Springs Chemistry - Florida Springs Institute

Transcription

Springs Academy Tuesdays – June 7, 2016
Part 3: Springs Chemistry – General,
Nutrients, Trace Contaminants
Robert L. Knight, Ph.D.
Howard T. Odum
Florida Springs Institute
Ginnie Springs by John Moran/Springs Eternal Project
Class Schedule
Springs Academy Tuesdays
Your Instructor:
Robert L. Knight, Ph.D.
Director - Howard T. Odum Florida
Springs Institute
•B.A. Zoology (1970) – Univ. of
North Carolina
•M.S.P.H. Environmental Chemistry
and Biology (1973) – Univ. of North
Carolina
•Ph.D. Systems Ecology(1980) –
Univ. of Florida
Florida’s Spring Ecosystems
Howard T. Odum –
Father of Springs Ecology
•H.T. Odum of the University of
Florida published “Trophic
Structure and Productivity of
Silver Springs, Florida” in
Ecological Monographs (1957)
•“Primary Production
Measurements in Eleven Florida
Springs…” Limnology and
Oceanography (1957)
“Each spring differs
from the others by a few
factors. Thus there are
chloride springs,
calcium springs, sulfate
springs, springs with
high and low oxygen,
saline springs, soft water
springs, and other
types.”
Howard T. Odum (1957)
Florida’s
Springs
Water Quality
Florida Springs Academy
Purpose
• Introduction to water resource issues
in Florida
• Springs are a “case history” useful
for understanding the complexity of
these issues
• Florida has an urgent need for
knowledgeable and talented citizens
capable of advocating for
implementation of urgent water
resource management decisions
Florida Springs Academy
#3 - Physical and Chemical
Forcing Functions
• Physical Properties of Water
• Introduction to Environmental
Chemistry
• Comparison of Individual
Parameters
• Spring Water Quality Variability
Introduction to Springs’ Environmental
Chemistry
• Physical properties of water
– Temperature, density, light
• Water as a universal solvent
– Gases, cations, anions
• Water Quality Definitions
• Comparison of Spring Water Quality
• Water Quality Trends in Springs
The Water Molecule – H2O
Water’s Unique Properties
• Water has a high specific heat. Specific heat is
the amount of energy required to change the
temperature of a substance. Because water
has a high specific heat, it can absorb large
amounts of heat energy before it begins to get
hot. It also means that water releases heat
energy slowly when situations cause it to cool.
Water’s high specific heat allows for the
moderation of the Earth’s climate and helps
organisms regulate their body temperature
more effectively.
Water’s Unique Properties (cont.)
• Pure water has a neutral pH. As a result, pure
water is neither acidic or basic. Water changes
its pH when substances are dissolved in it. Rain
has a naturally acidic pH of about 5.6 s.u.
because it contains natural carbon dioxide and
sulfur dioxide.
• Water conducts heat more easily than any
liquid except mercury. This fact causes large
bodies of liquid water like lakes and oceans to
have essentially a uniform vertical temperature
profile.
• Water molecules exist in liquid form over an
important range of temperature from 0 – 100o
Celsius. This range allows water molecules to
exist as a liquid in most places on our planet.
• Water is a universal solvent. It is able to
dissolve a large number of different chemical
compounds. This feature also enables water to
carry dissolved nutrients in runoff, infiltration,
groundwater flow, and living organisms.
• Water has a high surface tension. In other
words, water is adhesive and elastic, and tends
to aggregate in drops rather than spread out
over a surface as a thin film. This property also
causes water to stick to the sides of vertical
structures despite gravity’s downward pull.
Water’s high surface tension allows for the
formation of water droplets and waves, allows
plants to move water (and dissolved nutrients)
from their roots to their leaves, and the
movement of blood through tiny vessels in the
bodies of some animals.
