NixOS: The Only Functional GNU/Linux Distribution

Transcription

NixOS: The Only Functional GNU/Linux
Distribution
Ludovic Courtès
[email protected]
Libre Software Meeting 2010, Bordeaux
Distribution To The Author’s Knowledge
Ludovic Courtès
[email protected]
Distribution To The Author’s Knowledge
Yes, your favorite distro works like a charm, too.
Ludovic Courtès
[email protected]
What’s NixOS?
http://nixos.org/
I
a free GNU/Linux distro (MIT/X11), est. 2006
I
i686, x86 64, armv5tel
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≈4000 packages, ≈15 regular contributors (yeah!)
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transparent binary/source deployment
Outline
Bells, Whistles, and More
Per-User Package Installation
Transactional Upgrades & Rollback
System Description & Instantiation
The Mechanics
Build Environments
Building Packages
Putting It Another Way
Bonuses
Outline
The Mechanics
Build Environments
Building Packages
Bonuses
Per-User, Unprivileged Package Installation
alice@foo$ nix-env --install gcc-4.5 icecat-3.6
bob@foo$ nix-env --install gcc-4.3 icecat-3.7
alice@foo$ nix-store -q --requisites ‘which icecat‘
/nix/store/...-glibc-2.10
/nix/store/...-gtk+-2.16.6
/nix/store/...-alsa-lib-1.0.19
...
alice@foo$ nix-store -q --requisites ‘which icecat‘
/nix/store/...-glibc-2.10
/nix/store/...-alsa-lib-1.0.19
...
bob@foo$ nix-store -q --requisites ‘which icecat‘
/nix/store/...-glibc-2.11.1
/nix/store/...-alsa-lib-1.0.21a
...
Outline
The Mechanics
Build Environments
Building Packages
Bonuses
Atomic & Transactional Upgrades
$ nix-env
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
...
--upgrade ’*’
‘git-1.6.5’ to ‘git-1.7.1’
‘gimp-2.6.8’ to ‘gimp-2.6.9’
‘gnupg-2.0.12’ to ‘gnupg-2.0.15’
‘gdb-7.0.1’ to ‘gdb-7.1’
‘gnutls-2.8.5’ to ‘gnutls-2.10.0’
‘openoffice.org-3.1.1’ to ‘openoffice.org-3.2.0’
‘coccinelle-0.2.1’ to ‘coccinelle-0.2.2’
$ nix-env
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
...
--upgrade ’*’
‘git-1.6.5’ to ‘git-1.7.1’
‘gimp-2.6.8’ to ‘gimp-2.6.9’
‘gnupg-2.0.12’ to ‘gnupg-2.0.15’
‘gdb-7.0.1’ to ‘gdb-7.1’
$ git --version ; gimp --version
git version 1.7.1
GNU Image Manipulation Program version 2.6.9
$ nix-env
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
upgrading
...
--upgrade ’*’
‘git-1.6.5’ to ‘git-1.7.1’
‘gimp-2.6.8’ to ‘gimp-2.6.9’
‘gnupg-2.0.12’ to ‘gnupg-2.0.15’
‘gdb-7.0.1’ to ‘gdb-7.1’
$ nix-env --upgrade ’*’
upgrading ‘git-1.6.5’ to ‘git-1.7.1’
upgrading ‘gimp-2.6.8’ to ‘gimp-2.6.9’
upgrading ‘gnupg-2.0.12’ to ‘gnupg-2.0.15’
upgrading ‘gdb-7.0.1’ to ‘gdb-7.1’
upgrading ‘gnutls-2.8.5’ to ‘gnutls-2.10.0’
upgrading ‘openoffice.org-3.1.1’ to ‘openoffice.org-3.2.0’
upgrading ‘coccinelle-0.2.1’ to ‘coccinelle-0.2.2’
...
(interrupted right in the middle)
git version 1.6.5
$ nix-env --upgrade ’*’
upgrading ‘git-1.6.5’ to ‘git-1.7.1’
upgrading ‘gnupg-2.0.12’ to ‘gnupg-2.0.15’
upgrading ‘gdb-7.0.1’ to ‘gdb-7.1’
upgrading ‘gnutls-2.8.5’ to ‘gnutls-2.10.0’
upgrading ‘openoffice.org-3.1.1’ to ‘openoffice.org-3.2.0’
upgrading ‘coccinelle-0.2.1’ to ‘coccinelle-0.2.2’
...
