biomravalferovneba

biomravalferovneba
biomravalferovneba
mTavari koncefcia
yovel saxeobas aqvs sicocxlis ufleba,
Tundac imitom rom is ukve arsebobs
xangrZlivoba
1-2 gakveTili
adgili
saklaso oTaxi
weliwadis dro
nebismieri
masalebi
• dafa, markerebi, TandarTuli videoklipebi
• broSura “saqarTvelos biomravalferovneba”
• broSura “saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebi”
disciplinebi
biologia, geografia, mdgradi ganviTareba
amocanebi
biomravalferovnebis ganuzomeli
mniSvnelobisa da saxeobebis daCqarebuli
gauCinarebis safrTxeebis gacnobiereba
meTodebi
leqcia, diskusia, msjeloba, prezentacia
Sesavali
dedamiwaze arsebuli yoveli cocxali organizmi SeiZleba dajgufdes
saxeobebad. saxeoba organizmTa jgufia, romlebic hgvanan erTmaneTs,
aqvT erTnairi arsebobisa da qcevis wesebi, erTnairi qimiuri Semadgenloba da genetikuri struqtura. erTi mocemuli saxeobis organizmebs, romlebic mravldebian seqsualuri gziT, unda SeeZloT
STamomavlobis mocema.
dedamiwis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da Zvirfasi saganZuri misi
biomravalferovnebaa, igi sami ZiriTadi komponentisagan Sedgeba:
1. genetikuri mravalferovneba, romelic Seicavs erTidaigive saxeobis
mraval individs.
2. saxeobrivi mravalferovneba, romelic dResdReobiT 15-dan 40 milionamde saxeobas Seicavs (Tumca mecnierebma dReisaTvis mxolod 1,7
milioni saxeobis klasificireba SeZles).
3. ekosistemebis mravalferovneba, romelic moicavs tyeebs, mindvrebs,
mdinareebs, zRvebs, udabnoebs, okeaneebs da sxva biologiur elementebs, romlebic urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTTan da aracocxal garemosTan.
30
yoveli cocxali organizmi genetikuri informaciis resursia,
romelic ganapirobebs mis garemosTan Seguebulobas. milionobiT
wlis manZilze axali saxeobebi viTardebodnen da qrebodnen. saxeo-
baTa warmoqmna, iseve rogorc gaqroba, bunebrivi procesia. Tumca, am
procesis siCqare sagrZnoblad gaizarda urbanizaciis donis zrdis
paralelurad.
auxseniT klass cxovelTa da mcenareTa biomravalferovnebis
ganuzomeli mniSvneloba. amisaTvis gamoiyeneT qvemoT moyvanili
teqsti “adamiani da biomravalferovneba”.
uCveneT biomravalferovnebaze adamianis damokidebulebis magaliTebi. cocxali organizmebi warmoadgenen sakvebs, masalas, energiis wyaros da qimiur masalas.
gamarTeT msjeloba (diskusia) imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor qmnis
buneba Cveni ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis safuZvels. CamowereT
Sesabamisi magaliTebi dafaze; rodesac savarjiSo damTavrdeba,
isaubreT imaze, Tu ras gvTavazobs buneba. aseve yuradReba gaamaxvileT imaze, rom sanacvlod buneba saWiroebs movlas da
gafrTxilebas Cveni mxridan. (amisaTvis gamoiyeneT qvemoT moyvanili teqsti “bunebis ZRveni” da kompaqt-diskze TandarTuli
video-klipi “wonasworoba”).
biomravalferovneba
RonisZiebebi
moawyeT diskusia Semdeg sakiTxebze:
• ratomaa biomravalferovneba adamianisaTvis mniSvnelovani?
• ra ganapirobebs saxeobaTa gaqrobas?
• rogor SeiZleba davicvaT mcenareuli da cxoveluri saxeobebi gadaSenebisagan?
mouwodeT moswavleebs moamzadon eseebi an naxatebi videoklipebisa da diskusiebis Semdeg.
SesaZlo gagrZeleba
• daavaleT moswavleebs moiZion damatebiTi informacia Cveni qveynis biomravalferovnebis problemebze.
• mouwodeT maT dagegmon naxatebis an fotoebis gamofena biomravalferovnebis dacvis sakiTxebze.
• mouwodeT maT dagegmon xeebis dargvis an sxva msgavsi RonisZieba.
yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom xeebis dargvis SemTxvevaSi kargad
iyos dagegmili maTi Semdgomi movlis sakiTxic.