Average Spring Temperatures
Rosenau et al. (1977)
• North Florida – 21oC (70oF)
• Central Florida – 24oC (75oF)
• South Florida – 29oC (84oF)
[oC = 0.555 (oF-32)]
• Thermal gradient (e.g., Warm Mineral
Springs in Sarasota Co. – 1 degree C
per 100 ft = 30.2oC)
Electromagnetic Radiation – Visible Spectrum
Incoming Solar Radiation (Insolation)
Data from Silver Springs, FL (WSI 2006)
Light Transmission and Absorption
• Quantity and quality of light are changed as it passes through
water
• Attenuation of light with depth is due to both scattering and
absorption
– Absorption is diminution of light with depth by transformation
into heat
– Scattering is diminution of light with depth by deflection of
light rays
• Birgean Percentile Absorption
– 100*(Io – Iz)/ Io
– Percentile absorption
• High for infrared
• Minimal for blue
• Increases in UV
– 53% of light is generally transformed to heat within one meter
(3.2 feet)
Light Transmission and Absorption (cont.)
• Organic compounds reduce transmission
– Dissolved organic matter absorbs UV to a
greater degree than longer wavelengths
– Particulates do not absorb selectively
• Spectral properties in water
– In pure water, blue light penetrates the deepest
– Back scatter is predominantly blue light in clear
water
• Blue-green light with CaCO3
• Green or yellow light with suspended
organics
– Commonly green light penetrates deepest
Water Transparency – Secchi Disc Method
• Transparency: An Italian, Secchi,
published a method for measuring
water transparency in 1860:
– 20 cm or larger disc is lowered
until it disappears and raised until
it reappears
– Secchi depth is the mean depth of
disappearance and reappearance
– Results are not precise and
affected by the position of the sun
– Vertical Secchi depths range from
inches to more than 125 feet
– Roughly equal to 1 to 15% light
transmission
– In clear springs the Secchi “depth”
is often measured horizontally
Springs
General
Water Quality
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Acidity
pH
Carbon Dioxide
Color
Dissolved Oxygen
Specific
Conductance
Total Dissolved
Solids
Chloride
Alkalinity
Hardness
“Acidity”
• Uncombined carbon dioxide,
organic acids such as tannic and
humic acids, mineral acids, and
salts of strong acids.
“pH”
• Concentration
of hydrogen
ions expressed
as a negative
logarithm. Low
pH waters are
acidic while
high pH waters
are basic.
“Carbon Dioxide”
• The principal source of carbon for
photosynthesis in springs. The amount
of CO2 in spring water is in equilibrium
with the bicarbonate (HCO3-) and
carbonate (CO3=) based on the pH of the
water.
“Color”
• An integrative measurement of the
coloration of water due to dissolved
substances. In most natural waters color is
due to the presence of natural organic
matter dissolved from dead plants or peat.
“Dissolved Oxygen”
• A measure of the concentration of
gaseous oxygen dissolved in water.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is
dependent upon a highly dynamic
balance between atmospheric diffusion
and biological processes in the water
column. Water holds a greater quantity
of dissolved oxygen at lower
temperatures. Many artesian springs
have a low DO content. All living
organisms are dependent upon the
availability of oxygen.
“Chloride”
• Chloride is the negative ionic form
of the element chlorine and is the
principal component of sea salt
(sodium chloride). Chloride is a
highly conservative dissolved
parameter in water that provides a
useful tracer for determining the
origin of water and for detecting
dilution by waters of differing
chlorinities.
“Specific Conductance”
• A measure of the ability of water to
conduct electricity. Conductance is
a function of the concentrations of
various ions (charged atoms and
molecules) in the water.
(Na+ , K+ , Ca++ , Mg++ , Cl- , SO4= ,
CO3=, etc.)
“Total Dissolved Solids”
• An integrative measure of all the solids
dissolved in a sample of water determined
by fully evaporating a sample.
(CaCO3, NaCl, SiO2, MgSO4, CaPO4, NO3=,
etc.)
“Hardness”
• A measure of the concentration of
divalent cations (principally Ca++
and Mg++) in water.
“Alkalinity”
• An integrative measure of the ability
of water to neutralize acidity. Due to
the combination of bicarbonate,
hydroxide, and carbon dioxide.