(interrupted right in the middle)
git version 1.6.5
Per-User Rollback
$ gimp --version
Per-User Rollback
$ gimp --version
$ nix-env --upgrade gimp
...
Per-User Rollback
$ gimp --version
...
$ gimp --version
Segmentation Fault
Per-User Rollback
$ gimp --version
...
$ gimp --version
Segmentation Fault
$ nix-env --rollback
switching from generation 278 to 277
Per-User Rollback
$ gimp --version
...
$ gimp --version
Segmentation Fault
$ nix-env --rollback
switching from generation 278 to 277
$ gimp --version
Outline
The Mechanics
Build Environments
Building Packages
Bonuses
System Description
/etc/nixos/configuration.nix
{ pkgs, config, modulesPath, ... }:
{
boot = {
kernelPackages = pkgs.linuxPackages 2 6 31;
initrd.kernelModules = [ "uhci hcd" "ata piix" ];
kernelModules = [ "kvm-intel" "sdhci" "fuse" ];
loader.grub = {
device = "/dev/sda";
version = 2;
};
};
System Description
fileSystems =
[ { mountPoint = "/";
fsType = "ext3";
device = "/dev/sda1";
}
{ mountPoint = "/home";
fsType = "ext3";
}
];
swapDevices = [
];
System Description
networking.hostName = "mylaptop";
security.extraSetuidPrograms =
[ "sudo" "xlaunch" "xscreensaver" "xlock" "wodim" ];
time.timeZone = "Europe/Paris";
users = {
extraUsers = [
{ name = "ludo";
group = "users";
extraGroups = [ "audio" "cdrom" "video" ];
}
];
};
System Description
services = {
lshd = {
enable = true;
rootLogin = true;
};
tor.enable = true;
avahi.enable = true;
xserver = {
enable = true;
videoDriver = "intel";
driSupport = true;
synaptics.enable = true;
};
};
}
Whole-System Instantiation
$ sudo nixos-rebuild switch
...
$ nixos-rebuild build-vm
...
...
...
Done. The virtual machine can be
started by running ./result/bin/run-my-vm.
...
$ sudo nixos-rebuild test
...
“activates” the configuration (restarts daemons, etc.)
$ sudo nixos-rebuild switch
...
activates the configuration & makes it the boot default
$ sudo nixos-rebuild
...
System-Wide Rollback
$ nixos-rebuild switch --rollback
...
System-Wide Rollback
$ nixos-rebuild switch --rollback
...
... and voilà.
So you’re already convinced...
Get the ISO! :-)
http://hydra.nixos.org/job/nixos/trunk/iso_graphical/
latest
So you’re already convinced...
Get the mug! :-)
Outline
The Mechanics
Build Environments
Building Packages
Bonuses
Outline
The Mechanics
Build Environments
Building Packages
Bonuses
Build Environments & Reproducibility
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versions of the dependencies
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compiler
I
compilation options, and those of dependencies
I
miscellaneous (locale, timezone, etc.)
