0llt51anuing ([uesli()n.s Ihat I will address in lite next phase. of t1n

Latc Neo Lilhic fliut tcduwLog ics iu CYP"'l.';
Dillli\la Papagialllli
J).-:pl.
of Arcllacology, University of Call1bridge
.
ill tnH lud ioll
Prcl",loric ['",ea.ch ill CY1)ru~ Illrgdy fullows the traditiOIlJlbm of urchacolofllc~1 work
in ar"a~ associated with tiw du"i~al past (for a discu~sioJl of this is,uc sec SIlI1UJ~)IlS
1991), wlt".-e lithic ,llldics an) oftel1 regaalcd as a ma rgiua l field , Although t1dillkJ
uua[y~cs of dlipped stone material have become COlllU~\lI~ Over the la~t decade ~H so,
thcr~ is still a marked cmphasis on typologicaL or statl,llcal Hllaly~es, rathcr thall Oil
t.;chnoLogy and the spatial ;:lUd social orgilllisatioll of activities. T hese studies . arc
dct aikd presentations of the chipped stone material recovered fhml reC ellt excavatlollS
or ~urfuce surveys (eg. D'AI111ibalc in llupp et (.t. 1993; Kill)!5l~o~h 199.6), hut. sho~
li!lle cOort to connect the study of lithic industries with the n.mlll IS'I.JC~ lJ\ prdll~t.unc
!~scalch ill Cyprus (eg. colonisalion, of the j~IJnd, economIc an~ cu!tll.ra~ relation,
with the mainland, resource management, and sociuJ n~lwurks wnhm .the lumted sp~c~
of the island). So, ill cady Cypriot archaeology, chipped ~tone studies ure IICCOJllIllB
established as a required pan of any complete publication of new fieldwo rk, mther than
as a vallJable altenmtivc line of evidence on the "mi" issues in the field
My allaly~i.~ of the chipped ~tolle industry ofKuntlou KuujUVOJ/J/()lJ places elllphasis, on
thc operational sequences of li tltic plOdllction, rathcr thall nlercl~ Ol~ the tllOrl?holoSIC~1
descriptiun and typological classification of formai.to?ls. My oblcctl~es of tl:IS analySIS
arc: (I) to defiue the operational sequences of htluc production at the Site, (2 ) '.0
i:xumine the Slldtial org~llislltioll of toOl-making aetivi.ties, ~o.o.l u~e and domcsllc
disc~rd, and their potential interaction with other dOl!le~tle aCIlVlues IU tl:e 5euicu lellt,
(3) to cOUl[JlIre the pattern.'! observed at Kandoll Kuu/f)YUUII?S wJlh those at
cOlllelllpmalY sites on the blaml as well as on the L e~antme mUlJII~lld, and (4) to
illvc.\ligate long-tcn u patterns of contiuuity or discontinnil( ill the I~rc!"story of CYPI~ S
fi'oJII the ~iew[Joint ofthc lithic tecllllology. I prescn t IWfe the prdJllun~JY ~nds of thiS
an~ly,is (most of which rete!' to the firSI of the abo~e re,ear~1t obJ.ectlVes), some
0llt51anuing ([uesli()n.s Ihat I will address in lite next phase. of t1n~ ptllJe~l, as well as
somc of my [llall~ for further research on lithie technologies Itl Cyprus.
A sJli~nt featutc of the M~ditcllJne~n islands is that they Wi:re wl()ni~ed IIllu:h later
thau the licvdo[!IUent of the necessary navigation technology (tbl" a !<!CCllt lenglhy
re~i~w of the prchistury of CY]lllls and rurther rcfereuces, sce KlIapl' 19~),J). The
eilfliest evidence of Ltnlllau ]J'-<!~c'ICe on Cyprus dates to lIbollt 10,000 BC, /i'OIlI the
site of Akrotiri AetoluellllloS at the soutll<;rntrlllst end of the isl'Hld (Figure I). The
Jcugth and character of this oc(:upmioll is 11l11..1I0\\lI. For the time \Jeillg, the Illost
p!ilu~ihlc expbna!iOll is that the ~itc was i llh~bikd during a relatively short, nlaylw
exploluLOlY Irip to the blmld.