Summary of Spring Water Quality
Strong (2004)
• Evaluated water quality in 109
Florida springs
• Generally alkaline ( avg. pH = 7.4,
alkalinity = 137 mg/L as CaCO3) and
chemically rich (avg. sp.
conductance = 713 uS/cm, hardness
= 244 mg/L as CaCO3)
Springs Classification Based on Water Quality
Whitford (1956)
• Soft, freshwater – water table springs or
seeps
• Hard, freshwater – artesian, low chloride
• Oligohaline – chlorides up to 600 mg/L
• Mesohaline – chlorides from 600 to 9,000
mg/L
• Sulfide – anoxic and high in sulfate and
sulfide
• Salt, sulfide – high chloride and high sulfur
Florida Springs Initiative Monitoring Network (DEP 2007)
Springs Water Quality
County
Temperature
(oC)
Dissolved
Oxygen
(mg/L)
Specific
Conductance
(uS/cm)
pH
(s.u.)
Lake
23.6
1.13
1026.0
7.55
Blue
Jackson
20.9
7.26
243
7.58
Blue
Lafayette
21.7
0.92
382
7.17
Blue
Volusia
23.1
0.45
1402
7.21
Chassahowitzka
Citrus
22.9
3.68
2790
7.65
Crystal (group)
Citrus
22.9-23.0
2.09-5.09
541-2130
7.72-8.02
Clay
24.4
0.40
294
7.55
Homosassa (group)
Citrus
23.3-23.6
3.86-4.09
1980-6330
7.62-7.81
Ichetucknee (group)
Columbia
21.8-21.9
0.63-3.52
287-319
7.41
Levy
22.5
1.60
430
7.04
Marion
23.0-23.4
4.45-6.61
161-347
7.41-7.95
Hernando
23.9
1.27
15500
7.31
Silver (group)
Marion
23.2-23.6
2.38-3.73
443-471
7.2-7.24
Silver Glen
Marion
23.4
3.66
1810
7.64
Troy
Lafayette
21.7
0.85
357
7.49
Wacissa (group)
Jefferson
20.5-21.0
0.9-5.6
272-326
7.4-7.6
Wakulla
Wakulla
21.2
2.39
328
7.20
Warm Mineral
Sarasota
30.2
0.37
28700
7.06
Weeki Wachee
Hernando
23.7
1.30
320
7.70
Spring
Alexander
Green Cove
Manatee
Rainbow (group)
Salt
Springs Water Quality
Spring
Alexander
County
Specific
Conductance Calcium
(uS/cm)
(mg/L)
Magnesium
(mg/L)
Hardness
(mg/L as CaCO3)
Total Dissolved
Solids
(mg/L)
Bicarbonate
Sodium Chloride
Alkalinity
Sulfate
(mg/L)
(mg/L) (mg/L as CaCO3) (mg/L)
Lake
1026.0
43.4
20.0
180-190
547.0
122.0
230.0
82.0
63.0
Blue
Jackson
243
44.5
2.3
100-110
139
1.73
3.7
108
1
Blue
Lafayette
382
67.2
11.7
180
233
4.68
9.0
200
13
Blue
Volusia
1402
63.5
23
212-399
744
167
23.0
142
54
Chassahowitzka
Citrus
2790
65.2
54.5
160-260
1470
393
680.0
150
110
Crystal (group)
Citrus
541-2130
30.6-52.8
10.4-39.4
160
263-960
54.9-289
96-540
87-124
20-78
Clay
294
28.6
15
130-140
165
4
6.4
86
55
Homosassa (group)
Citrus
1980-6330
47.6-75.8
39.1-123
320-480
1020-3310
267-972 520-1900
110-120
74-260
Ichetucknee (group)
Columbia
287-319
7.91
4.7-6.3
150-170
168-183
2.1-3.6
3.6-5.4
145-154
4.8-8.7
Levy
430
84.1
6.5
210-220
268
3.78
7.2
198
32
Marion
161-347
22.4-57.4
3.6-6.8
63-73
89-207
2.3-3.7
3.9-6.5
67-160
4.8-44
Hernando
15500
167
344
15-440
8000
3020
5600.0
139
750
Silver (group)
Marion
443-471
68.2-73.3
10.7-12
210-220
273-292
5.9-6.0
8.8-9.1
153-176
59-73
Silver Glen
Marion
1810
69.7
35.6
