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Spring 2010
TECHNOLOGY
today
Southwest Research Institute®
®
San Antonio, Texas
Spring 2010 • Volume 31, No. 1
TECHNOLOGY
today
Director of Communications
Craig Witherow
Editor
Joe Fohn
Cover
Spring 2010
TECHNOLOGY
today
®
Assistant Editor
Deborah Deffenbaugh
Contributing Editors
Tracey Whelan, Maria Martinez
Editorial Assistant
Kasey Chenault
Design
Scott Funk
Photography
Larry Walther
Illustrations
Andrew Blanchard
Circulation
Gloria Ibarra
Technology Today (ISSN 1528-431X) is published three times
each year and distributed free of charge. The publication
discusses some of the more than 1,000 research and development projects under way at Southwest Research Institute. The
materials in Technology Today may be used for educational and
informational purposes by the public and the media. Credit to
Southwest Research Institute should be given. This
authorization does not extend to property rights such as
patents. Commercial and promotional use of the contents
in Technology Today without the express written consent of
Southwest Research Institute is prohibited. The information
published in Technology Today does not necessarily reflect the
position or policy of Southwest Research Institute or its clients,
and no endorsements should be made or inferred. Address
correspondence to the editor, Department of Communications,
Southwest Research Institute, P.O. Drawer 28510, San Antonio,
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(210) 522-3547, or visit update.swri.org.
© 2010 Southwest Research Institute. All rights reserved.
Technology Today, Southwest Research Institute and SwRI are
registered marks in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
About the Institute
Since its founding in 1947, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI)
has contributed to the advancement of science and technology
by working with clients in industry and government. Performing
research for the benefit of humankind is a long-held
tradition. The Institute comprises 12 divisions engaged in
contract research spanning a wide range of technologies.
Southwest Research Institute on the Internet:
www.swri.org
Southwest Research Institute
San Antonio, Texas
About the cover
An ultra-clean diesel locomotive with state-of-the-art
emission controls undergoes evaluation at SwRI’s Locomotive
Technology Center.
Articles
Contents
2 Ultra-Clean Diesel Locomotive
SwRI helps develop, implement and verify
state-of-the-art emission controls for a new locomotive.
6 Gearing Up for Wind Energy
SwRI engineers work to improve gearbox
reliability through improved evaluation methods.
10 Heavy Oil Upgrading
SwRI installed, comissioned and operates a client’s
process that exploits an under-used energy source
by making solids act like liquids.
16 SwRI researchers offer explanation for the
differences between Ganymede and Callisto
Departments
Technics….17
Technical Staff Activities….18
Recent Features….29
Ultra-Clean
Diesel Locomotive
D17426-5213
SwRI helps develop,
implement and
verify state-of-the-art
emission controls for
a new locomotive
D17426-5250
Dustin T. Osborne is a research
engineer in the Emissions Research and
Development Department within the
Engine, Emissions and Vehicle Research
Division. His work focuses on locomotive
performance and emissions and the
application and evaluation of locomotive
aftertreatment products. Christopher A.
Sharp is a staff engineer in the Emissions
Research and Development Department.
His projects include characterization
of regulated and unregulated engine
emissions to study fuel effects,
aftertreatment effects and diesel engine
developments to meet future emission
standards.
2
Technology Today • Spring 2010
A
ccording to the Federal Railroad
Administration, railroads are 1.9
to 5.5 times more fuel-efficient
than trucks when it comes to
moving freight. In fact, a freight train
moves a ton of freight an average of 457
miles on a single gallon of fuel. It comes
as no surprise, then, that rail transportation is the most used method of transporting goods in the United States,
accounting for 43 percent of all goods
transported. To help get this done, more
than 24,000 locomotives operate on the
seven largest U.S. railroads, which also
comprise the U.S. Class I Railroads.
Locomotive exhaust emissions were
unregulated in the U.S. until 2000, when
the Environmental Protection Agency put
in place exhaust emission standards that
by 2005 would require locomotive manufacturers to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx)
emissions, the leading precursor to the
formation of ozone, or smog, by
approximately 60 percent. Particulate
matter (PM) emissions, a pollutant identified by the state of California as a cancercausing substance and an irritant to the
respiratory system, were to be reduced
by approximately 50 percent under the
regulations that were implemented in Tier
1 and 2 stages. Despite these significantly
cleaner engines, the EPA estimated in
2008 that locomotive and marine diesel
engines still accounted for approximately
20 percent of mobile source emissions
of NOx, and about 25 percent of mobile
source diesel PM in the United States.
D017460
engine design changes alone, but would
instead force the transfer into the locomotive sector of exhaust catalyst technology
previously developed to control NOx and
PM from on-highway and non-road heavyduty diesel engines.
In addition to EPA regulation, the
state of California actively promotes
effective measures of reducing emissions
within that state’s nonattainment zones, or
areas that do not meet the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), where
emission reduction priorities are the highest. The desire for railroads to help meet
California’s air quality objectives, plus the
approach of future EPA regulations, resulted in a demand from manufacturers for
ultra-low emission locomotives. Although
the number of ultra-low emission switcher
locomotives has been increasing in recent
years with the introduction of multiple
gen-set switchers, the railroads had not
yet had an ultra-low emission solution for
medium horsepower locomotives operating in helper and short-haul services.
Therefore, an opportunity exists to fill a
market void with the introduction of an intermediate line-haul locomotive equipped
with state-of-the-art selective catalytic
reduction (SCR) aftertreatment, which has
the potential to reduce NOx emissions by
more than 80 percent below Tier 2 levels.
In the coming months, a supplier of products to the North American rail industry
will be delivering five locomotives that
meet future EPA Locomotive Tier 4 NOx
emission requirements. This group of
locomotives will operate in revenue
service in California for the next year
and will provide valuable field data and
real-world experience with locomotive SCR aftertreatment that likely will
become an integral part of future U.S.
line-haul locomotives.
(SwRI) combines a long history of
working with the railroad industry and
extensive experience in SCR technology and diesel locomotive exhaust
emissions. Institute engineers have
helped government and industry clients meet engine exhaust emission
goals for many years. For this program,
SwRI staff expertise and facilities were
called on to assist with the aftertreatment development, implementation
and validation for the ultra-low NOx
emitting locomotive.
D017461
By Dustin T. Osborne and
Christopher A. Sharp
New EPA regulations for locomotive
emissions
On May 6, 2008, the EPA finalized
future Tier 3 and Tier 4 exhaust emission
standards for new locomotives. The transition from Tier 2 to Tier 3 will require a 50
percent reduction in PM and will apply to
newly manufactured locomotives starting
January 1, 2012. This will most likely be
achieved by using ultra-low sulfur diesel
(ULSD) fuel along with an incremental
improvement in engine-out PM. Tier 4 exhaust emission standards for locomotives
will take effect in 2015 and will require
an additional 70 percent reduction in PM
from Tier 3 standards, as well as approximately an 80 percent reduction in NOx.
Tier 4 standards will not likely be met by
Tier 4 NOx and PM emission requirements, described by the red box at the extreme bottom
left of this chart, are shown in this summary of the progression of PM and NOx EPA limits for
line-haul locomotives operating in the U.S.
3
D017463
Developing SCR controls in the laboratory
D017462
The SwRI team initiated the project
in the summer of 2008 and immediately
began work in the test cell. To establish
an emissions starting point, SwRI engineers completed baseline engine-out
testing for the locomotive engine, which
was certified under applicable EPA Tier 2
locomotive requirements. The laboratory
component exhaust aftertreatment system was then fitted to the test cell
engine. This system first routes engineout exhaust through a diesel oxidation
catalyst to minimize the organic portion of PM and then routes the exhaust
through the SCR portion of the system,
where NOx is reduced.
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is
a process that converts NOx emissions
into the harmless products of water and
diatomic nitrogen by introducing a reducing agent into engine exhaust in the presence of a catalytic surface. One efficient
reducing agent for the NOx SCR process is
ammonia (NH3). However, due to the hazards of storing and transporting ammonia,
an aqueous solution of urea (NH2)2CO
is typically used as a safe alternative. The
urea solution is injected into the exhaust,
where it is evaporated and mixed with the
exhaust gas in front of a catalyst. The decomposition of urea in the exhaust stream
and on the catalyst surface provides the
ammonia necessary for NOx reduction
to take place. Urea-based SCR has been
identified by many
engine manufacturers as the technology of choice for
meeting stringent
NOx emissions
regulations for
diesel engines.
This NOx emission
control option also
offers fuel savings
over alternative
options, balanced
by the drawback of
requiring a separate fluid delivery
and control system. Increases in system complexity are likely necessary at
any rate, however, to meet future NOx
locomotive emission regulations while
maintaining acceptable fuel efficiency.
Ideally, one molar quantity of ammonia (NH3) is required to completely
reduce the same quantity of NOx.
However, the urea decomposition
process is difficult to model under
all exhaust conditions, and different
chemical process paths exist for the reduction of NOx with NH3, depending
on exhaust and catalyst conditions. For
these reasons the amount of urea injection necessary to reduce NOx down
to target levels is often determined
experimentally.
For the locomotive SCR, the
amount of urea to be injected into
the exhaust was empirically mapped
in the laboratory over all locomotive
operating points, such that NOx reduction was maximized while maintaining very low levels of ammonia slip,
which is defined as any ammonia left
over after the catalytic processes have
taken place. A feed-forward control
algorithm was then developed from
the laboratory data and exhaust flow
modeling. With this urea injection
control strategy, the system was soon
demonstrating 2015 Tier 4 locomotive
NOx levels in the laboratory.
The SCR exhaust aftertreatment equipment that was developed
by the manufacturer and SwRI engineers was implemented in a
locomotive engine.
4
The SwRI Locomotive Technology Center, located near a commercial railyard in downtown
San Antonio, provides the space and convenience needed to perform emissions collection and analyais
on locomotives, such as PRLX3004 shown here, as they are brought in from line haul service.
The next task was
to incorporate the NOx
feedback control system.
Post-SCR exhaust NOx
concentration data feedback to the controller
helped to fine-tune the
SCR and adjust urea dosing for optimum SCR performance at any operating
condition. This feature
reduced NOx emissions
even further and also lowered ammonia slip to near
zero.
Locomotive emissions reduction
equipment installed
The SwRI team installed the first
SCR in 2009 and performed locomotive
emission testing at the SwRI Locomotive
Technology Center (LTC) near downtown
San Antonio. This facility was established
in cooperation with the Association of
American Railroads (AAR) in 1992. SwRI
has performed more than 250 locomotive
exhaust emission tests at the center in
projects for EPA, the California Air Resources Board (CARB), locomotive manufacturers, engine component suppliers,
the AAR, and individual railroads.
Emissions testing using the exhaust
aftertreatment resulted in NOx levels
below the 2015 Tier 4 limits. In addition,
hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide
(CO) emissions were a fraction of the Tier
4 emissions limits. The aftertreatment
system was also effective in reducing
PM emissions from the previous Tier 2
category to roughly one-half of the Tier
3 limit.
The locomotive was initially put into
revenue service in June 2009,
operating first locally between Kirby and
South San Antonio, then between San Antonio and Fort Worth. Before leaving SwRI,
it was instrumented with a data logging
system to continually monitor and log parameters pertinent to SCR operation and
locomotive use during revenue service. A
Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver
was also installed to monitor locomotive
location, and a cellular phone package
was used to remotely monitor and periodically download data via the Internet.
SwRI engineers monitored operations of the locomotive and SCR system
and tracked its hours of operation. The
locomotive worked its way back to SwRI
for emissions tests after reaching 500
hours of revenue service, and it did so
again at 1,000 hours of operation. Results
from these tests, along with the revenue
service data logging, showed that the
locomotive so far is capable of meeting
the high demands of line-haul locomotives while also sustaining Tier 4 levels of
NOx, CO and HC and Tier 3 levels of PM.
In the fall of 2009, the second of the
five SCR-equipped locomotives that are
scheduled to operate in California was
delivered to SwRI, where the aftertreatment equipment was installed and commissioned, and exhaust emission evaluations completed. This locomotive was
likewise instrumented to track its usage,
SCR performance and engine operation.
D017464
In service in California
The two locomotives left Texas in
January 2010, working their way to California pulling an intermodal freight train, and
they are currently operating in revenue
service in the Los Angeles basin of California. SwRI engineers will continue to monitor and report usage and performance
data to CARB for one year. The second
locomotive tested at SwRI is scheduled
to return for repeat emission tests and
inspections after six months of revenue
service in California, and again after a year
of revenue service.
Results from SwRI emissions testing
of the two locomotives were provided
to CARB to verify that any locomotive of
this model can be recognized by the state
of California as an ultra-low emission locomotive (ULEL), thereby qualifying for
California incentive programs. This will
accelerate the introduction of these ultra-clean
locomotives into service,
displacing older, higheremitting locomotives. v
Questions about this
article? Contact Osborne
at (210) 522-4243 or
[email protected],
or Sharp at (210) 522-2661
or [email protected].
References
An illustration of data logger tracking during early operation
of the SCR equipped locomotive in San Antonio shows
placemarks shaded according to the NOx reduction recorded
at each point. Areas of little or no NOx reduction are due to
exhaust temperatures being below the threshold of SCR activity.
“Class I Railroad Statistics,” Association of American Railroads,
September 10, 2009; online document available at www.aar.org
“EPA Locomotive Emission
Standards: Regulatory Support
Document,” United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Mobile Sources, April
1998, p96.
“40 CFR Parts 9,85, et al., Control of Emissions of Air Pollution
From Locomotive Engines and
Marine Compression-Ignition
Engines Less Than 30 Liters per
Cylinder; Final Rule,” Federal
Register, Vol. 73, No.126, Monday, June 30, 2008, Rules and
Regulations, p37097.
5
GEARING UP FOR
WIND ENERGY
SwRI engineers
work to improve
gearbox reliability
through improved
evaluation methods
By Rebecca L. Warden
T
hose tall, graceful vanes slowly
rotating in the breeze on electricity-generating wind farms
give immediate notice that this is
a new, alternative source of generating
electric power for our nation. However,
these 21st century windmills revolve
around a familiar set of mechanical gearboxes and shafts.
(SwRI) engineers have built specialized
test stands and developed procedures
needed for evaluating gearboxes for a
wide range of industries over the past 50
years. This experience has ranged from
hypoid gears used in axles on 18-wheel
trucks to large multi-ratio gearboxes on
farm tractors, to the gearboxes used in
submarines and heavy-lift helicopters.
SwRI engineers have helped identify causes and effects associated with
gearbox failures and have developed
solutions to specific failures involving
excessive deflection, cracking, pitting
6
and fatigue life of gear teeth. Throughout this process, rigorous testing has
been employed to validate either the
failure mode or its fix. Today, engineers
are turning their attention to address the
special requirements of wind turbine
applications.
