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AVIAN DISEASES AVIAN DISEASES
AVIAN DISEASES Pet Bird Board R i Review OCW Zoological Medicine 2008 G. Kaufman, DVM Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine PARROTS Class AVES Order PSITTACIFORMES Amazons, macaws, conures, lovebirds, parrots, t parrotlets, tl t lories, l i lorikeets, l ik t parakeets, cockatoos, cockatiels G. Kaufman, DVM 2 Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques The Basics of Diagnosis • • History Physical y examination G. Kaufman, DVM 3 Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques R i Diagnostics Routine Di i • • • • • Fecal examination Cloacal and choanal cultures Baseline bloodwork Serology Radiology G. Kaufman, DVM 4 Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques F l examination Fecal i i • • • Direct (saline) Flotation G Gram stain t i G. Kaufman, DVM 5 Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques Routine Cultures • • Choanal cultures Cloacal cultures G. Kaufman, DVM 6 Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques Routine Blood Work Sample collection • • • • Jugular vein Cutaneous Ulnar vein i Metatarsal vein Volumes not to exceed 1% of body weight in grams G. Kaufman, DVM 7 G. Kaufman, DVM 8 Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques A i Bl Avian Bloodd Cells C ll • • • • Red blood cells Heterophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes • Monocytes • Thrombocytes • G. Kaufman, DVM 9 Serum Chemistryy – minimum database • • • • • • • Uric acid Total protein Calcium Phosphorus h h Glucose Aspartate transaminase (AST) Bile acids G. Kaufman, DVM 10 Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques Serology, PCR etc. • Viral screening • • • • Poultry viruses – many!! Polyomavirus y Psittacine Beak & Feather Disease (circovirus) Environmental screening options G. Kaufman, DVM 11 Diagnostic g and therapeutic p techniques q Serology, PCR etc. • Aspergillus testing • • • Serology S l Protein electrophoresis Chlamydia testing • • Antigen A ti vs. antibody tib d testing t ti PCR G. Kaufman, DVM 12 Diagnostic g and therapeutic p techniques q Sex determination G. Kaufman, DVM 13 Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques Fluid l id Therapy h - Hydration needs • Dail maintenance Daily 60-100 60 100 ml/kg/day OR ml/day=78 ml/day 78 x BW kg 0.75 • • Degree of dehydration Continuing losses G. Kaufman, DVM 14 Diagnostic and therapeutic techniques Therapeutic Administration • • • Oral Subcutaneous Intramuscular l G. Kaufman, DVM • Intravenous Intraosseous – distal di t l ulna l • Nebulizaton • 15 Neb li ation Nebulization G. Kaufman, DVM 16 16 AVIAN RADIOLOGY G. Kaufman, DVM 17 G. G. Kaufman, DVM 18 G. Kaufman, DVM 19 AVIAN ANESTHESIA AND SURGERY G. Kaufman, DVM 20 Avian Anesthesia Injectable • • • • • vs Dose response variable N Non-reversible ibl Difficult recovery Higher i h risk ik Portable G. Kaufman, DVM Inhalation • • • • • Predictable response E il titratable Easily tit t bl Rapid recovery Muchh safer f Requires machine 21 Avian Anesthesia Isoflurane anesthesia • • • Mask only procedures 15-20 minutes I t b ti for Intubation f longer l procedures d or if ventilation is needed in short procedures Some mechanical/manual ventilation is always required for longer procedures Sevoflurane also OK, but not much better G. Kaufman, DVM 22 Principles of Avian Surgery • • • Hemostasis Precision Speed G. Kaufman, DVM 23 Review of Pet Bird DISEASES G. Kaufman, DVM 24 Nutrition Seed Based Diets Deficient in: • • • • High in: Calcium Vitamin A Iodine Essential amino