340-410
1050
238
470.0
69
170
Troy
Lafayette
357
57.3
7
160-170
196
2.68
5.3
163
12
Wacissa (group)
Jefferson
272-326
41.4-53.8
8.3-8.4
120-170
159-184
2.8-2.9
4.9-5.1
132-160
5.3-6.4
Wakulla
Wakulla
328
44.5
10.4
130-140
183
4.99
7.8
146
9.4
Warm Mineral
Sarasota
28700
512
616
3700-3900
17800
5260
616.0
131
1700
Weeki Wachee
Hernando
320
49.5
5.9
140-150
176
3.78
6.7
147
9.2
Green Cove
Manatee
Rainbow (group)
Salt
Silver Springs Source Water Quality
LEFT VENT
RIGHT VENT
22.70
23.32
Min
Max
Avg
22.69
23.31
22.68
23.30
Water Temp (C)
Water Temp (C)
Avg
22.67
22.66
22.65
Min
23.29
23.28
23.27
22.64
23.26
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
2
4
6
8
Time (Hour)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
14
16
18
20
22
Time (Hour)
8.00
8.00
Avg
Min
Avg
Max
7.90
7.90
7.80
7.80
7.70
7.70
pH (SU)
pH (SU)
Max
7.60
Max
7.60
7.50
7.50
7.40
7.40
7.30
7.30
7.20
Min
7.20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time (Hour)
14
16
18
20
22
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time (Hour)
Source: Biddlecomb, unpublished data
Silver Springs Source Water Quality
LEFT VENT
RIGHT VENT
15.0
41.0
Avg
Min
Max
Avg
Min
Max
40.5
14.5
40.0
DO (%)
DO (%)
14.0
13.5
39.5
39.0
38.5
13.0
38.0
12.5
37.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
2
4
6
8
Time (Hour)
12
14
16
18
20
22
14
16
18
20
22
Time (Hour)
1.28
3.50
Avg
1.26
Min
Max
Avg
Min
Max
3.45
1.24
1.22
3.40
1.20
DO (mg/L)
DO (mg/L)
10
1.18
1.16
3.35
3.30
1.14
1.12
3.25
1.10
1.08
3.20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time (Hour)
14
16
18
20
22
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time (Hour)
Source: Biddlecomb, unpublished data
Silver Springs Run Diurnal Water Quality
(Feb 2004 – Mar 2005 at 1,200 m)
24.5
24
23.5
23
Time (Hours)
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
22.5
22
21.5
21
0
Temp (C)
Temperature
(Feb 2004 – Mar 2005 at 1,200 m)
Time (Hours)
Temperature
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
DO (mg/L)
Dissolved Oxygen
(Feb 2004 – Mar 2005 at 1,200 m)
pH
7.8
7.4
7.2
7
Time (Hours)
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
6.8
0
pH (SU)
7.6
(Feb 2004 – Mar 2005 at 1,200 m)
Specific Conductance
400
300
200
100
Time (Hours)
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
0
Sp Cond (uS/cm)
500
Silver Springs Historic Water Quality
Parameter
Color
Sulfate (as SO4)
Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3)
Total Chlorides
Total Dissolved Solids
Calcium
Magnesium
Potassium
Sodium
Date Sampled
12/16/1907 10/21/1946 1950-1955 2/24/2004
4
5
44
34
46
219
201
195
180
7.7
7.8
9.6
12
274
237
241
270
73
68
72
72
9.2
9.6
9.3
9.8
4
0.61
1.1
6.1
Water
Quality
Trends at
Volusia
DeLeon
Springs
(source: SJRWMD)
Possible
Mechanisms for
SaltwaterFreshwater
Intrusion
