CFSBCSI - CFSC

Transcription

CFSBCSI - CFSC

CAUTION
WARNING
DANGER
COLD-FORMED
STEEL BUILDING
COMPONENT
SAFETY
INFORMATION
Guide to Good Practice for Handling,
Installing, Restraining & Bracing of
Cold-Formed Steel Trusses
CFSBCSI
Caution
Use of the words above indicate that the unsafe condition or action described will greatly increase the probability of an accident occurring that results in serious
personal injury or death. Disregarding or ignoring
handling, installing, restraining and Bracing safety recommendations is the major cause of Structural Building
Component erection/installation accidents.
Warning
Danger
installation. The Contractor involved with the erection/
installation shall be familiar with general Lateral Restraint and Bracing concepts as discussed in the above
referenced industry publications. It is not intended that
these recommendations be interpreted as superior to the
Building Designer’s design specification for handling,
installing, restraining and Bracing Trusses. It also does
not preclude the use of other equivalent methods for
restraining/Bracing and providing stability for the walls,
columns, floors, roof and all the interrelated Structural
Building Components as determined by the Contractor.
Capitalized terms used throughout this document are
defined in the Glossary of Terms (pages 61-64).
Precautionary Note to Users of CFSBCSI
CFSBCSI – Guide to Good Practice for Handling, Installing, Restraining & Bracing of Cold-Formed Steel Trusses
may be edited, changed, revised or withdrawn by SBCA
at any time. Visit the products section of cfsc.sbcindustry.
com to confirm that this edition is the most current information available. Use only the latest edition. Additionally, errata and updates are published periodically and
are available at cfsc.sbcindustry.com/cfsbcsi.php.
WARNING The handling, storing, installing, restraining and Bracing of Trusses requires specialized
training, clearly implemented procedures, and careful planning and communication among the Contractor, all installation crews and any crane operators. Property damage and/or serious bodily injury
is one possible result when handling and installing
Trusses without appropriate training, planning and
communication.
Prior to Truss installation, it is recommended that the
documents be examined and disseminated to all appropriate personnel. In addition to proper training and a
clear understanding of the installation plan, any applicable fall protection requirements and the intended
restraint/Bracing requirements shall be understood.
The erection/installation of Structural Building Components such as Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) Trusses is
inherently dangerous and requires, above all, careful
planning and communication among the Contractor
involved with the erection/installation, the installation
crew and the crane operator. Depending on the experience of the Contractor, it is strongly recommended that
a meeting be held with all onsite individuals involved in
the lifting/hoisting, setting, restraint and Bracing operations to review the provisions of this booklet, the Truss
Design Drawings, the Construction Documents, the Truss
Placement Diagram (if/when required by the Contract),
OSHA jobsite lifting and fall protection requirements
(see CFSBCSI-B11), the erection and installation plan (if
provided) and site specific conditions and issues.
Examine the structure, including the framing system,
bearing locations, and related installation locations and
begin Truss installation only after any unsatisfactory
conditions have been corrected. Do not cut, modify or
repair Trusses. Report any damage before installation.
The information in this booklet is offered as a minimum
guideline only. Nothing contained in CFSBCSI shall be
construed in any manner as expanding the scope of responsibility of, or imposing any additional liabilities on,
the Truss Manufacturer.
It is recommended that this review process be followed
before any Truss handling operations are performed. It
is also recommended that this meeting be held before
any Truss handling at each new jobsite and be repeated
for any individuals newly assigned to the erection/installation operation. Proper restraint and Bracing of Trusses
requires an understanding of Triangulation in the various
planes perpendicular to the planes of the members of
the Trusses. This understanding is essential for a safe
Every project has different site conditions that can have
a specific effect on the erection process. Before the first
Truss is erected, every individual involved shall understand the plan for hoisting and Truss setting and the
intended Installation Restraint/Bracing requirements for
a safe, efficient and accident-free jobsite.
i
ii
COLD-FORMED
STEEL BUILDING
COMPONENT
SAFETY
INFORMATION
Guide to Good Practice for Handling,
Installing, Restraining & Bracing of
Cold-Formed Steel Trusses
Produced by
Structural Building Components Association
Cold-Formed Steel Council
Published – June 2008
Updated June 2016
Copyright © 2016
SBCA – Structural Building Components Association
All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form
without the written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
This document should appear in more than one color.
iii
CFSBCSI: Cold-Formed Steel Building Component Safety Information
The thoughts, ideas and hard work of many have
brought this edition of the Cold-Formed Steel Building
Component Safety Information (CFSBCSI) document to
press.
Graphic art, photographs, sketches, drawings, forms
and table formats that appear in this document have
come from many sources, some known and others
unknown. SBCA wishes to thank the following known
suppliers of graphic materials for this CFSBCSI booklet:
Special thanks to SBCA’s Cold-Formed Steel Council
(CFSC) membership in its entirety for perspective and
feedback in guiding the creation of this work, under the
leadership of Barry Dixon, SBCA 2007 President; Don
Groom, Immediate Past President; Bob Becht, President
Elect; and Ben Hershey, Secretary. Special thanks are
also due to each of the CFSC Co-Chairs: Mike Noonan
and Joe Odgers.
• Aegis Metal Framing, LLC
• Builders First Source/Bama Truss
• Cascade Mfg Co
• Nucon Steel Commercial Corporation
• TrusSteel, an ITW Company
Certain individuals have been especially dedicated
to making this document possible: Don Allen, Jayna
Altman, Ted Antrim, Bill Babich, Danny Barbee, Daniel J.
Cordova, Rich Edwards, Earl Fenner, Robert Fields, Dave
Goodwin, David Horne, Chris Lambert, Marc Langlee,
Jay Larson, Keith Lindemulder, Michael Mendralla, Mike
Noonan, Tim Noonan, Joe Odgers, Kenny Pagano,
Mike Pellock, Chris Pogreba, Dan Pogreba, Lindsey
Rattan, Harry Ray, Carl Schoening, Andrew Seidel, Kelly
J. Sias, Ed Spal, Steven Strouse, Tom Valvo, Patrick Wallis, Scott Ward, Tim Warran, William Welty and Jason
Windham.
Finally, a key thank you must go to those that tended to
all the details in the background, without which this document would not yet be completed. This group includes
Mike Noonan (CFSC Co-Chairman) and Tim Noonan
of Cascade Mfg Co, Joe Odgers (CFSC Co-Chairman)
Builders First Source/Bama Truss, Mike Pellock and Tom
Valvo of Aegis Metal Framing; Bill Babich of TrusSteel,
an ITW Company; Keith Lindemulder of Nucon Steel
Commercial Corporation; Becky Bushnell, Dale Erlandson, Michael Gilardi, Agron Gjinolli, Kirk Grundahl,
Keith Hershey, Marisa Hirsch, Denise Lane, Anita Meredith, Sherry Misener, Emily Patterson, Jim Vogt and Jill
Zimmerman of SBCA staff.
PHOTO AND GRAPHIC ARTS CREDITS
iv
CFSBCSI
CONTENTS
Notice/Caution/Warning/Danger............................... i
Details of the Eight-Step Truss Installation Process... 20
Precautionary Note to Users of CFSBCSI....................... i
Alternate Installation Method – Rafting................... 28
Acknowledgements....................................................iv
Hip Set Assembly & Bracing.................................. 29
Photo and Graphic Arts Credits................................. iv
Long Span Truss Installation.................................. 31
Introduction.............................................................. vii
Field Assembly & Other Special Conditions............ 33
Publications Background...........................................vii
Valley Set Frame Installation.................................. 34
Important Note Regarding On Center Spacing.......... viii
Other Applications Requiring Special
Restraint/Bracing.................................................. 35
Hypocycloid............................................................. viii
CFSBCSI-B3 Permanent Restraint/Bracing
of Chords & Web Members............ 37
Proprietary Steel Shapes........................................... viii
Jobsite Package....................................................... viii
Restraint/Bracing Materials & Fasteners................. 38
Checklist for Handling & Installing Trusses...................ix
Using Installation Restraint/Bracing as
Permanent Restraint/Bracing................................. 39
Building Designer Information.................................... x
Building Designer Checklist........................................xi
Permanent Bracing for the Various Planes
of a Roof Truss..................................................... 39
Acryonyms and Initialisms...................................xii
Prescriptive Permanent Lateral Restraint & Diagonal
Bracing for the Top Chord, Bottom Chord and Web
Member Planes....................................................... 44
CFSBCSI-B1 G
uide for Handling, Installing,
Restraining & Bracing of Trusses..... 1
Installation Restraint/Bracing................................... 2
Gable End Frame Permanent Bracing.................... 44
Permanent Individual Truss Member Restraint........... 2
Permanent Bracing for Special Conditions.............. 48
Special Design Requirements.................................. 3
CFSBCSI-B4 Construction Loading...................... 51
Unloading & Lifting................................................ 3
CFSBCSI-B5 Truss Damage, Jobsite Modifications
& Installation Errors....................... 53
Jobsite Handling.................................................... 3
Crane Use & Proper Truss Handling......................... 4
Hoisting & Placement of Truss Bundles..................... 6
Follow These Steps to Correct Damage, Jobsite
Modifications or Installation Errors......................... 53
Installation of Single Trusses by Hand...................... 7
Common Repair Techniques.................................. 53
Mechanical Hoisting Recommendations for Single
Trusses ............................................................... 7
CFSBCSI-B6-B10................................................... 55
CFSBCSI-B11 Fall Protection & Trusses.............. 57
Restraint/Bracing Materials & Fasteners................... 9
Truss Systems....................................................... 57
Beginning the Erection/Installation Process............. 10
Site-Specific Job Hazard Assessment...................... 58
Ground Brace – Exterior........................................ 10
Conventional Fall Protection.................................. 58
Ground Brace – Interior........................................ 10
Fall Protection Equipment Installation..................... 58
Installation Tolerances........................................... 10
Alternative Fall Protection Plans............................. 59
Restraint/Bracing Warnings................................... 11
Definitions........................................................... 60
Installation Restraint/Bracing Requirements
for the Various Planes of a Roof Truss.................... 12
Glossary of Terms................................................ 61
Additional Notes.................................................. 15
Reference............................................................. 65
Industry Associations
& Governmental Agencies.................................. 65
CFSBCSI-B2 S
etting Trusses and Installation
Restraint/Bracing............................. 17
Industry Standards, Guidelines
& Recommendations.......................................... 65
Considerations Before Starting.............................. 17
SBCA/CFSC Supplemental Information Tags.. 67
General Safety Reminders..................................... 18
Reference Guide to CFSBCSI-B Series
Summary Sheets....................................... Back Cover
Construction Loading............................................ 14
Summary of the Eight Steps in the
Truss Installation Process....................................... 19
v
vi
CFSBCSI-B1 Summary Sheet - Guide for Handling,
Installing, Restraining & Bracing of Trusses: This
INTRODUCTION
guide for builders features proper techniques for unloading, storing, lifting, installing, restraining and Bracing Trusses. It includes specific information for protecting
Trusses from weather and damage at the jobsite, how
to lift bundles and individual Trusses by crane, restraining/Bracing guidelines to prevent Trusses from toppling
during erection, installation tolerances to keep the Trusses in plane and plumb, and basic Construction Loading
and materials placement recommendations. A supplemental warning tag may also be attached to individual
Trusses urging erection/installation Contractors to refer
to CFSBCSI-B1 for more Bracing information.
The Structural Building Components Association (SBCA)
seeks to promote handling, installing, restraining and
Bracing guidelines for Cold-Formed Steel Trusses that
are simple, safe and proven methods consistent with
accepted framing construction practices in the field.
The methods and procedures outlined in this ColdFormed Steel Building Component Safety Information
(CFSBCSI) booklet are intended to ensure that construction techniques will put Trusses in place safely. These recommendations are based upon the collective experience
of leading personnel involved with Truss design, manufacturing and installation, but must, due to the nature of
responsibilities involved, be presented only as a guide
for use by a qualified Building Designer and/or Contractor. It is not intended that these recommendations
be interpreted as superior to the Building Designer’s
design specifications for handling, installing, restraining
and Bracing Trusses, and these recommednations do
not preclude the use of other equivalent methods for
restraining/Bracing and providing stability for the walls,
columns, floors, roofs and all the interrelated Structural
Building Components as determined by the Contractor.
Thus, SBCA, CFSC and those who participated in the development of this guide expressly disclaim any responsibility for damages arising from the use, application
or reliance on the recommendations and information
contained herein.
CFSBCSI-B2 Summary Sheet - Setting Trusses &
Installation Restraint/Bracing: Installation Restraint/
Bracing is an important, yet often overlooked, element
of safe Truss installation. CFSBCSI-B2 provides options
for safe Installation Restraint/Bracing and emphasizes how all Lateral Restraint needs to be stabilized with
Diagonal Bracing, while showing how to get the first five
Trusses erected, restrained and braced efficiently and
safely for the benefit of the crew and the project.
CFSBCSI-B3 Summary Sheet - Permanent Restraint/
Bracing of Chords & Web Members: Permanent
Bracing must provide sufficient support at right angles
to the plane of the Truss to hold every Truss member in
the position assumed for it in the design. CFSBCSI-B3
reviews the various planes of the Truss that typically must
be restrained/braced and provides installation guidelines for Gable End Frame restraint/Bracing, individual
chord and web member permanent restraint/Bracing,
web member reinforcement and permanent restraint/
Bracing for special conditions.
More information regarding the design and manufacturing of Cold-Formed Steel Trusses is provided in AISI
S214-12, North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel
Framing – Truss Design, AISI S202-15, Code of Standard
Practice for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Framing and
CFSC's Standard Responsibilities in the Design and Application of Cold-Formed Steel Trusses.
CFSBCSI-B4 Summary Sheet - Construction Loading:
During construction, Trusses must not support any loads
from equipment or construction materials until the Truss
assembly is properly restrained and braced. This document provides safe stack heights for several materials and
reviews good and bad loading practices.
PUBLICATIONS BACKGROUND
Proper Truss handling, installing, restraining and Bracing
are crucial for consistent jobsite safety and acceptable
structural performance.
CFSBCSI-B5 Summary Sheet - Truss Damage, Jobsite Modifications & Installation Errors: Trusses are
engineered components that can be damaged through
mishandling, jobsite modification or improper installation. This Summary Sheet provides information on what
to do if Trusses become damaged during the construction process.
The sections of this booklet are available as Summary
Sheets. Each CFSBCSI-B Series Summary Sheet condenses the information contained in the corresponding
section of this booklet into a few pages to provide clear,
concise information for jobsite users so they can implement the handling, installing, restraining and Bracing
concepts contained herein. The CFSBCSI-B Series Summary Sheets include:
vii
The following CFSBCSI-B Series Summary Sheet was
specifically created for special conditions that are
encountered during the Truss installation and Bracing
process:
JOBSITE PACKAGE
SBCA has created a “Jobsite Package” cover sheet that
may be included with the Jobsite Package for each job.
The Jobsite Package typically provides one or more of
the CFSBCSI-B Series Summary Sheets, the Truss Design
Drawings for the project, the Truss Placement Diagram
(if required by the Contract), Truss Bracing Diagram (if
required by the Contract), and other key information as
determined by the Truss Manufacturer.
CFSBCSI-B11 Summary Sheet - Fall Protection &
Trusses: Trusses are NOT designed to be fall protection
anchors. CFSBCSI-11 provides general guidelines to
assist framing crews to safely and efficiently install Trusses while meeting OSHA’s fall protection guidelines.
All CFSBCSI Summary Sheets are available at
cfsc.sbcindustry.com/cfsbcsi.php.
JOBSITE PACKAGE
IMPORTANT NOTE REGARDING
On center SPACING
IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS ENCLOSED
The information provided in CFSBCSI is primarily directed toward Truss installations in which the on center (o.c.)
spacing is 48 inches or less. Closer on center spacings
are acceptable using the handling, installing and Bracing criteria of this booklet.
PLEASE REVIEW
WARNING:
The handling, storing, installing, restraining and diagonal bracing of structural building components requires specialized training, clearly implemented procedures, and careful planning and communication among the contractor, crane operator and installation crew. Handling and installing components without appropriate training, planning and communication greatly increases the probability of an accident resulting in property damage, serious personal injury and/or death.
Prior to truss installation, the documents should be examined and disseminated to all appropriate personnel, in addition to proper
training and a clear understanding of the installation plan, any applicable fall protection requirements, and the intended restraint
and bracing requirements. Trusses with clear spans of 60 feet (18.3 m) and greater are very dangerous to install and
may require complex installation and permanent bracing. Consult a Registered Design Professional.
Examine the building, the building’s structural framing system, bearing locations and related installation conditions. Begin component installation only after any unsatisfactory conditions have been corrected. Do not cut, modify or repair components. Report
any damage before installation.
HypoCyCLOID
The enclosed documents are offered as minimum guidelines only. Nothing contained in this JOBSITE PACKAGE should be construed in any manner as expanding the scope of responsibility of, or imposing any additional liabilities on, the truss manufacturer.
) to
The CFSBCSI booklet uses a hypocycloid (
represent a steel member. You will see this graphic used
throughout the booklet and, in most cases, it will be
used at the end of a Truss. The American Iron and Steel
Institute (AISI) also uses the hypocycloid in its logo.
¡ADVERTENCIA!:
El manejo, almacenamiento, instalación, restricción y arriostre diagonal de componentes
estructurales de construcción requieren entrenamiento especializado, procedimientos claramente implementados, y planificación
y comunicación clara entre el contratista, operador de grúa, y los obreros de instalación. El manejo e instalación de componentes sin el entrenamiento suficiente, planificación ni comunicación adecuada aumenta la probabilidad de un accidente que pueda
resultar en daño a propiedad, la herida seria o la muerte.
Antes de la instalación de trusses, los documentos adjuntos deben ser examinados y difundidos a todo el personal apropiado,
además del entrenamiento pertinente y un entendimiento claro del plan de instalación, cualquier requisito aplicable de la protección contra la caída y los requisitos de arriostre y restricción previstos. La instalación de trusses más de 60 pies de largo
es muy peligrosa. Siempre consulte a un Profesional de Diseño Registrado.
Examine la estructura, el sistema de armazón estructural del edificio, ubicaciones de soporte y las condiciones de instalación
correspondientes. Solamente comience con la instalación de componentes después de que todas condiciones insatisfactorias han
sido corregidas. No corte, modifique, ni repare los componentes. Informe cualquier daño antes de la instalación.
Los documentos adjuntos se ofrecen solamente como pautas mínimas. Nada de lo incluido en este PAQUETE DE OBRA debe ser
interpretado de manera que exceda el alcance de la responsabilidad del fabricante de trusses, ni en forma de tal que imponga
responsabilidades adicionales sobre éste.
Proprietary Steel Shapes
There are a variety of proprietary steel shapes that are
used in CFS Trusses and related Structural Building
Components. Given this, there are also a variety of general and proprietary structural details available. SBCA’s
Cold-Formed Steel Council website provides links to
manufacturer websites for proprietary details. Our goal
is to make available as many details as possible pertaining to handling, installing and Bracing CFS Trusses.
To view a non-printing PDF of this document, visit www.cfsc.sbcindustry.com/cfsjobsitecs.
FOR DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES SEE REVERSE
viii
CHECKLIST FOR HANDLING &
INSTALLING TRUSSES
Notify your Truss Manufacturer if Truss repairs are
needed. After installation, if damage to the Trusses
is discovered that could weaken them, temporarily
brace or support the Trusses to prevent further damage. Make sure the area remains clear of plumbing,
electrical and mechanical runs, etc. until the field
repairs have been properly completed.
DO NOT cut, drill, relocate, add, or remove any
Truss member, screw, splice plate or other Connections until you have received instructions from the
Truss Manufacturer.
SBCA has also created the “Checklist for Handling and
Installing Trusses” that may also be included with the
Jobsite Package. An example of this checklist is provided
below.
IN BUILDING
r Protect Trusses from weather, corrosion, Lateral
Bending and damage when stored at the jobsite.
When Trusses are stored at the site, use Blocking,
stringers, pallets, platforms or other means of
support to keep the Trusses off the ground or in a
braced upright position to avoid damage.
Checklist for Handling and Installing Trusses
Lista de Verificación Para Manejar e Instalar Los Trusses
For trusses spaced up to 2'-0" on-center and up to 80' in length. Please always consult a Registered Design Professional.
n

Trusses 20'
HanDLing — ManEJO
Avoid lateral bending.
Evite la flexión lateral.
The contractor
is responsible for
properly receiving,
unloading and storing
the trusses at the
jobsite. Unload trusses
to smooth surface to
prevent damage.
El contratista tiene la responsabilidad de
recibir, descargar y almacenar adecuadamente
los trusses en la obra. Descargue los trusses
en la tierra liso para prevenir el daño.

g
Trusses may be unloaded directly on the ground
at the time of delivery or stored temporarily in
contact with the ground after delivery. If trusses
are to be stored horizontally for more than one
week, place blocking of sufficient height beneath
the stack of trusses at 8’ to 10’ on center. Store
on slight slope to allow for draining.
Los trusses pueden ser descargados directamente en el suelo en aquel momento de entrega
o almacenados temporalmente en contacto
con el suelo después de entrega. Si los trusses
estarán guardados horizontalmente para más
de una semana, ponga bloqueando de altura
suficiente detrás de la pila de los trusses a 8
hasta 10 pies en centro.
!
tion.
Puse paquetes de trusses en una posición
estable.

Trusses 30' or
or less, support at peak.
CaUTiOn! Use
special care in
windy weather or
near power lines
and airports.
¡CaUTELa! Utilice
cuidado especial en
días ventosos o cerca
de cables eléctricos o
de aeropuertos.
Soporte
del pico los
trusses de
20 pies o
menos.
less, support at
quarter points.
Soporte de
los cuartos
de tramo los
trusses de 30
pies o menos.
Trusses up to 20'
Trusses hasta 20 pies
MECHaniCaL HOiSTing RECOMMEnDaTiOnS FOR SingLE TRUSSES
RECOMEnDaCiOnES PaRa LEVanTaR TRUSSES inDiViDUaLES
is installed and the truss is fastened to the bearing points.
TCILR Spacing
Up to 30'
10' on-center maximum
30' - 45'
45' - 60'
60' - 80' *
ging and hoisting
equipment.
Sostenga cada truss en posición con equipo de grúa hasta que la restricción lateral temporal de la
cuerda superior esté instalado y el truss está asegurado en los soportes.
DO nOT exceed maximum stack heights.
Attach to
truss at
10' o.c.
max.
Spreader bar
or stiffback
LaTERaL RESTRainT
& DiagOnaL BRaCing aRE VERY
iMPORTanT
Spreader Bar 2/3 to
3/4 truss length
Coloque las cargas sobre tantos trusses como sea posible.
increases the probability of an accident resulting in property
damage, serious personal injury and/or death.
Top Chord
Refer to CFSBCSi-B2*** for more information.
Store on even
ground.

Store on even
ground.
Installation
25-0-0
29-2-6
≥33-3-10
12"
22 ga. Type “B”
1 1/2” metal deck
21 sheets
20 ga. Type “B”
1 1/2” metal deck
17 sheets
13 sheets
Clay Tile
16”
2 bundles
8”
3-4 tiles high
1. This table is based on trusses designed with
a live load of 40 psf or greater. For other loading conditions, contact a Registered Design
Professional.
2. Install stacks of materials as quickly as possible.
Position loads over load
bearing walls.
Coloque las cargas sobre las
paredes soportantes.
Truss bracing not shown for clarity.
Refer to CFSBCSi-B5*** for more information on truss
damage, jobsite modifications and installation errors.
Vea el resumen CFSBCSi-B5*** for more information on truss
damage, jobsite modifications and installation errors.
DO nOT cut, bend, drill, remove or otherwise alter any member of
a truss unless specifically permitted by the truss design drawing.
Trusses that have been overloaded during construction or altered without the Truss
Manufacturer’s prior approval may render the Truss Manufacturer’s limited warranty null and void.
Diagonal braces
Trusses que se han sobrecargado durante la construcción o han sido alterados sin la autorización
previa del Fabricante de Trusses, pueden hacer nulo y sin efecto la garantía limitada del Fabricante de Trusses.
every 10 truss
Prior to truss installation, the documents should be examined
all appropriate personnel, in addition to proper
Lateral and disseminated to
spaces (20' max.)
Same spacing as bottom chord
Para trusses guardados por más de una
semana, cubra los paquetes para protegerlos del
ambiente.
Refer to CFSBCSi*** for more detailed
information pertaining to handling and jobsite
storage of trusses.
Vea el folleto CFSBCSi*** para información más
detallada sobre el manejo y almacenado de los
trusses en área de trabajo.
22-10-13
nO cut, bend, drill, remove or otherwise alter any member of a
truss unless specifically permitted by the truss design drawing.
training and a clear understanding of the installation plan,Restraint
any applicable fall protection
and the intended restraint and
lateralrequirements,
restraint

The minimum size steel section used as lateral restraint
note: Some chord and web members
(TCILR)
For trusses stored for more than one week,
cover bundles to protect from the environment.
20-9-10
aLTERaTiOnS — aLTERaCiOnES
requires specialized
training, clearly&implemented
procedures, and careful planning and communication among the contractor, crane
inSTaLLaTiOn
RESTRainT
BRaCing
Bottom chords
operator andYinstallation
crew. Handling
and installing components without appropriate training, planning and communication greatly
RESTRiCCión
aRRiOSTRE
TEMPORaL
Vea el resumen CFSBCSi-B2*** para más información.