• 22 maisi aris biomravalferovnebis dacvis dRe. SeiZleba dagegmili RonisZiebebis am TariRisadmi miZRvna (ixileT sxva garemosdacviTi TariRebi ukana ydaze).
bunebis ZRveni
• buneba gvCuqnis nedleuls, gvamaragebs sakvebiT, TevziT, xe-tyiT,
samSeneblo masalebiT, tyis produqtebiT, genetikuri resursebiT,
reziniT, saZovriT, saRebaviT da a.S.
• igi gvCuqnis bunebriv saarsebo garemos
• buneba axorcielebs biologiur kontrols avadmyofobebze da
mavneblebze
• buneba auvnebelyofs bunebriv narCenebs, amcirebs dabinZurebas da
icavs niadags
• buneba aregulirebs organuli da sakvebi nivTierebebis mimoqcevas
31
biomravalferovneba
• buneba aregulurebs atmosferul movlenebs, hidrologiur cikls
da bunebriv katastrofebs
• buneba aris dasvenebisa da rekreaciis adgili; igi aseve kulturis,
ganaTlebisa da mecnieruli aRmoCenebis wyaroa.
adamiani da biomravalferovneba
dRes, rogorc arasdros bunebrivi ekosistemebi da biomravalferovneba seriozuli safrTxis winaSea:
- yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 50,000-de saxeoba qreba. pirvelad samyaros arsebobis istoriaSi bunebis erT-erTi saxeoba, adamiani, imdenad Zlieri gaxda, rom seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna ekosistemas.
- miwaTmoqmedebis intensiuri ganviTarebisa da gafarToebis, transportis ganviTarebis, urbanizaciis, irigaciis mizniT mdinareebis
danawevrebisa da mimarTulebis Secvlis gamo tropikuli tyeebi da
sxva bunebrivi ekosistemebi seriozulad ziandeba an gadaSenebis piras
aris misuli.
- mTels msoflioSi mcirdeba frinvelTa saxeobebi, xolo cxovelTa
samyaros meoTxedi nawili ukve gadaSenebulia.
evoluciis procesSi mcenareTa da cxovelTa axali saxeobebi Cndeboda da qreboda, zogi saxeoba dRemde xeluxleblad SenarCunda,
zogi ki axal qvesaxeobad ganviTarda. evropis endemuri qvesaxeobis
ganviTareba klimatis cvlilebisa da gamyinvarebis epoqis damsaxurebaa, Tu ar CavTliT did biologiur da kosmosur movlenebs (rogoricaa vulkanebis amofrqveva da meteorologiuri movlenebi).
saxeobaTa gaCena-gaqroba TandaTanobiT, mravali aseuli wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda.
Tumca, ukanaskneli 10,000 wlis ganmavlobaSi garemoze gansakuTrebiT
negatiuri zegavlenis mizezs metwilad adamianTa saqmianoba warmoadgenda. eWvs ar iwvevs is, rom dRes evropis kontinentis yvela adgili
2,000 metris qvemoT adamianis mieraa saxeSecvlili. es gavlena
savalalo Sedegebs iwvevs garemoSi. mravali am SedegTagani sakmaod
rTulia saxeobebisaTvis swrafad Sesagueblad, rac maTi raodenobis
sagrZnob Semcirebas iwvevs.
biomravalferovnebis aseTi intensiuri cvlileba yvelaze metad
evropis nawilSi aisaxa. erT dros misi teritoriis 80-90% tyeebiT
iyo dafaruli, dRes ki mxolod 30%-ia SemorCenili. kontinentis
mdinareebis eqsploataciis Sedegad didi raodenobiT teniani da neSompaliani niadagebi nadgurdeba, magaliTad, espaneTSi iberiis naxevarkunZulis teniani niadagebis 60% ukve daikarga.
aRsaniSnavia, rom xmeleTis 6% daculi teritoriaa, Tumca gatarebuli RonisZiebebi araa iseTi mkacri da efeqturi, rogorc saWiroa.
dResdReobiT arsebuli informaciis Tanaxmad gadaSenebis gzazea
Tevzebis 53%, reptiliebis 45%, frinvelebis 40%, ZuZumwovrebis
40% da 125,000 saxeobis umaRlesi mcenaris 21%.
biomravalferovnebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT savalalo Sedegebis momtania
bunebrivi habitatebis darRveva, niadagebis danawevreba, dabinZureba,
gadaWarbebuli eqsploatacia da egzotikuri saxeobebis introduqcia.
