:wD:
apKrldif:wD:(umyf;rdef.Oof. awK,xdkif umyf;Odef<Oof.)rD:oh.awK,rldof;vAof qof;'K.rldif:wD:
rldof;qof. qkdof;wof.ukif,rldif:/ ohm:rK: ckefsc,Orf.ylifyefwK;ckef-ykdof;zl<qmif:/ ohm:vifOrf. bkuf;
ref:qof;xSif;? P;yAef OSef<zl<qmif:/ rD:wyf.pSif:b[,P;y[.yK:Nrf,vlrf;xkdifqArf rldif:rSef:/ rldof;
AD-1444 Orf.bkuf;xSif;wK;ckef P;yAefOSef<zl<Okdof</ 'dif;wmrf, ayK:wmif:zdwf:oof(rof)P;r[?
ayK:wmif:zdwf:b[,euf:P;tofwhm/
'dif;si;'dif;rgef:
ulef:vlifvkuf;tgef, tgefuefuK;bmif:(omef;)? ugifrgif:bmif:? ugifrgif:Oldif:/ uK;ugiftSef
(ugifyAefOdyf: yAefOmof:)? pknfugif? pyf:ugif qldof:eh./ uK;eluf.bkif:(bldif;eluf.bkif:zl; bgyf,uK;)/
uK;rK.Odyf:Ogif yAefwmif:uK;wh: ymefuof,uof,? uGK,uK;xkdif ogif.apKOSifvlof;bmif;/ cof;oK,? pmifoK, yluf:
Oofcgef, tguf,oK; ygh,Nif:wkdif<rdef/
vduf;vmofuof;Nnf,
qArfrldof; uK,vK:uvK:(eyf.qgrf:vkuf;oef:udlwf,)yh,zSofwh:rK:eef. wh:ayK:rD:oh. vduf;wgif
xef? rhmqSef,oh.]]vlwlnf:vmofuof;vSif:}}(eyf.qgrf: vmofvSif:uof;vkuf;)/ Ndef:bl,qAif,wmif: yAef
Oif/ rK:pKrldof;vDbmrf:imrf:/ pAwf:pkdofawyAefpSif:xSif;uef/ vldefrmif;(vldefvgif;)? vdlefrmwf,?
oef:rmwf, qldof:eh. rK:ygifqgrf:uef? pKOmif;? pK;udef/ eyf.yef vgif;tguf,wK;yhwmif:/ vlwlnf:
eK;(Ohm)vdef vDtrf,vD/ yDwh: qof.vldof yD AD uGK, 94 yD/ wlnf:qgrf: uK,vK:NofuhauK; rD:
ugef,/
wh:arKvD,erf.qArfqof.
erf.wuf:wD;erf.arK,? urf;zgif; trf,ayK:O[ erf.rD:cmef</ ugyf;eh wh:pAwf:vD,erf.
aO vD,ySwf; qif,wkdof:? udefrK:bof;/ wD;ulef:Ogif:vlif Oldof,umyf,qgif<rgif:? wgifwlnf? Orf.tof
rmuf,pdefwAifO[,/ eldofref: Oldof,Ohm:cmof? Oldof,xmef,/ ayK:q[.vD,qldif.eh vh;wkdof:erf.vD erf.O[
bof;/
Ndef:wh:
tofrh.qdif? rh.rlof,? rgif,Odof,aO wif;eldofvkuf;rmuf,pdef/ rkif:OD,eK;? rkif:cK:zh:/ yAef
Ndef:pmif; rD:qmef:/ zlnf:Ndef: pmrf.qef:? erf.zlefqAof:bSwf:? sp.vlrf:/ OmrfMif;? pK;Mif;/
18
eldofNdef:rD: zD:'h:? arK;erf.? erf.wof;/ qgrf.zKOmef? vhm:rguf,zKOmef rD: 12vhm:/ zKvSef<
umif cef;Mif,/ e[:Mif, rD:clofvhvlif:Ndef:/
pmif;Ndef:pmif;ekdif;sw. tofrh.qdifOgef<wldofof,/ tofvkuf;(ugef;)vdefvgrf.OmrfeK;trf,
rD:N:vSif:wD;zK/ eldofNdef:sw. O[,N:oK; OD,qAif,/ Mif;Ndef: yAefuduf;? rD:Omrf? pK;? qAwf:Mif;/
ulnf:uK; OmrfMif;urf;erf/ Okdif,rkdof.Okdif,'h: qyf:oh.wmif:Mif,acKacK/
xSif;pmif;ekdif;sw. tofrh.qdif rh.rlof, avK:uefauK,yAefNdef:/ ekdif;Mif; wmif:wkdof:vhm
bmif,/ rkif:Ndef:rD: OD,eK;? O[,qmef:Ogifzhm,? yAefNdef:pmif;/ rkif:cK:pmrf.qef:qkdif erf.qAof:
bSwf:sv; cK:auK; emef:vl.emef:eof;/ ukif:Ndef: sv. zlnf:Ndef:rmifqldof: arKpAwf:P;vdwf:
cdkef;rK:tdwf:ekdif;aO Orf.pAwf:vhmqef.sv; tguf,pmif;vhmpmef.oh./
tlof;yArf, OmrfavK:
ykrf,Olduf; ckefOmrfavK: emif:tlof;yArf,? wh:ul;wD; ul;rldif:? ul;N.quf:bl,bof;/ yAef'dif;
si; Olduf;ydkef:wh:bof;/ wD;rldif:wh:eldof(bl,emef,)auK; rD:? rldif:udkifr? rldif:qAif:wgif:/ rldof;uof,yl,
rgef,ehm:bK:pof: yAefwh:eldofeif,uefbof;/ vkuf.rldif:ukdifrchm.rK:wmif:qmef:auK; rK:wif;rldif:ukdif eh
ulnf:bof;/ vkuf.rldif:qAif:wgif: wmif:eldof chm.vlif:rK: wmif:qmef:auK; rK:wif;qAif:wgif:ulnf:bof;/
ohm:vif vgif;cof;ql:uef? cof;tguf,uef trf,rD:uGK,sv; yl,rgef,ehm:bK:pof: vkuf.wD;v[rK:ehauK;
pof:trf,pKtrf,qgrf:bof;/ wD;rldif:wh:eldof vduf;vgif;tlof;yArf,OmrfavK: rD:wif:erf? oguf:? uGmrf:?
vduf;vlif/ wD;rldif:wh: eldofclif: rldof;ykwf.xzK,OK, trf,yh,zSofcofeef. OAifwh: trf,rD:]]e}}?
trf,rD:]]n}}/ ugyf;eh vldif<? Ogif? Omrf? vrf.vlrf:? vldofNdef:/ ykwf.xzK,OK,zSofrK: rldof; AD600/700 ehauK; coftofqgrf:wlef: Sanskrit(wSuf.uw)sv; tguf,OAif]]tlof:}}/ tlof<uK<OK.?
erlof<wO? Omrfvlof:/ ygwf:qmef:Orf. tofqgrf:wlef:OAif Pali(yK,vD.)sv; tguf,OAif]]atK:}}/
atK:uK,O earK:wO? OmrfavK:/ vkuf.eh.uGK,eK; bK,P;vh;oK; wh:ySuf,uef? uGmrf:wh:trf,rldef
uef/ eh. trf,vDoK;bof;/ vDwkdof:acK;vDwldof:(wh:trf,ySuf,uef? uGmrf:wh:rdlefuef)pmuf;wh:tef
vAofeef. vDwldof:cK;atK;/
cl:oAif: apKOSifaq<vmef.
uofcK; yAefulef:aq<vmef.aOwK. trf,Ol;OD,OD,? yef,Myf;ymwf;vgrf.cl:oAif:P;ayK:ygif,
Nofygif,pmif qgwf,uGK,eef./ cl:oAif:aq<vmef.eh. ayK:oK; cl:oAif:Oldofcmef,'K. ehauK;vh;cK;bof;/
ugyf;yldof; qof;arKydkef:wh:cof cl:vlifwD;qef.qgrfcof e[:rldif:bl,emef, sv. rldif:wh:
tofvgif;clef.cGK. vSrf:tguf,rK:qldof:eef. tofrK:wSuf;uefaO ilyf.iD.uef? zgrf.qgrf:uefaO pAwf:
tguf,vh;rK:]]ymef:ODOlduf;cldof: umyf;omef;udif:rldif:wh:-Tai Kingdom}}rldif:rmof: 2007/ rldof;qof.Orf.
19
rD: cl:vlif ydlof;? uAyf:MrfwgrfpKyyf.wh: e[:rldif:bl,emef,(vduf;xlof,iguf;? wlofygwf:? wlofbmof:)pdrf:
30 yD/ eh.auK; awvh;wmif,zdkefcgyf;q[xkdifref:qof; vDimrf:sw.bof;/ e[:apKsc, vlof;bmif;?
yldof.qdef<(qdif<)qldof:eh. vgif;e[:apK z[rK:cof;tguf,? uGK,wkduf:rldif:v[? z[rK:uof:? vgif;rldif:pdrf:Mrf:
qldof:eh. cofwSrf;rhmoh.vDimrf:? Odrf:ySif:oh.vDimrf:sv; rldof;vAof qldof:arKvduf;vhm:sc,eef. pKtguf,
vh;wD;eef.vDimrf:bl,/ zkdefe[:apKeef. yAefzkdefrhm qgrf:yD qgrf:oef:oh.bof;(ohm:vif qif,
vmrf:vmrf:aO wSrf;O[,? wSrf;rhm qldif.eeftrf,q[;)/ ulef:rldif:oef:wluf:? ulef:zIif,sw. cof
clef.cGK. pAef:tof wD;pdrf:Mrf:aO wSrf;wrf:oh.yefuGK,bof;/
wD;aq<vmef.auK; rD:ckefrK: vhmumyf;vhmymefbl,/ wD;apKvlifrldif:rmof:? ohm:aO umyf;ymef
ckefwldif: sv. vkuf;vmefref: cofqSuf,uef zef:uef sv; awK,pmef.ayK:trf,rD:vh; qof;
awOkdyf,apKuGK,/ qif,Orf.rD:rK: vldwf;ckef-emif:vl:? ckdef;pAwf:apKcrf:(AD-954)tofaq<vmef.
yAefiof;rldif: rldif:rmof:vlif/ ugyf;ehsv; ulef:rldif:aq<vmef.cof Mif.aq<vmef. oK; oAef:vmif:
(emif:)ehbof;/
qof;Oldofcmef,'K. Nrf;uefwif: qof;Omrfvlif'K.aO wkduf:vh;rldif:rdwf;bof.(AD1331)
auK; rK:eif;apKwD; aq<ph:/ bl,wD;eef.aO ygifomef;ygifrldif:/ P;pAwf: cl:oAif:aq<vmef./ wmif:
vkduf.ref: xlrf;qlof;rh.yluf,/ Mr.RigbiauK; rK:wlnf:uGK,rldof; AD-1896 sv; ref:auK;wSrf;oh.
wmif:vkduf.rD: 25-ft ehbl,/ qof;Oldofcmef,'K. ylifuGmrf: P;pAwf:cl:oAif:aq<vmef.]]ekdif;Ndef: ekdif;
eK;wif,OSif:}}/ yK:qArfzuf:wlcl: oAif:OD,zhm,? yK:qArf auK,uSefq[rldif:? apKqldof:eh.sv; pkdifuGK,Omrf
yD/ eefsv; ]]ekdif;Ndef:ekdif;eK;wif,OSif:? OmrfvldefvSif:(OmrfyD)qif,bof.}}rD:uGmrf:oh.qldif.eh/
qof;Oldofcmef,'K. sv. qof;Omrfvlif'K.(qof;OmrfwK)Okdyf,wkduf:Okduf:trf,zK:trf,ygh,?
ar,cGmuf;omef;rldif:/ eefsv; rD:oh.acK;uGmrf:]]auKvmif: Omrfrkdef,Ndef: rD:ulef:wKqldef:ayK:qgwf,/
aq<vmef. Omrfrdkef,omef; rD:ulef:cKpmef; ayK:qSwf,}}/ ugyf;ydlof; oAif:auKvmif:(auK:vdef: rldof;
vAof)yAefwyf.umif, sv; vh;wkduf: vh;zdkuf:vh;bkdof:umif,eK,eef. qof;umif,wKayK:qldef: wif:erf
bof; oK;eh/ aq<vmef.sw. ulef:wkduf:Okduf:auK;erf? ulef:rmwf,auK;erf? ulef:cKpmef;auK; eK,
pmif; ayK:qgwf,qSwf,uGK, ul;wD;bof;/
pof:cK; bl,qgrf:cl:oAif:rK: wif:OmrfymefaOwK. pof:cK;uldof:oK; pof:pefbl,N.bl,eef.trf,
pKvAyf;pAef:oh.vDvD/ xkdifrK: AD-2006 qif, pof:cK; auKvduf;vhm: oAif:rlaq< sv. aq<vmef.
qif,zgrf.uefaO uGK,rlef.? uGK,wof cl:oAif:awK,ayK;qgwf,? awK,ayK:ygif,uefuGK,bof;/ rldof;qof.tgef
uefoK; cl:oAif:aq<vmef.yAefcl:oAif:Omrfpmef.(Omrfxmyf;)oK;eh/ eK;vdefe[:oAif:(cl:oAif:awK,cl:oAif:)
eK;oef:tguf,awK, eK;oef:wluf: rD:1.6vuf:/ eK;Mif,awK,eK;qmef: rD: 2 vuf: vldofvldof/
wlif,cl:oAif: yAefoh.Ogifwlif,? wlif,e[: pmrf.Okufwldof:/ vhm,erf.vhcof;xkdif wlif,e[:? ayK:vlef.Orf.
vlef.O[, cl:oAif:wlif,eguf;/ vhm,erf. vhcof;wlif,eguf;auK; rD:oh.pif:ref:/ Mif;(Mif<)erf.Ogrf,rldof;
vAofeh. yAefzhmykwf:uGK,sv; yAefMif;erf.vhcof;ql: egifbif,uGK,/ pdrf:wlef;pkif: qlof;yh,zSofegif
20
bgif, rD:ymif,tkifchm:/ uGK,vAef;eldofref:? eK;vdefwkduf.bgyf,oh.bl,/ ulef:clwf.cl:oAif:cof qwf:umef
cSef,sw.bl,/ cl:oAif:wlif, eguf; vhm,erf.cof;? cof;wmif:Mif,? cl:oAif:ykwf:wK,erf.vlef. rD:wmif:
qmef:/ cl:oAif:ykwf:eh. vAyf;uGK,zhm,qmef:uRif:Mif, eh.aOsv; ykwf:oh.wD;eef.bof;/ erf.vlef.
awvlef.qgrf:Oefvghvlif:uGK,/ erf.vlef.eh. awuGK,bkdif;oh.bl, wD;egifbgif, sv. tkifchm: rldof;
vAofeh.bl,bof;/
arKay,wmif,uK,vK:eh vDwK,auK.eh. qK.wK,auK.eef.bof;/ vDwK,rldif:eh. qK.wK,rldif:
eef.bof;/ wyf.sc,rK:bK.vhmyguf;trf,vh;? trf,sy.sv; pKq[.vhm:arKuK,vK:aO qkdif:vgh:vgh:bof;/
qkdif:bK.aq<vmef. awK,pmef. ckefwh:ayK:chm.apKuGK,wD; ymif,apKcrf: ymif,ykif,(erf.ykif,)eef.bof.
(AD-1384)/ rldof;ymef rof,qD,wkif:? P;sc,cofrK:bl, qldof:ymif,ugif:apKaO P;zkuf,wlef;bmif bl,
bof;/ rldof;yD;emif: qof;apKcrf:rldif:xh: rK:tSof,xkdif rldif:rmof:eef. ref:emif:bgef:wlnf: ymif,apK
crf:/ sc,cofoK; coftrf,N. oK;eh/ yldef;sw. yldef;vAyf;pAef:ykdef:wh:vDvDaOqif,rK:/ eefsv;
ref:emif:vh;pef yD;egif.wh:eldof sv. Ndef:wh:eldof uGK,vhmvhmulnf:/ rldof;vAofsw. ugyf;c[;rD:vgif;
qefq[ ulef:vmof:rldif:sv; ymif,ugif:apKeef. cdkef:wD,zAof;ySwf;rlwf:aO ckdef:auK,ckdef:apKuof,wh:
ckdef:bof;/ ayK:rD:ulef:rK:tSof,rldif:rmof:erfauK; cSuf,awvlef.rK: wmif:rl,aq< erf.crf:/ ulef:c[;
rldof:pef cl:oAif:aq<vmef.auK; awwldof:rK:bl,bof;/
ulof:qrf,yD(auK:Orf,yD,)
oAif:rldif:rmof:auK; zl,wSrf;vduf;urf;zgif; bgif;abK:aO azK,ukduf:? wSrf;udkuf:(ulof:Orf,yD,)eh
uGK,/ ulef:rldif:sw. z[trf,qgrf:N./ rldefeif,eef rldif:OSefoDauK; ugyf;yldof; c[;P;xSif;O[, ukif,tl
rldif:OSefoDsv; zl,wSrf;vduf;urf;zgif; tofqkdof; auK:Orf,yD, wSrf;ukduf:uGK,/ eh.auK; ulef:rldif:trf,
N./ auK:Orf,yD,eh. rK:e[:ykdef:TzK:? yAefoAif:e[:rldif:uvK:eh. oAif:ekdif;/ eif,eef oAif:bgifNnf;
(bgif;Nnf,? ngif,Olnf,)eh.auK; urf;zgif;wSrf;qyf:oh.oK; yAefrldif:auK:Orf,yD,eh/ eh.auK; ulef:rldif:
trf,N.? trf,qyf:Olyf:/ tefyAefv;h sw. rldif:rmof:vlif Nrf,vlrf;rldif:qldof:eh.rlwf:rlwf:sv; ugyf;
ydlof;bgif;abK:rldif:rmof:vlif yAefrldif:auK:Orf,yD,eef. rldif:qldof:eh.auK; Nrf;uefbdkefqyf:uefoh.
bof;/ ayK:yAefrldif:wh: awvh;rD:qkdof;wh:aOugef,/ qkdof;auK:Orf,yD,eh. yAefqkdof;uvK:? yAefqkdof;
e[:ykdef:TzK:sv; yAefqkdof;uSrfulnf:/ yAefqkdof;iof; qkdof;yxK,e trf,v[;eef. vDN.qgrf:uefvh;
bl,bof;/
ayK:awrK:wlnf: rldif:rmof:vlifqkdif ref:trf,b[,trf,pSif: wmef,rldif:sc,vlifauK; ref:b[,
wldof: rldif:zroh.sw.sw./ ayK:wlnf:eK;vdef tefqof;Oldofcmef,'K. irf:vh;Nrf,rK:eef.auK;
erfoh.sw.sw./ ulnf:uK; rldif:wh: rK:rD:bl,e[:su; rldif:sc,sv. rldif:zroh./ wmif:Ogifrldif: trf,c[;
pefwh:pSif:b[,rK:/ pKvhm:bK.qdif: P;bgh< P;vAuf.uGK,eef.bl,bof;/ zhm,zrcof vh;wmif:N.ykif,eK:
rldif:uvK: xSrfolef.xSrfygif/ e[:rldif:uvK:auK; qkrf:ekdif;sv. vkrf:ekdif; yAefOkduf:uefbl,wK,aO
sv; vhm:uof,wK,uof:ulef:cAefpof:eef. wldof.xkuf,uGK,auK;rD:(rK:wif;rldif: sp.vSefvdefcof 43oAif:
21
rldof;ymef tel.Ikuf.xK,)/ rldif:sc,sw. vh:pefcofyefpSif:ulef:arK? yewK<ckef? rD:ymifxmrfvduf;
vDvDimrf:imrf:/ ugyf;ydlof; rD:ulef:arKerfrK:eef. ulef:qgh;pSif:zkduf:yhm:ydif,nK,wK,qgh;ygif? qhg;olef.
yef ckefwh: pSif:tlef;oh.tdwf:ekdif;/ eefsv; tefyldef;tofarKyldef;rK: bK.qdif:pof:eef.
pof:trf,'mif.vh;? trf,pefvh;uGK,/ vhm:cSif? vhm:Okduf: pof:sy.bl,aO vhm:tlef;vhm:ekrf,? vhm:ydif,
nK,eh. pSif:pof:tlef;uGK,wD;eh.aO yldef;auK;N.wD;eh.? yldef;auK; cof;bK.wD;eh. pSif:pSif:bof;/
rldof;ymefqof;wlefNof(AD-1024)rldif:zr rK:wkduf:rldif:aq<vmef.? trf,cof;vh;sv; vh;
NefuGK,/ ohm:vifrK: rldof;qof;tel.Ikuf.xK, zSofrldif:rmof:rK:? tmif;c[;rldof:bgef: qhg,awK,iK:OSifeef.
trf,zSofvh; rldif:sc,/ ckefwh:rldif:vmef.qof; yefref:pmif;TzK:uGK,bl,/ cmof:eh. wh:rldif:vmef.qof;?
wh:wD;rldif:rmof:? wh:wD;wK;ugif ayK:yAefcof;qmof:ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.rlwf:bof;/ ugyf;yldof; wif:ckefrldif:
zr bK,P;rD:vgif;Okduf:Oldofoef:eK;eef. rldif:awK,rldif: pAwf:eK;wKvDawK,uef? uhm,clofidkef:clofcrf:
awK,uefeef. qif,tofvkuf;bdif:ref:qof; emif:rgef:vK;(qArfrldof; bl,wD;eldif:rmof: ayK:yAef
ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.bof;/ a':cifrsKd;cspf wSrf;oK; emif:rgef:vK; zSofyl:urf,bof.aO qif,yAefykwf.x
zK,OK,rK:eef. trf,rSef;Mh:ykdef: ykwf.xzK,OK,cgifwh:)/ ckefwh:sv. ckefsc, vh;urf:urf:wkduf:
awK:uefoh./ Okduf:vlifOmrfyguf; wkduf:uefwif:sc,eef. yAefymefqof;Oldofimrf;'K.(AD-1384)/
rldof; AD1442? sc,wkduf:rldif:rmof:? e[:ykdef:rmef< rhmoh. NofOkduf:sc,eh. qkdof; okef,cBD,oK;eh/ e[:
ykdef:sc, ykdef:wh:sw. NofOkduf:eh. qkdof;wmif;bD, oK;ehatK;/ cmof:eef. ckefwh:vh;chm.uGK, rldif:
bmif:bof;/ cmof:eef. rldif:bmif:auK; rD:oh.bl, e[:rldif:rmof:vlif/ apKuof,wh:wD;rldif:bmif: yAefwD;
wyf.zrbl,oh. rldof;vAofeh.bof;/
e[:rldif:rmof:vlifeh. rD:rldif:rmof:/ rldif:rmof:vlif yAefapKOSifat,uImwf;? rldif:rmof:yAefqof;
'K.(apKcrf:)/ ugyf;ydlof;eh ayK:pof:pKykdef: awvh;vlwlnf:qgrf: yDref:cmof:eef.sv. vlwlnf:
qgrf: eK;vdefref:cmof:eef./ ayK:awrK:vlwlnf: eK;vdefoef:eh.aO uGK,vmwf;vgif;oef:rldof;
uof,eef.eh wh:rmof: yAefyD;egif.wh:eldofoh.bl,urf:vAof/ vduf;wh:eldof? wh:rmof: yAefvduf;wlofbmof:
(vduf;wlofiguf;)eh.urf:vAof/ yD;egif.wh:ygwf:qmef:(urf;zgif;auK; Mif. wh:vlif)eh.auK; eif,eef/
yl,tguf,ehm:bK; yD;egif.wh:vlifauK; vkuf.wD;wmif:eldof chm.bhm.rK:ulnf:sv; pkdifvgwf;Mif.yAef wh:
eldofvh;/ yD;egif.wh:pof: zSofwD;r[,aO pyf.qkdof;ukduf:wD;r[,eef.uGK,aO Orf.qAof:vkdrf:ySwf;wD;uof,
rldif:uof,pof:eef.uGK,tdwf:ekdif;/ auK.oK;]]wh:rmof: trf,q[;wh:vlif(b[,)? wh:blef:trf,q[;wh:}}eh
auK; bif:rD:ugef,/ ugyf;eh vDpKxgrf, zl,clef.cGK.seyefpof:rK:eef.bl,bof;/ wh:yAefwh:tef
vAofwif:OAif;bof;/ qkdof;uof,auK;yK:? qkdof;r[,auK;yK:bof;/
À À À À À À
22
rldif:vmef.qof;
wh:rD:rK:rldif: sv. vgif;'dif;irf:rldif: pkdifemef:bl,bof;/ rldof;vAof 'dif;uof,pof:urf;zgif;
uGK,rdlefsc,oh.eef.]]P;JJeef.yAefcgifsc,}}eh xkdrf;ySwf;uGK,oh:eK,/ rdlefeif,eef 'dif;si;pof:?
acK;uGmrf:pof: uGK,Ogef.cgifrmef< bl,eef.eh.auK;]]P;JJeef.yAefcgifrmef<}}eh xkdrf;ySwf;uGK,oK;
eK,/ tefwh:blef:Mif. ]]OIlof:}}eef. rldof;vAofrmef<cofOrf.Mif. ]]¨blof:}}eh/ clof:ymef.?
clof:uguf:? yAefwh:blef: auK,wif;wrf:rK: wD;yl:urf,eh.sv; acK;uof,ref: yAefacK;wh:]]OIlof:}}eh.
ulnf:/ zrrmef<cofOrf. 'dif;si;uvK:pdef,wl, tzD.IK,qK, Nrf,eK;vdefwD;eh.rK: rldof;eef.
qkdof;rldif:auK; qkdof;Brahman Desh? sr;erf.auK; qkdof;Irrawaddy/ coftrf,ayK:c[;vmwf; vgif;
'dif;yldef;Nrf,xkdifcof/ ayK:qSuf,wlnf:vldwf;ulef:zr bif:awavK:yK:vldwf;uvK:oh.bl,/ yD;egif.wh:
pof: ayK:cgifpof:rldefyldef;tdwf:ekdif;auK; awtofxkdrf;ySwf;rlwf:rlwf:bof.pkdof:/ wh:auK;oK;]]omef,}}
sc,auK;oK; ]]omef:}}/ tar,ID.umef,oK;]]uK:}}? uBK,ymef,auK;oK;]]uK:}}/ wh:rD:rldif:b[,rldif:vlifrK:sw.bl,?
rD:oh.awK,rldof;vAofbl,? bK,olef.oK; wh:trf,rD:'dif;si;eef.aOurf:/ pof:rD: thm;? bD<? Omrf? Oh,?
yldef;trf,rD: thm;? bD<? Omrf? Oh,/ tldof; thm;? bD<? Omrf? Oh, pof:eh.bof. yAefcgifpof: 'dif;
pof:/
rldif:wh:wK;ugif(BC-110-AD-850)eh. rD:rK:awK, ckefuvK:r[, cof;qkdif:rK:/ rldif:rmof:?
rldif:rmof:vlif(AD-567-1448)rD:rK: awK,Okduf:vlifsc, rK:bK.Omrfyguf;aO umef.phmuGK,/ rldif:vmef.
qof;(AD-650-1252)ckefwh:irf:bl, wD;z[wD;ref:auK; yDref:yAefcmof:vAofoh.auK; vh;pefbl,/
eK;vdefqldof:eh. ayK:cgef;uef tofqyf:uefaO vlwlnf:qkdif ref:trf,vAuf.? b[,sw.sw./
ulef:cldof:tefrD:'dif; cl<eK:? cl<rldif:aO Nrf,irf:rldif:vh; b[,xmef,eh. yAefulef:cldof:rD:ukif,rkefrK:
bl,sw.bof;/ vgif;qldof.cldof:wh:eh. ayK:ulnf:awwlnf: yyf.uof,tgef,yyf.ekdif;aO vmwf;uGmrf:
eef. awtrf,ukrf,vh;bof;/ yldef;trf,wSrf;yefpof:? yldef;awqefzhm,yldef;aOwSrf;eef.auK;
awrD:wif:erf/ ehsv; yD;egif.wh: awvh;arKvduf;vhmbmif,vhmzef:aO pKtguf,vh;rK:? clef.cGK.
rK:? wSrf;tguf,vh;rK:bl,bof;/ rldof;vAof zdkefuof, zhm,rldif:sc, tguf,rK:bl,b[:b[:/ ulef:wh:? ulef:
arKwh: qkdof;yAefqkdof;sc,aOwK. e[:rldif:sc,auK; rD:bl,wif:erf/ vDwldof:cof;uefaO pKOkwf.ql:
uefbl,/
rldof;AD-650ckefvlif cldof:thm;vmof:(ihm;vmof:)pkyf;wkrfuSef,Nuf:rldif:vlif(1)rldifOldof;qmof<(Mong Shu Soa)?