Growing role of wind power
Wind power as a source of alternative energy has had an exponential rise
in popularity and use over the past decade and is expected to continue that
trend for many years to come. In the
1990s, less than 2.5 gigawatts (GW) of
wind energy capacity was installed in
the United States. By 2002 that number
had nearly doubled, and total capacity
grew to more than 25 GW in 2009. Currently the U.S. produces enough power
through wind energy to power more
than seven million homes. As the world
makes strides for “greener” forms of
energy along with less consumption,
many have looked to the wind as an
answer. The U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) hopes to achieve 20 percent
renewable energy by 2030, and wind
energy is expected to be the base for
the majority of that progress. In order to
achieve it, wind capacity would have to
increase to more than 300 GW by 2030.
With the rapid growth in the industry, as
well as the infancy of wind turbine technology, many factors are still unknown,
which can inhibit the reliability of this
new technology.
The major components of a wind
turbine are its blades, input shaft and
bearings, gearbox, generator and power
electronics, all of which are installed
atop a tall tower. The gearbox must
increase the shaft’s rotation speed from
approximately 12 rpm provided by the
wind, to 1,800 rpm, which is more
efficient for a standard generator to
produce electricity. The electricity is
D1M017428
Rebecca L. Warden is an engineer in the Fuels and Lubricants Research Division, where she supports the development of broad-based test stand fabrication and facility specifications involving integrating mechanical, electrical and
electronic components and systems. This includes high-horsepower electric
motors, generators and gearboxes, power electronics, auxiliary cooling systems, hydraulic systems, instrumentation and controls. She has worked on the
design of wind turbine gearbox and generator test stands ranging from
2.5 MW to 15 MW.
ings and also places high
demands on the gearbox
lubricant, which must be
effective at both the low
and high gear rotation
speeds that occur in the
input and output ends of
the gearbox. Also, wind
turbine gearboxes must
meet significant reliability
challenges associated with
their extreme size amid
weight limitations that
combine to make manufacturing difficult as well as expensive.
Design reliability and field reliability
D017467
then routed onto the electrical grid to be
used by consumers.
A wind turbine gearbox is similar in
purpose to an automotive transmission. It
takes an input speed and torque combination and outputs a more usable speed
and torque through the other side. Unlike automotive transmissions, wind turbine gearboxes don’t need to shift gears.
However, there are significant challenges
in the form of speed multiplication and
high torque exerted on the driveshaft.
While automotive transmissions operate
within a gear ratio of approximately 5:1 or
less, a wind turbine’s gearbox operates in
the 150:1 range. This extreme gear reduction takes a toll on gear teeth and bear-
Wind turbines are intended to last
20-plus years in the field. However, many
turbines are experiencing failures at closer to five years of service, and many of
those failures are in the gearbox’s bearings and gears. A gearbox failure is one of
the costliest repairs to make because of
its location atop the tower, and also
because of the high cost of its components. When a failure occurs, the entire
gearbox must be removed for servicing.
This involves
getting a technician safely to
the top of the
tower, disconnecting the
gearbox, and
then using a
large crane to
bring it down
to the ground.
In today’s
wind turbine designs, the gearbox may
be mounted up to 350 feet above the
ground, and even taller installations are
contemplated for offshore wind turbines.
Besides the equipment and time required
to remove and re-install the gearboxes,
there is also a significant cost for new
gears and bearings, making a gearbox
failure extremely time-intensive as well as
expensive.
Large land-based wind turbines range
between 1.5 and 3 MW in power-generating capacity. For offshore wind turbines,
generation capacity is expected to reach
up to 15 MW each. The larger applications
involve much larger components and
therefore result in much higher manufacturing and development costs.
The most logical way to analyze a
gearbox is to install an electric motor and
speed-reducing gears at the input shaft of
the gearbox, and an electrical generator
at the output shaft to make an electrically regenerative system. By electrically
connecting the motor and generator,
the system only requires the amount of
power needed to overcome parasitic
losses, the losses due to inefficiencies in
gear meshes and windage and churning
D017457
Installed wind-power capacity as of January 2009 already exceeds
the 25 GW projected for that year en route to a 2030 goal of meeting
20 percent of total U.S. demand with renewable energy. The growth
curve climbs even more steeply with the addition of offshore
capacity, shown in blue, to reach the 300 MW goal.
7
D017468
Wind gusts cause undesired flex on the wind
turbine blades resulting
in non-torque loading of
the drivetrain in the x, y, z,
pitch and yaw directions.
On the tower, the rotor
and drivetrain are tilted to
prevent the blades from
hitting the tower as they flex
under wind forces. Because
of this, a similar tilt would
be required for evaluation
so that oil effects can be
accurately simulated.
Live Load Test
Stand Fixture
losses in the
gearbox, motor
and generator.
Even with an electrically regenerative system,
the electricity required for such motors is
greater than many facilities can supply.
Meanwhile, these gearboxes generate up to 3 million foot-pounds of torque,
which can be difficult to duplicate and
measure accurately. Start-up expenses,
combined with such daunting torque
and power requirements, have prevented
many laboratories from entering the wind
turbine testing field. The National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) in Colorado is the
only independent DOE lab that tests wind
turbine drivetrains, and NREL currently
has only one test stand available.
Hardware and software in the loop
Through SwRI’s work in the automotive industry over the past 60 years,
much effort has been spent on creating
capabilities that accurately simulate realworld conditions. Test stands have been
designed to simulate not only the firing
8
of an engine but
also the road load and
rolling resistance a
vehicle experiences.
This hardware-in-theloop (HIL) approach
has revolutionized the
automotive industry and
has significantly improved
D0
174
69
the reliability of today’s automotive drivetrain components. The same
HIL philosophy can be applied to wind
The live load test stand fixture designed
turbine gearboxes, specifically because
by SwRI will impart x, y, z, pitch and yaw
forces on the input shaft of the wind
the nature of wind is highly transient
turbine gearbox to properly simulate the
and non-linear. As the wind blows, it not
winds effects on the drive system.
only turns the blades that apply torque
to the gearbox, but it also imparts forces
on the blades in the horizontal, vertical,
pitch, yaw and thrust directions.
Blade lengths currently reach 170
The leverage moment imparted by this
feet or more, and lengths could more
motion, across such a long span to the relathan double in the future. As the wind
tively small rotor, is magnified to a point at
blows, it forces the tip of each blade not
which even a small gust can create a signifijust to rotate but also to flex in five different directions or degrees of freedom. cant force. Despite this, current procedures
To give a perspective on the physical size
of a possible scenario for a wind turbine
gearbox evaluation facility, this artist’s
rendition contains four wind turbine
gearbox test stands. Note the
size of the stands relative to
the operators.
1
747
D01
only evaluate
gearboxes’ ability
to withstand the torque component
of wind force.
A five-degrees-of-freedom laboratory fixture as envisioned by SwRI would
impart all the “non-torque” forces onto
the input shaft of the gearbox. With
many wind turbines in commission today, simple measurements can be taken
to map the forces applied to the input
shaft by the wind. These same forces will
then be generated by the five-degreesof-freedom fixture. Fast-acting hydraulic
cylinders apply forces to the gearbox input in all directions. With a mathematical
model of wind, the fixture can accurately
simulate the influence of wind forces on
the input to the gearbox.
Along with the new fixture, SwRI
engineers can use current variable-frequency drive technology to simulate the
non-linear nature of wind gusts by
applying variable, rather than steadystate torque levels to the gearbox.
Future trends
Courtesy DOE/NREL, Warren Gretz
D017470
Through this system, the motor can simulate cut-in wind speed, partial-load wind
speed, rated wind speed, full-load wind
speed and cut-out wind speed. This additional variation in torque more accurately
portrays the type of loading that gears
and bearings are experiencing in the
field, leading to early failures. In addition
to the forces seen on the input side of
the gearbox, SwRI engineers can simulate
the effects of grid surges and variations
of supply voltage on a wind turbine’s generator. These surges and variations can
cause back-driving from the output side
of the generator, and its effects on the
gearbox can be tested alongside the input
conditions. HIL systems enable gearbox manufacturers
to evaluate their gearboxes
more accurately and can also
help designers prevent premature failures.
Alongside their HIL experience, SwRI engineers have
performed extensive work in
software-in-the-loop evaluation. This uses SwRI-designed
mathematical models of all
the components under study
and can apply conditions to
the mathematical models to
see how they will react. This
can prevent many unnecessary failures of extremely expensive components during
hardware evaluation and also
allows for much more rapid
The Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy
Laboratory’s 2.5 MW test stand includes an input motor,
analysis in advance of hardspeed reducing gearbox and input shaft.
ware evaluation.
As wind energy continues to grow,
strides are being made to make wind turbines more reliable, cheaper to manufacture and more efficient. The lighter the
weight of the gearbox, generally the less
expensive its components, and the less
expensive it is to assemble the gearbox
and install it atop the tower. If each of
these costs can be decreased just a little,
the cost to the owner is decreased significantly, thereby improving profitability
and likely attracting more investment in
wind turbine farms. In contrast, the occurrence of gearbox failures forces manufacturers to increase the weight of the
mechanism, thereby negating some of
the advantages of a lightweight system.
With more accurate capabilities for
evaluation, manufacturers can pinpoint
where failures are occurring in a certain
design and make changes and improvements before the turbine is released for
production. These types of improvements are vital to the industry’s longevity.
Otherwise, wind energy could become
the victim of a boom-and-bust cycle and
a diminished role as a viable, large-scale
power source. As the world strives for
greener forms of energy, wind power
has the capability to fill a portion of our
power requirements, while also becoming a self-sustaining industry whose
economies can help it outgrow the need
for government subsidy. v
Questions about this article?
Contact Warden at 210-522-6266
or [email protected].
9
D1M017427
Heavy Oil Upgrading
SwRI installed,commissioned and
operates a client’s process that
exploits an under-used
energy source by
making solids
act like liquids
Eloy Flores III, a research scientist in SwRI’s Chemical Engineering Department, specializes in the design,
buildup, operation and troubleshooting of pilot plants
for the chemical and petrochemical industries. He has
extensive expertise in developing analytical methods and reviewing and conducting chemical process
investigations, including interpreting the analytical and
process data for research projects.
Author illustration; equipment in background is not operating.
10
By Eloy Flores III
E
ven though a global economic
downturn has caused a year-toyear decrease in total liquid fuel
consumption, liquid fuels — primarily petroleum-based transportation
fuels — are still the primary world energy
source. The United States is currently
the largest liquid fuel consumer, but the
Asian countries are forecast to surpass
the U.S. by 2030. Although environmental
concerns about hydrocarbon fuels are
propelling efforts to curb carbon-based
fuel consumption in the future, petroleum remains one of the least expensive
energy sources to produce on the world
market. The existing fleet of vehicles will
rely on liquid hydrocarbon fuels for a
very long time in the future. These reasons, plus petroleum’s role as the starting
point of thousands of everyday industrial
and consumer products, will extend the
worldwide demand for petroleum.
One variety of petroleum is heavy
oil. Like the so-called “bottom of the barrel” of conventional petroleum, heavy oil
is quite carbon-rich and very dense. The
Energy and Information Administration
(EIA) forecasts future heavy oil production to increase by 200 percent from 2006
to 2030. Of the world’s total oil reserves,
an estimated 53 percent are in the form
of heavy oil or bitumen. Heavy oil and
bitumen are terms used interchangeably
to describe oil that is highly viscous (that
is, it flows like thick honey), solid or nearsolid at room temperature (like tar or asphalt), and has low hydrogen content. It
also has a high mass density (API gravity
of 20 degrees or less). Using the API gravity scale, oils with API gravity less than
10 sink in water and oils with API gravity
greater than 10 float on water.
Refining heavy oil is a challenge;
however, as the price of regular crude
oil goes up, the economics for upgrading heavy oil to a synthetic crude oil
continue to improve. A study released in
2004 identified 42 areas of research that
could improve existing heavy oil upgrading technologies. With economics
driving the heavy oil development, new
technologies are being vigorously tested
and piloted for commercial-scale
applications.
Heavy oil production
Heavy oil offers many
challenges to traditional refining technologies. Where it is found, the lighter,
more sought-after components of crude
oil have slowly escaped underground
strata over millions of years, leaving behind the heavier, precipitated bitumen or
heavy oil. It could also be debated that
the heavy oil is a younger, less mature
oil that needs millions more years to
mature. Regardless of how the heavy oil
fields formed, they vary greatly in their
accessibility depending on well depth,
the remoteness of the location and the
oil’s fluid properties. All of this makes it
difficult to use a single technology for
upgrading the various kinds of heavy oil.
A novel technology that addresses
the challenges or limitations of heavy oil
upgrading is being operated by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) for a commercial oil company. The technology has
been demonstrated successfully, and the
SwRI team continues to provide operational and technological support to im-
prove, and provide technical data
on, this process in tests with worldwide
heavy oil feedstocks.
Heavy oil is considered an unconventional oil source primarily because it
does not readily flow out of the earth like
conventional petroleum crude oil. Heavy
oil can be mined when it is close to the
surface, or it can be heated and pushed
out of the earth using steam or hot compressed gas. SAGD, or steam-assisted
gravity drain, is one of the more common
technologies for removing heavy oil, with
about 15 commercial projects under way
in Canada as of 2006.
The main requirement for SAGD is
steam, which requires both heat (typically
from natural gas) and water. Natural gas
consumption is one of the most expensive
parts of producing and upgrading heavy
oil because it is used to generate steam.
Once it has been made mobile, heavy
oil is removed from the earth, de-watered,
purified and sometimes diluted with
D017457
Petroleum-based fuels remain the primary source for worldwide transportation needs. Although
refining heavy oil is challenging, it is becoming economically viable as the price of regular crude oil
continues to rise. Heavy oil production is predicted to increase by 200 percent in the next 20 years.
11
D017229
SwRI recently commissioned this heavy oil
upgrade pilot plant facility to evaluate converting heavy oil or residual oil into high-quality
synthetic crude oil.
delayed coking or from nearby refineries,
to heavy-oil fields where heavy oil can be
diluted then pipelined back to upgrading
facilities or refineries.
Heavy oil upgrading
Currently the most common unit
operation for heavy oil upgrading is a
refinery process, the coker. A coker operates on the principle of thermal “cracking,” which converts large hydrocarbon
molecules into smaller, more useful
molecules by removing carbon while
rearranging the chemical bonds of the
original molecules. Cokers and other
D017465
condensate or diluent. The diluted heavy
oil will then be sent to pipelines for transport, or it may be locally consumed in
an upgrading process that converts nontransportable heavy oil into a lighter synthetic crude oil. This oil can be moved by
pipeline and processed in conventional
oil refineries. Because heavy-oil fields
produce oil with varied properties, no
single upgrading technology is best for
all types of heavy oil.
One type of on-site upgrading technology relies solely on the availability of
crude oil nearby. Heavy oil is removed
from earth using one of the available
extraction methods, and then is blended
with nearby lighter crude oil for transport. Two other heavy-oil-using technologies employ off-site production facilities
to deliver diluents, such as light oils from
petroleum processes employ carbon
rejection, wherein carbon is removed
from the hydrocarbon molecules as
coke in order to produce smaller, more
valuable liquid hydrocarbon molecules.