32
tyis saganZuri
xangrZlivoba
- Sesavali gakveTili – 2 mecadineoba
- savele gakveTili tyeSi – 2-4 mecadineoba
- Semajamebeli gakveTili – 2 mecadineoba
weliwadis dro
adgili
masalebi
disciplinebi
amocanebi
meTodebi
gazafxuli, zafxuli, Semodgoma
biomravalferovneba
mTavari koncefcia
garda imisa, rom tyeebi veluri mcenareebisa da gareuli cxovelebis sabinadroa,
isini Jangbadis Semcvelobis regulirebis
umniSvnelovanes funqcias asruleben
klasi; bunebrivi tyis ekosistema an
xelovnuri plantacia; nakrZali
adgilis topografiuli ruka, binokli,
xmis Camweri, kamera, furclebi
biologia, geografia, ekologia, mdgradi
ganviTareba
biomravalferovnebisa da ekosistemebis
Seswavla uaxloes tyeSi (tyeebSi);
praqtikuli Cvevebis gamomuSaveba garemos
Seswavlis saqmeSi; tyis resursebis dacvaSenarCuneba; biomravalferovnebis konservac ia
leqciebi, diskusiebi, kvlevebi, dakvirvebebi
Sesavali
tye adamianebs amaragebs iseTi aucilebeli da saWiro produqtebiT,
rogoricaa xe-tye, sawvavi, sakvebi, farmacevtuli nawarmi, warmoadgens mcenareTa da cxovelTa sabinadro garemos da umTavres rols asrulebs biomravalferovnebisa da janmrTeli ekosistemebis
SenarCunebis saqmeSi.
xeebi, tyis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi, garemos uZvirfasesi komponentebia. isini axdenen haeris gawmendas sibinZurisa da mavne mikroorganizmebisgan, aregulireben wylis cikls, warmoqmnian Jangbads da
baqtericidebs, da amarageben atmosferos ozoniT.
Tumca, tye mxolod xeebis jgufi araa. igi dinamiuri, kompleqsuri
ekosistemaa, romelic mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeba. maTi
dacva sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania momavalSi jansaRi garemos SesanarCuneblad.
33
biomravalferovneba
RonisZiebebi
Sesavali gakveTili
warudgineT klass SesavalSi mocemuli informacia, aseve TandarTuli teqsti “tye”.
moawyveT rolebis TamaSi moswavleTa monawileobiT. TxoveT maT
gaiTamaSon scena tyeSi, sadac xdeba tyis resursebTan dakavSirebuli konfliqtebis mogvareba. daavaleT moswavleebs scenarebis
SemuSaveba da misi gaTamaSeba. mieciT moswavleebs Semdegi
rolebi:
• monadire (brakonieri)
• tyis mcenareTa fesvebis Semgrovebeli
• sokos Semgrovebeli, romelic moWris nacvlad fesvebianad
Txris sokos
• turisti
• Jurnalisti
• metyeve
ganixileT warmodgenaSi wamoWrili sakiTxebi da gamokveTeT
reaqciaTa ZiriTadi xasiaTebi. ramdenad realuria isini? rogor
iqna warmosaxuli es xasiaTebi (mag. iyo Tu ara metyeve mkacri
Tu loialuri)?
moamzadeT klasi savele gakveTilebisaTvis
• warudgineT moswavleebs gakveTilebi da faqtobrivi masalebi
• dayaviT klasi patar-patara jgufebad Semdegi niSniT:
- ekosistemis eqspertebi
- floris eqspertebi
- faunis eqspertebi
- garemos dacvis inspeqcia
warudgineT moswavleebs Sesabamisi instruqciebi, samuSao furclebi, masalebi.
savele gakveTili tyeSi
moawyveT eqspedicia bunebriv tyian garemoSi
tyeSi seirnobisas aRnusxeT am garemosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mcenareuli saxeobebi. yuradReba gaamaxvileT mcenareTa
mravalferovnebze da maT rolze bunebrivi landSaftebis, aseve
ekosistemis biologiuri balansis SenarCunebaSi. auxseniT
moswavleebs, rom arsebobs ramodenime mcenare, romlebic asruleben bio-indikatoris rols, gvawvdian ra informacias garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. TxoveT moswavleebs CamoTvalon is
faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen mcenareTa Tanasazogadoebis ganviTarebaze.