By about '1,000 BC Cyprus was fit1ly co l()ui~ed by agricultu ral groups Ibal were not
IImkius: pottery. This early ph.as,~ of the Cypriot NcoLilhic I ~,tcd Iltltilllie r"idt!l~ Oflhe
6th lllilleuniUlIl nc. Tt was followed by what SeelllS to he a gap of over 500 year~ in
the occupatioH of Ihe island, or at least a gap in ardl'l~ologkal evidence tiom this
timtl-s pan. A new phase ofsettlclll~Jlt occupation b(~g;m with thc 5th miliclllliuUI nc.
There arc a nunlber of teclulological lllld CUltUl'lti dilf~reuces I! etwecu thcs~ two
Neolit hi~ IJltases, the most imporhmt of which is Ihe nse of pottcry ill the secoud
phase, In the Late Neolithi~ the hou ses were rcctangul" .. ill pJ3n wilh lOuuded comers,
as oppn~cd to fhe circular !tomes of tile acer~ulic Neolithic. And the dead were
couu llonly not buried undemcath the hOllSe floon. as in Ihe ac~,;mlic Neolithic. Thc
Late Neolithic was foll o w~d by a Ch.. lcolithi~ phase, span).ling from the 4th to the
middle of the 3rd millcnllilulI nc, a ]1!lilSl~ that was ~ u]JJloscdly transiti()lldl to 1he
Brom:eAgc.
The Ka ution K0/4juVOIwus Laic Ncu li tl.ic Rtt lcJUcut
Sotira Teppes, which is cOtlsidered the tYIH:--site of the Cypriot tate Neolithic, was
eX~lI~ated in Ihe 1950s and publish ~d in 1961 (Dikaios 1961).
Since then,
archaeological research agendas , excavation practices amI analytical mcthodologies
hllve undergone profound chaugcs. In 1992 a University of Athens tealn, under the
di lllct ion of Pt of. Beni Mautl:OUfllui, hCgllll excavation of the 1.ate Ncolithic settlement
()fKnlldou KoujovOIIII~'. The ullli n llim of this project is to lC.illvc~tigate the Cypriot
I.,ate Neolithic in Jight of the major theufetical ami methodological de~c!opllle"ts iu the
field over the last few decades (Mllut~oun!lli 1994, 1996).
nr icr ~ u ll llUlU)' of Early l'rcllhlufy ill CY III'US
.
A ce"hal d"u-acteristie of the [ll ehi~toIY of Cyprus stems frolll the 1.,>laud's d llal
churacter as both a part of the rcgional unit of the eastem Medite['mne~n and a self·
enclosed, potentially isol ated eutity. The Neolithic occers in Cyprus sOlllcwha: I~ter
th.m ill the ncighbmuiug Levantiuc and Anatoliall mailll and and. rcprcsent~ a dlstlllct
cultural eutity. i'arallds wilh either the 111llinland or other McdltcHanCllIl l~l allds are
limiled.
KallUoU is located at the sontltel'll cnd of the bland Il l" Cyprus, by a slu,,1I ri~er valley
otrthe KUUlis river, just o~er two miles southea~t of Sotira (Figure I). The seU!clllelll
is located at the plateal l alia the gradllal slopes of a kvc!lcI I hilltup. St['l;ltigJiljJitic
trcuches ha~c revcaled no ,,~hkJlce of earlier occujlation levels. Kam!ou's pottery is
very ~imilar to that of Sotira in both shapes and decoration tcdllli(IUeS, motils am i
styles, Orguuic Illate,'ials ~llitablc /ilr radiometric dating are very scarce. NUV~dhckss,
the fcw AMS rauiocaluon dates that arc a~ai lablc poim to the 'Ith milleuuiulll BC. fll
this Ihey arc in accurdatlce with the radioUlelric readings fmm Sotira, but cOlJlP:lli~ons
of AMS readiugs with convcntional C14 readings outaiucd o~e( )0 years ago arc not
practicul.