12-6-0
18-9-10
Height
18 ga. Type “B”
1 1/2” metal deck
Plywood or OSB
DO nOT overload small groups or single trusses.
nO sobrecargue pequeños grupos o trusses individuales.
Place loads over as many trusses as possible.
Diagonal
bracing
Web members
¡La RESTRiCCión LaTERaL Y EL
aRRiOSTRE DiagOnaL SOn MUY
iMPORTanTES!
WARNING: The handling, storing, installing, restraining and diagonal bracing of structural building components
For trusses up to and over 60'
Material
Asphalt shingles
nEVER stack materials near a peak or at mid-span.
nUnCa amontone los materiales cerca de un pico.
Diagonal Braces
every 10 truss
spaces (20’ max.)
“Nested” or “Stacked”
short member lateral
restraint (hat channel
only) overlap each piece
a minimum 6” and
attach to truss with min.
2-#10 SDS.
2) wEB MEMBER PLanE — PLanO DE LOS MiEMBROS SECUnDaRiOS
PLEASE REVIEW
Truss
Length
16-8-6
1-1/4"
1-3/8"
1-1/2"
1-3/4"
2"
(feet-inchessixteenths)
14-7-3
1"
1-1/8"
6'
7'
≥8'
Maximum Stack Height
for Material on Trusses1, 2
Gypsum Board
Concrete blcok
Para información sobre
restricción/arriostre/refuerzo
para armazones hastiales vea
el resumen CFSBCSi-B3***
note: Ground bracing not
shown for clarity.
Tagline
3/4"
7/8"
4'
5'
2"
Refer to CFSBCSiB3*** for gable end frame
restraint/bracing/ reinforcement information.
“Overlapped” short
member lateral restraint.
Extend end of each piece
a minimum of 1 ½” past
truss chord and
attach to truss
with min. 2-#10
SDS each piece .
For trusses up to 30'
Toe-in
2'
3'
1"
1-1/2"
1-3/4"
nO exceda las alturas máximas de montón.
60° or less
Up to 1/2
Truss length
Tagline
Locate
above
mid-height
Spreader Bar
Spreader bar 1/2 to
2/3 truss length
For trusses up to 60'
Max.
Bow
1'
1/2"
3/4"
1-1/4"
Max. Bow
Length
Vea el CFSBCSi-B2*** para las opciones de TCILR.
IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS ENCLOSED
Toe-in
Tagline
nO almacene
verticalmente los
trusses sueltos.
Out-of-Plane
D (ft.)
1/4"
D/50 max
Max. Bow
Length
Length
Max. Bow
DO nOT proceed with construction until all lateral restraint
and bracing is securely and properly in place.
nO proceda con la construcción hasta que todas las restricciones laterales y los arriostres estén colocados en forma
apropiada y segura.
JOBSITE PACKAGE
El uso de un solo lugar en el pico para levantar puede hacer daño al truss.
Use equipo apropiado
para levantar e
improvisar.

DO nOT store
unbraced bundles
upright.
D/50
Plumb
line
Tolerancias para Fuera-de-Plano.
COnSTRUCTiOn LOaDing
CaRga DE COnSTRUCCión

See CFSBCSi-B2*** for TCILR options.
Using a single pick-point at the peak
can damage the truss.

Use proper rig-
Tolerancias para Fuera-de-Plomada.
Tolerances for Out-of-Plane.
Maximum Top Chord Installation Lateral Restraint (TCILR) Spacing
Truss Span
Out-of-Plumb
Tolerances for Out-of-Plumb.
trusses with TCILR (see below). 4) Install top chord diagonal bracing (see below). 5) Install web
member plane diagonal bracing (see below). 6) Install bottom chord installation lateral restraint
(BCILR), (see below). 7) Install bottom chord digaonal bracing (see below). 8) Continue installing
trusses with TCILR and BCILR, repeating Steps 4, 5 and 7 every 10 trusses (20’ max.).
RESTRainT/BRaCing FOR aLL PLanES OF TRUSSES
RESTRiCCión/aRRiOSTRE PaRa TODOS PLanOS DE TRUSSES

These installation restraint & bracing guidelines are for all trusses profiles.
Este método de restricción y arriostre es para todo trusses excepto trusses de cuerdas paralelas.
1) TOP CHORD — CUERDa SUPERiOR
*Consult a Registered Design Professional for trusses longer than 60'.
Trusses up to 30'
Trusses hasta 30 pies

Hold each truss in position with the erection equipment until top chord installation lateral restraint
Spreader bar
for truss

1) Install ground bracing. 2) Set first truss and attach securely to ground bracing. 3) Set next 4
1) Install ground bracing. 2) Set first truss and attach securely to ground bracing. 3) Set next 4
trusses with TCILR (see below). 4) Install top chord diagonal bracing (see below). 5) Install web
member plane diagonal bracing (see below). 6) Install bottom chord installation lateral restraint
(BCILR), (see below). 7) Install bottom chord digaonal bracing (see below). 8) Continue installing
trusses with TCILR and BCILR, repeating Steps 4, 5 and 7 every 10 trusses (20’ max.).
waRning! Do not over load supporting
structure with truss bundle.
¡aDVERTEnCia! No sobrecargue la
estructura apoyada con el paquete de
trusses.
Place truss bundles in a stable configura-
inSTaLLaTiOn OF SingLE TRUSSES BY HanD
¡CaUTELa! Exercise care when removing banding
or metal attachment pieces to avoid damaging
trusses and prevent personal injury. Gloves and
safety glasses should be worn.
i
n

ted anywhere along the chords.
Lift points for hoisting truss bundles are permitting anywhere along the chords.

Two lift points may be used for bundles with
RECOMMEnDaCCiOnES DE LEVanTaMiEnTO DE TRUSSES inDiViDUaLES
POR La ManO
CaUTiOn! Exercise care when removing
banding or metal attachment pieces to avoid
damaging trusses and prevent personal
injury. Gloves and safety glasses should be
worn.
inSTaLLing — inSTaLaCión
STEPS TO SETTing TRUSSES
LaS MEDiDaS DE La inSTaLaCión DE LOS TRUSSES
DO nOT overload the crane.
nO sobrecargue la grúa!
DO nOT rely on banding or metal pieces used
to attach trusses in a bundle to hoist and move
bundles on the jobsite.
nO rely on banding or metal pieces used to
attach trusses in a bundle to hoist and move
bundles on the jobsite.

Lift points for hoisting truss bundles are permit-
trusses up to 45’.
Use at least 3 lift points for bundles with trusses
greater than 45’.
Puede usar dos puntos de levantar para paquetes más de 45 pies.
Use por lo menos tres puntos de levantar para
paquetes más de 45 pies.
¡aDVERTEnCia! El resultado de un manejo,
levantamiento, instalación, restricción y arrisotre
incorrecto puede ser la caída de la estructura o
aún peor, heridos o muertos.
a
R
HOiSTing anD PLaCEMEnT OF TRUSS BUnDLES
RECOMEnDaCiOnES PaRa LEVanTaR PaQUETES DE TRUSSES.
waRning! The consequences of improper
handling, erecting, installing, restraining
and bracing can result in a collapse of the
structure, or worse, serious personal injury or
death.
Depth, D
nOTaS gEnERaLES
Truss Design Drawings may specify locations of Los dibujos de diseño de los trusses pueden especificar
permanent lateral restraint or reinforcement for las localizaciones de restricción lateral permanente o
individual truss members. Refer to the CFSBCSi- refuerzo en los miembros individuales del truss. Vea la
B3*** for more information. All other permanent hoja resumen CFSBCSi-B3*** para más información.
bracing design is the responsibility of the Building El resto de los diseños de arriostres permanentes son la
responsabilidad del Diseñador del Edificio.
Designer.
w
CFSB1
CFSBCSi-B1
CFSBCSi-B3 SUMMaRY SHEET - gUiDE FOR HanDLing, inSTaLLing, RESTRaining & BRaCing OF TRUSSES
gEnERaL nOTES
Trusses are not marked in any way to identify the Los trusses no están marcados de ningún modo que
frequency or location of installation lateral restraint identifique la frecuencia o localización de restricción lateral
and diagonal bracing. Follow the recommendations y arriostre diagonal temporales. Use las recomendaciones
for handling, erecting and installation restraining
de manejo, instalación, restricción y arriostre temporal
and bracing of trusses. Refer to CFSBCSi
de los trusses. Vea el folleto CFSBCSi – Guía de Buena
– Guide to Good Practice for Handling, Installing,
Práctica para el Manejo, Instalación, Restricción y
Restraining & Bracing of Cold-Formed Steel
Arriostre de los Trusses de Madera Conectados con Placas
Trusses*** for more detailed information.
de Metal*** para información más detallada.
and diagonal
bracing isrequirements.
33 mil 1-½” furringTrusses
(hat) channel
bracing
over 60 feet (18,288 mm) in length
are very
to install and may
com3) BOTTOM
CHORDdangerous
— CUERDa inFERiOR
notrequire
shown for clarity.
(150F125-33) or 33 mil 2-½” stud section (250S162-33)
plexby installation
andAttach
permanent
bracing. Please always consult a Registered Design Professional.
unless specified
the building designer.
to each
truss with min. 2-#10 self-drilling tapping screws (SDS).
Examine the building, the building’s structural framing system, bearing locations
and related
installation
“Overlapped”
lateral restraint
option conditions. Begin component
The minimum size steel section used as lateral restraint
≈90°
installation
after
any
unsatisfactory
conditions
have been corrected. Do(one
nottruss
cut,space)
modify or repair components. Report any damand diagonal
bracing is 33 only
mil 1-½”
furring
(hat)
channel
(150F125-33)
or 33
mil 2-½”
stud section (250S162-33)
age
before
installation.
Bottom
unless specified by the building designer. Attach to each truss with min.
chords
2-#10 self-drilling
tapping screws
(SDS).
The enclosed
documents
are offered as minimum guidelines only. Nothing contained
in this JOBSITE PACKAGE should be construed

Locate ground
bracesmanner
for first truss
in line with
rows ofof
TCILR
in any
as directly
expanding
theallscope
responsibility of, or imposing any additional liabilities on, the truss manufacturer.
15' max. for bottom
(see table in the next column). Ground bracing connections should be
chord installation
min. 3-#10 SDS.
lateral restraint, or per
DO nOT walk on
Coloque los arriostres de tierra para el primer truss directamente
en línea almacenamiento,
Diagonal
Braces every
El manejo,
y arriostre diagonal de componentes
estructruss design restricción
drawing
unbraced trusses. instalación,
con cada una de las filas de restricción lateral temporal de la cuerda
10 truss spaces (20' max.)
for bottom chord
turales
requieren entrenamiento especializado,
la tabla de
en laconstrucción
próxima columna).
superior (vea
nO camine en procedimientos claramente implementados, y planificación y comupermanent lateral
trusses
sueltos.
nicación clara entre el contratista, operador de grúa,
y los
obrerosrestraint.
de instalación. El manejo e instalación de componentes
sin eloption
“Nested” lateral restraint
ADVERTENCIA:
entrenamiento suficiente, planificación ni comunicación adecuada aumenta la probabilidad de un accidente que pueda resultar en
daño a propiedad, la herida seria o la muerte.
Contact the Component Manufacturer for more information or consult a Registered Design Professional for
assistance. To view a non-printing PDF of this document, visit www.cfsc.sbcindustry.com/cfsb1.
***
nOTE: The methods and procedures outlined in this document are intended to ensure that the overall construction techniques employed will put the trusses into place SAFELY. These recommendations for handling, installing, restraining and
bracing trusses are based upon the collective experience of leading personnel involved with truss design, manufacture and
installation, but must, due to the nature of responsibilities involved, be presented only as a GUIDE for use by a qualified
building designer or contractor. It is not intended that these recommendations be interpreted as superior to the building
designer’s design specification for handling, installing, restraining and bracing trusses, and it does not preclude the use of
other equivalent methods for restraining/bracing and providing stability for the walls, columns, floors, roofs and all the interrelated structural building components as determined by the contractor. Thus, WTCA, CFSC and those who participated
in the development of this guide expressly disclaim any responsibility for damages arising from the use, application, or
reliance on the recommendations and information contained herein.
This document summarizes the information provided in Section CFSB1 of the 2008 Edition of Cold-Formed Steel Building Component Safety Information CFSBCSI - Guide to Good Practice for Handling, Installing, Restraining & Bracing of Cold-Formed Steel Trusses.
Copyright ©2008 WTCA – Representing the Structural Building Components Industry. All Rights Reserved. This guide or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publishers. Printed in the United States of America.
CFSB1
6300 Enterprise Lane • Madison, WI 53719 • 608/274-4849 • www.sbcindustry.com • www.cfsc.sbcindustry.com
CFSB1waRn11x17 080711
Antes de la instalación de trusses, los documentos adjuntos deben ser examinados y difundidos a todo el personal apropiado, además
Vanos más de 60 pies pueden
requerir
arriostre
permanente
complejo.
Por
favor,
siempre
consulte
a uncontra
Profesional
Registrado de Diseño.
del entrenamiento
pertinente
y un entendimiento
claro del plan
de instalación,
cualquier
requisito
aplicable
de la protección
la
caída y los requisitos de arriostre y restricción previstos. La instalación de trusses más de 60 pies (18,288 mm) de largo es
muy peligrosa. Siempre consulte a un Profesional de Diseño Registrado.
Examine la estructura, el sistema de armazón estructural del edificio, ubicaciones de soporte y las condiciones de instalación correspondientes. Solamente comience con la instalación de componentes después de que todas condiciones insatisfactorias han sido
corregidas. No corte, modifique, ni repare los componentes. Informe cualquier daño antes de la instalación.
Los documentos adjuntos se ofrecen solamente como pautas mínimas. Nada de lo incluido en este PAQUETE DE OBRA debe ser
interpretado de manera que exceda el alcance de la responsabilidad del fabricante de trusses, ni en forma de tal que imponga
responsabilidades adicionales sobre éste.
r Carefully review the Truss Design Drawings, the Truss
Placement Diagram (if required by the Contract),
Truss Bracing Diagram (if required by the Contract)
and all Jobsite Package documents prior to handling
and installing Trusses.
To view a non-printing PDF of this document, visit www.cfsc.sbcindustry.com/cfsjobsitecs.
for Design responsibilities see reverse
Review all the information provided in the JOBSITE PACKAGE to
ensure compliance with industry recommendations.
Revise toda la información provista en el PAQUETE DE OBRA para asegurarse que están de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la industria.
Property damage, serious bodily injury and/or death are possible
when trusses are improperly handled, installed, restrained and/
or braced. Installation of trusses can be dangerous, particularly
long span trusses (i.e., with clear spans 60’ (18.3 m) and greater).
Use the following checklist when handling and erecting trusses.
Daños materiales, lesiones corporales graves y / o la muerte son posibles
cuando cerchas se manejan de forma incorrecta, instalados, restringidos
y / o se preparaban. La instalación de armaduras puede ser peligroso,
especialmente cerchas de gran luz (es decir, con luces libres de 60 ‘(18.3
m) y mayor). Utilice la siguiente lista de verificación para la manipulación
y erigir cerchas.
r Inspect the trusses at the time of delivery and after installation
for:
r
(1) Conformance with the truss design drawings
(2) Dislodged/missing screws or other fasteners
(3) Kinked, dislodged or broken members
(4) Any other damage that may impair the structural integrity
of the trusses, including red rust
(1) Conformidad con los dibujos de diseño del truss
(2) Tornillos fuera de lugar o perdidos
(3) Miembros vueltos, descolocados o partidos
(4) Cualquier otro daño, incluyendo herrumbre roja, que pueda
perjudicar la integridad estructural de los trusses.
Notify your truss manufacturer if truss repairs are needed.
After installation, if damage to the trusses is discovered that could
weaken them, temporarily brace or support the trusses to prevent
further damage. Make sure the area remains clear of plumbing,
electrical, mechanical runs, etc. until the field repairs have been
properly completed.
Protect trusses from weather, corrosion, lateral bending and
damage when stored at the jobsite. When trusses are stored at
the site, use blocking, stringers, pallets, platforms or other means
of support to keep the trusses off the ground or in a braced upright
position to avoid damage.
r
Carefully review the truss design drawings, the truss placement
diagram (if/when required by the contract), the truss bracing diagram
(if/when required by the contract) and all JOBSITE PACKAGE
documents prior to handling and installing trusses.
r
Examine the building, the building’s structural framing system,
bearing locations and related installation conditions. Begin installing
trusses only after any unsatisfactory conditions have been
corrected.
r Examine the Building, the Building’s structural framing system, bearing locations and related installation conditions. Begin installing Trusses only after
any unsatisfactory conditions have been corrected.
Avise el fabricante de sus trusses si reparaciones al truss son necesarios.
Después de la instalación, si daño a los trusses que puede debilitarlos
está descubierto, arriostre o soporte los trusses temporalmente para
prevenir más daño. Asegúrese que el área queda libre de tuberías,
las componentes eléctricas o mecánicas, etc. hasta que todos las
reparaciones son completadas correctamente.
DO NOT cut, drill, relocate, add or remove any truss member,
screw, splice plate or other connections until you have received
instructions from the truss manufacturer.
r
Examine los trusses cuando se los entreguen y después de la
instalación para:
NO corte, perfore, reubique, añada ni quite miembro del truss, tornillo,
placas empalmadas u otras conexiones hasta que usted haya recibido
instrucciones de su fabricante de trusses.
r
Proteja los trusses del clima, corrosión, doblación lateral y daño
cuando los guarda en la obra. Cuando trusses son guardados en la
obra, use bloqueados, paletas, plataformas u otros tipos de soporte
para almacenarlos fuera de la tierra o en posición vertical para evitar
que se dañen.
r
Revise cuidadosamente los dibujos de diseño del truss, el diagrama de
instalación del truss (si/cuando requerido por el contrato), el Diagrama
de Arriostre del Truss (si/cuando requerido por el contrato) y todos
documentos de PAQUETE DE OBRA antes de manejar e instalar los
trusses.
r
Examine el edificio, el sistema del armazón estructural, las ubicaciones
de los soportes y las condiciones relacionadas con la instalación.
r Use a Spreader Bar 1/2 to 2/3 of the Truss span for
Trusses over 30 feet and less than 60 feet, and 2/3
to 3/4 of the Truss span for Trusses up to and over
60 feet.
r Give special attention to connecting all beams and
components that support Trusses affected by wind
uplift.
Copyright © 2014 Structural Building Components Association. All Rights Reserved. CFSHIBCHECK-140812
Review all the information provided in the Jobsite Package to ensure compliance with industry recommendations.
r Girder Trusses may consist of more than one Truss.
Review the Truss Design Drawings to determine the
proper number of plies and the correct attachment
methods to be used at the jobsite.
Property damage, serious bodily injury and/or death are
possible when Trusses are improperly handled, installed,
restrained and braced. Installation of Trusses can be
dangerous, particularly Long Span Trusses (i.e., Trusses
with clear spans 60 feet and greater). Use the following
checklist when handling and erecting Trusses.
r Install Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing in accordance with the guidelines in the Jobsite Package
to prevent Trusses from toppling during installation.
Erect Trusses using the design spacing indicated,
keeping the Trusses vertical and parallel to one
another. Anchor Trusses securely at bearing points.
Space Trusses no more than 1/4 inch from the location indicated on the Truss Placement Diagram.
rInspect the Trusses at the time of delivery and after
installation for:
Conformance with the Truss Design Drawings
(1)
(2) Dislodged/missing screws or other fasteners
(3) Kinked, dislodged or broken members
(4) Any other damage that may impair the structural integrity of the Trusses, including red rust
r Refer to the Construction Documents or the Truss
Placement Diagram (if required by the Contract) for
the framing Connector (e.g. hanger, strap, anchor,
etc.) locations. Framing Connectors shall be correctly attached. Refer to Connector manufacturer’s
specifications for installation information.
ix
r Install all Permanent Individual Truss Member Restraints or member reinforcement depicted on the
Truss Design Drawings.
Building Designer information
The following information is provided to help guide the
Building Designer when using Trusses.
r Comply with the Owner's, or the Owner's retained
Registered Design Professional's Permanent Building
Stability Bracing, Anchorage, Connections and field
assembly requirements. This information is typically
provided in the Construction Documents.
Building Construction can be placed into two general
categories:
1. Structures that require a Registered Design Professional (RDP), or
r Install Structural Sheathing as soon as possible.
Trusses maintain their profiles best when they have
been properly plumbed, restrained, braced and
covered with Structural Sheathing. Sheath early . . .
2. Structures that do NOT require a Registered Design
Professional
For Structures that require a Registered Design Professional, the Building Designer is defined as:
sheath often!
r During construction, distribute material and equipment loads (e.g., plywood, drywall, roofing, tools,
etc.) on the Trusses to stay within the limits of the
carrying capacity for each Truss. Make sure the
Trusses are adequately restrained and braced
before placing any construction loads on them.
Only install HVAC units, fire sprinklers, etc., on
Trusses if the Trusses have been designed to accommodate these specific loads. Review the Truss Design
Drawings for the assumed loads and locations.
“The Registered Design Professional who contracts
with the Owner for the design of the Framing
Structural System and/or who is responsible for the
preparation of the Construction Documents.”
For Structures that do NOT require an RDP, the Building
Designer is defined as:
Temporarily braced structures are NOT suitable for
use or occupancy. Restrict access to construction
personnel only. DO NOT inhabit or store anything
of value in temporarily braced structures.
x
“The Owner of the Building or the person that contracts with the Owner for the design of the Framing
Structural System and/or who is responsible for the
preparation of the Construction Documents.”
– Any differential deflection criteria from Truss-to-Truss
or Truss-to-adjacent structural member.
BUILDING DESIGNER CHECKLIST
– Any deflection and vibration criteria for floor Trusses
including any strongback bridging requirements or
any dead Load and/or Live Load deflection criteria
for floor Trusses supporting stone or ceramic tile finishes; and
Required Information in the
Construction Documents
q Trusses with clear spans greater than 60 feet require that the Owner contract with a Registered
Design Professional for the design of the temporary
Installation Restraint/Bracing and the Permanent
Individual Truss Member Restraint and Diagonal
Bracing.
q Anticipated moisture, temperature, corrosive chemicals and gases expected to affect the trusses and requirements for any additional corrosion protection.
q Trusses with clear spans greater than 60 feet require
that the Owner contract with a Registered Design
Professional to provide special inspections to ensure
that the Temporary Installation Restraint/Bracing and
the Permanent Individual Truss Member Restraint and
Diagonal Bracing is installed properly.
Method of Restraint
The method of Permanent Individual Truss Member Restraint/Bracing and the method of Anchoring or restraining to prevent lateral movement of all Truss members
acting together as a system shall be accomplished by:
The following information is required in the Construction
Documents for developing the design of the Trusses for
the Building:
• Standard Industry Details – Standard industry
member Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing details in accordance with CFSBCSI-B3: Permanent
Restraint/Bracing of Chords and Web Members of
the Cold-Formed Steel Building Component Safety
Information (CFSBCSI).
q All Truss and Structural Element orientations and locations.
q Information to fully determine all Truss profiles.
• Substitution with Reinforcement – Truss member
Reinforcement designed by the truss design engineer
or Truss Designer to eliminate the need for permanent
individual Truss member restraint/Bracing. The permanent individual Truss member Reinforcement design
and details shall be noted/shown on the Truss Design
Drawings or on supplemental Truss member buckling
reinforcement details provided by the truss design engineer or Truss Designer.
q All Structural Element and Truss support locations and
bearing conditions.
q The location, direction, and magnitude of all dead,
live, and lateral Loads applicable to each Truss including, but not limited to, Loads attributable to: roof,
floor, partition, mechanical, fire sprinkler, attic, storage, rain and ponding, wind, snow (including snow
drift and unbalanced snow), seismic, and any other
Loads on the Truss.
• Project Specific Design – A project-specific permanent individual Truss member restraint/Bracing design
by any Registered Design Professional, as specified in
the Contracts or Construction Documents.
q All Truss Anchorage required to resist uplift, gravity
and lateral loads by specifying either
(a) Pre-engineered anchors or fasteners, or
(b) Methods designed by a Registered Design
Professional.
The method of Permanent Individual Truss Member
Restraint and Diagonal Bracing for the Truss Top Chord,
Bottom Chord and web members shall be permitted to
be specified by any Registered Design Professional.
q Truss-to-Structural-Element Connections, but not
Truss-to-Truss Connections, by specifying either
(a) Pre-engineered anchors or fasteners, or
(b) Methods designed by a Registered Design
Professional.
If a specific Truss member Permanent Bracing design for
the roof or floor Framing Structural System is not provided by the Owner or any Registered Design Professional, the method of Permanent Individual Truss Member
Restraint and Diagonal Bracing for the Truss Top Chord,
Bottom Chord and Web members shall be in accordance with CFSBCSI-B3.
q Permanent Building Stability Bracing, including Truss
Anchorage Connections to the Permanent Building
Stability Bracing.
q Criteria related to serviceability issues including:
Note: This section on Method of Restraint is based on
the provisions for wood Trusses as provided in Section
2303.4 of the 2015 International Building Code®(IBC®).
These concepts also apply to Cold-Formed Steel Trusses. The text provided for the three (3) options above is
adapted from AISI S214-12.
–A
llowable vertical, horizontal or other required
deflection criteria.
–A
ny dead Load and/or Live Load deflection criteria
for flat roofs subject to ponding loads.
xi
CFSBCSI
ACRONYMS AND INITIALISMS
AISI: American Iron and Steel Institute
BCILR: Bottom Chord Installation Lateral Restraint
BCPLR: Bottom Chord Permanent Lateral Restraint
CFS: Cold-Formed Steel
CFSC: Cold-Formed Steel Council
CLB: Continuous Lateral Brace
CLR: Continuous Lateral Restraint
DBS: Diagonal Brace Spacing
IBC: International Building Code®
IRC: International Residential Code®
JHA: Job Hazard Assessment
O.C.: On Center (spacing)
OSHA: Occupational Safety & Health Administration
PBSB: Permanent Building Stability Bracing
PITMR: Permanent Individual Truss Member Restraint
PSF: Pounds per Square Foot
RDP: Registered Design Professional
SBCA: Structural Building Components Association
SDS: Self-Drilling Tapping Screw
TCILR: Top Chord Installation Lateral Restraint
TDD: Truss Design Drawing
TPD: Truss Placement Diagram
xii
CFSBCSI-B1
GUIDE FOR HANDLING, INSTALLING,
RESTRAINING & BRACING OF TRUSSES
For Trusses spaced up to 4 feet on center and up to 80 feet in length
pertinent to the structural design required by Sections
1603.1.1 through 1603.1.8 shall be indicated on the
Construction Documents.
In order to properly receive, store, erect, restrain, brace,
connect and integrate the Trusses into the Framing
Structural System, it is necessary to have a complete
understanding of the Submittal Documents for the project. Submittal Documents typically include, but are not
limited to:
IRC
R106.1 Submittal documents. Submittal documents
consisting of construction documents, and other data
shall be submitted in two or more sets with each application for a permit. The construction documents shall
be prepared by a registered design professional where
required by the statutes of the jurisdiction in which
the project is to be constructed. Where special conditions exist, the building official is authorized to require
additional construction documents to be prepared by a
registered design professional.
• The Construction Documents.
• The Truss Submittal Package, which includes:
–The Truss Design Drawings (TDD).
–The Truss Placement Diagram(s) (TPD) (if required by
the Contract).
• This CFSBCSI document and/or CFSBCSI-B Series
Summary Sheets.
• The erection and installation plan.
• Site specific conditions.
The 2015 IBC and IRC include general provisions for
the typical submittal process in Sections 106 and R106,
respectively. Some of the more pertinent subsections
include, in part:
IBC
107.1 Submittal documents. Construction documents, statement of special inspections, geotechnical
report and other data shall be submitted in one or more
sets with each permit application. The construction documents shall be prepared by a registered design professional where required by the statutes of the jurisdiction in
which the project is to be constructed [...]
Exception: The building official is authorized to
waive the submission of construction documents
and other data not required to be prepared by a
registered design professional if it is found that the
nature of the work applied for is such that reviewing
of construction documents is not necessary to obtain
compliance with this code.
R106.1.1 Information on Construction Documents. Construction documents shall be drawn upon
suitable material. Electronic media documents are permitted to be submitted when approved by the building
official. Construction documents shall be of sufficient
clarity to indicate the location, nature and extent of the
work proposed and show in detail that it will conform to
the provisions of this code and relevant laws, ordinances, rules and regulations, as determined by the building
official.
107.2.1 Information on construction documents.
Construction documents shall be dimensioned and
drawn upon suitable material. Electronic media documents are permitted to be submitted when approved by
the building official. Construction documents shall be of
sufficient clarity to indicate the location, nature and extent of the work proposed and show in detail that it will
conform to the provisions of this code and relevant laws,
ordinances, rules and regulations, as determined by the
building official.
R106.1.2 Manufacturer’s installation instructions. Manufacturer’s installation instructions, as
required by this code, shall be available on the jobsite at
the time of inspection.
R106.3.3 Phased approval. The building official
is authorized to issue a permit for the construction of
foundations or any other part of a building or structure
before the construction documents for the whole building or structure have been submitted, provided that
adequate information and detailed statements have
been filed complying with pertinent requirements of this
code. The holder of such permit for the foundation or
other parts of a building or structure shall proceed at
the holder’s own risk with the building operation and
without assurance that a permit for the entire structure
will be granted.
107.3.4 Design Professional in responsible
charge. The registered design professional in responsible charge shall be responsible for reviewing and
coordinating submittal documents prepared by others,
including phased and deferred submittal items, for compatibility with the design of the building.
1603.1 General. Construction documents shall show
the size, section and relative locations of structural
members with floor levels, column centers and offsets
dimensioned. The design loads and other information
1
CFSBCSI-B1: Guide for Handling, Installing, Restraining & Bracing of Trusses
R106.4 Amended construction documents. Work
shall be installed in accordance with the approved
construction documents, and any changes made during
construction that are not in compliance with the approved construction documents shall be resubmitted for
approval as an amended set of construction documents.
CAUTION Trusses stored or installed in full sun may become very
hot to the touch. Use the proper
personal protective equipment when
handling Trusses.
The Construction Documents are critical for understanding how the Building is to be built. The Construction
Documents shall be readily available on the jobsite and
only the approved set shall be used.
INSTALLATION RESTRAINT/BRACING
Trusses are not marked in any way to identify the frequency
or location of Installation Restraint/Bracing.
All of the care and quality involved in the design and
manufacture of Trusses is jeopardized if the Trusses are
not properly handled, hoisted, installed, restrained and
braced.
All Installation Restraint/Bracing shall comply with
the recommendations and options as described herein
or in the latest edition of the individual CFSBCSI-B Series
Summary Sheets that are referenced.
WARNING The consequences of improper handling,
erecting, installing, restraining and Bracing can result
in a collapse of the structure, which at best is a substantial loss of time and materials, but can also result
in serious injury or loss of life. The majority of Truss
accidents occur during Truss installation and not as a
result of improper design or manufacture.
PERMANENT INDIVIDUAL
TRUSS MEMBER RESTRAINT
Permanent Individual Truss Member Restraint (PITMR) shall be
undertaken in accordance with CFSBCSI-B3 or the Building
Designer’s Permanent Building Stability Bracing (PBSB) plan,
which must include all Bracing that is considered part of the
lateral force resisting system for the entire Building. The PBSB
is Bracing that transfers forces due to gravity, seismic, wind,
and other external lateral forces, as well as collected forces
caused by the restraint of members subject to buckling into
the shear walls, foundation or other lateral force resisting
systems that are provided for the Building.
The locations for attaching Continuous Lateral Restraint (a
type of PITMR) for individual compression members of a
Truss are provided on the TDD. Bracing such as Diagonal
Bracing is required for the Continuous Lateral Restraint
(CLR) to prevent the simultaneous buckling of the series of
Truss members to which the CLR is attached. Permanent
Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing are required for
proper performance of individual Trusses within the roof
or floor system. Permanent Lateral Restraint and Diagonal
Bracing shall provide sufficient support at right angles to
the plane of the Truss to hold every Truss member in the
position assumed for it to properly carry the applied design
loads. If properly planned, the Installation Restraint/
photo CFSB1-1
Prior to Truss erection/installation, it is strongly recommended that the Contractor involved with the erection/
installation of the Trusses meet with the erection/installation crew and crane operator for a safety and planning
meeting to make sure each crew member understands
his or her role and responsibilities during the erection/
installation process.
Bracing applied during Truss installation can be used
as permanent Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing, making the completion of the permanent Lateral
Restraint and Diagonal Bracing more efficient.
CAUTION Truss members and Connections, as
well as the materials used to attach the Trusses in a
bundle, have sharp edges. Handle with care. Use
the proper personal
protective equipment
(e.g., gloves, safety glasses, forearm
guards, etc.) when
cutting, banding and
Figure CFSB1-1
handling steel components.
The Building Designer (see the North American Standard for
Cold-Formed Steel Framing – Truss Design, AISI S214-12)
is responsible for determining the proper transfer of design
Loads and the Anchorage design of each Truss to the supporting structure. When the flow of Loads has been accounted for and all the Load resisting systems for the Building
have been adequately designed, constructed and installed,
the structural framing for the Building is complete.
2
Make sure Trusses in a bundle are securely connect
SPECIAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
ed prior to moving.
Special design requirements, such as wind Bracing, portal Bracing, seismic Bracing, Diaphragms, shear walls,
or other Load transfer elements and their Connections to
Trusses, shall be considered separately by the Building
Designer, who shall determine the size, location, and
method of Connections for all Bracing as needed to
resist these forces.
Do not lift Truss bundles by the banding or metal
attachment pieces.
Spreader Bar
UNLOADING & LIFTING
Avoid Lateral Bending.
(For more information, see Figure CFSB1-5).
Figure CFSB1-3
Trusses attached together in bundles that are in a