34
TxoveT moswavleebs moZebnon iseTi mcenareebi, romlebic miuTiTeben:
- dedamiwis oTx mxares (CrdiloeTi, samxreTi, aRmosavleTi,
dasavleTi)
- qaris yvelaze xSir mimarTulebas
- yvelaze ganaTebul mxares
- yvelaze naklebad ganaTebul mxares
- sezons
daavaleT moswavleebs Seadginon maT mier SemCneuli bio-indikatori saxeobebis CamonaTvali
Semajamebeli gakveTili
savele mecadineobisagan miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze moawyveT
Semdegi sakiTxebis ganxilva:
- romeli faqtorebi gansazRvraven da aregulireben biomravalferovnebas? (sakvebis, wylis, Jangbadis, ganaTebis,
Sesaferisi habitatis xelmisawvdomoba)
- ratom aris saxeobaTa gansakuTrebuli mravalferovneba tyeebis sazRvrebze?
- ratomaa bunebrivi tyeebi saxeobebiT gacilebiT mdidari
xelovnurTan SedarebiT?
- ra safrTxeebi emuqreba tyis ekosistemebis biomravalferovnebas? (habitatebis ganadgureba, dabinZureba, xanZrebi,
ukanono da arakontrolirebadi Wrebi da a.S.)
- ra aris bunebisa da adamianisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani tyis biomravalferovnebaSi? (tyeebi awarmoeben 100 miliard tona Jangbads da STanTqaven 160 miliard tona
naxSirorJangs weliwadSi)
- yuradReba gaamaxvileT im faqtze, rom ekosistemaSi gansxvavebuli organizmebi urTierTdakavSirebulia. Tu erTi saxeoba
ziandeba, es gavlenas axdens sxva saxeobebzec.
biomravalferovneba
moawyveT tyis Seswavla. amisaTvis gamoiyeneT qvemoT mocemuli
aRricxvis furclebis Sevsebis zogadi meTodologia:
- ekologiuri faqtorebi (ekosistemis eqspertebisaTvis)
- tyis mcenareulobis mravalferovneba (floris eqspertebisaTvis)
- tyis cxovelTa samyaros mravalferovneba (faunis eqspertebisaTvis)
- adamianis zemoqmedeba (garemos dacvis inspeqciisaTvis)
moawyveT msjeloba da diskusia imaze, Tu ra SeiZleba gakeTdes
tyis biomravalferovnebis dasacavad. amisaTvis gamoiyeneT damatebiTi teqsti “tyis biomravalferovnebis dacva”.
SesaZlo gagrZeleba
daavaleT moswavleebs individualurad an mcire jgufebSi imsjelon
Semdeg praqtikul sakiTxebze:
• uaxloes nakrZalSi an erovnul parkSi stumrobis dagegmva am regionis biomravalferovnebis dacvis RonisZiebebis gacnobis mizniT.
ganixileT tyis movlis RonisZiebebSi CarTvis SesaZlebloba.
moifiqreT sxva ra RonisZiebebSi SegiZliaT monawileobis miReba.
• xeebis dargvis RonisZiebis dagegmva (gaiTvaliswineT darguli xeebis Semdgomi movlis organizeba)
• naxatebis an fotoebis gamofenis organizebis dagegmva
• sxva raime RonisZiebis dagegmva (saskolo gamoZieba, brakonierebis
gamovlena da a.S.)
• 21 marti aris tyis dRe. SeiZleba dagegmili RonisZiebebis am
TariRisadmi miZRvna (ixileT sxva garemosdacviTi TariRebi ukana
ydaze).
35
biomravalferovneba
tye
marTalia, adamianis zemoqmedebis Sedegad uZvelesi tyeebis umetesoba
ukve ganadgurda, dResdReobiT kacobrioba didi raodenobiT xeebsac
rgavs. xe-tyis industriis ganviTarebis Sedegad bevri bunebrivi tye
merqnis sawarmoo xelovnur plantaciad gadaiqca. sagrZnoblad
mcirdeba im mcenareTa raodenoba, romelTac ar gaaCniaT samerqne
mniSvneloba. maT nacvlad mimdinareobs swrafad mzardi mcenareebis
moyvana, romlebic Sesabamisad ufro met mogebasac iZleva.
amis brwyinvale magaliTia germaniis tyeebi. 150 wlis win farTofoTlovani tyeebi mTliani moculobis 2/3 Seadgenda, 1/3 ki wiwvovani ikavebda. dResdReobiT wiwvovani tyeebis farTo gamoyenebis da
maTi swrafi zrdis unaris gamo es proporcia Seicvala. meore magaliTia xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi merqnis warmoebis gazrdis mizniT
alvis xeebis introduqcia tropikul evkaliptTan da Zvirfasmerqnian
xeebTan. aseT monogenur tyeebSi mavne mwerebs pesticidebiT
anadgureben, ris gamoc nadgurdeba sxva cxovelTa saxeobebic.
sabolood imdenad mcirdeba mcenareTa da cxovelTa saxeobebis raodenoba, rom ukve biomravalferovnebaze saubaric ki azrs kargavs.