Petroleum coke, called “pet coke,”
is formed as a solid byproduct of a coker. It is mostly carbon with low hydrogen content and high sulfur content.
Thirty to 60 percent liquid yield from
the feed to a coker can be sent for processing in a hydrocracker/hydrotreater
to yield synthetic crude oil. The balance
is lost to coke.
Cokers were first choice for upgrading heavy oil because they were
used in petroleum refineries to process the heaviest and thickest material
emerging from vacuum distillation
towers. These so-called “vacuum distillation bottoms” flow like water at 300
to 400 degrees Celsius (three times the
boiling point of water), but remain solid
at room temperature and represent
one of the most difficult materials in a
refinery to handle and transport. Because of the similarity to heavy oil, the
connection was made to cokers. However, upgrading heavy oil using a coker
is limited to heavy-oil fields that have
properties that are acceptable for cokers. Also, while cokers are efficient in
upgrading vacuum bottoms from conventional crude oil, they are not necessarily as efficient with heavy oil.
The first company to use a coker
on heavy oil was Great Canadian Oil
Sands (now Suncor), in 1967. Another heavy oil upgrader, in operation
since 1978, produces 12 percent of
This graphic illustrates the chemical route
that produces coke during pyrolysis.
12
D017427-5523
Canada’s light crude oil,
heavy oil bitumen that is
mostly surface-mined; thus
eliminating the need for a
process to extract oil from
thousands of feet below
the surface. SAGD heavy
oil is delivered as feedstock for the SwRI
operation.
What makes heavy oil “heavy?”
The right combination of high boiling point hydrocarbons (including a class
of compounds called asphaltenes) gives
heavy oil the properties of being solid
at room temperature with high density
and high viscosity. Many factors affect
the “heaviness” of oil, but high molecular
weight compounds such as asphaltenes
can be a big contributor. Asphaltenes are
frequently characterized by their solubility in alkanes such as pentane and heptanes. Asphaltenes tend to agglomerate
and precipitate, causing fouling in process equipment, and the oil will behave
like molasses.
Coking
Coking is a fundamental reaction in
petroleum and other industrial processes.
In catalytic cracking processes, coking
poisons the catalyst, so optimal equipment design is needed to minimize coking. Another kind of coking produces a
solid, porous residue during the pyrolysis
of coal to make coal tar and coal gases.
During coal pyrolysis with oxygen, large
hydrocarbons are broken down at high
D017458
More than half of the world’s oil reserves are from “recoverable” oils such
as heavy oil and bitumen. Currently the challenge remains to make these
recoverable oil sources usable by conventional refineries.
temperature in the cracking process. As
highly reactive species, called free radicals, are formed, some of the carbon and
hydrogen atoms are rejected and appear
as elemental carbon and hydrogen rather
than recombining to form other compounds. This carbon is termed coke, and
coke is a very specific product of petroleum thermal cracking.
Other technologies, such as the one
currently being operated at Southwest
Research Institute, also rely on thermal
cracking. When heavy oil is fed into the
upgrading reactor, it is dispersed into
small droplets. These droplets collide with
moving sand particles in the reactor to
give the oil a place to crack. The droplets
will begin to vaporize and, depending on
temperature and other factors, the remaining unvaporized material on the sand is
the starting point for forming coke. The
asphaltenes in heavy oils are a main contributor to what makes heavy oil difficult
to flow. The SwRI client’s fluidized sand
technology can take advantage of minimizing the contact and residence time of
the sand and heavy oil. This increases the
selective thermal cracking of asphaltenes,
resulting in high yields of stable liquid
products. In contrast, a conventional coker
operates at long residence time, which
results in poorer yields of unstable liquid
products.
Upgrading heavy oil with fluid sand
No one-size-fits-all technology
exists for upgrading heavy oil because of
the variability in its properties from oil
field to oil field. This makes possible new
technologies to process a larger range of
heavy oils and to improve process
efficiency and reduce the need for electricity, water, natural gas and diluent. One
such technology, known as HTLTM, has
been successfully installed and operated
at SwRI for a commercial client in what
is known as the Feedstock Test Facility
(FTF). The facility processes whole, heavy
crude oils with API as low as 6. The unit
has atmospheric and vacuum distillation
columns and a reaction section and can
recycle unconverted bottoms to create
an essentially bottomless, synthetic sourcrude product. The core proprietary hot
section was designed to process pure
vacuum bottoms with API gravity as low
as minus-2. The FTF can process 10 to 15
barrels per day of heavy oil on a continuous basis.
The technology is analogous to a
fluidized catalytic cracking unit in a standard petroleum refinery to upgrade highly variable, low-value petroleum without
the use of catalyst. While catalyst technologies continue to improve, they are
not ideal for upgrading heavy oil because
13
D017427-5624
D017459
of the large amount
of coking that occurs
and thus inactivates
the catalysts. Also,
catalysts are high-cost
compared to common
silica sand used in this
new process. Because
coke is a detriment to
catalytic processes, the
key to the SwRI plant’s
carbon rejection technologies is the absence
of a catalyst. This upgrading makes a syncrude that is flowable,
less dense, and with
fewer contaminants in
the form of sulfur and
metals compared to
the starting heavy oil.
The SwRI client’s technology uses
ordinary silica sand for thermal cracking in
a fluidized bed process. The FTF is a small
version of a heavy oil upgrading facility,
with the fluidized bed system as the center
of the technology. The technology relies
on short residence-time coking on the sur-
14
SwRI’s client has patented a fluidized sand circulation process to upgrade
heavy oil. Oil enters the reactor where it is atomized (mixed with a carrier gas
or steam to produce small droplets of liquid) and injected parallel to the lift
gas and fluidized solids flow. Here the oil contacts silica sand at high temperature, causing the heavy oil to thermally “crack” or break down chemically on
the sand surface producing lighter, upgraded hydrocarbons and depositing
coke on the surface of the sand. The sand and upgraded hydrocarbon gas are
separated in a cyclone after which the coked sand can now be burned off in
the reheater using normal air. The newly regenerated sand is then sent back
in its hot state into the reactor to upgrade more heavy oil. The product can be
collected or recycled for further processing to meet specifications.
face of individual sand
particles, and during a
subsequent continuous burn-off stage the
coke-laden sand can
produce high-quality
heat. This heat source
can eliminate the need
for natural gas and thus
could reduce costs as
well as allow installations at remote locations with limited
resources.
Heavy oil upgrading facility
Designed by SwRI’s client and constructed by a company specializing in
pilot plant construction, the FTF unit
was built in five modules and shipped to
the Institute in September 2008. In turn,
the Institute worked with the client’s
technology team, prepared a site and
supplied utilities to support the FTF. The
project team was able to process its first
batch of oil less than four months after
the components arrived.
The multi-purpose FTF will be used
to support the engineering and design
of commercial facilities, generate commercial product for marketing, test
heavy oils from around the world, optimize and enhance the upgrading process, generate new intellectual property
and patents and showcase the technology as a world-class operation.
D017455
The SwRI team used
its experience in chemical process integration,
operations and troubleshooting to provide
operating manuals,
process improvement
and characterization
and analytical support
tailored to the plant’s
FTF process.
The varied properties
of oil produced from
heavy-oil fields prevent a
single-technology
solution to refining it.
Basic refineries include
a coker process unit,
but upgrading heavy oil
using a coker is limited
to heavy-oil fields with
properties acceptable
for existing cokers.
FCC unit as a pattern for
FTF processing
The operation of an
FCC unit is similar to the
FTF heavy oil upgrading technology being
operated at SwRI. The
robustness and technological advantages of
experience. Advances in computer techFCC units are important to the analogous eliminating the catalyst can provide a
nology and a better description of all the
simpler, more versatile system for upoperations of the FTF.
forces involved have made fluidization
grading
heavy
oil.
FCC units convert low-value, heavyscience a continued area of interest and
Fluidization of sand particles takes
end refining byproducts to high-value
research.
place when gas rises through a sand bed
petroleum products such as gasoline,
Even though fluidized bed technoland propels the sand particles in the
diesel and kerosene. Fluidized catalytic
ogy
is
over 60 years old, there continue to
moving
gas.
The
gas
traveling
upward
cracking units utilize a solid catalyst by
be areas for improvement. Some of the
will form bubbles, further mixing solids
making the solids behave like liquids as
more recent advances come from feed
and gas. At certain gas flows, the gas and
they move under gas pressure in the renozzle injection systems, standpipe optisolid move smoothly together and the
actor (hence the term “fluidized.”) About
mization for increased solid circulation,
solids
are
now
said
to
be
fluidized.
Once
half of conventional petroleum is in the
fluidized, the solids can flow just as water and riser baffle designs for improved disboiling point range of today’s liquid fuwould, either down pressure gradients or tribution of fluidized solids in the reactor.
els. FCC units are the most critical part
With continuing advances in computer
in response to gravity as with a waterfall.
of a modern refinery because they allow
software and computation power, more
Fluidized
beds
are
used
for
many
chemirefiners to utilize more of the crude oil
by converting the high-boiling-point por- cal processes: coal gasification, industrial accurate models will be able to help predict and improve upon the efficiency of
combustion and liquefaction, as well as
tion of the feedstock to the boiling point
such systems. v
range of specifications fuels. This conver- the disposal of organic, biological and
Questions about this article?
toxic
wastes.
The
current
design
and
opsion also modifies product parameters
Contact Flores at 210-522-2547 or
eration of fluid beds is based on many
to produce more valuable products in
years of experimentation and commercial [email protected].
the refinery. The FCC units are designed
to handle the heavy
byproducts from
other parts of crude
REFERENCES
oil refining.
• Energy Information Administration (EIA), “Short-term Energy Outlook,” June 9, 2009
The FCC unit is
• Energy Information Administration (EIA). “Office of Energy Markets and End Use. 2030:EIA Generate World Oil Balance Model,” 2009.
• Attanasi, D., Meyer, R., “U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 70-03.” August 2003 - Online Version 1.0, “Heavy Oil and Natural Bitumen-the primary converStrategic Petroleum Resources.” http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs070-03/fs070-03.html.
sion unit in most U.S.
• ASTM D 3142, Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity, API Gravity, or Density of Cutback Asphalts by Hydrometer Method.
refineries. An esti• Yeung, K.C., “An Overview of Alberta In Situ Recovery Methods,” Petroleum Society of CIM Lloydminster Section 2007 Heavy Oil Technical
mated 45 percent of
Symposium, September 20, 2007, Suncor Energy Inc.
• Pavel, S.K., Silverman, M.A., “Heavy Oil Upgrading with HTL Technology,” AiChE Spring Meeting, March 24, 2010.
worldwide gasoline
• Ellis, P., Christopher, P., “Tutorial: Delayed Coking Fundamentals.” Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, Port Arthur, TX. Prepared for
production comes
presentation at the AIChE 1998 Spring National Meeting, New Orleans, March 8-12, 1998., Topical Conference on Refinery Processing
from FCC units.
Tutorial Session: Delayed Coking, Paper 29a, Copyright 1998 Great Lakes Carbon Corporation. UNPUBLISHED., March 9, 1998.
Fluidized catalytic
• American Association of Petroleum Geologists., “Petroleum Provinces of the Twenty First Century.” February 1, 2002.
cracking units have
• Acevedo, S., Castro, A. et al, “Relations between Asphaltene Structures and Their Physical and Chemical Properties: The Rosary-Type
Structure.” Energy and Fuels 2007, 21, 2165-2175.
evolved to become
• Johnstone, R., Berry, A.G.V., “Petroleum Coke Formation and Properties.”
the workhorse of
• Trinidad Leaseholds Ltd., Pointe-a-Pierre, Trinidad, BWI. “Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,” Vol. 36, No. 12, December 1944.
modern refining
• Flint, Len., “Bitumen & Very Heavy Crude Upgrading Technology.” LENEF Consulting Limited, March 31, 2004.
operations. Utiliz• Chen, Ye-Mon, “Recent Advances in FCC Technology.” Powder Technology, 163, 2006 (2-8).
ing the basis of FCC
technology while
15
SwRI researchers offer explanation for the
differences between Ganymede and Callisto
D017466
D
ifferences in the
number and speed
of cometary impacts
onto Jupiter’s large moons
Ganymede and Callisto some
3.8 billion years ago can
explain their vastly different
surfaces and interior states,
An article descrbing the
according to research by scidifferences in Jupiter’s
entists at Southwest Research
large moons Ganymede
Institute appearing in Nature
and Callisto was the
Geoscience.
cover story for the March
Ganymede and Callisto
2010 issue of the journal
are similar in size and are
Nature Geoscience.
made of a similar mixture of
ice and rock, but data from
the Galileo and Voyager
spacecraft show that they
look different at the surface
and on the inside. A conclusive explanation for the differences between Ganymede
and Callisto has eluded scientists since the Voyager Jupiter
encounters 30 years ago.
Dr. Amy C. Barr and Dr.
Robin M. Canup of the SwRI
Planetary Science Directorate
created a model of melting
moons to the orbital
by cometary impacts and
migration of the outer
rock core formation to show
planets and the bomthat Ganymede and Callisto’s
bardment history of
evolutionary paths diverged
Earth’s moon.
about 3.8 billion years ago
“Similar to Earth
during the Late Heavy Bomand Venus, Ganymede
Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature Geoscience 3, 3b 1st March 2010 March 2010. Cover
bardment, the phase in lunar
and Callisto are twins,
history dominated by large
and understanding
impact events.
mede is closer to Jupiter and therefore
how they were born the same and grew
“Impacts during this period melted
is hit by twice as many icy impactors as
up to be so different is of tremendous
Ganymede so thoroughly and deeply that
Callisto, and the impactors hitting Ganyinterest to planetary scientists,” explained
the heat could not be quickly removed.
mede have a higher average velocity.
Barr. “Our study shows that Ganymede
All of Ganymede’s rock sank to its center
Modeling by Barr and Canup shows that
and Callisto record the fingerprints of the
the same way that all the chocolate chips
core formation begun during the late
early evolution of the solar system, which
sink to the bottom of a melted carton of
heavy bombardment becomes energetiis very exciting and not at all expected.”
ice cream,” said Barr. “Callisto received
cally self-sustaining in Ganymede but
The NASA Planetary Geology and
fewer impacts at lower velocities and
not Callisto.
Geophysics program funded this
avoided complete melting.”
The study sheds new light on the
research. The article, “Origin of the GanyIn the Barr and Canup model,
“Ganymede-Callisto dichotomy,” a clasmede-Callisto dichotomy by impacts durJupiter’s strong gravity focuses cometary
sical problem in comparative planetoling the late heavy bombardment,” by Barr
impactors onto Ganymede and Callisto.
ogy, a field of study that seeks to explain
and Canup, also appears online in Nature
Each impact onto Ganymede or Callisto’s
why some solar system objects with
Geoscience. v
mixed ice and rock surface creates a pool
similar bulk characteristics have radiof liquid water, allowing rock in the melt
cally different appearances. In particular,
Contact Maria Martinez at 210-522-3305 or
pool to sink to the moon’s center. Ganythe study links the evolution of Jupiter’s
[email protected].
