discussion

DISCUSSION
A$C'USSIAJ{
All 6p!or Amilis produe p€ll€6, esllg'Lrcd in
rh€
ftm
of oblong
m6s of
lll. ud's6Ed @npona.r of rh. brd! lood, Gualty annn,ns of fur, bonB, ctas,
hliE sd 1eefi but owl p.ll€ts ue chdacr.riz€d by s@ivlt ot nigher Foponion of
skclet l
e Fn
tuteri.l the pelLts
B
e
prod@ed by othcr prcdab^ (boih
@6id.r.d to pnvid.
avie
and
nmdalia,),
noE ohptd€ $npl€ ofrnc l@l &uD (Mayh.w,
l9mi Lyn@, l94i Teiy, 2OO4) RetuE of stutl
d
llo$Eq 1938; Ardes,
n1!mb ihe D.ll€B &re iddrifid
obiely fron ctuial pads (D.vis, l g38t FdnzEb
ed r.udftlayd,
I982i Bsler, l9t6j
l9l,
Fll€6 @ fom.d
h@e a @o*
1977j
'r
Ren. .r da, 2O1l) rn rh. sboactr. owt
pybnc opoing n@ lne
6uee
*Dhasc
pbhibis hrge psnicl6 toMd the iEid. of tnc inrerinei rhe ddiseied ml4i.l
t6v€ls
b&k up to ih. esopnaes..d is exFued s a peu.1(B€n! 196r; Eoftne, t988:
Andr.s, 1990). Pr6at stlrdi*, ds @.60 $ar bd. owt! p.ltaE @s'st d of bon6,
tur, cb*, nci6, st€l.ral ml€ i.l! etc. lveng€ nunbs of piey ps pellet w.re I -3
In
loiol, th. pr€y mr.rials included; rars/n'c., bnds, br&, inse.1 naldnal .rc w.e
idatif.d @irly fton th. sldttj
h pt€st shdi6 cSugilrt€! Flt€b
of rhe
of bam o*t w€re obsded ro bc ov.l, rundcd,
Ed&g!l&, cylindnd dd iftgult in $rpe dd bb.k tlght browist\ drlt
btoMish, g@rish bl&L ash m @toui Bm owl petleE vary from n4 ofs rhumb.roit
lo th.i of . *trol€ dumb Tley e noisr dd btact wh€o A6h ro dry [email protected] rhey
beone h{d in .!od s eL, rbrt s6y rhdl six no ls e.t b€*u lo @nbb lna
'n
aboul lMlve nonfis (Wilson, 1938, Msn. r940: Bovd and Shriner l9s4
NeleaatMn, 1994; Lynm aod Lytur, 2OO3r Shehab, 2OOt) The lypicd pe .t of
rhis owl is oblong dd namst .yli.d.icrl in shap. (Witsm, t938)
elorgar.d,
DISCUSSION
P.lLr W.thr
rd
sbr:
pllgt srldi* lnc .re.8. dg. of Oe Flld! wish! lsElh od widd m
ob6d.d io b.0 2-9 0 g 0.8-8.28 m &d 0 5l -5 18 nm rapetively sll srudy !!6
'n
b the p@io$ly @rd€d, rhe nsurendF of b6ft owl's pell€L, w.3'x l,' i e..76
Duing
nd x
t
25
m
(Elioq l9l2) Dd 25
r
50
M
(Bmon, l9?3). The
rrTsl Fllcr
of
bm
6d n@wly cylindricil 5 io 6 o loe by I 5 od in diuci.r ed av€Dse
owl Fllct ,ia 50 x 3l nn (wileon, 1918) Avesac of ?.6 g in wisnr of p.lLr wilh .
ong. or3ll g s found in HmFhne CMty, I,tal$hc.ns (Boyd ud Shni€(
l9!) Avefrse owlFllei sia 53 m x 3o m m @orded (w.tha, 1948) At
oql
oblong
6v.d9.6.3
dry w€ignr ofpetl€i md sre68c p.lter size
8
10 be J 6
co x
3 8 cm x 2 4
cn
s
[email protected] (Gb$ ud Thies, r99?). In cdEdl cotlnbia, cMv of 3o!r[4€m
W8hirgioD State siz. of pelet ws nored 5-6 @ lolg 2 5-3 cd dnereE (Wileq
1933j Mon, l9,Oi LFan &d Llmn. 2OO3) t rhe sud-@nal iot.rior of Brifth
ColMbi!. rh. dinosiore ofpeu.rs tuged f@m 22.73 nm loi8, I1.44 nm wi<t€ w,.