Tumca, arsebobs tyis gaSenebis sxva, alternatiuli meTodebic.
ukanasknel wlebSi sul ufro popularuli xdeba sxvadasxva saxeobaTa
xeebis erTad dargva. miuxedavad imisa, rom tyeebis Cexva da gadawva
Svidjer ufro intensiurad mimdinareobs, vidre maTi ganaSenianeba,
raRac imedi mainc arsebobs. xalxi xvdeba, rom tyeebi da wyali niadagis nayofierebis da saerTod, sicocxlis SenarCunebis ZiriTadi
wyaroa da maT gafrTxilebas arsebul klimatzec sasikeTo efeqti
eqneba. amitomac, yvelgan mimdinareobs axali tyeebis gaSeneba.
tyis biomravalferovnebis dacva
Semdegi wesebi dagvexmareba tyis biomravalferovnebis dacvaSi:
• tyeebis dacvisa da ganaSenianebis dros prioriteti unda mieniWos
xeebis adgilobriv jiSebs
• minimumamde unda iqnas dayvanili tyeebis pirwmindad Cexva, unda
SeirCes tyis Cexvis iseTi gegmebi, romelic maqsimalurad
Seesabameba mocemul bunebriv pirobebs
• tyes unda mieces bunebrivi aRdgenis saSualeba
• xmeli xeebi, iqneba es dacemuli Tu zexmeli, unda darCes imave
adgilas
• unda xdebodes xe-tyis Wris mxolod im meTodebis gamoyeneba,
romelic biomravalferovnebas ar azianebs
• turistuli da garTobis TvalsazrisiT unda moxdes ekologiurad naklebad mgrZnobiare teritoriebis gamoyeneba
• tyeebSi masobrivi turizmi SeZlebisdagvarad unda SeizRudos
• unda moxdes xe-tyis damuSavebis iseTi meTodebis danergva da waxaliseba, sadac xdeba masalis sruli aTviseba da naklebia narCenebi.
36
aRricxvis furclebi
ekologiuri faqtorebi
a. SeadareT bunebriv da xelovnur garemoSi cocxali garemos ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi
ekologiuri
faqtorebi
#
1
sinaTle/siTbo
3
tenianoba
2
4
5
6
bunebrivi tye /
xelovnuri plantacia
mdelo
qari
biomravalferovneba
(ekosistemebis eqspertebisaTvis)
sakvebi elementebi
habitatebi
sxva
b. yuradReba miaqcieT tyis/mdelos biomravalferovnebis formirebasa
da SenarCunebaSi ekologiuri faqtorebis rols
tyis/mdelos mcenareTa mravalferovneba
(floris eqspertebisaTvis)
a. gansazRvreT tyis/mdelos iarusebis raodenoba da tipebi Seswavlil
farTobze
b. SeavseT cxrilebi TiToeul iarusSi arsebuli mcenareuli saxeobebis
mixedviT
#
iarusi
mcenareTa
saxeobebi
saxeobebis raodenoba
sul
saxeobaTa
saSualo ricxvi
saSualo raodenoba
kv.m farTobze
instruqciebi:
- gansazRvreT mcenareebi. Tu mcenaris gamocnobas ver axerxebT SeitaneT igi rogorc balaxi, buCqi an xe (Tumca aqve CainiSneT misi
maxasiaTeblebi Semdgomi identificirebisaTvis)
- moaxdineT damaxasiaTebeli mcenareebisa da Tanasazogadoebebis fotografireba
g. Tu adre ukve SegiswavliaT sxva ekosistemebi, SeadareT Sedegebi.
37
tyis/mdelos cxovelTa mravalferovneba
biomravalferovneba
(faunis eqspertebisaTvis)
a. gansazRvreT tyis/mdelos iarusebis raodenoba da tipebi Seswavlil
farTobze
b. SeavseT cxrilebi TiToeul iarusSi arsebuli cxovelTa saxeobebis
mixedviT
#
iarusi
mcenareTa
saxeobebi
saxeobebis raodenoba
sul
saxeobaTa
saSualo ricxvi
saSualo raodenoba
kv.m farTobze
instruqciebi:
- gansazRvreT cxovelebi. Tu cxovelis gamocnobas ver axerxebT,
SeitaneT misi zogadi maxasiaTeblebi
- moniSneT Seswavlili farTobebi
- moaxdineT sxvadasxva cxovelTa fotografireba
g. gansazRvreT cxovelebi maTi xmebis mixedviT. moaxdineT am xmebis
Cawera.