(source: Copeland et al. 2009)
Water
Quality
Trends at
Fanning
Springs
(source: Strong 2005)
Water
Quality
Trends at
Weeki
Wachee
Springs
(source: Strong 2005)
Summary of Spring Water Quality Trends
Strong (2004)
• pH – 86% decreasing
• Specific conductance – 96%
increasing
• Chloride – 64% increasing
Floridan Aquifer Freshwater Lens
Inner and Outer Transition Zones
Illustration of the Ghyben-Herzberg Effect
The ratio of the distance z to distance h is 40
Land Surface
Water Table
h
Freshwater
Sea level
z
Saltwater
Sea Floor
Possible
Mechanisms for
SaltwaterFreshwater
Intrusion
Springs
Nutrients
• Phosphorus
– Particulate
– Dissolved
– Organic
– Inorganic
• Nitrogen
– Organic
– Ammonia
– Nitrate
– Nitrite
Phosphorus Forms
TP = DOP + OrthoP + TPP
TDP
TP = Total phosphorus
Org P = Organic phosphorus
TDP = Total dissolved P
TPP = Particulate P
OrthoP = orthophosphate
Springs Long-term Phosphorus Trends
Wekiwa Springs
0.16
0.14
Total Phosphorus (TP-T mg/L)
0.12
0.10
0.08
Odum, 1953
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
Rock Springs
Blue Springs
Silver Springs
Total Phosphorus in Springs
2.00
Spring
1.80
1.60
Average TP (mg/L)
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
ID Spring
ID Spring
Weeki Wachee Main Spring
ID Spring
1 Holmes Blue Spring
27 Wakulla Tubing C-Tunnel
53 Rhodes Spring #4
ID Spring
79 Otter Spring
105
ID
Little Springs (Hernando)
2 Ichetucknee Head Spring (Suwannee)
28 Juniper Springs
54 Wacissa Springs #2
80 Welaka Spring
106
Guaranto Spring
3 Chassahowitzka Spring Main
29 Wakulla Tubing B-Tunnel
55 Nutall Rise
81 Hart Springs
107
Gainer Spring #3
4 Gainer Spring #1C
30 Gilchrist Blue Spring
56 Natural Bridge Spring
82 Rock Springs
108
Washington Blue Spring (Econfina)
5 Morrison Spring
31 Mearson Spring
57 Reception Hall Spring
83 Bugg Spring
109
Gainer Spring #2
6 Hunter Spring
32 Troy Spring
58 Blue Hole Spring (Columbia)
84 Crays Rise
110
Gator Spring (Hernando)
7 Homosassa #3
33 Tarpon Hole Spring
59 Crystal Springs
85 Siphon Creek Rise
111
Green Cove Spring
8 Manatee Spring
34 Spring Creek Rise #2
60 Lafayette Blue Spring
86 Fenney Spring
112
Hays Spring (Jackson)
9 Ponce De Leon Springs
35 Falmouth Spring
61 Alexander Springs
87 Sulphur Spring (Hillsborough)
113
Magnolia Spring
10 Unknown 11365
36 Bubbling Spring
62 Branford Spring
88 Poe Spring
114
Salt Springs (Marion)
11 Brunson Landing Spring
63 Steinhatchee River Rise
89 Wekiwa Springs
115
Black Spring (Jackson)
12 Gum Spring Main
38 Copper Spring
64 Mission Spring
90 Alapaha River Rise
116
Gadsen Spring
13 Homosassa #2
39 Running Springs
65 Lithia Springs Major
91 Holton Creek Rise
117
Springboard Spring
14 Rainbow Spring #6
40 Wakulla Tubing A/D-Tunnel
66 Ellaville Spring
92 Suwannee Springs
118
Washington Blue Spring (Choctawhatchee)