(2)rlifOD<qmof<(Mong She Sao)?
(3)wldef<wmef,qmof<(Dearn Tan Sao)?
(4)Oldef<vmif;qmof<(Shern Lang Sao)?
23
(5)vmif;cBLifqmof<(Lang Chung Sao)?
(6)ab;OD;qmof<(Yae Shi Sao)? ehaOsv; P;yAefrK: apKOSifwh:rldif:vmef.qof;ehbof;/ (ygif,
oK; qof;rldif:qmef:? qof;irf:vmef.vmef.)/ qof;apKcrf:wh: trf,q[.qkdof;vAof? q[.wkdof:vhmqkdof;/
cldof:Ndef:Oldof? qkdof;tgef,? qkdof;vlif qldif.eh/ rldof;wh:yh,rdkwf;yK,vD.? rldof;trf,yh,yAefqmof:ykwf.x
eef. wkdof:]]v}}urf;erf/ vrf.(erf.)? vldif<(ekdif;)/
e[:yyf.]]ykdef:wh:ul;cldof:cldof:}}qAif:rh,? 1987? eK;vduf;-8 wSrf;oh. vgif;vmef.qof;/ Okdyf,
rK:Orf.vh;pef vduf;rhmwgif: cgifsc,wSrf;oh.oK; ulef:cldof:tefrK:sw,wif;rldif:vmef.qof;eh. ref:
yAefulef:qkrf:cldof:rkif:? cldof:vkif:? cldof:yK: eef.bof;(Omrfrldif:wkduf:uef bK.wofulef:yK:)/
qkdof;wlif,oAif: e[:rldif:vmef.qof; sw,Nofref:oK;]]wK;}}eh wif:erf/ wK;rkif,ulof.? wK;
cBmif:Nof:ulof.? wK;OAifulof.? wK;cBdif:ulof.? wK;bdef:edif:ulof.? wK;cBLif,ulof.? wK;ODulof./ uGmrf:sc,
]]wK;}}eh. ygif,oK;]]b[,}}/ ulef:uGmif:wkif<cof? wlofvduf;sc,]]wK;}}eh. cofOrf.tguf,OAifoK;]]wh:}}
Tai ehbof;/(ulef:wif;oAif:ref:oK; ]]wh:}}aO sc,rhmwSrf;qgrf:OAifcof]]wK;}} uGK,pkdof:)/ wK; sv.
wh: ygif,oK;]]b[,}}eh.Orf.rldefuefoh.bof;/
ckefapKcrf:sc, qkdof;]]bl.}}wif;rldif:rldof; BC-2208/ ohm:vif ref:qof;tguf,wlnf:vSef
vdefrldif:ref:/ pdrf:rldif:ref:eef. rD:rldif:vlifvkuf;ekdif; qkdof;]]rldif:wK;rkif:}}? rD:pdrf:]]Okdof.cRef:}}
rldof;vAof/ qldof.cldof:wK;rkif:? tefrD:e[:ykdef:sc, rldof;ylef.rK: 4186 yDeef. yAefulef:qldof.vAof
uefwif: ulef:cldof:tefrK:wif;rldif:vmef.qof; rldof;yD BC-1715 eef.bof;/ tefsc,cofMif.
ulef:]]yK:}}eef. ref:rD:vhmqkdof;vhmOAifaOwK.auK; ohm:rK: cgef;uefaO yAefcldof:wh:oh.bof;/
vduf;tefclif,'K:qkdof, wSrf;vmwf;oK; ]]ykdef:sc,eh. rldof;ymefckefapKcrf:]]bif}}BCrldif:sc,bif:yh, wif;omef;wif;rldif:uSef,vh;vD}}ehbl,bof;/ cmof:sc,wif;rldif:bl,eef. ulef:
cldof:wK;rkif:? vkif:? yK: ayK:rD:omef;rldif:oh.bl,eif,uof,bof;/ vgif;ulef:qldof:eh. vgif;wh:auK; vh;N.
e[:vduf;vhm:sc,eif,uof,/ arKbKwgwf.wSrf;oh.oK; ]]ayK:tmrf:emwf;wh: trf,b[,vlifsw.sw.qkdif
sc,cofpkdofawuGK,pyf.Mif:oK;]]b[,}}ehaOtdwf:}}ehbof;/ eguf;aOsc, cofwSrf;rhmvgif;yldef;eef.
cofMif.yldef; ulef:vldif:(rmef;)ehvhmvhmulnf:/ sc,cofMif.]]yK:bD<}}ukduf: uldef:vldif:oK;(rmef;)ehulnf:/
wh:auK; Orf.Okdyf,Mif. ulef:vldif: wmif,qkdof;oK;(rmef;)ehulef:eif,uof,/
1375
ykdef:vmef.qof;auK; bmof:sw.sw./ ohm:vif iof;rldif:chm.uGK,wK;vD/ tefoK;qkrf:ydof,cof
c[;uGK,ql:ogif.sc,eef. cofvh;rK:ykdif; qkrf:wh:vmef.qof; P;vmef.qof;yK:cofuGK,ql:ygif,sc,/ e[:ykdef:
zrrmef< vgif;ydof,cofrK:ydkif; wh:vmef.qof;aO yhwmif;eef. trf,O[,yK:/ rldof;vAof cofoh.wlof
rmef< yAefydof,oh./ sw.ref: uGK,oh.qldif.eef trf,rSef;/ ydof,bif:yh,phm Orf.uGK,tofcofphmxK;/
rmef<bif:yh,uldwf, Orf.tofrmef<rD:oh.xK;eh.trf,q[;ykdef:/ cmof:eef. ulef:ydof,(pdef,wl,? cldof:TzK:
cIdOBfeK:? yl:Il:)cofrK:yAefckefoh.? ulef:zrrmef< yAefulef:cK;bl,? trf,rD:tmrf:emwf;? Orf.aw
24
tofcof uGK,oh.wD;ckef wD;ygifrldif:xK;oh.eef. trf,qyf:vgif;ref:/ ohm:aOymef tel.Ilwf.xK,
'dif;auK; yAef'dif;uvK: Nrf,oh.urf;erf/ ydof,auK; bif:q[.oh.vduf;pdef,wl, ySrf,rpD,(Brahmi)oh.
bl,/ vldwf;tel.Ilwf.xK,auK; bif:awyAefuvK:oh.bl,/ cofbkdefyAefzrrmef<rK:sv; vgif;zr
auK; rD:ukduf:ykdef:rK:/ ckefwkwf.wygif, wkduf.yAefckefpdef,wl,uvK:bl,sv;? uGK,wkduf.whm:P;yAefrmef<
eef. yldif;wmif:ref:pSif:eK;bof;/ rldefeif, qmof:ykwf.x tofukif,rkefcldof:TzK:(Ouf.uBK.)eef.
eif,uof,? cldof:pdef,wl,cofauK; tofukif,rkefcldof:TzK:cof(yl:Il:oifOD)eef.bof;/ ]]oifOD}}eh ygif,oK;
cldof:ref:? yl:Il:oifOD? ehygif,oK; cldof:yl:Il:ehulnf:/ ayK:oK; yl:Il:ehauK; ukrf,bl,bof;/ wD;omef;wD;
oAif: uGmrf:pdef,wl,Mif.oK;]]urf? uIrf}}ehbof;/ ugyf;eh wD;cldof:yl:Il:bl,eh. yAefyl:Il:urf,? yl:urf,bl,
bof;/ vldwf;zrrmef<auK; awavK:vldwf;uvK:oh.wif:erf/ rldof;vAof tof DNAxwf:wlnf:vh;
bl,/ vldwf;wh:auK; sc:awavK:uefwif:vldwf;sc,oh.uK;pkdof/ eh.auK;rldof;vAof tof DNA xwf:
wlnf:vh;bl,/ ykdef:eh. vDwSrf;qgrf: tefref:yAefrK:eef.ulnf:/ qefckdef; qefvlif:aOwSrf;
eh. trf,q[;umyf;ref:bof;/ awvh;oK; tmrf:emwf;zrrmef< auK,wif;rD:rK:sw,wD; ckeftel.
Ilwf.xK,(AD-1044)eh.ulnf:bof;/ qof.vldofeef. wkduf.yAef ydof,? pdef,wl, cofoh.bl,/ e[:apK
ckeftel.Ilwf.xK,eh. rl:xmrf:rmef<auK; awerfrK:? emif:ar:apKcrf:auK; awyK:rmef<erfwldof:rK:
sv; tel.Ilwf.xK,auK; ildif.yAefckefzruGK,? bkdefyAefckefzruGK,eh.auK; vDtofcof;q[bl,/ vgif;
ydof,awwSrf;xSif;acKacKbl,/
sc,Orf.oK; qkdof;wh: trf,rD:]]cldof:Ndef:}}? qkdof;ckefrldif:vmef.qof; Orf.seoh. cldof:
Ndef:/ ugyf;eh ckefrldif:vmef.qof; awtrf,yAefvh;wh:eh cofpKxAifbl,qldif.eef/ ugyf;yldof;eh
ulef:arKwh:pof:auK; vDrK:wmif,se wmif,zkdefvgif;wh:? rldif:wh:bl,/ qldof.cldof:wh:eh.(qkdof;cldof:Ndef:
auK; q[.bl,? rD:bl,/ qkdof;rldof;vAuf.(Mif.qdkof;vlif? toftK,bl.qkdof;eef.cyf.rK:)? qkdof;rldof;b[,(Mif.
qkdof;tgef,? eh.auK; toftK,bl.qkdof;eef.rK:cyf.eif,uof,)qldof:eh.auK;rD:/ sc,cof c[;oK;ulnf:bof;/
qkdof;Nuf:rldif:vlifauK; yAefqkdof;qof; qkdof;rldif:auK; yAefqkdof;qof; (Sao, Chao) oh.ulnf:eif,uof,/
eldofvkrf;'K.zl;wSrf;ykdef:urf;erfsw. oh.vmef.qof; yAefrldif:wh:? cldof:wh:oh.bl,/ rldif:vmef.qof;
sv. rldif:rmof:vlifauK; qArfrldof;ymef ckefwldif: rD:vgif;cof;tguf,uefrK: wif:erf/ rldif:wh:vmef.
qof;? rldif:wh:rldif:rmof: wif:bl, irf:bl, Oof:qgrf:uefoh.? bl,cmif:uefoh.bl,bof;/ rldif:wh:rldif:wK;
ugifauK; bl,qgrf: rldif:Ogifrldif:eh.rK: awK, AD-850 bl,bof;/
rldif:rmof:vlifeh. ckefOkduf:sc,cof rK:vlrf,Omrfyguf;Omrfurf:aOsv; vh;vl.uGK,rldof;omif;bD,
rK:wkduf:rldof; AD-1447 eef.bof;/ rldefeif,eef rldif:vmef.qof;vlifeh. ugyf;yldof;ckefwK,wK,cof
cof;rK:vlrf,sv; ymefckefwh: vh;vl.uGK,rldof; AD-1252 eef.bl,bof;/ ymefrldof;uof,eef. ykdef:
rldif:rD:wD; tmrf:emwf;ckefulnf:/ ayK:ckeftrf,rD:tmrf:emwf;auK: trf,rD:ykdef:rldif:bof;/ vmef.qof;
vl.bof.aOsv; qif,rK:sw,rldif:rmof: trf,q[;/ rldif:rmof:ayK:rD:oh.bl,bof;/ rldof;ymefOldofcmef,'K.
ref:pkyf;irf:vh;apKcrf:wif:erfaO yAefrK:apKOSifeef. rldif:rmof:vlifauK; rD:rK: yAefrK:qgrf:bof;/
À À À À À À
25
apKcrf:wh: Okdyf,cyf.rK:
(u)e[:rldif:zr rldof;vAof
wD;e[:rldif:sc,cmof:eef.pSif:wK,wK, rkif,ulof:cof ckdef;b[,OkifxK:rK:sw.sw./ ymef]]qdif<
udwf.qfcmef,}} (AD-1206-1227) ref:wkduf:sy. omef;rldif:wif:erfsv; yAefrK:apKOSif (at,u
Imwf;)/ ymefvkuf;qhm:ref:]]tlof,uwSif:}}(AD-1227-1241)eh.auK; Okdyf,cGmuf;rldif:sv; ayK:zSofrldif:
oef:wluf:uGK,/ ohm:eh. Orf.rD:rK:]]ul,yavcmef:}}(AD-1260-1294)/ ref:qof;wkduf:tofrdlif:bl,
emefaO tofoAif:yD,udif:(yh,qAif<)pAwf:iof;rldif:aO pyf.yAef atuImwf;rldif:sc,ehbof;/ ymefwK,
wK,eh.bof; rldif:vmef.qof;auK: ughphmuGK,bof;/ wh:pof: rldif:vlif trf,rD:bof.sv; yAefrK: qof;'K.
tgef,? rldif:tgef,wif:erfbof;/
ckefwh:rldif:vmef.qof; rK:wkduf:rldif:ydof,(uvK:pdef,wl,)vl.vSofuGK, rldof;AD-832/ cmof:eh.
qkdof;OAifckefrmef<zr trf,yh,rD:/ ayK:oK; zrrD:tmrf:emwf;eh qkdof;ydof,(uvK:)trf,qmif;ukduf:oh./
erf.uAofeh. rD:qkdof;zhm,wh: sv. zhm,uvK:pdef,wl,(at,IKowf.=qmif.zlduf,TzK:pdef,wl,cof)ulnf:/
rldefeif,]]ul,yavcmef:}}bkdefyAefat,uImwf;sc, uGK,eef. tel.Ilwf.xK,auK; bkdefyAefckefzr
uGK,wD; yl:urf,(Purugama)w[;eh.bof;/ ohm:aOeh. ymefwK,wK, bif:yh,ohm:? rldof;AD-1287 rK:bK.
vl.ySwf;rldif:yl:urf,w[;bof;/
qArfrldof; yl:urf,w[; yh,vl. cldof:ckefrldif:rmof: yhm;Okduf:sc, yK:wif:vkuf;egif.way:wif:erf
(rldof;ymefeIK.yaw.AD-1260)rK:bl,xifoh. wD;]]rdef,qhm:}}/ wh:arKzkuf,Ogrf;vDimrf:sv; cl<eK:?
pAwf:eK: rD:cof;erf.wmif:udefvldif,rK: awK,ayK:vh;urf.xdkif e[:apKcrf:bl,bof;/ ugyf;yldof; cofqgh;
yefapKcrf:zr? Orf.qgh;ngyf:yefulef:rldif:sv; e[:apKzr bgif;ukif,ckefwh:Omrfwlef yefqkdof;
e[:apK P;yAefrK: twdif,cIK,? IK,qK.Omif:uBmef,? OD,pwl,ehbof;/ ugyf;yldof; ckefwh: rD:pSif:yhm:rldif:
pSif:irf:rldif:vh;eef. qof;wh: OD,pwl, auK,rldif:r[, wD;ydef:bK.(ymifbK.)rldof;AD-1312 aO eif;
pAwf:ckefapKcrf:wD;eef.bof;/
qof;blef:(vkuf;qhm: qof;twdif,cIK,)sw,wif;oAif:r[, oAif:aq<uSif:(quSif:)rldof;AD1315 aOeif;pAwf:ckefapKcrf:wD;eef. awK,xdkifAD-1312bl,bof;/ ugyf;yldof; ymifbK. sv.
aq<uSif: zdwf:uefsv; qof;vlif(atuImwf;)rldif:bmif: rK:wkduf:wif:Ogifrldif:aO tofyK:ckefcof
rldof:uGK,rldif:bmif:ykef.bof;/
qof;wwlof:rdef:zbK:(vkuf;qhm:qof;blef:)pkyf;tof ymifbK. sv. aq<uSif:aO pAwf:
ckefapKcrf:bof;/ ohm:eh. ref:qof;wif;rldif:r[, rldif:tK,o(wD;erf.ymifvgif: cof;ql: erf.uAof)rldof;
AD-1364 aO sw,wif;cldof:ckeftK,o uGK,bof;/
26
rldif:rmof:vlifeh. sc,rK:bK.aO iof;rldif:vl.uGK,aOwK. iof;rldif:chm.uGK,wD; rldif:bmif:aOOkdyf,
rD:bl,wD;rldif:bmif:/ ugyf;eefsv; ayK:wSrf;vgif;rldif:bmif:eh yAefrldif:rmof:vlifulnf:bof;/ e[:ykdef:
zrrmef<auK; wSrf;eif,eef/ rldif:bmif:eh. cofrhmoK; ]]wh:rmof:}}(arK:OBmef:)ehulnf:/ qof;vlifeh
ygif,oK; qof;'K.vlif? ygif,oK; at,uImwf;bl,bof;/ e[:ykdef:rmef<wSrf;oh. aqK:vlifehulnf:/ yAef
ckefvlifrmif:TwK: rldif:bmif:ehauK;awK;wSrf;bl,/
qof;vlifrldif:bmif: pkyf;Odrf:tof uK;vldof,(uav:)rldof;AD-1425/ qof;vlifrldif:bmif:sv.
vkuf;qhm:qof; OldofNrf,'K. Nrf;uefaO wkduf:awK:aq<uSif:/ Nrf,irf:vh;rldof;AD-1524/ Orf.Okdyf,
Odrf:tof tK,oK. rldof;AD-1525/ qof;OldofNrf,'K.cdkef;pAwf:apKcrf: wD;rldif:tK,oK. rldof;AD-1526
eef.bof;/ ref:qof; Nrf,irf:tK,oK.(16)yD/ rdef:uBD:nlof, tofqof;OldofNrf,'K. egef:sz:ySwf;
aO wD;tK,oK. yAefwD;wh:pSif:? wh:Ndof;Ndif:oh.sv; qif,ckdef:pyf.ymif: ckefwh:wD;OD,yguf;(OD,ayK.)
qof;tkif:ygif,ckefrldif: rK:eif;apKtK,oK. rldof;AD-1542/ xSofvgif;iof;rldif:qldof:eh. sw,wD;yl:urf,
w[;vl.AD-1287 awK, ymeftkif:ygif,ckefrldif:AD-1545/ eh.yAef umyf;wh:Nrf,irf:rldif:zrrldif:
rmef<bof;/ vlof;cmof:ymefwh: ygifrldif:zrpkdifuGK,/ 258 yDbl,bof;/ sw,qArfrldof;cmof:eef.wh:sv.
rmef< avK:uefbl,wduf:wduf:bof;/ cmof:eef.auK; yAefcmof: Nofulef:wh:? eK;vdefwh: erfvldof
rmef<oh.bl,/
(c)eguf;rldif:zrrldof;vAof
tefpof:rkdwf;Olyf:]]wK;Ndof:}}eef. wh:ehg.cofMif.oK;]]xK;Ndof:}}eh/ pof:oK;]]wmif:eh.}}cof
oK;]]xmif:eD.}}/ pof:oK;]]wD;eh.}}cofoK;]]xD;eD.}}/ wlof]]w}}sv. wlof]]x}}eh. yAefwmif:wkdof:
tefvAof? OAifeldof sv. OAifw[;Ndif:uefoh.tdwf:ekdif;eef.ulnf:/ wh:auK;yAefxh:? xh:auK;yAef
wh:? c[;wSrf;qldif.pkdifauK; trf,zdwf:/ wmif:wkdof:ref: yAeftefvAofulnf:bof;/ e[:rldif:xh:auK; rD:
rK: rldif:apKcrf:wh:wif:erf/ e[:rldif:vmof:auK; yAefrldif:wh:oh. pif:acKacKref:/
(u)rldif:wGK,IK.owD,(Dvaravati)
rldif:eh. qyf:uefoh.wif: rldif:urf,ayK:wD:bK:/ rldif:eh. zrrmef<cofwSrf;rhmoK; yAefrldif:
xh:ehulnf:/ awK,rldof;vAof rldif:eh. rldof;yh,wluf:e[:rkdof:Siam(wh:)? yAefrldif:rgef:crAefcof xdif:irf:
oh.(5-7 century)/ ugyf;yldof; wh: sv. rgef:cof bl,qgrf:uefoh.sv; apKrgef:qif,qmif; wluf:e[:
rkdof:wh:bof;/ cmof:eef. ulef:vlifrgef:cofoK; ugyf;yldof;eK;vdefeh. ulef:awwhmerf? bK,P;yAef
bof;? eK;vdeftefr[, rD:wif:erf? pof:chm.uGK, tofeK;vdefr[,aO vDbof.eh cofqif,chm.rK:wif;
rldif:e[, wD;yK,uldof(sy:ulof:)eh. rldof;AD-573 eef.bof;/ yhm:olef.ulef:vlifrgef:cof Okifoh.bl,sw.
bof;/
27
wD;rldif:uvK: pdrf:ygrf,ay,(rrf,yhm:)rldof;vAof bmrf;rD:rK: rldif:sv. cldof:ulef:urf,ayK:qK.
rldof;2-qlof;ymuf,eh. ugyf;yldof; wmif:uK.(yhwmif:erf.)vDwldof:rK:sv; ckeftgef,rldif:urf,
ayK:qK. zSofqgrf:rK: rldif:urf,ayK:wD:bK:rldof;vAof(qkdof;rldif:sv. qkdof;ckef yAeftefvAofuefulnf:)/
ckefKambojaeh. vkuf.wD; Kambojadesa zSofrK:oK;eh/ ugyf;yldof;eh rldof;vAof qkdof;Cambodia/
ckefuvK: yAefyhm:pdef,wl,sv; owf.Angkor yAefvhm:rkdof:pdef,wl, b[,b[,vlifvlif/ qlof;yhm:vif
Orf. yhm:ykwf.xzK,OK, zSofrK:aO ugyf;yldof; trf,rSif,ulef:qef.eef. qef.eh.ehsv; yAef
tefulef:rldif:qlrf:pyf.sw.sw./ eefsv; wD; Angkor Wat eh. qAif,ekdif; O[,xSif;wK,qmof:
ykwf.xcofyefbof;/ 'dif;si;rldif:uvK:? 'dif;si;pdef,wl, qof.vldofoh.sw.sw./
(Kamboja)/
wD;Dvaravati eh. Siam sv. rgef: bl,qgrf:uefoh.aOwK. yhm:'dif;si;? arKwdef?
arKrdkof: yAefyhm:rldif:uvK:? yhm:pdef,wl, Nrf,irf:pSif:oh.bl,bof;/ yhm:pdef,wl,rD;oh.eef.sw. vkuf.wmif:
urf,ayK:wD:bK: Nrf,irf:xkdifrK:/ wD; Dvaravati eh. rD:wlif,ulif:xrf,rqmuf;? clwf.tguf,vh;oh. yAef
ymef6-qlof;ymuf,/ eh.seoK; wD;eh. ayK:rD:qmof:ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.bof;/ ugyf;eh rgef:sv.wh:
(Siam)ayK:yAef ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.bof;/ wD;e[:rldif:Dvaravati eh./ ayK:eef vduf;xrf:cgifwh:
sv. vduf;rgef:rldof;vAofauK; uldwf,yK:qgrf: qmof:ykwf.xrK:ulnf:sv; vduf;Ogifqldof.Ogifzef:eh. rD:
rK:wD;Dvaravati bof;/
ohm:aO ulef:rgef:cof yAefqmof:ykwf.xzK,OK, aOtrf,uK: rD:vduf;rgef:bof.aO cofvh;
chm.rK:sw,rldif:r[, wD;yK,uldof(sy:ul:=Nif,OK,owD,)bof;/ zldof,rgef:cof chm.uGK,wmif:oef:wluf:bof.auK;
wh:auK; ar,uK:rK:xSif;? wif;rldif:r[, wD;vmef.eK: rldof;AD-639 oK;eh/
(c)rldif:vmef.eK:(Lanna)
tefoK; rldif:blef:vlifeh. yAefrldif: qAif:rh,? qAif:phm:? qAif:wkif qldof:eh.bof;/ vmef.