• F~lto"i'l;tl~·:tio" in (.Yl)1iot archaeology, lhe firsl Illme (~al~!oO) rcfc>s to tlee lIcarC!.t
1I1~J_U1 [(>"" or ... iJl3{;C in 11lcviciHily of th. ~itc, white tile """,,,d. ,uhcJl,oo u:une (K(>uf""O~"O$)
n..!'..''; to Ill<; Ui.U1iliillJ.J.ttoca.t l0l"'nym of t h~ "alticular .itc localio".
The tlillt iuuns t.), of K:llu.luu KUl4juvuUllUl'
The total lllUllltcr of excavated chipped stoue artet;lcts b cs!illllitcd at c. 8000, So far,
I have examined the material rrotu three "ellches Oil the plateall, amouuting to about
half of/he tn lll l lUateriul recovered. Thc tcdllw lo!!ical ull"ly~is pre~~lIted here is lld~ctl
Oil this sample, while the statistical data arc based on the material ii om one hcnch
m.
7L
(1,037 ."Ic!ilcl~). l'fClill,imllY iu~p!!clion oflh.: lest orllle excavated HllIleriul leads me
to l>cli.:ve tliat Ihe sumplu, lmaly,cd ~() tar arc largdy rcpn:sc!lt~li"e of ill(l tu\i,."
chipped s\ouc assclJIblage frOlu (he site.
In all the tn:Jll;h"s that Wj)fC examincd, onc of which i~ a deep In.:nch, there is no
u]Jparcll\ ~traligrapl,ic dilli:rcntialion of the lithic mateJii:ll. The only Sillltiglaphic
dilIcn:!lw is quuIIlilaliv.:: the llLujOJi.y ofllle ll mktial originates fWIlI the s,uf"ce and
sub-surface layers_ /\150, the presUlllalJly open S]laCCS betwccll houst.\ S\rudlm: s show
higher {;ollccntralioll of IIli1tclial COu1t)iued tu the ~paccs clldo~ed by tlw stiuClurCS.
T he most outstamling feature of this indust ry is the loug bl,ules (Fig. 3.2, 3) o/lcn
bc~,iHg relOuch or traces of ~ilica glos3,
Qllilutitativdy, thou gh, the IHu ctouchcd
blades amount to only 1,83% ()f the total of lithic ulateri<ll that h<ls b~en PfUCC>SC rl
statisti\:~ lly (Tabl.; I), Of 3.31% of the unrdouch~d debitage (a 1:29.2 ratio ()fbLu!cs
to f!ahs). The blades u~lHilly have plwu ph!.tfm,us ami have USlIHlly beell produced
with indirect ]lcr{;[[s~iou.
The va st majority of the IlHlh:rial is cUlUpust:d of
uurctoudlCd flakes with no Ill<lcroscopica!ly visible tfi1CCS of 115e, The rest uf the tuolkit is cOlllposed of sicklo eiemc"ts, end scrapers. buoins, Ilotches and denticul atc s.
pcrfunttul.'l, \iladcs and finkes with ma rginal retouch (Table 2, Fig. 3.1-3,5) .
......
,..."
"
%
.--------------- --Touls
Was te
187
TJ lI worllctl
20
Tolltl
1037
lOO
matl e~
.......,
fl, . "
<SCIII
1iIa kes >5cUI
/kt.!(-...
,
"8
12.34
61.05
0 .96
0.87
L25
3.18
0.39
18.03
1.93
Fl a lu.'~
>5cm
lllatl~ <5clII
C o rcs
Uudu sllalb
633
,
10
13
33
4
".po(C)", ... ""'''''"~ ........, E.,I. ~"h"'o'", ""'': • ·.,....N""Ii~,;<··.
(I ... "''''''''
N..,h,uk • C""", ,,, tI,oli,ioi .. ,\ C""'oM,", . • ",o.k," ",a,,,
"faulc I: Chipped stone ultcfacls nom Trench Theta,
Koufovouuos, 1993- 1995 seasons.