@rd.d (ve Dtue ed
Nyhoe 2oo4)
rn Califonio, l-2" pelleE
@nraining
udigdr.d bon6, t*tll and ftr w€rc documat d (Ev.is ed Ehlen, t947r hg.k,
l95a) In $ulhm Stdia 1he b6m wl pelldr *@ ddurld s 18,12 m in diamae
$d
30-6?
m
w.
in
lagd (Sheha\ 2m5)
m
Tne
rv.Ege l@slh, width ed dry wishr ofrh€
g BperrveD
(N€ddeyim, t94). Awog. dintuis of pc .6 of bm owl @ SO | 27 x 22
Fu€ts
m (Mlroh
in
!
Sahelie
37911099
259rnm
m md
3.76a0.1?
p€ll*l6gd 47 m ed 3] oh widd, EE @ded
ago-esy3teh (Ctujd ud Tsore 2OO?). Tne av.mse legh! Mdlh &d
1983) TXe !rcEg.
wight of dry pelloE
wc
37.4+9.1 om, 24 7+5 4 mm Md
I
34ar 24 g
i€lpetiEty
(S€nh.nrlaishne e,ar, 20to)
pGat
w
dlsrd Brg
dils@tins toob, every pi@ of bone s cseftUy sp@ted {tdkinS sp€.i.I .{r wib the
In
3kul)
snidi.s, @h
Flla
e.t.d
in
r.t Mrcr
for 2-5
nos, t rd
sd @hd pirh HydDgh
s.pBt d. PelLr @nrats
w
p€rexilq lhe hai6, tur, fe.thm 6nd d.tns wre
tuin d ifltMdurlty wid ln€ h€tp of lidrrc ud
af.ena @lletids, ihe Mc
identified wh€dcr lhey belong 10
ffids,
bids,
DISCUSSION
p€r pell€t 1.4 B
cpril6, mphibitu or ia6r !!miB. Th€ rdbd oa pey
'l.tu
@rd.d. lellcls rcc dir€Ld aing ltard&d ldnniqus (Y!l&r, l97r KoBcngs.
1980; F.&d€t md lrddsklys. 1982; Mdti, 198?; Anr er al., 1997; Obucl\ 2001)
fte oeueB w6 soakcd in wl.l u.ril $t for sev€al hous md $d di$6ied io
t pelle out boid (Ch* od Wis€, 1974j Yom-Tov dd w@1, 1994 Tnc dissetd
pcllea w€ qr.d in tap wt.r (Lekuz e, al. 20olr B€grll, 2005; Snehab, 2005i
Ro.la ., al., 201 | ). The boffi w@ cudicd und6 a @gliryins ele ed rh. low poc
oft dtu&tirg hicG@p€ (Fry, l98lr Hind€ll, 19€81 Yrlden. 1994) In u 8% solutioi
of So{tiun Hydroxid€ p.llec of bam owl
wc inrcF.d
lo.6
h ro
selsdt th.
rosd
dd dn$lve ln. h.nq turfanh€r mtri; dd slan tasn€nts an€r thar eE dn.d in P.ri
di.t6 od slb3.quddy Mined wirh a low pomr sie@-micu@pe for sp€i6
idanifotim wnn rEys (lt{.sd e, aa, l97oi claBi l9?l; Blll dd Atooa 1985t
Cs.d@2, 2007i Cnnjoo and TnoF, 200?) Bam owl pclleB
&ys dd
bota
u9 by hod,
od hdd psrrs de
most
w4
drCd .r 60"C for 2-3
6ily qtrded by Faijrg
sodi@ hydoxide solution, rtrich di$olv6 hriu and fatn€6 (Desn, 1978)
wirh
Bm owl
Fuet' @c pbc.d ir dD ovo at ?ooc 61 24 h6 ro kitt lhe socin€d rdhEDod
poait* ud ealyz€d in 8% sodim hydroxid. $lulion &d ihe osiooB e6.iB eE
qrctully der.d (NclDaEyed, t 994; Smthdlknrh@ ., al, 2Ot O). Irlc dis€d.d
Fllels 1@ 66l pr@e$€d in lhe etutio. ol NaOH and fid w6hal i. Mrs
Mmdliln jas Md diagnosric rc@ins ofoli.r aninah wd sepaar.d for subs.qu€hr
dlt€milari@ (Obud\ 200D. h lufi soary Mla eguqiur.d peuc6 kr. $a!€d io
l4e.!6d and .ll prey rm.i.s .lded ud laid sido for id€nrifidio of 3tulls and
low jlw bo6
D ilo h&d t6 (K@G, 2OO9) Eeh of rh€ rctt6 B
dd ib nlgheo$ wE logeg .d with th€ h.lp ofthe for.€ps and ieedla (Khd
brcLd
./
zl.