16
Cassini finds plethora of plumes,
hotspots at Enceladus
Images from a November 2009 swoop
over Saturn’s icy moon Enceladus by
NASA’s Cassini spacecraft reveal a forest
of new jets spraying from prominent fractures crossing the south polar region and
yield the most detailed temperature map to
date of one fracture.
The new images from the imaging science subsystem and the composite
infrared spectrometer teams also include
the best 3-D image ever obtained of a
“tiger stripe,” a fissure that sprays icy particles, water vapor and organic compounds.
There are also views of regions not wellmapped previously on Enceladus, including a southern area with crudely circular
tectonic patterns.
For Cassini’s visible-light cameras, the
Nov. 21, 2009 flyby provided the last look
at Enceladus’ south polar surface before
that region of the moon goes into 15 years
of darkness, and includes the most
detailed look yet at the jets.
Technics
Brief notes about the
world of science and
technology at Southwest
Research Institute
Scientists planned to use this flyby
to look for new or smaller jets not visible in previous images. In one mosaic,
scientists count more than 30 individual
geysers, including more than 20 that
had not been seen before. At least one
jet spouting prominently in previous images now appears less powerful.
A new map that combines heat
data with visible-light images shows a
40-kilometer (25-mile) segment of the
longest tiger stripe, known as Baghdad
Sulcus. The map illustrates the correlation, at the highest resolution yet
seen, between the geologically youthful
surface fractures and the anomalously
warm temperatures that have been recorded in the south polar region. The
broad swaths of heat previously detected
by the infrared spectrometer appear to
be confined to a narrow, intense region
no more than a kilometer (half a mile)
wide along the fracture.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a
cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space
Agency. JPL, a division of the California
Institute of Technology in Pasadena,
manages the mission for NASA’s Science
Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C.
The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard
cameras were designed, developed
and assembled at JPL. The imaging
operations center is based at the Space
Science Institute in Boulder, Colo. The
composite infrared spectrometer team is
based at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight
Center, Greenbelt, Md., where the instrument was built.
Contact Maria Martinez at 210-5223305, or email [email protected].
New deep water ocean simulator available at SwRI
Light receives ASNT award
A new hyperbaric test chamber for items that require highpressure, high-temperature (HPHT) testing is now available for use
at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI). The
D017386-0303
deepwater ocean simulator is capable of attaining pressures of 30,000 psig at a rated
temperature of 500 degrees F.
The cylindrical simulator was designed,
fabricated and built by SwRI in accordance
with Section VIII-Division 2 rules of the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The Institute has previously designed and built similar
fixtures.
Measuring 10 feet inside length with a
16-inch inner diameter and a wall thickness of
11 inches, the simulator is crafted of SA-508Grade 4N Class 2 material that has a tensile
strength of 100,000 psi.
The chamber is rated to 30,000 psig, enabling SwRI to perform
high-collapse tests on oil country tubular goods (OCTG) casing and to
perform testing for subsea technologies requiring proof test pressures
beyond the ocean depths.
The new simulator expands SwRI’s test capabilities for meeting
demands made on tubular manufacturers for higher-strength pipe to
withstand extreme well depths and water depths greater than 60,000
feet.
In addition to the new HPHT chamber, a 9,000-square-foot building was erected to enclose SwRI’s outdoor deep ocean pressure simulation test chambers including the 90-inch I.D., 4,000 psig-rated, and
50-inch I.D., 6,500 psig-rated test chambers. The facility includes two
bridge cranes with three overhead hoists rated up to 30 tons for lowering test articles into the chambers. The enclosure provides weather
protection and allows clients to better view testing.
Contact Jesse Ramon at 210-522-2441 or [email protected].
Dr. Glenn M. Light, director of the Sensor Systems and
NDE Technology Department
in Southwest Research Institute’s Mechanical Engineering
Division, has been selected
by the American Society for
Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)
Research Council to receive its
2010 Research Award for SusD013209-0645
tained Excellence.
The award recognizes “outstanding sustained contributions in the nondestructive testing/nondestructive engineering research field.” ASNT gives only one Sustained
Excellence Award each year.
Light, who joined the SwRI staff in 1978, specializes
in developing sensors, systems and techniques for the
nondestructive evaluation of materials and structures. He
has applied these efforts to metals, composites and ceramics. His expertise includes ultrasonic technology and
transducer design, eddy current probe design, digital radiography, computed tomography, infrared thermography
and shearography.
Currently, Light is focusing on developing structural
health monitoring systems using magnetostrictive sensor
ultrasonic guided wave technology and conventional ultrasonic technology with wireless communication.
Light has been a member of ASNT since 1979 and has
been involved in a number of the society’s activities including serving as chair of the ASNT Research Council from
2004 to 2006. He was named an ASNT Fellow in 2001.
Contact Light at 210-522-2218 or
[email protected].
17
Technical Staff Activities
Publications
Allegrini, F., M.I. Desai, R. Livi, S. Livi, D.J.
McComas and B. Randol. “The Entrance System
Laboratory Prototype for an Advanced Mass
and Ionic Charge Composition Experiment.”
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 80 (2009):
doi:10.1063/1.3247906.
Anderson, C.E. Jr. “Dwell and Post-Dwell
Penetration of Long Rods on Borosilicate Glass
Targets.” Shock Compression of Condensed
Matter—2009, (2009): 1,447–1,452.
Anderson, C.E. Jr. and S. Chocron. “Experimental
Results and a Simple Theory for the Early
Deflection-Time History of a Ballistic Fabric.”
Shock Compression of Condensed Matter—2009,
(2009): 1,457–1,460.
Barr, A.C. and R.M. Canup. “Origin of the
Ganymede-Callisto Dichotomy by Impacts
During the Late Heavy Bombardment.” Nature
Geoscience, 3, (2010): 167.
Barth, E.L. and S.C.R. Rafkin. “Convective Cloud
Heights as a Diagnostic for Methane Environment
on Titan.” Icarus, 206, (2010): 467–484.
Basagaoglu, H., S. Succi, C. Manepally, R. Fedors
and D.Y. Wyrick. “Sensitivity of the Active Fracture
Parameter to Fracture Network Orientation and
Injection Scenarios.” Hydrogeology Journal, 17,
(2009): 1,347–1,358.
Bredbenner, T.L., T.D. Eliason, R.S Potter, R.L.
Mason, L.M. Havill and D.P. Nicolella. “Statistical
Shape Modeling Describes Variation in Tibia
and Femur Surface Geometry Between Control
and Incidence Groups from the Osteoarthritis
Initiative Database.” Journal of Biomechanics,
(2010): in press.
Canup, R.M. and W.R. Ward. “Origin of Europa
and the Galilean Satellites.” Chapter in book
published by University of Arizona Press, (2009):
59–83.
Carter, L.M., B.A. Campbell, J.W. Holt, R.J. Phillips,
N.E. Putzig, S. Mattei, R. Seu, C.H. Okubo and A.F.
Egan. “Dielectric Properties of Lava Flows West
of Ascraeus Mons, Mars.” Geophysical Research
Letter, 36, (2009): doi:10.1029/2009GL041234.
Chan, K.S. “Changes in Fatigue Life Mechanism
Due to Soft Grains and Hard Particles.”
International Journal of Fatigue, 32, (2010):
526–534.
Chan, K.S., C.K. Chan and D.P. Nicolella. “Relating
Crack-tip Deformation to Mineralization and
Fracture Resistance in Human Femur Cortical
Bone.” Bone, 45, (2009): 427–434.
18
Chan, K.S., M.P. Enright, J.P. Moody, P.J. Golden,
R. Chandra and A.C. Pentz. “Residual Stress
Profiles for Mitigating Fretting Fatigue in Gas
Turbine Engine Disks.” International Journal of
Fatigue, 32, (2010): 815–823.
Chan, K.W., W. Liang, N.S. Cheruvu and D.W.
Gandy. “Computational Design of CorrosionResistant Fe-Cr-Ni-Al Nanocoatings for Power
Generation.” ASME Journal of Engineering for
Gas Turbines and Power, 32, (2010): 052191–
1:052191-9.
Chan, K.S., D.P. Nicolella, B.R. Furman, S.T.
Wellinghoff, H.R. Rawls and S.E. Pratsinis.
“Fracture Toughness of Zirconium Nanoparticlefilled Dental Composites.” Journal of Materials
Sciences, 44, (2009): 6,117–6,124.
Chan, K.S., J.W. Tian, B. Yan and P.K. Liaw.
“Evolution of Slip Morphology and Fatigue
Crack Initiation in Surface Grains of Ni200.”
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 40A,
(2009): 2,545–2,556.
Chocron, S., A.E. Nicholls, K.R. Samant, E.
Figueroa, J.D. Walker and C.E. Anderson, Jr.
“Measurement of Strain in Fabrics under Ballistic
Impact using Embedded Nichrome Wires. Part
II: Results and Analysis.” International Journal of
Impact Engineering, 37, (2010): 69-81.
Coates, A.J., A. Wellbrock, G.R. Lewis, G.H. Jones,
D.T. Young, F.J. Crary and J.H. Waite, Jr. “Heavy
Negative Ions in Titan’s Ionosphere: Altitude
and Latitude Dependence.” Planetary and Space
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105–109. Morris, A.P., D.A. Ferrill and R.N. McGinnis.
“Mechanical Stratigraphy and Faulting in
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of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 93, (2009):
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19
Ogasawara, K., S.A. Livi, E. Grotheer and
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of Planum Boreum from Mars Reconnaissance
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of Millimeter-wave Atmospheric Noise above
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1,674–1,691.
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20
Schwadron, N.A., L. Townsend, K. Kozarev, M.A.
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Journal of Air and Waste Management
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Presentations
Smart, K.J., D.A. Ferrill, A.P. Morris, B.J. Bichon,
D.S. Riha and L. Huyse. “Geomechanical Modeling
of an Extensional Fault-propagation Fold: Big
Brushy Canyon Monocline, Sierra Del Carmen,
Texas.” American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, 94, (2010): 221–240. Alger, T.F. and J.W. Gingrich. “The Effect of EGR on
PM Emissions from a Spark Ignition Engine.” Paper
presented at the 2010 Society of Automotive
Engineers (SAE) World Congress and Exhibition,
Detroit, April 2010.
Smart, K.J., D.A. Ferrill and A.P. Morris. “Impact
of Interlayer Slip on Fracture Prediction from
Geomechanical Models of Fault-related
Folds.” American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, 93, (2009): 1,447–1,458. Alquiza, J.C., J. Goldstein, M. Gruntman, D.J.
McComas, J. Redfern and P.W. Valek. “TWINS
Observations of Oxygen ENA Flux.” Paper
presented at the American Geophysical Union
(AGU) Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December
2009.
Somers, J., C. Laroo, C. Tennant, I. A. Khalek and
T. Bougher. “Advanced Collaborative Emissions
Study: Regulated Emissions from 2007 Engines.”
Journal of Air and Waste Management Association,
(2009): 2009-A-285-AWMA.
Song, F.M. “A Comprehensive Model for
Predicting CO2 Corrosion in Oil and Gas
Production and Transportation Systems.”
Electrochimica Acta, 55, (2010): 689–700.
Song, F.M. “Field Procedures to Estimate
Corrosion Potentials and Rates and CP
Penetration Limit in a Coating Disbonded Region.”
Corrosion, 66, (2010): 035005.
Wahlund, J.E., M. Galand, I. Meuller-Wodarg,
J. Cui, R.V. Yelle, F.J. Crary, K. Mandt, B. Magee,
J.H. Waite Jr., D.T. Young, A.J. Coates, P. Garnier,
K. Agren, M. Andre, A.I. Eriksson, T.E. Cravens,
V. Vuitton, D.A. Gurnett and W.S. Kurth. “On
the Amount of Heavy Molecular Ions in Titan’s
Ionosphere.” Planetary and Space Science, 57,
(2009):1,857–1,865.
Walker, J.D., R.P. Bigger and S. Chocron.
“Comparison of Breakout Modes in Analytic
Penetration Modeling.” Shock Compression of
Condensed Matter–2009, (2009): 1,439–1,442.
Anderson, C.E. Jr., D.L. Orphal and T.R. Sharron.
“Effect of Obliquity on Ricochet and Cratering at
Hypervelocity Impacts.” Paper presented at the
11th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium, Freiburg,
Germany, April 2010.
Anderson, C.E. Jr. and J.D. Walker. “New Armor
Concepts to Protect Our Soldiers.” Paper
presented at the 2010 Conference of the Academy
of Medicine, Engineering and Science of Texas
(TAMEST), San Antonio, January 2010.
Arensman, W.L., J.F. Wood, S. Mohanty, R.
Jimenez, et al. “Doctor-Friendly Automated
System to Reduce Patient Injury Due to
Prescription Ordering and Filling Errors.” Paper
presented at the American Medical Informatics
Association (AMIA) 2009 Annual Symposium, San
Francisco, November 2009.
Ballew, M.B. and T.L. Arnold. “Obtaining and
Validating USAF Engine Data.” Paper presented at
the 18th Industrial Advisory Board (IAB) Meeting
on Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS),
Springfield, Ohio, October 2009.
Barr, A.C. and R.M. Canup. “Constraints on Early
Solar System Dynamical Evolution from the
Interior States of Ganymede and Callisto.” Paper
presented at the European Planetary Science
Congress, Potsdam, Germany, September 2009.
Barr, A.C. and R.M. Canup. “Formation of the
Ganymede/Callisto Dichotomy by Impacts During
the Late Heavy Bombardment.” Paper presented
at the 41st Division of Planetary Sciences
Meeting, Fajardo, Puerto Rico, October 2009.
Bartels, K.A. “Continuous Non-Invasive Blood
Pressure – Sensing and Waveform Analysis.”
Paper presented at the DARPA Workshop on
Continuous, Non-Invasive Monitoring of Blood
Pressure, Coronado, Calif., June 2009.
Bartels, K.A. “SwRI Technology Applications
for Military Medicine.” Paper presented at
San Antonio Life Sciences Symposium on
Military Medicine & Research: Innovations and
Opportunities, San Antonio, December 2009.
Barth, E.L. “Cloud Microphysics and Convection
in Titan’s Atmosphere.” Paper presented at the
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary
Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., November 2009.
Barth, E.L. and T.I. Michaels. “Introduction of a
New Titan GCM Using the Flexible Modeling
System Dynamical Core.” Paper presented at the
Annual Meeting of the Division for Planetary
Sciences of the American Astronomical Society,
Fajardo, Puerto Rico, October 2009.
Barth, E.L., S.C.R. Rafkin and W.M. Farrell. “The
Electrodynamics of Martian Dust Disturbances.”
Paper presented at the AGU Fall Meeting, San
Francisco, December 2009.
Bartoli, Y., E. Lyfor-Pike, J. Luke, I.A. Khalek, M.
Feist and R. McCormick. “1,000 Hour Durability
Evaluation of a Prototype 2007 Diesel Engine with
Aftertreatment Using B20 Biodiesel Fuel.” Paper
presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE) Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Meeting,
San Antonio, November 2009.