K~ndou
ELHhc .. all\~ "~
"
----
S idtl c dCIIL ClIls
21
l:'cl'furalun
3
TnmcaliulIs
Dculicublcs
NuldLC'
ilul'j"s
U cloudlcu n;L I(I~s
Rctoll dlcLl IJ/llll es
nctullc hcoJ fnl!;Ul Cub
UiVCfSC
All lnol5
pieces
%
0.78
16.'11
2.34
O.7l!
16
16
8
30
3
12.35
12.5
6.25
21
8
23.44
2 .34
16.41
6. 25
128
100
T"I,ic 2: ToollypoJogy !J~,cd ou the ulillcdal from Trench
Theta, Kllndou KOU!OVOUlIO:l, 1993-1995 sca$Ous.
The low frcqut:IU':Y ofblaLles in Kandou seems to be in
CO!Jtliilit
with some of the other
XypL'io[ Neolithic chiJlllcd stOIlC assemblage:;. Stckt:lis (in Dikllios 196 1) gives neither
absolute nor slatislkal data for the frequency of blades ilL the cOlltemporaneous
neighbouring sill' of Sotira. In the Early NcoJi thic Sill'S, the blade COIJl[lOllcnt tends [0
be mort' prominent than in KatJ(iou: 2!:1. 1% in Khirokit ia Vouni (Dikaios 1953), 15.0%
in Kholetria OltOS (Simmons 1994), but only <1.25% in Cap Andreas Kastros (Le AIUII
1981). !Jut, in accordance with all th~ other Neolilhic assemblages frOLu the island, the
1.I1adcs in Kandou arc heavily selected for the manufacture of retouched tools or for use
as skkle eiemcuts. The low frequency of blades in Kandoll might 'lisuggest that thesc
w e fC transportt:d outsidt: thc settlement, in agricultural pmduc\ion sites, where they
wcre used and discardcd
,.
Fig. ~: K~aJoa Ko~fi>V"~I">'< (R",)", S, f'lIillg or Floor 3): rdiuiall or ,i~ alld"acb 011" cOre ,
There is Ilrt;at variability ill the shapc and murphology of cj}rc~ (I'ig , 3.'1,6). This
v"riability is due to the 0IJportunbtic Illl\lU1CI' of corc redltction, which is (lfien
combined with eart.: to use as ullIdl ofllle raw JlUltcriul v()luLlle as possible. The corcs
usually have oue or two working SllrfilCCS and multiple strikiul;I platfunlls, while the
traces of percussioll run in vMious axes amI dircctions. Vcry few cores preserve
purallc1llegm ive scars tltat could Ile a~sociatcd with Illade l!wnUf~Clure (Fig. 3.6), but
they are consistcntly hlllaller than the blad~s fOllud at the site.
f rom a tedulOlogical viewpoint, the o\OSI interesting featnre of the Kaudou industry is
the discrepancy ill size and, ofien, in raw materials between the blades aud the llOUlaminal" artefac ts (flakes and cores)_ TIllS discrepancy puses the questioll of how and
where these blades were produced_ So far the study of the material h~s fuiled to
produce al tcfacts that cnuld be convincingly assodated with the initial stagcs of Llade
production (pl'cpan:l.tinll of cores). This disct'epallcy lletwet:1l the blad(l.<j and the 110.1\lmllitlar artefucts is also pre~cnt at Sotira. In fact, in Sotira the di!fercllccs ill raw
1I\~to.;(ials bdw.;eIL the Iwo o.;atcgories an: more ]ll'OlIliuellt.