I
paths
I
I
compiler
I
I
I
paths
-I/path/to/headers
-L/path/to/lib
$CPATH
$LIBRARY PATH
I
I
compiler
I
I
I
paths
-I/path/to/headers
$CPATH
-L/path/to/lib
$LIBRARY PATH
$LD LIBRARY PATH
RPATH
RUNPATH
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I
compiler
I
I
I
paths
-I/path/to/headers
$CPATH
-L/path/to/lib
$LIBRARY PATH
$LD LIBRARY PATH
RPATH
$PYTHONPATH
$XML CATALOG FILES
RUNPATH
$CLASSPATH
$PERL5LIB
$GUILE LOAD PATH
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I
compiler
I
I
I
paths
-I/path/to/headers
$CPATH
-L/path/to/lib
Ahem, reproducible builds?$LIBRARY PATH
$LD LIBRARY PATH
RPATH
RUNPATH
$PYTHONPATH
$XML CATALOG FILES
$CLASSPATH
$PERL5LIB
$GUILE LOAD PATH
How Nix Controls the Build Environment
1. one directory per installed package
2. immutable installation directories
2. immutable installation directories
3. undeclared dependencies invisible to the build process (POLA)
Outline
The Mechanics
Build Environments
Building Packages
Bonuses
The Nix Store
/nix/store
c6jbqm2mc0a7...-emacs-23.2.1
bin
emacs
smkabrbibqv7...-gnutls-2.10.0
lib
libgnutls.so.26.16.8
l9w6773m1msy...-lsh-2.0.4
bin
lsh
sbin
lshd
im276akmsrhv...-glibc-2.11
lib
libc.so.6
User Environments
/nix/store
$PATH
/nix/.../profiles
current
42
pp56i0a01si5...-user-env
bin
icecat
ssh
l9w6773m1msy...-openssh-4.6p1
bin
ssh
rpdqxnilb0cg...-icecat-3.5.4
bin
icecat
User Environments
/nix/store
$PATH
/nix/.../profiles
current
42
bin
icecat
ssh
bin
ssh
bin
icecat
aqn3wygq9jzk...-openssh-5.2p1
bin
ssh
nix-env --upgrade openssh
User Environments
/nix/store
$PATH
/nix/.../profiles
current
42
bin
icecat
ssh
bin
ssh
bin
icecat
bin
ssh
i3d9vh6d8ip1...-user-env
bin
ssh
icecat
User Environments
/nix/store
$PATH
/nix/.../profiles
current
42
43
bin
icecat
ssh
bin
ssh
bin
icecat
bin
ssh
bin
ssh
icecat
User Environments
/nix/store
$PATH
/nix/.../profiles
current
42
43
bin
icecat
ssh
bin
ssh
bin
icecat
bin
ssh
bin
ssh
icecat
User Environments
/nix/store
$PATH
/nix/.../profiles
current
43
bin
icecat
ssh
bin
ssh
bin
icecat
bin
ssh
bin
ssh
icecat
nix-env --remove-generations old
User Environments
/nix/store
$PATH
/nix/.../profiles
current
43
bin
icecat
bin
ssh
bin
ssh
icecat
nix-collect-garbage
Store Paths
$ nix-build -A guile
Store Paths
/nix/store/ h2g4sc09h4... -guile-1.9.11
hash of all the dependencies
Store Paths
$ nix-store -q --requisites ‘which guile‘
/nix/store/4jl83jgzaac...-glibc-2.11.1
/nix/store/iplay43cg58...-libunistring-0.9.3
/nix/store/47p47v92cj9...-libffi-3.0.9
/nix/store/drkwck2j965...-gmp-4.5.0
...
Store Paths
$ nix-store -q --requisites ‘which guile‘
/nix/store/4jl83jgzaac...-glibc-2.11.1
/nix/store/iplay43cg58...-libunistring-0.9.3
/nix/store/47p47v92cj9...-libffi-3.0.9
/nix/store/drkwck2j965...-gmp-4.5.0
...
$ nix-copy-closure --to [email protected] ‘which guile‘
...