€r.. lsing
1994) Th. nunb.r ofprct Ds rEtter 3.Oi
ps p€lL! (Besall, 2005),
1943)
e
E
r@ded (Witsn, t933), I
24
p,.ys
av€fts€ of2.8 (Boyd md Shri.er, 1954) s.d 2.? (\vall&e,
dituls eE r@Eed
nubs
in lh€ b6m owl
t
U€r.
In a
S{ll€td.grcesr&m, rie
h6
of pcy individude pcr D.lLr mg.d Ll4 io 1.92 Gtobal
= 1.53)
r@rded (Cnnjo and TEorc, 2m4 Th€ numbs of pr€y nens Fr p.tld ot b6n owl
w
Eied fioo ln6 with @ ov@ll m@ of 13? prcy p.r pett.i @ obsed
(Smtnan krishm eral, 2010)
DTSCUSSION
ImDo.t
rc ofP.[.t Aotyrl|:
b.s osl, ryr, atbu (S@poli, l?69) di, b widly Min.d rhr@g!@i de sdd
b6."e of then 6@Fliiin dbribltion RcuiE of lbiqu'los strEll odtulsin rhe
bm osl sdhered p.Uers Me idaifed chi.,lt frcm @ial pa.ls (Davis, 19331
'nE
IrEdeb ed LudedLyq,
r
982;
Bal.r, I99l I sch€ibl.r
and
Chnsbq 2007)
The
bqn
b6t sp@i6 appDprilt€ for Fll.t balrsE dd 6e ro d.lt56, b@Ne
n is 6 ndhod dlat perf4tly retlEs! *r'.t bsm owl @6me dd give new dar. @ 0'.
owl is
de
of the
sp*i6 @positid ofa tdnicul.r.rc.,
Md v.gdan@,
ed
oo popuhtion leslures in
ebnon to bio-cli@te
boSeographic infomation (Eningloh, 1912, Glading er o/, 1943i
al, 199?; B€locq, 2000) ed aE
satid !o iddtiry dqry p.tlE droud toph'c *eb od to und€Brdd how srec'€
divi{ie food @uG lurdmoF, bDwLdgc of roPhic @logy is ir&nolll 1o
ud61!ld C.ding sntl.gi6 G.l-tiE lrd opponnitic bdwious) dd nch.
dyndc (B.llo.q, 2ooo). nlc pcllct.mlysis hs pbr€d flnlv uenil r tnowing lh€
Rlcaasb sd RlpFcni,
1974r
Trylor,
l94i
Amt ?t
h$iF of rh. o*ls s Ell s lhc oaMe oa d'fer€nl tmll $'mals innabi'3
bo$ l!. b€osDh.c &d is ad.pkd wU io th. snbEopitl dd tenpet re d* ofrhe
Fdd (xno €, dt, 1994). Th. id.diliabl. sk l.ral lEmins of ihe prev it€@ 6n t'
food
povid.d trry inporhnt infomlrion bcc.6. th.F pr.dltoG hlbitl.llv ot h snall
ndnalr which &€ ely qptuEd by clsic t€ppio8 nethods (Dovs €r al l99r)
w.
Nppl.mdl€d wih infodlion oh{n€d from re8lrsitdted pell'ts
of bd owl (Pm!14, 1954) Pr€y onsuDad bv livinS bad owls hs b.d ued to
di@$ cu@nl looal fau.a of small madmls (Jaksid el 4r, l98l ) As pr€ddor nod€ls in
sto@h &rlys6
stldid of onnuit @logy,8plo6 b!v. b.bitu.llv bd 6ed (laksia 1935iMlri tl
al, 193) P€llet e.lys6 h!v. prclidld subsllntial dd! o. lhe nat@l hislorv ot tbe
baF owl. Diet sbdies @ p@vid. U. foundaton for addtrcial in!6tigatio6 b6'd6
erslo@ of cdLrn pily sp4i.s within $e owl\ 6'gei its calab'l'lv lo
take sld prey, &d rahriw $udA@ of pev tF 6 ii de o*l! diel (Colvi4 1984),
pteddorFey inl.actroN (Otkni .t al, 197\ L'oni' l9?4) 4d lhe N of owls s
d@natng
the
biolosi€l onltol lg.nts oalon. l98O) P.ll.t
ea!66 ltl*
prcvid'd $b6brtd &ra
utril hislory ofd. bts owl (Colvin od Mct6, 1986) Amlvsis ofbd oqn
di€{ d Drovide inforuijon oi dt. .ilabilitv of snall ftmtr'.j pev sp@6 b a
o
||.tc
DISCUSSION
F lr@br
.t4 .H *,ia fa
p.U.a
@ auiL6l. (Cmloli
al,
1978;
86.