7S.
lI..fy illtcljJl'eMioll of this ~iluati(ln - my CIUTeHt workiog hypothc~is - is that each ofthc
two categories of IIflcfacts (th~ blades and the Hml-Iaminal' Hl1efilcts) were the
pmducts of two distinct reduction methods. The lllanufactmc of long b1ad~~ with
straight edges requires a high degree of expcltise aud regular practisiug in
fliHlknappillg By contrast, the morphology of the cores an'! the I,i gh n·CI\lICllCY of
hinged fract lll"eS on the Oakd points to low-skill fIiotknappillg A ~i!Uilar suggestion
has recently beell made for the Early Neoli(hic Illatcrial flUll! l)aft~kkli~ia
ShillourukamLos (Guil"inc er al. 1995), illvolving nnc reduction SC'llleo<:<: fnr the
prodllctioll of (lakes and one for small blades. It is likely that the hl,l(I~s w..,re made by
it few tull- 01" pall-time spcciali~~d kllappe.s, while the IIJkc~ were made by lIcn,peeialis\~ for imlllcdiate u~e or tVenuy juvcniles practi,iug (lintkuappitlg.
"",,,.<1\1--
[~~~
r
/'
1/
,
In order to ill~ C~!igatc [((rlhel" the i,>uc of the Olgullisalioll of blade tCclltlu!ogy both ill
Kandoll and ill other Cypriot Ncolithic settlements, IItere is a lIC1:d to e~tablbh a more
t!tuJ"Ough uJld.cr~laJl(ling of the reduction SC(lllCllee~ and of the relationship !;etwccn the
various tcdmu]ugical {lJ"Oups lI11d the availah lll raw materials. Refltling artefacts cauue
extlemdy u$cful for Ulldclstalldiug tedmology. I have so far made a few groups of
refittiuus , all associated with the productiou of flak..,s (Fig. 2). These refittillgs prove
tltat the production of flukes WoIS takillS placc in the sito ami confirm the OPP()rtlllli~tic
charaettl" of the lll~jority of Oi mKnapping Ht Kandon. All refiited sequences tClIuillalt:
"
:/ 1
,
'/
These two lIj<)thod~ might have been two co,"plt:tdy indep tJl(j..,ut op..,riltiultil!
sequences practb~d in paral!d. AJtt:ruativc!y, they could have be~n two 5uc~c,~ivc
s!age~ of the same operatioual ~cqucuc<:, which would start with the prcpamlitlrl of a
blade core and the Ul~l\ufactUl"<: of blutles, and when the core bt:talll~ too slu"lI, the
l([lap]l~I· would )witch to the manufacture offlake~, takillg advuHtage of as mud] of the
available raw lJlatcj"i~1 volume as pos:.ible. The l!)llg bltidcs (o~cJ" 5 cm iu kuglit) ~Iaud
Ollt more dearly as a ~tpMat<: t~dU101ogicul ..,Jltity iu the Kandou industry. Over half
of those and the sickle elem~nts (for which long bladcs are sdectivdy u~cd) life mad..,
on a Taw malerial that is consi>tclltly UllcommOll in every other debilage or tonl
,category. Tlm small..,,. bllltles, though, might have been produced at the eadier p,ut of
" the life history ofsome of the cores found at the site.
The fact that the lithic assemblage cOlltaius no artefacts that call be convintiugly
aS5udatcd wit h the initial stage~ of ally of the known blade pruductiuu sequeuces,
could be ex plain..,d by three altemativll hypotheses: (I) in Kandou wc Imve 1I
idiosyncratic and maybe unique blade production sequence, (2) th i hlades were
manufadured ill a specific area of the settlement that h~ ~ not yet been ..,xcavated, and
(3) the blades were mallufllcturcd outside the settlclIIeltt, close to the raw material
sources, and welC brought in as finishcd products, either by s!J<. ...:ialiscd individu~ls
f({)m the sctllcmclIt, Of by illdcpcJUlcnt craftspeoplc specialiscd in supplying
settlcm~ll\s with good qualily bla"~s.
The 11Itter would not be an outrageous
sugge~li()1l fo r a Neo!itbic, 'non-complex' society. lior example, it has Lecll 51lggtstcd
that in ..11 phases of Ihe G,·eck Ncolithie the productioJl lntd dimibution of blades was
the job of specialiscd craftspeuple lInd traders (pedes 1992). The raw material
dilTcrcn~c betwc<:ll the long blades and the rest of the assclllblllgc wppurt this idea.