Complete Dependency Specification
build-time dependencies of GNU Hello
bzip2
mkdir
curl.bz2
download.sh
ln
bootstrap-tools.cpio.bz2.drv
prehook.sh
cpio
sh
unpack-bootstrap-tools.sh
bootstrap-tools.drv
default-builder.sh
builder.sh
write-mirror-list.sh
builder.sh
ld-wrapper.sh
bootstrap-glibc.drv
utils.sh
setup-hook.sh
add-flags
no-sys-dirs.patch
setup-hook.sh
stdenv-linux-boot.drv
gcc-wrapper.sh
mirrors-list.drv
bootstrap-gcc.drv
linux-2.6.28.5.tar.bz2.drv
glibc-2.9-20081208.tar.bz2.drv
binutils-2.19.1.tar.bz2.drv
mpfr-2.4.1.tar.bz2.drv
gmp-4.3.1.tar.bz2.drv
texinfo-4.13a.tar.lzma.drv
ncurses-5.7.tar.gz.drv
perl-5.10.0.tar.gz.drv
gcc-core-4.3.3.tar.bz2.drv
m4-1.4.13.tar.bz2.drv
lzma-4.32.7.tar.gz.drv
sed-4.1.5.tar.gz.drv
gcc-g++-4.3.3.tar.bz2.drv
bash40-017.drv
attr_2.4.43-1.tar.gz.drv
bzip2-1.0.5.tar.gz.drv
bash40-016.drv
bash40-015.drv
coreutils-7.2.tar.gz.drv
bash40-010.drv
bison-2.3.tar.bz2.drv
bash40-006.drv
bash-4.0.tar.gz.drv
perl-5.10.0.drv
linux-headers-2.6.28.5.drv
builder.sh
nss-skip-unavail.patch
locale-override.patch
rpcgen-path.patch
glibc-2.9.drv
bootstrap-gcc.drv
new-dtags.patch
ncurses-5.7.drv
lzma-4.32.7.drv
binutils-2.19.1.drv
gnum4-1.4.13.drv
texinfo-4.13a.drv
gmp-4.3.1.drv
pass-cxxcpp.patch
builder.sh
no-sys-dirs.patch
mpfr-2.4.1.drv
gcc-4.3.3.drv
gcc-wrapper-4.3.3.drv
malloc.patch
replace-2.24.drv
gettext-fix.patch
pcre-7.8.drv
gnugrep-2.5.4.drv
gawk-3.1.6.drv
lzma-4.32.7.drv
gettext-0.17.drv
perl-5.10.0.drv
gnused-4.1.5.drv
builder.sh
log.patch
bzip2-1.0.5.drv
libtool-2.2.6a.drv
gnum4-1.4.13.drv
gnupatch-2.5.4.drv
bison-2.3.drv
attr-2.4.43.drv
bash-4.0-p17.drv
acl-2.2.47.drv
coreutils-7.2.drv
diffutils-2.8.1.drv
findutils-path.patch
prehook.sh
change_echo_path.patch
findutils-4.4.1.drv
stdenv-linux.drv
mirrors-list.drv
perl-5.10.0.drv
zlib-1.2.3.drv
openssl-0.9.8k.drv
connect-timeout.patch
curl-7.19.4.drv
hello-2.3.tar.bz2.drv
hello-2.3.drv
patchelf-0.4.drv
impure-dirs.patch
gnulib-futimens.patch
gnumake-3.81.drv
gzip-1.3.12.drv
implausible.patch
gnutar-1.22.drv
bash40-001.drv
bash40-003.drv
builder.sh
bash40-012.drv
gettext-0.17.tar.gz.drv
libtool-2.2.6a.tar.lzma.drv
bash40-002.drv
bash40-004.drv
bash40-009.drv
bash40-011.drv
replace-2.24-src-11.11.tar.gz.drv
bash40-014.drv
bash40-013.drv
bash40-007.drv
bash40-008.drv
bash40-005.drv
diffutils-2.8.1.tar.gz.drv
gawk-3.1.6.tar.bz2.drv
acl_2.2.47-1.tar.gz.drv
pcre-7.8.tar.bz2.drv
grep-2.5.4.tar.bz2.drv
patch-2.5.4.tar.gz.drv
findutils-4.4.1.tar.gz.drv
patchelf-0.4.tar.bz2.drv
make-3.81.tar.bz2.drv
gzip-1.3.12.tar.gz.drv
tar-1.22.tar.bz2.drv
zlib-1.2.3.tar.gz.drv
openssl-0.9.8k.tar.gz.drv
curl-7.19.4.tar.bz2.drv
setup.sh
build-time dependencies of GNU Hello
bzip2
mkdir
curl.bz2
download.sh
ln
bootstrap-tools.cpio.bz2.drv
prehook.sh
cpio
sh
unpack-bootstrap-tools.sh
bootstrap-tools.drv
default-builder.sh
builder.sh
write-mirror-list.sh
builder.sh
ld-wrapper.sh
bootstrap-glibc.drv
utils.sh