eK:eh. yAefuGmrf:wh:/ sc,Orf.Mif. yK:yhmODzl:(Pa-Pai-Si-Fu=rldif:emif:apKcrf:rD: 800=OSef<
ao,Okdof<)oK;eh/ uGmrf:pdef,wl,(Sanskrit)Orf.Mif.Yonakaratha(Yonok Na Khon)/ wh:urf;zgif;
Orf.Mif. rldif:blef:vlifehbof;/ urf;zgif;Orf.oK; qArfrldof;ymefapKcrf:uvK: tK<Olof:uK. Olif,qof;
Omif,cK,cof tguf,rldif: P;rK:auK,OK,OeK,ykwf.xqof; rldof;yDOK,OeK,vh; 235 eef. qof;blof:
eluf;zSofrK:sv; qkdof;blef:ukduf:rK: qArfrldof;eef. oK;eh/ (eh.sw.awqof.wldof:pSif:uGK,tdwf:ekdif;/
tofqkdof;uof,? ymefuof,? ykdef:uof, rK:q[.wkdof:ymefr[,sw. awcyf.qgrf:yDykdef: ihm;tdwf:ekdif;)
wmif:uGmif;rldif:blef:vlif(blof:eluf;ecgef)eh.Michael Freeman clef.pKrK:sv. wif:
tefyAefrK:bl,sw.eef. clyf:uefvDoh.bl,/ yK:qAif:wkif? Odyf:Ogifzef:eK:(qAif:pkif;)? yK:qAif:
rh,? vrfykef<? vmef.eK:(vrfymif:? zaI<? emef? cBAif:Ihm:(qAif:phm:)? zbmof? sr:Mif;Ogef)qldif.
ehbl,bof;/
28
(i)rD:rldif:apKcrf:Siam OSrf? wh:/
(q)rD:rldif:apKcrf: Lao vmof:/
(O)rldif:apKcrf: tK<Nrf:(Assam)
cldof:Ndef:Oldof(OldofuK;'K.)wD;rldif:rmof: wif:yD;egif.uef trf,ayK:rSef;uefeef. rldof;
AD-1214 pmif;pSef:tguf,uGK, wmif:oef:wluf:bof;/ yK:qmif.? yK:wyf.rK.? yK:pSif:Okduf:OmrfpAifarK;wgif:
oK;eh/ arK;wgif:ekdif;arK; awyAefwK,ulef:vhmauK. trf,eefsv;auK; yAefwK, eK;Ndef:vkuf;ar:
vkuf;tgef,eef.pkdof:/ cofpmif;pSef:tguf,wmif:trf,ckdef:rK:bof. ehsv; eK;Ndef:vkuf;sr:auK; aw
vh;yK:uGK,bof;/ cofyhuGK,wmif:OAef;wmif:vghqAwf:vkuf;(rldof;vAofMif. vghymwf,uh,(Patkai)/ wD;eh. cof
xldofymwf,acK:uh,aO tofvldwf;uh, wwf:sw,wD;eh. yAefvdefuofbof.eh Okdyf,cmof:wmif:uGK,oef:
wluf:xSif;/
cofygh,ulef:cof uGK,wmif:eK;? pAwf:xSif;? pAwf:Okrf.bof.aO qkrf:qof;OldofuK;'K.qgif,qgrf:
cof;rK:vgh:vgh:/ wif:qkdof;wif:Oof:? cmof:zlefvkdof;zkuf,cof;bof.aO qif,Okdyf,yhxSif;/ wD;pdrf:vgh
ymwf,uh, Orf.ukdwf:qkdof;xSif; vduf;vghwD;ekdif;eef. qkdof;ref:ukduf:rK:awK,rldof;vAof ymifqof;(Pang
Sao)eh/ ymifqof;eh. rldof;vAof yAefvSefvdefrldif:tdef:wD:bK: sv. zreef.bof;/ wmif:tguf,
vghwdefvgh rD:omef;egifbmif: awK,rldof;vAof/ cmof:eh. Odyf:pK;oef: wif;umwf,(wvmwf,)ekdif;oef:
aO chmclof:sc,? clof:uvK:? clof:udef oh.bl,bof;/ wmif:wluf:vgh wdefvgh rD:omef;ykif,(rD:erf.ykif,)
awK,rldof;vAof(omef;eh. rD:e[:vSefvdef rldif:tdef:wD:bK:bof;)/
rldof;NofyD 2011 zl,wSrf;vduf; sv. TOK,qhm:tgifxkef: zSofrK: oAif:vD,wlof,(Lido)/
oAif:tgef,eh. yAefwD; NofOkduf:vlif Stilwell wif;wyf.Olif,clof:Okduf:eef.sv; rD:ymif,Ndof:odefuof,
rldefymif,Ndof:odefoAif:rl,aq<oh./ wD;eh. rD:wh:tK<Nrf:(cof;pdef,wl,bof;)? rD:zef:cmifOdif,zlof,(cof;
qmof:ykwf.xbof;)? rD:zef:wh:crf:wD;(yAefykwf.xzK,OK,)/ wD;vghymwf,uh,tguf,crf:sv; zh,eh.
clwf.oh.b[,b[,vlifvlif? vgrf.oh. uGmif;eK,? trf,yefz[cof;/ rD:umwf,? rD:qef.qgrfauK:vAuf.? rD:Nif:
bK? rD:wyf.Okduf:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:/ rmifzof,rmifcK: ulef:yAefegifbmif:? pmyf,uefpmrfuefrK:/ ayK:
yAefsw.eh wyf.Okduf:cofauK; P;uGK,Nif:bKcofbl,oK;eh/
qof;OldofuK;'K.cof pkyf;tof erf.vdefpdefzK qgrf:sr;erf. yIrf,rK,ykwf.wIK. uGK,
wduf:wduf:/ yK:qArf uaO:reD.yl:If? eK,uK. wif:vlif/ ref:qof; tofpSif:Okduf:ref: vgrf.yldef;
rlwf:bof. qif,vmwf;uGmrf:awK,ulef:vlifcof/ wif:cl<eK: wif:pAwf:eK: wif:cl<rldif:sv; pkdifuGK, 13
yD qif,pkyf;vh;eK;vdef wK,wif;rldif:apKcrf:/ rldof;eef. wD;rldif:eef. tK<Nrf:eh. awyAefqkdof;
ckefzDvlifpkdof:? ckefulef:vlifpkdof: trf,N.vh;bof;/ qof;OldofuK;'K.oK;-]]uofyAef tK<pkrf:bof;}}eh/
ugyf;ehsv; ulef:qgrf:ref:qof;auK; yAefulef:qgrf: qof;tK<pkrf: sv; rldof;vAof yAefwh:tK<pkrf:
ehbl,bof;/
29
qArfrldof;AD-615? rldif:rmof:ayK:yAef qmof:ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.bof;/ vkuf.wmif:rldif:blef:rK:
auK,yefbof;/ qof;OldofuK;'K.cof yAefqmof:ykwf.xoh.bof;/ rldof;coftguf,uGK,? yK:uGK,ulef: yAefrkdef,
aOwK. qof;Oif,cK,trf,qmif;pkdofpyf.ymif:uGK,vh;eef. vduf;wldif,umof,cof awK,rldof;vAofoK;]]qof;vlif
tldnf:? qof;TzK:? qof;TwK:? qof;Oduf.uBK:J}}eh/ cmof:cofuGK,eef. awtrf,wef:'mif. wK,yK:arK
vduf;arKvhm:uGK,blof:/ vduf;Sanskrit wif:vlifeh. sw,]]u c I q O n}}ehulnf:ulnf:/ vduf;
wh:tK<pkrf:Orf. yAefoh.]]u c i e w y z o r b q x I v oQ eK: p t}}oh./
auK.ckdef:wSrf;ckdef:eef. awpmrf.vkdrf:vkdrf:oh.aOuK;vh;pAwf:uGK, eif,ref:yAefvh;eef.bof;/ yAef
oh.ceh.? rD:oh.ceh. awvh;bgif;abK:uefulnf:/ yyf.ykdef: yl,Ief,uBD:cof wSrf;oh. zhm,wh:? zh,uvK:
(Assam)wSwf;eSwf;oh.bl,vDimrf:/
qkrf:qof;OldofuK;'K.cofeh. OK,eldof.vldifsv; eK;wKvDimrf:oh.oK;eh/ eif,pkdofqldof.cldof:
eldof.vldwf;zef:wh: awtrf,phmeef. cofauK; rK:pyf.ymif:tof emif:wh:? wD;rldif:ugif:uGK,bl,/ ulnf:
uK; zhm,ykwf.xzK,OK, trf,rD:iof;qif;cmrf,ref:sv; zhm,pdef,wl,cof qkdif:cof;e[:apKrK:wduf:wduf:
bof;/ awK,pmef. qof;e[:apKcof rD:rK:qkdof;Ogefzef:? qkdof;wh: qkdof;pdef,wl,(Sanskrit)eef.
bof;/ vgh:vgh:auK; cofcof;pdef,wl,uGK,wduf:wduf:bl,bof;/ ayK:cof;pdef,wl,bof.auK; umefoh;? umefyl,
qK, yAefulef:ykif,eK:(Brahman)cof ygifOmif;yefOAif;sv; cmof:vmwf;uGmrf:wh:? cmof:wSrf;wkdof:
vduf;wh: trf,rD:uGK,bof;/ eefsv; uGmrf:wh:? vduf;wh:auK; ogwf;qgrf:uGK,wduf:wduf:bof;/
xkdifrK: ymefrldif:rmof:vlif qof;Oldofcmef,'K. cofckuf:q[vh;rK: qof;OldofuK;'K.cof tguf,uGK,
rldif:ao,OK,vDvlif trf,rK:Omuf;? trf,rK:egrf:auK; pkdifbof;/ eefsv; pyf.P;qof;Omrfvlif(qof;
OmrfwK)cgwf,Okduf:aO qgrf:uGK,(rldif:vldefOlefcrf:)rldof; AD-1332/ e[:qlof;cmof: 3 yD? Okduf:qof;
Omrfvlif ckdef:zSofrK: erf.wD:(rldif:ugif:)/ rldif:wh:tK<pkrf:auK; bkdefyAefw[;rldif:rmof:vlifbl,? eef
sv; trf,wmyf;yAefOkduf:OldofOif/
xkdifrK:AD-1815 e[:apKwh:tK<pkrf:? zgif:rldif:vlifauK.ekdif; c[;P;cofyAefpdef,wl,uGK,vkrf:
vkrf:bof.oK;eh/ zgif:rldif:vlifauK.ekdif;Orf. bK,P;pdyf,uef cof;pdef,wl,sv;eh trf,xkuf,uef
bof;/ cmof:eef. ckeftAif:uvAwf; ayK:irf:rldif:tdef:wD:bK:oh.bl,bof;/ trf,yh,zSoftK<pkrf:/ zgif:
rldif:rhmOgifeh. tguf,uGK,ql: ckef:tAif:uvAwf;? uGK,bgef:wmif:qgh;xSrf P;pmrf;zgif:rldif:rhmekdif; bK,tof
yhm:bkrf,brf cof;rK:e[:apKeh/ ckeftAif:uvAwf; trf,qmif;qgh;/ zgif:rldif:auK.eef. qif,Orf.tguf,
rK:ql: ckefzr/ ulef:e[:rldif:tK<pkrf:urf;zgif; awqgh;bl,sv; rldof;AD-1819 ckefzr qif,Olif,
NofOkduf:vlif ymef,wl.v wyf.Okduf:qgrf:uGK,bof;/ e[:wyf.Okduf:ymef,wl.v qof;'K.wh: vh;yefuGK,
vkuf;Okduf:wh:wif:erf/ wh:awK,wh: trf,c[;pSrfuefsv; cofauK; uGK,vmwf;awK, zgif:rldif:rhmekdif;/
P;xgrf,uGmrf:aO pof:bK,zef:uefbof;eh/ ref:trf,xgrf,uGmrf:aOtrf,uK: uGK,wkduf:Okduf:ymef,wl.v
sv; yldef;tofcofwhmySwf;OAif;bof;/ clof:cgifulef:rldif:auK; tgefuefpdrftofrlwf:bof;/ wif:rlwf:
ulef:wh:tK<pkrf: vh;whmySwf;uGK, 38,000 auK.bof;/ ulef:NoftK<pkrf: whmySwf;wif:erfbof.sv;
pSif:tK<pkrf:auK; tlef;uGK,sw.sw.bof;/ wh:tK<pkrf:qldof:eh. qgh;pdef,wl,cof wkduf:Okduf:rl,Ovdrf,
30
ySwfaOtrf,uK: pAwf:P;rldif: Assam ckdef;b[,r[,OkifrK:bof;/ ckeftAif:uvAwf;qif,oK; sy.Okduf:auK;
awtrf,vh;tofulef:whmerfxmef,eh.? awtrf,vh;pdrfclof:cgifyldef; ehsv; rldof; AD-1824 tof
wyf.Okduf:ref: rK:vkdyf;ySwf; Odkuf:zrymef,wl.vcofySwf;bof;/ cmof:eef.eif,uof, tAif:uvAwf;
cof Odrf:tof xemofOID, sv. rldif:bef,ukif,bof;/ rldif:wh:tK<pkrf: vh;bl,w[;ckefzr(ymef,wl.
vK.)aO 5 yD ohm:eh. wluf:w[;rkdof:tAif:uvAwf;uGK,bof;/ rldof;vAof rldif:tK,Orf, tguf,eAif;? tguf,
erf.ref:sv; cSef:q[bl,/
(n)rldif:wh:crf:wD;vlif(Arunachal)
rldof;qof;Omrfvlif vkuf.wD;rldif:rmof:vlif ckdef;Okduf:uGK, rldif:ao,OK,vD, AD-1332eef.
Okduf:qmif.? Okduf:rK.? wyf.wdef? wyf.umif,? wyf.xlof:eK;? wyf.urf.zhm,vif? yK:wif:emif:ar:rl,
ulef:bdif: yAefvhmrkdef,Nofulef:/ ayK:wyf.trf,pSif: trf,qmif;sy.yldef;vh;ihm;ihm;/ qArfrldof;pof:yh,rK:
xkdif yldef;ayK:N.xK;eif,uofbof;/ uGK,ao,OK,vD,aO yguf;rK:? qof;Omrfvlif rK:OAif;umrf, wD;erf.
wD:sv; vkuf;egif.way: trf,yguf;rldof:rldif:rmof:vlifbof;/ qkdof;uof,cofyAef wh:eldof wh:rmof:(ayK:
wlnf:uGmrf:vmwf;cof N.qgrf:vh;bof;)/ qkdof;r[,cof yAefrK:wh:crf:wD; sv. wh:vSif/
e[:wyf.Okduf:eh.auK; rD:cldof:qof;zef:qof;bl,sv; crf:wD;auK; rD:rldif: rD:qof;'K.rK:acK
acK/ rldof;eef. crf:wD; sv. wh:vSif ekif;ulefwh:Nif,blif. sv. Oldof;wh:so.eK; rldefuef
vlnf; wh:wif:ykdef.bl,/ xkdifrK: AD-1700 yhm/ cofvh;cof;tguf, e[:apKrmef< erfwldof:rK:/ apK
crf:rmef< yefcgifzmuf, P;qof;'K.crf:wD; zK;egh.(vkif:uBD:? yl.Olof:? wgif.sp.)rK:sv; ulef:rldif:
tgefuefekif;qgrf: zK;egh.uGK,/ emif:bdif:sw. ayK:yAefNdef:eh eldofzK;Odef;cof vh;ymif:zK;
vmif:omwf;(rdlefwh:eldof)awK,rldof;vAof/
xkdifrK: AD-1800 yhm? ckefwh:crf:wD; uGK,e[:apKcrf:rmef</ yD;egif.Ogifqof;trf,xkuf,
rSef;uefrK:/ yguf;rK:aO qkrf:yD;thm; oh.q[vDwldof: uGmif;wldof:aO wif:vkuf;egif.way: vkuf;vmif:
ar:emif: chm.cof;rldif:tdef:wD:bK: tAefpSif:yAefrkdef,/ rK:vlduf;bl, wD; Arunachal rldof;vAof/ rldif:
cof? omef;cof bl,eef.auK; yAefqkdof;wh:oh.ulnf:eif,uof,/ ayK:wh:bhm.chm.wD;v[auK; yD;egif.cmif
(qAif<azK<)chm.qgrf:wK,aO,/ wD;eh.auK; yK:cmifrK:/ cofbl,eldofvgh pAwf:umefrl:Oldof:? wh:bl,Omyf,
erf. pAwf:eK:/ cmifauK; rD:ulef:Nofcof Mif.oK; wl,oK: xdif:ugef:4-5 omef;cof wD;eldofvgh/ wh:
crf:wD; yAefykdef.rldif:wD;erf.Ohm: oh.bof;/ wh: sv. cmif yAefykwf.xzK,OK,rldefuefoh.bof;/
zkuf,eAif;? zkuf,cof;? zkuf,zuf:umwf,(wK,toferf.ref:zuf:umwf,)? zkuf,ref:uvK:(tK,vl:)? rD:
vdefuGmif;aO Ndef:trf,cmef.eef. cSef:q[oh.sw.bl,bof;/ OAifoh;TzK:cof yAefOAifwh:blef:/
rldof;AD-1824? wyf.tAif:uvAwf;cof cof;rldif:tK,Orf,rK:? rK:wkduf:wyf.rmef<ymef,wl.vK./
qof;'K.crf:wD; Orf.trf,c[;P;yldef; rK:irf:wD;bl,crf:wD;/ eefsv; pyf.wkduf:tAif:uvAwf;/ wlof
31
qof;'K.(qof;eK:IK,qK,)tofNofOdkuf:vlif tAif:uvAwf;whmySwf;/ tK,Orf,auK; wluf:e[:rkdof:tAif:u
vSwf;uGK,bof;/
AD-1824 ? tAif:uvAwf; Odrf:rldif:rmef< ygwf:w[;bof;/ AD-1885? cofOdrf:tofrldif:
tK,o rmef:wav:bof;/ wD;oAif:Oldof(okef:¨lof,)rD:qof;'K.wh:vSif? qof;tgif,rBmwf;? cofauK; ugyf;
yldof;trf,c[;P;yldef; rK:irf:cofeef. vkuf.zkdef.tAif:uvAwf;bl,bof;/ pSif:trf,zAif,uefsv; vh;
umef.bof; qof;tgif,rBmwf; yhm;cof;ql: qof;'K.wh: e[:rldif:sc,/ bl,wD;eef. awK,ayK:xof;aO
qif,ckdef:cof;rK:rldif:wh:/ tAif:uvAwf;Orf.pefuGK,/ wh:eh.ySif:qif:cofpSif:eK,ehbof;/ zldof,tAif:u
vAwf;Odrf:vh; rldif:crf:wD;vlifyl,w[:(Pu-Tao yl,wK,tlof,)? coftrf,yefeK;wKvDwD;wh:bof;/ qof;
'K.wh:crf:wD;vh;yAefulef:rldif:vhmvhmaO vh;xheK:pKudefulnf:qof;uof,bof;/ tAif:uvAwf;Nnf:vh;cmif
P;cof;cID.bef,/ qldof:cof;cID.bef,cofyefpSif: yhm:ynf,nK,sv; qef.ydif,nK,cmifauK; Okifwldof:
rK:/ tAif:uvAwf; wlnf:eK;cmifwldof:oh.aO xSrfrguf, xSrfygif P;cldof:cmifrD;vh;tmrf:emwf;rK:bof;/
32
wlofsr;vduf; wh:tK<pkrf:
33
Mon Script
34
wh:crf:wD; yl,w[: sv. erf.Ohm: cof;tguf,uefrD:oh.bl,/ uGmrf:auK; yAeftefvAofoh.bl,/
cmifauK;eif,eef cof;tguf,uefrD:oh.bl,/ ulnf:uK; zK,OK,cof trf,rldefuefbof;/ wD;vD,wlof, cmif
cofauK; auK,wif;oh. Oofremof cof b[,b[,vlifvlifoh.bl,/ omef;wh: wD;vSefvdefqyf:wmif,rldif:
rldof;eef.auK; rD:rK: omef;wh:sv; yAefqkdof;wh:oh.bl,/ ayK:yldef;qkdif:cof;rK:eh wh:arKbmif,yhm;/
wD;egifbmif: OAif;wmif:vlif awykdwf,rK:bof.sv; vDrD:omef;wh:oh.bl,/ yD;egif.crf:wD; sv. wh:
wmif,qldof: vDarKbl,qgrf:uefbof;? vDrK:wif;omef;qgrf:uefbof;/ wh:wmif,qldof:auK; vDzkduf:tof
uGmrf:crf:wD;aO Okwf.ql:uefbof;/ ayK:awcof;rldif:uvK: uGmrf:crf:wD;? uGmrf:tK,Orf,? uGmrf:tAif:u
vAwf; yldef;arKyldef;vmwf;qldif.eefsv; pof:auK; awvh;arKqgrf:qldif.eef qif,qmif;cof;ql:uef
vh;bof;/ yD;egif.wh: wK,ekdif;auK.? wK,ekdif;Ndef:auK; vDolef.bl,/ wK,cgef:uef? wK,Nrf;uefwif:
wh:wmif,qldof:eef.auK; trf,vDvlifvkdrf:/ vghymwf,uh,zhm,wmif:pof:eh.auK; awtrf,vgwf;tguf,crf:/
ugyf;eefsv; qif,oK; wD;egifbmif:vDrD:omef;wh:bl,eef.bof;/
OAef;wmif:vlif Stilwell vkuf.rldif:tdef:wD;bK:(vD,wlof,)awK,rldif:sc,awckdef:pAwf:ckdef:
bof;/ vkuf.wD;vD,wlof, cof;ql:rBdwf.uBD:eK:Orf. cof;rldif:sc,/ ygwf:rBdwf.uBD:eK: awK,rldif:sc,auK;
pAwf:bof;? Omif;bof;/ vkuf.e[:rldif:uvK: zSofvD,wlof,auK; OAef;wmif:vlif pAwf:bof;? Omif;bof;/
ukdwf:oh. ygwf:vD,wlof, awK,rBdwf.uBD:eK:eh.ulnf:/ ayK:OAef;wmif:vlifeh. ygif,uGK,bof. vDvDimrf:imrf:
qkdif ulef:uGK,oh;TzK:wD;ykwf.xuK,bK,(azK:xD.crf:=ywD:crf:)auK; awihm;wldof:rK: awerfwldof:rK:bl,
bof;/ ayK:rD:OAef;wmif:vlifauK; wmif:uGK,wmif:rK:? wmif:uK.wmif:chmauK;I awOK,qgrf:rK:bof;/ yD;
egif.wh: qldof:pAwf:OlefpAwf:eK:auK; P;rD:wldof:rK: bl,pdrf:wmif:yAefrl,yAefomef;aO uK.chmauK; vDrD:
qgrf:rK:bl,bof;/ P;zSoferf.wD:aO vAyf;pAef:wlnf: egifbmif: sv. ymwf,uh,ugef,sv;/
ykdef:eh. trf,qmif;Nefvifckdef:bof;/ olef.vgif;vAyf;v[aO wmif,tySwf;yldef;bl,auK;
trf,ckduf. trf,yAefumefOkdyf,cmof:wmif:vh;/ ymefrldof;vAof tefpof:pAwf:ykdef:bl,eh. P;vDwK,uGK,uef
eK;ulnf:vK;/ vkuf.eh.uGK,eK; e[:su;wh:wif:erf? cmifulnf:awvh;yAefNof ehsw.trf,rSef;bof;/
wh:auK; awc[;bl,qgrf:wh:acKacK/ ulef:Nofwh:acKacK eef.auK; awtrf,rSef;cmof:bmrf:ref:bof;/
rmef<auK;eif,eef? wD;v[auK; awvh;yAefref:qD.Oif, qif,vh;ehauK; trf,rSef;bof;/ OAif
Okwf,apK:xrf:wh: ayK:rSef;qef.urf,'K,oh.bl,bof;pkdofqmif;Okwf,apK: qgrf:OAifrmef</ awvh;tof
eK;vdef wif;iof;ref:aO ulef:qldof:bl,eldofeK;vdefeh. awvh;arKbl,qgrf:uefuGK,eef.bof;/
auK.qkuf:eldof vdefuof? cgifuofeef. awrD:tlnf:auK.at,uGK,/ auK.pKydif,nK,aO pKrmuf;rD:eef.
awrD:tlnf:auK.erfwldof:rK:/ qldof.cldof:auK; vDOdkyf,rD:bl,/ ulnf:uK; z[trf,vDzdwf:z[? pof:awK,
pof: cSef:trf,vDzdwf:uefbof;/ ykdef:auK; vDpK? vDwSrf;? vDrD:bl,/ zl,wSrf;vduf; wSrf;yyf.
wSrf;rhmykdef:rldof;vAofeef.auK; vDOkdyf,rD:oh.bl,atK;/
À À À À À À
35
vDN.qgrf: ykdef:tdef,wD:bK:
rldif:pof:qyf:uefvlnf; rldif:tdef,wD:bK:? qkdof;pdef,wl,auK; rD:e[:rldif:pof:wif:erf ykdef:
uof,tefpof:vh;ukduf:uhm,uefrK:eef. trf,vDvkdrf:ySwf;? trf,vDomif:ySwf;/ trf,vDodef,ohm,vdrf,ySwf;
eK;wKref:/ ayK:awvmwf;vgif;rldif:tdef,wD:bK: awvh;N.quf: vgif;pdef,wl,zgif;bl,bof;/ zK,
OK,pdef,wl,eh. qof.vldof? xof;vldofzK,OK,ykwf.xqof;eK,eK,/ acK;uGmrf:wkdof: e[:pdef,wl,(Omrf,O
IK,? Odef? uBmif.urf)Ogef.uefwif: yyf.ykwf.xqof;wif:erf/
e[:uGmrf:bgef:Ol:pdef,wl,cof oK;oh.]]vgif;yhm:olef.tefvD rD:oh.bl,ul;zhm,zhm,eef. P;xkdif
pof:cK;aOurf:}}/ eh.seoK; cofpyf.vgif;oK; rD:yldef;? rD:pof:? pof:bl,qgrf:yldef;? yldef;bl,qgrf:pof:?
pof:vDbl,qgrf:uef ehbl,bof;/
rmifqldof:auK;oK; pdef,wl,eh. trf,q[;zK,OK,? yAefvhm:bl,vhm:Omif; e[:ymefulef:eh/ e[:
rldif:tdef,wD:bK: rldof;ugefeef. rD:cldof:ulef: tK,ID,bmef,(Aryan)cofvkuf.wmif:rldif:oef:wluf: zSof
cof;rK:/ cofyK:rK: 'dif;cof xkif:cof pmrf.Okifoh./ wif:ulef:ykdef.rldif: avK:uefaO rD:rK:'dif;TzK:
ySrf,rK,(Brahmanism)/ rmifqldof:auK; azK,oK;umyf;ao,w(Vedism)eh/ sw,wD; TzK:ySrf,rK,aO
Okdyf,yAefrK: TzK:pdef,wl,(Hindunism)bl,bof;/ zK,OK,pdef,wl,eh. trf,oK;ulnf:rD:TzK:Ol,vAof/
iof;ref:rD:rK:TzK:vlifyIrf,rK.(Brahma)/ yyf.iof;TzK:pdef,wl, zK,OK,pdef,wl, awvh;pefe[:
Bhagavadgita, Mahabharata, Ramayana qldof:eh.bof;/ ohm:vifrD:rK: TzK:oD.Oel:(Vishnu)?
ohm:vif ref:qof;Orf.cdkef;uldwf,yAefrK: Krishna eif,uK;seoh. e[:yyf.Mahabharata/ e[:yyf.