vertical position should be picked up along the Top
Chords.
Beginning with the unloading

process, and throughout all
phases of construction, exercise
care to avoid Lateral Bending of
Trusses, which can cause damage to the Truss members and
Connections.
Figure CFSB1-2
JOBSITE HANDLING
Trusses in a bundle may be connected with banding or
with pieces of metal stud or furring (hat) channel.
Photo CFSB1-4
Proper attachment and smooth ground allow for

unloading of Truss bundles without damage. Trusses
should be unloaded as close to the Building site as
possible to minimize handling.
Use care to not damage trusses with the forks of the

forklift.
PHOTO CFSB1-2
Truss bundles attached with banding.
PHOTO CFSB1-5
Do not break banding or remove metal attachment
pieces until erection/installation begins.
Do not store unbraced bundles upright.
PHOTO CFSB1-3
Truss bundles attached with metal stud pieces.
3
PHOTO CFSB1-6
Make sure Trusses are stored on even ground.

Examples of Lateral Bending
(red line added to illustrate deviation from plane)
Plan View
photo CFSB1-7
Do not drag or push Trusses along the ground.
Figure CFSB1-5
Brace Trusses stored vertically in a manner that will

prevent tipping or toppling.
CRANE USE & PROPER TRUSS HANDLING
Trusses may be un
loaded directly onto
the ground at the
time of delivery or
temporarily stored
in contact with the
ground after deliv- Figure CFSB1-4
ery. If Trusses are to be stored horizontally for more
than one week, place Blocking of sufficient height
beneath the stack of Trusses on eight to ten foot
intervals (or as required) to minimize Lateral Bending. Store on a slight slope to allow for draining and
to prevent accumulation of water on the interior of
Truss members.
A common method for hoisting Trusses into place is to use a
crane and rigging. Inadequate or improperly used hoisting
equipment can result in damage to Truss members and/or
Connections.
Trusses stored for more than one week shall be

protected from the environment in a manner that
provides adequate ventilation of the Trusses. If
tarpaulins or other protective covers are used, leave
the ends open for ventilation. Tight fitting coverings
are not recommended, since they can trap moisture.
PHOTO CFSB1-8
A spreader bar should be used when lifting Trusses
greater than 30 feet.
CAUTION Exercise care when removing banding or
metal attachment pieces to avoid damaging Trusses and prevent personal injury. Gloves and safety
glasses should be worn.
Responsibility
Trusses are relatively deep, narrow Structural Building
Components that are extremely flexible if bent perpendicular to their plane.
Crane equipment and use should comply with OSHA
standards and, unless agreed to expressly through
Contract, is the responsibility of the crane operator or
Contractor. All OSHA standards referred to in this document can be found at osha.gov.
Use care when handling Trusses to limit the amount

Key Considerations
of Lateral Bending, which can cause damage to the
Truss members and Connections.
•Always obtain the correct crane size; never exceed load
capacity.
•Always properly stabilize the crane on-site.
•Always use proper rigging equipment.
4
should be level, firm, properly graded, free from obstruction, and drained to prevent settling and tipping.
•Use special hoisting equipment as needed. See hoisting
recommendations for Truss bundles (page 6) or single
Trusses (page 7).
•The crane operator and ground crew need to know
basic hand signals (see Figure CFSB1-6).
Outriggers should always be extended and used in
accordance with the crane manufacturer’s recommendations. Place blocking under outrigger pads to spread
the load to the ground over a larger area to prevent the
pad from sinking. The relationship between the weight
of the load, the angle of the boom, and the hoisting
process shall be considered to prevent tipping. Consult
the crane manufacturer’s load and angle information
prior to hoisting.
Crane Size
Crane size should be determined with consideration
for both the size and weight of the Trusses to be hoisted, as well as the total distance from the crane footing
location to the farthest point of Truss delivery. Crane
equipment, load capacity and use should comply with
OSHA standards [Subpart CC, 29 CFR 1926.1400].
These standards require the crane user to comply with
the equipment manufacturer's specifications and limitations applicable to the operation of the crane. It also
states that when the manufacturer's specifications are not
available, equipment limitations should be determined
and documented by a Registered Design Professional
competent in this field.
When uncertain about proper crane setup, consult a
Registered Design Professional competent in this field to
ensure setup complies with the standards established by
the American Society of Mechanical Engineers [ANSI/
ASME B30.5-2014].
As required by OSHA regulations [Subpart CC, 29 CFR
1926.1412-1413], all crane and rigging equipment
should be inspected regularly by a competent individual
to ensure everything is in proper working order and that
any worn or defective parts are repaired or replaced.
Equipment and worksite inspections should adhere to
the latest “Mobile Crane Inspection Guidelines for OSHA
Compliance Officers” published by OSHA.
Crane Setup & Inspection
It is essential the crane is properly stabilized, physical obstructions to movement are accounted for, and proximity
of electrical power lines is known. The crane footing area
basic hand signals
Figure CFSB1-6
5
Load Positioning & Movement
Connect lifting devices to the Truss Top
Chord with only closed-loop attachments (see
Figure CFSB1-8C). Refer to “Mechanical Hoisting
Recommendations for Single Trusses” (page 7) for
additional information regarding the correct hoisting
methods for single Trusses of various span lengths.
Position the load to be hoisted as close to the Building
site as possible to minimize the hoisting distance. Load
movement using crane equipment and rigging should
comply with OSHA regulations [Subpart CC, 29 CFR
1926.1417.
Check attachment of Trusses in bundle prior
to moving Trusses.
A Spreader Bar used to hoist a Truss shall be
of sufficient strength and rigidity to carry the weight
and to resist bending of the Truss. Spreader Bars
should comply with design specifications established
by ASME [ANSI/ASME B30.5-2014] and prescribed
by the equipment manufacturer.
DO NOT rely on banding or metal pieces used to
attach trusses in a bundle to hoist and move bundles on the jobsite.
Rigging Equipment
WARNING
Use materials such as slings, chains, cables and nylon
straps of sufficient strength to carry the weight of the
Truss or Truss bundle. Use slings, taglines and Spreader
Bars properly to avoid damage to the Truss members
and Connections.
• Use special care in adverse weather conditions.
Buildings under construction become more dangerous
when constructed in high wind conditions. Lightning
can also pose a serious risk. It is the responsibility of
the crane operator or Contractor to recognize adverse
weather conditions and take prompt and appropriate
action to ensure safety.
All rigging equipment and use should comply with
OSHA regulations [Subpart CC, 29 CFR 1926.1425],
which provide guidelines on safe working loads permitted for the different types of rigging equipment. This
standard also requires regular inspection of all rigging
equipment by a competent individual and replacement
or repair of damaged or defective parts.
• Avoid using a crane in close proximity to electrical
power lines unless the power has been disconnected by the local power company [OSHA: 29 CFR
1926.1407-1411].
• If you are using a crane within five miles of an airport,
contact the airport 30 days prior to crane use to learn
about any required safety regulations [FAA: 14 CFR
Part 77].
Hoisting Trusses
Avoid Lateral Bending when hoisting Trusses
(see Figure CFSB1-7).
HOISTING & PLACEMENT OF TRUSS
BUNDLES
DO NOT lift single Trusses
Figure CFSB1-7
by the peak using a hook
as shown in Figure CFSB1-8A, as this can cause
damage to the chords, Webs and/or Connections.
Trusses that have been securely attached with banding,
metal stud or furring (hat) channel pieces to form a
bundle are stiffer than single Trusses. Therefore, hoisting
recommendations for bundles are different than hoisting recommendations for single trusses, as there is less
likelihood of damage from out-of-plane bending when
hoisting bundles.
DO NOT lift single Trusses by the Webs as shown in
Figure CFSB1-8B, as this will cause Lateral Bending
in the Truss and damage to Truss members and
Connections.
A bundle
of Trusses
being lifted
into place.
FIGURE CFSB1-8A
FIGURE CFSB1-8B
FIGURE CFSB1-8C
PHOTO CFSB1-9
6
Determine the weight of the Truss bundle. The actual

Bundles placed vertically shall be adequately braced

unit weight of a Truss depends on many factors
including the size and thickness of the steel members
and the Truss configuration. A good rule to estimate
the weight of the bundle is to use seven pounds per
foot of Truss length times the number of Trusses in
the bundle. Alternatively, contact the Component
Manufacturer for weights. Know the crane’s capacity.
or supported to prevent toppling.
DO NOT stand on Truss bundles that have been
placed on top of the walls.
Remove banding or metal pieces used to attach

Trusses in a bundle carefully and proceed with Truss
erection and Bracing.
DO NOT lift bundles that weigh more than the
capacity of the crane, which varies considerably with
the length and angle of the boom.
INSTALLATION OF SINGLE TRUSSES BY
HAND
Before lifting, inspect the banding or metal pieces

used to attach the Trusses in a bundle to make sure
they are secure and intact.
Hoisting by hand is allowed, provided excessive

Lateral Bending is prevented.
NEVER use the banding or metal pieces to lift the
bundles.
Trusses with spans less than or equal to 20 feet can

be raised into position by lifting near the peak.
If a large bundle is made of several smaller bundles,

redistribute the Trusses into smaller bundles, reattach and lift the smaller bundles one at a time.
Lift points for hoisting Truss bundles are permitted

anywhere along the chords.
•U
se at least two lift points for bundles of Top
Chord pitch Trusses up to 45 feet in length and
Parallel Chord Trusses up to 30 feet in length.
• Use at least three lift points for bundles of Top
Chord pitch Trusses greater than 45 feet in length
and Parallel Chord Trusses greater than 30 feet in
length.
FIGURE CFSB1-9
Follow the recommendations for proper crane use,

Trusses with spans less than or equal to 30' should

tag lines and all rigging equipment as described
in this document. Special care shall be taken in the
choice of rigging equipment to prevent damage to
the Trusses.
be raised into position by lifting at Top Chord joints
nearest the quarter points of the span.
Place Truss bundles in their most stable configu
ration or securely support by temporary means to
ensure the safe removal of banding or metal attachment pieces and installation of individual Trusses.
Support each bundle with as many exterior and

interior walls as possible.
Use care to position Truss bundles so that the sup
porting structure is not overloaded. All walls shall be
adequately braced and capable of supporting the
weight of the bundle.
FIGURE CFSB1-10
Take additional precautions if Truss bundles can
tilever over outside walls. Use extra caution when
removing banding or metal attachment pieces of
cantilevered bundles.
MECHANICAL HOISTING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SINGLE TRUSSES
DO NOT cantilever the bundle more than 1/3 the
overall length of the Trusses.
Use the erection equipment to safely hold the

erected Truss in position until such time as all Top
Chord Installation Lateral Restraint (TCILR) has been
installed and the Trusses are securely fastened to all
bearing points assumed in the design.
Take extra care with bundles of shallow or vaulted

Trusses, which can bend excessively if they are not
adequately supported.
7
TRUSSES UP TO 60 FEET: For single Trusses between
30 feet and 60 feet, use a Spreader Bar 1/2 to 2/3 of
the Truss length. Attach Truss to the Spreader Bar with
lines that slope inward or toe in, as shown.
CAUTION Lines that toe out can cause the Truss to
buckle.
FIGURE CFSB1-11
DO NOT use a single pick-point at the peak. Doing
so can damage the Truss.
Spreader Bar
Toe in
The Contractor should provide adequate rigging
(crane, forklift, slings, taglines and Spreader Bars) for
sufficient control during lifting and placement to ensure
safety to personnel and to prevent damage to Trusses
and property. Slings, taglines and Spreader Bars should
be used in a manner that will not cause any damage
to the Truss members and Connections. Lifting devices
should be connected to the Truss Top Chord with only a
closed loop attachment using materials such as slings,
cables or nylon straps of sufficient strength to carry the
weight of the Truss.
Toe in
Spreader Bar 1/2 to
2/3 Truss length
Tagline
For Trusses up to 60'
FIGURE CFSB1-13A
Spreader Bar
Toe in
Toe in
Avoid Lateral Bending.
TRUSSES UP TO 30 FEET: For single Trusses up to 30 feet,
use a minimum of two pick-points near Top Chord joints
spaced up to 1/2 the Truss length apart. Keep the line angle
to 60° or less.
Tagline
FIGURE CFSB1-13B
TRUSSES UP TO AND OVER 60 FEET: For single
Trusses up to and over 60 feet, use a Spreader Bar 2/3
to 3/4 of the Truss length. The Spreader Bar prevents
Lateral Bending and should be attached to Top Chords
and Webs at 10 feet intervals. Locate the Spreader Bar
at or above mid-height of the Truss to prevent overturning.
60° or less
Tagline
Spreader Bar 1/2 to
2/3 Truss length
Design the Spreader Bar of any material with
sufficient strength and rigidity to carry the weight
and to resist bending of the Truss. If in doubt, seek
professional guidance.
Up to 1/2
Truss length
For Trusses up
to 30'
FIGURE CFSB1-12A
Locate
above
mid-height
Spreader Bar
or Stiffback
Attach to Truss
at 10' o.c. max.
60° or less
Tagline
Tagline
Spreader Bar 2/3 to
3/4 Truss length
For Trusses up to and
over 60'
Up to 1/2
Truss length
FIGURE CFSB1-14A
FIGURE CFSB1-12B
8
Spreader Bar
or Stiffback
Attach to Truss at
10' o.c. max.
Spreader Bar 2/3 to
3/4 Truss length
Tagline
PHOTO CFSb1-10
Nested Lateral Restraint
For Trusses up to and
over 60'
FIGURE CFSB1-14B
RESTRAINT/BRACING MATERIALS &
FASTENERS
CAUTION Inadequate size or fastening of Bracing
material is a major cause of erection dominoing.
The minimum size of a steel section used as Installation
Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing is 33 mil 1-½
inch furring (hat) channel (150F125-33)* or 33 mil 2-½
inch stud section (250S162-33)* unless specified by the
Building Designer. Stud section material used for restraint
and bracing is assumed to be unpunched.
*
PHOTO CFSb1-11
Overlapped Lateral Restraint
Minimum Attachment Requirements for Installation
Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing1,2
Furring (hat) channel and stud section are based on industry standards adopted by the Steel Stud Manufacturers Association (SSMA). SSMA products have a
four-part code that identifies the size (both depth and flange width), style and
material thickness of each member. These designations include the following:
250 S 162 - 33 Min. base metal thickness in mils (mil=1/1000")
Flange width in 1/100"
Style, e.g., S=Stud and/or F=Furring (Hat) Channel
Member web depth in 1/100"
Extend end of
restraint and
bracing at least
1-1/2" beyond
truss member.
#10 Self-Drilling
Tapping Screws (SDS)
2
Other attachment requirements may be specified by the Truss
Designer or Building Designer.
2
Provide minimum spacing of three screw diameters between screws
and minimum edge and end distance of 1-1/2 screw diameters per
AISI specifications, typ.
table CFSb1-1
Screws shall draw metal tight together with screw heads
flush. Screws
shall extend a
minimum of
three exposed threads
through the
last piece of
steel in the
Connection.
Nested Installation Lateral Restraint
Nested or stacked Installation Lateral Restraint using furring (hat)
channel. Attach restraints using min. 2-#10 SDS at each Truss.
Overlapped Installation Lateral
Restraint
Restraint using furring (hat) channel
or stud section. Attach restraints using
min. 2-#10 SDS at each Truss.
lap
min. 6"
Min. Number of Screws per
Connection to Truss
1
The Installation Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing
can be installed on either the top or bottom edge of the
chord and can be nested or overlapped.
Stack hat
restraints
on top of
each other.
Minimum
Screw Size
Truss member
figure CFSb1-16
1-1/2"
min.
Overlap
one Truss
space
1-1/2"
min.
PHOTO CFSb1-12
Attaching Continuous Lateral Restraint (e.g. furring
channel), to the Bottom Chord of the Trusses.
FIGURE cFSb1-15
9
BEGINNING THE ERECTION/INSTALLATION PROCESS (See also CFSBCSI-B2)
GROUND BRACE - INTERIOR
(See also CFSBCSI-B2)
W
ARNING It is important for the Contractor to provide
substantial Bracing for the first Truss erected. Trusses
making up the rest of the first set are tied to the first
Truss and rely upon it for stability. Likewise, after this
first set of Trusses is adequately restrained and Diagonally Braced, the remaining Trusses installed rely
on this first set for stability. Performance of the Truss
Bracing system depends to a great extent on how well
the first set of Trusses is restrained and braced.
Where the height of the Building or ground condi
tions prohibit Bracing from the exterior, stabilize the
first Truss with Ground Bracing attached to the interior at the floor level, provided the floor is capable
of supporting the Ground Bracing forces. Install the
first Truss near the middle of the Building and brace
similar to Exterior Ground Bracing. Restrain and Diagonally Brace the first set of Trusses before removing Ground Braces and setting remaining Trusses.
Temporary support wall
(or interior partitions)
GROUND BRACE - EXTERIOR
(See also CFSBCSI-B2)
Second through
fifth Trusses
Ground
Lateral
Restraint
Exterior Ground Bracing ties the first set of Trusses

off to a series of braces that are attached to stakes
driven into the ground and securely anchored. The
Ground Brace itself should be restrained and braced
as shown in Figures CFSB1-17 and 18, or it is apt to
buckle. Additional Ground Braces placed inside the
Building in the opposite direction are also recommended.
End
Diagonal
Brace
Locate Ground Braces for the first Truss directly in