setup-hook.sh
add-flags
mirrors-list.drv
bootstrap-gcc.drv
no-sys-dirs.patch
setup-hook.sh
gcc-wrapper.sh
linux-2.6.28.5.tar.bz2.drv
glibc-2.9-20081208.tar.bz2.drv
binutils-2.19.1.tar.bz2.drv
mpfr-2.4.1.tar.bz2.drv
gmp-4.3.1.tar.bz2.drv
texinfo-4.13a.tar.lzma.drv
ncurses-5.7.tar.gz.drv
perl-5.10.0.tar.gz.drv
gcc-core-4.3.3.tar.bz2.drv
m4-1.4.13.tar.bz2.drv
lzma-4.32.7.tar.gz.drv
sed-4.1.5.tar.gz.drv
gcc-g++-4.3.3.tar.bz2.drv
bash40-017.drv
attr_2.4.43-1.tar.gz.drv
bzip2-1.0.5.tar.gz.drv
bash40-016.drv
bash40-015.drv
coreutils-7.2.tar.gz.drv
bash40-010.drv
bison-2.3.tar.bz2.drv
bash40-006.drv
bash-4.0.tar.gz.drv
bash40-001.drv
perl-5.10.0.drv
linux-headers-2.6.28.5.drv
builder.sh
nss-skip-unavail.patch
locale-override.patch
rpcgen-path.patch
glibc-2.9.drv
bootstrap-gcc.drv
new-dtags.patch
ncurses-5.7.drv
lzma-4.32.7.drv
binutils-2.19.1.drv
gnum4-1.4.13.drv
texinfo-4.13a.drv
gmp-4.3.1.drv
pass-cxxcpp.patch
builder.sh
no-sys-dirs.patch
mpfr-2.4.1.drv
gcc-4.3.3.drv
malloc.patch
replace-2.24.drv
gettext-fix.patch
pcre-7.8.drv
gnugrep-2.5.4.drv
gawk-3.1.6.drv
lzma-4.32.7.drv
gettext-0.17.drv
perl-5.10.0.drv
gnused-4.1.5.drv
builder.sh
log.patch
bzip2-1.0.5.drv
libtool-2.2.6a.drv
gnum4-1.4.13.drv
gnupatch-2.5.4.drv
patchelf-0.4.drv
impure-dirs.patch
gnulib-futimens.patch
gnumake-3.81.drv
gzip-1.3.12.drv
implausible.patch
gnutar-1.22.drv
bison-2.3.drv
attr-2.4.43.drv
bash-4.0-p17.drv
acl-2.2.47.drv
coreutils-7.2.drv
diffutils-2.8.1.drv
findutils-path.patch
prehook.sh
change_echo_path.patch
findutils-4.4.1.drv
stdenv-linux.drv
mirrors-list.drv
perl-5.10.0.drv
zlib-1.2.3.drv
openssl-0.9.8k.drv
connect-timeout.patch
curl-7.19.4.drv
hello-2.3.tar.bz2.drv
hello-2.3.drv
... down to the compiler’s compiler!
bash40-003.drv
builder.sh
bash40-012.drv
gettext-0.17.tar.gz.drv
libtool-2.2.6a.tar.lzma.drv
bash40-002.drv
bash40-004.drv
bash40-009.drv
bash40-011.drv
replace-2.24-src-11.11.tar.gz.drv
bash40-014.drv
bash40-013.drv
bash40-007.drv
bash40-008.drv
bash40-005.drv
diffutils-2.8.1.tar.gz.drv
gawk-3.1.6.tar.bz2.drv
acl_2.2.47-1.tar.gz.drv
pcre-7.8.tar.bz2.drv
grep-2.5.4.tar.bz2.drv
patch-2.5.4.tar.gz.drv
findutils-4.4.1.tar.gz.drv
patchelf-0.4.tar.bz2.drv
make-3.81.tar.bz2.drv
gzip-1.3.12.tar.gz.drv
tar-1.22.tar.bz2.drv
zlib-1.2.3.tar.gz.drv
openssl-0.9.8k.tar.gz.drv
curl-7.19.4.tar.bz2.drv
setup.sh
run-time dependencies of GNU Hello
linux-headers-2.6.28.5
glibc-2.11
hello-2.3
run-time dependencies inferred by conservative scanning
Build Recipes (a.k.a. “Nix Expressions”)
function definition
{ fetchurl, stdenv } :
formal parameters
stdenv . mkDerivation {
function call
name = "hello-2.3";
src = fetchurl {
url = mirror://gnu/hello/hello-2.3.tar.bz2;
sha256 = "0c7vijq8y68...";
};
meta = {
description = "Produces a friendly greeting";
homepage = http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/;
license = "GPLv3+";
};
}
Build Recipes (a.k.a. “Nix Expressions”)
gcc, make, etc.