Ramayana Orf.seoh.oK; TzK: VishnuOrf.ckdef;uldwf,yAefrK: Rama oK;eh/ e[:yyf. Mahabha
-rata eh. wSrf;oh. vgif;TzK:OBD,o(Shiva)ugef,/ rldof;ymefckefapKcrf: ukyf:wK:cof(Gupta, AD400-600)ref:bkrf,brf TzK:oD.Oel: pSif:eK,/ TzK:ODB,oauK; rD:qkdof;OAifsw.sw.bof;/ qArfrldof;
ylef.rK: 3000 yD(rmifqldof:auK;oK;BC-1500)awK,xkdif AD-600 rK:eh. e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:yAef
TzK:pdef,wl, zK,OK,pdef,wl, Nrf,irf:rK:bof;/
rldof;ymef ckefapKcrf: ydrf,yD.OK,IK.(Bimbisara, BC-550-450`)rD:rK: zK,OK, tef
rSif,tguf,e[: zK,OK,pdef,wl,eh.rK:bof;/ rD:rK: zK,OK,qmof:ykwf.x(Buddhism)sv; zK,OK,qmof:
pAef:(Jainism)/ e[:AD-700 eh. vkuf.wD; Prophet Muhammad, wD; Arabia aO yAefrK:
zK,OK,rl,Ovdrf,(tD,Ovmrf,)Islam bof;/ xkdifrK: AD-800 auK; zK,OK,tD,Ovmrf, cof;zSofrK:
tdef,wD:bK:bof;/ zK,OK, Jainism cof q[.OAif Prakit oK;ehbof;/
zK,OK,pdef,wl,eh. aOqof;qof; wif;sw,rK: trf,q[;sv; trf,rldefqmof:ykwf.xsv.
tD,Ovmrf,/ zK,OK,pdef,wl,eh. sw,rD:rK:pkdifaO yK:rl,qlrf:ulef:cldof:vhmqldof. vhmwD;oh./ ulef:vlif
zK,OK,pdef,wl,auK; Orf.Okdyf,wSrf;xSif;bl,b[:b[:? z[auK;seql:uGK, ymefuof,Rig Vedaeef.sv;
eK,pmif; yAefrl,vAof wgh:vAofoh./ yyf.pdef,wl,rmifqldof: teftrf,rK:rldefuefauK;rD:/ qof;ulef:Nof
36
qkrf: wSrf;uGmrf:oh;TzK:pdef,wl,vhm:wrf: vhm:yhm: vhm:cyf. vhm:vl, vhm:wmef: auK.tefsr:qgrf: vhm:
qof;uof,auK;rD:/ eh.seoK; ulef:vlif sr:vhm:uof, rD:rK:eef.bof;/ rmifqldof:uldof:oK; tefref:
tgefpAwf:eh. yAefvhm:r[,/ sw.ref: ref:vkdrf:iof;ref:oh.ulnf: qldif.ehauK;rD:/ rmifqldof:auK;oK;
zl;tefvmwf;se TwK:pdef,wl,eh. cgyf,ref:uGmif;eK,? awK,xdkif trf,rD:cgyf,ref:uGK,bof;eh/ trf,
tofwlofq[yldef;whm? vgif;udefqhm? vgif;qef.ulef:ySuf,uef qldof:eh.vgif;olef. vgif;ygif trf,rdlef
uefvh;/ wD;ekdif; sv. wD;ekdif;sv; rD:vhmpmef.vhmqldof./ xAifxgifuefoh. vhmqldof.oh.bl,/ zK,OK,
pdef,wl,eh. rD:bl,? ulnf:uK; ref:uGmif;eK,? pkdifeK,? uof,eef.ulnf:bof;/
vhm:oh;TzK:pdef,wl,Mif.oK; yl,uBK,(Puja)eh/Pu eh. ygif,oK; rguf,bK;/ urf;erfsw. vl,
wmef:rguf,? rmuf,? cof;? 'h:(wAef:)/ Orf.tof'h: chm.oh; pAwf:wlif, e[:vlrf:Ogif,eK;TzK:aO ckdef;
umyf;wrf:bof;/ rmifyguf;auK; Ogef:erf.yefTzK:? rmifyguf;auK; vl,yefzK;rh wD;TzK:/ qldof:tefvl,
wmef:bof;eef. yAefOmuf;TzK:sv; rD:yK:wmif:vD xmwf;TzK:bof;sv; rSif,uefudefvh;oK;eh/
e[:owf.pdef,wl,urf;zgif; vh;pefpkef,pmif; vmif,uK,qhm:/ eh.sw,rK: qArfrldof;(AD-100)
e[:ymefShungas/ arKrkdof:cof pAwf:tguf,pmif; vmif,uK,OBD,o? wmif:OkifrD:5-rh./ wD;eldofvmif,uK,
eef.auK; rD:pmif;OBD,o ekif;clof:omifomifaO vmif,uK,ref:auK; seqgrf:oh./ TzK:OBD,o yAefTzK:
bgif;abK:qgh;xSrf? Orf.bK.vl.uof:ughsv; ulef:bgef:Ol:auK;rD: ulef:bgef:P;sp.uif;auK;rD:/ pmif;
vmif,uK,eh. seoK; rD:oh. TzK:OBD,o ehbof;/ rD:ulef:oK; cofpefpmif;vmif,uK, tguf,rK:e[:rkuf.'h:?
Orf.TzK:OBD,o tguf,rK:e[:wlofvmif,uK, ehbof;/
rD: Ipmef:sc,Faxian(Fa Hsien)uGK,zSofrldif:tdef,wD:bK: rldof;AD-402/ bl,vhmyDaO
ref:yguf;ckdef:rldif:sc,? wSrf;yyf. vgif;cmof:wmif:ref:/ wD;rldif:ref:zSofrK:rdlif:tdef,wD:bK:(e[:ymef
ukyf:wK:)eef. auK.tefvh;wluf:wmrf, awtrf,vh;pAwf:rlduf;eldof;ref:xSif;/ auK.tefvkuf.zdkef.
ckefauK; ulef:tofrkdof:ref:cgefcGK zef:ySwf;ulnf:/ e[:rldif:eef. trf,vh;tofwlofq[Owf:whm/
ulef:trf,vh;udefvof;rof:urf? zuf:rD,vSif zuf:rD,zlduf,auK; trf,udefoK;eh/ qldof:ulef:udefqldof:
eef. yAefulef:qef.wrf,handalas or Pariahs cofulnf:/ xkdifrK: AD-640? Ipmef:sc,Xuan
Zang Orf.rK: rldif:tdef,wD:bK: xSif;yK:ekdif;/ e[:yyf.ref:wSrf;seoh. zl;tofyldef;whm? ulef:rlduf;?
ulef:vuf.vgrf trf,vh;bl,e[:oAif:? vh;bl,eguf;oAif:ulnf:eh/
e[:zK,OK,pdef,wl, vgif;qef.ulef:(Caste)auK; ySuf,yldif;oh./ e[:vduf;Rigveda(ao,
wK.)wSrf;oh. ulef:eh. qef.ref:rSif,rK: qArfrldof; qK,wD.(Jati)uldwf,eef.bof;oK;eh/
(1)Brahmans(Priests)
yIK,rmef,ykif,eK:
(2) Kshatriyas
cwf.xID.b
(3) Vaishyas
ao,OD.b
ckef? ckefOkduf:
qof;eK:? ulef:uK.
37
(4) Sudras
Ol,wIK.
ulef:uK;? cK;q[.
(5) Panchamas
ymef,qrK.
ulef:bK,wldof.(Untouchables)
(Harijan=vkuf;TzK:/ Dalit=wAuf:wrf,/ Scheduled Caste=qef.rhmoh./)
e[:rl,Ovdrf,auK; ySuf.Orf.oK; e[:TwK:cof trf,wSrf;oh.aOwK. vkuf.wD;pdef,wl,aO cof;
rl,Ovdrf,rK:eef. 'dif;qef.ulef: rSif,uefqArfuldwf,eh. Okdyf,q[.? Okdyf,rD:oh. e[:su;rl,Ovdrf,oh.
bl,/ ulef:pdef,wl,cofauK; pyf.tof rl,Ovdrf,qldof:yAefckef Ashraf(Arabic sharif=Nobleman)
cof cof;yK:e[: cwf.xID.b yefbl,bof;/ Ashraf cofeh. yAef Arab rl,Ovdrf, qArfqof.aO
zSofcof;rldif:tdef,wD:bK:rK:eef.bof;/ qldof:trf,rD:qkdof; Ashraf eh. yAefpdef,wl,ykdef.rldif:bAef:
pyf.tof rl,Ovdrf,uGK,eef.bof;/
e[:Ashraf eh.Orf.rSif,xSif;(4)qkrf:(1)Sayyids (aObdwf.)cldof:vkuf;vmif: Muhammad
(2)Sheikhs (OBAuf.)(Chief)ulef:NoftK,Imyf.
(3)Pashtuns(yK.Owkef:)ulef:vmwf;uGmrf:Pashtoe[: Afghanistan sv.Pakistan/
(4)Mughats(rl,uldof:)ulef:wyf.Turkish/
e[:Non-Ashraf(trf,qkdof;Ashraf Orf.rSif,xSif;(3)qkrf:(1)Rajputs(IK,uBykwf.)
(2)Julahas(uBLvp)ulef:uK;? awK:pkuf,/
(3)Untocuables(ulef:bK,wldof.)/
ulef:bK,wldof.eh. qef.cofoh.wrf,aOyldef;bof;/ ulnf:uK; Nofulef:cofOrf. erfaOyldef;
(rD:18|)/ eefsv; ulef:vlif]]uef,wD,}}Mif.cofvkuf;TzK: oK;eh/ Orf.pAwf:P; ulef:wmifwlofcof
yAefrK: wSef:zgif:/ rldof;vAof cofvh;oh.27|/ ohm:aO ulef:rldif:oef:wluf:Aryancof cof;rldif:tdef,
wD:bK:rK:aO vgif;rSif,qef.ulef:eh.auK; rD:rK:qgrf:eif, qef.umef? qef.arKcofeef.bof;/
trf,uK: 4-5qef.? rD:xSif;erfoh.bl,/ Rajput urf;zgif; ckdef;yAef Sheikh rK:/ eK;Ndef:avK:
qef.uefauK;rD:bl,/
38
wD;e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:eh. qkdof;OAif]]cwf.xID.b}}sv. ]]ao,OD.b}}trf,ayK:Nif? trf,
ayK:vkdof:aOwK. qkdif;OAif]]yIK,rmef,}}sw. Nifpmif:aOyldef;bof;/ cofvh;pAef:tof ao,wK.ODuBmrf:
aO cofarK ay,wmif,uK,vK:? arKbK? arKvhm:pAwf:Omif; e[:apK? arKqgyf,yefckef? arKqgh;olef.yef
vgif;uK.vgif;chm qldof:eh.sv; vh;oK;cofyAef qof;ydif,nK,vlifbof;/ ugyf;yldof; rD:Nif:pAef:ykif,eK:rK:
sv; yIK,rmef,auK; rD:erfwldof:rK:wduf:wduf:bof;/ wD;tefpyf.Mif:wkdof:cofauK; erfqgrf:rK:eif,
uof,/ rldof;AD-600/700 qldof:eh. yIK,rmef, tguf,wD; Lata(Gujarat)auK; erfoh.bl,sw.bof;/
uGmrf:vmwf;? uGmrf:Mif.? uGmrf:oguf: OAif Sanskrit rD:rK: qArfrldof;BC-1400 qldof:eh.bof;/
pAwf:uGmrf:bgif;abK:TzK:Aryan cofrK:bof;/ eh.Mif.oK; acK;uGmrf:Rigveda ehbof;/ acK;uGmrf:qldof:eh.
sr:qgrf:rK:vgh:vgh:? rD:vgif;ckdef;b[,r[,OkifrK:/ rD:Grammar (yldif;whmvhm:wSrf;ref:)rK:/ ugyf;ehsv;
uGmrf:Sanskrit eh. oK;yAef uGmrf:wArfxlef;(Tongue Perfect)ehbof;/ vduf;Sankrit sw. sw,
rldof; AD-100 wSrf;wkdof:rK:bof;/
rldif:TzK:ykwf.x yAefMagadha? TzK:yAefqof;auK; q[.uGmrf:rldif:Magadha ulnf:uK; cmof:
eef. trf,yh,qmif;wmif,zkdef/ xkdifrK: ymefapKcrf:Asoka? OAifuGmrf:vmwf; yldif;Magadha uof,
eef.rK: tdwf:ekdif;/ acK;wmif,zkdefeh.Mif.oK; Pali oK;eh/ wD;e[:rldif:OD,Nof,eh. yyf.TwK:wSrf;
OAif qArfrldof;AD-100 oK;eh/ wD;e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:eh. yyf. Sanskrit auK; phmuGK,wif:erf/
ulnf:uK; Orf.uGK,rD:oh. wD;rldif:Tibet / qlof;trf,yh,yAefPali? vduf;eh.Mif.oK; Prakrit ugef,oK;eh/
vduf;Brahmi(jA[®[D)eh. e[:rldif:Bengal sv. OD,Nof, wkdof:bl,wif:erf/ yyf.TwK:qof;ykwf.x
tofvduf;Pali wSrf;wD;OD,Nof,/ vkuf.wD;eh. zSofuGK,Dvaravati(rgef: sv. OSrf)? Kamboja
(Cambodia, Angkor)?Lanna(blof<eluf.ecgef)? Hongsavati(rldif:rgef:)/ AD-1056qif,
Okdyf,zSof rldif:yl:urf,(zr)/ vkuf.wD; vmef.eK: rldif:blef: Okdyf,zSofuGK, Odyf:Ogifzef:eK: sv.
rldif:rmof:vlif/ zSofrK: Borobudur(tdef,wlofeD:OBL:)/ yyf.TwK:qof;ykwf.x tofvduf;Sanskrit
wSrf;wD; eD,ayK:vf/ vkuf.wD;eh. zSofuGK,rldif: wD.ySwf.? sc,? uBK,ymef,? rlif,ulof:vD:bK:? wuf.uD.
Ofwmef, sv. rldif:oef:tguf,cof/
e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:eh. Nofulef:pdef,wl, erfwldof:aO zK,OK,wmif,qldof:/ ugyf;ehvduf;
pdef,wl, tof Sanskrit, Brahmi wSrf;qldof:eh. yAefpdef,wl,urf;erfbof;/ Orf. uBmrf:ao,wK,OD,
uBmrf: qldof:eh.auK; yAefpdef,wl,? yIK,rmef,wif:vhmauK; yAefpdef,wl,/ ulef:vlif:Nif:pAef:aO yAef
yIK,rmef,rK:ehauK; erfwldof:rK:/ ehsv; wK,pAwf:umefvlef.tguf,rldif:rK:wduf:wduf:aO rK:pKxmrf:
umefimef:e[:apKwmif,wD;wmif,rldif:bl,bof;/
rldof;ymefuof,(AD-100)eef. pmif;rldif:pof: trf,yh,rD:/ sr;erf.uAofrD:qkdof;wh:sv. qkdof;
pdef,wl,Iravati(Irrawaddy)qkdof;qmif.zlduf, TzK:pdef,wl,cof/ qkdof;rldif:ayB,rldof;vAof qkdof;uof,yAef
Sriksetra(qkdof;TzK:pdef,wl,)? wgif,wgdef:uBD: yAefVishnumyo? Oxkif, yAefSudhammawadi?
wgif,wgdef: yAefRAmavati? sy:ul:(yK,uldof)yAefHansavati? bef,ukif, yAefUtkala/ qkdof;oAif:
39
qldof:eh. yAefqkdof;pdef,wl,vgef.vgef.sv; oAif:rldif:pof:qldof:eh. yAefpdef,wl,uvK:cof rK:sw,wif;
oh.sv; ukdwf:qkdof;cofulnf:bof;/ ckefref:auK; yAefckefuvK:pdef,wl, qif,qkdof;pdef,wl,ukdwf:vh;oh.
bof;/ e[:yyf. tl:¨mef:xkef:(OBLnf,ylof,)2009 wSrf;oh. pdef,wl,rK:wif;oAif:acKacKcof qArfrldof;
AD-100 eef.bof;oK;eh/ ugyf;yldof;pdef,wl,cof rK:wif;oAif:qgrf: sr;erf.uAof(Irrawaddy)sv;
wD;qldof:eh. vkrf:uefaO Mif.oK;Brahma-Desh(Desa)? ygif,oK; yAefrldif:TzK:pdef,wl,Brahma
ehbof;/ ohm:rK: vSuf;vhm;yAefrK:Burma oK;eh/ qArfrldof; qmof:ykwf.x trf,yh,zSofpdrf:sr;erf.uAof
qmif:pdef,wl,cof ykif,eK:cof ayK:zSofrK:tgefwmif:bof;/ yyf.ykdef:ulef:zr rD:rK: zhm,vifTzK:
ykwf.xulnf:sv; qof.vldofeh. ykdef:coftrf,rD:/ ckefzr rD:rK:rldof;AD-1044 ulnf:sv; qof.
vldofeef. yAefckefpdef,wl,ulnf:bof;/
e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK: rldof;ymefuof,eef. rD:ckef sv. ulef:rldif: Puru Vangsi bl,wD;
yD,pK,ygwf:qmef:/ e[:Rigveda wSrf;oh. cldof:Puru sv. Bharata Nrf;uefbl,oh.wD; Sarasvati
(Brahmavarta)oK;eh/ qkdof;apKcrf: Puru cof seoh. 29yK:/ ckef Puru cof tkyf.yldif,irf:rldif:
uGmif;oh.eif,uof,/ yK:qArfAgra, Benares/ rldif:cofvl.uGK, tgefeK; ymefTzK:ykwf.xqof;eh.ulnf:/
qArfqof.eef. ulef: Puru cof cof;wif;oAif:pdrf:zif,erf.uAofoh.bl,/
tofykdef:wh: sv. ykdef:sc,rK:se? ckef sv. ulef: Puru cof rK:sw,omef;pdrf:erf.
uAof zhm,w[;wK;ugif qof.vldofAD-232oh.ugef,bof;/ wD;cofbl,eef. Mif.oK;Puru-gama(Purugama)yl:urf,ehbl,bof;/ ohm:rK: ugyf;yldof;rD: yl:urf,w[;(AD-1044)rK:sv; yl:urf,uof,(AD-233)
eh. Mif.oK; yl:urf,eldof(tnK,yl:urf,)ehbof;/ vduf;zrcof wSrf;qkdif wSrf;Pu-gambl,/ ulnf:uK;
rldof;coftmef, Orf.tmef,Pa-ganehsv; eK,pmif;trf,yAefoAif:vAof/ Pu-gama sv. Pa-ganyAef
oAif:vAofaO yAefoAif:pdef,wl,ulnf:bof;/ ulef:zef:Puru cof chm.rK:bl,qgrf: erf.uAof(Irrawaddy)eh. cofayK:yK:rK: zK,OK,pdef,wl,cof? ykif,eK:(Brahmin)cof? arKwdefarKrkdof:cof? (cmof:eef.
arKwdefarKrkdof: wD;Gujarat ayK:OkifpSif:oh.sw.bof;)sv. vduf;pdef,wl,cof(Brahmi)eef.bof;/
rldif:Puru-Vangsi cof vl.uGK,tgefeK; ymefTzK:ykwf.x(BC-563-483)tgefeK; rldif:
trf,yh,Ndif:rK:eh.ulnf:/ TzK:pdef,wl,? zK,OK,pdef,wl,? uGmrf:Sanskrit ayK:rD:oh. qof.
vldofykwf.xzK,OK, sv. uGmrf:Magadha(Pali)oh.bl,bof;/ ulef:Puru qldof:rK:(Okrf:Okduf:aOchm.
rK:)wD;yl:urf,(Pu-gama-AD-233)eh.awtrf,yh,yK: qmif:ykef.xrK:ugef,/ cofyAefpdef,wl,vhmvhm
ulnf:bof;/ pdrf:erf.uAofeh. cofrK:wif;omef;wif;oAif:aObl,pif:cofsv; ckefauK; yAefckefcofsv;
qkdof;pdef,wl,auK; qif,ukduf:qgrf:oh.bof;/ cofyK:rK: 'dif;uK,vK:ay,wmif,? azK,qkdof;qgrf:vkuf;oef:?
bK;bKqgrf,ugrf,? avK,cSyf:idkef:qhm, tefyK:rduf;ckefcof? tefyK:rduf;pdef,wl,cofeef. yK:rK:vgif;
rmuf,qgh.rmuf,qif;? yK:rK:vgif;wlifcof;ylduf, cGmuf.? sy,? chm:? aqK:/ yK:rK: vgif;yefuK;cdif:(uK;erf.
elrf:sr;)rldof;pAwf:cSuf,yAefNdef:? rldof;yAefNdef: tofrhrwf.rkdof:yefcofyl,tguf,qldof:eh./ qArfumefe[:
apK vDpAwf:Oif? trf,vDpAwf:Oif? vh;xmrfykif,eK:cofrK:/ ykif,eK:cofauK; wrf:yldifref:yefrK:vgh:
vgh:/
Magadha
40
ckefuvK:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:ygwf:Mif, Okrf:Okduf:? qkdof; tzD.IK,qK, Orf.zSofwK;ugif(rldif:
wh:pdrf:erf.uAof)/ qgrf:eif, ykdef:wh:ykdef:sc, ykdef:uvK:ckefuvK:(Palavas)Okrf:Okduf:aO tguf,
yhm;rK: OAef;wmif:vdef rldof;AD-850/(e[:ykdef:zrrmef,emef: yefoh.yDref: qof.pSif:eK,? se
oh.BC-900/800 qldof:eh./)ugyf;yldof; yhm;Okduf:sv; cofyhm;uhuh qif,zSofrK: rldif:wh:wK;ugifbof;/ cofN.
oh.xK; wD;pdrf:wK;ugif rD:omef;ykif,eK:(Puru-gama)yl:urf,sv; qgrf:rK:wD;eh.pkdof/ qkrf:ckefuvK:
pdef,wl,(wqK.IK,qK.)Orf.rK:wmif:vdefzhm,vif? Orf.zSofrK:xSif;pSif: wD;wK;ugif(cmof:eef. oAif:
wh: wK;ugif yAefckefuvK:cof yldif,irf:uGK,bof;)/
ulef:uvK:pdef,wl, rldif:tdef,wD:bK:ygwf:qmef:wmif,qldof: rK:wmif:Ndof:? rK:sw,wif; oAif:
rldif:ayB,)/ cmof:eh. rldif:Sriksetra wkduf.yAefwK;Ndof:vlif ygif,ymif,vhm,wav:
oh.bl,/ ulef:uvK:pdef,wl,wmif,qkrf: Orf.rK:wif;oAif:Sudhammawadi(ohm:vifrK: Mif.Oxkif,? rmif
qldof:auK; bgif;yAefSuvarnabhumi)/ ulef:uvK:pdef,wl,eif,uof,? ugyf;ydlof;OAef;wmif:Ndof:cmof:uwf:
ygif,uefvDaOtrf,uK: wmif:uK.wmif:chmvDsv; zSoferfwldof:rK:bl,wduf:wduf:/ Orf.rK:wif;Tanao
Siri (omef;wK;Ndof: ODID.rif,uvK,)ehsv; yAefOAifzr weoFm&Dqdyfurf; sv. weoFm&Dwkdif;
ehbof/ 'dif;si;pdef,wl, pefrD:bl,e[:rgef:cofbl,/ udefcof; Oguf,erf.vhmvhm/ udefcof;Oguf,erf.
Orf.O[,zgifrmuf,zdwf: qdlif.eh/ oAif:rkwf;wrf:eh.auK; yAefoAif:pdef,wl,/ OAifpdef,wl, ohm:vifzr
coftguf,OAiftrf,yD,sv; yAefrK: rkwf.wr? zrcof vh;tmrf:emwf;aO yAefckefrD:zkif:rK:sv;
qkdof;uvK:auK; ukduf:qgrf:OAifzruGK,/ erf.clif:eh.auK; rldefeif,erf.uAofrD:qkdof;wh: erf.clif:sv.
qkdof;uvK:pdef,wl,Salween eh.ulnf:/ ohm:vifrK: xh:cofOrf.tguf,OAifcofoK;Salawin eh/ erf.clif:
ygwf:w[;eh. uGmrf:rgef:cofMif.zmif;vgif; oK;eh/
Sriksetra(ohm:vifMif.