Ethnoan:haen!ugical evid~uce Oil the organisation of tlll~ production of chipped
lhr6hillg sledges ill Cypms in the 20th century, SUfl!l<:,t5 that ~peo.:iuliscd fliulknup]>..,rs
travened to distant ,ources 10 acquire the best raw mutedal, (Pcal"illlult 1985).
,
,/
"
~\
iI
k
/
v~
,£
,
,~
"
iF.
•
(
with a small, uupr"pan:d corc. In cases of presence of cortex, there scelLlS 10 be 110
palticular carol to prcserve the vulollle of the core while I'talloving the cmtcx. So far,
al! the rcfilted group~ welc found ill spaces clldos~>d by alchitc~tura\ stmctures,
~howing tllnt flimknapping activiti~s wen: e'~rtaillly Illlt r<'shicte<! to the open spaces of
the hou seholds
l1intknatJIJCrS. Operational stmtfgies arc elaborate, ilJlpklllcJlt ed alld illtegrllted into
the behaViour of a gtOup. Sp<A:ilic st rutegics may be lraJl,witted acru~s s~v,)ra l
generations alld chall!:;ell only whell Ilew circurmtances and cOIl~tl"llillts Illake the
adoption of a new strategy appJ'<)priate.
l.ooking at chippeLl stone technologics as markers of kdlllical ulul cultllral traditioll~
ca.ll provide an altentat~v() title of evidcHce Oil one of the crucial issues ill the I'rehi~tOly
ot Cypms, namely the ISSUC ofcllltural C<)lItiHlIillg or discontinllity bclwecn sU{;l;e~~ ive
chf{)lIologic~! phases, Howevcr, this approach c~ITies the dallger of simply r"flbdllg
typo logy WIth techuology as a way 10 attllch cllltllml labels to the archaeological
material. Ilefllrt;l using tcdmologies as indicators of cultural traditions, there is " need
to under~tulld funher how the tcdluo]o~ical and cconoulic urgan isation of the
,~,anufacture an~ use o.f titltics is embedded iu the structun: of a society.
Ellutllarc,h a.::ologlcal stu<hcs of wutelllplllary lithic tedlllulogies can provide vital
illSight into .this issue .. Up until (I few dtcadcs ago, flint was widely used in Cypru.~ ill
Ihe production ofagnclIltural lools. A nnmber of eadier studies of this prnduction arc
availahle (Homell 1930; Crawford 1935; Sta'lley-l'lict: 1972; Fox 1984; Pearlm""
.1985; KllrdouJia~ aut! Yenkes 1996), fimning the starting point fur the in\'e~tigat ion of
Issues such as tedlllkal traditions, raw nmtcriul acquisition strategies and economic
and social orgallisaliou of lithic prndllction. This ethnoarchacologicOlI cxamplil should
~lot be seen .asa direct ])amllel to the archaeologkal material, but rather as an insight
mto the vanablhty of the technological choices made by difii:rent cultures workiJlg on
the same raw materials.
ror Ihe raw makriHls culllp'Jllent of lily all<lly,is, for this stag" of my work I defme faw
material categories ()n the basis of macroscopic criteria (colonr, texture and
homogeneity, iJldu~ions). This mC..tns that each of the groups does not lIet;cssJ,ily
coincide with a di,lillctive source. Although this is a broaLlly accepted method for an
initial identification of raw Ulatcriu] catc!;ories, it will h,lve to be supported by
geological and pt:trological studies. Thil first two raw material categories dow;llatc the
aS~~lIlblagl!, with rdative trc'll,eJl~ies of 59.4% and IS.72% rcspectively Thil rdative
ffeqll~n~io.::s of all categofic~ remain c,sclItially C(JIlstaLlt acl'O SS tlte various do.::llitagc or
tool groups; with the exception of the long blaLles melltioued earlier, as well as the
unworked material that is pre(\oJ)lilldutly nnn-flint luuteriuL A>sessiull the effects of
taW matilriat availability in KantlOlb lithic tedllmlO/lY is complicated by tlw fact that
tllil illhabitant~ ofthil settlement had easy access 10 the Kouns River, a secolldmy raw
material source, whose capacity, quality and variability ovef tiLJIe or Oil a seasonal ua~is
ClUmut be easily accounted for.