line with all rows of Top Chord Installation Lateral
Restraint (TCILR).
≈45°
Second
floor
Top Chord
Installation
Lateral Restraint
(TCILR)
First
floor
Ground
Brace
strut
Ground
Brace
Diagonal
Second floor system shall
have adequate capacity to
support Ground Braces.
FIGURE CFSB1-19
INSTALLATION TOLERANCES
(Per AISI S214-12)
≈90°
Compliance with installation tolerances is
critical to achieving an acceptable roof or
floor line, AND TO ACCOMPLISHING EFFECTIVE
BRACING. Setting Trusses within tolerance the first time
prevents the need for the hazardous practice of re-spacing or adjusting Trusses when Structural Sheathing or
Purlins are installed. Leaning or bowing Trusses can result in fasteners that miss the Top Chords when Structural
Sheathing is applied, and create excessive cumulative
stresses on the Bracing, which can lead to Bracing failure
and Truss collapse.
TCILR can be attached to the underside of the Top Chord (as
shown here) or on top of the Top Chord.
FIGURE cfsB1-17
Ground Brace
Diagonal
Ground Lateral
Restraint
Brace first Truss
securely before erecting
additional Trusses.
Bearing for
Trusses
End Diagonal
Brace not
shown for
clarity.
The spacing of Trusses along bearing support must be
within ¼ inch of plan dimension. Field conditions that
force spacing beyond this tolerance shall be reviewed
and approved by the Building Designer and Truss Designer.
Ground Brace strut
Driven
ground stake
FIGURE CFSB1-18
Ground Bracing Connections should use a
min. 3-#10 SDS unless otherwise specified.
10
Do not walk on Trusses
or Gable End Frames lying
flat.
Depth, D
Out of Plumb
Plumb
line
D/50
max
FIGURE CFSB1-20
D/50
D (ft.)
1/4"
1'
1/2"
2'
3/4"
3'
1"
4'
1-1/4"
5'
1-1/2"
6'
1-3/4"
7'
2"
≥8'
DANGER Do not step,
sit or walk on furring
(hat) channel or stud
section material used
for Lateral Restraint or
Diagonal Bracing.
FIGURE CFSB1-23
table CFSB1-2
The tolerances shown apply to Trusses in their permanently set position.
Max. bow
Length
Max. bow
Length
Max. bow
Length
PHOTO CFSb1-13
FIGURE CFSB1-21
All anchors, hangers, tie-downs, seats, and bearing ledgers that are part of the supporting structure shall be accurately and properly placed and permanently attached
before Truss erection/installation begins.
Out of Plane
Max. Bow
Truss Length
(feet-inches-sixteenths)
3/4"
12-6-0
7/8"
14-7-3
1"
16-8-6
1-1/8"
18-9-10
1-1/4"
20-9-10
1-3/8"
22-10-13
1-1/2"
25-0-0
1-3/4"
29-2-6
2"
≥33-3-10
Do not install Trusses on anchors or ties that have
temporary Connections to the supporting structure.
Properly connect the Truss to each support.
WARNING The system is not structurally sound,
stable or safe until all the Truss attachments, restraints and Bracing are properly installed.
WARNING LATERAL RESTRAINT
& DIAGONAL BRACING ARE
VERY IMPORTANT!
table CFSB1-3
RESTRAINT/BRACING WARNINGS
SEE CFSBCSI-B2 FOR ADDITIONAL
RESTRAINT/BRACING OPTIONS.
Do not walk on
unbraced Trusses.
FIGURE CFSB1-22
11
Top Chord Installation Lateral Restraint and
Diagonal Bracing
INSTALLATION RESTRAINT/BRACING
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE VARIOUS
PLANES OF A ROOF TRUSS
TCILR spacing per Table CFSB1-4
Ground Bracing not shown
for clarity.
Installation Restraint/Bracing must be applied to ALL of
the following planes of the Trusses to ensure stability:
≤45˚ typ.
1) Top Chord Plane (roof plane)
2) W
eb Member Plane (vertical plane between Top
and Bottom Chord)
3) Bottom Chord Plane (ceiling plane)
≤4' o.c.
Diagonal Brace
spacing, see
Table CFSB1-4
CAUTION It is critical to install Lateral Restraint
and Diagonal Bracing for the Top Chord and Web
Member Plane immediately to prevent out-of-plane
buckling of the Truss.
Refer to CFSBCSI-B3
for Gable End Frame Bracing.
1)TOP CHORD PLANE INSTALLATION RESTRAINT/BRACING is the most important step for
the Contractor. Truss Top Chords are susceptible to
lateral buckling. See CFSBCSI-B2 for more information.
Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing for a
Piggyback Assembly
Top Chord of supported Truss (blue)
Lateral Restraint2
TCILR Spacing
Min. Size/Grade
Lateral Restraint & Diagonal Bracing**
FIGURE CFSB1-25
Diagonal Bracing2
Min. Size/Grade
Lateral
Restraint*
(green)
*Refer to Table CFSB1-4 and Figure CFSB1-24 for spacing of Installation Lateral
Restraint and Diagonal Bracing on the sloped Top Chords of the supported and
supporting Truss.
**Refer to the TDD and Figure CFSB3-32 for Permanent Lateral Restraint and
Diagonal Bracing, respectively, on the flat portion of the supporting Truss unless
otherwise specified in the Construction Documents.
Maximum Top Chord Installation Lateral Restraint (TCILR)
and Diagonal Bracing Spacing1
Truss
Spacing
Diagonal Bracing* (red)
Top Chord of supporting Truss (teal)
WARNING Exact spacing between Trusses should
be maintained as the Lateral Restraint and Diagonal
Bracing is installed to avoid the hazardous practice
of trying to remove this material to adjust spacing.
Adjusting spacing can cause Trusses to topple if the
restraint and Bracing is disconnected at the wrong
time.
Truss
Span
See nested or overlapped
Lateral Restraint options per
Figure CFSB1-15
FIGURE CFSB1-24
The Top Chord Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing
approach provided in this section applies to all sloping
chord Trusses, Scissors Trusses, parallel chord Trusses
and piggyback Trusses. Trusses with depths less than
1/15 of the span at any location away from bearings
require more complex Installation Restraint/Bracing.
Consult a Registered Design Professional.
Note: TCILR is required over bearing walls if the truss height is 10" or greater (see Figure CFSB2-11)
Max. Spacing3
150F125-33 or
20'
Up to 30'
10' o.c. max.
250S162-33
150F125-33 or
20'
≤4'
8' o.c. max.
30' - 45'
250S162-33
150F125-33 or
20'
6'
o.c.
max.
2'
250S162-33
150F125-33 or
45' -60'
250S162-33 or
20'
4'
250S162-33
Double4150F125-33
6' o.c. max.
12'
150F125-33
150F125-33
20'
4' o.c. max.
2'
250S162-33 or
250S162-33 or
60' - 80'5
20'
4'
Double4150F125-33
4' o.c. max.
150F125-33
12'
1
Table assumes top chords are minimum 33 mil with a yield stress of 50 ksi.
2
Assumes stud sections “S” are unpunched.
3
Maximum spacing between sets of diagonal bracing assumes ground bracing is properly installed
and in place.
4
Double assumes nested 2-piece 150F125-33 attached together with #10 SDS at 12" o.c.
5
Consult a registered design professional for trusses longer than 60 feet.
≤4'
Table CFSb1-4
2) WEB MEMBER PLANE Installation Restraint/Bracing is
critical in preventing Trusses from leaning or dominoing.
Locate Installation Diagonal Bracing on web members
(vertical Webs whenever possible), at or near each row
of Bottom Chord Lateral Restraint. See CFSBCSI-B2
for additional information pertaining to Installation
Diagonal Bracing for the Web Member Plane and
CFSBCSI-B3 for information pertaining to Permanent
Restraint and Bracing for the Web Member Plane.
Web Member
Plane Diagonal
Bracing
**Bottom Chord
Lateral Restraint
Apply Diagonal Bracing to Webs that are near each row of Bottom
Chord Lateral Restraint. See **Important Note on next page
for spacing between Bottom Chord Lateral Restraint.
FIGURE CFSB1-26
12
TCILR spacing per
Table CFSB1-4.
Note that TCILR can
be attached to the
top or bottom of
the Top Chord.
BCILR
Diagonal
Bracing (red)
Web members
Diagonal Bracing
≤4' o.c.
≤45˚ typ.
Bottom Chord
Bottom
Chords
FIGURE CFSB1-29
**IMPORTANT NOTE: Install Bottom Chord Installation Lateral Restraint (BCILR) in rows no more than 15
feet on center. Install Bottom Chord Permanent Lateral Restraint at the spacing specified in the TDD and
Construction Documents.
Diagonal Braces
every 20' max.
Rows of Web Member Plane Installation
Diagonal Bracing at same spacing as
Bottom Chord Lateral Restraint. See
**Important Note on this page.
Some chord and web
members not shown for
clarity.
Connect the ends of each row of Lateral Restraint to the
FIGURE CFSB1-27
end walls. Add Diagonal Bracing at each end of
the building and along the building at a maximum of 20 feet intervals (Figure CFSB1-28).
Webs that require Permanent Continuous Lateral
Restraint (CLR) per the TDD must also be Diagonally
Braced for rigidity. See CFSBCSI-B3 for more information.
Long spans, heavy loads and Truss Spacing greater
than two feet on center often require closer spacing of
Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing. Consult the
Building Designer.
Web members that require more than one row of
CLR shall have the CLRs and Diagonal Bracing
installed as the Trusses are installed.
Alternate proprietary methods for Installation Re
straint/Bracing are available. See manufacturer's
specifications.
3) BOTTOM CHORD PLANE INSTALLATION
LATERAL RESTRAINT (BCILR) AND DIAGONAL
BRACING are required to maintain on center spacing for the Bottom Chords and to laterally stiffen the
group of Trusses. Place Continuous Lateral Restraint
and Diagonal Bracing on the Bottom Chord. This
material can be removed after the Permanent Ceiling
Diaphragm is in place, or it can remain to become
part of the PBSB system.
WARNING! LATERAL RESTRAINT
& DIAGONAL BRACING ARE
VERY IMPORTANT!
SEE CFSBCSI-B2 FOR ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION.
Overlapped Lateral
Restraints (one Truss space)
See Figure CFSB1-15.
Bottom
Chords
≤45˚ typ.
.c.
'o
≤4
Diagonal Braces at
20 feet max.
Some chord and web members
not shown for clarity.
See
“**Important
Note” above.
FIGURE CFSB1-28
Nested Lateral Restraints. See Figure CFSB1-15.
13
CONSTRUCTION LOADING
Do nOt drop loads of any material on Trusses.
Truss damage from the impact is possible even if the
weight of the material is small.
Construction materials shall be distributed properly.

See CFSBCSI-B4 for additional information.
Never overload small
groups or single Trusses. Position a load over
as many Trusses as
possible. Do not exceed
the stack heights in
Table CFSB1-5 unless
alternative information is provided by the
Building Designer or
Truss Manufacturer.
Do nOt proceed with construction until all Lateral
Restraint and Bracing is securely and properly in
place.
Do nOt stack materials on unbraced Trusses.
FIGURE CFSB1-34
Always stack materials over two or more Trusses.

Place material next to an outside Load bearing wall
or directly over an interior Load bearing wall.
Position stacks of

material flat with the
longest dimension
perpendicular to the
Trusses.
FIGURE CFSB1-30
Never stack materials near a peak or at the center
of the span.
FIGURE CFSB1-35
Maximum Stack Height
for Material on Trusses1, 2
FIGURE CFSB1-31
Material
Height
Gypsum board
FIGURE CFSB1-32
Never stack materials on the cantilever of a Truss.
12"
22 ga. type “B” 1-½" metal deck
21 sheets
17 sheets
13 sheets
Plywood or OSB
16"
Asphalt shingles
2 bundles
Concrete block
8"
Clay tile
3-4 tiles high
table CFSB1-5
1. Assumes Trusses are designed with a Live Load of 40 psf or
greater. For other loading conditions, contact a Registered
Design Professional.
2.Install stacks of materials as quickly as possible.
Cantilever
FIGURE CFSB1-33
14
Never cut, bend, drill, remove or otherwise alter
any member of a Truss unless specifically permitted
by the Truss Design Drawing.
DISCLAIMER: The Truss Manufacturer and Truss Designer rely on the presumption that the Contractor and
crane operator are professionals and that they have the
capability to undertake the work they have agreed to
do on any given project. If the Contractor believes he/
she needs assistance in some aspect of the construction
project, he/she should seek assistance from a competent party. The methods and procedures outlined in
this document are intended to ensure that the overall
construction techniques employed will put the Trusses
into place SAFELY. These recommendations for handling,
installing, restraining and Bracing Trusses are based
upon the collective experience of leading personnel
involved with Truss design, manufacture and installation,
but must, due to the nature of responsibilities involved,
be presented only as a GUIDE for use by a qualified
Building Designer or Contractor. It is not intended that
installing, restraining and Bracing Cold-Formed Steel
Trusses. It does not preclude the use of other equivalent
methods for restraining/Bracing and providing stability
for the walls, columns, floors, roofs and all the interrelated Structural Building Components as determined
by the Contractor. Thus, SBCA, CFSC and those who
participated in the development of this guide expressly
disclaim any responsibility for damages arising from the
use, application, or reliance on the recommendations
and information contained herein.
FIGURE CFSB1-36
Any field modification that involves the cutting, drilling or
relocation of any Truss member or Connections shall not
be done without the approval of the Truss Manufacturer or
a Registered Design Professional.
ADDITIONAL NOTES
Errors in Building lines and/or dimensions, or
errors by others (i.e., uneven bearing elevations, walls
not parallel, etc.), shall be corrected by the Contractor
BEFORE the erection/installation of Trusses begins.
Non-Load bearing walls can transfer loads if
large Construction Loads are applied above them.
This can cause deflection problems in the floors below.
Under industry guidelines, Trusses that have
been field altered at the jobsite or overloaded during
the construction phase will render your Truss Manufacturer’s limited warranty null and void. Check your
Truss Manufacturer’s limited warranty for specific
information.
15
16
SETTING TRUSSES & INSTALLATION
RESTRAINT/BRACING
CFSBCSI-B2
is also responsible for the proper and safe lifting of the
Trusses. See CFSBCSI-B1 for additional commentary on
handling and installing Trusses. Every project has different site conditions that can have a specific effect on the
erection process. Before the first Truss is erected, every
individual on the erection crew, including the crane operator, needs to understand the installation plan and the
intended Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing requirements for a safe, efficient and accident-free jobsite.
WARNING The installation of Trusses is inherently
dangerous and requires, above all, careful planning
and communication between the Contractor, crane
operator and installation crew. Depending on the experience of the Contractor, it is strongly recommended that a meeting be held with all onsite individuals
involved in the lifting/hoisting, installing and restraint/
Bracing operations to review the provisions of:
• The Truss Submittal Package which includes:
–The Truss Design Drawings (TDD).
–The Truss Placement Diagram(s) (TPD) (if required
by the Contract).
Summary Sheets (if provided).
• The erection and installation plan (if provided).
• OSHA jobsite lifting and fall protection requirements
(see CFSBCSI-B11).
DO NOT fail to install Diagonal Bracing.
DANGER Disregarding handling, installing, restraining and Bracing safety recommendations is the
major cause of Truss erection/installation accidents.
Ignoring an unsafe condition or action will greatly
increase the probability of an accident resulting in
property damage, serious personal injury and/or
death.
photo CFSb2-1
Always Diagonally Brace for Safety!

Proper Truss erection, installation, restraint and Bracing
require a basic understanding of Triangulation within and
between the various planes of the Truss (i.e., Top Chord,
Bottom Chord and Web Member). It is critical to note
that Lateral Restraint by itself is not adequate to resist the
buckling forces in the members to which it is attached
without the rigidity provided by Bracing. Bracing is typically provided by adding Diagonal Bracing within the
same plane of the Lateral Restraint or by anchoring the
Lateral Restraint to a lateral force resisting member such
as a shear wall.
photo CFSb2-2
 All Lateral Restraints must be braced.
CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE STARTING
The Contractor shall be familiar with general Bracing
concepts as discussed in the documents referenced
above. It is not intended that these recommendations
be interpreted as superior to the Building Designer’s
design specification for handling, installing, restraining
and Bracing Trusses. It also does not preclude the use
of other equivalent methods for restraining/Bracing and
providing stability for the walls, columns, floors, roof
and all the interrelated Structural Building Components
as may be determined by the Contractor. The Contractor
Prior to starting the erection/installation process, the Contractor is responsible for confirming all of the following:
q A complete set of Building Designer-approved Construction Documents is available on the jobsite.
qT
he Building is the correct size. All as-built dimensions
are the same as those depicted in the Construction
Documents. If not, corrective actions shall be taken
prior to Truss installation.
17
CFSBCSI-B2: Setting Trusses & Installation Restraint/Bracing
q All the Load bearing supports (e.g., walls, columns,
headers, beams, etc.) are plumb and properly braced.
Stopping in the middle of the Truss installation to
straighten and brace these supports is dangerous.
DANGER Having an inadequately braced support
system buckle during the erection process will cause
property damage, personal injury and/or death.
the crane releasing the Girder Truss. Properly attaching
the Girder Trusses and jack Trusses at their bearing points
and permanently restraining and Diagonally Bracing this
assembly will provide a rigid framework to which subsequent Trusses can be restrained and braced.
ANGER Truss spacers are for spacing only! Never use
D
commercially avaiable non-structural metal fold-out
single unit spacer products for Truss Lateral Restraint.
Truss spacers are not intended as structural members
and are insufficient as Lateral Restraint and Bracing of
any kind. Approved Proprietary Metal Restraint/Bracing
Products are acceptable.
q All bearing supports are accurately and securely
installed at the locations shown on the Construction
Documents. If not, corrective actions shall be taken
prior to Truss installation.
q The
tops of all bearing supports are at the correct
elevation. Uneven bearing surfaces are a major cause
of Truss unevenness, and can cause costly delays and
repairs. Check and correct bearing elevation deficiencies prior to starting the Truss erection process.
q The bearing supports are straight along their length
and parallel where they should be parallel? If not, corrective action shall be taken prior to Truss installation.
photo CFSb2-3
A proprietary metal restraint
product.
q The delivered Trusses are the right size. Check Trusses
for dimensions and damage as soon as they arrive on
site to avoid possible installation delays.
figure CFSb2-1
A non-structural metal foldout spacer.
GENERAL SAFETY REMINDERS
q All required hangers, angle clips, tie-downs and
restraint/Bracing materials are on-site and located
where they will be readily accessible when needed.
Obtain all materials or parts prior to starting the Truss
erection process. Do not attempt to “make do” without all required materials. Jobsite safety has no room
for shortcuts.

Brief all members of the erection/installation crew
on the installation plan and the intended Lateral
Restraint and Diagonal Bracing requirements.

If possible, fasten together all multi-ply Trusses,
including Girder Trusses, per the TDD prior to lifting
them into position on the Building.
q The jobsite is clean and neat. Scraps and trash from
the construction process have been removed or are
in designated areas away from the work area. Truss
erection typically involves bringing the Trusses in overhead with the assistance of a crane. Worker attention
is often directed upward even while moving around. A
clean jobsite will help to prevent trips and falls.

Check all Trusses for damage (see CFSBC-
SI-B5), including red rust, prior to, during and
after the erection/installation process.
Do nOt install damaged Trusses unless
specifically instructed on how to do so by the
Building Designer, Truss Designer or Truss
Manufacturer.
q The appropriate Ground Bracing techniques for the
first Truss have been determined. Steeply sloping
site terrain or upper-level Truss installations usually
warrant using an Interior Ground Brace scheme, as
Exterior Ground Brace Diagonals get exceedingly
long and require substantial Bracing themselves.
Brace all rows of Lateral Restraint with
Diagonal Bracing (see Bracing diagrams, when provided, for proper location, spacing and attachment
requirements for the Bracing). Lateral Restraint alone
is not adequate without the added rigidity of Triangulation provided by the Diagonal Bracing.
q The Building configuration is such that the first set
of Trusses can be stabilized by tying them off to the
(existing or new) Building structure itself. Particular
attention shall be paid to the adequacy of the wall
Bracing if this technique is chosen.
WARNING Property damage, bodily injury and/
or death are possible when Trusses are improperly
handled, installed, restrained and/or braced. Installation of Trusses can be dangerous, particularly Long
Span Trusses (i.e., Trusses with clear spans 60 feet or
greater).
q Is
the roof a hip style? For hip style roofs, use the crane
to lift and hold the Girder Truss while the end jacks are
installed to brace the Girder Truss. This eliminates the
need for Ground Bracing the first Truss assuming all
hardware and hangers are properly installed prior to
18
SUMMARY OF THE EIGHT STEPS IN THE TRUSS INSTALLATION PROCESS
If ground level is too far from the
Truss for Exterior Ground Bracing,
use Interior Ground Bracing.
Interior
STEP 1. Establish interior or exterior Ground Bracing
procedure.
Exterior
figure CFSb2-2
Exterior Ground Bracing to first Truss installed
Ground Brace
diagonal
Lateral
Restraint
First Truss (or Gable
End Frame) of braced
group of Trusses
Ground Brace
diagonal
Ground Brace
vertical
Truss
Ground Brace
vertical
Side view
Elevation view
Use min. 350S162-33 for ground brace diagonal
and vertical members. Connect ground brace
diagonal to vertical with min. 3-#10 SDS. Connect
Lateral Restraint to Truss and to ground brace
vertical with min. 2-#10 SDS. Provide minimum
spacing of three screw diameters between screws
and minimum edge and end distance of 1-1/2
screw diameters per AISI specifications.
Driven ground
stake
Ground
Lateral
Restraint
Strut
Backup ground
stake
Horizontal
tie member
with multiple stakes
End Diagonal
Brace
Attach Ground
Brace vertical to
structural wall
sheathing, wall
plates or studs with
2-#10 SDS at each
junction, typ.
figure CFSb2-3
Interior Ground Bracing to first Truss installed
Ground Brace
diagonal
Lateral
Restraint
Truss
Side view
Ground Brace
vertical
Elevation view
Use min. 350S162-33 for ground brace diagonal
and vertical members. Connect ground brace
diagonal to vertical with min. 3-#10 SDS. Connect
Lateral Restraint to Truss and to ground brace
vertical with min. 2-#10 SDS. Provide minimum
spacing of three screw diameters between screws
and minimum edge and end distance of 1-1/2
screw diameters per AISI specifications.
Horizontal tie member attached to floor.
Second floor system shall have adequate
capacity to support Ground Braces.
figure CFSb2-4
19
STEP 2. Determine the on center spacing of Top Chord
Installation Lateral Restraint (TCILR) (see Table CFSB2-1,
or Installation Bracing layout when provided).
Restraint (if indicated on the TDD) together with Diagonal
Bracing or some other form of Permanent Building Stability
Bracing (PBSB) serves this purpose.
STEP 3. Set the first Truss (or Gable End Frame) and
fasten it securely to Ground Bracing verticals using minimum 2-#10 Self-Drilling Tapping Screws (SDS) at each
junction and to the wall or as directed by the Building
Designer. Install Truss straight, plane and plumb as
each subsequent Truss will have a tendency to follow the
shape of this first Truss.
STEP 7. Install the Bottom Chord Installation Lateral
Restraint (BCILR) and Diagonal Bracing to stabilize the
Bottom Chord Plane(s).
o not remove Ground Bracing until all the Top
D
Chord, Web and Bottom Chord Lateral Restraint and
Diagonal Bracing is installed for at least the first five
Trusses.
WARNING The use of Ground Brace verticals alone,
attached to the end wall, is not considered good
construction practice and is not permitted.
S tart Structural Sheathing immediately after
securing the Bracing in the Web and Bottom Chord
Planes.
STEP 4. Set the second, third, fourth and fifth Trusses
with TCILR installed in line with Ground Bracing. Attach
securely at all bearings, shimming bearings as necessary. Allow a Floating Connection for the attachment to
all non-bearing interior walls. Do not shim.
STEP 8. Continue the erection/installation process by
installing groups of no more than four Trusses with the
TCILR per Step 4, and then repeat Steps 5, 6 and 7. Install
diagonal bracing to the Top Chord (Figure CFSB2-34) per
Table CFSB2-1. Install diagonal bracing to the Web Plane
(Figure CFSB2-32) and Bottom Chord (Figures CFSB1-28
and CFSB2-33) at no more than 20 feet intervals along the
run of Trusses as the Trusses are being set. Refer to manufacturer's specifications for Diagonal Bracing requirements
when using Proprietory Metal Restraint/Bracing Products.
DANGER Never release the Truss being set
from the lifting slings/crane until the Truss is
in its intended position, all TCILRs are installed, and bearing attachments are made.
WARNING Exercise caution to ensure the Trusses
are accurately located at their proper on center
spacing while the Lateral Restraint is being applied.
DETAILS OF THE EIGHT-STEP
TRUSS INSTALLATION PROCESS
DANGER Releasing a Truss early or releasing a Truss
to adjust spacing is an extremely dangerous practice. Doing so leaves the Truss in an unstable condition and places the installation crew in danger. This
is an unsafe act that can cause the Truss to topple
and cause serious personal injury or death.
STEP 1: ESTABLISH GROUND BRACING
PROCEDURE
Ground Bracing can be installed on either the exterior or
interior of the Building, attached to the top of an adjacent wall or to the structure itself. Site conditions dictate
the most efficient procedure. The procedure selected is
not as important as correctly locating the Ground Braces.
Ground Brace locations are determined by the requirements for TCILR. Locations for TCILR are determined
by the overall Truss length (see Table CFSB2-1) and the
length of the Top Chord between pitch breaks (i.e., the
change of slope). TCILR is required at every pitch break
(see Figure CFSB2-10). The portion of the Top Chord
between pitch breaks shall be restrained at intervals not
exceeding the spacing given in Table CFSB2-1.
STEP 5. Install Top Chord Plane Diagonal Bracing (see
Figure CFSB2-29 and Table CFSB2-1 or Installation Bracing
layout, if provided). Alternately, Structural Sheathing correctly applied at this stage will act as Diagonal Bracing for
the Top Chords and adequately brace the first five Trusses.
Structural Sheathing
installed in place of
Top Chord
Diagonal
Bracing
TCILR interval
(see Table CFSB2-1)
TCILR can be attached to
the underside of the Top Chord
(as shown here) or to the top of
the Top Chord.
FIGURE CFSB2-5
Truss Span
STEP 6. Install Web Member Plane Diagonal Bracing
to stabilize the first five Trusses (See Figure CFSB2-32 or
the Installation Bracing layout ). Web member Lateral
Bearing wall
20
figure CFSb2-6
Ground Brace vertical
Bearing wall
Example 2: Locating TCILR and Ground Bracing for
hip and special configuration Trusses.
STEP 2: DETERMINE On center SPACING OF
TOP CHORD INSTALLATION LATERAL RESTRAINT
(TCILR)
Locate TCILR at each pitch break along the Top Chord.
Additional rows of TCILR are required according to
the maximum o.c. spacing in Table CFSB2-1.
The TCILR and Diagonal Bracing approach provided in
this document applies to all sloping chord Trusses, Scissors
Trusses, Parallel Chord Trusses and Piggyback Trusses.
Trusses with depths less than 1/15 of the span at any locations away from bearings require more complex Installation Bracing. Consult a Registered Design Professional.
TCILR, typ.
Ground Brace Vertical, typ.
Maximum Top Chord Installation Lateral Restraint (TCILR)
and Diagonal Bracing Spacing1
Truss
Span
Lateral Restraint2
Truss
Spacing
TCILR Spacing
Truss Span
Diagonal Bracing2
Min. Size/Grade
Min. Size/Grade
Hip Truss with TCILR and Ground Brace verticals.
Max. Spacing3
150F125-33 or
≤4'
20'
Up to 30'
10' o.c. max.
250S162-33
150F125-33 or
20'
≤4'
8' o.c. max.
30' - 45'
250S162-33
150F125-33 or
20'
6' o.c. max.
2'
250S162-33
150F125-33 or
45' -60'
250S162-33 or
20'
4'
250S162-33
Double4150F125-33
6' o.c. max.
12'
150F125-33
150F125-33
20'
4' o.c. max.
2'
250S162-33 or
250S162-33 or
60' - 80'5
20'
4'
Double4150F125-33
4' o.c. max.
150F125-33
12'
1
Table assumes top chords are minimum 33 mil with a yield stress of 50 ksi.
2
Assumes stud sections “S” are unpunched.
3
Maximum spacing between sets of diagonal bracing assumes ground bracing is properly installed
and in place.
4
Double assumes nested 2-piece 150F125-33 attached together with #10 SDS at 12" o.c.
5
Consult a registered design professional for trusses longer than 60'.
figure cFSb2-8
Truss Span
Parallel Chord roof Truss with TCILR and Ground Brace verticals.
figure CFSb2-9
* = Pitch break
Table CFSb2-1
6'-8
"
12
6'-8
"
"
"
6'-8
6'-8
"
≈6'
≈6'
≈6'
≈6'
Over 8' (add a row
of TCILR
5'-6"
*
5'-6"
33'-0"
8'-10"
3'-4"
*
4'-4"
figure CFSb2-10
6'-8
"
6'-8
≈6'
5'-6"
*
*
*
Example 1: Locating TCILR for a 36 feet span 6/12
Truss spaced @ 4 feet on center
6
Under 8'
Continuous TCILR is required over bearing if the heel
height is 10 inches or greater.
≈6'
36'-0"
Minimum size of steel used as TCILR is 33 mil 1-½ inches furring
(hat) channel (150F125-33) or 33 mil 2-½ inches stud section
(250S162-33). Use minimum 2-#10 SDS at each Truss-to-Lateral
Restraint joint connection.
figure CFSb2-7
A Truss with a span of 36 feet will require TCILR at not
more than 8 feet o.c. per Table CFSB2-1. The length of
the Top Chord from the peak to Truss heel (as measured
along the slope) is roughly 20 feet. Adding one row of
TCILR at the midpoint of the 20 feet segment leaves two
10 feet segments, which exceeds the 8 feet o.c. maximum in Table CFSB2-1. Therefore, the chord segment
needs to be divided into three segments. TCILR will be ≈
6 feet 8 inches o.c. along the slope.
≥ 10"
Truss attachment required
at supports
Minimum size of steel used as BCILR is 33 mil 1-½ inches furring
(hat) channel (150F125-33) or 33 mil 2-½ inches stud section
(250S162-33). Use minimum 2-#10 SDS at each Truss-to-Lateral
Restraint joint connection.
figure CFSb2-11
21
Minimum size of a steel section used as Installation