Behner, T., C.E. Anderson Jr., T.J. Holmquist,
D.L. Orphal, M. Wickert and D.W. Templeton.
“Penetration Dynamics and Interface Defeat
Capability of Silicon Carbide against Long
Rod Impact.” Paper presented at the 11th
Hypervelocity Impact Symposium, Freiburg,
Germany, April 2010.
Bell, J.M., J.H. Waite Jr., B.A. Magee, D. Gell,
J.H. Westlake and K.E. Mandt. “The General
Circulation of Titan and the Topside Escape Rates
of N2, CH4 and H2.” Paper presented at the AGU
Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 2009.
Bell, R., A. Berens, T. Brussat, J.W. Cardinal and J.
Gallagher. “Aircraft Structural Risk and Reliability
Handbook.” Paper presented at the United States
Air Force Aircraft Structural Integrity Program
(ASIP) Conference, Jacksonville, Fla., December
2009.
Benke, R.R. “Recent Advancements in Radiation
Survey Measurement, Source Imaging, Radiation
Transport Computation and Radiological
Dose Estimation.” Paper presented at the 2009
International Symposium on Radiation Safety
Management, Radiation Safety Leading to Green
Nuclear Energy, Daejeon, Republic of South
Korea, November 2009.
Bessiel, S.R., C.A. Gerlach, T.J. Holmquist and J.D.
Walker. “A Comparsion of Numerical Methods in
the Simulation of Hypervelocity Impact.” Paper
presented at the 11th Hypervelocity Impact
Symposium, Freiburg, Germany, April 2010.
Bonivtch, A.R., M. Stern, L.F. Bonewald, M. Van
Dyke and D.P. Nicolella. “Substrate Stretching
Induces an Increase in Intracellular Calcium but
Not Intracellular Nitric Oxide in Osteocytes.”
Paper presented at the American Society for
Bone and Mineral Research 31st Annual Meeting,
Denver, September 2009.
Buckingham, J.P. “Insights into Statistics in an
R&D Culture.” Paper presented at the Plenary
Session at the 53rd Annual ASA/ASQ Fall Technical
Conference, Indianapolis, October 2009.
Buzulukova, N., M.H. Fok, P.W. Valek, J. Goldstein,
D.J. McComas and P.C. Brandt. “Ring Current
Behavior in Weak and Strong Storm: What
Controls a Storm Size?” Paper presented at the
AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 2009.
Canup, R.M. “Satellite Formation.” Paper
presented at the Colloquium for the Department
of Geosciences, Princeton University, N.J.,
February 2010, and at the Colloquium for the
Department of Astrophysics and Planetary
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.,
March 2010.
Bougher, T.L., I.A. Khalek, S. Trevitz and M. Akard.
“Verification of a Gaseous Portable Emissions
Measurement System with a Laboratory System
Using the Code of Federal Regulations Part 1065.”
Paper presented at the 2010 SAE World Congress
and Exhibition, Detroit, April 2010.
Canup, R.M. and A.C. Barr. “2010 Modeling Moonforming Impacts: High-resolution SPH and CTH
Simulations.” Paper presented at the 41st Lunar
Planetary Science Conference, Houston, March
2010.
Bradley, P.A., C.S. Plesko, R.P. Weaver, R.R.C.
Clement, J.A. Guzik, L.A. Pritchett-Sheats and W.F.
Huebner. “Modeling the Dynamic Response of an
Asteroid or Comet to a Nuclear Deflection Burst.”
Paper presented at the 40th Lunar and Planetary
Science Conference, Houston, March 2009.
Carroll J., I.A. Khalek and K. Whitney.
“Collaborative Lubricating Oil Study on Emissions
(CLOSE)/CRC AVFL-14 Project Update.” Paper
presented at the 19th Coordinating Research
Council On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop,
Alexandria, Va., March 2009.
Bradley, P.A., C.S. Plesko, R.R.C. Clement, L.M.
Conlon, R.P. Weaver, J.A. Guzik, L.A. PritchettSheats and W.F. Huebner. “Challenges of
Deflecting an Asteroid or Comet Nucleus
with a Nuclear Burst.” Paper presented at the
Astrosociology Conference, Pasadena, Calif.,
September 2009.
Casey, R.C. “Multichannel Reconstruction from
a Randomly Sampled Array.” Paper presented
at the Texas Tech University Graduate Seminar,
Lubbock, Texas, November 2009, and at the
3rd International Workshop on Computational
Advances in Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing,
Aruba, Dutch Antilles, December 2009.
Breaux, P.J. “Transformational and Servant
Leadership in Emergency Medicine
Environments.” Paper presented at the Texas
Emergency Medical Service (EMS) 2009
Conference, Forth Worth, Texas, November 2009.
Casey, R.C. “What My Mom Never Told Me About
Going into Industry.” Paper presented at the Texas
Tech University IEEE Student Branch, Lubbock,
Texas, November 2009.
Bredbenner, T.L., T.D. Eliason, R. Mason and D.P.
Nicolella. “OAI Knee Geometry Described Using
Statistical Shape Modeling.” Paper presented at
the Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research
Society, New Orleans, March 2010.
Bredbenner, T.L., J. Lin and D.P. Nicolella. “A Novel
Method for Determining the Three-Dimensional
Strain Distribution in Highly Porous Structures.”
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the
American Society for Bone and Mineral Research,
Denver, September 2009.
Brown, M.A. “Advances in Intelligent Vehicles.”
Paper presented at the 2009 ITS Texas Annual
Meeting, Galveston, Texas, November 2009.
Brown, M.A. “Commercial Vehicle Infrastructure
Integration.” Paper presented at the 2009 ITS Texas
Annual Meeting, Galveston, Texas, November
2009.
Chadwell, J.C. and D. Mehta. “Development of a
Transient-Capable Multi-Cylinder HCCI Engine.”
Chadwell, J.C. and M. Walls. “Analysis of a Super
Turbocharged Downsized Engine Using 1-D CFD
Simulation.” Paper presented at the 2010 SAE
World Congress and Exhibition, Detroit, April
2010.
Chiang, K.T. “High-Temperature Electrochemical
Sensor for Corrosion Monitoring.” Paper
presented at the 34th Annual Conference on
Composites, Materials, and Structures, Cocoa
Beach/Cape Canaveral, Fla., January 2010.
Citron, R.I., A.C. Barr and R.M. Canup. “2010
Formation and Early Evolution of an
Undifferentiated Titan.” Paper presented at
the 41st Lunar Planetary Science Conference,
Houston, March 2010.
21
Cooper, J.F., C. Paranicas, R.E. Johnson, E.C. Sittler,
R.E. Hartle, M.A. McGrath, D. Pascu and K.D.
Retherford. “Space Weathering Impact on Solar
System Surfaces — Community White Paper for
Planetary Science Decadal Survey 2009-2011.”
Cravens, T.C., M.S. Richard, Y. Ma, C. Bertucci, J.G.
Luhmann, S.A. Ledvina, I.P. Roberson, J. Wahlund,
K. Agren, J. Cui, I.C. Mueller-Wodarg, J.H. Waite
Jr., M.K. Dougherty, J.M. Bell and D. Ulusen.
“Dynamical and Magnetic Field Time Constants
for Titan’s Ionosphere — Empirical Estimates.”
Crew, G.B., M. Bzowski, R. DeMajistre,
H.O. Funsten, S.A. Fuselier, M. Gruntman,
J. Heerikhuisen, M.A. Lee, D.J. McComas, E.
Möbius, E.C. Roelof, N.A. Schwadron and R.
Vanderspek. “Translation of IBEX-Measured
ENA Fluxes to the Outer Heliosphere.” Paper
presented at the AGU Fall Meeting, San
Dannemann, K.A., S. Chocron and C.E. Anderson
Jr. “Comparison of Mechanical and Constitutive
Response for Five Aluminum Alloys for Armor
Applications.” Paper presented at the 16th U.S.
National Congress of Theoretical and Applied
Mechanics, State College, Pa., June 2010.
Dayeh, M.A. “Solar Flares and Their Effects
on Transmission Lines and Communications
Systems.” Paper presented at the IEEE Power and
Energy Society Chapter Meeting, Austin, Texas,
January 2010.
Dayeh, M.A. “The Interstellar Boundary Explorer
(IBEX): Imaging the Edge of Our Solar System and
Beyond.” Paper presented at the Department of
Physics and Astronomy, Trinity University, San
Antonio, February 2010.
Dayeh, M.A., M.I. Desai, K.A. Kozarev, N.A.
Schwadron, L.W. Townsend, M. PourArsalan,
C.J. Zeitlin and R.D. Hatcher. “Proton Intensity
Gradients and Radiation Dose Equivalents in the
Inner Heliosphere: Modeling and Prediction.”
Decyk, V., D. Schriver, M. Ashour-Abdalla, F.V.
Coroniti, P.M. Travnicek, J.D. Winningham,
J.S. Pickett, O. Santolik and M.L. Goldstein.
“Generation of Whistler Chorus Emissions
and Resulting Wave-Particle Interactions.” EOS
Transactions of the AGU Fall Meeting, San
Dellenback, S.W. “Extensible TMC Software
Architectures to Support Wide Area
Deployments and Public Information
Systems.” Paper presented at the ITS World
Congress Exhibition, Stockholm, Sweden,
September 2009.
Dellenback, S.W. and R.D. Lamm. “Migrating
Autonomous Vehicle Capabilities from the
22
Laboratory to the Highway.” Paper presented at
the ITS World Congress Exhibition, Stockholm,
Sweden, September 2009.
DeMajistre, R., E.C. Roelof, S.M. Krimigis, D.G.
Mitchell, M. Gruntman, H.O. Funsten, D.J.
McComas and N.A. Schwadron. “Analysis of
ENA Intensities and Spectra (0.6 to 55 keV) from
the Nose and Tail Regions of the Heliosheath:
Observations from IBEX and Cassini/INCA.” Paper
presented at the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco,
December 2009.
Desai, M.I., C.W. Smith, M.A. Lee, M.A. Dayeh
and G.M. Mason. “Observational Signatures
of Thermal and Suprathermal Ion Acceleration
at CME-Driven Interplanetary Shocks.” Paper
December 2009.
Dinwiddie, C.L., R.N. McGinnis, D.E. Stillman, R.E.
Grimm, D.M. Hooper and K.L. Bjella. “Integrated
Geophysical Examination of the CRREL Permafrost
Tunnel’s Fairbanks Silt Units, Fox, Alaska.” Paper
December 2009.
Duru, F., D.A. Gurnett, R.A. Frahm, J.D.
Winningham, D.D. Morgan and G.G. Howes.
“Steep, Transient Density Gradients in the
Martian Ionopshere Similar to the Ionopause
at Venus.” EOS Transactions of the AGU Fall
Meeting, San Francisco, December 2009.
Ebert, R.W., D.J. McComas, F. Bagenal, H.A. Elliott,
D.K. Haggerty and Y. Su. “Plasma Observations of
Magnetopause Crossings Along Jupiter’s Distant
Dusk-Side Flank from ~1,650 to 2,550 RJ.” Paper
December 2009.
Enright, M.P., K.S. Chan, J.P. Moody, P. Golden,
R. Chandra and A. Pentz. “Probabilistic Fretting
Fatigue Assessment of Aircraft Engine Disks.”
Proceedings of the 54th American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME) International Gas
Turbine and Aeroengine Technical Congress,
Orlando, Fla., June 2009.
Enright, M.P., K.S. Chan, J.P. Moody, P. Golden,
R. Chandra and A. Pentz. “Influence of Random
Residual Stress on Fretting Fatigue Risk of Engine
Disks.” Proceedings of the 50th AIAA Structures,
Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference,
Palm Springs, Calif., May 2009.
Enright, M.P. and A. Ghosh. “Reliability of a
Rock Slope Against Plane Sliding Failure.”
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference
on Structural Safety and Reliability (ICOSSAR),
Osaka, Japan, September 2009.
Epperly, M.E., J.H. Waite Jr., T.G. Brockwell, J.O.
Cronenberger, K.K. Klaus and G. Grayson. “Titan
Submersible Explorer —The Case for Subsurface
Sampling of Titanian Lakes.” Paper presented at
the 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,
The Woodlands, Texas, March 2010.
Epperly, M.E., J.H. Waite Jr., T.G. Brockwell and K.K.
Klaus. “Titan Submersible Explorer — The Case
for Subsurface Sampling of Titanian Lakes.” Paper
December 2009.
Feng, M. “An Overview of Coal Gasification Under
Plasma Conditions — The Past, the Present and
the Future.” Paper presented at the AIChE Spring
National Meeting, San Antonio, March 2010.
Feng, M. “Impact of MARPOL Annex VI
Regulations for Marine Fuels Supply.” Paper
presented at the AIChE Spring National Meeting,
San Antonio, March 2010.
Feng, M. and R. Zhan. “Possible Solutions for
Reducing NOx and SOx Emissions from Large
Cargo Ships.” Paper presented at the AIChE
Spring National Meeting, San Antonio, March
2010.
Fisher, J.B. and R.K. Huffman. “Applying Low-Cost
Simulation to Training of Construction Equipment
Operators.” Paper presented at the Interservice/
Industry Training, Simulation, and Education
Conference (I/ITSEC), Orlando, Fla., December
2009.
Flannigan, W.C. “Machine Vision for Automated
Inspections of Food Packaging.” Paper presented
at the R&DA Fall 2009 Meeting on How to Serve
the Military, Atlanta, November 2009.
Flores, E. III. “The Standing of Skymine and
Amine Based Carbon Dioxide Capture Processes
in Electric Power Generation.” Paper presented
at the National Environmental Monitoring
Conference, San Antonio, August 2009.
Fok, M.H., N. Buzulukova, P.W. Valek, J. Goldstein
and D.J. McComas. “TWINS Observations of the
22 July 2009 Storm.” Paper presented at the AGU
Frahm, R.A., J.D. Winningham, J.R. Sharber, R.
Lundin, S. Barabash, F. Duru, D.A. Gurnett, A.J.
Coates, S.M.E. Tsang, M. Delva and T.L. Zhang.
“Solar Wind Halo/Strahl Interaction with the
Atmospheres/Ionospheres of Mars and Venus.”
EOS Transactions of the AGU Fall Meeting, San
Frisch, P.C., J. Heerikhuisen, N.V. Pogorelov,
G.P. Zank, H. Mueller, G.B. Crew, B. DeMajistre,
H.O. Funsten, D.J. McComas, E. Moebius, D.B.
Reisenfeld, E.C. Roelof, N.A. Schwadron and
J.D. Slavin. “Studies in the Sensitivity of IBEX to
Variable Heliosphere Boundary Conditions.”
Funsten, H.O., F. Allegrini, G.B. Crew, R.
DeMajistre, P.C. Frisch, S.A. Fuselier, M.
Gruntman, P. Janzen, D.J. McComas, E. Möbius,
B.M. Randol, D.B. Reisenfeld, E.C. Roelof and N.A.
