Małgorzata Milecka* The Cistercians large

Małgorzata Milecka* The Cistercians large

DOI: 10.5277/arc120102
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The Cistercians large-scale water systems
Water was certainly the Cistercians’ element – an order
which, since Mediaeval times, realised its charisma by
soil cultivation in the territory of Europe and later also by
conducting business activity based on exploitation and
processing of natural resources. Since their beginnings,
the Cistercians were associated with rivers through the
characteristic of their congregation valley locations of
abbeys and as a consequence they were able to use water
for their activities in a particularly conscious manner [10].
Today, we can see a real technical genius of the Cistercians
by analysing the solutions of the large-scale water economy which was developed on the territories managed by
this congregation in the past.
Until today, a technical and organisational sense of
the Cistercians can be seen in monumental work undertaken in the abbeys in order to build water intakes, canals
and economic usage of water power. Monks widely
applied bold and – as for their times – modern technical
solutions in order to gain control over rivers, swamps
and fisheries. In the Cistercian abbeys – due to their
countryside locations (which even today are characterised by a low level of urbanisation) there are still many
relics of old water systems. Even though the abbeys as
architectural complexes were destroyed – ponds, dykes
and channels supplying water and its power to mills and
other workplaces – they are still a visible part of the
landscape. Researchers of the Cistercian heritage know
impressive water systems, e.g. the Aubazine water network which drew water from a stream situated two kilometres from the abbey, while the aqueduct supplying
water was partially grooved in the solid rock and partially hung on big arches situated over ravines [1].
However, the scale of spatial changes that were introduced by the Cistercians can be better assessed if we
analyse a long-term water economy of certain selected
abbeys and its present effects on the environment. At
present, these solutions resulted in the landscapes characteristic of the congregation, whose identification and
comprehensive protection ought to be included in numerous activities currently aimed at a harmonious process of
the formation of historical landscapes of Europe. In the
author’s opinion, these landscapes culturally unite our
continent showing strong and still present connections
based on the Christian tradition [8].
This article is an attempt to show the principles of
water systems formation as built by the Cistercians in
their developments on the example of the parent abbey of
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the water system is still functioning – in spite of the old
abbey destruction – we have a completely different situaWLRQLQ0RJLáD±WKHDEEH\DVDKLVWRULFDOVSDWLDOFRPSOH[
with mediaeval origins is still functioning today, but as
part of the city landscape because the development of
Kraków largely absorbed the agricultural landscape of
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in the past constituted an important element of the monastery spatial economy. Comparing the characteristic
IHDWXUHV RI &vWHDX[ DQG 0RJLáD VHHPV WR FRQYH\ D VLJnificant message concerning directions of transformations
of these two structures.
Cîteaux water system
The oldest Cistercian abbey of Cîteaux in France constitutes an example of numerous explicit landscape transfor-
* Department of Landscape Design and Conservation, University of
Life Sciences in Lublin.
mations, which can be seen even today, brought about by
the redevelopment of water courses, including the construction of ponds for stocking and water retention. The old
abbey’s ‘water heritage’ comprises, among other things,
about twelve flour mills situated mainly on the water
courses of Vogue and Cents-Fonts and about twenty ponds
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The Cistercians large-scale water systems
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15
Nowadays, only scarce relics the old water system of
Cîteaux within the old monastery survived, however, the
analysis of an aerial photograph2 that shows this area as
part of a larger territory proves that the old extensive system of water connections is still functioning although not
in the same form as in the times when the whole area was
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spot, with a characteristic monotonous agricultural landVFDSH 'HFLGXRXV IRUHVWV VXUURXQG D ODUJH PHDGRZ WKH
centre of which is situated on a little depression with relLFVRIWKH&LVWHUFLDQPRQDVWHU\GHYHORSPHQW$QHZPRQDVWHU\ZKLFKLVQRZRFFXSLHGE\WKH7UDSSLVWVZDVEXLOW
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fields, which surround the complex, are used for cultivating various plants which are afterwards processed in the
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spite of significant modifications within the monastery
development, Cîteaux still retains features of a hermitage
with forests and fields around and a landscape that is
XQGLVWXUEHGE\PRGHUQWLPHV7KHLPSUHVVLYHZDWHUV\Vtem that was built by the Cistercians on this territory is
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Another equally interesting example of a comprehensive water development can be encountered on the Polish
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kept in the abbey’s archives, activities of these monks
were also impressive and the effects of terrain transformations as regards water relations can still be seen in the
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historical information in this regard, it was not possible to
reconstruct the beginnings of these transformations, however, three important documents allowed for determining
the manners of open waters development within the
Cistercian premises in the 19th century3 7KH VWDWH RI
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of water systems formation is described in the three folORZLQJ SODQV µ0RJLáD ± SURSHUW\ RI &LVWHUFLDQ )DWKHUV
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deducted from the first of these plans: the monastery
which was then situated north of the Vistula was surURXQGHGRQERWKVLGHVE\WKH5LYHU'áXEQLDZKLFKDOVR
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fed water into the system of monastery ponds and gave
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vicinity of the monastery, the river flowed meridionally, it
formed three river beds with the middle one being the
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performed the role of the canal accompanying the main
road leading to the monastery. This well-disciplined water
course directly serviced the whole development; it was
also the source of a minor canal that supplied water to the
seven ponds and the dykes situated north of the monastery, which specifically complemented the complex of
monastery gardens. These ponds (now we can see only
their relics) had geometrical shapes, close to rectangles.
They were connected to the middle one, i.e. the natural
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solution enabled to regulate the water level between the
two courses of the little river. The aforementioned watercourse surrounding the monastery collected the wastes
from the buildings in the south and flowing under the
farm buildings (among other things, under the mill) sup-
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against the background of the water system (elaborated by author)
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wodnego (oprac. autorki)
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the background of the water system (elaborated by author)
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against the background of the water system (elaborated by author)
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wodnego (oprac. autorki)
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plied its power to their devices. The plan shows in detail
crossings across the river in form of bridges, water structures (weirs) as well as mills; moreover, it precisely
presents flood-lands, meadows, dykes and swamps, giving in some cases their proper names. Thanks to the
analysis of this document, we gain detailed information
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south of the Cistercian premises – its contents are ponds,
VZDPSVDQGIRUHVWV:HFDQDOVRVHHDZLGHFRPSOH[RI
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RIWKHDEEH\RQWKH5LYHU'áXEQLDDQGWKHHDVWHUQZDWHUcourse there are numerous dams and smaller canals.
This information is made even more detailed by the
DQDO\VLVRIWKHVLWXDWLRQDOSODQRIWKH5LYHU'áXEQLDZDWHUcourses and water plants (Fig. 5). On the area shown in the
previous plan, we could see the whole system of open
waters and technical water devices. On the western border
of the area shown on the plan, we can see that from the
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flows in parallel, a little to the south. The two water courses intersect and change their structures at the point of the
railway line leading to the mill as follows: the watercourse
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continues flowing on the southern side through the
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called ‘lower’, supplies a rent mill, next the Cistercian mill
and afterwards the nail mill. Beyond the weir the river is
separated and flows in two arms: as a main stream (middle
water course) and the ‘upper’ watercourse. It is this watercourse that contains (according to the information on the
plan) one third of all the waters, flowing around the monastery buildings and supplying the monastery mill, which
functions at the edge of the monastery premises as well as
the next mill (both given for lease by the Cistercians). All
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work entrusted to the water is done, all the devices in its
way put in motion and the terrains irrigated, the river finds
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The third plan (Fig. 6) presents a fragment of the
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Conclusions
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