Nested Installation Lateral Restraint
Nested or stacked Installation Lateral Restraint using furring (hat)
channel. Attach restraints using min. 2-#10 SDS at each Truss.
Stack hat
restraints
Restraint
on top of
each other.
Restraint using furring (hat) channel
or stud section. Attach restraints using
min. 2-#10 SDS at each Truss.
Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing is 33 mil 1-½
inches furring (hat) channel (150F125-33)* or 33
mil 2-½ inches stud section (250S162-33)* unless
other size is specified by the Building Designer. Stud
section material used for restraint and bracing is
assumed to be unpunched.
* Furring (hat) channel and stud section are based on industry standards
adopted by the Steel Stud Manufacturers Association (SSMA). SSMA products
have a four-part code which identifies the size (both depth and flange width),
style and material thickness of each member. These designations include the
following:
lap
min. 6"
Extend end of
restraint and
bracing at least
1-1/2" beyond
truss member.
Installation Lateral Restraint/Diagonal Bracing can be installed on either the top or bottom edge
of the chord and can be nested or overlapped (see
Figure CFSB2-13).
FIGURE cFSb2-13
Minimum Attachment Requirements for Installation
Minimum
Screw Size
Min. Number of Screws
per Connection to Truss
#10 Self-Drilling
2
2
Provide minimum spacing of three screw diameters between screws
and minimum edge and end distance of 1-1/2 screw diameters per
TABLE CFSb2-2
1
PHOTO CFSb2-4
Screws shall

Truss member
draw metal
tight together
with screw
heads flush.
Screws shall
extend a
minimum of
three exposed figure CFSb2-12
threads through the last piece of steel in the
Connection.
PHOTO CFSb2-5
Provide minimum spacing of three screw diame
ters between screws and minimum edge and end
distance of 1-1/2 screw diameters.
22
1-1/2"
min.
Overlap
one Truss
space
1-1/2"
min.
Apply Diagonal Bracing or
Structural Sheathing immediately. For
spans over 60 feet, applying
immediately is the
preferred method.
Maximum o.c. spacing of TCILR per
Table CFSB2-1. Ground Bracing
≤45° typ.
10' o
8' o
Trus
s Sp
ans
ax.
up t
o 30
'
figure CFSb2-14
.c. m
.c. m
.c. m
.c. m
4' o
6' o
ax.
up t
up t
o 80
o 60
up t
o 45
ax.
ax.
'
'
Spans over 60 feet require more complex Installation
Restraint/Bracing. Consult a Registered Design Professional.
'
TCILR
STEP 3: SET FIRST TRUSS AND FASTEN
SECURELY TO GROUND BRACING
The TCILR options discussed in this section apply to
all Parallel Chord and Sloped Trusses including Mono,
radius and Scissors Trusses.
Construct and install the Ground Bracing for the first
Truss from the Building interior or exterior.
Set the first Truss into position and connect it to each
bearing and then to the Ground Brace verticals where
they interect the Top and Bottom Chords of the Truss.
Interior Ground
Bracing
Mono Truss
figure CFSb2-15
Parallel Chord Truss
figure CFSb2-19
figure CFSb2-16
Exterior Ground
Bracing
Radius Truss
figure CFSb2-17
figure CFSb2-20
CAUTION Attach the first Truss securely to all required Ground Braces prior to removing the hoisting
supports.
Scissors Truss
figure CFSb2-18
23
First five Trusses with Exterior Ground Bracing
Overall
Truss height
(ft)
See Short Member
Installation Lateral
Restraint detail
Option 1 on
page 25.
Interior
Ground Bracing
attached to end wall and
floor below.
Min. 350S162-33 unpunched
stud section (or end jacks in a
Hip Set application)
Attach members
to wall
figure CFSb2-22
Overall
Truss height
First five Trusses with Interior Ground Bracing
Braced Truss
(or Girder Truss
in Hip Set
application)
See Short Member
Restraint detail
Option 2 on
page 25.
(ft)
Properly brace wall with
adequate diagonals
and floor Anchorage
perpendicular to walls,
typ.
figure CFSb2-21
figure CFSb2-23
X = wall setback = overall Truss height rounded up to
next full Truss spacing or Girder Truss set back in hip end
framing. For example, if the overall Truss height is 5 feet-6
inches and the Trusses are to be spaced at 2 feet o.c., use
a wall setback, X, of 6 feet (three Truss spaces at 2 feet =
6 feet > 5 feet 6 inches).
First five Trusses with Interior Ground Bracing to top
of wall and floor below
See Short Member
Restraint detail
Option 3 on
page 25.
STEP 4: SET THE SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH
AND FIFTH TRUSSES WITH TCILR IN LINE
WITH GROUND BRACING
Set Trusses 2, 3, 4 and 5 using Short Member Instal
lation Lateral Restraint (see options on page 25) in
line with the Ground Braces.
figure CFSb2-24
24
STEP 5: INSTALL TOP CHORD DIAGONAL
BRACING
Install Diagonal Bracing to the Top Chord
Plane immediately after the initial five Trusses have
been set and restrained. Thereafter, install Diagonal
Bracing at intervals not to exceed those provided in
Table CFSB2-1. Refer to manufacturer's specifications for Diagonal Bracing requirements when Option 3: Proprietary Metal Restraint/Bracing Products
are used.
Triangles make Trusses strong. Triangles make Bracing
strong.
Diagonal Bracing
OPTION 1:
Overlapped Short Member
Restraint
≤45° typ.
figure CFSb2-26
≥1-1/2"
Some Truss Manufacturers attach supplemental warning
tags to Trusses reminding the installer of proper bracing
practices. An example of one such tag is shown below.
Restraint should extend at
least 1-1/2" past the Truss at
each end.
≥1-1/2"
WARNING!
OPTION 2:
TRUSSES ARE UNSTABLE UNTIL PROPERLY
RESTRAINED & DIAGONALLY BRACED
See CFSBCSI-B1 or CFSBCSI-B2 for Installation Restraint & Diagonal Bracing Information.
Consult Building Designer and/or CFSBCSI-B3 for Permanent Restraint & Diagonal Bracing
Information. For Trusses 60' or Greater in Length, Consult a Professional Engineer.
Nested Short Member
Restraint
¡ADVERTENCIA!
LOS TRUSSES SON INESTABLES HASTA
QUE SEAN RETRINGIDOS Y ARRIOSTRADOS
DIAGONALMENTE APROPIADAMENTE
Vea CFSBCSI-B1 o CFSBCSI-B2 para Información Sobre la Restricción de Instalación y Arriostre Diagonal.
Consulte al Diseñador del Edificio y/o CFSBCSI-B3 para Información Sobre la Restricción Permanente y el
Arriostre Diagonal. Para Trusses de Más de 60 Pies de Largo, Consulte a un Ingeniero Profesional.
Overlap min. 6"
www.sbcindustry.com
#
WTCA – Representing the Structural Building Components Industry
Copyright © 2007
All Rights Reserved
www.cfsc.sbcindustry.com
figure CFSb2-27
OPTION 3:
Proprietary Metal Restraint/Bracing Products*
Short Member Installation Lateral Restraint.
See options 1-3 on this page.
Truss Top Chord
Diagonal
Bracing
Truss o.c. spacing
*These products are
specifically designed to
provide Lateral Restraint
and are not just for spacing.
Refer to manufacturer’s
specifications.
See DANGER on page 18.
Diagonal Bracing not
shown for clarity.
figure CFSb2-25
figure CFSb2-28
25
Diagonal Bracing installed for the purpose of increasing the stability of the Truss System during installation
shall be installed on web members (verticals whenever
possible), located at or near each row of Bottom Chord
Lateral Restraint.
Diagonal Bracing on first five Trusses with Interior
Ground Bracing
Short Member
Restraint. See
options 1-3 on
page 25.
Bottom Chord
Installation
Lateral
Restraint
Web member
Diagonal Bracing
Apply Diagonal Bracing to Webs that are near
each row of Bottom Chord Lateral Restraint.
See Figure CFSB2-32 for spacing of Bottom Chord Lateral Restraint.
figure CFSb2-29
figure CFSb2-31
Diagonal Bracing on first five Trusses with Ground
Bracing to top of Building wall and back to floor
below
Install Web Diagonal Braces so they cross the web

members at approximately 45°, and fasten with a
minimum of 2-#10 SDS at each end and to each
intersecting Truss Web. Provide minimum spacing of
three screw diameters between screws and minimum
edge and end distances of 1-1/2 screw diameters per
Short Member
Restraint. See
options 1-3 on
page 25.
The requirements for web member Permanent Individual
Truss Member Restraint (PITMR) are specified on the TDD
(see also CFSBCSI-B3).Web PITMR and Diagonal Braces used for installation stability purposes and installed at
the locations specified for PBSB can become part of the
PBSB system.
figure CFSb2-30
WARNING Diagonal Bracing is critical in preventing Trusses from leaning or dominoing. Repeat as
shown to create a succession of rigid units.
STEP 6: INSTALL DIAGONAL BRACING IN WEB
MEMBER PLANE
Diagonal Bracing or some other type of Permanent
Building Stability Bracing (PBSB) installed perpendicular
to the plane of the Trusses and
attached to similar web memWeb members
bers of adjacent Trusses greatly
increases the stability of the
Truss System both during and
after installation.
The web Diagonal Braces,
acting together with the Top
and Bottom Chord Installation Lateral Restraint, form
Triangulation perpendicular to
the plane of the Trusses. This
triangulation creates additional
lateral stability for the Trusses.
≤4' o.c.
Diagonal
Bracing
≤45˚ typ.
Bottom
Chords
Diagonal Braces
every 20 feet maximum
≤15 feet. Same spacing as Bottom Chord
Lateral Restraint (see IMPORTANT NOTE
on next page).
FIGURE CFSB2-32
26
STEP 8: CONTINUE THE TRUSS INSTALLATION
PROCESS REPEATING STEPS 4 THROUGH 7
Mono Trusses, deep flat Trusses and other types of
Trusses with deep ends also require Installation Lateral
Restraint and Diagonal Bracing on the long web members at the deep end of the Truss.
Install Trusses using Short Member Installation Lateral

Restraint. See options 1-3 on page 25.
Consult the Building Designer during the pre-erection
meeting if the Lateral Restraint, Diagonal Bracing and
PBSB requirements are not perfectly clear.
Add Diagonal Bracing as indicated in Figures

CFSB2-32, CFSB2-33, CFSB1-28 and CFSB2-34,
unless otherwise specified by the Building Designer.
STEP 7: INSTALL LATERAL RESTRAINT &
DIAGONAL BRACING FOR THE BOTTOM
CHORD PLANE
Installation Diagonal Bracing is required at each end of building
and along the building at the maximum spacing indicated in
Table CFSB2-1.
Bottom Chord Installation Lateral Restraint (BCILR)
and Diagonal Bracing are used to stabilize the Bottom
Chords during Truss installation and to maintain proper spacing between Trusses. If properly sized, they also
can be used as PBSB. Therefore, most Bottom Chord
Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing is placed on the
top edge of the Bottom Chords and attached to each
intersecting truss per the minimum requirements of Table
CFSB3-2 and at the locations specified for the PBSB, and
becomes part of the PBSB system.
TCILR spacing (see Table CFSB2-1)
Ground Bracing not shown
for clarity.
≤45˚ typ.
≤4' o.c.
Diagonal Brace
spacing (see
Table CFSB2-1)
IMPORTANT NOTE: Bottom Chord Installation Lateral Restraint should be spaced no more than 15 feet on
center. Bottom Chord Permanent Lateral Restraint may
also be required to stabilize the Bottom Chords due
to loads applied during the service life of the Building.
Refer to the Truss Design Drawings and the Construction
Documents for the required spacing of Bottom Chord
Permanent Lateral Restraint.
Refer to CFSBCSI-B3
for Gable End Frame Bracing.
TCILR (see Figure CFSB2-25)
figure CFSb2-34
WARNING Ensure all Trusses are properly Diagonally Braced.
The Building Designer specifies how the Bottom Chord
Lateral Restraint is to be braced to prevent lateral movement and become part of the PBSB system. This can be
accomplished by Diagonal Bracing in the Bottom Chord
Plane repeated at the intervals provided in Table CFSB3-2
or other means as determined by the Building Designer.
(see Figure CFSB2-13)
TCILR is required over bearing walls if the Truss height is 10" or greater (see Figure CFSB2-11)
photo CFSb2-6
Improper Bracing – TCILR without
Diagonal Bracing
(see Figure CFSB2-13)
≤45˚ typ.
≤15 ft.
≤15 ft.
≤15 ft.
Plan view of Bottom Chord Installation Lateral Restraint (BCILR)
and Diagonal Bracing. Top Chord and Web Lateral Restraint and
Diagonal Bracing not shown for clarity.
figure CFSb2-33
27
photo CFSb2-7
Proper Bracing – TCILR with
Diagonal Bracing
Apply Structural Sheathing early and often. Do not wait

CAUTION Additional restraint and bracing may be
required to safely lift units into place.
until all Trusses are set to apply Structural Sheathing.
CAUTION Remove only as much Installation Lateral
Restraint and Diagonal Bracing as is necessary to
attach the next sheet of Structural Sheathing.
Be sure to get proper guidance from a Registered

CAUTION Do not exceed the Truss Design Load
with Construction Loads (see CFSBCSI-B4).
Plan before starting the rafting process, as skill,

Design Professional to ensure modules are designed
and installed safely and properly.
coordination and experience are required.

Refer to CFSBCSI-B1 for crane use and Truss han-
CAUTION Trusses installed for ornamental purposes or other special applications that are not
intended to carry roof Loads, floor Loads, or exterior
environmental Loads such as snow or wind, still
require Bracing to prevent lateral buckling due to
self weight, incidental material Loads (e.g., from
lattice work or other finished framing) and installation forces. Even very small Loads may cause lateral
buckling in members that do not have adequate
Bracing. The Contractor is advised to adhere to the
Lateral Restraint requirements specified on the TDD,
and install Diagonal Bracing or Structural Sheathing
to brace these areas.
dling considerations.
ALTERNATE INSTALLATION METHOD –
RAFTING
photo CFSb2-9
Restrain and Brace as soon as the first set of Trusses have
been properly plumbed.
Rafting is the term used in the Cold-Formed Steel construction industry to describe the procedure of building
the entire roof system, or portions thereof, on the ground
and lifting it into place.
Ensure level bearing and follow the procedures described
in Steps 1-8 on pages 20-28, except set, position, plumb
and properly restrain and brace the Trusses as modules
on the ground. Depending upon the job specifics, it may
be possible to construct the entire roof on the ground
and lift it into place as a single unit.
Install all Top Chord, web member, and Bottom Chord
Lateral Restraint and Bracing prior to lifting.
photo CFSb2-10
Pick up the finished assembly and set it into place.
If properly
braced, rafting
can take place
before the
Structural Sheathing is applied.
photo CFSb2-8
Ground Bracing for Truss assembly being built on the ground.
28
photo CFSb2-11
HIP SET ASSEMBLY & BRACING
A Hip Set is a series of Trusses that
decrease in height to form the end
slope of a hip roof. Hip Sets are
laid out in a variety of ways but,
for the most part, they have a hip
Girder Truss that is set back from
the end wall and perpendicular
end jacks that span the setback
distance. Permanently connecting
the end jacks to the end wall and
Girder Truss as early in the installation process as possible dramatically increases the stability of the
hip Girder Truss and the safety of
the structure.
Common Trusses
Hip Trusses
Hip Girder
Side jacks
End wall
End jacks
k
ac
etb all
s
r
w
rde nd
Gi m e
fro
figure cFSb2-35
Step 1: INSTALL THE GIRDER AND INITIAL
JACK TRUSS
Position the hip Girder Truss on the bearing walls at
the specified end wall setback. If the hip Girder Truss
consists of multiple plies, fasten the plies together and
install the end jack hangers (if required) on the ground
before lifting the Girder Truss into place. Permanently
attach the Girder Truss to bearing supports.
Install jacks while crane
continues to hold Girder
Truss in place.
WARNING All plies of a multi-ply Girder Truss shall
be attached per the fastening schedule on the TDD
before attaching any framing members or applying
any Loads.
Step 2: INSTALL REMAINING JACK TRUSSES
Install all remaining end and side jacks with all permanent Truss-to-bearing Connections (e.g., hangers, clips
and tie-downs).
Attach hip Girder
Truss to supports
Corner jack
Install cornerInstall
jacks Outer
and end
End Jacks
jacks at 10'
o.c.
max.
and
one
every 10' o.c.
Per the TDD, attach
jack Trusses at or
near the Top Chord
and at or near the
Bottom Chord of the
Girder Truss. The
Connection at the
top is important as
it helps to stabilize
the Top Chord of the
Girder Truss.
figure CFSb2-37
figure CFSb2-36
29
ALTERNATE STEP 1 & 2: ASSEMBLE ON THE
GROUND
Step 4: INSTALL REMAINING HIP SET
TRUSSES
Assemble the Girder Truss and jacks on the ground and
lift the entire assembly into place. Be sure to get guidance from a Registered Design Professional to ensure
modules are designed and installed safely and properly
(see page 28 for information on Rafting).
For the flat portion of each Hip Truss, use Short Member
Installation Lateral Restraints that are at least double the
length of the first set of Short Member Installation Lateral
Restraints. For the sloped sides of the Trusses, install
Short Member Installation Lateral Restraints according to
the options in Figure CFSB2-25.
Hip Set Trusses
See Short Member
Restraint detail options on page 25.
figure CFSb2-40
figure CFSb2-38
Step 5: INSTALL REMAINING TRUSSES
Install pitched Trusses using the guidelines of this
document.
Step 3: INSTALL FIRST HIP TRUSS
Install the first Hip Truss with Short Member Installation
Lateral Restraints. Attach each Short Member Installation
Lateral Restraint to the Top Chord of the hip Girder
Truss and adjacent Hip Truss with a minimum of 2-#10
SDS at each end. The Short Member Installation Lateral
Restraints should be long enough to extend at least
1-1/2 inches past the Top Chord of each Truss. Place
Short Member Installation Lateral Restraint at pitch
breaks and along the Top Chords and space rows according to the guidelines provided in Table CFSB2-1.
First Hip Truss
≤45˚ typ.
Short Member
Installation
Lateral
Restraint, typ.
figure CFSb2-41
If there is a hip at one end of the Building and a gable
at the other, start the Truss installation at the hip end as
shown in Figure CFSB2-42.
figure CFSb2-39
30
Document all Truss damage including red rust. Prior

Lateral
Restraint and
Diagonal Bracing not shown
for clarity.
to installation, repair all Trusses according to the repair details prepared by the Truss Designer or a Registered Design Professional.
Ensure the walls and supporting structure are stable

and adequately restrained and braced.
Begin truss
installation at the end
of the building with
the hip assemby.
Have

all necessary lifting equipment and Building
materials on hand. Make sure the crane operator understands the special hoisting requirements of Long
Span Trusses (see CFSBCSI-B1 Figures CFSB1-14A
and 14B).
figure CFSb2-42
DO NOT stack materials or stand on end jacks.
Doing so causes instability in the hip Girder Truss.
Tips for Safe and Efficient Installations
Build the First Five Trusses into a Stable Base
Unit: Assemble the first five Trusses with all Structural
Sheathing, restraint and Bracing. Some installers lift the
first five Trusses one at a time and restrain, brace and
sheath as they go. Other installers build the base unit on
the ground and lift it into place (see Figure CFSB2-44).
Either way, fully stabilizing the first five trusses before
continuing installation makes the rest of the process much
easier, accurate and safe.
figure CFSb2-43
LONG SPAN TRUSS INSTALLATION
DANGER Long Span Trusses, i.e., Trusses with clear
spans 60 feet or greater, pose significant risk to installers. The dimensions and weight of a Long Span
Truss can create instability, buckling and collapse of
the Truss if it is not handled, installed, restrained and
Braced properly. Long Span Trusses can be installed
safely and efficiently, but they require more detailed
safety and handling measures than shorter span
Trusses.
Before INSTALLING LONG SPAN TRUSSES
Hire

a Registered Design Professional to provide an
Installation Restraint/Bracing plan and to supervise
the erection process.
Read and understand this guide.

Develop

a safe, effective Truss installation method
and inform all crew members of their roles.
W
ARNING Use installers who have experience
installing Trusses greater than 60 feet in span.
figure CFSb2-44
Inspect the Trusses.

31
Add a Temporary Center Support: It is highly recommended that temporary supports be set up at interior
locations during the erection/installation process. This
will provide stability and increase safety at the jobsite.
Temporary interior supports should be left in place until
all PBSB is installed.
Spreader Bar
or Stiffback
Tagline
Attach to
Truss at
10' o.c.
max.
Spreader Bar 2/3 to
3/4 Truss length
For Trusses up to and over 60'
FIGURE CFSB2-47
Sheath the Top Chord as Trusses are Installed:
Save time by applying Structural Sheathing immediately.
Installation is also safer when the crew can work from a
sheathed deck.
figure CFSb2-45
Sloped Trusses greater than 60 feet require a Spreader Bar
(Stiffback) attached directly to the Truss. See Figure CFSB2-46.
photo cFSb2-12
photo CFSb2-13
Install All Permanent Building Stability Bracing Immediately: Once the installation crew becomes familiar
with the procedure, the Permanent Lateral Restraint and
Diagonal Bracing for Webs and Bottom Chords can
be installed in the time it takes to release the hoist and
install the next Truss.
Keep Trusses Straight During Hoisting: Long Span
Trusses are very prone to bending out-of-plane while
being lifted into place. It is very important to provide
support so the Trusses flex as little as possible. A good
hoisting device and Spreader Bar can provide support
and be a real time saver.
Locate
above
mid-height
Spreader Bar
or Stiffback
Attach to
Truss at
10' o.c.
max.
Spreader Bar 2/3 to
3/4 Truss length
Tagline
For Trusses up to and over 60'
FIGURE CFSB2-46
32
FIELD ASSEMBLY & OTHER SPECIAL
CONDITIONS
Certain sizes or shapes of Trusses require some assembly at the jobsite. For these Trusses, refer to the Truss Design Drawings (TDD) for specific instructions on assembly methods unless the Construction Documents indicate
otherwise. The Contractor is responsible for proper field
assembly.
Diagonal Bracing
(red)
Lateral Restraint
(green) at on center
spacing specified on
the TDD
photo CFSb2-14
Field-Spliced Trusses
Trusses that are too long or too tall for delivery to the
jobsite in one piece are designed to be delivered in two
or more parts and then spliced together on the jobsite. Splicing can be performed on the ground before
installation, or the Truss sections can be supported by
temporary shoring after being hoisted into place and the
splices installed from a safe working surface. Installation
Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing must be installed
per the recommendations provided in this document and
PBSB per the Construction Documents as the Trusses are
installed.
figure CFSb2-48
Piggyback Trusses
Profiles that are too tall to be delivered to the jobsite in
one piece may be designed and manufactured in two
or more layers and “piggybacked” at the jobsite. All
Installation Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing must
be in accordance with the Building Designer’s Installation Restraint/Bracing plan or the procedures outlined in
this guide. Install all PITMR shown on the TDD and PBSB
shown on the Construction Documents.
Install the cap frames ONLY after the supporting Truss
es have been installed with all required PBSB.
For guidelines on how to permanently laterally restrain
and diagonally brace Piggyback Truss systems, refer to
CFSBCSI-B3.
Designed field-splice
Refer to TDD
Supported (cap) frames
Lateral Restraint
(green)
Diagonal Bracing
(red)
A steeply pitched Scissors Truss requiring a specially designed
field splice at the top and bottom peak. See TDD for field splice
requirements.
figure cFSb2-50
≤45˚ typ.
Supporting Trusses
Diagonal Bracing can be installed between the rows of Lateral Restraint on the top of the Top Chord of the supporting Trusses (as
shown) or on the bottom of the Top Chord of the supporting Trusses.
figure CFSb2-49
33
Some Buildings are designed to have open ends (no end
walls) or large door openings in the end walls. Apply Diagonal Bracing to the Bottom Chords between the rows of
Bottom Chord Lateral Restraint and at approximately 45°
to the laterals (see Figure CFSB2-33). Apply this Diagonal
Bracing at both ends of an open end Building, and repeat
along the length of the Building at the same spacing as
determined for the Top Chord Diagonal Braces. Such
Buildings may also require additional Bottom Chord Permanent Building Stability Bracing to resist buckling of the
Bottom Chord due to compression forces caused by wind
uplift. Consult the Building Designer.
Supporting
Trusses
Valley Set
frames
figure CFSb2-51
Multi-Ply Trusses
The proper attachment of Truss plies in MultiPly Trusses is required along the entire length of the
Truss. The Truss Designer specifies the ply-to-ply Connections required for chords and Webs on the TDD. If
possible, connect Multi-Ply Trusses together in accordance with the TDD prior to erection/installation.
Girder Truss plies shall be completely and
securely connected prior to attaching the supported
Trusses to the Girder Truss.
Attach Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing to each