TJurew!vcll ,·esc;lrd,
imiostl'ies
Ilucs tiuu~
ami future IlI;UlS fol' l·escal·ch ill Cypriot lithic
Further technological analysis of the KallLlou li thic asselLlbluge is required, If
blade lllanufac\tlrc Wil$ taking place Oil-site (a possibilily that CallnOI be entirely ruled
out at this stage) the tedmology applied was indigenous and idid!Y Llcl'atic. It will
prubably have no direct parallels in the literature and will have to be umlen;tood aud
described. If it is not possible to identify ally evidence of blade manufacture
teciJnology, Ihis will further support tht: hypotltlisis that the bl ade~ were not 1 ~ lade 011site,
C uud usioll
C~lipped stone is the most ancient docunl~nted form oftechno]ogy and, when anulysed
With modem met.hods, c.at~ !)rovid~ valuable inforrnatioJl on past me of the laudscape,
economy, behaVIOur, dIVtSlon of labour and cultural aO"iliations. Traces of Ihe
successive stages of mauufacture and use are preselved on these lithic m1cfacts nlUch
be!tef than on ~ny otl.ler category of archaeologica l matel ia!. Tllis ILlliqlle potential of
c111[)pcd stonc Il\dustfle~ has not yet been fully realised and ilxplored in archaeological
re~eareh il\ the late prchi~tory of the ea~lern M~ditermnea ll. Thcurctical and
methodological traditiunalism sti U prevails aud lithic studics are still regarded as a
margi!)al field. Driuging stone technology analysis beyond the c{)llstraints of it
technical, speci~li~t work and demUllStflltiug its rcJ evauce with the major issuts of
prclthtoric research, arc the big challenges ahead for lithics speci..tli,ts in the castel n
MeditelTancall.
fn Kandou, the excavation and r~cording methods facilitate analysis of the li thic
asscmblag" with reference to the spatial organisation of too\'llIakius activit ies, too! \lSC
an d domcstic discarLl, aud the illtera~tio!L 01" these uperations with other Ilou!cstic
activities ill the settlcmtnt. A comparative aJl~lysis of K~ndou's iuLlustry with other
Cypriot Late NcoJithic assemblages alld with cIJlltclujJorilJ'Y site~ on the mailllaud will
show how widcspread geogJ'aphica!ly were the characteristics ofKandou's industry.
2.
The idtntification of TilW material sources provides essential backgrlHmd
knowledge for investigating the interaction between the cxploitation of raw materials
and te~huologieal choices. Raw u\atcdal research is cUJ'feutly a fOCllS oflithic unu l yse~
in the eastem MeLliterraueau. I iutend to orgauise and uni.lel'lake a wide survey ef
currcnt raw material sources 011 Cypms and link them with the raw materilLls 1)J{!~cJjt in
the ardlueological assemblages. I bclicvil that this project is a prerequisite for any up-to-date analysis of the cllipped or ground stOtH,} tool iudusl ries on the island.
AdmUlt Icd!;CllleU ts
I am gmtcful In I'ror. melli Mantwurani for giving me access tu the chipped stolle
Lllatilriul from Kaudou KOJ/fu~vulws Lia Karimuli and Kateriua SkuuJ\opouluLL have
?ff~rcd valuable ,,;oJlllllClll~ Oil an earlier draft of thi s papc!. Special thanks \(J various
junt(lf lUelllbcr~ ufthe K~no.loll KVlifuV(}ullo!t PL"Oject fiJr their assistance with collecting
and COlllputer processillg the ddla that fuml the basis of this study.
3.
Tedulical traditiolLs, tl'a1lsmilteu by training dming childhood or adolcscence,
arc liulitillll f<lctors ill the tt.·chuical and conCiljltual idle!llc~ of prclthtmic
CnlWLurd, O. G. S, (1935) A primitive tltre~hillg machine. illllitlllily 'J. 335-)]9,
ncfuell~es
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