and
dvtronftdlal fe1o6 (Sp z,
l98l ) By $. b.n Nb reguraitlt d f6sili2.d @6Ddio pEy t@irs hN. b€r N€d
io pdentologi@l shdi6, mkins n pGsiblo to @nprehcnd iho @lo!} dd
C{itbli, 2001). 95% oi rh. vebbiliry in
oopGition ofati.cl snall
Duing
the sludy
pqiod
w
irs
di.l
s,
is du. to
li|fual 6mnuni6
(Catillo .r aa, 20ol )
@lle1ed 1,831 regulgirdd pell.B f@m
tMt
one
difr€F r
d.lyz.d lo
2603 diftmt pcy ir@! qhich inctudq nvmie,
'rog.i4
sl'4, birds, ba$, iisct rwins, planl @tcdal etc. V.ry lidl€ i.fom6rio. is sv.il.bl.
on e.lrsis of b.m owl pcy i. Pal'slln S1udi6 6i€d our
Lo*.r Sindn, Patislln,
sbdy sn6 &d
indiere 337 p.llets wirh 437 pEy il.ns (Kn& .r dl , 1994).
'n
L CdtBt
tunjab, 2413 pret
n€c F@ daet d out of | 694 esurg,bLd Flle6 (M.hn@d-ul-Hstu er al, 2ooo)
dd 2360 bln o*l p.lle8 w@ olcur:ted wi$ 3354 Pray ire@ (Mlllnood-ul-H8s e,
ur., 200?a). In Cij.4 603 p.ll.rs wirh 654 pr.y ire6 wrc obsdcd (Mlshi'4-ulH8M
er al, 2004) h B.lochLran, 463 bo owt p.lter wilh 492 rrey ii€m were siudidd
(Muhbq-ulHae e, ar, 2007). Sihite to p.tl€r an.llsB of bm ost *veat srdi6
bwC ben 6ied out i! nmdoB a@ rltroudod ib gosEphic tugc in rh. world. In
Ao Arbor, Michigan, 6 | 9 p.llds wG found @nr.i.i.g I ,888 skutts (\vit3o4 1938). tn
OLLiooa, 880 foo<t iteG reE Eordcd lion 251 p€ll.ts (Bsungartls &d
Bcwg!fi€( 1944) h Hrnpshne Counq l'4.ss.cl6.tts,28 b.m owt pelte$ wilh 78
ites *@ @.d.d (Boyd ud Sl\riiea 1954) L Nodr*tcm Orcson. 2513 p@y
n€m were obsfl.d in ovd 825 pell€b (Bull and Akdeoa l98J). ln southen Chil., 531
vdr|b4& prcrs lr@ dMiotcd our of302 b&a owl pends (lrian aal..I90) 335
pEy
p€11.l3
Tdil
@ntiining
49
individuol F€y nens weG id6ntified in Mryihdlthuhi,
du (Nela'myau, 1994). In N€g* d6.( bnel,414 stutt nmdb
ee
found in 256 Dell€B (Yom-Tov ard Wool, 1997) In nonnm lialy, 1266 D€lt.t, wid
it ns we @o8.iz€d (BGe a.d Cflidlli, 20Ot) t a @srd sn of
solthw6Ln Mauntdnia, 212 individuds of sn.U n.n@b ke id€ntficd in 150
p.ll.ts (G@jor .r dL, 2002). 316 p.tl€as @ni.in.d 106l individul pEy iEns i.