ply of a Multi-Ply Truss.
Structural Sheathing directly applied to Top Chords of supporting
Trusses beneath Valley Set frames.
VALLEY SET FRAME INSTALLATION
A Valley Set is a group of triangular frames designed to
sit on top of other Trusses to frame the shape of dormers
and to change the direction of the roof planes.
The Top Chord of the supporting Trusses beneath the
Valley Set frames shall be laterally restrained and Diagonally Braced by either Structural Sheathing or other
alternate methods as specified by the Building Designer.
If Structural Sheathing is not installed, the Top Chords of
the supporting Trusses shall be braced by the Valley Set
frames or with rows of Lateral Restraint, spaced no more
than the maximum on center spacing specified on the
TDD, and Diagonal Bracing. The on center spacing of
the Valley Set frames, as measured along the slope of the
Top Chord of the supporting Trusses must be less than
or equal to the maximum Purlin spacing specified on the
TDD for the Top Chord of the supporting Trusses unless
additional restraint and Bracing is provided. Add Diagonal Bracing to the Top Chord Plane of the supporting
Trusses if the Valley Set frames are greater than or equal
to 20 feet in length.
No Structural Sheathing attached to the Top Chords of the supporting Trusses beneath the Valley Set frames.
figure CFSb2-52
34
OTHER APPLICATIONS REQUIRING
SPECIAL RESTRAINT/BRACING
For Top Chord Bearing Parallel Chord Trusses, apply
Continuous Lateral Restraint at the first Bottom Chord
Panel Point to prevent torsional overturning under Load.
For Bottom Chord Bearing Parallel Chord Trusses that
are properly anchored to the supports, the Bottom Chord
Lateral Restraint is not required at the first Bottom Chord
Panel Point.
Top Chord Bearing
Parallel Chord
Truss
photo CFSb2-15
The method used to frame a valley will affect how the
Loads from the upper roof are distributed to the supporting Trusses and, therefore, how these Trusses are
designed. Valley Set frames spaced 24 inches on center
or less distribute the upper roof Load uniformly to the
lower roof. Valley Set frames spaced more than 24 inches on center distribute the upper roof Load to the lower
roof as a series of concentrated line Loads applied to
the lower roof at the location of each Valley Set frame.
Conventional Framing (Figure CFSB2-53) distributes the
upper roof Load to the lower roof as a concentrated line
Load acting along the valley created at the intersection
of the two roofs.
Continuous Lateral Restraint
required at first Bottom
Chord Panel Point
Optional lateral support at first Bottom
Chord Panel Point in lieu of Bottom
Chord Lateral Restraint
figure CFSb2-54
DISCLAIMER: The Truss Manufacturer and Truss Designer rely on the presumption that the Contractor and
crane operator are professionals and that they have the
capability to undertake the work they have agreed to
do on any given project. If the Contractor believes he/
she needs assistance in some aspect of the construction
project, he/she should seek assistance from a competent party. The methods and procedures outlined in
this document are intended to ensure that the overall
construction techniques employed will put the Trusses
into place SAFELY. These recommendations for handling,
installing, restraining and Bracing Trusses are based
upon the collective experience of leading personnel
involved with Truss design, manufacture and installation,
but must, due to the nature of responsibilities involved,
be presented only as a GUIDE for use by a qualified
Building Designer or Contractor. It is not intended that
installing, restraining and Bracing Cold-Formed Steel
Trusses. It does not preclude the use of other equivalent
methods for restraining/Bracing and providing stability
for the walls, columns, floors, roofs and all the interrelated Structural Building Components as determined
by the Contractor. Thus, SBCA, CFSC and those who
participated in the development of this guide expressly
disclaim any responsibility for damages arising from the
use, application, or reliance on the recommendations
and information contained herein.
For conventionally framed dormers, the Top Chords of the
supporting Trusses beneath the dormer must be restrained and
Braced with Structural Sheathing or with rows of Lateral Restraint
and Diagonal Bracing to prevent buckling under Load.
figure CFSb2-53
35
36
CFSBCSI-B3
PERMANENT RESTRAINT/BRACING
OF CHORDS & WEB MEMBERS
2211.3 Truss design. Cold-formed steel trusses shall
Proper installation of Trusses is extremely critical
to the lifetime performance of the Building. Depending on the experience of the Contractor, it is strongly
recommended that a meeting be held with the Building
Designer to ensure that all Permanent Building Stability Bracing (PBSB) is identified and will be properly
installed. The Contractor and Building Designer should
review the provisions of:
be designed in accordance with AISI S214, Sections
2211.3.1 through 2211.3.4 and accepted engineering
practice.
2211.3.1 Truss design drawings. The truss
design drawings shall conform to the requirements of Section B2.3 of AISI S214 and shall be
provided with the shipment of trusses delivered
to the job site. The truss design drawings shall
include the details of permanent individual truss
member restraint/bracing in accordancce with
Section B6(a) or B 6(c) of AISI S214 where these
methods are utilized to provide restraint/bracing.
•T
he Truss Submittal Package which includes:
– The Truss Design Drawings (TDD).
–T
he Truss Placement Diagram(s) (TPD) (if
required by the Contract).
Summary Sheets (if provided).
• The erection and installation plan (if provided).
• Any specific Truss member Permanent Bracing
plans provided for the roof or floor structural system, including special Permanent Bracing conditions such as unsheathed Top Chords, Long Span
Scissors Trusses, Piggyback Truss systems, and all
60 feet or greater clear span systems.
2211.3.2 Deferred submittals. AISI S214 Sec-
tion B4.2 shall be deleted.
2211.3.3 Trusses spanning 60 feet or
greater. The owner or the owner's authorized
agent shall contract with a registered design
professional for the design of the temporary
installation restraint/bracing and the permanent
individual truss member restraint/bracing for
trusses with clear spans 60 feet (18 288 mm) or
greater. Special inspection of trusses over 60 feet
(18 288 mm) in length shall be in accordance
with Section 1705.2.
WARNING Disregarding Permanent Individual
Truss Member Restraint and Permanent Building
Stability Bracing recommendations is a major cause of Truss field performance problems
and has been known to lead to collapsed roof
and floor systems. Failure to install the proper
restraint and Bracing will greatly increase the
probability of Truss performance problems or an
accident resulting in property damage, personal
injury or death.
2211.3.4 Truss quality assurance. Trusses not
part of a manufacturing process that provides
requirements for quality control done under the
supervision of a third-party quality control agency, shall be manufactured in compliance with
Sections 1704.2.5 and 1705.2, as applicable.
AISI S214-12, North American Standard for ColdFormed Steel Framing – Truss Design is referenced in
the 2015 IBC and 2015 International Residential Code
(IRC)(via AISI S100) and includes provisions pertaining
to design responsibilities, manufacturing, quality criteria,
installation and testing as they relate to cold-formed steel
trusses. Section B2.3 of AISI S214-12 indicates that the
Truss Design Drawings are to include, in part:
Trusses, as with other types of structural framing components such as joists, beams, studs, etc., require lateral
support in order to perform in their intended manner.
Trusses are designed to carry Loads applied within their
plane. Trusses are not designed to resist lateral (i.e.,
out-of-plane) Loads, and they rely on PBSB to transfer the
lateral Loads out of the Truss System into the supporting
structure. Certain individual Truss members also require
Lateral Restraint and Bracing to prevent buckling under
the applied design Loads. Permanent Bracing provides
sufficient support at right angles to the plane of the Truss
to hold every Truss member in the position assumed for it
in the design. Permanent Lateral Restraint and Bracing is
needed for the proper performance of individual Trusses
within the roof or floor system.
(11) Maximum axial compressive and tension forces in
all truss members based on nominal [specified]
loads,
(14) Locations of required permanent individual truss
member restraint in accordance with Section
B6(a) or B6(c), if required, and
(15) Design and details for individual truss member
reinforcement in accordance with Section B6(b), if
required.
Section 2211.3 of the 2015 International Building Code
(IBC) includes the following provision for the design of
Cold-Formed Steel Trusses:
37
CFSBCSI-B3: Permanent Restraint/Bracing of Chords & Web Members
Some of the more common materials used to permanently
brace the members of Trusses include wood structural panels, metal decking (panels), gypsum board sheathing, ColdFormed Steel sections, metal Purlins, Proprietary Metal Restraint/Bracing Products and straps.
Section B6 of AISI S214-12 includes the following provisions concerning the design of Permanent Individual
Truss Member Restraint/Bracing:
Where permanent individual truss member restraint/
bracing is required, it shall be accomplished by one of
the following methods:

The most common cold-formed steel sections used
as Permanent Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing
are 33 mil 1-½ inch furring (hat) channel (150F12533)*, 33 mil 2-½ inch stud section (250S162-33)*
and 33 mil 3-½ inch stud section (3505162-33)*unless specified by the Building Designer. Stud section
material used for restraint and bracing is assumed
to be unpunched.
(a) S
tandard Industry Details. Standard industry
permanent individual truss member restraint/bracing details supplied in accordance with B3.4.
(b) S
ubstitution with Reinforcement. Truss member reinforcement designed by the truss design
engineer or truss designer to eliminate the need
for permanent individual truss member restraint/
bracing. The permanent individual truss member
reinforcement design and details shall be noted/
shown on the truss design drawings or on supplemental truss member buckling reinforcement details provided by the truss design engineer or truss
designer.
*Furring (hat) channel and stud section are based on industry standards adopted
by the Steel Stud Manufacturers Association (SSMA). SSMA products have a
four-part code which identifies the size (both depth and flange width), style and
material thickness of each member. These designations include the following:
Minimum Attachment Requirements for Permanent
(c) Project-Specific Design. A project-specific permanent individual truss member restraint/bracing design
specified by any registered design professional, as
specified in the contracts or construction documents,
and supplied in accordance with B3.4.
Minimum
Screw Size
Min. Number of Screws
per Connection to Truss
#10 Self-Drilling
Refer to Tables CFSB3-2 and CFSB3-3
and Construction Documents by
Building Designer
2
Provide minimum spacing of three screw diameters between
screws and minimum edge and end distance of 1-1/2 screw
diameters per AISI specifications, typ.
table CFSb3-1
1
As defined in many engineering laws and Building
codes, the Building Designer is responsible for the
overall design and flow of Loads through the Building.
This includes the PBSB for the Trusses. The PBSB resists
forces acting perpendicular to the plane of the Trusses
due to gravity, seismic and Wind Loads, as well as collective forces caused by the restraint of members subject
to buckling. To aid in the design of the PBSB, the TDD
includes the information outlined in Section B2.3 of AISI
S214-12; items 11, 14 and 15, to assist the Registered
Design Professional (RDP) in generating the appropriate
engineering calculations.
Nested Permanent Lateral Restraint
Nested or stacked Permanent Lateral Restraint using furring (hat)
channel.*
Overlapped Permanent
Lateral Restraint
Stack hat
restraints
on top of
each other.
In accordance with most engineering laws and the
Building code, the Building Designer should review the
TDD submittals to verify that all the components and
their placement comply with his/her written engineering
requirements.
Overlapped Permanent Lateral Restraint using furring (hat) channel or
stud section.*
lap
min. 6"
Extend end of
restraint and
bracing at least
1-1/2" beyond
truss member
RESTRAINT/BRACING MATERIALS
& FASTENERS
*Refer to Tables CFSB3-2
and CFSB3-3 and Construction
Documents by Building Designer
for connection requirements.
The material and fasteners used to permanently restrain
and brace Trusses shall be of sufficient strength and stiffness to hold every Truss member in the position assumed
for it in the design.
FIGURE cFSb3-1
38
≥1-1/2"
≥1-1/2"
Overlap
one Truss
space.
Screws shall

Truss member
draw metal tight
together with
screw heads
flush. Screws
shall extend a
minimum of
three exposed figure CFSb3-2
threads through
the last piece of steel in the Connection.
~
Top Chord
Plane
~
Web Member Plane
Provide minimum spacing of three screw diameters

Bottom Chord Plane
figure CFSb3-3
between screws and minimum edge and end distance
of 1-1/2 screw diameters per AISI spcifications, typ.
PERMANENT BRACING FOR THE TOP CHORD
PLANE
Permanent Bracing for the Top Chords of Trusses is typically provided by attaching Structural Sheathing or metal
structural Purlins that are properly braced.
USing INSTALLATION RESTRAINT/BRACING AS PERMANENT RESTRAINT/BRACING
CFSBCSI-B2 provides important information and guidelines on the use of restraint/Bracing during the installation of Trusses. Many elements of Installation Restraint/
Bracing also apply to Permanent restraint/Bracing of
Trusses. Installation Restraint/Bracing provides support to
the Trusses during installation. Permanent restraint/Bracing provides support to the Trusses during the lifetime of
the structure and resists the applied Loads anticipated
during that lifetime. If properly planned, much if not all
of the restraint/Bracing used during Truss installation can
also serve to permanently restrain and brace the Truss,
making the completion of the Permanent Building Stability Bracing system more efficient.
The most common types of Structural Sheathing include
metal decking and wood structural panels such as plywood or oriented strand board (OSB). The metal decking
and wood structural panels shall be designed to support
the Building Designer's defined Loads at the on center
spacing of the Trusses.
The sheathing and attachment requirements (i.e., fastener size and spacing) are provided on the Construction
Documents prepared by the Building Designer and/or
within the Building code.
~
PERMANENT BRACING FOR THE
VARIOUS PLANES OF A ROOF TRUSS
Permanent Bracing applied at right angles to the plane
(i.e., depth) of a Truss performs several functions including:
•P
reventing out-of-plane buckling of Truss members
due to compression forces developed under the specified design Load conditions.
• Maintaining proper Truss Spacing.
• Resisting and transferring lateral Loads (e.g. wind,
seismic, etc.) applied to the Truss System.
Structural
Sheathing (e.g.
metal decking),
on Top Chord
Plane
figure CFSb3-4
Metal Purlins are most often used in applications where
Trusses are spaced greater than 4 feet on center Purlins
must be properly sized and fastened to the Top Chords
of the Trusses in accordance with the specifications provided in the Construction Documents. The Trusses must
be designed so that the maximum allowable unbraced
length of the Top Chord is greater than or equal to the on
center spacing of the Purlins.
Trusses are designed to only support Loads applied within their plane. Because Trusses are relatively narrow in
relation to their depth and span, they require lateral support. Without this support, the entire Truss, or a portion
of its members, will buckle (i.e., fail) at Loads far less
than the design Loads that they were intended to carry.
Trusses require Permanent restraint/Bracing within all of
the following planes:
Metal Purlins alone will not adequately brace or prevent
buckling of the Top Chord. The Purlins must also be
braced. This Bracing is typically provided by attaching
Structural Sheathing directly to the metal Purlins.
•T
op Chord Plane
•B
ottom Chord Plane
•W
eb Member Plane
The Building Designer is responsible for ensuring a continuous load path from each plane to the foundation.
39
Directly
attached
rigid
ceiling
figure CFSb3-5
figure cFSb3-6
CAUTION Without Permanent Diagonal Bracing,
the metal Purlins ensure only that the Top Chords of
the Trusses will all buckle in the same direction (See
Figure CFSB3-5).
The furring channel (e.g., resilient channel)
specified in certain fire-rated assemblies for Trusses
is not structural and typically does not take the place
of Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing required to
restrain and brace the Bottom Chord.
Not all sheathing products are structural. The
Building Designer is responsible for the design and
detailing of the Structural Sheathing and Diaphragms.
Install rows of Bottom Chord Diagonal Bracing along the

length of the Building at intervals less than or equal to
those provided in Table CFSB3-2, or as specified by the
Building Designer, to provide stability and transfer the
The Building Designer is responsible for the design and detailing of the metal Purlins and the PBSB for the roof system.
forces from the Lateral Restraint to a lateral force resisting system.
The TDD provides information on the assumed support for the Top Chord based on the Load conditions
for which the Truss has been designed. This typically
includes directly applied Structural Sheathing or metal
Purlins at a specified maximum on center spacing.
PERMANENT BRACING FOR THE WEB MEMEBER
PLANE
Permanent Bracing is typically installed in the Web

Member Plane of a Truss to collect and transfer forces
produced by the restraint of members subject to buckling and to transfer lateral Loads from wind and Seismic
Forces applied to the Truss System. The same Bracing
can often be used for both functions. This Permanent
Stability Bracing is the responsibility of the Building
Designer.
PERMANENT BRACING FOR THE BOTTOM
CHORD PLANE
Permanent Bracing for the Bottom Chords of Trusses is
typically provided by attaching either gypsum board panels or Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) Lateral Restraint properly
braced against lateral movement.
Bottom Chord Permanent
Lateral Restraint shall be
installed at each pitch break
and along the bottom chord
at the maximum spacing indicated on the TDD or by the
Building Designer, whichever
is less.
The TDD provides information on the assumed support
for the Bottom Chord based
on the Load conditions for
which the Truss has been
designed. This typically
includes a directly applied
rigid ceiling or rows of Lateral Restraint at a specified
maximum on center spacing.
Permanent Lateral Restraint & Diagonal Bracing
for the Bottom Chord Plane
Diagonal
Bracing
Overlapped Lateral Restraints.
See Figure CFSB3-1.
Bottom Chords
≤45°
typ.
≤4' o.c.
typ.
See Table CFSB3-2 for
maximum spacing of Bottom
Chord Diagonal Bracing
unless otherwise specified.
*See Table CFSB3-2 for
maximum spacing between
rows of Bottom Chord Lateral Restraint
unless otherwise specified.
figure CFSb3-7
40
Nested Lateral Restraints.
See Figure CFSB3-1.
Diagonal Bracing with CLRs work most efficiently when
applied to three or more similar Trusses.
Attach the Lateral Restraint at the locations shown on the
TDD together with a Diagonal Brace at an angle of approximately 45 degrees to the Lateral Restraint. Position
the Diagonal Brace so it crosses the web within 6 inches
of the Lateral Restraint location. The Diagonal Bracing should be attached as close to the Top and Bottom
Chord Plane as possible and to each web it crosses. This
provides rigidity and prevents the Webs from displacing
laterally.
Example of Truss with two web members that require Lateral Restraint.
figure CFSb3-8
Individual Web Member Permanent
Restraint & Diagonal Bracing
Certain web members require restraint and Diagonal
Bracing to prevent out-of-plane buckling when subjected
to design forces.
Diagonal Bracing is required to restrain the CLR and to
transfer the cumulative force from the CLR into a lateral
force resisting system such as the roof or Ceiling Diaphragm. Refer to Table CFSB3-3 for maximum spacing
of Diagonal Bracing for the Web Member plane or as
required by the Building Designer.
Web member restraint is typically accomplished by
either reducing the unsupported length of the web
member via Lateral Restraint or by reinforcing the
member with additional material and thus increasing its
cross-section.
Diagonal Bracing
The TDD indicates if any web members
require this restraint/reinforcement.
If individual web member Permanent Lateral
Restraint is required, Continuous Lateral
Restraint (CLR) consisting of furring (hat)
channel or stud section attached at right
angles to the Web in combination with
Diagonal Bracing is most frequently
specified.
≤4' o.c.
≤45°
typ.
Webs may require one or more
rows of CLR.
See Table CFSB3-3
for maximum spacing of the Diagonal
Bracing for the
Web Member Plane
unless otherwise
specified.
The TDD will specify the number of rows
and the approximate location of the CLR.
WARNING Always Diagonally Brace the CLRs.
Some chord and
web members not
shown for clarity.
Permanent Continuous
Lateral Restraint
Graphic shows furring (hat) channel used for lateral restraint, but
stud section may be required. Refer to Construction Documents
prepared by the Building Designer to determine the style and size of
section to be used.
Two web members requiring Lateral Restraint. The vertical
web in this example requires Lateral Restraint at midlength and the Diagonal web requires Lateral Restraint at
the third points.
figure CFSb3-9
figure CFSb3-10
41
DIAGONAL BRACING WITH CONTINUOUS LATERAL RESTRAINT
Overlapped Lateral
Restraint
Nested Lateral
Restraint
≤45˚
typ.
Diagonal Bracing
≤45˚
typ.
figure CFSb3-11
Position Diagonal Bracing to
cross the web within 6 inches
of each row of CLR.
Bracing webs that require two rows of CLR, is similar to
bracing a single row of CLR.
Position the Diagonal Brace to cross the Web within 6

inches of each Lateral Restraint to minimize the outof-plane bending forces in the Web.
≤45˚
typ.
Attach the Diagonal Brace as close as possible to the

Top and Bottom Chord Planes and to each Web that
the Diagonal Brace crosses.
To help transfer large Bracing forces into the roof and
Ceiling Diaphragms, Blocking may need to be installed
between the Trusses. The Blocking should fit snuggly
between the Trusses and be attached to the Trusses and
the Diaphragm. The Blocking helps to transfer the lateral
Load directly from the Diagonal Brace into the Diaphragm.
Top Chord (may be standard
or a proprietary shape)
≤45˚
typ.~ 45°
~ 45°
figure CFSb3-12
Attach Diagonal Bracing
to Diaphragm Blocking with min. 5-#10
SDS unless otherwise
specified by the Building
Designer
Attach ends of Diagonal Bracing
as close to Top and Bottom
Chord Planes as possible.
Structural
Sheathing
Compression web
(sloping or vertical)
Continuous
Lateral Restraint
Bottom Chord
(may be standard
or a proprietary
shape)
≤45°
typ.
Continuous Lateral Restraint
attached to each Truss per the
requirements of Table CFSB3-3
or as specified by the Building
Designer
Blocking between
Trusses at the Diagonal
Brace location, if
required
figure cFSb3-13
42
L
Diagonal Bracing attached to each Truss per
the requirements of Table CFSB3-3 or as
specified by the Building Designer
L/2
or as
specified
in the
TDD
Diagonal Bracing combined with Lateral Restraint can
also be used with small groups of Trusses.
The Building in Figure CFSB3-14 contains nine Trusses
with three different configurations. Each Truss
configuration contains web members that
require Lateral Restraint and these web
members are in different locations for
each configuration.
Install Lateral Restraints and

Diagonal Bracing within
each group of Trusses.
Extend the Diagonal Bracing from the Top
Chord to the Bottom Chord of the adjacent
Trusses. Attach the Diagonal Bracing to the
Web of the middle Truss within 6 inches of the
CLR location and to each intersecting Truss. This
provides the rigidity that prevents the Webs and
the CLR from displacing laterally.
Diagonal
Bracing (red)
If there are only two adjacent Trusses in which the