Nif:pAef: rldif:tdef,wD:bK:? e[:yyf.eK;vdef(Geography)eef. wSrf;seoh.aO Ogef
yefvkuf;pAef:cofoh.bl,]]pdrf:sr;erf. Irrawaddy eh. yAefomef;rldif:pdef,wl,Mif.oK;Brahma Desh?
ohm:rK: vSuf;vhm;yAefrK:Burma}}oK;eh/
yyf.uof,e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:(Jatakas)wSrf;vgif;ulef:uK.qgrf:Ndof:/ cofuGK,uK.rldif:Suvarnarldof;AD-200 eh. cmof:wmif:Ndof:ulef:uK. ygif,vDsw.bof;/ cofuGK,uK.ukefrldif:oef:tguf,(O
xkif,? xemofODID.? tbkwf.xD<bK<? rldif:rav:? rldif:uBK,oK: qldof:eh.wif:OAif; Nrf;uefMif.ukefrldif:
oef:tguf,ehbof;/) rldof;uGK,auK;vh;chm? rldof;rK:auK; vh;Okdof.clof:rK:chmsv; ulef:uK.vh;erf.wgef:vD
eK,/ eefsv; cofwmif;ukif,aOoK; pof:uGK,uK.rldif:Suvarnabhumi(rldif:tguf,ikdef:tguf,crf:)ehbof;/
Oxkif,yK:e[:ukefrldif:oef:tguf,Suvarnabhumi bl,/ ulnf:uK; Oxkif,vhmvhmyAefSuvarnabhumi
trf,q[;/ rldif:xh:auK; cofoK; cofyAef Suvarnabhumi ehulnf:eif,uof,/ eefsv; clif,Ndef:odef
cof Orf.ayK:azK,qkdof;Suvarnabhumi bof;/ ul;ulef:uGK,uK. ul;vh;crf:sw.auK; trf,q[;/ qldof:
xlyf: cAef? qlef? Ndof:vl. qldof:eh.auK;rD:bl,/
bhumi/
41
vh;cmof,ulef:uK.cof uGK,ukefrldif:oef:tguf, vh;vgif;rmuf;rD;rK:sv; ckeftgef,e[:apK ayK:q[
yK:acK: qgrf:tguf,rK:aO rK:wif;apKr[,? oAif:r[,bof;/ ugyf;yldof;qldif.ehsw,AD-200 rK: wD;ukefrldif:
oef:tguf,eh. ckeftkyf.yldif,irf:rldif:ref: yAefqkdof;uvK:pdef,wl,erfwldof:rK:wduf:wduf:bof;/ cofyK:rK:
'dif;si;pdef,wl,cof? vhm:bl,vhm:udefcof? vgif;ekif;wmif:ohcof? acK;uGmrf:cof? wlofvduf;Sanskrit cof
qldof:eh.bof;/ awvh;oK; ukefrldif:oef:tguf,(Suvarnabhumi)eh. yAefrldif:ckefpdef,wl, tkyf.irf:
uGK,rlwf:bof;/ e[:su;AD-200-500 eh. rldif:pdef,wl, tkyf.qgwf,zSofMalay, Cambodia,
Annam, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Boneo qldof:eh.rlwf:bof;/ e[:yyf.ykdef:sc,auK; wSrf;seoh.qdlif.
eh/ zK,OK,pdef,wl, (Brahmanism, Saivism) auK; qgwf,e[:su;cofuGK,bof;/ Orf.
vduf;Sanskrit awvh;pef wD;apK wD;owf. wD;oK:/ 'dif;si;pdef,wl, avK:uefwif:
'dif;si;ulef:ukduf: rldif:uGK,/ ulnf:uK; 'dif;si;pdef,wl, pefvh;ihm;oh.bl,ul;wD;/
rldif:pdef,wl,vlifqldof:eh.(Champa, Funan, Kamboja)Odkyf,yAefrldif:pdef,wl,uGK,pkdifyAef
1000yDawK,pmef.rldif:pdef,wl, wD;rldif:tdef,wD:bK: ckeftD,Ovrf,rK:bK.vl.bof.aOwK. rldif:pdef,
wl,wmif:rldif:tguf,eh. wkduf.rD:oh.bl,/ owf.b[,owf.vlif pdef,wl, wkduf.vh;pefbl,ul;wD;/ 'dif;si;
Ramayana (ckefvdif:)auK; vh;pefbl,ul;wD;/ ayK:yAefrldif:pdef,wl,bof.auK; ul;oAif:rD:Brahmanas yAefpAifref:rK:bof;/ cofqgh;ulef:rD:? ckef sv. qof;apKcrf:/ cofrD:eK;wKsv; cofvh;ar:imrf:
bof;/ ckefapKcrf:pdef,wl, qldof:eh. rD:qkdof;(JVarman)/ rldof;cmof:rldif:Kamboja pSif:b[,rK:eh.
Lao, Siam, Malay, Dvaravati qldof:eh.auK; vh;egrf:xkdif Kamboja bof;
e[:yyf.pAef:ykdef: wK,vkuf;pAef:cof wD;e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:auK; wSrf;oh.]]ulef:tdef,wD:
bK:cof q[.wkdof:erf.ymif,vhm, wK,uK.vhmvhmulnf:sw. trf,q[;/ yK:vgif;wmif:yhm:rldif:? yK:vgif;wmif:
'dif;si;bl,bof;/ cofuGK,uK.bof.aO ckefcofqgrf:rK: wif;apKwif;rldif:/ zK,OK,cof? uGmrf:vmwf;cof?
yhm:rgef:cof? vgif;auK,vgif;Omif;cof Nrf,irf:tK,OBK.(Asia)uGK,aObof;/ 'dif;qldof:eh. uGmrf:qldof:eh.
wkduf.q[.bl, awK,rldof;vAof}}/ zK,OK,pdef,wl, Nrf,irf:vhmymuf,yDbof; zK,OK,ykwf.x qif,qmif;qgrf:
cof;rK:ohm:vif/
rldif:tdef,wD:bK:Bengal eh. rD:wmif:tguf,Okwf:Okwf:sv; vgif;uyf:Okdyf,awK,rldif:sc,v[?
sr;erf.Irrawaddyv[ uyf:Okdyf,awK,rldif:wh: rldif:Dvaravati rldif:rav:? rldif:uBK,oK: v[qldof:eh.
yAefyldifb[,ref:rK:sw.bl,bof;/ yhwmif:vdefauK;vhm;? yhwmif:erf.auK;vh;/ ckefpdef,wl, rK:Nrf,irf:
vh;rldif:qldof:eh. yDref:ayK:pdrf:pAif/ rmifqldof:auK; pAifvldofugef,/ qgrf:eif, e[:vduf;Kalyani rD:
eef. Oxkif,eh. yAefckef Golas(Gandad) cof rK:tkyf.xdif: awK,pmef.uGmrf:rgef:? uGmrf:rmef<
ayK:q[.Golas eh wmifacK; ulef:eguf;rldif:eh.uGK,/ tefpof:oK; Kala eef. ygif,oK;OK,eldof.vrf?
Gola eh.ygif,oK; qkdof;ckefuvK:rK:eif;rldif:eef.bof;/ vduf;Sanskrit tefvh;pef wD;rldif:
Cambodiaeef.auK; Mh:wSrf;? vhm:wSrf;ref: rldefuefvlnf; vhm:Gola(Ganda)cofwSrf;eh.bof;/
rldof;ymef Palavas cofxdif:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:eef. rD:vgif;'dif;pdef,wl,ohm:vif 'dif;ykwf.xNrf,xkdif
eldof Java eh.sw. vduf;wSrf;oh. wD; Java rD:oh./ Guru(TOK,)apKcrf:Sailendra eh. yAefulef:
42
bl,rldif:Goda(Ganda)oK;eh/ ugyf;eh yhm:'dif;si;? yhm:rgef: cgifPalavas cofvh;pefvDimrf: wD;
Java, Cambodia, Irrawaddy qldof:eh./ eh.seoK; cofrD:vgif;uyf:Okdyf,uefvlnf;Bengal eef.
bof;/ Pandits (cl:)vkuf.wD;rldif:Palavas uGK,zSofrldif:rlnf(Tibet)/ rldof;eef. yhm:bkrf,brfwD; Tibet yAefBon-po/ pdrf:AD-850 eh. vkuf.wD; Bengal yhm:ykwf.xzK,OK, zSofcof;TibetrK:bof;/
ayK:awrK:pkyf;wlnf:xkdif wD;qAif,qmef:oef:tguf, ukefvlif asia eh. yAefckefpdef,wl,
JVarman cof Nrf,irf:OAif;OAif;bof;/ e[:eh. pSif:b[,aOyldef; yAefKamboja(Cambodia)
bof;/ wD;sr;erf.uAof(Irrawaddy)eh.Orf. yAefckefpdef,wl,cldof:Puru-Vangsi cof xdif:ugef:rK:
bof;/ tofvduf;pof:? vduf;rmef<? vduf;sc,wSrf;tguf,OAif yl.? yk yl:Il:? yl:? ydof:? ydof,? zSof; qldof:
eh. yAefpdef,wl, cldof:Puru rlwf:rlwf:tefvAofulnf:bof;/ Pu-gama=Pu-gan=Pagan yAefqldif.
ehulnf:bof;/
ykdef:zr ugyf;yldof;trf,yh,pKpefiof;ref:sw.sw.sv; rldof;vAof yef,wlif,oh./ rldof;qof.
oK; zryAefrK:qgrf: ydof,? urf:brf? ¨Awf. cofavK:uefuGK,eef./ ohm:rK:Orf.oK;ykdef.iof;ulef:zr
yAefrldif:wK;ugifeh/ ugyf;yldof; tzD.IK,qK, yAefuvK:pdef,wl,sv; cofckdef:sr:oK; ykdef.iof;ulef:zr
yAefuRuf.sO,/ rldof;vAof Orf.ckdef:chm.rK:oK; ykdef.iof;ulef:zr yAefqldof.cldof:ydof,oK;eh/ iof;ykdef.ydof,
eh. Orf.uGK,pKe[:zkdefsc,sv; cmof:wmif:bmof:uGK,/ awvh;pKtof e[:ykdef:pdef,wll,uvK: qif,rSef;
bof;/ ydof,sv. zr yAefzef:Ogefzef:? trf,qmif;oK; ydof,yAefzr/ ydof,yAefzef:ckefpdef,
wl, rldif:tdef,wD:bK:(Puru Vangsi)cofrK:wmif;omef;wif;rldif: wD;sr;erf.(Irrawaddy)/ Purugama=Pu-gam=Pagan eh. qArfrldof;AD-200 eef.bof;/ rldof;ydof,wkduf.yAefydof,bl,eef. trf,
xkuf,oK; cofyAefzrbof.eh/ ohm:rK:cofphmuGK,? qkdof;cofauK;phmuGK,? avK:uefavK:uefaO yAefrK:zr
eef.ulnf:bof;/ ydof,(Puru)yAefcldof:ckefrldif:tdef,wD:bK:eh.auK; xkdifcmof:pyf.vh;bl,bof;/
tefoK;cSyf:idkef:ydof, tefoK;eh. yAefcSyf:ikdef:pdef,wl, e[:qlof;cmof:(BC-100-ADugyf;yldof; ulef:yl:Il:pdef,wl,cof oh;OKyK:vSwf, sv. vldefeef. e[:pmif;cSyf:
ikdef:seoh.bl,/ e[:cSyf:idkef:vh;pef pmif;quf.uBK,(quf.uIK,)sevgif; yhwmif:(ckdef;b[,r[,Okif)
eef.bof;/ zhm,cGKeh. Orf.vh;pef OGK<xoD:uK.? eh.seoK; P;rD;wmif:vD(rif,uvK,)qgrf:oK;eh/
tefpof:oK; cSyf:ikdef:ydof, tefoK;eef. yAefcSyf:ikdef:ckefPuru Vangas uvK:pdef,wl,(AD100)eef.aO yK:zSof sr;erf.Irrawaddy rK:eef.ulnf:bof;/ uvK:ulef:uK.cof rK:uK.chmsv;
cSyf:idkef:cof yK:rK:aO zSofoh. vh;pefeef.bof;/
100)eef.bof;/
À À À À À À
43
ckefpdef,wl, irf:qgwf,tK,OBK.
ulef: sv. 'dif;si; rldeferf.bof;/ vkuf.wD;erf vhql:wD;at,? vkuf.wD;Okifvhql:wD;
wSrf,/ e[:rldif:vliftdef,wD:bK:eh.auK; rD:ulef:rldif:oef:wluf:cof(Aryan)cof;rK:bl,/ rD:rl,Ovdrf,(yK:
OBmef<)cof cof;rK:bl,/ eefsv; wD;rldif:tdef,wD:bK:qef. vduf;cof? 'dif;si;cof? arKwdefarK
rkdof:cofau; Okifwldof:rK:bof;/
rldof;AD-200 eh.Ptolemy wSrf;tguf, qkdof;rldif:? qkdof;oAif:wD;tK,OBK.eh.vh;pefyAefqkdof;
Sanskrit oh.OAif;OAif;/ ulef:rldif:tdef,wD:bK: tguf,rK:uK.ohm:vifBrahmin cof? cldof:ckefcof qgrf:rK:
sv; yAefwif;rldif: wif;oAif:uGK,bof;/ vhm:auK,wif;rldif:qldif.eh tofcmof:bmrf:pkdifsw.sw./ trf,
rdlefvhm:rldif:sc, yK:wyf.Okduf:wkduf:tofaO Nrf,irf:eef./ rldof;AD-100 eh.rldif:Java, Sumatra,
Malay, Funan, Champa yK:vlnf;sr;erf.Irrawaddy qldof:eh. ulef:bif:yh,rD: Oldof;clof:vDimrf:
ugef,/ ugyf;yldof; 'dif;si;pdef,wl,Okifoh.aOtrf,uK:? trf,vh;ulofulef:uK.(trf,rldefOkduf:)sv; vhm:
ekif; vlif:uBD:? tmif:uBD:? vhm:bl,vhm:udef? bldif;qgrf:pdef,wl,uGK,bof;/ ohm:vif ckefpdef,wl, rK:pAwf:
ckefaO yAefulof,vlof,eD,(Colony)qldof.ekdif; eif,uof,bof;/ ulnf:uK;Colony eh.trf,q[;cK;rldif:
tdef,wD:bK:? yAefckefuvK: 'dif;uvK:rK:Nrf,irf:uGK,eef.ulnf:bof;/ vduf;Sanskrit sw. wkdof:
qgwf,tK,OBK.uGK, ul;wD;bof;/ vduf;tefwkdof:eh. yAefSanskrit ymefuof, tefbmrf;wkdof:rK: rldif:
tdef,wD:bK:ymefuof,eef. eif,uof,bof;/ ulef:uK.? ykif,eK:Brahmin cldof:ckefzSofrK: qldof:eh.
yAefrK: e[:ymefckefMaurya(arK:ID.b)eef.bof;/
yhm:irf:rldif:eh. ckefuvK: rK:yAefckef wD;r[,? oAif:r[,/ ykif,eK:Brahmin cofauK; rK:qgh;
ygifrldif:/ Orf.ckdef: P;ulef:vlifykdef.rldif: pyf.tofqkdof;pdef,wl,(Sanskrit)aO wmif,yAefulef:vlif?
O[,cof
P;yK:e[:
qef.ulef:pdef,wl,Kshatriya/
yAefNdef:vlnf;ulef:ykdef.rldif:aO
yefqkdof;Sanskrit aO P;pAwf:ckef qldif.eefauK; rD:eh e[:yyf.ykdef:sc, rhmoh.yefbl,/
(1)Funan
vh;cgyf;q[xkdif ulef:wSrf;ykdef:sc,cof? cofwSrf;vgif;Funan(ohm:vifyAefrK:CAmbodia)/
wSrf;vgif;Champa(ohm:vifyAefrK:Vietnam)/ sc,rK:Nrf,irf: rldif:Vietnam ygwf:Mif,eh.yD:yAef
1000 yD/ zkdefxrf: Sanskrit pdef,wl, tefwkdof:bl,wD;rldif:Cambodia rldefvduf; Sanskrit
e[:ymefckef Pallavas cofeef.bof; oK;eh/ pof:vh;N. rldif:tK,OBK.qldof:eh. yAefw[;rkdof:ckefpdef,
wl,oh./ ulnf:uK; pAwf:pkdofpAwf:pK vh;yAefuGK,eef. trf,N.vh;vDvDbof;/
rldof;wif;auK,Angkor Vat bl,eef. wD;Cambodia eh.auK; zK,OK,ykwf.xzSofrK:/
eefsv; rldof;auK,Angkor Vat eef. yAefwK,pdef,wl,aOwK. qAif,tgef,qAif,ekdif; rD:rK:pmif;
ykwf.xbof;/ rldof;AD-700 zK,OK,ykwf.x zSofrK:Sumatra bof;/ wD;rldif:yl:urf, tel.Ilwf.xK,
44
eh.auK; ykwf.xzK,OK, vkuf.wD;rgef:cof vh;rK:rldof;AD-1056 eh.ulnf:/ pmif;ugif:rl: pmif;TzK:yAef
pmif;rldif:uvK:? erf.rkdof:uvK: wif:erfbof;/ pmif;ulef:wSrf;qldof:eef.auK; yAefpmif;uvK:aOwK.
urf;zgif;trf,c[;bkdefsv; oK;yAef pmif;ydof,cofoK;eh/ rldof;vAof N.rK:vDimrf:sw. ydof,tefoK;eef.
yAefPuru Vangsi ? yAefcldof:ckef yl:(Pu)sv; yAefrK: ydof, ulnf:bof;/ tefwkdof:yyf.uwkdef:eh
auK; yAefyuf.uwkdef:uvK:(Lunar-solar calendar)eef.bof;/ acK;uGmrf:pof:wkdof:bl,ul;oef:eh.auK;
yAef Sanskrit wif:erfbof;/
ckefFunan eh. qgrf:eif,ykdef:sc,(Kang Tai)wSrf;oh.eef. qkdof;ckefyAefHun Tien
(Kaundinya)/ ref:vkuf.wD; rldif:uvK:aO Mwf;rK:pAwf:ckefwD;eh. oK;eh/ vgif;eh.eif,uof,
tofvduf;Sanskrit aO wSrf;rhmoh. e[:rldif:ChampaauK;rD:/ auK.yAefckefeh. yAefBrahman
Kaundinya? yAefNdef:vlnf; vkuf;bdif:rldif:euK: oK;eh/ cofOkdyf,vmrf:wmrf:uef irf:rldif: Funan
rK:aOtrf,uK: pAwf:Ndof:vlifaO rD:rK:wyf.erf.sv; pkyf;vh;rldif:pdrf:Mrf:10rldif: oK;eh/
vduf;q[.e[:apK yAefSanskrit (pdef,wl,)/ Funan Olif,zgif:cAof zSofrldif:uof,cof(e[:ymef
Murundas)aO? Orf.Olif,zSofrldif:sc,ugef,bof;/ ykdef:sc,(Kang Tai)wSrf;seoh. omef; sv.
apKcofbl,eh. rD:omif:vgrf.oh./ ulef:qhm:eh. pmif;qK.eK,? OK,eldof.vrf/ rD:uof;clefNof? coftrf,wkdof:
Oguf:? Oldof;clof:ekif;trf,Nrf,vlrf;wif:wlof/ cofpAwf:Olef? Ogrf;eK:? cofcguf:(cSuf:)pmif;wK,Mh;acK;
cof/ cofrD:yyf.vDimrf:/ eh.yAef vgif;wmif:wSrf;oh.rldof;AD-200 bof;/
(2)Malay
ohm:aO ckefpdef,wl,Nrf,irf: Funan bof.aO ckefpdef,wl,wmif,qldof: Nrf,irf:xkdif
uGK,/ e[:yyf.sc,wSrf;oh. Lang-ya-ssu-chia eef. cofwSrf;qgrf:OAifcofsv; ySuf,yldif;oh./
sw.ref: yAefvgif;LangKasuka(yyf.Malay sv. yyf.Java)cof yK:oh.wif:OgifwD;/ qkdof;eh.
rD:ukdwf:awK,rldof;vAof/ rD:zhm,eldof sr;erf.Perak eef./ wD;eh. wmif:uK.wmif:chm vDqgrf:rK: ugyf;
yldof; Ndof:cofzSofvh; Siam(Pattani)sv. rldif:tdef,wD:bK:Bengal/
Malay
Orf.rD:xSif; rldif:Tambalingam(Tambralinga)rD:e[:ukefrav:/ zhm,Mif,rD:Chaiya?
bl,qrfLigor/ rD:yyf. Pali yyf.ekdif; Mif.qkdof;Niddesa? wSrf;rldof;AD-600 oK;oh. rldif:apKcrf:eh.
rD:rK: rldof;ylef.rK: 400yD(AD-200)eef.bof;/ wD;Kedah eh. clwf.tguf,clof:rK:wif:erf/ eldof
clof:qldof:eef. rD:vduf;Sanskrit/ wD;ref:yAefKataha(zhm,sc,Orf. wSrf;trf,yD,sv; Orf.oK;
yAefChieh-chaeh/)qgrf:eif,yyf. Niddesasv. yyf.sc,eh.yAef vgif;wmif:Funan Nrf,xkdifrldif:
rav:eef.bof;/
45
(3)Champa(Lin-yi)
e[:yyf.ykdef:sc,(Chin)wSrf;oh. ckefapKcrf:Tongking(qkdof;Tao Huang)oK; rldof; AD280 ulef:rldif:Lin-yi(Champa)rK:wkduf:rldif:Tongking oK;eh/ rldif:Lin-yi eh. rD:zhm,Mif, Funan
oK;eh/ wD;rldif:cofeh. rD:vhg? rD:yK, cof;bmyf, tguf,bmyf,sv; coftrf,egrf:awK,rldif:sc,oK; eh/
ugyf;yldof; ckefsc,Han cof pSif:tlef;uGK,sv; ulef:vlifykdef.rldif:auK.ekdif;qkdof; Chu-lien
uSwf,tofvdefrldif: rldof;AD-192 aO wif;rldif:ulnf:acK Lin-yi ehbof;/ tgefeK;eef.auK; cof
bmrf;zdkef.wkduf:Okduf:sc,bl,/ sc,cofsw. oK;yldef;yAefulef:vldif:(Barbarian=rmef;)ehwduf:wduf:
bof;/ ulef:qldof:eh. yAefulef:Champ rlwf:rlwf:trf,q[;? yK:qArfulef:pdef,wl,uvK:/ ohm:rK:ulef:
ykdef.rldif:Champ cofauK;cof;yAefpdef,wl,uGK,rlwf:bof;/ rldif:Champa eh. rD:zhm,qmef:Vietnam
rldof;vAofeh.bof;/ qkdof;wD;eh.auK; rD:rK:Ogifqkdof;? qkdof; Champa sv. qkdof;Sanskrit/ wD;
Dong duong vh;rK:pmif;TzK:wgif:? oAif:eh.Orf.oK; yAefAmaravati ehugef,/ Binh-dinh yAef
Vijaya/ Nha-trang yAef Kaultara/ rldof;AD-800 eh. acK;uGmrf: Champa wkduf.rD:bl,? wkduf.
q[.bl,/ Champa eh. rldof;ugef,yAefw[;rkdof: Funan eif,uof,/ ugyf;Oifsv; vh;oK;qldif.ehqkdif
wD; Nha-trang eh. rD:qkdof;Sanskrit qdkof;ckef Funan qof; Sri Mara eef.bof;/ ohm:rK:vgh:
vgh: ckefChampa cofoK; cofyAef cldof: Bhargava aO qkdof;ckefChampa eh.auK; yAefrK:
Maharshi Bhrigu ehbof;/
ugyf;yldof; cofOlif,zgif:cAofuGK,rldif:sc,sv; qkdof;rldif:cofLin-yi(Champa)sv. FunanwSrf;
qgrf:uefoh.bof;/ ulef:Champa cofOrf. qkdif:cof;Tongking bl,wduf:wduf:sv; ckef Tao
Huang auK; vh;Okdyf,wkduf: Okduf:vrf:ySwf;cofbl,wduf:wduf:/ vgh:vgh:Vietnam ygwf:Mif, vh;bl,w[;
sc,vkrf:vkrf:(q[.wkdof:'dif;si;sc,uGK,)/ Champa Orf. bl,w[;pdef,wl,vkrf:vkrf:(q[.wkdof:Sanskrit)/ cofOgifqkrf:eh.auK; urf:urf:vh;wkduf:uefoh.bl,bof;/
(4)Malay and Indonesia
vduf;Sanskrit vh;pefwD; Champa, Malay, Boneo, Java qldof:eh.rldefuefoh./ vduf;
Sanskrit vh;pefeldofygwf:rmuf,pdef wD; Penang eh. wSrf;oh. rldof;AD-400 eef.oK;eh/
rldif:LangKasuka eh. uyf:Okdyf,awK,rldif:sc, rldof;AD-515/ e[:yyf.ykdef:sc,Liang
eef.wSrf;oh. ulef:rldif:eef. emif:bdif: sv. ulef:qhm:/ clefNofcof ygh,bmof:oh.? Oldof;cofekif;
eef. trf,rD:cSef/ ckefapKcrf: sv. ulef:ckefe[:apK rD:Nwf;vSif Nrf,wD;vifcofoh./ pmif.Ohm
tSofcrf:aO O[,oh.wlif,Ncrf:/ emif:bdif:rD:zK;Nrf,Nof tefpmif;vD/ zKNdef: toftkwf,auK,bof;/
ckefapKcrf: tguf,apKauK; cD,qmif.bof;/ rD:qgif;zlduf,? rD:wkif:? rD:ugif? vkuf;Okduf: vgrf.ref:aO
qgif,yhtguf,wmif:bof;/
46
ulef:wif:OAif; ayK:zSofOgif,eK;ckefapKcrf: vguf;cgyf;(ulrf;eK;wof.cof,)uGK,bof;/ wD;e[:
apK vh;pef ykif,eK:Brahman wif:erf/ cofvkuf.wD; tdef,wD:bK:zSofrK:bof;/ owf.qof;rkef
qmof:ykwf.x sv. owf.ehm:cmofauK; vh;pef/ owf.Taoist auK; vh;pef/ qof;rkefcof trf,udef
eldof.? trf,udefvof;/ rldof;AD-600 eh. e[:yyf.ykdef:sc, wSrf;oK; rldif: Po-li rK:uyf:Okdyf, apK
rldif:sc,oK;eh/ OAifsc,wSrf; Po-li eh. awyAefBoneo pkdof awyAef Ba-li pkdof:/
wD;Java eh. vh;pefpmif;TzK:wgif:Buddha Mh:rdkof:yAefrldof;ymefGuptaeef.bof;/ Orf.