Schwadron. “Structures and Spectral Variations
of the Outer Heliosphere in the IBEX Energetic
Neutral Atom Sky Maps.” Paper presented at the
Fuselier, S.A., F. Allegrini, H.O. Funsten, A.
Ghielmetti, D. Heirtzler, H. Kucharek, O.
Lennartsson, D.J. McComas, E. Möbius, T.E.
Moore, S.M. Petrinec, L.A. Saul, J. Scheer, N.A.
Schwadron and P. Wurz. “Energy and Spatial
Variation of Flux Features Observed by the
Interstellar Boundary Explorer.” Paper presented
at the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December
2009.
Hamilton, V.E. “TES Global Mineral Mapping
Results: Igneous Petrology.” Paper presented
at the International Conference of Lunar and
Martian Exploration, Wuhan, China, June 2009.
Hamilton, V.E. and S.W. Ruff. “Alteration
Mineralogy of Adirondack-class Rocks in Gusev
Crater, Mars.” Paper presented at the AGU Fall
Huebner, W.F., D.C. Boice, S. Chocron, A.
Ghosh, R. Goldstein, L.N. Johnson, J. Mukherjee,
W. Patrick, M. Tapley and J.D. Walker. “The
Engagement Space for Countermeasures Against
Potentially Hazardous Objects (PHOs).” Paper
presented at the International Conference on
Asteroid-Comet Hazards (ACH-2009), Russian
Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia,
September 2009.
Gladstone, G.R., R. Black, T. Case, A. De Los
Santos, et al. “Initial Results from the Lyman Alpha
Mapping Project (LAMP) Instrument on the Lunar
Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Mission.” Paper
presented at the Lunar and Planetary Sciences
Conference, Houston, March 2010.
Hamilton, V.E. and S.W. Ruff. “Mini-TES Spectra
of Mazatzal and Other Adirondack-class Basalts
in Gusev Crater, Mars: Spectral/Mineralogical
Evidence for Alteration.” Paper presented at the
40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,
Houston, March 2009.
Hui, D., Y. Su, H.A. Elliott, D.J. McComas, F.
Bagenal and F.J. Crary. “Moment Calculations for
Low Energy Ions in Jupiter’s Magnetotail from
NASA’s New Horizons Mission.” Paper presented
2009.
Gladstone, G.R., S.A. Stern, K.D. Retherford, J. W.
Parker, T.K. Greathouse, A.J. Steffl, M.W. Davis,
D.C. Slater, D.E. Kaufmann, M.H. Versteeg, A.F.
Egan, P.F. Miles, J. Mukherjee, P.D. Feldman,
D.M. Hurley, W.R. Pryor and A.R. Hendrix.
“Initial Observations of the Moon by Lunar
Reconnaissance Orbiter’s Lyman Alpha Mapping
Project (LAMP) Observations Instrument.” Paper
December 2009.
Havill, L.M., T.L. Bredbenner, R.S. Potter, T.D.
Eliason, D.E. Moravits, M.C. Mahaney and D.P.
Nicolella. “Tensile Mechanical Properties of
Cortical Bone Show Strong Genetic Effects.”
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Orthopaedic Research Society, New Orleans,
March 2010.
Hurley, D.M., R. Killen, et al. “Simulations of the
Evolution of Vapor Ejected by the Lunar Crater
Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)
Impact on the Moon.” Paper presented at the
Lunar and Planetary Sciences Conference,
Houston, March 2010, and at the AGU Fall
Heerikhuisen, J., N.V. Pogorelov, G.P Zank,
D.J. McComas, H.O. Funsten, E. Möbius, S.A.
Fuselier, N.A. Schwadron and P.C. Frisch.
“IBEX Observations in the Context of a Global
Heliospheric Model.” Paper presented at the AGU
Janssens, M., N. Dembsey and M. Hurley.
“Development of Guidelines for Obtaining
Material Parameters for Input into Fire Growth
Models — An Update.” Paper presented at 2009
EUROFIRE, Brugge, Belgium, September 2009.
Heller, R.E. and M.L. Thomsen. “Ensuring the
Airworthiness of Aging Fleets — ABDR and
Extended Life Requirements.” Paper presented at
the 25th Annual United States Air Force Aircraft
Structural Integrity Program (ASIP) Conference,
Jacksonville, Fla., December 2009.
Janzen, P.H., H.O. Funsten, F. Allegrini, P.A.
Bochsler, M. Gruntman, K. Henderson, R.E.
Johnson, D.J. McComas, D.B. Reisenfield and
N.A. Schwadron. “Reflection and Neutralization
of Solar Wind Ions from the Moon: IBEX
Observations.” Paper presented at the AGU Fall
Goldstein, J., P.W. Valek, J. Redfern and D.J.
McComas. “Stereo Imaging Observations of
Precipitating Ring Current Ions.” Paper presented
2009.
Gorelik, M., A. Peralta-Duran, S. Singh, J.P.
Moody and M.P. Enright. “Role of Quantitative
NDE Techniques in Probabilistic Design and Life
Management of Gas Turbine Components —Part
II.” Proceedings of the 54th ASME International
Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Technical Congress,
Orlando, Fla., June 2009.
Grant, L.J. “Cause and Effect of Cleaner
Engines and Fuels.” Paper presented at the 7th
International Symposium on Fuels and Lubricants
(ISFL), New Delhi, India, March 2010.
Grimes, E.W., J.D. Perez, J.Goldstein and D.J.
McComas. “Deconvolved Ring Current Ion
Intensities from TWINS Stereo ENA Images of the
Earth’s Magnetosphere.” Paper presented at the
Grimm, R.E., D.E. Stillman, J.A. MacGregor, C.L.
Dinwiddie, R.N. McGinnis and D.M. Hooper.
“New Insights into the Electrical Properties of Ice
and Permafrost.” Paper presented at the AGU Fall
Gruntman, M., E.C. Roelof, D.J. McComas, H.O.
Funsten, S.M. Krimigis and D.G. Mitchell. “Physical
Processes in the Heliospheric Interface Region
and their Implications for ENA Images.” Paper
December 2009.
Hamilton, V.E. “Chloride Salt Deposits on Mars.”
Paper presented at the International Conference
of Lunar and Martian Exploration, Wuhan, China,
June 2009.
Hendrix, A.R., F. Vilas, K.D. Retherford and G.R.
Gladstone. “Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of the Moon:
Clues About Composition and Weathering.” Paper
presented at the Lunar and Planetary Sciences
Conference, Houston, March 2010.
Henkener, J.A. “6500 M HOV Hull Design and
Fabrication Status.” Paper presented at the
Underwater Intervention 2010 Conference, New
Orleans, February 2010.
Honc, R.L., S.G. Fritz, D.T. Osborne, R. Grisier
and S. Carpenter. “Exhaust Emissions and Fuel
Consumption of a Railpower RP20BD Switcher
Locomotive.” Paper presented at the 2009 ASME
Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring
Technical Conference, Milwaukee, May 2009.
Hooper, D.M., M. Necsoiu, C.L. Dinwiddie, R.N.
McGinnis and G.R. Walter. “Preliminary ALOS
Data Analysis of Thaw Lakes, Aeolian Dunes,
and Polygonal Ground in the Kobuk River Valley,
Alaska.” Paper presented at the AGU Fall Meeting,
San Francisco, December 2009.
Huebner, W.F. “A Plan for Comprehensive
Countermeasures Against Potentially Hazardous
Asteroids and Comet Nuclei.” Paper presented to
National Research Council Panel of the National
Academy of Sciences on Mitigation, Washington,
April 2009.
Jeyashekar, N.S. and G. Wilson. “Advances in
Fluorescence Evaluation of Thermal Stability.”
Paper presented at the 11th International
Association on Stability, Handling and Use of
Liquid Fuels (IASH) Conference, Prague, Czech
Republic, October 2009.
Jung, H., M. Lee and X. He. “Investigation of
Crevice Corrosion and General Corrosion of Pure
Copper with Different Fabrication Processes.”
Paper presented at the 2009 International
Symposium on Radiation Safety Management,
Daejeon, Republic of Korea, November 2009.
Keika, K., P.C. Brandt, J. Goldstein and D.J.
McComas. “Contribution to Charge Exchange to
the Ring Current Decay: TWINS Observations.”
Khalek, I.A. “Exhaust Dilution and Cooling for
Particle Sampling in the Laboratory: How to
Represent the Real World?” Paper presented at
the 2nd CRC Particulate Matter Workshop, San
Diego, March 2009.
Khalek, I.A., T. Bougher, P. Merritt, C. Tennant and
M. Costantini. “Advanced Collaborative Emissions
Study (ACES): Highlights of Project Finding.”
Paper presented at the 19th CRC On-Road Vehicle
Emissions Workshop, San Diego, March 2009.
23
Khalek, I.A., T. Bougher, C. Tennant and M.
Costantini. “Particle Emissions from 2007 HD
On-Highway Diesel Engines During Active
Regeneration of Catalyzed DPF.” Paper presented
at the 2009 ETH Conference on Combustion
Generated Nanoparticles, Zürich, Switzerland,
June 2009.
Klar, R.A., C.C. Mangels and R.W. Harmon.
“Establishing an Environment for Continuous
Integration and Test of Flight Software.” Paper
presented at the 2009 Workshop on Spacecraft
Flight Software, Pasadena, Calif., November 2009.
Klecker, B., E. Möbius, M. Popecki, H. Kucharek,
A.B. Galvin, M. Hilchenbach, R.F. WimmerSchweingruber, L. Berger and M.I. Desai. “Iron
Ionic Charge States at Suprathermal Energies:
A Tracer for Local Acceleration at ICME-Related
Interplanetary Shocks.” Paper presented at the
Koets, M.A., M.D. Lillywhite, L.T. McDaniel
and M.B. Lecocke. “Rapid Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Code Synchronization
Using a Complex Matched Filter on an FPGA.”
Paper presented at the 43rd Annual Asilomar
Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers,
Pacific Grove, Calif., November 2009.
Krimigis, S.M., D.G. Mitchell, E.C. Roelof, K.
Hsieh and D.J. McComas. “ENA Maps of the
Heliosphere: Interaction with Local Interstellar
Medium (LISM).” Paper presented at the AGU Fall
Kronberg, E., R. Bucik, S. Haaland, B. Klecker, P.W.
Daly, M.I. Desai, M. Yamauchi and R. GómezHerrero. “The Energetic Ion Events Measured
Upstream the Earth’s Bow Shock by STEREO,
Cluster, ACE and Geotail: Where is the Origin?”
Lamm, R.D. “Cooperative Behaviors for Intelligent
Vehicles.” Paper presented at the ITS World
Congress Exhibition, Stockholm, Sweden,
September 2009.
Lamm, R.D. “Fuel Saving Opportunities with
Intelligent Highway Systems.” Paper presented at
The National Academies of Science Assessment
of Fuel Economy Technologies for Medium and
Heavy Duty Vehicles, San Antonio, August 2009.
Lecocke, M.B., M.A. Koets, J.L. Alvarez, L.T.
McDaniel, M.R. Darnell and M.D. Lillywhite.
“A Configurable Timing and Communications
Engineer for Radio Positioning with
Implementations for an FPGA or an ASIC.”
Paper presented at the 43rd Annual Asilomar
Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers,
Pacific Grove, Calif., November 2009.
Livadiotis, G. and D.J. McComas. “The Statistical
Mechanics Basis of Non-Equilibrium Stationary
States in the Solar Wind and Outer Heliosphere.”
Lorenz, R.D., E.R. Stofan, J.I. Lunine, R.L. Kirk,
P.R. Mahaffey, B. Bierhaus, O. Aharonson, B.C.
Clark, B. Kantsiper, M.A. Ravine, J.H. Waite Jr., A.
Harri, C.A. Griffith and M.G. Trainer. “Titan Mare
Explorer (TiME): A Discovery Mission to Titan’s
Hydrocarbon Lakes.” Paper presented at the AGU
Luhmann, J.G., D. Ulusen, K. Mandt, J.H. Waite
Jr., H. Wei, Y. Ma, C.T. Russell and T.E. Cravens.
“Titan’s Enigmatic Magnetized Ionosphere:
Further Observational Constraints for Models.”
Paper presented at the American Astronomical
Society Division of Planetary Sciences Annual
Meeting, Fajardo, Puerto Rico, October 2009.
Lynch, B.R., J.D. Perez, J. Goldstein and D.J.
McComas. “The Method of Extracting Ion
Distributions from TWINS ENA Images.” Paper
December 2009.
Martinez, J.A. “IntelliDrive Update.”
Paper presented at the ITS Florida Technology
Forum, Orlando, Fla., December 2009.
McComas, D.J. “First Global Observations of
the Interstellar Interaction from the Interstellar
Boundary Explorer.” Paper presented at the AGU
McComas, D.J. “IBEX — The Interstellar Boundary
Explorer.” Paper presented at Montana State
University Physics Seminar, Bozeman, Mont.,
September 2009.
McComas, D.J. “Interstellar Boundary Explorer.”
Paper presented at Rice University Physics
Department Seminar, Houston, November 2009.
Lamm, R.D. “Overview of ISO TC204
Activities.” Paper presented at the Fully
Networked Car Workshop, Geneva,
Switzerland, March 2010.
McComas, D.J., M. Bzowski, G. Clark, G.B. Crew,
R. DeMajistre, H.O. Funsten, S.A. Fuselier, M.
Gruntman, P. Janzen, G. Livadiotis, E. Möbius,
D.B. Reisenfeld, E.C. Roelof and N.A. Schwadron.
“Time Variations of the ENA Flux Observed by
IBEX: Is the Outer Heliosphere Evolving?” Paper
December 2009.
Lamm, R.D. “The Benefits of Enabling a
Fully Autonomous Vehicle with Wireless
Communications.” Paper presented at the Fully
Networked Car Workshop, Geneva, Switzerland,
March 2010.
McFarland, J., A.P. Morris, B.J. Bichon, D.S. Riha, D.A.
Ferrill and R.N. McGinnis. “Geological Stress State
Calibration and Uncertainty Analysis.” Proceedings
of the International Modal Analysis Conference
XXVIII, Jacksonville, Fla., February 2010.
Lamm, R.D. “Intelligent Vehicle Systems at
SwRI.” Paper presented at the San Antonio Rotary
Club, San Antonio, February 2010.
24
McNutt, R.L., M.E. Perry, J.H. Waite Jr., G. Fletcher
and T.E. Cravens. “Enceladus’ Plumes: A Rocket
Analogy.” Paper presented at the AGU Fall
McWilliams, G.T. and M. Brown. “Implementation
of the 4D/RCS Architecture within the Southwest
Safe Transport Initiative.” Paper presented
at Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and
Technology Symposium, Detroit, August 2009.
McWilliams, G.T., C. Mentzer and K. Kozak.
“Dynamic Autonomous Ground Vehicle Rerouting in an Urban Environment Using a Priori
Map Information and LIDAR Fusion.” Paper
presented at Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering
and Technology Symposium, Detroit, August 2009.