Lateral
Restraint (green))
Webs align, Diagonal Bracing and Lateral Retraint
can still be used. One option is to install two Diagonal Braces. Attach one end of each Diagonal Brace
to the Web within 6 inches of the Lateral Restraint
location and attach the other end near the top or
bottom of the Web of the adjacent Truss.
figure CFSb3-14
Some Truss Manufacturers will mark the web member(s)
that require permanent restraint on the Truss itself. An
example of a supplemental tag is shown below.
PERMANENT LATERAL RESTRAINT AND DIAGONAL
BRACING REQUIRED
Lateral
Restraint
SEE TRUSS DESIGN DRAWING FOR LATERAL RESTRAINT; CONSULT
BUILDING DESIGNER AND/OR CFSBCSI-B3 FOR DIAGONAL BRACING
Diagonal
Bracing
LATERAL
RESTRAINT
DIAGONAL
BRACING
VEA EL DIBUJO DE DISEÑO DE TRUSS PARA RESTRICCIÓN LATERAL; CONSULTE
AL DISEÑADOR DE EDIFICIO Y/O CFSBCSI-B3 PARA ARRIOSTRE DIAGONAL
RESTRICCIÓN LATERAL PERMANENTE Y ARRIOSTRE
DIAGONAL ES REQUERIDO
#
figure CFSb3-15
www.sbcindustry.com
Copyright © 2007
All Rights Reserved
figure CFSb3-16
Always refer to the TDD for information
regarding web member Lateral Restraint requirements
since tags are not always used and can be mis-located
or fall off.
43
Individual Web Reinforcement (Jobsite
Applied)
Truss member
Furring (hat) channel, stud section, track, or proprietary
reinforcement specified on the TDD or by the Building
Designer involve adding material to increase the Web’s
section properties, thereby increasing its resistance to
buckling. Reinforcement is typically used as an alternative to the combination of Continuous Lateral Restraint
(CLR) and Diagonal Bracing when CLR is not possible or
desirable.
A
A
or
The fastener size and schedule for attaching the Reinforcement to the Web is typically specified on the TDD
or a supplemental document provided by the Truss Designer. It is sometimes also specified in the Construction
Documents prepared by the Building Designer.
Prescriptive Permanent Lateral Restraint & Diagonal Bracing for the
Top or Bottom Chord Planes1,2
Lateral Restraint3
Min. Attachment
Minimum
Max.
to Each Truss
Size/Grade
Spacing4
Chord
Diagonal Bracing3
Min. Attachment
to Each Truss
Chord
Minimum
Size/Grade
Max.
Spacing
Top Chord
2 ft
4 ft
150F125-33 or
250S162-33
150F125-33 or
250S162-33
150F125-33 or
250S162-33
150F125-33 or
250S162-33
350S162-33
2 ft o.c.
2 - #10 SDS
250S162-33
Double7150F125-33
Bottom Chord
2 - #10 SDS
2 ft o.c.
2 - #10 SDS5
5 - #10 SDS
4 - #10 SDS
3 - #10 SDS
6
20 ft
6
20 ft
16 ft6
6
8 ft
150F125-33 or
2 - #10 SDS
20 ft
250S162-33
20 ft
250S162-33
150F125-33 or
2 - #10 SDS
4 ft
6 ft o.c. Double7150F125-33
3 - #10 SDS
16 ft
250S162-33
8 ft
150F125-33
1
Other restraint, Bracing and/or attachment requirements may be specified by the Truss Designer or
Building Designer.
2
Attach Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing to each intersecting Truss.
3
Assumes Stud Sections "S" are unpunched.
4
Locate rows of Permanent Lateral Restraint at each pitch break, as applicable, and along chord member
at maximum spacing shown.
5
Use a minimum of 3-#10 SDS to attach diagonal bracing to the top chord of the supporting trusses in a
piggyback truss assembly.
6
Maximum spacing of Diagonal Bracing for the Top Chord of a Piggyback Truss assembly is 10 feet for
Trusses spaced at 2 feet on center and 8 feet for Trusses spaced at 4 feet on center.
7
Attach double 150F125-33 hat channel together with #10 SDS at 12 inches on center.
2 ft
2 - #10 SDS
Prescriptive Permanent Lateral Restraint & Diagonal Bracing for the Web Member Plane1,2
Diagonal Bracing3,4
Lateral Restraint3
Minimum
Size/Grade
The Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing provided in Tables CFSB3-2 and CFSB3-3 are
intended to resist truss member buckling due to
compression forces developed by gravity and wind
loads supported by the truss. They do not constitute
the required diaphragm stiffness or resistance against
lateral loads such as wind and seismic and assume
all gravity loads are applied to the truss and not the
restraint and bracing members.
Permanent Building Stability Bracing for wind, seismic
and other lateral Loads acting perpendicular to the
plane of the Trusses is always required in every Building and is the responsibility of the Building Designer.
per TDD
TABLE cFSb3-2
Truss
Spacing
The style, size and
fastening requirements for the
Reinforcement are
typically specified by
the Truss Designer.
figure CFSb3-17
PRESCRIPTIVE PERMANENT LATERAL
RESTRAINT & DIAGONAL BRACING FOR
THE TOP CHORD, BOTTOM CHORD AND
WEB MEMBER PLANES
Truss
Spacing
Reinforcement
Section A-A
Min. Attachment
to Each Web
Minimum
Size/Grade
Min. Attachment
to Each Web
Max.
Spacing
150F125-33 or
150F125-33 or
2 - #10 SDS
20 ft
2 - #10 SDS
250S162-33
250S162-33
5 - #10 SDS
16 ft
4 - #10 SDS
250S162-33
250S162-33
4 ft
4 - #10 SDS
12 ft
Double5150F125-33
Double5150F125-33
3 - #10 SDS
3 - #10 SDS
8 ft
150F125-33
150F125-33
2 - #10 SDS
1
Other restraint, Bracing and/or attachment requirements may be specified by the Truss Designer or
Building Designer.
2
Attach Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing to each intersecting Truss.
3
Assumes Stud Sections "S" are unpunched.
4
Assumes either two Diagonal Braces or one continuous brace from bottom to Top Chord planes for
each row of Lateral Restaint.
5
Attach double 150F125-33 hat channel together with #10 SDS at 12 inches on center.
2 ft
TABLE cFSb3-3
44
Gable End Frame Permanent Bracing
Permanent Bracing in the Web Member Plane, installed
at each end of the Building, serves to transfer lateral
Loads acting against the end walls and gable ends of
the Building into the roof and Ceiling Diaphragm. The
Building Designer is responsible for the design of this
Permanent Building Stability Bracing.
Gable End Frames are often used directly above the
end walls of a Building to save the Contractor the time
and expense of having to field frame the end wall to
match the roof slope.
Many manufactured Gable End Frames contain only
vertical “studs" (as opposed to the typical triangulated web members) and are designed to transfer only
vertical roof Loads (gravity and uplift) directly into a
continuous bearing below. Web member reinforcement
shown on the TDD for these frames is required to prevent column buckling of the stud members due to the
vertical Loads applied to the frame.
Gable End Frame Bracing is designed by considering a
Top Chord
number of factors including:
• The length and spacing of the Gable End Frame studs
• Gravity Loads
Continuous bearing
Gable End Frame
24" o.c.
• Lateral Loads (e.g., wind and seismic)
The Building Designer, through detailing in the Construction Documents, is responsible for all Gable End Frame
Bracing, including the Bracing member style, size and
locations, attachment to Trusses, gable end sheathing,
and fastener size and locations, including any mechanical Connectors required.
Typical stud spacing
figure CFSb3-18
Other factors the Building Designer must consider include:
• Thickness and type of roof, wall and ceiling sheathing.
D
• Transfer of Load between the Gable End Frame Bottom
Chord and the wall below.
W
IN
• Attachment of Structural Sheathing to the wall Gable
End Frame interface and attachment of the wall to the
foundation to resist uplift and lateral Loads.
figure cFSb3-19
Truss Designer Responsibilities for
Gable End Frame Reinforcement
In service, Gable End Frames also experience lateral
Loads parallel and perpendicular to their plane that
must be incorporated into the wall design by the Building Designer.
The Truss Designer must note on the TDD for the Gable
End Frame the type and location of Permanent Individual
Truss Member Restraint (PITMR) requirements to resist
the vertical Loads assumed in the design of the frame.
This includes the type of reinforcement deemed appropriate to restrain the out-of-plane buckling of the vertical
“studs” due to the axial compression forces resulting
from the vertical loads.
Gable End Frames rely on properly designed and installed Structural Sheathing; Bracing and Connections
to the bearing wall; and roof and Ceiling Diaphragms
to adequately transfer lateral Loads acting parallel and
perpendicular to their plane.
The Truss Designer is responsible for indicating the loading and environmental design assumptions used in the
design of the Gable End Frame to conform to the Loads
specified in the Construction Documents.
The Building Designer, Truss Designer and Contractor all
play a vital role in Gable End Frame Bracing.
Building Designer Responsibilities
for Gable End Frame Bracing
In order to assist the Building Designer in determining
the Bracing required to transfer lateral Loads from the
Gable End Frame into the roof and/or Ceiling Diaphragm, many Truss Designers provide standard design
tables and details based on the typical design assumptions used by Building Designers. These tables and
details do some of the work of the Building Designer
with respect to incorporating the Gable End Frame into
the overall structural design, but do not take the place
of a complete flow of Loads analysis by the Building
Designer.
The Building Designer, knowing the intended flow of
Loads for the entire Building, is responsible for taking
the resultant Loads that exist within the Gable End Frame
and safely transferring these Loads into the ground. This
typically involves transferring the Loads through additional Bracing from the Gable End Frame to the roof
and Ceiling Diaphragms (e.g., roof sheathing and rigid
ceiling, respectively).
45
Potential Modes of Failure
E
L
P
M Y
A
S NL
O
Excessive
bow in
Gable End
Frame
Ceiling and finish cracking and
related serviceability issues
(i.e., construction defects)
Example of Standard Gable End Frame bracing table developed by
Truss Designer for use and approval by the Building Designer.
Connection failure between top of end
wall and bottom of Gable End Frame
figure CFSb3-20
figure cFSb3-22
Contractor Responsibilities for Gable
End Frame Bracing
Gable End Frame Bracing/reinforcement helps prevent
these types of serviceability failures and safely transfers
forces from the Gable End Frame into the respective
Diaphragms.
The Contractor is responsible for properly installing the
Gable End Frame as detailed in the Construction Documents and within the Truss Submittal Package.
Typical Gable End Frame Bracing/reinforcement details
include Blocking at the ceiling and roof level Diaphragms, gable stud reinforcement, horizontal reinforcement and Diagonal Bracing, mechanical Connectors or
straps, and specific fastener size and frequency schedules.
Gable End Frame Bracing/Reinforcement Requirements
If the lateral Load is large enough, and the vertical studs
are long enough, the Gable End Frame may require
Bracing to prevent it from rotating at the Gable End
Frame/end wall interface, along with Diagonal Bracing
and Web Reinforcement to prevent the vertical Webs
from bending excessively. Serviceability failures often
occur when the Gable End Frame is not properly braced.
Gable End Frame Bracing/reinforcement
Lateral Force transfer to roof and Ceiling Diaphragms
Gable End
Frame
Roof Diaphragm
Top Chord sheathing
figure cfSb3-23
Ceiling Diaphragm
End wall
figure CFSb3-21
46
Gable End Frame Bracing/reinforcement
Diagonal Brace to roof
Diaphragm Blocking
Wall Sheathing
Gable End Frame Web Reinforcement
Roof Diaphragm
Blocking
A
L/2
Gable
End
Frame
≤45°
Top
Chord
≤45°
L
Truss
Member
Bottom
Chord
L/2
A
Scab Reinforcement
figure CFSb3-25
End Wall
Blocking on either side
of Diagonal Brace, if
required
Rigid Ceiling
Diaphragm
The Diagonal Brace from the top of the end wall to the Top Chord
of the Truss will impart a vertical force to the Truss Top Chord. This
is in addition to any uplift forces the roof sheathing will impart to
the Truss from wind. The Load from this brace must be considered
in the design and attachment of the supporting Truss.
figure cFSb3-24
Sample detail of Gable End Frame Bracing and Reinforcement
(as provided by the Building Designer).
Uplift Connectors
between the Top
Chord and outlooker
Lap over outlooker or
Blocking.Use 4-#10
SDS
Attach Blocking
to each Truss with
min. 2-#10 SDS
Structural
Sheathing
≤45°
Min. 2-#10 SDS
at each Connection
between outlooker
and fascia
Gable End
Frame
Diagonal Bracing
min. 150F125-33 or
250S162-33
Common
Trusses
≤45°
Attach Diagonal
Bracing to each
Truss with min.
2-#10 SDS
Bottom Chord
Attach Bottom Chord Continous Lateral
Restraint to each Truss with 2-#10 SDS
figure cFSb3-26
47
CAUTION A flat Bottom Chord Gable End Frame
used with adjacent Trusses that have sloped Bottom
Chords, creates a hinge in the wall/gable interface
that is below the Bottom Chord Plane Diaphragm.
This condition is prohibited by some Building codes
because adequate Bracing of this condition is difficult
and sometimes impossible. Special end wall Bracing
design considerations are required by the Building
Designer if the Gable End Frame profile does not
match the adjacent Trusses.
Balloon-Framed Gable End Walls
and Sloped Bottom Chord Gable End
Frames
The Building Designer may decide to design a balloon-framed end wall, which eliminates the need for a
Gable End Frame. If a Gable End Frame is used, it must
match the profile of the adjacent Trusses so that proper
Bottom Chord Plane Bracing can be installed (see Figure
CFSB3-28), unless special Bracing is designed to support
the end wall.
Balloon-framed gable end wall
Fire Blocking not shown for clarity.
figure CFSb3-29
figure CFSb3-27
PERMANENT BRACING FOR
SPECIAL CONDITIONS
Raked gable end wall with Scissors Gable End Frame
sway bracing
Bottom
Chord Plane
Diagonal Bracing, installed at both ends of a Building
and repeated along the length of the Building at intervals specified by the Building Designer, helps to stabilize
the Truss System and minimize the lateral movement due
to lateral Loads. Also referred to as “sway” Bracing, this
Bracing serves to stiffen the Truss System thereby greatly
reducing stresses caused by movement or displacement
of the Trusses. Sway Bracing, if continuous, also serves
to distribute gravity Loads between Trusses of varying
stiffness.
~
Sway Bracing is typically installed on web members (verticals whenever possible) located at or near each row of
Bottom Chord Lateral Restraint and should extend from
the Top Chord Plane to the Bottom Chord Plane at right
angles to the Trusses.
figure CFSb3-28
Sway Bracing is designed and installed at the discretion
of the Building Designer and is not always required.
48
Diagonal Bracing
Web members
Some chord and web
members not shown
for clarity.
≤4' o.c.
≤45˚ typ.
Bottom
Chords
Spacing of sway
Bracing as specified by
the Building Designer
Rows of sway Bracing as
specified by the Building Designer
figure CFSb3-30
•R
ows of Continuous Lateral Restraint (CLR) and
Diagonal Bracing. Style and size of restraint and
Bracing is typically 33 mil 1-½ inch furring (hat)
channel (150F125-33), 33 mil 2-½ inch stud section (250S162-33) or 33 mil 3-1/2 inch stud section
(350S162-33) unless otherwise specified by the Building
Designer.
• Connecting the CLR into the roof Diaphragm.
• Adding Structural Sheathing.
• Other equivalent means.
"X" Bracing
(sway Bracing)
figure CFSb3-31
The combination of Diagonal Bracing and CLR as a
means of Bracing the Top Chord of the supporting Truss
is fairly common, especially for conditions where the axial forces in the Top Chord are fairly small and the length
of the flat portion of the chord is relatively short.
Piggyback Truss Assembly top chord
bracing
Multiple rows of CLR are typically required and installed
across the length of the flat portion of the Top Chord of
the supporting Truss.
Long Span or steeply pitched Trusses that are too large to
be manufactured, shipped and erected in one piece are
manufactured in two or more “pieces” and assembled at
the jobsite. A “Piggyback” Truss assembly is an example of
a multi-piece Truss in which a supporting (carrying) Truss
is topped with a smaller, supported (cap) Truss carried
directly on top of the supporting Truss.
If Diagonal Bracing is used to restrain the
CLR and to transfer the cumulative force from the CLR
into the roof Diaphragm it shall be repeated as specified
by the Building Designer or as follows:
• For Trusses spaced @ two feet on center - repeat
Diagonal Bracing every 10 feet and attach it to the Top
Chord of each truss with 3-#10 SDS.
It is critical with a Piggyback assembly is to make sure
the portion of the Top Chord of the supporting Truss
located directly beneath the cap Truss is adequately
braced to prevent it from buckling out from under the
supported Truss. Bracing for this portion of the Top
Chord is accomplished in several ways including:
• For Trusses spaced @ four feet on center - repeat
Diagonal Bracing every 8 feet and attach it to the Top
Chord of each truss with 3-#10 SDS.
49
If Structural Sheathing is used to brace the flat portion
of the Top Chords, openings must be provided to permit
ventilation between the upper and lower portions of the
roof assembly.
The TDD provides the maximum assumed spacing
between rows of Lateral Restraint along the Top Chord
based on the Load conditions for which the Truss has
been designed. The TDD also provides the assumed
style and size of the restraint and the minimum connection requirements between the cap and the supporting
Truss or restraint.
The Truss Designer and Truss Manufacturer
shall be notified prior to manufacturing the Trusses
if the spacing, style and size of the restraint between
the supported and supporting Trusses will be different than what is shown on the TDD.
WARNING All of the required Installation Bracing
(see CFSBCSI-B2) and Top Chord Permanent Bracing must be installed on supporting Trusses before
the cap trusses are installed.
Diagonal Bracing (red)
• Trusses @ 2' o.c. Repeat every 10'.
Attach with 3-#10 SDS per truss.
•T
russes @ 4' o.c. Repeat every 8'.
Attach with 3-#10 SDS per
truss.
•O
R as specified by the
Building Designer
• See also Table
CFSB3-2 for
additional
information.
≤45° typ.
Cap
Trusses
CLR (green)
at spacing
specified on
the TDD,
beginning at
each pitch
break. See
also Table
CFSB3-2 for
additional
information.
Supporting
Trusses
Diagonal Bracing
Diagonal Bracing can be installed between the rows of CLR on the
top of the Top Chord of the supporting Truss (as shown) or on the
bottom of the Top Chord of the supporting Truss.
figure cFSb3-32
50
CFSBCSI-B4
CONSTRUCTION LOADING
The term “Construction Loading” is typically used to describe Loads from workers and Building materials on an
unfinished structure; for example, when builders temporarily stack bundles of panel sheathing or gypsum board
on installed Trusses during the construction process.
DO NOT stack materials on unbraced Trusses.
 DO stack reasonable amounts of materials on Trusses that have been properly restrained and braced.
Maximum Stack Height for Material on Trusses1,2
Construction Loads shall be placed only on fully restrained and braced structures. Make sure that the Truss
assembly is properly restrained and braced according to
the guidelines in CFSBCSI-B1 and CFSBCSI-B2.
Lateral
Restraint
Diagonal
Bracing
Material
Height
Gypsum board
Properly restrain and brace
Trusses before stacking construction materials on them.
(e.g., metal decking)
12"
22 ga. Type “B” 1-½" metal deck
21 sheets
17 sheets
13 sheets
Plywood or OSB
16"
Asphalt shingles
2 bundles
Concrete block
8"
Clay tile
3-4 tiles high
table CFSB4-1
Assumes Trusses are designed with a Live Load of 40 psf or greater.
For other loading conditions, contact a Registered Design Professional.
2
Install materials as quickly as possible.
1
figure cfSb4-1
DO NOT exceed stack heights listed in Table CFSB41 unless alternative information is provided by the
Building Designer, Truss Designer or Truss Manufacturer.
DANGER Trusses by themselves are very unstable
and have no capacity to carry Load until they are
properly restrained and braced. Placing Loads on
Trusses that have not been properly restrained and
braced is hazardous and prohibited. Property damage, personal injury and/or death are possible if this
warning is not heeded.
DO NOT allow stacks of material to lean against
walls.
DO NOT concentrate stacks of
materials in one area so that
they overload a single truss or
small group of Trusses.

DO stack materials along
exterior supports or directly
over interior supports of
properly restrained and
braced structures.
figure CFSb4-2
FIGURE CFSB4-3
 DO restrain
Loads to keep
from sliding.
WARNING Stacking excessive amounts of construction materials on floor or roof Trusses is unsafe.
Use extreme caution when placing Construction Loads
and only stack reasonable amounts of materials (see Table CFSB4-1). Trusses that have been over-stressed due to
excessive Construction Loading will usually show excessive
sagging (deflection) and at least a portion of this deflection will remain even after the Load has been removed.
Truss Bracing
FIGURE CFSB4-4
51
CFSBCSI-B4: Construction Loading
DO NOT over-stack materials midway between supports. Never exceed stack heights per Table CFSB4-1,
unless alternative information is provided by the Building Designer, Truss Designer or Truss Manufacturer.
DO leave

construction
materials
on lifting
equipment
until installation,
if possible.
photo CFSb4-2
DO NOT stack materials at locations where the load
will produce instability, such as on cantilevers, overhangs or near Truss-to-Girder Truss Connections.
FIGURE CFSB4-5