vh;pef Sanskrit cguf:oh. eldofpdefOD,wD;/ eh.sevgif;pdef,wl,rK:bl,wD; Java eef.bof;/ e[:
ykdef:sc,wSrf;oh. rldif:To-lo-ma(Taruma)Olif,zgif:cAofrK:rldif:sc, rldof;AD-666oK;eh/ ckefapKcrf:
cof qkdof; Purnavarman, wSrf;vduf;eldofpdefoh. vgif;ayK;sr;ref: sv. vlifqof;ref:/ e[:apK
'dif;apK pAwf:qgrf:vhm:ykif,eK:Brahman bof; oK;eh/ e[:ymefref:eh. sp.erf.? auK,'hmyef
qof;eK: wif:erfbl,bof;/
(5)rldif:Angkor(Combodia)
rldof;AD-100 yAefrldif:Funan Mif.qgrf:OAifsc,/ pdrf:ref: rD:rldif:Lin-yi(Champa/
ckefapKcrf:Srivijaya irf:rldif: Java/ qgrf:eif, zkdefvduf;qof;rkefsc,I-ching wSrf;oh.wlofref:
qof;zSofrK: Shih-li-fo-shih(Srivijaya) rldof;AD-671? rK:vkdof; 6 vldefaO pAef:Sanskrit/
ref:qof; vkuf.wD;Canton rK:/ awOkdyf,uGK,India/ wD;eh.ref:qof;vh;pef Ipmef:ykwf.xzK,
OK, rD:bl,e[:rdlif:pdef,wl,eh. wif:erf(pAifvldofvldof)/ qof;Ipmef:cof bl,qgrf:pAwf:qgrf: oD.se:
cof vDimrf:bof;/ 'dif;oD.se:cofrldefoD.se:uof, rldif:tdef,wD:bK:bof;/ eh.seoK;AD-671 eh.
ykwf.xzK,OK, zSofrK:Funan(Srivijaya)bof;/ ref:qof;Okdyf,uGK, tdef,wD:bK:aO uGK,bl,wD;
qef.qgrfvlifNalanda eef. 10yDwSif:wSif: pAef:vgif;xrf:ykwf.xbof; Orf.ckdef:yguf;ckdef:rK:
Srivijaya(Shih-Li-Fo-Shih)/ bl,wD;eh. 4 yDaO ref:qof;ul:tof xrf:qof;Sanskrit xSif;/
Orf.urf;zgif;ydef,yAef zhm,sc,zgif;/ ref:qof;wSrf;tgguf, yyf.sc,aO Ollif,uGK,rldif:sc,bof;/ ref:
qof;yguf;rldof:rldif:sc, rldof;AD-695/
rldof;AD-775wD;Malay auK,Omif;pmif;Bodhisattva rpK,bK,e/ 778auK,Omif; omif:bl,
Tara wD; Kalasan, Java/ 782? Guru rldif:uvK: rK:auK,pkef,pmif;Bodhisattva wD;Prasat Ta
Keam/ rpK,bK,e ykwf.xzK,OK,auK; zSofrK:bof.aO zK,OK,pdef,wl, tefrD:rK:eef.auK;urf;
zgif; avK:clef:ykwf.xzK,OK,uGK,eef. vh;pefbl,wD;Javasv. Bali rldof;vAofeh.bof;/ rldif:
Java Ndof;Ndif:wldof:vldofFunan uGK,bof;/
cmof:eh.Funan(Kamboja)yAefw[;rkdof:apKcrf:Java yAefykwf.xzK,OK,qkdof;Sailendras/
cmof:eh. ckeftrf,rD:pSif:sv; e[:rldif:Funan rD:vgif;Okuf.bkif;tlefuof:/ rmif:OK:Jayavarman II
qif,Orf.zkwf:tguf,rK: rldof;AD-800 eh./ ref:tofvh; Amarendrapuru aO ckdef;pAwf:ckefwD;
47
eef./ ulef:e[:apKpdef,wl,ymefuof,qkdof;Lord Sivakaivalya auK; cof;rK:qgh; Jayavarman II
bof;/ Orf.rD:ykif,eK:Brahman Hiranyadama? ref: uwf.cSef,zhm,zK,vyf:wK(Magic)sv;
qof;apKcrf: ymif:ref:rK: P;qgh;ref:/ P;ref:qof; vh;vgwf;w[;rkdof:Java aOP;ref:qof; vh;pSif:
vldofb[,vldof P;yAefrK:ckef Devaraja ywf:ykdef. ehbof;/ Brahman oK; P;pKulef: Lord Sivakaivalya rK:q[.wkdof: xSif;eh ckefapKcrf:auK; ql:bl,/ ehsv; Brahman auK;pAwf:ymifwmif,apK
crf:Jayavarman IIyAef Devaraja wK,irf:xkdifywf:ykdef.eef.bof;/ sw,eh.rK: zK,OK,pdef,wl,
wD;rldif:Kamboja ckdef:pSif:rK:bof;/ Brahman cofauK; cof;rK:xSrferfwldof:bof;/ ugyf;yldof; pSif:
ckefpdef,wl, wD; Kamboja pSif:rK:sv; pSif:ckefykwf.xzK,OK, Sailendra wD; Java auK; bgrf:
wluf:qgrf:uGK,aOtrf,uK: yhm:zK,OK,ykwf.xwD;eef.auK; bgrf:wluf:qgrf:uGK, eif,uof,bof;/ vkuf.wD;
eh.uGK, Kamboja pdef,wl, Ndof;Ndif:uGK,vh;xSif; 400 yDbl,bof;/
e[:rldif:sc, pSif:ogif.Sung tlef;uGK,sv; wmif,qldof:wldof:yAefumefrK:/ wD;rldif:Cambodia
apKcrf: Suryavarman II wif;vh;rldif:vDimrf:bof.aOtrf,uK: Angkor Vat auK; yAefauK,uGK,bof;/
ulnf:uK; ohm:aO qof;Suryavarman II egef:sz:bof.aO rldif:Champacof;wkduf: Cambodia
vh;uGK,rldof; AD-1177 eef.bof;/ rldif:Sumatra auK; pSif:cSifrK:? wmif:uK.wmif:chmvDrK:/ rldif: Java
auK; pSif:cSifrK:/ z[trf,rK:uof:sv; vh;bl,edrfbAefpif:ulnf:bof;/
xkdifrK: AD-1200 wD;rldif:Cambodia ckefapKcrf: Jayavarman VII ckdef;yAefqof;/
ref:qof;yAefykwf.xzK,OK,bof;/ ref:qof;ckdef:pkyf;tofvh; rldif:pdrf:Mrf:pkyf;vh;yK:qArf Champa
bof;/ Okduf:rkif,ulof: cof;wkduf:zSof Champa, Burma, Java / rldof;AD-1400 pSif:xh: b[,wldof:rK:
sv; pkyf;vh;rldif:erfrK:/ wD; CambodiackefcrAefcof trf,xdif:ugef:vh;bof;/ Orf.wD;Champa
auK; ckefcoftrf,xdif:ugef:vh;bof;/ eefsv; rldif:vlifpdef,wl,uvK: tefq[.wkdof: qkdof;OAif?
'dif;si;pdef,wl,rK:eef. xkdifrK:AD-1500 vh;ogwf;bgrf:ySwf;uGK,bof;/ wD;Indonesia sw. vh;
rD:rK: ckefuvK:pdef,wl,? vh;rD:rK:ckefuvK:ykwf.xzK,OK,? Orf.ckdef:rD:ckdef: ckefpdef,wl,/ urf:
vdkef:Okwf: ckefrl,Ovdrf,cof;rK:yldif,uGK,bof;/
e[:rldif: Cambodia eh. rD:rK: ckefapKcrf:uvK:pdef,wl,Jayavarman II, Suryavar? Orf.zSofrK: Jayavarman VII(qof;eh.yK:vAof bkrf,brfykwf.xzK,OK,)/ vh;pefqkdof;
ckefapKcrf:Jvarman wif:erf/
man II
e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:(Eastern Bengal)eh. yAefrldif:ckefVarman cof Nrf,irf:rK:bof;/
tgefeK;cof rD:cldof:ckefChandras / vgif;ckef Varman cof wSrf;oh.e[:cSyf:wgif:Belava
(Copper-plate of Bhojavarman(B-88))/ wSrf;sevgif;Jatvarman eef. cofoK; ref:pkyf;
vh; Anga, Dirya, Govardhana qldof:eh./ ulnf:uK; ckefapKcrf: Jatavarman auK; rD:rK:sw.bl,
bof;/ ohm:vifrK: ulef:Okdyf,ref:Samalavarman, Harivarman qldof:eh.auK; rD:bl,sw.bof;/
Orf. e[:yyf.ykwf.xzK,OK,auK; yK:qkdof;Harivarman oh.bl,/
48
vgif;oK;rldif:vlifCambodia(Angkor)yAefckefuvK:pdef,wl, rK:Nrf,irf:auK,Omif;uGK,eef.
trf,qmif;rD:vgif;xAifOifbof;/ rldof;ckef Varman cof vkuf.wD;rldif:tdef,wD:bK: zSofrK:Funan
aO Orf.rK:wif; cldof:ckef? rldif:ckefVarman eef.bof;/ tgefeK; ckefuvK:Varman Orf.rD:
ckefuvK:pdef,wl,wmif,cldof:eef.bof;/ rldefeif, cldof:ckefpdef,wl,? 'dif;si;pdef,wl, Nrf,zSoftK,
OBK.uGK,eef. Puru-Vangsi cof Nrf,irf:Irrawaddy rK:aO cofyAefPuru? pof:Mif.cof yAof,
eef.bof;/
À À À À À À
49
DVARAVATI, LANNA
qof;rkefsc,Hsuan-tsang?
auK.tefuGK,rldif:tdef,wD:bK:rK:
wSrf;vgif;Isanapuru
(Cambodia)/ zhm,oef:wluf:ref: rD:rldif: To-lo-po-ti(Dvaravati)oK;eh/ wD;rldif:eh. urf;erf
yAefrgef: rD:OSrfbl,qgrf:oh./ wD;Lovo(Lopburi)eh. Brahman sv.qof;rkefykwf.xcof bl,
qgrf:uefoh.bl,/ ySuf.Orf.oK; zK,OK,vhmqldof.bl,qgrf:uefoh.aOwK. wD;Lopburi sw. pkef,pmif;
ykwf.xzK,OK, vh;pefwldof:wgef:oh.bl,bof;/ ugyf;ehwD; Dvaravati pyf.Mif:ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.qArf
qof.bof;/
Dvaravati yAefrldif:zgrf:Nrf;oh. rldif:ekdif;/ e[:eh.yK: Nakhon Phathom, U Thong,
Khu Bua, Lopburi(Lovo)/ vkuf.wD;eh. ulef:rgef:cof Okdyf,sz:uGK,wmif:Mif,? wif;rldif:tefrD:
zKoAif: sv; cl:oAif: wD;vrf<ykef: vrf<ymif: sv. zaI< qyf:Uefwif: vmef.eK:oh.bof;/
cof cof;bK.apKrgef:cof wD;Dvaravati/ ckefrgef:cofoK;]]pof:uGK,vdefr[,vDbof.}}oK;ehaO
sv; chm.bhm.uGK,wmif:wluf:? uGK,wmif:yK,uldof(Hansavati)rldof; AD-573 eef.bof;/
Siam
Siam bl,wD; Dvaravati eh. Okdyf,cGmuf;eK;vdefrK:? cGmuf;zSofLanna rldof;vAofrK:(yK:
Ping, Wang, Yom)/ wD;Dvaravati sv. Lanna wif:Ogifrldif:eh. yAefwD;Tai(Siam)Nrf,irf:
uGK,wif:Ogifrldif:bof;/ wh:sv.rgef:bl,qgrf:uef pkdifemef:eK,bof;/ yhm:'dif;si;? ihm:arKwdefarKrkdof:
awyAefydif,nK,NofvAofoh. vh;rK:wD; ulef:pdef,wl,cof? ulef:tdef,wD:bK:cof/ Orf.rgef:chm.bhm.uGK,
yK,uldof(NifOK,owD,)aOwK.auK; ul;auK.ul;ulef: uGK,rlwf:OAif; awtrf,q[;/ qldof:rgef:uldwf:oh.bl,xh:
auK; awrD:wif:erf/ rldof;rgef:irf:rldif:bl, wD;Dvaravati eh. rgef:sv.Siam ayK:yAef qmof:
ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.bof;/ wD; Dvaravati rD:wlif,ulif:(xrf,rqmuf;)? ayK:rD:rl,qkrf:ykwf.xzK,OK,qif,
rD:vh; wlif,ulif:xrf,rqmuf;eh.bof;/ ayK:yAefykwf.xzK,OK,bof.auK; vduf;rgef:sv. vduf;xrf:
blef:auK; ayK,rD:rK: wD; Dvaravati eh.urf:vAofbof;/ eh.awyAefykif,eK:Brahman trf,eef
Brahman qldof:yAefrK: qmof:ykwf.xeef. tofvduf;SanskritaO qgh;pAwf:tguf,rK:yef vduf;rgef:
sv. vduf;xrf:eh.bof;/
rldof;rgef:cof chm.bhm.rK: wD;NifOK,owD, yK,uldofeh. cofayK:yAefykwf.xzK,OK,aO cofayK:
rD:vduf;rgef:cofrK:bof;/ cofyK:vduf;cof? xrf:TzK:qof;cof? qof;rkefcof? ulef:arKwdefarKrkdof:cofrK:
bof;/ awvh;oK; rldof;cofzSofrK:yK,uldofeh. qef.ydif,nK,rgef:? yhm:olef.rgef: ayK:OkifpSif:oh.bof;/
clof:ekif;wmif:ohsw. ugyf;yldof; bl,qgrf:uefrK:vlnf; crAefSiam sv. pdef,wl, cofsv; clof:ekif;
awavK:sv:uefoh.bof;/ uGmrf:pdef,wl,]]vkif:uD:}}eh. ygif,oK; zK;Nrf,oAef:wlof(trf,bAyf.yAefwlif,)
ygwf:w[;/ ]]tif:uD:}}eh. ygif,oK;zK;rh(oh)wlofygwf:eldof(bif:yh,bAyf.Oldof;ugef,)/ ohm:rK:bAyf.yAefwlif,
rK:auK; Mif.qgrf: vkif:uD:aO bAyf.yAefOldof;rK:auK; Mif.qgrf: tif:uD:ehulnf:bof;/ vgif;ekif;wmif:
ohxh:(Siam)sw. awavK:uef? rldefuefvlnf;rgef:wif:erfbl,/ vkif:uD: sv. tif:uD: auK;aw
50
wkdof:qgrf:uefbl,/ ulnf:uK; wh:(Siam)ulnf:ekif;ulef(wAof,)rK:qArfqof.? ekif;Oldof;rK:qArfqof.(rldef
uefvlnf;sc, rK:pkdifeK,bof.)eef. ulef sv. Oldof;auK; wh:(Siam)awekif;qgrf:oh.bl,bof;/
rldof;rgef:sv. Siam bl,qgrf:uefwD; Dvaravati eh. ulef:uK.Ndof: vkuf.rldif:tdef,wD:bK:
ygwf:qmef:rK:/ e[:ulef:uK.eh. awyK:rK: qmof:ykwf.xzK,OK, wD;tdef,wD:bK:ygwf:qmef:bof;/
vkuf.wD;ckefAsoka rK: ugyf;yldof; ref:qof;yefpSif: auK,Omif;ykwf.xzK,OK, wD;rldif:tdef,wD:bK:
sv; rldif:tdef,wD:bK:auK; yhm:ykwf.xzK,OK,Ndif:xK:rK:bl,sw./ OAifOkwf,xrf: rgef: sv. wh:
(Saim)yAefOAifxrf: tdef,wD:bK:ygwf:qmef:sv; cofyAef ax,IK.oK,wK.? OAifcofauK; rldefuef
oh. awK,rldof;vAofbof;/
Olduf;ykdef: Rama, Seetha, HanumanyAefOlduf;ykdef:pdef,wl,cof qArfrldof;pkdifemef:bof;/
rldof;eef. trf,rD:vduf;rhmsv; Olduf;ykdef:ykif,eK:Brahman cof ch;seaO ulef:Okdyf,ulef: ckdef:
ch;uefsv; ayK:qgwf,rldif:uGK,bof;/ pkdifrK:sv; tefyldif;tdwf:tgwf:auK; awrD:rK:bof;/ Prof.
Azeez Tharuvana clef.cGK.aO pefrK: Ndef:uof,? tgif;uof, tefyAefrK: Olduf;ykdef:Rama eh.
yAefwD; Wayanad eh.bof;oK;eh/ vgif;Olduf;ykdef: Rama eh. pdef,wl,zSofwD;v[auK; vgif;
Rama zSofwD;eef.bof;/ ohm:rK: rD:rK: ykwf.xzK,OK,aOauK; e[:xrf:ykwf.xauK; yK:vgif;ykdef:
Rama, Hanuman cofsv; Olduf;ykdef:eh. Odkyf,ar,uK:bl,wduf:wduf:bof;/ rldif:Cambodia, Java,
Bali, Malay, Dvaravati, Lanna rD:ul;wD;bof;/ e[:zK,OK,Jain eh.auK; seoh.oK;Rama
(Padma)yAefulef:bkrf,brf Nrfqlrf:Jainism ehbof;/ zhm,pdef,wl,sw. qArfqof.oK;oh.Rama eh.
yAefTzK:pdef,wl, Vishna ckdef:uldwf,yAefrK:oK;eh/
Prof. Azeez Okdyf,wSrf;seoh.- qArfrldof;BC-300 ulef:uK.Ndof: ayK:zSofrldif:Siam bof;/
ugyf;yldof; ulef:uK.cof vh;erf.wgef:erfsv; cofMif.rldif:xh: yAefrldif:crf:(Suvarnabhumi)eh
bof;/ xkdifrK:AD-100 eh. wD;rldif:OSrf vgif;bkrf,brfBrahmanism sv. BuddhismavK:uef
oh.bof;/ eluf.uvkef, yAefeluf.cD,cgifVishnu/ e[:rldif:xh: wD;v[auK; wdkuf.vh;pef eluf.uvkef,
oh.bl,/ umefykwf.xzK,OK,eh. seoh.vgif;pmif;ckdif; cgifHindu rD:oh.wif:erf/ pof:bkrf,brfq[.wkdof:
ay,wmif,uK,vK:cgifpdef,wl, pkdifemef:eK,eef.bof;/ pmif;TzK:uSof; wD;Bangkok oh.e[:apKaOyAef
pmif;avK.pdef,wl,oh.bl,/ ckefapKcrf:xh:auK; yAef Rama ckdef:rK:uldwf,yAef oK;ehsv; qkdof;auK;
qkdof;Rama eif,uof,(eh. awyAeferf.rkdof:Brahman ykif,eK:uvK:e[:apKqldof:eef.bof;)/ apK
crf:rldof;vAof yAefRama-9/ rldif:Ayudhya cgifxh:auK; pAwf:qgrf:rldif:Ayudhya e[:rldif:tdef,wD:
bK:bof;/ wmif:uK;qldif: vgif;Rama sv. Seetha wD;rldif:xh: uK;auK; uK;vh;vDsv; tgefuef
Olif tgefuefqlrf:sw.sw./
vduf;vhm:uyf:uhm,vlnf;Rama wD;rldif:zr bif:yh,yK;pkdif/ rldof;AD-1716 apKcrf:zr cof
cof;bK.rldif:xh:Ayudhya aO Mif.tof ulef:arKwdefarKrkdof: rldof:uGK,rldif:zr wif:erf/ e[:eh.
ulef:qldif:Rama auK; yK:uGK,/ e[:apKzrfcof uK;seRama xh:/ xkdifrK: AD-1800, U Thoqif,
51
wSrf;qldif: Rama zhm,rmef;bof;/ eefsv; Oldof;clof: qldif:Rama rK:rldif:xh:oh.bof;/ ulef:arKurf;
zgif;(tefMif.rldof:uGK,eef.)vh;uGK,yAef omef;tgef,blef: wD;pdrf:TzK:blef: umwf,ul,rldof;vAof/ uGmrf:
blef:(ul,)eh. yAef(omif:TzK:)ehbof;/ uGmrf:Mif.ph;rldof;Seetha phmuGK,eef. xkdifq[oh.sw.sw.eif,
uof,/ ayK:sevgif;Rama auK; sevgif;pdef,wl,bof;/ euK:tefyK:e[: ykdef:TzK:pdef,wl,eef.
auK; pof:wkdof:oh.rldefuef/ e[:owf.e[:oK:pof: pefvh;wif:erf/
rldif:wh:blef:Lanna eh.yAefwD; ykwf.xzK,OK, Ndof;Ndif:yldif:vSif:sw.sw.bof;/ cofrD:
vduf;wh:blef:(vduf;xrf:? vduf;rldif:)bof.sv; cofuGK,ql:rldif:wh:ul;wD;? arKuGmrf:wh:eif,uefsv; auK,
Omif;umefOK,OeK, ihm;wldof:uGK,/ eefsv; vduf;blef:? OAifblef:? OK,OeK,blef: zSofrK:Odyf:
Ogifzef:eK:? rldif:rmof:vlif? rldif:OSefoD? rldif:wh:crf:wD;vlif(yl,w[:Pu-Tao)eh.bof;/ ugyf;yldof;qof;
cofwD;OD,Nof, cof;rK:qgh; wD;vmef.eK:sv; erf.rkdof:vduf;vhm:OD,Nof,auK; zSofwif:erf/ pkef,pmif;
TzK:(TzK:Odifekdif;? TzK:OdifOgif? TzK:OdifOmrf)eh. Oyhm:vDeK,? qkdof;OAifb[,eK, wD;Lanna/
vkuf.wD;eh.aO Orf.ayK:qgwf,wlof;uGK, rldif:xh:ul;wD;? zSofrldif:wh:wif:erf/ ugyf;yldof;arKwdefarKrkdof:
rldif:OD,Nof, rK:xSif;pSif:yefvmef.eK: eef.bof;/ TzK:Odifeh. ygif,oK;TzK:erf.rkdof:OdifpKvD OD,
Nof,eef.ulnf:bof;/
erf.rkdof:Lanna eh. trf,vgwf;vh; pmif;zmifrgef: sv. pmif;zmifBrahman aOwK.
cofxgwf,tof cgifyldef;vhmvhmtrf,q[;/ cofarKO[,erf.rkdof:cofsv; erf.rkdof:vmef.eK: qif,qkdof;OAif
b[,bof;/ tefpof:q[.wkdof: euK:sv.uKvkef, eef.sw. yK:e[:pdef,wl,bof;/ vldofaOeef.arK
wdefarKrkdof:wh:blef:(Lanna)cof q[.wkdof:pmif;wlofOwf: vh;pefpdrf:Mrf:cofeef.wif:erf/ tef
yAefcldof:ohm? cldof:rguf,? rguf,rh.? uAof;yef,vdrf,uef qldof:eh.(Khruethao)cofpAwf:vh;pmif;vDsw.sw./
wD;vmef.eK:eh. cguf:rguf,? cguf:cldof:eldofrh.Ouf:eh. q[.wkdof:erf.sw.sw./ ugyf;yldof; rh.trf,bl,vh;
vhmymuf,yDsv; rguf,rh.tefuof,uof,(AD-800)qldof:eef. awtrf,qmif;vh;pefbof;/ rguf,rh.cldof:
wmof.qldof:pefbl,eh. awyAefrldof;AD-1800vldofvldof/ ulnf:uK; erf.wdefvhm:rkdof: wh:blef:sw.
vDtmrf:atK: rldefuefoh.bl,/ ugif:rl:wh:blef:ymefuof, auK;eif,eef ugif:rl:Ol,vAuf.sv; qof;
Owf.xK:yhm:vif ukrf:xSif;uGK,sv; erf.rkdof:uof,uof,eef. trf,pefvh;bof;/ erf.rkdof:ukrf:? erf.
rkdof:r[,eh. uGK,oK;yAefcgifuof,eh trf,vh;/ rldefeif, ulef:wh:blef: vh;zSofrK:wD;yl:urf,(Puru-ga
ma)aO vh;rK:pAwf:clof:blef:(&Srf;,Gef;xnf)eef. erf.wdefvhm:rkdof: pAwf:rguf,? rguf,rh.? cldof:
wmof.qldof:eh.auK; awOkdyf,zSofrldof:zrrK:wif:erf/
ulef:rldif:tdef,wD:bK: ulef:arKSanskrit? ulef:arKPalicof ayK:vh;idef:uGmrf:xh:rldof;vAof
eh cofN.quf:urf:vAof vgif;oK;uGmrf:xh: acK;r[,qldof:eh. vkuf.wD;xrf:pdef,wl,(Sanskrit)rK:? vkuf.
wD; xrf:ykwf.x(pali)rK:? avK:wkdof:oh.bof.eh/ ulef:wh:pof:ayK:arKuGmrf:wh:oh.bof; Orf.arK(N.
quf:)Sanskrit sv.Pali eef.qkdif vmwf;uGmrf:awK,ulef:xh: ygif,vh;rlwf:urf:vAofbof;/
52
wD;vmef.eK: yAefykwf.xzK,OK, cgifOD,Nof,rK: sw,rK:urf:eef. Dr.Chedha T auK;
seoh.bl,/ (1)wD;rldif:rgef: rD:qof;rgef:pAef:xrf:rldif:OD,Nof,rK:/ qof;vmef.eK:Pra SumanatherauGK,rldif:rgef:? uGK,pAef:tofwD;qof;rgef:yK:eef./ yguf;ckdef:rK: Okuf.clof:xh:aO ckdef:zSofvmef.
eK:rK:/ (2)Pra Nanagambhira cof;uGK,rldif:rgef:aO Odkyf,uGK,OD,Nof,/ rldof;yguf;rK:sw. cof;qlof;
tbkwf.xD<bK< bof.aO Okdyf,uGK,vmef.eK:/ vgif;ykwf.xzK,OK,OD,Nof, Nrf,xdkif vmef.eK:?