d. moZebneT cxovelTa nakvalevi. CainiSneT kvalis damtovebel cxovelTa raodenoba, maTi tipebi da CaxateT maTi nakvalevis
formebi.
e. Tu adre ukve SegiswavliaT sxva ekosistemebi, SeadareT Sedegebi.
adamianis zemoqmedeba
(garemos dacvis inspeqciisaTvis)
SeiswavleT tyis/mdelos garemo da CainiSneT Semdegi informacia:
1. adamianebis arseboba da maTi moqmedebebi mocemul momentSi
2. adamianis pirdapiri zemoqmedebis niSnebi (CainiSneT moqmedebebi:
nadiroba, Tevzaoba, Zoveba, koconis danTeba, xis moWra da a.S. Tan
daurTeT am moqmedebaTa damadasturebeli faqtobrivi masalebi)
3. adamianis arapirdapiri zemoqmedebis niSnebi (saojaxo nivTebiT
dabinZurebis kvali, sxva narCenebi da a.S.)
4. mkvdari an daWrili cxovelebi (CainiSneT saxeoba, raodenoba,
mizezi da a.S.)
5. dazianebuli mcenareuloba (CainiSneT saxeoba, raodenoba, mizezi
da a.S.)
6. tyis/mdelos mdgomareobis zogadi Sefaseba
moamzadeT angariSi am Canawerebis mixedviT.
38
mTavari koncefcia
xangrZlivoba
weliwadis dro
adgili
masalebi
disciplinebi
amocanebi
meTodebi
mdelos mcenareTa da cxovelTa saxeobebis
gamokvleva
- Sesavali gakveTili – 2 mecadineoba
- savele gakveTili tyeSi – 2-4 mecadineoba
- Semajamebeli gakveTili – 2 mecadineoba
biomravalferovneba
sicocxle velze
gazafxuli, zafxuli
• klasi;
• bunebrivi mdelos ekosistema an
sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli (yana)
saweri da saxati masala, adgilis
topografiuli ruka, binokli, xmis Camweri, kamera, sazomebi, samuSao masala
(qaRaldi)
biologia, qimia fizika
• moswavleebisaTvis mdelos biomravalferovnebis gacnoba da maTTvis ekosistemebis principebis gadacema;
• praqtikuli Cvevebis gamomuSaveba garemos
Seswavlis saqmeSi;
• mdelos dacva-SenarCuneba;
• biomravalferovnebis konservacia;
• bunebrivi ekosistemebisa da xelovnuri
garemos Sedareba;
• pasuxismgeblobis gaRviZeba garemos
dacvis saqmeSi
leqciebi, diskusiebi, kvlevebi, dakvirvebebi, bunebaSi gasvlebi da praqtikuli
mecadineobebi
Sesavali
msoflios masStabiT tyeebis farTobebi sagrZnoblad mcirdeba. aseT
regionebSi batondeba mdelos Tanasazogadoebebi. aseT regionebs ukve
sakmaod mniSvnelovani farTobebi uWiravs da isini stepebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
mdelosa da saZovrebis eko-sistemebi SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad:
39
biomravalferovneba
pirveladi _ tyis ekosistemebSi aris adgilebi, sadac mikroklimati
araa sasurveli xe-mcenareebisaTvis da es xels uwyobs balaxovani safarvelis ganviTarebas. aseTi teritoriebis naxva SeiZleba zRvis
napirebsa da mdinaris kalapotis gayolebiT qviSian teritoriebze.
meoradi – isini ZiriTadad cvlian ganadgurebul, damwvar, gaCexil
tyeebs an ikaveben mitovebul savargulebs.
RonisZiebebi
Sesavali gakveTili mdeloebis Sesaxeb
mimoixileT mdeloebis Tanasazogadoebis Taviseburebebi da is
adgilebi, sadac aseTi mdeloebi gvxvdeba. amisaTvis gamoiyeneT
SesavalSi mocemuli mokle teqsti da aseve damatebiTi teqsti
“saZovrebi”.
xazi gausviT im faqts, rom saZovrebisa da mdeloebis gadaWarbebuli eqsploatacia maT ekosistemas ayenebs rogorc pirdapir
(fizikuri ganadgureba), aseve arapirdapir zians (habitatebis
dakargva, sakvebi bazis dakargva da a.S.).