DO distribute Loads
over as many Trusses as
possible. Position stacks
of materials flat with
the longest dimension
perpendicular to the
Trusses.
Girder Truss
FIGURE CFSB4-6
DO NOT drop Loads of any materials on Trusses.
Truss damage from the impact is possible even if the
weight of the material is small.
FIGURE cfsB4-8
cantilever
FIGURE CFSB4-9
DO NOT pile cut-off tile or other construction waste
on Truss roofs.
FIGURE CFSB4-7
photo CFSb4-3
photo CFSB4-1
DO NOT support mechanical units on Trusses that
have not been designed to support these Loads.
52
CFSBCSI-B5
TRUSS DAMAGE, JOBSITE MODIFICATIONS
& INSTALLATION ERRORS
Cold-Formed Steel Trusses are pre-fabricated Structural
Building Components, assembled with Cold-Formed
Steel sections and Connections designed to carry superimposed Loads.
FOLLOW THESE STEPS TO CORRECT
DAMAGE, JOBSITE MODIFICATIONS
OR INSTALLATION ERRORS
If a Truss is damaged, altered or improperly installed:
The Contractor shall ensure that handling and installation procedures do not reduce the Load carrying capacity of the Truss. See CFSBCSI-B1 for handling and
installation best practices.
1. Temporarily brace or support the Truss to prevent
further damage to the Truss and danger to workers.
2. Report damage, alterations or installation errors to
the Truss Manufacturer immediately.
Damage, jobsite modifications or improper installation
will reduce the strength of a Truss. Obtain professional
assistance from the Building Designer, Truss Designer or
Truss Manufacturer to remedy the condition.
3. Do not attempt to repair the Truss without a Repair
Detail from the Building Designer, Truss Designer or
Truss Manufacturer.
The building codes prohibit the alteration of a truss without the prior approval of a registered design professional via reference to AISI S214, North American Standard
for Cold-Formed Steel Framing – Truss Design. Section
B5.6 of AISI S214-12 states:
4. Prior to beginning the repair, lay the Truss flat on a
solid, level surface. If the Truss is already installed,
shore up the Truss to relieve any Load.
5. Repair the Truss by following the information provided in the Repair Detail exactly. Make sure to use
the correct materials as specified. Seek professional
guidance if anything is unclear.
B5.6 Alterations to Trusses. Truss members and
components shall not be cut, notched, drilled, spliced
or otherwise altered in any way without written concurrence and acceptance of any registered design professional. Alterations resulting in the addition of loads to
any member (i.e., HVAC equipment, piping, additional roofing or insulation, etc.) shall not be permitted
without verification by the truss design engineer or
truss designer that the truss is capable of supporting
such additional loading.
6. Keep the Repair Detail to provide to the Building
Official, Building Designer or Owner.
7. If the Repair Detail is not for the specific field condition you are repairing, do not use it. Always follow
the Repair Detail specifically prepared for your exact
situation.
Some Truss Manufacturers will mark Trusses with warnings against jobsite modifications. An example of one
such supplemental marking is the Truss tag shown
below.
8. If the designed repair cannot be accomplished, call
the Building Designer, Truss Designer or Truss Manufacturer.
DO NOT USE DAMAGED COMPONENTS
COMMON REPAIR TECHNIQUES
DO NOT USE CUT, BENT OR OTHERWISE DAMAGED COMPONENTS
Each Repair Detail is generated on a case-by-case basis,
because Trusses and the type of damage vary considerably. Some of the more common repairs specified by
Truss Designers include:
• Remove and replace a damaged member.
NO USE LOS COMPONENTES CORTADOS, DOBLADOS
O DE OTRA MANERA DAÑADOS
•A
ttach a CFS member over damaged chords, Webs
or joints.
NO USE LOS COMPONENTES DAÑADOS
www.sbcindustry.com
#
Copyright © 2007
All Rights Reserved
• Apply a steel gusset to reinforce the damaged area.
FIGURE cFSB5-1
DO NOT cut or remove Truss members.
53
CFSBCSI-B5: Truss Damage, Jobsite Modifications & Installation Errors
Kinked Web
Cut
Common damage,
modifications and
installation errors
Drilled hole
photo CFSB5-1
FIGURE CFSB5-2
The repair process can be expedited by drawing the
damage on the original TDD or by taking a photo and
emailing or delivering it to the Truss Manufacturer. Be
prepared to supply the Truss Manufacturer with the following information:
• Job name and/or number
• Truss ID mark
FIGURE CFSB5-3
• Location of the Truss on the Truss Placement Diagram (if one has been provided)
• Whether the Truss is installed or is it still in the stack
• Exact location of the damaged chord, Web or Panel
Point from a known location (such as a Panel Point or
bearing location)
•T
ype of damage (kink, break, red rust, hole, cut, etc.)
• Dimensions of the damaged area
Repair Example. A piece of stud section
applied to one face of the damaged Top Chord
member. The size of steel and the attachment
requirements are provided on the Repair Detail.
Repaired Top Chord
FIGURE CFSB5-4
54
CFSBCSI
SECTIONS B6 – B10
Sections CFSBCSI-B6 – B10 are currently vacant. They will be
used in future editions of CFSBCSI to provide information
on other aspects of handling, installing, restraining and
Bracing Cold-Formed Steel Structural Building Components.
55
NOTES:
56
CFSBCSI-B11
FALL PROTECTION & TRUSSES
The current regulation governing fall protection with regard to the erection of steel building materials in commercial Buildings is the U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Standard 29 CFR 1926.760.
Important information pertaining to the erection/installation of steel Building materials in residential construction
is contained in OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1926, Subpart M.
Erection/installation of Trusses in residential construction
is considered leading edge work that permits the use of
a Fall Protection Plan in place of more conventional Fall
Protection equipment. A Fall Protection Plan shall conform to CFR 1926.502(k).
figure CFSb11-3
Refer to CFSBCSI-B1 and CFSBCSI-B2 for recom
Choosing fall protection equipment, or a plan, that effectively protects workers from jobsite hazards while remaining in compliance with current government regulations
can be an intimidating task. To provide optimum protection, contract the services of a qualified person, such as
a licensed Registered Design Professional experienced in
the control of fall hazards, to prepare any Fall Protection
System.
mendations on proper installation restraint/bracing
of trusses.
TRUSS SYSTEMS
ANGER Any part of an inadequately braced or
D
sheathed truss system used as an anchorage point
for any type of personal fall arrest system is dangerous and will increase the risk of serious injury or
death.
photo cFSb11-1
DO NOT walk on unbraced
trusses.
figure CFSb11-1
DO NOT stand on truss
overhangs until structural
sheathing has been applied
to the truss and overhangs.
figure CFSb11-2
figure CFSb11-4
DO NOT walk on trusses or gable end frames lying
flat. They do not have the strength to support a
worker safely while oriented horizontally.
WARNING Trusses that are not properly braced per
CFSBCSI or sheathed are not able to resist lateral
impact loads associated with falls. A falling worker
attached to an inadequately braced set of trusses
could cause all the previously set trusses to collapse
in a domino effect.
57
CFSBCSI-B11: Fall Protection & Trusses
• All fall protection equipment and components must
conform to the criteria listed in CFR 1926.502 Appendix G [1926.760(d)(1)].
SITE-SPECIFIC JOB HAZARD
ASSESSMENT
• Perimeter safety cables must meet the criteria listed in
CFR 1926.502 Appendix G [1926.760(d)(3)] and be
installed immediately after the decking.
Fall protection and safety measures are jobsite and
building specific. The appropriate fall protection method
must be determined through a site-specific job hazard
assessment (JHA) conducted by a qualified person (1)
who can design, install, and use fall protection systems
and who is authorized to correct any problems. The JHA
is intended to identify risks and determine the least hazardous way to install trusses for a particular job.
• Fall protection equipment may be left in place for use
by other trades only if the controlling Contractor has
directed the steel erector to leave it in place and has
inspected and accepted control and responsibility of
the fall protection.
Fall hazards identified in the JHA shall be addressed
with conventional methods whenever possible, including
guardrails, scaffolding, safety nets, personal fall arrest
systems and catch platforms.
FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
INSTALLATION
WARNING All fall protection options come with
their own inherent hazards during use.
ANGER Individual trusses are not designed to
D
support fall protection equipment.
Site-specific fall protection systems must take into account
a variety of hazards, including:
• Electrical hazards, such as power lines.
• Projectile hazards, such as pneumatic nail guns.
The contractor is responsible for the construction
means, methods, techniques, sequences, procedures, programs, and safety in connection with the
receipt, storage, handling, installation, restraining,
and bracing of trusses.
CAUTION While the equipment itself may resist
the forces generated by a falling worker, it is up to a
qualified person to determine whether the Building’s
structural system to which the fall protection equipment is attached meets or exceeds this standard as
well. Attach personal fall arrest sytems only to structural members capable of supporting the loads.
• Tripping hazards from cords and bracing materials.
• Lower level hazards, such as wall bracing, which some
fall protection systems do not protect against.
CONVENTIONAL FALL PROTECTION
Per the requirements of OSHA Standard CFR 1926.760
and 1926.502:
• While working at heights of up to 15 feet above a
lower level, employees engaged in steel erection activity should be protected from fall hazards by guardrail systems, safety net systems, Personal Fall Arrest
Systems, positioning device systems or fall restraint
systems.
• While working at heights over 15 feet and up to 30
feet above a lower level, employees must be provided
with a Personal Fall Arrest System (body belt or body
harness), positioning device system, or fall restraint
system. Employee must wear the equipment necessary to be tied off or be provided with other means of
protection from fall hazards.
PHOTO CFSB11-2
• Employees working at heights over 15 feet and up to 30
feet must receive fall hazard training as required under
OSHA Standard CFR.
58
Employers must consider whether it is safer to design
and install a safe work platform or system around a
hazard.
ALTERNATIVE FALL PROTECTION PLANS
After conducting a JHA, if the qualified person is able to
demonstrate that conventional fall protection measures
are infeasible (3) or present a greater hazard (4) to a particular worker or the entire crew, an employer may implement a written alternative fall protection plan in compliance with residential construction fall protection under 29
CFR 1926.501(b)(13).
Scaffolding
Use of interior or exterior scaffolding as a fall arrest
system is permitted, but installation and use must adhere
to the OSHA requirements.
The fall protection plan’s alternative measures must apply
to sufficiently trained and experienced workers (5), and the
plan must meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1926.502(k)
and be site-specific. The use of alternative measures shall
be used in conjunction with conventional fall protection
systems (6), and the use of alternative methods shall be
as limited as possible.
GROUND ASSEMBLY
Pre-assemble a truss system on the ground. Laterally
restrain and diagonally Brace the Top Chord, Bottom
Chord and Web Member Planes per CFSBCSI-B1 and
CFSBCSI-B2. Completely brace or sheath the top chord
plane, for adequate stability. Lift and set in place. This
pre-assembled section may then be used as an attachment point for personal fall restraint anchorage.
photo CFSb11-3
Worker Lift
Use of a worker lift with personal fall arrest system, following OSHA’s guidelines.
PHOTO CFSB11-5
photo CFSb11-4
 Refer to ANSI/ASSE Z359.2-2007, Minimum Re-
quirements for a Comprehensive Managed Fall
Protection Program, for guidance in meeting minimum fall protection equipment installation and use
requirements. This standard refers to equipment
only, and does not apply to the underlying structure
to which the equipment is attached.(2)
59
DEFINITIONS
(1) Under 29 CFR 1926.503(a)(2), a qualified person
is one who should have knowledge, and be able to
provide training to others, in the following areas:
“the nature of fall hazards in the work area; the
correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting the fall protection systems
to be used; the use and operation of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, safety net systems,
warning line systems, safety monitoring systems,
controlled access zones, and other protection to be
used; the role of each employee in the safety monitoring system when this system is used; the limitations on the use of mechanical equipment during the
performance of roofing work on low-sloped roofs;
the correct procedures for the handling and storage
of equipment and materials and the erection of
overhead protection; and, the role of employees in
fall protection plans.”
(2) Commentary E5.4.2.2 of ANSI/ASSE Z359.2-2007
states, “The impact of fall forces on beams, columns
and their supports other than anchorages are not
addressed by this standard.”
(3) Under 29 CFR 1926.500(b), infeasible means “that it
is impossible to perform the construction work using
a conventional fall protection system (i.e., guardrail
system, safety net system, or personal fall arrest
system) or that it is technologically impossible to use
any one of these systems to provide fall protection.”
(4) 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(2)(i) states, “there is a presumption that it is feasible and will not create a greater
hazard to implement at least one of the [listed] fall
protection systems. Accordingly, the employer has
the burden of establishing that it is appropriate to
implement a fall protection plan which complies with
1926.502(k) for a particular workplace situation, in
lieu of implementing any of those systems.”
(5) 29 CFR 1926.503(a)(1) states, “the employer program shall enable each employee to recognize the
hazards of falling and shall train each employee in
the procedures to be followed in order to minimize
these hazards.”
(6) Under 29 CFR 1926.500(b), conventional fall protection systems are: “guardrail system, safety net
system, or personal fall arrest system.”
60
CFSBCSI
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Capitalized terms used throughout CFSBCSI are defined
in this Glossary of Terms.
Building Official: Officer or other designated authority
charged with the administration and enforcement of
the building code, or a duly authorized representative.
CAUTION
WARNING
DANGER
These words and symbols alert readers that the
unsafe condition or action described will greatly
increase the probability of an accident occurring
which could result in serious personal injury or
death.
Ceiling Diaphragm: The horizontal or sloped structural
system defined by the ceiling plane acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements.
Cold-Formed Steel Trusses: Trusses constructed entire-
ly of steel structural members cold-formed to shape
from sheet or strip steel.
Anchorage: Connection between the roof or floor fram-
ing members (e.g., Trusses, Bracing, etc.) and the
Building structure, which is required to transfer the
forces from these members into the Building.
Connectors and Connections: Fasteners that join two
or more members together, including: screws, Truss
and joist hangers, and bolts.
Blocking: A solid member placed between structural
members, usually at the bearings, to provide lateral
support.
Construction Documents: Written, graphic and pictori-
al documents prepared or assembled for describing
the design (including the Framing Structural System),
location and physical characteristics of the elements
of a Building necessary to obtain a building permit
and construct a Building.
Bottom Chord: The horizontal or pitched member that
defines the lower edge of a Truss, usually carrying
combined tension and bending stresses.
Bottom Chord Bearing: Bearing condition of a Truss
Construction Loading: The Loads from workers and
that is supported on its Bottom Chord.
building materials on an unfinished structure, for
example, stacked bundles of panel sheathing or
gypsum board on Trusses during the construction
process.
Bottom Chord Plane: The two-dimensional area
formed by the top or bottom edge of adjacent similar Bottom Chords allowing for the connection of
a roof Diaphragm or Bracing members in a linear
fashion.
Continuous Lateral Restraint (CLR): A line of continu-
ous structural members (typically metal) installed at
right angles to a chord or web member of a Truss
to reduce the laterally unsupported length of the
Truss member. The CLR must be properly braced
to prevent the simultaneous lateral deformation or
buckling of the series of Truss members to which it
is attached due to laterally imposed Loads on, or
the accumulation of buckling forces within, the Truss
members. See also Lateral Restraint.
Bottom Chord Installation Lateral Restraint (BCILR):
Structural members installed at right angles to the
Bottom Chord of a Truss during construction to reduce the laterally unsupported length of the Bottom
Chord.
Bottom Chord Permanent Lateral Restraint (BCPLR):
Bottom Chord of a Truss to reduce the laterally unsupported length of the Bottom Chord. BCPLR stays
in place for the life of the structure.
Contract: Legally recognized agreement between two
parties which defines, among other items, the responsibilities of the parties involved in the bidding,
purchasing, designing, supplying and installing
Cold-Formed Steel framing.
Bracing: Provides stability against unintended move-
ment or motion. Structural Elements that are installed to provide restraint, support or both to other
framing members so that the complete assemblies
form a stable structure. See also Diagonal Bracing
and Structural Sheathing.
Contractor: Owner of a Building, or the person who
contracts with the Owner, who constructs the Building in accordance with the Construction Documents
and the Truss Submittal Package. The term “Contractor” shall include those subcontractors who have
a direct Contract with the Contractor to construct all
or a portion of the construction.
Building: Structure used or intended for supporting or
sheltering any use or occupancy.
Building Designer: Owner of the Building or the person
that contracts with the Owner for the design of the
Framing Structural System or who is responsible for
the preparation of the Construction Documents. When
mandated by the Legal Requirements, the Building
Designer shall be a Registered Design Professional.
Conventional Framing: Framing with conventional
joists, rafters and wall studs.
Cover/Truss Index Sheet: Sheet that is signed and
sealed, where required by the Legal Requirements,
61
Glossary of Terms
Gable End Frame: A component manufactured to
by the Truss design engineer, and depending on the
Legal Requirements shall be permitted to contain
the following information: (1) identification of the
Building, including Building name and address, lot,
block, subdivision, and city or county; (2) identification of Construction Documents by drawing number(s) with revision date; (3) specified Building code;
(4) computer program used; (5) roof dead and Live
Loads; (6) floor dead and Live Loads; (7) Wind Load
criteria from a specifically defined code (e.g., ASCE
7) and any other design Loads (such as ponding,
mechanical Loads, etc.); (8) name, address and
license number of Registered Design Professional
for the Building, if known; (9) a listing of the individual identification numbers and dates of each Truss
Design Drawing referenced by the Cover/Truss Index
Sheet; and (10) name, address, date of drawing
and license number of Truss design engineer.
complete the end wall of a Building. The Bottom
Chord of the Gable End Frame has continuous
vertical support provided by the end wall or beam.
Vertical members between the Top and Bottom
Chords are typically spaced at 24 inches on center.
The vertical members function as Load carrying
members and as attachment members for sheathing
or other end wall coverings. The Gable End Frame
must be incorporated into the end wall by the Building Designer.
Girder Truss: Truss designed to carry heavy Loads from
other structural members framing into it. Usually a
Multiple-Ply Truss.
Ground Bracing: Used to provide stability for the first
Truss or group of Trusses installed. It is composed of
vertical and diagonal members providing support
for the installed Trusses from the earth, floor, foundation or slab. Ground Bracing should be located
in line with the Top Chord Lateral Restraint. Proper
Ground Bracing also requires lateral and strut Bracing to ensure stability and support.
Cross Bracing: A type of Diagonal Bracing in which
the Bracing members are crossed to form an “X.”
Cross Bracing is installed in the Web Member Plane
of Trusses to transfer lateral Loads out of the Truss
System to the roof and ceiling Diaphragm(s). Also
referred to as “sway Bracing” or “X Bracing.” See
also Diagonal Bracing.
Hip Set: Series of Trusses of the same span and Over-
hang that decrease in height to form the end slope
of a hip roof system. Also called a step-down Truss
System.
Diagonal Bracing: Structural member installed at an
angle to a Truss chord or web member and intended
to temporarily and/or permanently stabilize Truss
member(s) and/or Truss(es) (see CFSBCSI-B1, CFSBCSI-B2 and CFSBCSI-B3).
Hip Truss: Trusses used in a hip set roof system. Each
Hip Truss has the same span and Overhang as the
adjacent standard Trusses but decreases in height
with the Top and Bottom Chords of its center portion
parallel to each other and horizontal. Also referred
to as a step-down Truss.
Diaphragm: The horizontal or sloped system defined
by the ceiling, floor or roof plane acting to transmit
lateral forces to the vertical lateral force resisting
elements (e.g., walls).
Installation Lateral Restraint: Lateral Restraint that
is attached to Truss members during installation of
the Trusses and is intended to be temporary. See
Fall Protection Plan: A written plan prepared for the
prevention of injuries associated with falls. A Fall
Protection Plan must be developed and evaluated on
a site-by-site basis.
Lateral Restraint.
Installation Restraint/Bracing: Lateral Restraint and
Diagonal Bracing installed during construction for
the purpose of holding Trusses in their proper location, plumb and in plane, until Permanent Individual Truss Member Restraint, Diagonal Bracing and
Permanent Building Stability Bracing are completely
installed.
Fall Protection System: Any means used to protect a
worker from a fall or minimize the risk of falling.
Options include: guards or railings; Personal Fall Arrest System; safety net; control zone; safety monitor
with a control zone; and other procedures acceptable to OSHA. See Personal Fall Arrest System.
Jurisdiction: Governmental unit that is responsible for
adopting and enforcing the Building code.
Floating Connection: A connection between Trusses
or other Structural Elements and non-load bearing
interior walls that allows for movement.
Lateral Bending: Bending out of the plane of the Truss.
Lateral Restraint: Formerly referred to as Continuous
Framing Structural System: Completed combination
Lateral Brace (CLB). A row of structural members
installed at right angles to a chord or Web member
of a series of Trusses to reduce the laterally unsupported length of the Truss member.
of structural elements, Trusses, Connections and
other systems, which serve to support the Building's
self-weight and the specified Loads.
Legal Requirements: Any applicable provisions of all
statutes, laws, rules, regulations, ordinances, codes
or orders of the governing Jurisdiction.
62
Glossary of Terms
Live Load: Loads produced by the use and occupan-
Proprietary Metal Restraint/Bracing Products: Metal
cy of the Building that do not include construction
or environmental Loads such as Wind Load, snow
Load, rain Load, earthquake Load, flood Load or
dead Load.
products used as Diagonal Bracing, Lateral Restraint,
bridging and Web Reinforcement, which are available
from a number of manufacturers.
Purlins: Structural horizontal members attached perpen-
Load: Forces or other actions that arise on structural
dicular to the Truss Top Chord used to provide Lateral
Restraint to the Top Chord and to support and transfer
the roof Loads to the Trusses.
systems from the weight of all permanent construction, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential settlement and restrained
dimensional changes.
Rafting: The procedure of building the entire roof system,
or portions thereof, on the ground and lifting it into
place.
Long Span Trusses: Trusses with a clear span of 60 feet
or greater.
Registered Design Professional (RDP): Architect or
Mono Truss: Truss that has a single Top Chord, and a
engineer who is licensed to practice their respective
design profession as defined by the Legal Requirements of the Jurisdiction in which the Building is to be
constructed.
slope greater than 1.5/12.
Multi-Ply Truss: A Truss designed to be installed as an
assembly of two or more individual Trusses fastened
together to act as one. Ply-to-ply Connections of
Multi-Ply Trusses are specified on the Truss Design
Drawing.
Reinforcement: A piece of steel section attached along
the length of a Truss member to prevent buckling
instability.
Overhang: Extension of the Top Chord of a Truss past
Repair Detail: A written, graphic or pictorial depiction
the Bottom Chord to form the eave or soffit framing
of the roof.
of the required fix to an altered or damaged Truss or
part.
Owner: Person having a legal or equitable interest in
Scissors Truss: Dual pitch, triangular Truss with dual pitch
the property upon which a Building is to be constructed, and: (1) either prepares or retains the
Building Designer or Registered Design Professional
to prepare the Construction Documents; and (2) either constructs or retains the Contractor to construct
the Building.
Bottom Chords.
Seismic Load: Assumed Load acting in any direction
on the Building and its Structural Elements due to the
dynamic action of earthquakes.
Self-Drilling Tapping Screw (SDS): A screw meeting the
mechanical and performance requirements of SAE
International Standard J78 that can drill a hole and
form or cut mating threads in the materials into which
it is driven.
Panel Point: Location on a Truss where the web mem-
bers and Top or Bottom Chords intersect.
Parallel Chord Truss: Truss with Top and Bottom
Chords with equal slopes.
Short Member Installation Lateral Restraint: Short,
Permanent Building Stability Bracing (PBSB): Lateral
structural members fastened at right angles to the
Truss chords during installation of the Trusses for the
purpose of reducing the laterally unsupported length
of the Truss member.
force resisting system for the Building that resists forces from gravity, wind, seismic and other Loads.
Permanent Individual Truss Member Restraint (PITMR): Restraint that is used to prevent local buckling
Spreader Bar: A specifically designed lifting device that
of an individual Truss chord or Web member due to
the axial forces in the individual Truss member.
enables the lifting cables to hang straight or toe-in to
their points of connection so as not to induce buckling
forces in the Truss being lifted.
Personal Fall Arrest System: An individual worker’s
Fall Protection System, composed of a safety belt
or full body harness, and lanyard, lifeline, and any
other connecting equipment that is used to secure
the worker to an individual anchor or to a horizontal
lifeline system. Such systems are designed to stop
a worker’s fall before the worker hits the surface
below.
Stacked Web Reinforcement: Reinforcement member at-
tached to the Web at the Truss plant to avoid the need
for field-installed reinforcement or Lateral Restraint and
Bracing.
Stiffback: The Spreader Bar when it is brought down
alongside, and attached directly to the Truss being
lifted to provide sufficient rigidity to adequately resist
out-of-plane bending of the Truss.
Piggyback Truss: Truss made and shipped to the
jobsite in two pieces consisting of a supporting Truss
and a triangular, supported (cap) Truss. The supporting Truss and cap Truss are attached at the jobsite.
Piggyback Trusses are used when shipping or manufacturing restrictions limit the overall Truss height.
Structural Building Components: Specialized structural
Building products designed, engineered and manufactured under controlled conditions for a specific
application. They are incorporated into the overall
63
Glossary of Terms
Truss Profile: A side view representation or outline of a
Building structural system by the Building Designer.
Examples include roof Trusses, floor Trusses, floor
panels, wall panels, I-joists, beams, headers, lintels,
Structural Sheathing and columns.
Truss.
Truss Spacing: The distance between two adjacent
Trusses in a row of Trusses. Typically measured center to center.
Structural Element: Single structural member (other
than a Truss) that is specified in the Construction
Documents.
Truss Span: The horizontal distance between outside
edges of exterior bearings.
Structural Sheathing: The structural covering used
Truss Submittal Package: Package consisting of each
directly over the roof, floor or wall framing members
that transfers perpendicular Loads to the framing
members. Structural Sheathing commonly used with
Trusses includes plywood, oriented strand board
(OSB) and certain types of metal decking. Properly
sized and installed Structural Sheathing provides
both Lateral Restraint and stability to the Truss members.
individual Truss Design Drawing, and as applicable,
the Truss Placement Diagram, the Cover/Truss Index
Sheet, Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing details
designed in accordance with generally accepted
engineering practice, applicable CFSBCSI defined
Lateral Restraint and Diagonal Bracing details, and
any other structural details germane to the Trusses.
Truss System: An assembly of Trusses and Girder
Submittal Documents: Construction Documents, spe-
Trusses, with all Bracing, Connections, and other
Structural Elements, and all spacing and location
criteria, that in combination, function to support
all the Loads applicable to the roof and/or floor of
a structure. A Truss System does not include walls,
foundations or any other structural support systems.
cial inspection and structural observation programs,
data, guides, reports and manufacturer’s installation
instructions submitted for approval with each permit
application or available at the jobsite at the time of
inspection.
Top Chord: Inclined or horizontal member that es-
Truss System Engineer: A licensed engineer who de-
tablishes the top edge of a Truss, usually carrying
combined compression and bending stresses.
signs a Truss System.
Valley Set: Group of triangular frames designed to sit
Top Chord Bearing: Bearing condition of a Truss that
on top of other trusses to frame the shape of dormers and to change the direction of the roof planes.
bears on its Top Chord extension.
Top Chord Installation Lateral Restraint (TCILR):
Web Member Plane: The two-dimensional area
Top Chord of a Truss during construction to reduce
the laterally unsupported length of the Top Chord.
formed by the top or bottom edge of adjacent
similar web members allowing for the connection of
Lateral Restraint and Bracing members.
Top Chord Plane: The two-dimensional area formed
Web Reinforcement: A piece of structural material such
by the top or bottom edge of adjacent similar Top
Chords allowing for the connection of a roof Diaphragm or Bracing members in a linear fashion.
as hat channel or stud section attached to a Web as
reinforcement against buckling instability.
Webs: Members that join the Top and Bottom Chords to
Triangulation: The act of forming rigid triangles with
form the triangular patterns typical of Trusses. These
members typically carry axial forces.
objects adequately fastened together.
Truss: Individual cold-formed steel component manu-
Wind Load: The Load created by the wind as deter-
factured for the construction of a Building.
mined for design purposes, usually described in
pounds per square foot of the area being affected.
Truss Design Drawing (TDD): Written, graphic and
pictorial depiction of an individual Truss.
Wind Speed: The design Wind Speed for the structure.
The value is determined by the Building Designer,
with the minimum determined by the building code
in effect in the Jurisdiction where the structure is
built.
Truss Designer: Person responsible for the preparation
of the Truss Design Drawings.
Truss Heel Height: The vertical depth of the Truss at the
outside face of bearing.
Worker Lift: A machine intended to mechanically hoist
Truss Manufacturer: Person engaged in the fabrication
a worker.
of Trusses.
Truss Orientation: The Truss position or alignment
within a structure relative to bearing walls.
Truss Placement Diagram (TPD): Illustration identify-
ing the assumed location of each Truss.
64
CFSBCS
REFERENCE
SAE International
400 Commonwealth Drive • Warrendale, PA 15096
877-606-7323 (US/Canada)
724-776-4970 (Outside North America)
sae.org
Industry Associations &
Governmental Agencies
American Institute of Architects (AIA)
1735 New York Ave NW • Washington, DC 20006-5292
800-242-3837 • 202-626-7547 fax
aia.org
6300 Enterprise Lane • Madison, WI 53719
608-274-4849 • 608-274-3329 fax
sbcindustry.com
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
25 Massachusetts Ave NW • Suite 800
Washington, DC 20001
202-452-7100
steel.org
INDUSTRY STANDARDS, GUIDELINES
& RECOMMENDATIONS
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
25 West 43rd Street, 4 floor • New York, NY 10036
212-642-4900 • 212-398-0023 fax
ansi.org
AISI S100-12, North American Specification for the
Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members,
American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC.
AISI S200-12, North American Standard for ColdFormed Steel Framing–General Provisions, American
Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
1801 Alexander Bell Dr • Reston, VA 20191
800-548-2723 • 703-295-6300 (International)
asce.org
AISI S202-15, Code of Standard Practice for ColdFormed Steel Structural Framing. American Iron and
Steel Institute, Washington, DC.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Two Park Avenue • New York, NY 10016-5990
800-843-2763 (US/Canada) • 001-800-843-2763
(Mexico) • 973-882-1170 (outside North America)
asme.org
AISI S214-12, North American Standard for ColdFormed Steel Framing–Truss Design, American Iron
and Steel Institute, Washington, DC.
Association of Crane & Rigging Professionals
28175 Haggerty Road • Novi, MI 48377
800-690-3921 • 01-248-994-4312 (International)
248-994-4313 fax
acrp.net • [email protected]
SAE J78, Steel Self-Drilling Tapping Screws.
SAE International, Warrendale, PA.
Cold-Formed Steel Engineers Institue
25 Massachusetts Ave NW • Suite 800
Washington, DC 20001
866-465-4732 • 202-263-4488 • 202-452-1039 fax
cfsei.org
Technical Note - 551e, Design Guide: Permanent
Bracing of Cold-Formed Steel Trusses. Cold-Formed Steel
Engineers Institute, Washington, DC.
Technical Note - 551d, Design Guide for Construction
Bracing of Cold-Formed Steel Trusses. Cold-Formed Steel
Engineers Institute, Washington, D.C.
National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)
1201 15th St NW • Washington, DC 20005
800-368-5242
nahb.org
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA)
US Department of Labor
Occupational Safety & Health Administration
200 Constitution Ave NW • Washington, DC 20210
800-321-6742
osha.gov
65
66
SBCA/CFSC SUPPLEMENTAL
Information Tags
CFSBCSI
CFSBL-T: BEARING LOCATION
This tag indicates where additional or interior bearing supports should
be located under the Truss.
BEARING LOCATION
SEE TRUSS DESIGN DRAWING FOR
SPECIFIC INFORMATION
VEA DIBUJO DE DISEÑO
DE TRUSS PARA
INFORMACIÓN ESPECÍFICA
LUGAR DE COJINETE
www.sbcindustry.com
#
SBCA - Structural Building Components Association
Copyright © 2007
All Rights Reserved
DO NOT USE DAMAGED COMPONENTS
DO NOT USE CUT, BENT OR OTHERWISE DAMAGED COMPONENTS
CFSDC-T: DO NOT USE DAMAGED COMPONENTS
This tag warns against using components that are damaged or altered.
NO USE LOS COMPONENTES CORTADOS, DOBLADOS
O DE OTRA MANERA DAÑADOS
NO USE LOS COMPONENTES DAÑADOS
www.sbcindustry.com
#
Copyright © 2007
All Rights Reserved
WARNING!
¡ADVERTENCIA!
Before handling,
storing or installing
components refer to
CFSBCSI Summary
Sheet(s) and
materials provided
in the component
manufacturer’s
.
www.sbcindustry.com
Antes de mover,
guardar o instalar los
componentes, vea la(s)
Hoja(s) Sumaria(s)
del CFSBCSI y los
materiales incluidos
en el PAQUETE DE
OBRA del fabricante de
componentes.
#
Copyright © 2007
All Rights Reserved
CFSJOBSITE-T: JOBSITE WARNING
This tag refers to the instructional material in CFSBCSI and the Jobsite
Package for proper handling, storing, installing, restraining and
Bracing information.
PERMANENT LATERAL RESTRAINT AND DIAGONAL
BRACING REQUIRED
SEE TRUSS DESIGN DRAWING FOR LATERAL RESTRAINT; CONSULT
BUILDING DESIGNER AND/OR CFSBCSI-B3 FOR DIAGONAL BRACING
LATERAL
RESTRAINT
DIAGONAL
BRACING
CFSPLRB-T: PERMANENT LATERAL RESTRAINT AND DIAGONAL
BRACING
This tag indicates tagged member requires Lateral Restraint and
Diagonal Bracing and instructs the installer to refer to the Truss Design
Drawing, CFSBCSI-B3 and consult the Building Designer.
VEA EL DIBUJO DE DISEÑO DE TRUSS PARA RESTRICCIÓN LATERAL; CONSULTE
AL DISEÑADOR DE EDIFICIO Y/O CFSBCSI-B3 PARA ARRIOSTRE DIAGONAL
RESTRICCIÓN LATERAL PERMANENTE Y ARRIOSTRE
DIAGONAL ES REQUERIDO
#
www.sbcindustry.com
WARNING!
Copyright © 2007
All Rights Reserved
TRUSSES ARE UNSTABLE UNTIL PROPERLY
RESTRAINED & DIAGONALLY BRACED
See CFSBCSI-B1 or CFSBCSI-B2 for Installation Restraint & Diagonal Bracing Information.
Consult Building Designer and/or CFSBCSI-B3 for Permanent Restraint & Diagonal Bracing
Information. For Trusses 60' or Greater in Length, Consult a Professional Engineer.
¡ADVERTENCIA!
LOS TRUSSES SON INESTABLES HASTA
QUE SEAN RETRINGIDOS Y ARRIOSTRADOS
DIAGONALMENTE APROPIADAMENTE
Vea CFSBCSI-B1 o CFSBCSI-B2 para Información Sobre la Restricción de Instalación y Arriostre Diagonal.
Consulte al Diseñador del Ediﬁcio y/o CFSBCSI-B3 para Información Sobre la Restricción Permanente y el
Arriostre Diagonal. Para Trusses de Más de 60 Pies de Largo, Consulte a un Ingeniero Profesional.
#
www.sbcindustry.com
Copyright © 2007
All Rights Reserved
CFSINSTBRACE-T: INSTALLATION RESTRAINT & BRACING
This tag complements the CFSBCSI-B1 and CFSBCSI-B2 Summary
Sheets and is placed on Trusses to remind the installor of the need for
Installation Restraint/Bracing. This tag assists in providing safety information and draws attention to the summary sheets, which give detailed
information on Installation Restraint/Bracing.
67
REFERENCE GUIDE
TO CFSBCSI-B SERIES
SUMMARY SHEETS
CFSBCSI-B1 Guide for Handling, Installing, Restraining
& Bracing of Trusses
CFSBCSI-B2Setting Trusses & Installation Restraint/
Bracing
CFSBCSI-B3 Permanent Restraint/Bracing of Chords &
Web Members
CFSBCSI-B4Construction Loading
CFSBCSI-B5Truss Damage, Jobsite Modifications &
Installation Errors
CFSBCSI-B11Fall Protection & Trusses
Cold-Formed Steel Council
608-274-4849 • 608-274-3329 fax • cfsc.sbcindustry.com
608-274-4849 • 608-274-3329 fax • sbcindustry.com

CFSBCSI - CFSC

Transcription

Similar documents

Truss Request From Menards Stores

construcción con guadua

Reed Arena

100K Vermont House

the case study

Fitting Instructions for 1050mm or 1200mm Canopy

MiTek Floor Truss Advantages

EZ Truss System by Trussworks

Vierendeel trusses highlight multistory building