Orf.vgif;ykwf.xzK,OK,vmef.eK: Nrf,xkdif qAif:wkif? qAif:pkif; sv. rldif:wh:eef. trf,rD:vgif;
xAifOifvh;bof; oK;eh/
À À À À À À
53
rldif:rgef: (MON)
ayK:rK:wlnf:e[: ykdef:rmef,emef:zrqkdif cofwSrf;oK; cofsw,rK:wD; wK;ugif(eh. wK,
yAefvh;ref: trf,rD:? yDref:auK; yAefyDTzK: ylef.rK:qldof:eef.)/ vgif;wh:auK; trf,yK:/ wh:sv.
rgef: xof;vldofcoftldof;/ ayK:oK; cofwSrf;vgif;yl:urf,(Purugama)bof.auK; wSrf;vgif;rgef:cofvkuf.
zdkef.ehbof;/ ayK:oK; rgef:cofrK:bK.JJehauK; oK;vh;bl,/ eh.seoK; rgef:rD:rdlif:? rD:'dif;si;?
rD:pSif:oh.acKacKbof;/ eef.aOtrf,uK: rgef:yAefTOK,vlifzr? pAwf:yefauB:ql: tel.Ilwf.xK,?
pAwf:yef vduf;zrcofyefrK:bof;/
ayK:rK:wlnf: yyf.ykdef:zrf tefYaz,wSrf;eef.qkdif zrcofOrf. sw,wif;wD;uRuf.
sO, oK;eh/ cofvkuf.wD; umef<Ol< vlif:rK:/ bmrf;bl,wD;Tibet, Nanchao rK:/ vkuf.wD;uRuf.sO,
szzSofuGK,wD; yl:urf,rldof;AD-900 oK;eh/ e[:ykdef:zkdefv[auK;vD? awK,ymeftel.Ilwf.xK,
ulef:cldof:zr trf,yh,rD:rldif:vlifacKacK? ckefvlifacKacKrK:/ qof.vldofeh. yAefckefuvK:pdef,wl,ydof,
(Puru-vangsi)wif;rldif:qgwf,oh.qgrf:sr;erf.Irrawaddy eh.ulnf:/
ykdef:zr rD:yhm:vif tel.Ilwf.xK, ulnf:sv; cofwif;ykdef:cof wD;eef.aO vgif;
ulef:wmif,qldof:auK; rK:qdrfO[,yhm:vifeef.ulnf:bof;/ rgef: sv. wh: Orf.qof.vldofzroh.sw.
sw./ eefsv; ayK:ulnf:awpKvgif; rgef: sv. wh: e[:yyf.zreh. awtrf,ukrf,vh; awtrf,
rD:vh;/ awvh;pKpif;ulnf:bof;/ rgef:cof tefcofpKpif:acKauK;rD:? yldef;pKtguf,rK:auK;rD:bof;/
e[:yyf.M.Freeman(Lanna)eef. wSrf;oh. vgif;rgef:? OSrf(Siam)sv. Dvaravati
oh.bl,/ uvK:pdef,wl,(Puru=ydof,)cof tkyf.yldif, sr;erf.Irrawaddy pAifyD? uvK:pdef,wl,Varman
cof tkyf.yldif,qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,tK,OBK.(Cambodia, Champa, Java, Bali, Malay etc.)vh;
1500 yD/ rldif: rD:crAef(Khmer)erf? pdrf:rldif: Cambodia Orf.rD:rldif:Dvaravati? e[:rldif:eh.
Orf.rD: rgef:sv.Siam bl,qgrf:uefoh./ ayK:wlnf: qkdof;rldif:qldof:eh. yAefacK; Sanskritrlwf:
bof;/ 'dif;si;pdef,wl,Nrf,qgwf,oh.bof;/ ckefyAefpdef,wl,sv; qkdof;pdef,wl,Sanskrit qif,ukduf:
qyf:vh;rK:bof;/
wD;Dvaravati ehh.auK; yAef'dif;si;pdef,wl, Nrf,irf:rK:bof;/ qof;rkefsc,Hsuantsang uGK,rdlif:tdef,wD:bK:aO yguf;rK:wD; Srivijaya(Shih-Li-Fo-Shih)aO wSrf;vgif;ykdef:/ rldof;
AD-671 ykwf.xzK,OK, zSofrK:Funan bof;(ckefyAefpdef,wl,bl,)/ wD;Dvaravati(To-lo-poti)eh. Brahman sv. qof;rkefykwf.xzK,OK,bl,qgrf:uefoh.bl,oK;eh/ vgif;ykwf.xzK,OK, zSof
oh.qldof:eh. qof.vldofcmof:sw,wif;Angkor Vat(Suryavarman II)/ wD;rldif:Cambodia xkdifrK:
ymefJayavarman VII (AD-1200)qif,ckefcofyAef ckefykwf.xzK,OK,rK:/ rldof;Siam pdrftof
apKrgef:cof wD;Dvaravati(AD-573)eh. Siam sv. rgef: ayK:yAefykwf.xzK,OK,oh.bof;/
54
eefsv; Siam(Tai) Okdyf, chm.rK:Lanna auK; yAefykwf.xzK,OK,oh./ rgef:chm.bhm.rK:Hansavati
(sy:ul:)auK; yAefykwf.xzK,OK,rK:bof;/ yK:vduf;xrf:? yK:vduf;rgef:rK:bof;/
cmof:rgef:cofzSofrK: NifOKowD, rldof;AD-573(rgef:cofoK; ulef:rgef:zSofrK:wD;sy:ul:
qArfrldof;yDOK,OeK,1116(AD-573)eef.bof./ ehsv; yDeh. yAefyDqldof.cldof:cof oK;eh)/ wD;rldif:
pdef,wl,Sriksetra(ayB,)bif:wkduf.yAef wK;Ndof:vlif? yAefymuf,wav:ymif,vhm,oh.bl,/ eefsv;
ulef:uK.Ndof:uvK: rK:cof;rK:tguf,/ eefsv; pdef,wl,auK; rD:oh.? qof;rkefykwf.xauK; rD:oh. eif,
qof;rkefsc, zSofrK:vh;pefaO wSrf;oh.eef.bof;/ ulef:bmif:qldof:zSofoh.xK;eef. wkduf.uldof:zD
bl,/ cofvh;rK:xlyf: rgef:ykwf.xzK,OK,sv; bmif:urf;zgif;auK; yAefykwf.xzK,OK,qgrf:rK:/ ulef:
bmif:eh. rD:ulef:rl,b[,bl,aOwK. trf,wif;rldif:? trf,rD:qof;apKcrf:/
vh;N.oK; wD;yD;egif.rgef:cof rldof;qof;tIpmef, zSofrK:yl:urf,(Puru-gama)eef. cof
OgefrSif,yef vduf;rgef:tgefwmif:/ qldof:awcof;yAefOmif,? cof;yAefqmif:eef. awvh;arKvduf;
rgef:tgefwmif:/ ayK:arKvduf;rgef:qif, vh;acK;OIeukif,aO qif,yAefvh;Omif,? yAefvh;qmif:oK;
eh/ sr;vduf;rgef: rD; 35 wlof? e[:eef. 2 wlof zrtrf,arKoK;qgrf:vh;sv; sr;vduf;rmef;
vh;yAefrK: 33 wlofulnf:bof;/ vduf;rgef:auK; vkuf.wD;Sanskrit rK:/ e[:vduf;SanskrittefyAef
(Sa)eef. vduf;rgef:auK;yAef(Sa)? vduf;wh:auK;yAef(Sa)/ ugyf;Oifsv; vduf;zrvhmvhmulnf:yAef
rK:(tha)trf,N.vh;bof;/ vduf;zr bkif;wD;eh.? zdwf:wD;eh.bof;/ qof;rgef:cof rD:auB:ql:eldof
vduf;zrsv. ulef:zrrK:bl,bof;/
vh;uGK,ckdef;qgrf: ymifuSof;oef:qldof.cldof:rgef:/ OAifcofoh;OKuef,awK:auK;rldefpof:oh.-atK:uK,
O earK:wO wl.wD.bgrf<ygh. wwD.bgrf<ygh. OKxl. OKxl./
uGmrf:rgef:auK; tefrldefuGmrf:crAef(Cambodia)rD:wif:erfoK;eh/ vduf;rgef:auK; rD:rK:
qof.eK,bof;(AD-573)12345678910 eh.yAefwlofvduf;rgef:bof;/ vduf;bmif:ykwf.xzK,OK,
(ylof:oef:tguf,)cofauK; vkuf.wD; vduf;rgef:yAefrK:qof.eK,bof;/ rgef:cof tmef,vh;vduf;ylof:(bmif:
oef:tguf,)cofvDvDbl,/ Dr.Johnathan Weight pAwf:yef vduf;r[,wK,bmif:qauK: rldof; 1823/
Rev.Durlin Lee Brayton pAwf:yefvduf;r[,wK,bmif:ylof: rldof; 1838/ bmif:qauK: Mif.bmif:ylof:
oK; bmif:wvSif:ehatK;/
qof;rgef:qof;tIpmef, zSofrK:yl:urf,eh. z[auK;N.bl,bof;/ cmof:qof;tIpmef, zSofrK:
eef. zryh,rD:vduf;qof;uof,/ qif,pKoK; ckefapKcrf: tel.Ilwf.xK,yAefckefzrcofehulnf:/ ckef
apKcrf: tel.Ilwf.xK, pAwf:uguf:vdefpmif;TzK:vl,wmef:wif:erf? vduf;vl,wmef:ref: yAefvduf;
rgef:ulnf:/ yAefqof;rgef:cof wSrf;yefulnf:/ ayK:rD:vduf;zreh awqmif;tofvduf;zrwSrf;bl,/
ymefckefapKcrf: uBmef,qdwf.wK: ykdef:vl,ykdef:wmef: wD; a&Tpnf;ckH? eef;wnfausmufpm? eH&H
aq;a&;? 550 Zmwfawmf qldof:eh. yAefvduf;rgef:vhmvhmulnf:/ wD; *lajymufBuD;? jrapwDausmuf
55
pm eh. yAefvduf;rgef:wSrf;yef OAifzrrmef<oh.ulnf:/ zhm,vduf;zreh. rgef:coftmef,vh;vDvD?
tofvduf;rgef:wSrf;yef acK;uGmrf:zrsv; acK;ref:? uGmrf:ref: trf,qyf:vD/ zrqldof:trf,N.vduf;
rgef:eef. Orf.uldof:oK; yAefvduf;zrymefuof,ehbof;/
wD; avmuodyÜHbk&m; eh.Orf.pmif;ymef:ODwD;zK(ykdef:TzK:)qldof:eef. tofvduf;zr
sw,wSrf;rK:bof;/ ulnf:uK; aoK:pmeftrf,yh,ukrf,wkdof:sv; O[,yK:vduf;rgef:? aoK:pmefrgef: yK:oh.bl,
bof;/ qldof:arKvduf;rgef: sv. vduf;zr awpefqgrf:vh;bl,/ OAifrgef:oK; Sao=aom0f? OAifzr
tguf,oK; thao=awm0f ehaOwK.auK; Orf.wSrf;qgrf:vhm:rgef:]]aom0f}}aO Orf.tguf,OAifzrcof
thao=awmof ehsv;]]sa}}eh. vh;avK:sv:yAefrK:]]tha}}(O)aOsv; bkif;qgrf:rK:rlwf:bof;
awK,rldof;vAof/
rgef:cofzSofrK:wD;Haripunjaya(pKIDykef<cBh<? rldof;vAofyAef vrfykef:)aO rK:sw,rldif:
bof;/ rldof;AD-1025,Khmer cof cof;rK:wkduf:Dvaravati / yD;egif.rgef:cofN.quf: cofbmrf;bl,
rK:wD;Dvaravati N.quf: Khmer cofrK:wkduf:Dvaravati / ulnf:uK; vgif; Siam sv. rgef:bl,
qgrf:uefwD;Dvaravati eh. urf;zgif;N.? urf;zgif;trf,qgrf:N./ Siam pdrftofapKcrf:rgef: wD;
Dvaravati eh.auK; eif,eefbof;/ wD;Dvaravati eh. rgef:ayK:yAefykwf.xzK,OK,sv. ayK:
rD:vduf;bof.eef.sw. rldefuefoh.OAif;rlwf:bl,/
e[:rldif:xh:rldof;vAof rgef:cofbmrf;bl,rK: rD:wif:erf/ Haripunchai, Lamphun,
qldof:eh./ ref:bl,awK,yDv[? Nrf,irf:awK,rldof;v[ qldof:eh. awvh;pKcyf.qgrf: ydkef:wh:?
ykdef:xh:? ykdef:rgef:vDimrf:ugef,bof;/
Lampang
vmef.eK:eh. ugyf;yldof; rgef:cofzSofrK:Haripunjaya v[? Orf.wh:zSofrK:vmef.eK:v[
qldof:eh. pAwf:P;vmef.eK:rldif:wh:blef: qkdof;OAifb[,qgrf: ykwf.xzK,OK,rK:sw.bof;/ vmef.eK:
auK; qkdof;OAifb[,aO? Orf.ogwf;aO? ulnf:uK; yhm:'dif;si;ykwf.xzK,OK, Okdyf,Ndof;Ndif:oh.bl, wduf:
wduf:eef.bof;/
e[:ykdef:rldif:rgef:auK; iof;rldif:cofseoh.vhmrldif:/
(1)Oxkif,Angkor(Combodia)
sw,wif;rK: qof.eK,/ ckefxD.ekdif; yAef OD,pK.IK,qK,? ref:yAefulef:uvK:pdefwl,?
vkuf.wD;rldif:uvK:rK:/ rgef: sv. crAefauK; rD:vgif;cof;tguf,uefoh.bl,/ crAefauK;oK; iof;iK,cof
yAef Suvarnabhumi eheif,uof,/ xmwf;Olnf,wukif,eh. sw,wD;e[:ymefrgef:cofeh/ ckefvkdef:
Okwf: eif;Oxkif,eh. yAefckefManuha? Okrf:Okduf:aO vh;zSofuGK, yl:urf,aO vh;bl,e[:xmwf;
ref:qof;ulnf:bof;/ awK,xkdifrel,pK, ckefeif;rldif:rD: 59 yK: oK;eh/
56
(2)pmef,OK,owD,(AD-573-781)
vkuf.wD; Dvaravati chm.bhm.rK:wD; sy:ul:? rgef:cofOrf. azK,qkdof;rldif:cofyAefpmef,OK,o
wD,/ rldof;yD 573 qkdof;apKcrf:yAef Mahimu Thamala Kumara/ ref:qof; vkuf.wD;Oxkif,rK:
eif;oAif:/ yAefvh;eef.sw. ckefyK:eh. rK:wif;oAif:cAif,uefaO ohm:vif Nrf,irf:vh;Oxkif,uGK,
eef.bof;/
(3)pmef,OK,owD, ymef oK,IDIl:(1287-1540)
AD-1056 ckefyl:urf, taeK,IxK, rK:wkduf:Oxkif,aO nggyf:tof ckef? cK;? Ipmef:?
ulef:arKwif:erf uGK,wD;yl:urf,bof;/ erf.wdefvhm:rkdof:yl:urf, yAefpmif;rldif:uvK:aO ulef:pAwf:ref:
yAefrgef:bof;/ rldif:pmef,OK,owD, vl.bof.sv; ulef:rgef:cofauK; bl,zmwf,bl,szuefOAif;bof;/
AD-1287 qif,rD:rK:qof; oK,ID,Il:(rgef:cofoK; yAefulef:rgef:? e[:ykdef:wh:? ykdef:xh:sw. ref:
yAefulef:wh:)rK:uAyf:wgrfulef:rgef:aO ckdef:wif;rldif:rgef: wD;sy:ul:bof;/ rgef: sv. tK,oauK;
Okdyf,yAefOkduf:uefbl,wduf:wduf:bof;/ qof;emif:Odef,aqK.yl. yAefemif:apKcrf: wD;sy:ul:eh.auK;
yAefvgif;ykdef:rgef:cofbof;/ rldof;AD-1540 ckefzr wydef,OBLnf,xD: rK:wkduf:sy. sy:ul:aO
bK.vl.rlwf:OAif;bof;/
(4)pmef,OK,owD,(AD 1740-1757)
sy:ul:eh. vh;rD:w[;rkdof: ckefzrwgif,il,uGK, rldof;AD-1599(qgrf:vlnf;ykdef:IcSif,)xh:
sv. IcSif, Nrf;uefaO rK:vlrf,ySwf; wgif,il,uGK,bof;/ e[:ykdef:zrOrf.trf,rhmoh. vgif;IcSif,/
zldof,pSif:zrtlef;uGK,bof.auK; rD:aeK,vldwf;ckefrgef:? qof;Buddha ke Thit Gwe Meng ckdef:
sw,rldif:rgef: wD;sy:ul:ckdef:bof;/ rldof; AD-1740 ckefapKcrf:yK:Ogif qkdof;Binya Dala MrfpAif:
vDimrf:aOsv; uGK,vlrf,ySwf; rldif:tK,orldof;AD-1751 eef.bof;/ ckefzrauK; vh;Okrf:tK,o
yefuGK,rgef:aOwK. Orf.uGK,MrfpSif:aO rldof;AD-1757 ckdef:tofckdef:tK,oaOtrf,uK: tofyK:sy:
ul:uGK,bof;/ ohm:aOtAif:uvAwf;cof Nrf;irf:rldif:zrygwf:w[;AD-1824 trf,rD:Okduf:OldofOifbof;/
AD-1852 ckeftAif:uvAwf;Orf. Nrf,irf:ckdef;rK:xSif;sv; vh;oK; oAif:pmef,OK,owD,auK; yAefw[;
rkdof:tAif:uvAwf;uGK,bof;/
tofe[:ykdef:rgef:cofoK; sy:ul:Hamsavati eh. sw,rK:rldof;AD-573? ulef:rgef:cofwD;
Oxkif,auK; rD:? wD;e[:rldif:xh:eh.auK; yAefrl,yAefqkrf: rD:oh.wif:erf/ pKID<ykef<cBhm<(Haripunjaya)auK; yAefoAif:rgef:oh.bl,/ rldof;AD-1050 ugyf;ydlof;wD;pKID<ykef<cBhm< yAefaz:umyf;wgif.egif,aO
whmerfeK,sv;? rgef:coftgefuef yhm;rK:ql: Oxkif,sv. sy:ul:/ erf.rkdof:rgef: wD;pID<ykef<cBhm<
eh. Nrf,irf:xkdif yD;egif.xh:wif:erf/ erf.rkdof:rgef:eh.auK; iof;ref:? pmif;zmifref: Orf.vkuf.
wD;rldif:tdef,wD:bK:ygwf:qmef:rK:/ vhm:auK,owf.? pmif;owf. yAefrldof;ymef ckefPallava cofeef.
57
bof;/ ugyf;yldof;eefsv; rgef:cofyAef qkrf:qSuf,szrSif, yhm:rgef:pdef,wll, e[:ukefat:OBK:eh.
bof.oK;eh/
U Aung Thaw(1960)cof clwf.vdefwD;yl:urf,aOsv; oK;uGK, 'dif;si;qldof:eh.yAefcgif
ydof,(Pyu)cofbof;oK;eh/ wD;yl:urf,eh. ydof,Orf.yAefz[ vDOkdyf,clef.pKxSif;bl,/ wD;yl:urf,eh.
erf.rkdof:rgef:cof rK:pAwf:oh.wif:erf? ayK:qgwf,uGK,ul;wD;? vgif;cofpAwf:oh.trf,wSrf; trf,rhyefaw
trf,xkuf,/
ulnf:uK; cl:vlifPiriya Krairiksh auK; clef.cGK.vDimrf:aO pAwf:tguf,yyf.Art in
Perinsular Thailand(1980)/ pmif;rgef:cof pAwf:oh.wD;e[:rldif:xh: qldof:eh. ref:wrf:seqldif.eh
(1)AD-300-500 e[:rldif:urf,ayK:wD:bK:? e[:rldif:xh: yAeferf.rkdof:pmif;zmifcgiftdef,wD:bK:OAif;
OAif;bof;/ owf.wD;v[auK; awvh;pefuyf:uhm,vlnf;Vishnu? ykdef: Vishnu bl,bof;/
(2)AD-500-800 wD;e[:rldif:xh:rldof;vAof? wD;sr;erf.Chao Phraya qldof:eh. yAeferf.rkdof:
rgef: Nrf,irf:oh.bof;/ erf.rkdof:? pmif;ref: rK:wmif:Funan(urf,ayK:wD:bK:)aOsv; ihm;rldefuef
vh;pefwif:erf/ pmif;qldof:rldefrl,eh. ref:qof;azK,oK; yAefChaiya Style ehbof;/ Stone
Ganapati (Songkhla)
(3)AD-800-1100 ulef:tdef,wD:bK:cof urf;erfpdef,wl, trf,q[;ulnf:zSofrldif:xh:/ rldif:urf,ayK:
wD:bK:? rldif:tdef,wlof,eD:OBK:? uBK,oK:? rav:qldof:eh.auK; zSofaO erf.rkdof:cof cSef:pmif;vDwldof:
rK:bof;/ eefsv; erf.rkdof:uBK,oK:? erf.rkdof:tdef,wD:bK: vkuf.wD;eef.aO Orf.ckdef:vhrK:ql:
rldif:xh:xSif;bl,bof;/ rldefeif, Borobudur wD;tdif,wlof,eD:OBK:auK;seoh. erf.rkdof:pdef,wl,ckduf.oh.
bl,sw.sw.(ohm:eh. pmif;eh. zSofrK: rRuf.tl:)/ ref:qof;oK; eh.yAef 3rd, 4th Chaiya style,
Javanese and South Indian style ehbof;/
(4)AD-1100-1300 eh. yAefcmof: crAef urf,ayK:wD:bK: Ndof;Ndif:yldif:O[ ul;vgif;vgif;bl,bof;/
pmif;qldof:eh. erf.rkdof:qldof:eh. sevgif;yhm:rldif:ugef,bof;/ 'dif;si;rldif:uvK: Nrf,irf:rK:? rD:rK:awK,
rldof;vAofbof;/ pmif;qof;TzK:ykwf.x Ol,ekdif; AD1300 yAefpmif;Hevajra ehbof;/
58
cSyf:idkef:pdef,wl,=cSyf:idkef:ydof,
(Pyu coins=Hindu coins)
cl:vlifwguf,wK,¨mef:xkef:sv. ehm,ymef:vcof wSrf;seoh. vgif;pdef,wl,Nrf,xkdifsr;
erf.uAofrK:eef./ rldof;eef. qkdof;zreh bif:yh,rD:/ qArfrldof;(BC 100-AD 100)Brahman ykif,
eK:cof ayK:zSofbl,pdrf:erf.uAof,bl,bof;/ pdrf:erf.uAof,eh. rD:ckeftgef,ckeftD;? ckefpdef,wl,cof
irf:rK:/ rmifqldof:oK; ydof,eh. yAefulef:ukduf:rldif:wD;eh.? yAefrl,qkrf: ydof,? urfbrf? ¨Swf.eefeh/
vgif;ydof,eh. awvh;pKwlnf:ykdef:uvK:vDvD/ ckefuvK:Puru Vangsi cof Okrf:Okduf:sv; zSofrK:
pdrf:erf.uAof? rK:sw,rldif:tgef,tD;/ vkuf.wD;cldof:pdef,wl,Puru eh. yAefrK: ydof, oK;eh/
ugyf;yldof; pdef,wl,ykif,eK:Puru cof zSofrK:sv; pmif;Vishu? pmif;Vishnu cD,uKvkef,?
pmif;Vishnu egef:eldofeuK:? pmif;Brahma? Vishnu? Shiva eif;bl,eldofrguf,rlof? pmif;Shiva
sv. ar:emif: yK,owD,? pmif;rK.qAwf:wlof qefavK.ckefvSwf,Ol,ID.bqldof:eh. yAefpmif;pdef,wl,
rlwf:rlwf:bof;/ wD;rldif:yl:urf,eh.auK; vh;pefeif,eef/ Dr.¨mef:xkef:pAwf:cyf.rhmrK:bl,/([dE´LAk'¨ 73)/
wD;rldif:zreh. ckefeh cofMif.Raja? emif:eh cofMif.Devi/ rldif:ayB,yAefSriksetra?
rldif:wgif,wdgef:uBD:yAefVishnu? rldif:Oxkif,yAefSudhammavati? qldof:eh.seoK; yAefpdef,wl,cof
sw,rldif:rK:bof;/ qkdof;oAif: om,m0wD? om&a0g? om0w¬dNrdKU qldof:eh.qkdif bldif;qkdof;e[:ykdef:TzK:
eef.bof;/([dE´L-Ak'¨ 6)/
ymef taeK,IxK, wD;yl:urf,eh. rD:ulef:Omrfcldof:Omrfzef:bof;/(1)zr? (2)ydof,
(Puru Vangsi )? (3)rgef:cofbof;/ rmifqldof:oK; ydof,P;yAefzruGK,/ oK;qldif.ehtrf,vh;? ydof,sv.
zr yAefzef:z[zef:ref:/ ohm:rK: ydof,phmuGK,aO qkdrf:yAefzruGK,eef.ulnf: ([dE´L-Ak'¨ 9)/
ulef:ydof,(pdef,wll,)cofeh. rD:omef;rldif:pif:acK? rD:vduf;vhm:'dif;si;pif:acK? uGK,sezSofrldif:sc,ugef,/
rD:rK:awK,AD-1300 bl,bof;/([dE´L-Ak'¨-11)/ zreh. yAefcldof:rkif,ulof: oK;ehaOwK.auK; 'dif;
si;? zK,OK,? vduf;vhm:? yhm:tkyf.rldif:? 'dif;omef;'dif;Ndef: yAefcgiftdef,wD:bK: rlwf:rlwf:bof;/
zrtrf,rD: zK,OK,? 'dif;si;? vduf;vhm:awK,ymeftaeK,IxK,/ ohm:eh.rD:'dif;si;vduf;vhm:aO rD:
tmrf:emwf;rK:sv; cldof:ulef:zrauK; rD:ukduf:rK:awK,rldof;vAof/
cSyf:idkef:uof, ikdef:ydof, tefoK;eef. seoh.bl,/ ulnf:uK; urf;zgif;trf,c[;bkdefoK; eh.
yAefcgifpdef,wl,/ cSyf:ikdef:ydof,pof:pefbl,eh.? sebl,eh. wkdef:yAefcgifuvK:pdef,wl,bof;/ trf,c[;
bkdefeef. trf,xkuf,yAef/ rldof;vAof z[auK; N.bl,sv; cSef:trf,xkuf,yAefbof;/ ayK:uGK,xmrf
owf.pdef,wl,owf.v[auK; cofawvmwf;seqldif.eefulnf:/ zl,wSrf;vduf;auK; uGK,xlyf:cofrK:wif:
erfbof;/ yvmif,? owf. eh.auK; yAefacK;uGmrf:pdef,wl,ulnf:/ cSyf:ikdef:ydof,(pdef,wl,)eh. seoh.