sourhm EnSl&d, UK. (Boid eral, 2004) In Ce.l6t G€ee, 420 Dcl|€b w h l.l)lj
g* id.f,riG€d (B.nbod6 e/ zl, 2005) In Atgdtii. patago.d, t 145 prry
pEy
'c@
4455 pr.y
DISCUSSION
irans
lr@ idodfed &on
pers
rc
2mt
638
bb
owl p.ll.B
(Irgo
d, ai , 2005) ln
cdral
Chil', 689
st].lied fron 55? bm owl p.ll.b, cu|nng in I 24 pGts Ps p'll€t (B'sall
r84 pol.8 yield.d 40? i.dividud pevs *@ foud i! Sou6'n Svrit (sh'hb,
vi.ld.d 545 pEv i'dividult
v4 !@rd€<t (Gejon sd Truc,2oO?) Olr of 415 p€tleE of b@ owl i' 249
@ll4led during rne Bitry !.en $d 166 @ll6cd duing the drv s*o' 2800
2OO5I In
! SslElid tsb.g$r!|.n,4ol bm osl
peUets
Mc idd66ed in suthNien Mldag!3r
(RMA dd CnodnM, 2OOt). ln th. tods Vlucv, IsEel, olt of 506 p.U€b 3 't44 Fcv
nrns wE stu{,i.d (Ch.nd er al, 2oo9) In Maduoi Dbt.ct, Tanil Nadu, southeh
w€ id.ntiff.d from 3,1 13 ban owl peU€rs (Sdthaoaknehnan dt
Indi., 4,295 pr.y
'tems
dl . 2ol o) In cdtr.l Bmzil, ou1 of 286 pcll.ls. 225 verlbEte p@vs w4 teordd
v.rt bftre dd 225 iNerlehEl pr.t it
ms
Pftr SF.ie h lte Brd Oin't P.ll.rr
Ii $e DrMt
study,
cldo
(| I
) pEy
3pei6
\@
found in the di€r of bam owl whrch
lft4tivoa a.d Chnoprea): tutdEmoe birds D3el
cMirs, plad nirai.l .tc. Thc Od.r Rodcnti: @nralned Fdilv Muidaq k$.r
Hddwick l 813).
Bddicoor Rat o, Ind&r Mol. Rt BaNli@ta bettsalmit (Cn!
^d
Short-Tailed Mole Rr! Nno&4 td'@ (Cny ed lltrd*icte, 1832) [email protected] n Hous
Rlr llatt r Enlr Oinl].@, I ?58), Hous€ Mos. Mtt t6dl,r (Lino4s, I 758) ed
b.torsins to 3 ord.$ (Rod6to.
Sot- Fwed li€ld RltMttldldit
tdlrda
hdi^n Cgtbil Tdten imlia (Htdwicke,
Ord6 lns.atiloro,
Fdily
(Gay, 183?) The Subbnilv Gqbilljnei Th.
180?)
*.e iddtifi€d
Soricid&; Ho$e Sht€w S,ndr
Shtes belonsmg
u!,tb
to
lh'
(Lin.a€us, l?66)'
Sh@,t ndd rblist trt (Andeuon!, l8??) sd Comon White'Toofi€d
Stuw CwAurc tu$ula (l'(]'rui, ITEO).nd btl! belo.ging to Otdd Chiopl@,
Subordd Mlcmchnoolera, Imit Ehh6lloiuid!€, Shatn_Taild B^ T.Ahdots sp
(G.!ftox 1818) dd Fmily vdp€n!lio.id!.; Hdpnch\ bngeE{ed Bat oto'r4rst'r
,errrirrit (P€r6, 1s59) qw @rd.d whil. orhd 3tudi6 sucl s Mtnoood'lf
I{ls@ €r at (2OOO) 6o..dcd tw.lv€ spei6 of sntll Mrds dd M sp€i.! or
shr* in 6e pclLrs ofb6m Nl in C6!d Punjcb (P.li$ar) sevo sp@i6 ofs' ll
@n@ls w @rded in GojF (Mlshi4-uuLss et 4/, 2007) Eighl sp€i.s of
r6/nic, M spei6 of shrGE ,nd onc sr.ci* of4liml rce foDtd in Oe p.lle$ of
Andeuonb
Drsc!ssIoN
cdlrll Puj.h,
b6n o$l in
P.risitn
(Mlnnood'ulgas .t
dl , 2007b) Sn
sPei6 or
we r.@ve@d in B.luchiltan, Pdlistin (Mushraq-ul'Hsd t' at, 2OO?) h
d& wrl4 sad sr.ll nmnds w@ r€Pond in okbhoM (B$ms'rtrd Dd
B.mgn'l6, l9l4) Twlv. p.ey sp€ie with mediun b smll odents wd
n6/mi@
b'o
docuneit d in Califonit (Fit \ le4?) Elwd sp..i6 of bsts w@ round in ihe
oei'r di.t (Pi.D.r, 19?6). Nile spei6 of nMtule wrc !@ulcd i! Cur'olh
l)@ and B6h, l98o) TMlvc sp4ies of t€"stid stull mnmrs ME
@rd.d in @|l!l Cnib (H€l@ rtd Jalisic, 1980) Four Em'Bl 3peB w'E
as2) Twtv on' smll mmmtl
dmundted AnzoM (Ft!l6b Md t uddttFr. I
'n
l 986)
sp.ci6 we id€ntili.d i. the d'et of ban owl ii Ohio (C'l!ii rd Mctsn
TMty limdliD sp*i6 (1? mtvc maltfuls sd $rc' ntrduc'd Mundt *E
@ick
oboded in
*d
Tds
Gutf
Cctil
rcd in MaviLdutnuBi
sp6i6 {@
Plain
TM
sho$rcd in N.eev'
(B*er,
nadu
lsEl
l9l
)
Six speci* of sndl
(N4ldrvda41994)
(Yon_Tov Dd Wool'
nmtn's F@
FivesdlllM hd
l9?) Sdd
rcddl sp@'6
ArsddB (B.llocq, 1998) T'n msnnalEn 3p@
sp'ci6 and 2l
nonh6lm Gn4 (Alvn4o6 dd Coulld, 199) Ninerd i&ntdabl'
nMn.lie prev eG rc@rd in d€ brh oelS di'l in Neb6t'
ftF
stare<t
ii
epnm @bpn5iig
(Hu.b.h.@ ., aa.