15 Fern Hammock Springs
41 Madison Blue Spring
67 Telford Spring
93 Starbuck Spring
119
Newport Spring
16 Salt Spring (Hernando)
42 Blue Grotto Spring
68 Sun Springs
94 Big Spring (Big Blue Spring) (Jefferson)
120
Warm Mineral Spring
17 Wakulla Spring
43 St. Marks River Rise (Leon)
69 Deleon Spring (Volusia)
95 Sanlando Springs
121
Williford Spring
44 Lafayette Ruth Spring
70 Fanning Springs
122
Jackson Mill Pond Spring
19 Jackson Blue Hole Spring
45 Levy Blue Spring
71 Suwanacoochee Spring
97 Santa Fe Spring (Columbia)
123
Jackson Blue Spring
20 Shangri-La Springs
46 Rhodes Spring #2
72 Volusia Blue Spring
98 Treehouse Spring
124
Double Spring
21 Wakulla Tubing D-Tunnel
47 Devils Ear Spring (Gilchrist)
73 Hornsby Spring
99 Santa Fe River Rise (Alachua)
125
Turtle Spring
22 Wakulla Tubing K-Tunnel
48 Silver Spring Main
74 Owens Spring
100 Columbia Spring
126
Chassahowitzka Spring #1
23 Apopka Spring
49 Allen Mill Pond Spring
75 Shepherd Spring
101 Silver Glen Springs
127
Little River Spring
24 Cedar Head Spring
50 Ginnie Spring
76 Rock Bluff Springs
102 Homosassa #1
128
Cypress Spring
25 Citrus Blue Spring
51 Horn Spring
77 Waldo Spring
103 Beecher Spring
129
Beckton Springs
26 Wakulla Tubing A/K-Tunnel
52 Rhodes Spring #1
78 Orange Spring
104 Buckhorn Spring
130
Stats
Average
Min
Max
TP
0.084
0.008
1.90
0.00
Spring ID
60 Lafayette Blue Spring
86 Fenney Spring
112
35 Falmouth Spring
61 Alexander Springs
87 Sulphur Spring (Hillsborough)
113
36 Bubbling Spring
62 Branford Spring
88 Poe Spring
114
63 Steinhatchee River Rise
89 Wekiwa Springs
115
38 Copper Spring
64 Mission Spring
90 Alapaha River Rise
116
39 Running Springs
65 Lithia Springs Major
91 Holton Creek Rise
117
40 Wakulla Tubing A/D-Tunnel
66 Ellaville Spring
92 Suwannee Springs
118
41 Madison Blue Spring
67 Telford Spring
93 Starbuck Spring
119
42 Blue Grotto Spring
68 Sun Springs
94 Big Spring (Big Blue Spring) (Jefferson)
120
43 St. Marks River Rise (Leon)
69 Deleon Spring (Volusia)
95 Sanlando Springs
121
44 Lafayette Ruth Spring
70 Fanning Springs
122
45 Levy Blue Spring
71 Suwanacoochee Spring
97 Santa Fe Spring (Columbia)
123
46 Rhodes Spring #2
72 Volusia Blue Spring
98 Treehouse Spring
124
47 Devils Ear Spring (Gilchrist)
73 Hornsby Spring
99 Santa Fe River Rise (Alachua)
125
48 Silver Spring Main
74 Owens Spring
100 Columbia Spring
126
49 Allen Mill Pond Spring
75 Shepherd Spring
101 Silver Glen Springs
127
50 Ginnie Spring
76 Rock Bluff Springs
102 Homosassa #1
128
51 Horn Spring
77 Waldo Spring
103 Beecher Spring
129
52 Rhodes Spring #1
78 Orange Spring
104 Buckhorn Spring
130
Springs with
Elevated Total
Phosphorus
Concentrations
Nitrogen
• A key element in proteins and required
for all life. Nitrogen occurs in a variety of
forms that undergo transformations.