Michaels, T.I. and L.K. Fenton. “Characterizing
the Sensitivity of Daytime Turbulent Activity
and Aeolian Erosion Potential on Mars with the
MRAMS LES.” Paper presented at the 41st Lunar
and Planetary Science Conference, Houston,
March 2010.
Mikulic, I., S.T. Eakle and R. Zhan. “Dependence
of Fuel Consumption on DPF Backpressure.”
Exhibition, Detroit, April 2010.
Mintz, T.S., L. Caseres, D.S. Dunn and M. Bayssie.
“Atmospheric Salt Fog Testing to Evaluate
Chloride Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking
of Type 304, 304L, and 316L Stainless Steel.”
Paper presented at the NACE CORROSION 2010
Conference, San Antonio, March 2010.
Möbius, E., P.A. Bochsler, M. Bzowski, G.B. Crew,
H.O. Funsten, S.A. Fuselier, A. Ghielmetti, D.
Heirtzler, V. Izmodenov, M. Kubiak, H. Kucharek,
M.A. Lee, T. Leonard, D.J. McComas, L. Petersen,
L.A. Saul, J. Scheer, N.A. Schwadron, M. Witte and
P. Wurz. “Direct Observations of Interstellar H,
He, and O by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer.”
Monreal, R.M., G. Swift, S.A. Anderson, C.
Carmichael, C.D. Khuc, J.C. Price, C.W. Tseng and
J.A. Trevino. “Virtex-5QV MGT SEE Testing.” Paper
presented at the Xilinx Radiation Test Consortium
Meeting, San Jose, Calif., February 2010.
Monreal, R.M., G. Swift, C. Carmichael, C.D. Khuc,
C.W. Tseng, G. Allen and G. Madias. “Virtex-4QV
DSP48 SEE Testing.” Paper presented at the Xilinx
Radiation Test Consortium Meeting, San Jose,
Calif., February 2010.
Moses, C.A., P.N.J. Roets, C.L. Viljoen and G.R.
Wilson III. “Effect of Chemistry and Boiling-Point
Distribution on the Properties and Characteristics
of Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene and Blends with
Jet A.” Paper presented at the 11th International
Association on Stability, Handling and Use of
Liquid Fuels (IASH) Conference, Prague, Czech
Republic, October 2009.
Pogorelov, N.V., S.T. Suess, R.W. Ebert, S.
Borovikov, D.J. McComas and G.P. Zank. “Solar
Cycle Model Based on Ulysses Measurements.”
Redmond, P.E. “Failure Analysis of Four Graphite
Pump Seal Faces.” Paper presented at the
Materials Science and Technology 2009 (MS&T
’09) Conference and Exhibition, Pittsburgh,
October 2009.
Necsoiu, D.M., D.M. Hooper, C.L. Dinwiddie,
R.N. McGinnis and G.R. Walter. “Preliminary
ALOS Data Analysis of Thaw Lakes and Polygonal
Soils in the Kobuk River Valley, Northwestern
Alaska.” Paper presented at the 3rd ALOS Joint PI
Symposium, Kona, Hawaii, November 2009.
Potter, R.S., M.A. Miller, D.E. Moravits, L.M. Havil,
L.F. Bonewald, J.S. Nyman and D.P. Nicolella.
“Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of
Bone Tissue and Material Properties Around
the Osteocyte Lacuna: Effect of Aging.” Paper
presented at the 31st American Society for Bone
and Mineral Research Annual Meeting, Denver,
September 2009.
Redmond, P.E., H.R. Simmons, T.C. Allison, A. Abril
and A. Cabeza. “Case Study: A Failure Analysis of
a Pinion Thrust Runner Shaft.” Paper presented
at the Materials Science and Technology (MS&T
’09) 2009 Conference and Exhibition, Pittsburgh,
October 2009.
Ni, Q. and S. Chen. “The Characterization and
Comparison of Human Cortical Bone and
Teeth Structural Changes by Low Field NMR.”
Proceedings of ASME Summer Bioengineering
Conference, Lake Tahoe, Calif., June 2009.
Potter, R.S., D.E. Moravits, L.M. Havill and D.P.
Nicolella. “Microcrack Bone Tissue Strains
Around the Osteocyte Lacuna in Young and
Old Bone.” Paper presented at the 56th Annual
Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society,
New Orleans, March 2010.
Necsoiu, M., C.L. Dinwiddie, G.R. Walter, D.M.
Hooper and R.N. McGinnis. “Multispectral
Remote Sensing Technologies Applied to Assess
Recent Aeolian Activity and Thaw Lake Changes
in Kobuk River Valley, Alaska.” Paper presented at
the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December
2009.
Ogasawara, K., S. Livi, E.B. Grotheer and D.J.
McComas. “A Thin Dead-Layer Avalanche
Photodiode Enables Low Energy Ion
Measurement for Space Plasmas.” Paper
December 2009.
Osborne D, I.A. Khalek and J. McDonald.
“Crankcase Contributions to PM For Tier 2 Diesel
Locomotives.” Proceedings of the ASME Internal
Combustion Engine Division 2009 Fall Technical
Conference, Lucerne, Switzerland, September
2009. Painter, S.L. and R.T. Pabalan. “Estimated Longevity
of Reducing Environment in Grouted Systems
for Radioactive Waste Disposal.” Paper presented
at the Nuclear Energy Agency Workshop on
Cementitious Materials in Safety Cases for
Geological Repositories for Radioactive Waste:
Role, Evolution and Interaction, Brussels, Belgium,
November 2009.
Paty, C.S., K.D. Retherford, R. Winglee and
W.R. Paterson. “Coupling Between the
Magnetospheres of Ganymede and Jupiter.” Paper
December 2009.
Perry, M., H. Smith, B.D. Teolis, B.A. Magee, R.L.
McNutt, J.H. Waite Jr. and G. Fletcher. “Cassini
INMS Observations of Neutral Molecules in the
E-Ring.” Paper presented at the AGU Fall Meeting,
Pogorelov, N.V., P.C. Frisch, J. Heerikhuisen,
G.P. Zank, D.J. McComas, N.A. Schwadron, E.R.
Christian, G.B. Crew, R. DeMajistre, G. Gloeckler,
M. Gruntman, H. Fahr, H. Fichtner, H.O. Funsten,
S.A. Fuselier, S.M. Krimigis, H. Kucharek, M.A.
Lee, E. Möbius, C.L. Prested, D.B. Reisenfeld, E.C.
Roelof, E.C. Stone and M. Witte. “Global Structure
of the Heliosphere in the Interstellar Magnetic
Field.” Paper presented at the AGU Fall Meeting,
Putzig, N.E., M.T. Mellon, K.E. Herkenhoff, R.J.
Phillips, B.J. Davis and K.J. Ewer. “Near-surface
Ice Likely Cause of Thermal Anomaly in Martian
North Polar Erg.” Paper presented at the 41st
Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The
Woodlands, Texas, March 2010.
Putzig, N.E., R.J. Phillips, J.J. Plaut, M.T. Mellon,
J.W. Head, B.A. Campbell, L.M. Carter, A.F. Egan
and R. Seu. “Shallow Radar Soundings of the
Southern Highlands of Mars.” Paper presented at
2009.
Ragsdale, G.L. “Smart Grid Embedded Cyber
Security.” Paper presented at the Smart Grid
Revolution Conference, Austin, Texas, February
2010.
Randol, B., H.A. Elliott, D.J. McComas and N.A.
Schwadron. “Variability of Pickup Ions and
Possible Correlations with the Solar Wind from
New Horizons/SWAP Around 11 AU.” Paper
December 2009.
Ransom, D.L., A. Masala, J.J. Moore, G. Vannini,
M. Camatti and M. Lacour. “Development and
Application of a Vertical High Speed MotorCompressor Simulator for Rotor Drop onto
Auxiliary Bearings.” Paper presented at the
38th Turbomachinery Symposium, Houston,
September 2009.
Rasche, G.A. “Security Principles for Demand
Response Systems.” Paper presented at the
Trustworthy Cyber Infrastructure for the Power
Grid Workshop, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Champaign, Ill., October 2009.
Redfern, J., J. Goldstein, P.W. Valek, P.C. Brandt
and D.J. McComas. “Analysis and Mitigation
of Sun Signatures in TWINS Images.” Paper
December 2009.
Reisenfeld, D.B., T.R. Abell, F. Allegrini, G.B. Crew,
B. Demajestre, P.C. Frisch, H.O. Funsten, S.A.
Fuselier, P. Janzen, H. Kucharek, D.J. McComas,
E.C. Roelof and N.A. Schwadron. “Short Timescale
Variation in the ENA Flux Emanating From the
Heliospheric Poles: IBEX Observations.” Paper
December 2009.
Retherford, K.D., G.R. Gladstone, S.A. Stern,
J.W. Parker, T.K. Greathouse, A.J. Steffl, M.W.
Davis, D.C. Slater, D.E. Kaufmann, M.H. Versteeg,
A.F. Egan, P.F. Miles, P.D. Feldman, D.M. Hurley,
W.R. Pryor, A.R. Hendrix, D.B. Goldstein and D.
Summy. “Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP)
Observations of the Lunar Crater Observation
and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) Impact.” Paper
December 2009.
Richard, M.S., T.E. Cravens, I.P. Roberson, J.H.
Waite Jr., J. Wahlund, F.J. Crary and A.J. Coates.
“Energetics of Titan’s Ionosphere: Model and
Cassini Data Comparisons.” Paper presented at
2009.
Rigney, M.P. “Machine Vision and Robotics.”
Paper presented at the ABB Robotics On the
Move Partnership In Productivity 2009 Tour, San
Antonio, July 2009.
Riley, P., Z. Mikic, J.A. Linker, D.J. McComas and
N.A. Schwadron. “On the Relationship Between
Coronal Heating, Magnetic Flux and the Density
of the Solar Wind.” Paper presented at the AGU
Robison, K., M.L. Nuckols and J.A. Henkener.
“Contaminated Water Diver Cooling Systems
Using Metal Hydrides.” Paper presented at the
Underwater Intervention 2010 Conference, New
Orleans, February 2010.
Roelof, E.C., M. Gruntman, S.M. Krimigis, D.G.
Mitchell, D.J. McComas and H.O. Funsten. “The
Importance of Non-Thermal Pressures in the
Heliosheath: Towards New Methods of Analysis.”
Roming, P.W.A., D.B. Fox, S.G. Bilen, D.N. Burrows,
T.L. Herter, J.A. Kennea and J.A. Nousek. “The
Joint Astrophysics Nascent Universe Satellite.”
Paper presented at the High Energy Astrophysics
Division (HEAD) Meeting, Waikoloa, Hawaii,
March 2010.
25
Roth, L., J. Saur, K.D. Retherford, J.R. Spencer
and D.F Strobel. “Modeling Io’s Auroral Emission
and the Interaction of the Moon’s AtmosphereIonosphere with the Jovian Magnetosphere.”
Roth, L., J. Saur, K.D. Retherford, D.F Strobel and
J.R. Spencer. “Simulation of Io’s Auroral Emission
in Eclipse.” Paper presented at the Deutsche
Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG) Joint Spring
Meeting, Bonn, Germany, March 2010.
Saul, L.A., P.A. Bochsler, F. Bühler, M. Bzowski, G.B.
Crew, H.O. Funsten, S.A. Fuselier, A. Ghielmetti, D.
Heirtzler, H. Kucharek, T. Leonard, D.J. McComas,
E. Möbius, T.E. Moore, L. Petersen, C.L. Prested, J.
Scheer, N.A. Schwadron and P. Wurz. “Modeling
the Local Interstellar Flow: Comparisons to First
Observations from IBEX.” Paper presented at the
Saur, J., P.D. Feldman, D.F. Strobel, K.D.
Retherford, L. Roth, M.A. McGrath, J.C.
Gerard, D. Grodent and N. Schilling. “Hubble
Space Telescope’s Observations of Europa’s
Atmospheric UV Emission.” Paper presented at
2009.
Schwadron, N.A., M. Bzowski, G.B. Crew, M.
Gruntman, H. Fahr, H. Fichtner, P.C. Frisch,
H.O. Funsten, S.A. Fuselier, J. Heerikhuisen, V.
Izmodenov, H. Kucharek, M.A. Lee, G. Livadiotis,
D.J. McComas, E. Möbius, et al. “Comparison
of Interstellar Boundary Explorer Observations
with 3-D Global Heliospheric Models.” Paper
December 2009.
Simescu, S., V. Ulmet, M.K. Khair and G.D.
Neely. “A Novel Approach for Diesel NOx/PM
Reduction.” Paper presented at the 2010 SAE
World Congress and Exhibition, Detroit, April
2010.
Smith, C.B. “Machine Learned Despite Unknown
Classes.” Paper presented at the 2009 IEEE
International Conference on Systems, Man and
Cybernetics, San Antonio, October 2009.
Smith, H.T., R.E. Johnson, M.E. Perry, T.A. Cassidy,
A. Rymer, D.T. Young and J.H. Waite Jr. “Enceladus
Plume Constraints and Implications for Global
Neutral Particle Distribution.” Paper presented at
2009.
Song, F.M. “Development of Tools to Estimate
Actual Corrosion Growth Rates (Internal and
External) of Gas Pipelines.” Paper presented at
the PRCI Research Exchange Meeting, Atlanta,
February 2010.
26
Song, F.M. “Pipeline Corrosion, Protection and
Integrity Management.” Paper presented at the
International Seminar on Pipeline Corrosion,
Detection and Integrity, Chengdu, Sichuan
Province, China, January 2010.
Tsang, S.M., A.J. Coates, G.H. Jones, R.A. Frahm,
J.D. Winningham, A. Fedorov, S. Barabash and R.
Lundin. “An Improved Short Study of Ionospheric
Photoelectrons at Venus.” EOS Transactions of the
Song, F. M. “Pipeline Internal Corrosion
Management.” Presented at the Research
and Technology Center of China Petroleum
Transmission Pipeline Company, Langfang, Hebei
Province, China, January 2010.
Untermeyer, T.C. “Radio Frequency Emissions
from Small Arms Fire.” Paper presented at the
1st International Hostile Fire Indication (HFI)
Test and Evaluation (T&E) Classified Symposium,
Huntsville, Ala., January 2010.
Song, F.M., J.M. McFarland and X. He. “Direct
Examination Techniques for Shorted and Nonshorted Cased Crossings.” Paper presented at
the PRCI Research Exchange Meeting, Atlanta,
February 2010.
Valek, P.W., P.C. Brandt, M.H. Fok, J. Goldstein, D.J.
McComas, J.D. Perez, J. Redfern, E.C. Roelof and
R.M. Skoug. “TWINS ENA Imaging Observations
of the Moderate Storm of 22 July 2009.” Paper
December 2009.
Spencer, J.R., G. Fountain, C.A. Griffith, K.K.
Khurana, C.P. McKay, F. Nimmo, L.M. Prockter, G.
Schubert, T.R. Spilker, D.J. Stevenson, E.P. Turtle
and J.H. Waite Jr. “Future Exploration of the Outer
Planet Satellites: A Decadal Perspective.” Paper
December 2009.