59
vgif;zK,OK,cof? vgif;bkrf,brfcof? pmif;qldof:eh. yAefrduf;cgifpdef,wl,vhmvhmulnf:bof;/ ohm:vifrK:ckef
rldif:uvK: qif,tofpmif;qof;uof,cof O[,e[:cSyf:ikdef:rK:/
rAwf.idkef:ydof,
60
Coins of Bactria
(From The Cambridge History of India, Vol.1)
61
Coins of Native Indian States
(From The Cambridge History of India, Vol.1)
62
(1)cSyf:ikdef:rhmekdif; sepmif;Mhcmofpdef,wl,? pmif;Myf,Mhcmofeh. yAefpmif;apKcrf:pdef,wl,bof;/ cmif;apK
Ogifzhm, yAef vSwf, sv. vldef/
(2)cSyf:ikdef:rhmOgif sepmif;apKcrf:pdef,wl,? e[:eh. rD:yvmif,ckefapKcrf:pdef,wl,/ eldofpmif;apKzhm,
cGKeh. rD:pmif;vSwf,? zhm,Ohm.eh. rD:pmif;vldef/ wmif:cmif;zhm,cGKpmif;apKyAefpmif;Mhcmof? zhm,Ohm. yAef
pmif;Muf,OmrfvSrf/ pmif;qldof:eh. yAefpmif;rduf;cgifpdef,wl,cofbof;/ uGK,seulef:pdef,wl,auK.v[auK;aw
oK;qldif.eefulnf:/ rldefuefwif:xmrfwh: erf.uAofeh. yAefuGmrf:z[eef.ulnf:bof;/
(3)cSyf:ikdef:rhmOmrf rldefuefwif:rhmOgifeef.bof;/
(4)cSyf:idkef:rhmOD, awvh;pefpmif;apK? yvmif,? vSwf,? vldef/ wmif:cmif;zhm,Ohm.pmif;apKyAefpmif;
quf.uK.(Svastika)eh.seoK; ref:bkrf,brfTzK:TwK:ehbof;/ ayK:uGK,owf.pdef,wl,wD;v[auK; awvh;
pefpmif;Ü eh.bof;/ pmif;zhm,cGK,eh. oK;P;rD:rif,uvK,oK;eh/ acK;uGmrf:Trisul=Tikal qldof:eh. acK;
uGmrf:pdef,wl,? wmifwlof Muf,OmrfvSrf rlwf:OAif;bof;/
(5,6,7)yAefpmif; yvmif,apKcrf:pdef,wl,cofbof;/ rmef;coftguf,OAifoK; yvdef,eef.rK:wD;OAifpdef,
wl, yvmif,eh.bof;/ OAifpdef,wl,? OAifwh:? OAifrgef:rldefuefoh.bof;]]yvmif,}}eh/
(8)eh.yAef pmif;oef: tefpdef,wl,cofulof:uhm,bof;/
rduf;tefpefbl,eldof cSyf:idkef:? cSyf:wgif: qldof:eh. yAefcgifpdef,wl,cof tefoK;eef.
trf,zdwf:vh;/ ulef:vlifrldif:zrOrf.oK; yAefcgifydof,cof oK;eh/ ydof,sv.pdef,wl,? ydof,sv.uvK:
yAeftefvAofeef.ulnf:bof;/ cSyf:ikdef:qldof:eh. yAefwgif:qof.BC100-AD100eef.bof;/ rldof;
xkdifrK:AD 200 eef. vh;pefcSyf:ikdef: O[,pmif;ckefapKcrf: qof;Nrf,rldif:eef.bof;/
(u)Greek cof cof;rK:irf:Bactria(Afganistan)sv.India/ Eucratides wkduf:sy.DemetriusuGK,
rldof;BC-175/ ugyf;yldof; pmif;cSyf:ikdef:cof rldefuefoh.sv; awvh;oK; Eucratieds sv.Apollodotus ckefOgifyK:eh. awyAefymefvAofuefbof./ cSyf:ikdef:ckefAntialcidasseoK; ref:qof;Nrf,
irf:Takshacilaehbof;/ cSyf:ikdef:ref:qof; bldif;cSyf:ikdef:Eucraides sv; eh.seoK; ref:qof;
yAefckefohm:vifEucratides eef.bof;/ cmof:Hermaeus irf:rldif:eh. awyAefBC-40 qldof:eh.
bof;/ eldofcSyf:ikdef:ref: ref:O[,wlofvduf;Greek □OD,qAif,eh.bof.bof;/
(c)Gondopharnes sw,irf:rldif: rldof;AD-19 awK,pmef.AD-45 ref: wkduf.Okdyf,yAefckefirf:
rldif:oh.bl,eh wlnf:tofe[:cSyf:ikdef: pmif;cofqof;eh. pefvh;bl,bof;/ ckefzhm,eK;ref:eh. yAef
qof;Azes II ehauK; cSyf:ikdef:qldof:eh. setguf,rK:cK;bof;/ NofOkduf:vlif qof;apKcrf:eh. qkdof;
Aspavarman(eh.Orf.yAef vkuf;qhm:Indravarman)ehbof;/(Cambridge History of India, P520.)
63
]]NofOkduf:vlif}}eh Greek cofq[.strategos ehbof;/ rldif:tdef,wD:bK:Orf.q[.Senapati (aO,eK,
ywD.)ehbof;/ eldofcSyf:ikdef:eh. urf:urf:vhpef qkdof;Aspavarman wD;rldif: India zhm,oef:wluf:
rldof;ymefckefCaka Satraps rldof;cmof:AD-200eef.bl,bof;/ eldofcSyf:ikdef:eh. vh;pefwlofvduf;
Strategos, Senapati, Varman qldof:eh.yAefvgif;urf.xSrfykdef:sw.sw.eif,uof,/ qkdof;cof zhm,
vifref:ayK:rD:Varman, datta eh eh.seoK; cofyAefpdef,wl,eef.bof;/
À À À À À À
64
rldif:IcSif,
rldof;ymefuof, wh:auK;trf,N.quf: IcSif,/ cofsw. awbmrf;pefwh:bl,/ rldof;IcSif,cofzSof
rK: xkif.rmof:eef. cofoK;]]pAwf:Oifat.JuGmrf:zrtefeh. pof:Orf.trf,bmrf;idef:vK,}}eh/ cof
auK;bmrf;rD:rldif:apKcrf:cofbl,/ rldif:IcSif, wdwf:qyf:uefvlnf;East Bengal sv; wD;eef. yAef
OifauK; wlif.wkdef,xkdifIcSif,bl,bof;/ e[:Bengal eh. Okduf:rl,Ovdrf, Mugal cofckdef;rK:? sy.rK:
bl,wduf:wduf:/ oAif:qdwf.wugif:auK; wluf:cof;rkdof: Mugal cofuGK, rldof;AD-1666 bof;/
e[:yyf.ykdef:IcSif, oK;- xh:sv.IcSif, Nrf;uefaO cof;wkduf:Nrf,irf:tof rldif:rgef:sy:ul:
eh/ e[:yyf.ykdef:zr rmef,emef: Orf.oK;- ckefzrwgif,il, yAefwydef,OBLnf,xD:sv. Dhanyavati rK:wkduf:rldif:sy:ul:aO ckefwgif,il, tofckefsy:ul:(Nanda)whmySwf;aObof;oK;eh/
ugyf;yldof;e[:rldif:IcSif, trf,rD:ckefuwf. ckefuAif,eef. zgif:rldif:cof? NofOkduf:cofqif,vlduf;
tof ulef:uwf.e[:ulef:rldif:eh.aO P;yAefapKcrf:ehbof;/ ckefapKcrf:P;qkdof;ckefMaha Thamadaehbof;/ ugyf;yldof; ulef:vlife[:apK trf,qlrf:pyf.ckefapKcrf:Thamada bof.sv; cofuGK,pyf.
tof ylof:awK,rgif,oSif: rK:pkyf;tofIcSif,oK;eh/ Okduf:zr rK:pkyf;tofDhanyavati aO bK.uof:
qkwf,'h:vl.rlwf:sv; 1784 ckefsv.rldif:IcSif,auK; trf,rD:bof;/
pdrf:AD-788 eh.ckefzr rK:pdrftofuGK, TzK:IcSif, rpK,rl.eD. eef.uGK,rmef:wav:
bof;/ ngyf:tofyK: ulef:IcSif,OSefekdif; uGK,bof;/ TzK:? ugif:rl:tefsw,wif;wD;ref:wav:qldof:
eh. yAeferf.rkdof:IcSif,cofbof;oK;eh/ rldefeif,eef tel.Ilwf.xK, sy.Oxkif,aO ngyf:ulef:
rgef:cofrK:wD; yl:urf,wif:erf/ TzK:? ugif:rl:wD;yl:urf,yAefpSif:rgef:cof pAwf:bof;/ pmif;TzK:ugif:rl:
sw. ykif,eK:cof tofrldif:uvK:rK:bof;/ ylof:awK,rgif,oSif: ngyf:ulef:IcSif,cofuGK, P;uGK,Oof:e[:egif
tmif:av:auK;rD: oK;eh/ rldof;cofrK:bK.Dhanyavati eef. bK.vl.vl.zSof;uAif;uAif;? bK,P;IcSif,cof
ckdef:zkdef.vh;aOyguf;eef.bof;oK;eh/ pAwf:ehsv; ckefzrrlduf;eK,sv; ulef:qif:cofauK; erf
wldof:rK:bof;/
ymefrldif: sv. ymefckef
1
2
3
4
5
wK;ugif
wK;ugif
Sriksetra
Vishnu
Puru-gama(Pu-gam)
6
Myin-Saing, Pin Ya,
ckefwh:irf:
ckefpdef,wl,tzD.IK,qK,
ckef Puru-Vangsi(ydof,)
ckef Puru-Vangsi(ydof,)
ckeftel.Ilwf.xK,(zr)(zrsw,rD:
rD:ckefrK:bof;/)
ckefwh:Nrf,irf:wif:OAif;
65
rldif:
BC.100-AD.850
AD.850(BC.900/800)
BC.483-AD.95
?-AD.718
AD.1044-1297
AD.1298-1364
7
8
9
10
aq<uSif:
rldif:tK,o
11
12
rldif:wgif,il,
rldif:tK,o
rldif:OBLnf,ylof,? aq<uSif:?
rmef:wav:
rldif:NifOKowD,-1(sy:ul:?yKuldof)
rldif:NifOKowD,-2
13
rldif:NifOKowD,-3
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
rldif:IcSif,(Dhanyavati-1)
Waisal
Pin-Sa-1
Pa-Rin
Krit
Pin-Sa-2
Laung-Kret
Dhanyavati-2(Mrauk-U)
ckefwh:? ¨wlof:rdef:zBK:wif; (awK,
cmof:Oldofcmef,'K.AD.1527-1543)
ckefzrNrf,irf:
ckefzrNrf,irf:Orf.wluf:e[:rkdof:rgef:
ckefzrtvgif:zIK:Nrf,irf:xkdifrgef:?
wluf:w[;tAif:uvAwf;
ckefrgef:Nrf,irf:(cmof:trf,rD:Okduf:)
ckefrgef:Nrf,irf:(wif:ckefzryAefOkduf:wK,
aO)
ckefrgef:Nrf,irf:xkdiftK,o(ckefzrtvgif:
zIK:pkyf;tofrldif:rgef:)
ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:(auK,Omif;rpKrl.eD.)
ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:(vSuf;vhm;ckeferfeK,)
ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:
ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:
ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:
ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:
ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:
ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf: wluf:w[;rkdof:ckefzr
ylof:awK,rgif,oSif:
AD.1364-1544
AD.1540-1599
AD.1599-1751
AD.1753-1885
AD.573-1287
AD.1287-1544
AD.1740-1757
BC.825-AD.788
AD.788-1018
AD.1108-1103
AD.1103-1167
AD.1167-1180
AD.1180-1237
AD.1237-1404
AD.1108-1103
ayK:awrK:wlnf: rldif:apKcrf:ymefuof,uof,eef. rD:yK: apKcrf:pdef,wl,Puru-Vangsibl,
qgrf: se;erf.uAof(Irrawaddy)? apKcrf:rgef:? apKcrf:wh:? apKcrf:IcSif,? apKcrf:zr(1044)/
ugyf;yldof; tgefuefqkuf:eldof q[puf.cldof:qof;uof,zef:vAofeef.sv; ymifOkduf:trf,xmwf,trf,ohm:vh;
aOyguf;/ c[;sy.uef? c[;sy.udefuefoh.bl,/ ohm:aO tAif:uvAwf;cof;rK:irf:aO vgif;qkrf:ekdif;wkduf:
awK:qkrf:ekdif;sw. xmwf,uGK,bof;/ rldof;vAof tAif:uvAwf; tguf,rldof:uGK,bof;/ ulnf:uK; q[puf.qdlof.
cldof:qof;uof,zef:vAofeef. rD:oh.bl,qldif.eef/ yAefrldif:zgrf.Nrf;rK:bof.aOwK.auK; wK,bl,qgrf:
uef? wK,puf.Mrfqldof.cldof:wmif,zef: P;zSif,yAif:uefeef. awK,rldof;vAof bif:yh,rD:/
ayK:ulnf:awOkdyf,qkuf:eldof q[puf.cldof:zef:vAofeh.qkdif awtrf,rD:vgif;vDwldof:rK:vh;
bof;/ rldif:sc,auK; qkuf:bl,eldof wK,puf.qldof.cldof:sc,wldof: eef.sv; eldofvkrf;'K. eK;wKsc,
trf,tguf,pmif;ulef:vlifvh;/ wK,yAefrldif:zgrf.Nrf;uef(q[puf.cldof:qof;uof,zef:vAof)eef. awvh;
bgef,Ohmref:tdwf:ekdif;aO awvh;qkuf:eldof vguf:vdefrldif: sv. ulef:bl,eldofvguf;vdefeef.
P;oh.zAif,? P;vlrfq[qgrf:uefeef. qif,awqmif;auK,rldif:zgrf.Nrf;vh; vDwldof:bl,bof;/ cldof:v[cldof:
eef. ayK:awrK:qkuf:eldof q[puf.cldof:qof;uof,zef:vAofeef.qkdif rldif:zgrf.Nrf;tef,auK,yAefvh;
rK:/ wK,Okdyf,auK,eldofeh.auK; awtrf,yAefvh;/ ul;cldof:ul;cldof: awvh;bgef,q[pyf.Mif:uefaOqgif,
awyAefvh; rldif:zgrf.Nrf;bl,bof;/ wK,bl,qgrf:uefvh;eh. rD:vhm:ygh,uGmif;q[acKacKeef. tdwf:ekdif;
ulnf:bof;/ yldef;auK;ygh,uGmif;? pof:auK;ygh,uGmif;qgrf:uefeh.awyAefOAef;wmif:bl,qgrf:uefbof;/ ulef:
66
vlifzr awvh;bgrf:bgef,sr:ySwf; q[uof,cof(zr awvh;Nrf,irf:wif:rlwf:? zr awvh;qD.
Oif,wif:rlwf:)eef. qif,awOkdyf,vh; OAef;wmif:Nrf;Mrf:uefeef. vh;bl,bof;/ pof:Nrf;uefvD
ygif,q[oK; yldef;auK;bmrf;rD:rldif:? rD:apKcrf:? rD:'dif;si;? zK,OK,yldef;rK:bl,? tefyldef;vDaOpof:
auK; rD:bl, qldif.ehqkdif yAefOduf;clofvhbgef,ql:uefbof;/
À À À À À À
67
rmuf,wSifpmif;cldif;
68
ugifwh:vhmqldof.vhmzef:
69
erf.rkdof:wh:blef:
70
pdif,wgif: wD;umwf,ul,
71
72
ugifymwf,=ugifqh:=ugifvlif? crf:wD;? uRif:crf:
73
qof;wD.ySwf.? ygh:wmif,xD:? uRif:crf:
74
clof:vl, tofOhmrhvmif<qgrf:uefoh.? crf:wD;
75
76
77
Okdif,erf.vK.? rldif: Cairo
78
qef.qgrf Cairo
79
wD;uBL:(Jew)cof rK:oh;TzK:cof
80
ulif:Ogef: wD;erf.Ohm:? crf:wD; Arunachal
81
wmif:uK:ay,N:? tK<pkrf:? tK,Orf,
82
ymifukrfvlif omef;tguf,yyf.vduf;wh:
83
ymifukrfvlif - omef;tguf,yyf.vduf;rldif:wh:
84
85
owf.urf,rxmef:? crf:wD;? Arunachal
86
87
88
Okdif,yyf.uof,? qef.qgrf? Kolkata
89
90
91
92
e[:vdefrguf,serK:
pdrf:ckef<rdef:rldof;vAof bmrf;rD:rK: rldif:wh: wSef<sb; ckefvlifqkdof;wdef<omif.bdef,/
pdrf:ckef<rdef: rD:vghqdef,vdef.Okdof;qhm,Omef</ ulef:Ndef:clwf.qlof; tguf,clof:wgif:rK:/
rldof; 1955 ckefqif,rK:tgefclwf.vgh? qif,clwf.tguf,rK: clof:wgif:? ugif<? Muf,? vmyf,? olof:? ulef:
uK;? pmif;Ndef:wh:? clof:idkef:? clof:crf:? igh:? uguf:wif:vhm rD:uGK, 4000 zef:vldof/ eh.sevgif;wh:
yAefckefvlifrK:(apKOSif)? OAif;ohm:whmaO qldof:clof:wgif:erfvhm tofzifqgrf:uGK,/ eh.yAefckrfOmif;
OSif: ckefvlif? trf,q[;vgh/ ayK:oK; yAefckefvlifauK; ckrfb[,bof;/ eh.yAef vgif;wmif:ckefwh:
BC-500 awK, AD-100/
pdrf:ckef<rdef:eif,uof,? Orf.rD:vghuBSif<cRef<vDuBK<Omef</ wD;eh.auK; ulef:Ndef:clwf.aO
tguf,clof:wgif:rK:/ wD;eh.auK; rldof; 1972 ckeftgefclwf.aO tguf,clof:wgif:rK:wif:erf(400
zef:)/ yK:qArf qkrf;crf:ogif.apKOSifP;rK:/ eh.auK; yAefckrfOmif:OSif: ckefapKcrf:wh:pof:? trf,
q[;vgh/ cmof:rldof;eef. trf,yh,rD:vduf;vhm:sv; trf,vh;rhmoh.? tefrhmoh. trf,pef? trf,rD:? qkdof;
cofqof; trf,yh,vh;N./ ckrfzhm,vifeh.vAuf.wldof:? clof:wgif:auK; bgrf:? vgif;xdif:ugef:rldif:auK; aw
bgrf:bl,bof;/ vgif;eh.qmif<qldef<cBD; wSrf;seoh.yef/
yD;egif.sc, yefpSif:vduf;vhm:? z[uwf.auK; P;yAefckefoAif:? udefrldif:/ cmof:eef.yD;egif.
wh:pof: trf,ckuf:q[vh;yefpSif:vduf;vhm:/ eefsv; zl;qgh;olef.qgh;ygifrldif:trf,qmif;pkdofqgh;cyf.yef/
eefsv; wh:yAefckef qlof;cmof:ygwf:aO sc,cof pmif;pSef:vlrf,sy.wh:vh;uGK,wduf:wduf:/
rldif:rmof:vlif sw,wif;rldif: AD-94/ rldif:rmof:vlif b[,rK:aOwK. ckefogif.sc, Orf.ayK:
rK:wof.vlrf.aO pAwf:yAefrldif:tgef,tD;wif:erfbof;/ pof:awK,pof:trf,xgrf,uef? pof:awK,pof:
zef:uef? zdwf:uef erfwldof:rK:sv; wK,cgef;yAefpAif:vAof ckdef;b[,eef. bmyf,uGK,bof;/
rD:ckefOldofuK;'K. rldif:rmof:(1215)wif:vkuf;egif.ulef:Odkuf:wif:erf cl<rldif:uGK,zSof sr;
erf.yIK,rK,ykwf.xIK.? wif;rldif:vldefOlefcrf:/ ref:qof;wmif,wlofref:qof; yAeftK<Nrf:ehbof;/
rldif:ref:qof;auK; yAefrK: rldif:wh:tK<Nrf:ehbof;/ ckrfOmif:OSif:wh:tK<Nrf: Orf.rdlefvghoh.bof;/
vlwlnf:ykdef:uof,aO pKwlnf:wh:zdwf:OifrK:eh vDOkdyf,rlef.sr:bl,bof;/
(1)pof:trf,yefpSif: vgif;tofvhm:? vgif;ydif,nK,/ vkuf.eh.uGK, vDyefpSif:vgif;ydif,nK, P;ulef:arK
wh:pof:erfrK:? wif:ulef:arKwh: Nrf;uefauK,Omif;cmof:eK;/
(2)pof:yAefrldif:tgef,tD; erfrK:? z[auK;oK;z[ckduf.aO zdwf:uef yldef;cSef:qlrf:bof;/ pof:bl,
pif:ulnf:pof:wduf:wduf:? trf,cof;tguf,uef? pof:uldof:oK; ugef:acK bl,acKacKeef.vDbof./ sw.ref:
93
pof:vDpKcof;tguf,uef? qhg;uef P;sy.wlofuGK,? P;Okdyf,bl,vh;qgrf:uef qgrf:yldef;uGK,eef.bof;/ e[:
wh:Okdyf,zdwf:uef? tgefzdwf:uefeh. zdwf:oh.bl,? sr:wK./
(3)ulef:wh:uof, rmif.xdif:ugef:qldof.cldof:wh:rK: rD:rldif: rD:qldof.cldof:rK:/ wh:ymefr[,rldof;vAof? omif:ygh,uef
qldof.cldof:qof;uof, ylef.vldofyldef;uGK,bof;/ trf,q[;oK; P;uGK,zdwf:yldef;/ ]]pAef:tofvduf;wh:? uGmrf:
wh:awuGK,wkdof:wD;v[}}xmrfuefoK;qldif.eh/ vduf;wh:? uGmrf:wh: yAefcgifcldif;wh:qof;uof,bof.vl:/ yAef
wh:aO trf,arKvduf;wh:? trf,arK,uGmrf:wh:eef. ref:yAefulef:wh:aO vuf;ceK,wh: trf,ukrf,
eef.bof./ eh. z[awbgif;/ yldef;tmrf:vgif;wmif:ildof;ref:ulnf:/ ref:awuGK,bkdefyAefyldef;ehpK.?
eh.auK; yldef;trf,tofref:/ ehsv; wD;wrf,Okwf:wK,wh:trf,rlnf.eef. ckdef:yAefwh:? P;vuf;
ceK,wh: ukrf,oh.aOurf:/
(4)ymefulef:wh:eh. rD:eK: rD:cof;udef arKvl,arKwmef:aO ayK:bof.pK.? ukrf,bof.pK./ vDbl,? yh,
ukrf,ugef,/ pKydif,nK,? pKrmuf;rD:? wldof:cmrf,bmyf,tdwf:ekdif;/ arKOkdyf,qgh;uefeef. qif,vDwldof:/
qif,ukrf,ymefulef:bof;/ qgh;uefe[:su;ulef:eh. yAefumeful.Olof,bof;/ wlnf:xkdif urf.xSrfumef
vduf;vhm:'dif;si;(ul.Olof,)wh:zgif;/
(5)qldof:wh:trf,arKvmwf;uGmrf:wh:? trf,arKvduf;wh: Orf.erfwldof:rK:wduf:wduf:/ cofauK;yAefwh:bl,/
trf,arKvmwf;uGmrf:wh:bof.sv; pof:awygh,cofySwf;bof.pK./ coftrf,arKuGmrf:wh:bof.sv; cofauK;aw
ygh,ySwf;cofyAefwh:eef.bof.pK./ pof:auK; trf,vDygh,ySwf;cof? cofauK;trf,xkuf,omif:ySwf;wh:/ pof:
auK; awvh;pKbdkefcofyAefwh:? cofauK; awvh;ckdef:bkdefyAefwh:bl,bof;/ wif:Ogifzhm, pKuef?
bK,ySwf;uefaOurf:/
ÀÀÀÀÀÀ
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
References:
1.The Britanica Guide to India by Encyclopaedic Britanica, Inc. London 2009(Robinson)
2.The Hindus by Wendy Doniger, Penquin Group, USA, 2009.
3.Madhyamik History of India and the World by J:ban Mukhopadhyay, Naba Bharati
Prakashani, Kolkata, 2009.
4.History of Ancient Bengal by R.C.Majumdar,(G.Bharadwaj & Co.)Calcutta 1974.
5.The Cambridge History of India Edited by E.J.Rapson(C.Chand & Co.)Delhi, 1955.
6.Lonely Planet India by Lonely Planet Publication, 2009.
7.An Advanced History of India by R.C.Majumdar(Macmillan India)Delhi, 1982.
8.Lanna by Michael Freeman(Narisa Chakrabongse) (Thames & Hudson London), 2001.
9.The Indianized States of Southeast Asia by G.Coedes University of Hawaii Press Honolulu,
USA, 1968.
10.Guide to Chinese Buddhism by Zheng Lixin, Foreign Language Press, Beijing, 2007.
11.Paintings on Tai Events by Tai Cultural Committee, Ruili, China, 2007.
12.Hindu-Buddhism Impact on Myanmar Culture by Dr.U Than Tun(Shwebo), Moe Kyaw Thu
Books, Yangon, Myanmar 2010.
13.Burma, Nationalism and Ideology by Shwe Lu Maung, University Press Ltd., Dhaka, 1976.
14.The Karen People of Burma by Rev.Harry Ignatious Marshall M.A. White Lotus Press,
Bangkok, 1997.
15.Mahabharata by Srimath Swami Chidbhavananda Tirupparaithurai, India, 1995.
16.World Geography for School in Burma by A.M.Druitt and L.Dudley Stamp Longmans Green
& Co.Ltd., Culcutta, 1938.
17.Old Burma(as described by early Foreign Travellers)by U Myo Min, Hanthawaddy Publication, 1947.
18.A Study on the word-SHAN by Sai Aye Maung, Sai San Aik, Yangon(Mangshi Dai Conf:)
2003.
19.u&if&kd;&mokwya'om? ref;vif;jrwfausmf? pmayavmu/ 1980/
106
20.&ckdifrif;qufrsm;ESifhAk'¨omoemawmf? "n0wDatmifaZ,s(ajrmufOD;)? wufvrf;pmay? 1995/
vduf;wh:Nrf;q[
uGmrf:wh:Nrf;ukif,
erf.wgef:yyf.eh. yAefwK,
Nif:vhm:owf.wh:uof;vuf:
107

Preserve of Shan Tribes

Transcription

Similar documents

Die BUCHSTAVIER - Das Dosierte Leben