acids G. Kaufman, DVM Energy • Fat • Carbohydrates • 25 Nutrition Optimal Pet Bird Diet • • • • Seeds (?) Pellets ll Fresh unprocessed p foods Fresh water G. Kaufman, DVM 26 Nutritional Diseases • Vitamin A deficiency Squamous metaplasia • Respiratory tract • GI tract • Urinary tract • Reproductive tract G. Kaufman, DVM 27 Vitamin A deficiencyy • Diagnosis • • • • Treatment • • • • Dietary history Clinical signs Choanal papillae? Biopsy? Correct diet Vitamin A injection Surgery if necessary Prevention • Ensure adequate dietary sources of Vitamin A G. Kaufman, DVM 28 Nutritional Diseases • Calcium imbalance (deficiency) Egg binding Pathological fractures Unthriftiness Hypocalcemia of African Grey Parrots – need more UVB! G. Kaufman, DVM 29 Nutritional Diseases • Iodine deficiency Goiter in Budgerigars G. Kaufman, DVM 30 Nutritional Diseases • Obesity • Hepatic lipidosis G. Kaufman, DVM 31 Behavior Feather picking/self mutilation • Rule out non-environmental causes of dermatitis Appreciate natural behaviors allergic dermititis liver disease intestinal irritation viral i l diseases di endocrine disorders Very intelligent social animals Travel miles between foraging sites Spend 3-6 hrs/day foraging for food Seek out huge variety – 58 species i off indigenous i di plant l material i l Diagnosis through history and comprehensive testing • Treat underlying cause • Control self mutilation G. Kaufman, DVM • 32 Major Psittacine Viral Diseases Respiratory system CNS Paramyxovirus y Amazon tracheitis Psittacine pox Paramyxovirus y Hepatobiliar ssystem Hepatobiliary stem Herpesvirus (Pachecos) Polyomavirus Adenovirus Reovirus Gastrointestinal system Proventricular dilatation syndrome y Paramyxovirus Herpesvirus (Pachecos) Hemolymphatic system Avian leukosis (?) Skin Psittacine pox Psittacine beak and feather disease P i i polyomavirus Psittacine l i Herpesvirus G. Kaufman, DVM 33 Viral Diseases Psittacine Hepatitis Common clinical signs • • • • Anorexia vomiting/regurgitation Diarrhea i h Change in color of feces/urates B i treatment Basic t t t • • • • • Isolation Fl id therapy Fluid th Nutritional support Lactulose Antibiotics G. Kaufman, DVM 34 Viral Diseases Psittacine Hepatitis • • • • • Herpesvirus Papovavirus/Polyomavirus Ad Adenovirus i Reovirus R l t Bacterial Ruleout B t i l hepatitis h titi Parasitic hepatitis Chlamydiosis Toxic hepatitis Hepatic lipidosis G. Kaufman, DVM 35 Viral Diseases Psittacine Herpesvirus Hepatitis Pacheco'ss disease Pacheco G. Kaufman, DVM 36 Viral Diseases Psittacine Herpesvirus Hepatitis • • • All psittacines susceptible High mortality Clinical signs Sudden death, anorexia, depression, yellow diarrhea, y signs g systemic • • • Diagnosis Treatment Asymptomatic carriers??? Conures? G. Kaufman, DVM 37 Viral Diseases P l Polyomavirus i • Small psittacines “budgie fledgling disease” “French French molt molt” • Large g ppsittacines hepatitis G. Kaufman, DVM 38 Viral Diseases Polyomavirus in larger psittacines • • Primarily affects young birds Clinical signs g sudden death, subQ hemorrhage, GI signs, systemic signs • Diagnosis antibody titers, PCR • Treatment and control 9 9 Serology on blood PCR on feces, blood, environment G. Kaufman, DVM 39 Viral Diseases Psittacine Beak and Feather Ds. • • • • • "French French molt molt" in Australian budgies Circovirus Exposure early in life leads to more severe disease Epidermal necrosis (feather dystrophy), dystrophy) bursal and thymic atrophy ( (immunosuppression) pp ) Diagnosis and Control • • PCR on blood, environment Feather biopsy G. Kaufman, DVM 40 Viral Diseases P Proventricular t i l