Steinberg, J.T., R.M. Skoug and D.J. McComas. “A
Solar Electron Burst Spanning a Stream Interface:
ACE Observations.” Paper presented at the AGU
Stofan, E.R., J.I. Lunine, R.D. Lorenz, O.
Aharonson, E. Bierhaus, B. Clark, C. Griffith,
A.M. Harri, E. Karkoschka, R. Kirk, B. Kantsiper, P.
Mahaffy, C. Newman, M. Ravine, M. Trainer, J.H.
Waite Jr. and J. Zarnecki. “Exploring the Seas of
Titan: The Titan Mare Explorer (TiME) Mission.”
Paper presented at the 41st Lunar and Planetary
Science Conference, The Woodlands, Texas,
March 2010.
Sun, A., R. Green, M. Rodell and T. Michaels.
“Assessing Groundwater Storage Changes in
Edwards-Trinity Aquifer, Texas.” Paper presented at
2009.
Tenishev, V., M. Combi, B. Teolis and J.H. Waite Jr.
“A Kinetic Multi-Plume Model of the Enceladus’
Atmosphere.” Paper presented at the American
Astronomical Society Division of Planetary
Sciences Annual Meeting, Fajardo, Puerto Rico,
October 2009.
Teolis, B., M. Perry, B.A. Magee, J.H. Westlake
and J.H. Waite Jr. “Detection and Measurement
of Ice Grains and Gas Distribution in the
Enceladus Plume by Cassini’s Ion Neutral Mass
Spectrometer.” Paper presented at the AGU Fall
Thomsen, M.L, S.R. Grasso, K.P. Grube and
R.E. Heller. “Development of a Full-Scale Life
Extension Fatigue Test Program for the A-10.”
Paper presented at the 25th Annual United States
Air Force Aircraft Structural Integrity Program
(ASIP) Conference, Jacksonville, Fla., December
2009.
Waite, J.H. Jr., J.H. Westlake, B.A. Magee and
D.T. Young. “Titan and Enceladus Composition
Measured with Cassini INMS and CAPS:
Implications for the Formation and Evolution of
the Saturn System.” Paper presented at the AGU
Walker, J.D., S. Chocron, W.F. Huebner and
D.J. Grosch. “On the Utility of Kinetic Energy
Impactors for Asteroid Deflection Missions.”
Paper presented at the Defense Threat Reduction
Agency Conference and at the Asteroid
Deflection Workshop, Chantilly, Va., October
2009.
Walker, J.D., E.J. Sagebiel, S. Chocron and
W.F. Huebner. “Seismology and Blast/Impact
Loading on Asteroids.” Paper presented at
the International Workshop on Small Body
Exploration by Physical Interactions — Impacts,
Excavations, Blasts, Tokyo, October 2009.
Ward, W.R. and R.M. Canup. “Circumplanetary
Disk Formation.” Paper presented at the 41st
Division of Planetary Sciences Meeting, Fajardo,
Puerto Rico, October 2009.
Webb, C.C., J.W. Miller and C.A. Sharp. “Diesel
Catalyst Aging Using a FOCAS HGTR, a Diesel
Burner System, to Simulate Engine-Based Aging.”
Weissling, D., S. Wiedmann and J. Zoss. “ACRES: A
Fully Automated, Versatile System for Depainting
Off-Airframe Components.” Paper presented at
the SAE 2009 Aerotech Congress and Exhibition,
Seattle, November 2009.
Wellbrock, A., A.J. Coates, G.H. Jones, C.S.
Arridge, G. Lewis, B. Magee, J.H. Waite Jr., E.C.
Sittler, F.J. Crary and D.T. Young. “Negative Ions at
Titan — Density Trends.” Paper presented at the
Westlake, J.H., J.H. Waite Jr., F.J. Crary, B.A.
Magee, K.E. Mandt and D.T. Young. “Titan Tholin
Production Through Ion-neutral Chemistry: Data
and Model.” Paper presented at the AGU Fall
Whipple J.G., W.L. Arensman and M.S. Boler.
“A Public Safety Application of GPS-Enabled
Smartphones and the Android Operating System.”
Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International
Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.
San Antonio, October 2009.
Whitman, Z.L. and O.H. Burnside. “Using
Retrodiction to Increase the Reliability of Wing
Replacement Forecasts.” Paper presented at the
United States Air Force 2009 Aircraft Structural
Integrity Program (ASIP) Conference, Jacksonville,
Fla., December 2009.
Wilson, G.R. III and S.R. Westbrook. “Fit for
Purpose Implications for Fuel Suppliers, Handlers
and Users (USA).” Paper presented at the 11th
International Association on Stability, Handling
and Use of Liquid Fuels (IASH) Conference,
Prague, Czech Republic, October 2009.
Xiao, Z.S., M. Dallas, S. Zhang, D.P. Nicolella, N.
He, N. Qiu, L. Cao, M.L. Johnson, L.F. Bonewald
and L.D. Quarles. “Conditional Deletion and/
or Disruption of Pkd1 in Osteocytes Results in
a Significant Reduction in Anabolic Response
to Mechanical Loading.” Paper presented at the
American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
31st Annual Meeting, Denver, September 2009.
Zank, G.P., J. Heerikhuisen, N.V. Pogorelov, R.
Burrows, D.J. McComas, N.A. Schwadron, P.C.
Frisch, H.O. Funsten, E. Möbius, S.A. Fuselier and
M. Gruntman. “Pick-up Ions, the Termination
Shock, and Energetic Neutral Atoms.” Paper
December 2009.
Zhan, R., S.T. Eakle and P.A. Weber. “Simultaneous
Reduction of PM, HC, CO, and NOx Emissions
from a GDI Engine.” Paper presented at the 2010
SAE World Congress and Exhibition, Detroit, April
2010.
Zhan, R., W. Li, S.T. Eakle and P.A. Weber.
“Development of a Novel Device to Improve Urea
Evaporation, Mixing, and Distribution to Enhance
SCR Performance.” Paper presented at the 2010
SAE World Congress and Exhibition, Detroit, April
2010.
Zhao, L., G. Li, G.M. Mason, R.A. Mewaldt, M.I.
Desai, M.A. Dayeh, C.M. Cohen, R.A. Leske,
D.K. Haggerty, O.P. Verkhoglyadova and G.P.
Zank. “Heavy Ions Transport in Selected SEP
Events.” Paper presented at the AGU Fall Meeting,
Internal Research
Funded January 1, 2010
Funded April 1, 2010
Allegrini, F., S. Livi, D. McComas, S. Weidner, M.
Maple and J. Roberts. “Prototyping the GigaRange Imaging Detector (GRID).”
Basagaoglu, H., H. Dixon and S. Allwein.
“Liposomal Microencapsulation of an Oncolytic
Respiratory Syncytial Virus.”
Avery, P. and J. Whipple. “Manipulating Traffic
System Dynamics Using Smartphone Technology
for Improving Public Safety.”
Dinwiddie, C., D. Hooper and T. Michaels.
“Subarctic Boundary Layer and Aeolian Science:
Forcings and Responses.”
Brockwell, T., J. Grimes and J. Roberts. “Proof of
Concept of a Cryotrapping Inlet for Sampling
Cometary Atmospheres.”
Epperly, M., B. Walls and M. Pilcher. “Flexible
Communications Platform.”
Broerman, E., S. Simons and M. Nored.
“Methods to Predict Complex 3-D Reciprocating
Compressor Cylinder Acoustic Response.”
Freitas, C. and N. Mueschke. “Near Wellbore
Simulation Model.”
Green, R., B. Abbott, G. Willden and D. Pool.
“Development of a Wireless Sensor Network to
Detect Riverbed Scour During Flooding Events.”
Hamilton, V. “Search for Links Between Chemical
and Mechanical Weathering Processes on Mars.”
Huang, F. and V. Gorokhovsky. “Development and
Characterization of a Novel Ceramic Membrane
for CO2 Separation in Coal-Fired Power Plants and
Energy Industries.”
Mitchell, J. “Enhanced Thermal Imaging for
Mobile Applications.”
Morris, A., D. Ferrill, R. McGinnis and K. Smart.
“Tests and Calibration of Fault Seal Analysis: A
Pilot Study.”
Necsoiu, M., C. Dinwiddie, D. Hooper, R.
McGinnis and G. Walter. “Monitoring Permafrost
Landscapes Using Optical and Multipolarization
SAR Imagery. Case Study: Kobuk Valley, Alaska.”
Ogasawara, K., J.-M. Jahn, C. Pollock, M. Al-Dayeh,
J. Trevino and D. White. “Development of an
Energetic Neutral Atom Instrument with a Narrow
Field-of-View Collimator.”
Phillips, M., J. Scherrer, S. Pope, M. Tapley and T.
Finley. “Optimization of the Solar Probe + Payload
Concept of Operations.”
Bullock, M. “Development of Near-IR
Spectroscopic Techniques for Mineral Detection
at the Surface of Venus.”
Caseres, L. “Concept Verification for a Novel
Moisture Sensor Inside Gas Pipelines.”
Chan, K. “Development of Bend Fixtures
for In-Situ SEM Fracture Testing at Elevated
Temperatures.”
Cox, R., G. Light, J. Hageman and M. Lesher. “A
Novel Thirty-Year Battery.”
Dasgupta, B., D. Basu, K. Das and R. Green.
“Development of Computational Methodology
to Assess Structural Damage in Spillway Sections
of Dams.”
Gorokhovsky, V. “Erosion, Corrosion and High
Temperature Oxidation Resistant Nanostructured
Coatings Deposited by a Novel High Intensity
Ionized Metal Magnetron Sputtering Source.”
Gray, W., T. Moore, W. Sponsel, L. Goland and T.
Kirchdoerfer. “Development and Validation of
a Shock Tube Apparatus for High-Fidelity Blast
Wave Generation in Trauma Studies.”
Hanson, H. “Investigation of a Wound Status
Monitoring Device.”
Roming, P. “Establishing Astrophysics at SwRI.”
Hooper, D., R. McGinnis, M. Necsoiu, C.
Dinwiddie and D. Basu. “Volcaniclastic Aeolian
Dunes at Sunset Crater Volcano: Applications for
Martian Dune Morphology and Dynamics.”
Tan, C.K. and M. Feng. “Continuous Biodiesel
Production from Animal Fats and Waste
Cooking Oil Using Supercritical Methanol and
Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts.”
Jahn, J.-M., D. George, G. Miller and M. Davis.
“Developing Microchannel Plates as Conversion
Surfaces for Energetic Neutral Atom and Ion
Detection.”
Wilkinson, E. “SwRI Near IR Telescope Feasibility
Study.”
Johnson, J. “Risk Mitigation for Solar Array
Regulation and Peak Power Tracking Solutions in
Electronic Power Subsystems for Critical Space
Applications.”
Zwiener, A., G. Lamberson and J. Persyn.
“Intensification of Microfluidic Flow Focusing
Processes.”
Klar, R. and A. Bertrand. “Mission-Generic Flight
Software Scheduler.”
27
Megel, M., B. Westmoreland and M. Tussing.
“Causal Investigation of Heavy-Duty Diesel
Engine Structural Limitations to Peak Cylinder
Pressure and Development of Architecture
Sufficient for Model Year 2015 Pressure
Requirements — Phase 3.”
Ni, Q., A. De Los Santos, D. Moravits and
S. Chen. “Assessing the Effect of Matrix
Metalloproteinase-9 on the Growth of Mice
Teeth.”
Ogasawara, K., J.-M. Jahn, F. Allegrini, M. Desai,
S. Livi and D. McComas. “Characteristics of
Avalanche Photodiodes with Metal Foils Under a
Simulated Space Ultraviolet Environment.”
Pilcher, M. “Ultra-Miniature RF Surveillance.”
Roberts, J. “Evaluation of Novel Structural
Response Tuning Scheme of a Mass
Spectrometer.”
Stern, A., D. Durda, M. Davis and C. Olkin.
“Capability Development and Demonstration for
Next-Generation Suborbital Research.”
Walls, M. “Impact of Gaseous Fuels on Highly
Dilute Engines.”
Wei, R. “Engineering of Durable
Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Practical
Applications.”
Wilmes, T. and D. Vickers. “Application of Data
Mining Techniques to Health Information
Exchange Failure Prediction.”
Patents
Bartley, G.J. “Monitoring of Exhaust Gas
Oxidation Catalysts.” U.S. Patent No. 7,624,628.
December 2009.
Branyon, D.P. and J.D. Eubanks. “Split-Cycle
Four-Stroke Engine.” U.S. Patent No. 7,588,001.
September 2009.
Burch, J.L. “Ion Composition Analyzer with
Increased Dynamic Range.” U.S. Patent No.
7,679.051. March 2010.
Burkhardt, G.L., A.E. Crouch, A.J. Parvin Jr., R.H.
Peterson, T.H. Goyen and R.F. Tennis. “Pipeline
Inspection Using Variable-Diameter RemoteField Eddy Current Technology.” U.S. Patent No.
7,683,611. March 2010.
Chiang, K.-T., J.H. Arps and R. Wei.
“Nanostructured Low-CR CU-CR Coatings for the
High Temperature Oxidation Resistance.” U.S.
Patent No. 7,592,051. September 2009.
28
Couvillion, W.C. Jr., R.R. Lopez and J. Ling. “Virtual
Reality System Locomotion Interface Utilizing a
Pressure-Sensing Mat.” U.S. Patent No. 7,588,516.
September 2009.
Mathaeus, A.C., R.C. Roecker and C.E. Roberts
Jr. “Hybrid Technology for Lean NOx Trap and
Particulate Filter Regeneration Control.” U.S.
Patent No. 7,621,120. November 2009.
Crouch, A.E., T. Goyen, P.C. Porter and S.
Laughlin. “System and Method for Producing
Color Contour Maps of Surface Defects of High
Pressure Pipelines.” U.S. Patent No. 7,557,570. July
2009.
McGehee, J. “Blind Estimation of Bandwidth and
Duration Parameters of an Incoming Signal. U.S.
Patent No. 7,603,245. October 2009.
Dearnaley, G. and K.C. Walter. “Life Extension of
Chromium Coatings and Chromium Alloys.” U.S.
Patent No. 7,572,345. August 2009.
Furman, B.R., S.T. Wellinghoff, P.M. Thompson
and R. Rawls. “Nanocomposites and Methods
for Synthesis and Use Thereof.” U.S. Patent No.
7,556,743. July 2009.
Hayles, R.E. Jr. and J.A. Moryl. “System and
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Patent No. 7,573,369. August 2009.
Hayles, R.E. Jr. and J.A. Moryl. “System and
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Huang, Y. “Method for Controlling Exhaust Gas
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Huffman, S.D. and M.P. Rigney. “Eye Location and
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Kim, S.Y. and H. Kwun. “Method for Automatic
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Powell, L.S. and T.H. Jaeckle. “Detection of
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July 2009.
Senia, S., S. Minica, E.S. Senia, W.L. Wildey,
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Timmons, S.A. and S.F. Timmons. “Fuel Deposit
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February 2010.
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