gamoyaviT klasidan oTxi moxalise. TiToeul maTgans daavaleT
gaecnon 43-e gverdze mocemuli SemTxvevebidan erT-erTs da
klasTan erTad ganixilon maTi SesaZlo gadaWris gzebi. miaqcieT
yuradReba imas, rom moswavleebma moiyvanon saTanado argumentebi problemis mosagvareblad maT mier SemoTavazebuli gzebis dasasabuTeblad.
savele gakveTilebi
moamzadeT klasi savele mecadineobisaTvis:
winaswar gaacaniT dagegmili RonisZiebebi da aseve 37-38 gverdebze mocemuli aRricxvis furclebi.
dayaviT klasi mcire jgufebad Semdegi principiT:
• ekosistemebis eqspertebi
• floris eqspertebi
• faunis eqspertebi
• garemos dacvis inspeqcia
mieciT moswavleebs Sesabamisi instruqciebi, aRricxvis furclebi, iaraRebi da saWiro literatura (saxelmZRvaneloebi da
gzamkvlevebi).
moawyveT savele gakveTilebi or monakveTze – erTi mdeloze
mdebare bunebriv ekosistemaSi da meore xelovnur ekosistemaSi
(saxnav-saTesi farTobi, yana) – Semdegi aRricxvis furclebis
gamoyenebiT:
• mniSvnelovani faqtorebi (ekosistemis eqspertebisaTvis);
• balaxovani samyaros mravalferovneba (floris eqspertebisaTvis);
• cxovelTa mravalferovneba (faunis eqspertebisaTvis);
• adamianis zemoqmedeba (garemos dacvis inspeqciisaTvis).
40
Semajamebeli gakveTili
biomravalferovneba
savele gakveTilebis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze
klasTan erTad ganixileT Semdegi sakiTxebi:
• romeli faqtorebi gansazRvravs da aregulirebs biomravalferovnebas? (sakvebis, wylis, Jangbadis, Sesaferisi
garemos xelmisawvdomoba)
• aRwereT mdelos biologiuri mravalferovneba. TxoveT
moswavleebs CamoTvalon mdelos mobinadre mcenareebisa da
cxovelebis saxelebi. ratomaa bunebrivi mdeloebis Tanasazogadoebebi ufro mdidari saxeobrivi SemadgenlobiT, vidre
xelovnuri plantaciebi (yanebi)?
• ra safrTxeebi emuqreba dablobis ekosistemis biomravalferovnebas? gamoiyeneT 42-e gverdze mocemuli cxrili “aadamianis saqmianoba da mdelos biomravalferovneba”.
• ra mniSvneloba aqvs mdelos biomravalferovnebas adamianisa
da bunebisaTvis?
CamowereT pasuxebi dafaze. moawyveT diskusia da msjeloba
Semdeg sakiTxze: ra SegviZlia gavakeToT mdelos biomravalferovnebis dasacavad? amisaTvis SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT 42-e gverdze
mocemuli teqsti “mmdelos habitatebis SenarCuneba”.
SesaZlo gagrZeleba
• gamokveTeT Semdegi amocanebi:
- mdeloze mobinadre adgilobrivi iSviaTi da safrTxis qveS
myofi mcenareebisa da cxovelebis saxeobebis Seswavla
- regionSi gavrcelebuli samkurnalo daniSnulebis mcenareTa CamonaTvalis gakeTeba
- mdelos Tanasazogadoebebze pirdapiri an iribi zemoqmedebis
SemTxvevaTa Seswavla. informaciis SesaZlo wyaroebi SeiZleba
iyos adgilobriv presaSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi, eqspertTa
mosazrebebi, saxanZro samsaxuri, Jurnalistebi, adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba da a.S.
• miRebuli SedegebiT moamzadeT “mwvane” sainformacio dafa.
• 1 oqtomberi aris habitatebis dacvis dRe. SeiZleba dagegmili
RonisZiebebis am TariRisadmi miZRvna (ixileT sxva garemosdacviTi
TariRebi ukana ydaze).
saZovrebi
gadaWarbebuli eqsploatacia iwvevs mdeloebis degradirebas. mTel
saxnav-saTes farTobebTan SedarebiT mdeloebi da saZovrebi orjer
ufro meti sakvebiT uzrunvelyofen 1.32 miliard msxvilfexa
saqonelsa da 1.72 miliard cxvarsa da Txas. mdeloebisa da saZovrebis gamofitva iwvevs xelovnur sakvebze damokidebuli saqonlis raodenobis matebas, rac Tavis mxriv aZlierebs msoflio masStabiT
saxnav-saTesi miwebis farTobebis kidev ufro met zrdas.