Nisdid ssnn' lix soall nMsls spdi's (92 2%)
94 I r% @!d'd
@$irr of rod6t3 ?6d,6, im.(ii@r6 r23% &d chioprdd
In a c@ul
(rkunk?/a/ 2OOl I Ten speca or rod€nb sd lw sh rc* wc'e enrmtEd
2Oo2) El€!" sNll ndml spec6
d
site of soulhw6ted Maurit!.s {cn&Jot
'
'l
&d Alivianos' 2003) Sevd r'<lcni
(Gouts
o
Cn*4
noflhast
in
wE disov€'.d
er al 2OO4) A total of lO snall
soeci* wG found in Bsj. Califomia (Alvda'Ca$'n&
Mnml
sp@i6
2OOo)
we
Ii
lhe
discovded in souih'm
Engltrl UK
(B'nn
al
li
'2004\'
4' o/
Comt ctre-c, Ml\€ 3@ll rommlEn 'p'ci6 we d'nsfied tBon@dd
sp$i$ Me @osniad' of stich l0 wde
2oo5). Ii Cent l Chile, trclve nmml
mnmls in thc Eros
of
(Begall, 2OO5). In Ol!e, al l6t l0 sp'ci6
oddl5
'm'lt
€ighl in Mt Hvnenns e'gnt
D.lti. 6ve ,D.cics in ?ono Llsos, *v'n sp€cies in Poude'
Islmd r@ foud in
rpdi6 in Avlo6,lh@ sp46 of sodl ndflb in Antikllnd
(12
2oo5) Di'r ofbd owls includ'd 22 sen'r
the $€ bd owl's did (Ativianos er
.snuls,
30
sdd
6
btds,
{l I
od
'l
4 adhropodt geneo),
'l$nltt
4 bi'ds,
sd
diel ofMagellanic hom'd owls iocluded
a"d l5 tnhroPo&
8o'n)
w€t€
rt!s'n&d in At ltllne
Drsc!ssIoN
Patrsoii! (TEjo er ar, 2005) Prey ilem r€pr.&nt d €dhr 3p@ies of od.nts,
'n
sourhd Sri. (Sh.bb, 2oot). sn sp€i6 of b.ts we rcponcd in Boeil (Eslti+
TAlls Md P6s6!, 2OO5) S*en odc.t spdi6 bclonsng to 3 &rili6 (Mund!.
&d SDal&id!.) wF id€ndfi.d in Nonh.m Svria (Shebab and Al Chdabi,
*4 @rd.d (NeLlmttMt\ 200?)
2006) ir Indi\ sir sp*i6 of soall
't|lttlmls
s.vd nomliu s!.o6 we i*ord.d in nonh Endod (Arkcw er al , 2007) Fouried
mlnrd sp4is wE [email protected] by bd owlt (eloding bats) in sourh@ Bstl (Scheibhr
dd Chnsnlfr' 2oo7). Iiv. !p@i6 of rod€nrs (EGJnie) P* pMt'd in sdl€lia
Cdcetid.e
'
lgio-.erysten (Gsnjon sd Tee,2OO7).lt ilE Jot&n Vall'v b@1. six mdmol'an
@otded (chans al, 2009) II M!d@'
sp.ci6 6dpri!.d 8l .8.96 6% of .ll pFv
6
"
Dist'c! T@il Nadu So hd hdit' ne sp.ci6 of nb/mi@ *G r@tded
(Smth4lriish@ et 4t, 2OlO). In Cdtnl Bar@il' nne rod€nl's spec'€s w'e found
cl4rlv
strtie 6ndud.d on lh. did of bsn owl lh€ world ovd including or studv
lMl fauna dd $' v'naro' In
d€nodrate th. vuerv of di6r pref.e@ of
fi.