{ fetchurl, stdenv , gettext } :
stdenv . mkDerivation {
name = "hello-2.3";
src = fetchurl {
url = mirror://gnu/hello/hello-2.3.tar.bz2;
sha256 = "0c7vijq8y68...";
};
buildInputs = [ gettext ];
dependency
meta = {
description = "Produces a friendly greeting";
homepage = http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/;
license = "GPLv3+";
};
}
Package Composition
all-packages.nix
gettext = import ../development/libraries/gettext
inherit fetchurl stdenv libiconv;
};
...
actual parameters
hello = import ../applications/misc/hello
inherit fetchurl stdenv ;
};
{
function call
{
Outline
The Mechanics
Build Environments
Building Packages
Bonuses
Nix implements a functional software deployment model.
I
immutable software installations
I
I
builds/installs have no side effects
I
I
I
build & deployment ≡ calling the build function
I
Nix store ≡ cache of function call results
I
I
I
build & deployment ≡ calling the build function
I
Nix store ≡ cache of function call results
I
garbage collection...
Outline
The Mechanics
Build Environments
Building Packages
Bonuses
Cross-Compilation
1. define the target system
crossSystem = {
# GNU/Linux on ARM (SheevaPlug)
config = "armv5tel-unknown-linux-gnueabi";
bigEndian = false;
arch = "arm";
libc = "glibc";
float = "soft";
withTLS = true;
platform = pkgs.platforms.sheevaplug;
};
Cross-Compilation
crossSystem = {
config = "i586-pc-gnu";
bigEndian = false;
arch = "i586";
libc = "glibc";
float = "hard";
withTLS = true;
platform = pkgs.platforms.pc;
};
# GNU, a.k.a. GNU/Hurd
Cross-Compilation
2. build
$ nix-build -A coreutils.hostDrv
...
Cross-Compilation
2. build
3. copy to the target store
$ nix-copy-closure --to target@foo /nix/store/...
...
Cross-Compilation
2. build
3. copy to the target store
4. install on the target
target$ nix-env --install /nix/store/...
...
System-Wide Regression Testing Using VM Networks
{ pkgs, ... }:
{
nodes = {
server =
{ pkgs, config, ... }:
{ services.openssh.enable = true; };
client =
{ };
};
{ pkgs, ... }:
{
nodes = {
server =
{ services.openssh.enable = true; };
client =
{ kernelPackages = pkgs.linuxPackages 2 6 25; };
};
testScript = ’’
my $key=‘$pkgs.openssh/bin/ssh-keygen -t dsa -f key -N
$server->mustSucceed("mkdir -m 700 /root/.ssh");
$server->copyFileFromHost("key.pub", "/root/.ssh/author
$client->mustSucceed("mkdir -m 700 /root/.ssh");
$client->copyFileFromHost("key", "/root/.ssh/id dsa");
$client->mustSucceed("chmod 600 /root/.ssh/id dsa");
$client->mustSucceed("ssh server ’echo Hello RMLL’");
’’;
}
Continuous Integration with Hydra/Nix
30+ GNU packages continuously built
http://hydra.nixos.org/project/gnu/
Summary
NixOS rocks.
Summary
I
Features
I
I
I
I
per-user, unprivileged installation
transactional upgrades; rollback
whole-system configuration transactional upgrades & rollback
Foundations
I
I
I
purely functional package management
traceable package source & dependencies
completely bootstrapped
Thanks!
[email protected]
http://nixos.org/
http://repo.or.cz/w/nixpkgs-libre.git
License
c 2010 Ludovic Courtès [email protected].
Copyright Drawings of the Nix store are:
c 2009 Eelco Dolstra [email protected].
Copyright Copyright of other images included in this document is held by
their respective owners.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license,
visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ or
send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300,
San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
At your option, you may instead copy, distribute and/or modify
this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover
Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is available
at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gfdl.html.

NixOS: The Only Functional GNU/Linux Distribution

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