Dilatation Dil t ti Syndrome S d • Clinical signs – – – • Wasting Regurgitation Neurologic signs “Neuropathic gastric dilatation” “Macaw wasting disease” • – Diagnosis – – – Radiographs Biopsy – myenteric plexis? ddx. gastritis, heavy metals, foreign body Treatment – Supportive pp NSAIDS (Celebrex) ETIOLOGY DISCOVERED: Bornavirus NEW G. Kaufman, DVM fatal 41 Major j Psittacine Bacterial Diseases Respiratory Diseases Enteric Diseases Spontaneous bacterial di disease Spontaneous bacterial di disease Systemic Diseases Avian chlamydiosis M b Mycobacteriosis i i G. Kaufman, DVM 42 Bacterial diseases Psittacine Normal Flora Respiratory R i t tract t t Gastrointestinal tract • • ppredominantlyy gram g + G. Kaufman, DVM 43 Bacterial diseases Spontaneous Bacterial Enteritis • • Stress associated disease Overgrowth of common commensals G. Kaufman, DVM 44 Bacterial diseases Spontaneous Bacterial i l Respiratory i Diseases • • • Stress associated disease Overgrowth of common commensals Underlying Vitamin A deficiency G. Kaufman, DVM 45 Bacterial diseases M b t i i Mycobacteriosis M avium M. • • • • • Ubiquitous M paratuberculosis M. b l i similarities i il iti Pre-mortem dx. difficult Treatment options NOT reportable M. tuberculosis ~ REPORTABLE G. Kaufman, DVM 46 Bacterial diseases Chlamydiosis • • • • REPORTABLE DISEASE but NOT EXOTIC Important zoonosis Endemic in the U.S. in captive and wild birds Review Compendium on Chlamydia G. Kaufman, DVM 47 Chlamydiosis Characteristics of the organism • • • • Chlamydophila Chl Chlamydophila d hil psittaci itt i Obligate intracellular bacteria Elementary body (infectious) Reticulate body (vegetative) Asymptomatic carrier state G. Kaufman, DVM 48 Chlamydiosis y Disease in Psittacines Acute disease • upper respiratory/air sacculitis • • • • hepatitis • • • G. Kaufman, DVM Anorexia Dyspnea Nasal discharge Anorexia Vomiting Diarrhea 49 Chlamydiosis Di Disease in i Psittacines Pi i Chronic disease • • • poor feathers chronic respiratory problems chronic diarrhea Asymptomatic carriers • • • no clinical li i l signs i intermittent shedding may become acutely ill » sudden death G. Kaufman, DVM 50 Chlamydiosis Diagnosis History Clinical signs g Basic diagnostics • • • CBC Profile Radiographs g p Laboratory tests – – – – Culture Serology Feces/tissue antigen PCR C Postmortem D ’t rely Don’t l on lab l b tests t t alone! l ! G. Kaufman, DVM 51 Chlamydiosis Treatment Tetracyclines: • • • Antibiotics x 45 days Chlortetracycline Oxytetracycline y y Doxycycline Fluoroquinalones Azithromycin Supportive care Isolation for at least 5 days G. Kaufman, DVM 52 Chlamydiosis Disease in people • • • • • Incubation 5-14 days Fever,, cough g headache,, weakness,, fatigue, chills, myalgia, etc. Dx with radiographs, Dx. radiographs serology Antibiotic therapy 7-10 days IMPORTANT O A to alert l physician!! h i i !! G. Kaufman, DVM 53 Fungal diseases Candidiasis • • • Young unweaned Y d bi birds d “sour “ crop”” 2nd to antimicrobial therapy Diagnosis history y & clinical signs g cytology/culture • Treatment nystatin, ketoconazole, fluconazole G. Kaufman, DVM 54 Fungal diseases Avian Gastric yeast • • • • • Budgies (other psittacines), canaries, fi h ostrich finches, ti h Chronic wasting and death Attacks koilin layer in gizzard Tx. W With ORAL O amphotericin p B Prognosis guarded Macrorhabdus ornithogaster G. Kaufman, DVM 55 Fungal diseases Avian Gastric yeast G. Kaufman, DVM 56 Fungal diseases Aspergillosis • Sensitive species raptors penguins raptors, penguins, waterfowl waterfowl, psittacines, psittacines poultry • • • Secondary to immunosuppression (e g other chronic conditions) (e.g. Secondary to antibiotic usage Exposure to high concentrations in the environment G. Kaufman, DVM 57 Aspergillosis Clinical signs • • • • • Air sacculitits, granulomatous pneumonia rhinitis pneumonia, Weakness, anorexia, weight loss Dyspnea/exercise intolerance +/- Nasal discharge +/ Sudden death G. Kaufman, DVM 58 Aspergillosis Diagnosis • • • • History and clinical signs Radiographs di h Laparoscopy Serology/protein electrophoresis • • interpretation problematic Cytology/culture y gy G. Kaufman, DVM 59 Aspergillosis Treatment • • • • • • EARLY DIAGNOSIS! A h t i i B + flucytosine Amphotericin fl t i Itraconazole Enilconazole, fluconazole, etc. S Supportive i care Prevention? G. Kaufman, DVM 60 Parasitic diseases External Parasites • Knemidokoptes mites G. Kaufman, DVM 61 Parasitic diseases Other Parasites Air sac/tracheal mites in Canaries • Sternastoma tracheocolum G. Kaufman, DVM 62 Parasitic diseases Other Parasites Hemoparasites in wild caught or outdoor d birds bi d • • • Leukocytozoon Hemoproteus Plasmodium "avian malaria“ in p g penguins G. Kaufman, DVM 63 Toxic diseases L d Poisoning Lead P i i Clinical signs • anorexia • diarrhea di h or GI G stasis i • vomiting • PU/PD • hematuria Amazons ONLY G. Kaufman, DVM • • • • • • muscle weakness paralysis y ataxia blindness seizures death 64 Toxic diseases L d Poisoning Lead P i i Diagnosis • history • clinical signs • CBC • radiographs • blood lead levels G. Kaufman, DVM Treatment • eliminate source CaEDTA P i ill i Penicillamine Succimer • Prognosis? • • • 65 Toxic diseases Zi toxicosis Zinc i i • • • • • New wire disease Galvanized metals Clinical signs similar to lead Diagnosis Treatment - CaEDTA G. Kaufman, DVM 66 Toxic diseases Teflon polytetrafluoroethylene G. Kaufman, DVM 67 Metabolic diseases Gout • • • • G. Kaufman, DVM Uric acid metabolism Hyperuricemia y Visceral gout Articular gout 68 Metabolic diseases Diabetes Mellitis • • • • • Budgies, toucans, ducks, others Glucagon dependent (++ α cells) Clinical signs typical Diagnosis - blood/urine glucose T t Treatment? t? G. Kaufman, DVM 69 Reproductive disorders Ch i egg laying Chronic l i • • Common in cockatiels/finches Consequences • • • Calcium depletion Egg gg bindingg prolapse • Treatment – – – G. Kaufman, DVM Environmental Hormonal Surgical 70 Reproductive Disorders E binding Egg bi di • • • • Common in cockatiels/finches Calcium deficiency? Diagnosis Treatment • • • Heat and moisture Medical – Ca, Oxytocin, PGE, lubrication Surgical G. Kaufman, DVM 71 Neoplastic diseases • Renal & Gonadal Tumors • • • Budgies U il t l lameness Unilateral l Many others…. G. Kaufman, DVM 72 Passeriformes (Finches and Canaries) • • • Feather cysts Egg-binding Trauma G. Kaufman, DVM Pox • Chlamydia resistant? • Atoxoplasma p • Air Sac mites • 73 Toucans (Ramphastids) • • • • • Dietary management important Beak fractures/problems for captive birds Hemochromatosis Diabetes Mellitus Yersinia pseudotuberculosis G. Kaufman, DVM 74 Pigeons Pi • • • • • Pigeon pox Pigeon paramyxovirus (PMV (PMV-1) 1) Chlamydia Candida Trichomonas G. Kaufman, DVM 75 RATITES (ostrich emu, (ostrich, emu rheas) • • • • • Trauma Angular limb deformities Foreign body ingestion/impaction Eastern encephalitis Avian influenza G. Kaufman, DVM 76 Waterfowl • • • • Duck plague, DVE, herpes REPORTABLE Duck viral hepatitis A i cholera Avian h l - Pasteurellosis P t ll i Botulism • Aspergillosis Lead poisoning • Bumblefoot • G. Kaufman, DVM 77 R t Raptors • • • • • • Trauma Starvation Bumblefoot Aspergillosis Trichomonas Capillaria G. Kaufman, DVM 78