'!rl!io
Foo.l
Pnf.M.6 it Btd
Oin'r Di.ll
L th. !r6dt srudy, BEr'nic. $e hund to be
bm osl dreuglout the sddv pdod BesrdB
prcttv @nnon prcv
im
of
in th€ diet
shr's otrds rn!{is baB
nmb6 Cd'Ar
in
mphib'd s wtl 6 phnr @rqial $a also found ro {).d Sood
doninlled pellcl
Ftui$ of tha ubiqu'tous Milladid nelbda sd MB tuusc'tus
h th€ pt'!€nt invostgation stull
@lldtion fron dl snldv dd in rh. pG'n ts@h
wc foud $ a tujo' pEv itqs in thc di't of b6n od Sinils obsdarions
a
v'aet) ol
mrimls
i.di@ted th.t sn4lt
mnmls
Pstbbt (Khs
(6rs/6ioe) appor is a
ar' 1994)
prcv i|ens of b'm owh
min
in cef,tdl Punjab
(M!shtaq_!l'thss'
$
ol
't
doniMr
thc
*q!
shilc shrcs
2@4I i!Blt@hi a! (Mshitq_uUrsstn er ai ,2oo?)'
ar'
(Mahnood_uLtbsss' 2oo4; Mthn@d'ul-Ha$tn et
LoM
food
Sindh,
nd,
2007.),
in
*dtal
d Sourhm
€r
?unjab
PDrlsb (N
zn6 't al
21l2r r breushout the
owt h've
snr{li6 bsed on the di.t ofrhe @nnon bM
lor s@U
mnmls
is w€ll
knosi
in Msric
bM
wld
onduct€d dd iB
Dun@6
pEfeEse
l'ng lsldd lD'vid a'd Nichols' 1935)' n
DISCUSSION
T.s
(Coy.r
.r al. l98l), in Ati4M (FM€! dd t&d@st"€r'
1932), in
(N..1&6ttM, 1994), in loulh'd Chile (lriltre 'r ar'
lslsd, (Diclnu d, al, l9la; l99lb) in Califomi' 0rs€15
M.yiLddnuai! Tmiln du
lgOI in Boullsngd
N.btuka Gruab6chtu, dr ar, 2ooo). in A4entie (B€llo'q 2000), in ine
Ng@d svens (L€totra .r al, 2ool ), i. Cuac& (D.brot " a', 2001 I n no' i6r'n
GF* (G.utts dd Aliviatos, 2OO3), in fic Ncg€v D.s.n (Toe and Yoe_Tov, 2001),
in rhe soltn-oatll intedor of Bdtish Coluobid ryan Dadfre a'd Nvhoi 2004)' i'
l95a),
ii
southm England,
2oo4),
il B@il
u.K
(Bood e/ 41, 2oo4), iD Bda califomia
(Nvue'csttnd'
et
4t
i'
califomia onsels, 199tu:
in A4.nti.. PaLSonia Gt€Jo d ar' 2005) $
([email protected]€_TaBEs Md P*sOa, 2oot),
I99sbl i. soulhm Srria (Sh.h.b, 2OO5),
Cjlla (Glue, 1971; Cmpb.ll .t al,.198?r Yon'Tov &d wool, 199?; Gorbq dd
Aliviz.to!
2OO3:
Bonrzorlot
.l a!.2@5',
Alili2^Ds
.t
ol
20051 2006),
in North'm
slri! (Snehlb dd Al Chebi, 2006) in M.viLdulhld, Indi! (Nel&@vd'4 200?)'
in sih6leh M!d.8!ts (Rso@ dd CedtM 2oo?) in ' $n€!6n 8se
ds)$d (Ctujo ud 1m@, 2OOt), i. Mrd@i Disrric! Td'l Nadu Soutnen Ld'!