Nitrogen in the Environment
Nitrogen Transformations
Nitrogen in Springs
Nitrogen (ppb)
9000
8000
NOx-N
7000
NH4-N
6000
5000
Org N
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Silver Glen
Silver
Rainbow
Spring
Fanning
>60% of Florida’s Springs are Impaired by N
6.00
5.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Spring
Fenney Spring
Hornsby Spring
Horn Spring
Cypress Spring
Starbuck Spring
Turtle Spring
Salt Spring (Hernando)
Hunter Spring
Ellaville Spring
Falmouth Spring
Alapaha River Rise
Wacissa Springs #2
Wakulla Tubing A/K-Tunnel
Wakulla Tubing K-Tunnel
Wakulla Tubing A/D-Tunnel
Holmes Blue Spring
Jackson Blue Hole Spring
Homosassa #1
Sanlando Springs
Suwanacoochee Spring
Homosassa #2
Chassahowitzka Spring Main
Citrus Blue Spring
Levy Blue Spring
Mission Spring
Allen Mill Pond Spring
Magnolia Spring
Homosassa #3
Rock Bluff Springs
Bugg Spring
Blue Hole Spring (Columbia)
Springboard Spring
Volusia Blue Spring
Branford Spring
Siphon Creek Rise
Ichetucknee Head Spring (Suwannee)
Guaranto Spring
Wakulla Spring
Gadsen Spring
ID
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Spring
Cedar Head Spring
Wakulla Tubing D-Tunnel
Gum Spring Main
Little River Spring
Wakulla Tubing C-Tunnel
Double Spring
Wakulla Tubing B-Tunnel
Rainbow Spring #6
Silver Spring Main
Hart Springs
Otter Spring
Bubbling Spring
Wekiwa Springs
Rainbow Spring #1
Deleon Spring (Volusia)
Ginnie Spring
Reception Hall Spring
Devils Ear Spring (Gilchrist)
Blue Grotto Spring
Madison Blue Spring
Rainbow Spring #4
Rock Springs
Mearson Spring
Gilchrist Blue Spring
Manatee Spring
Sun Springs
Telford Spring
Owens Spring
Troy Spring
Buckhorn Spring
Crystal Springs
Lafayette Blue Spring
Running Springs
Unknown 11365
Lithia Springs Major
Jackson Blue Spring
Shangri-La Springs
Lafayette Ruth Spring
Fanning Springs
Apopka Spring
ID
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Stats
Average
Min
Max
NOx-N
0.803
0.004
5.10
• Springs Numeric
Nutrient
Standard for
Nitrate Nitrogen
is 0.35 mg/L
0.00
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64
67
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
10
0
10
3
10
6
10
9
11
2
11
5
11
8
12
1
12
4
12
7
13
0
Average NOx-N (mg/L)
4.00
Spring
Beecher Spring
Copper Spring
Green Cove Spring
Holton Creek Rise
Orange Spring
Suwannee Springs
Newport Spring
Waldo Spring
Warm Mineral Spring
Santa Fe Spring (Columbia)
Nutall Rise
Alexander Springs
Silver Glen Springs
Steinhatchee River Rise
Santa Fe River Rise (Alachua)
Welaka Spring
Williford Spring
Juniper Springs
Columbia Spring
Fern Hammock Springs
Treehouse Spring
Crays Rise
Big Spring (Big Blue Spring) (Jefferson)
Morrison Spring
Spring Creek Rise #1
St. Marks River Rise (Leon)
Gainer Spring #1C
Tarpon Hole Spring
Gainer Spring #3
Poe Spring
Shepherd Spring
Brunson Landing Spring
Gainer Spring #2
Ponce De Leon Springs
Sulphur Spring (Hillsborough)
Rhodes Spring #1
Rhodes Spring #2
Rhodes Spring #4
Natural Bridge Spring
Beckton Springs
Spring ID
6.00
5.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Spring
Fenney Spring
Hornsby Spring
Horn Spring
Cypress Spring
Starbuck Spring
Turtle Spring
Salt Spring (Hernando)
Hunter Spring
Ellaville Spring
Falmouth Spring
Alapaha River Rise
Wacissa Springs #2
Wakulla Tubing A/K-Tunnel
Wakulla Tubing K-Tunnel
Wakulla Tubing A/D-Tunnel
Holmes Blue Spring
Jackson Blue Hole Spring
Homosassa #1
Sanlando Springs
Suwanacoochee Spring
Homosassa #2
Chassahowitzka Spring Main
Citrus Blue Spring
Levy Blue Spring
Mission Spring
Allen Mill Pond Spring
Magnolia Spring
Homosassa #3
Rock Bluff Springs
Bugg Spring
Blue Hole Spring (Columbia)
Springboard Spring
Volusia Blue Spring
Branford Spring
Siphon Creek Rise
Ichetucknee Head Spring (Suwannee)