41
biomravalferovneba
adamianis saqmianoba da mdelos
biomravalferovneba
adamianis saqmianoba
intensiuri soflis
meurneoba
stepi
mTis mdelo
Warbteniani
mdelo
pesticidebis gamoyeneba
mitovebuli miwebi
mozaikuri elementebis
dakargva
gatyianeba
miwis damuSaveba
sasoflo-sameurneo
saqmianoba
dasveneba da turizmi
miwiszeda nagebobebi
urbanizacia
gvalva da sairigacio
kontroli
pirobiTi niSnebi:
umniSvnelo zemoqmedeba
saSualo zemoqmedeba
mcire zemoqmedeba
mniSvnelovani zemoqmedeba
mdelos habitatebis SenarCuneba
Semdegi miTiTebebi dagvexmareba mdeloebis dacvaSi:
• maqsimalurad SeamcireT xanZris riski, saZovrebis gadaWarbebuli moxmareba, mcenareTa masobrivi Segroveba da sxva Zlieri
zegavlenis mqone saqmianobebi
• erideT qimiuri nivTierebebis gamoyenebas (sasuqebi, pesticidebi
da a.S.)
• SeinarCuneT da aRadgineT mdelos mozaikuri struqturis elementebi (velis sazRvrebi, tyis koromebi, mcire tbebi da a.S.),
es xels uwyobs biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebas
• yovelmxriv dauWireT mxari araintensiuri (biologiuri)
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas.
42
SemTxveva 1: xanZari
moqmedebis droa
SemTxveva 2: mcenareebi
biomravalferovneba
saxlisaken mimavalma SeamCnieT, rom fermerebi wvaven mouTibav mdelos tyis mimdebared. ras moimoqmedebT?
• SeCerdebiT da auxsniT, rom mouTibavi mdelos gadawva uaryofiTad moqmedebs niadagze da SeuZlia axlomdebare tyeSi xanZris
gamowveva;
• gamouZaxebT policias an saxanZros;
• acnobebT amis Sesaxeb gamgebels;
• aRSfoTdebiT maTi udardeli saqcieliT, magram arafers moimoqmedebT;
• sxva rames moimoqmedebT (aRwereT).
Tqven SexvdiT adamians, romelic agrovebs samkurnalo mcenareebs.
igi fesvebianad glejs mcenareebs, raTa dazogos dro da energia.
ras moimoqmedebT?
• auxsniT mas, rom misi moqmedeba azianebs umniSvnelovanes mravalwlovan balaxovan mcenareebs;
• SeekiTxebiT mas SeZlebs Tu ara am mcenareebis mogrovebas momaval
welsac zustad am adgilas;
• gamoiZaxebT policias an adgilobriv rwmunebuls;
• dawerT statias adgilobriv gazeTSi samkurnalo mcenareebis
mogrovebis im meTodebze, romelic garemosaTvis uvnebelia;
• aRSfoTdebiT misi daudevrobiT, magram ar datuqsavT;
• sxva rames moimoqmedebT (aRwereT).
SemTxveva 3: pesticidebi
xedavT, rom mezobeli Zlier pesticidebs xmarobs kartofilis
kolorados xoWoebisagan dasacavad. misi yana axloa bunebriv mdelosTan, sadac ganTavsebulia skebi. ras moimoqmedebT?
• auxsniT, rom igi ara marto mavne xoWoebs anadgurebs, aramed
mimdebare teritoriebze arsebul yvela cocxal organizms uqmnis
safrTxes;
• SeaxsenebT, rom igi abinZurebs niadags, romelic uaryofiTad imoqmedebs produqciis xarisxze da adamianebis janmrTelobaze;
• SesTavazebT mavneblebis kontrolis sxva meTodis gamoyenebas;
• dawerT adgilobrivi gazeTisaTvis statias mavneblebis kontrolis
alternatiuli meTodebis Sesaxeb;
• arafers ar moimoqmedebT;
• sxva rames moimoqmedebT (aRwereT).
SemTxveva 4: sasoflo-sameurneo niadagebi
miwebis ganawilebis dros miiReT 5 heqtari mTiani mdelo. ras
moimoqmedebT?
• gayidiT an gaaqiravebT miwas;
• moxnavT da marcvleul kulturas daTesavT;
• gamoiyenebT saTibad, an/da dadgamT iq skebs;
• aaSenebT patara saxls da dasasveneblad gamoiyenebT;
• arafers moimoqmedebT da daelodebiT ukeTes dros;
• sxva rames moimoqmedebT (aRwereT).
43