Guaranto Spring
Wakulla Spring
Gadsen Spring
ID
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Spring
Cedar Head Spring
Wakulla Tubing D-Tunnel
Gum Spring Main
Little River Spring
Wakulla Tubing C-Tunnel
Double Spring
Wakulla Tubing B-Tunnel
Rainbow Spring #6
Silver Spring Main
Hart Springs
Otter Spring
Bubbling Spring
Wekiwa Springs
Rainbow Spring #1
Deleon Spring (Volusia)
Ginnie Spring
Reception Hall Spring
Devils Ear Spring (Gilchrist)
Blue Grotto Spring
Madison Blue Spring
Rainbow Spring #4
Rock Springs
Mearson Spring
Gilchrist Blue Spring
Manatee Spring
Sun Springs
Telford Spring
Owens Spring
Troy Spring
Buckhorn Spring
Crystal Springs
Lafayette Blue Spring
Running Springs
Unknown 11365
Lithia Springs Major
Jackson Blue Spring
Shangri-La Springs
Lafayette Ruth Spring
Fanning Springs
Apopka Spring
ID
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Florida’s Springs
with Low Nitrate-N
Stats
Average
Min
Max
NOx-N
0.803
0.004
5.10
• Springs Numeric
Nutrient
Standard for
Nitrate Nitrogen
is 0.35 mg/L
0.00
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64
67
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
10
0
10
3
10
6
10
9
11
2
11
5
11
8
12
1
12
4
12
7
13
0
Average NOx-N (mg/L)
4.00
Spring
Beecher Spring
Copper Spring
Green Cove Spring
Holton Creek Rise
Orange Spring
Suwannee Springs
Newport Spring
Waldo Spring
Warm Mineral Spring
Santa Fe Spring (Columbia)
Nutall Rise
Alexander Springs
Silver Glen Springs
Steinhatchee River Rise
Santa Fe River Rise (Alachua)
Welaka Spring
Williford Spring
Juniper Springs
Columbia Spring
Fern Hammock Springs
Treehouse Spring
Crays Rise
Big Spring (Big Blue Spring) (Jefferson)
Morrison Spring
St. Marks River Rise (Leon)
Gainer Spring #1C
Tarpon Hole Spring
Gainer Spring #3
Poe Spring
Shepherd Spring
Brunson Landing Spring
Gainer Spring #2
Ponce De Leon Springs
Sulphur Spring (Hillsborough)
Rhodes Spring #1
Rhodes Spring #2
Rhodes Spring #4
Natural Bridge Spring
Beckton Springs
Rising Nitrate N Concentrations in
13 Florida First Magnitude Springs
Long-term nitrate trends
Wekiwa Springs
3
Nitrate-Nitrite as N (NOx-N) mg/L
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Rock Springs
Blue Springs
Silver Springs
Background NOx-N
Silver Springs Nitrate Nitrogen Trend
Silver Springs
1.20
NOYear
3 >3,000%
increase since
1907
1957
Nitrate
Load
(tons/yr)
47
0.40
1979
407
0.20
1995
478
2005
529
2055
(projected)
880
1.00
Nitrate-N (mg/L)
0.80
0.60
0.00
1/1/1950
9/10/1963
5/19/1977
1/26/1991
10/4/2004
Greatly exceeds 0.35 mg/L
spring standard!
Weeki Wachee Springs Nitrate
Weeki
Wachee
Springs:
NO2/NO3-N
PO3-P
0.7
0.6
Concentration mg/L
Nitrate
increase =
1,500%
since 1970
0.8
0.5
DEP’s max.
allowed
concentration
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Frydenburg 2008
0
1970
1983
1997
Silver Springs Trace
Organics
• N,N'-diethyl-methyltoluamide (DEET), urban
DEP’s max.
uses, mosquito control
• Phenol, disinfectant, allowed
concentration
leachate
• Caffeine, diuretic, highly
mobile/biodegradable
• Isophorone, solvent for
lacquers, plastics, oils,
silicon, resins
Phelps 2004
Summary
• Water has many unique
properties
• Interactions between light
and spring water are critical
to ecosystem health
• Springs water quality varies
naturally due to geology and
geography
• Disturbing springs water
quality trends are due to
human activities
• Most of Florida’s springs are
getting saltier, more acidic,
and more polluted with nitrate
nitrogen and trace organics
John Moran photo
Florida Springs
Protection Goal:
Restore and
Protect Springs
for Future
Generations
www.floridaspringsinstitute.org
John Moran Photo

Springs Chemistry - Florida Springs Institute

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