(S!nhd&irh@ e, ar, 2Ol0), in Nonh.m Ubn (M!ni 2010) dd in Catrar B@'l
Eochr
?r
al, 2ol l)
sdll n@uli wc
fould
s s tuh fMd iiem
in rhe di€i of
bd
! speialnt hutd, bld owtt d. ptni@ldlv r.list on sndl nl,md popobids A
Yorl Cily
Lrse pde.r!g. ofneado{ nicc in di.t of bm owl wq' iddlili'd in New
(D€vd dd N'chols. lal5) Populltons of oddb mdnlv colion Bb werc hrgh
As
r'
oktanom (3s@saflnr md Blum!,rrfl6r, 1944) R4b aF clrylv $e dom'ndt 'Ltu
i' the pellea of bm
Banaro (B!den, l9?4). ft. hirh prcpoftion ol n4dow lole found
owl in Nortn
And@ {Pdson sd Pdson,
194?; watlace' 1948;
smifi
€r
dl'
l9?2'
EaRdt n'e
Dqrer. 19?8) Md in Euft9e (Gluq l9?4i Bucklct tnd c'oldsnith' l9?5)
(clue' 1975) The 6tton nt
re@ ih€ pEftred foo<t item of lh€ owl io Bdfth hlan&
diet of bu owr ohpnsrs
ll,is,i4dd an^ae, Ms $. tust fr.qudl pEv in lhe
Ie82i vol6 wt de
38 s9o oalhe ovmll dd h Anen! (f tuaeb dd tild4later'
n6r n€quol prey rt@. in ,od'al.m Ocgo (Bull sd AleMl! 1985) nF nish
peueE
poponion of mddow wle MEretos p.tutllwifu' l?5 ?tt foad in the
habits in
ualvz.d in |nit sildv is @npmbl. ro tunv olhd $!di6 o' bad osl f@d
DtscussloN
McIi$, re86) Po*et niE (Pensiath^ sp.) MP oe nost @6mon
pcy in @nmon bm owl's di€t i. soudm Ctlifonia d6'ns (Bsm* 1939) !t
soudeto N.$ M€xEo, bd o*b @L P.ro8tata b a grds d'gE thtr e4{@d
thite fliling io epn!. Crudro dizr sd P4Dtlsar i. .rsb.6 repr'saunve of tn'n
$udde (rory@., ai, Iscsl h rh. LrK. fietd rc16 w' fi' m6t impo@t ptev
3!ei6indrabMowl!.lierOrsis et al, 1995 ltN.et al 200D) n!'hishprcqlqe
ofMicrcer in ovl D.ll€rs hs ben Epottod in Neb6ld Gru'bschM .' 41 , 2000)' h
nontld ltsly, hvo fdilies of iodois (Micolidle and Muddr') we fte n6t 'nporidni
dd blach rat rce round
dichry @oton€i|! (Boe ed Glibli, 2ool ) Tne ho6e nou'
6. din pFy in Cu4tu (D.bot d, al 2ool) Cdbillid& dd Muddac we 'lonhMr'
EDrefilg 64 2% sd l3% 6pen@b 'n ! c@tal sirt of $ulhsi'n Mt!f,iitt!
(G@jm e, ar, 2Oo2) Ii Euope, dF Srdd whirebo$'d shres w@ shoM 6
Ohio (Corvin &d
SoImd
al
2005) s@ll
'
mndh
siSnintut pan of bm owl! did (Tavlor, 1994;
'r
in dE Nig€n& sasnnr
die(
owl's
b6ft
in
$'
[email protected]
food
n@
mio
w@ fie
(IdllE .t a/., 2ool). in d€ Nes.v D*n (IoB {d Yon_Tov 2003) in Badz'l
Nonn'o Svd' (Sn€rlab sd Al Chtab! 2006)
bi(h mu* $4'rb s,'/Jr d'Eci.d
ID Cahl Euop., rh. h'gh 6€qu*ies of soudd
greLt *titetoo6'd sbFw B foud a a
in $e diel ofbm owl (Cel!64 2OO7) Th'
20c') MNtorDt trybtutdds @
nAjor pEy itdn ofbsn owl in lrelsdlLvnsetdl
v€'Llrate in s Sth€li& lsro@3vsEm
rhe min oEy 3pci.s, [email protected] 8l 57. of sU
(EsdrLtcTsls6 !.d
P6sO., 2OOJ)
;
BMI
(Ctrelo atxl T6oF. 2oo?l Md tlwld 816''6 se dadt'd h sdlhm
wrc ncr
(&heibls 4d Chri*ofr, 2o0D kQ voL, hou* nouse tnd Tti$$t iird
a/' 2009)' vol6
ohn@ f,anid 3pdi6 in lhe tord!! Valltv, IiEel' (Ch!'l!r e'
food iiehs in rhe dier ol bM owl 'n
LVt rctut spp ) wd€ fou.d as a tmvilv dooi@t
ffeld rcles dd
NoilEn Urah (Mdi, 2olo) Th. ftsl high prdalde of comnon/
Splin (Jdcno er at' ?01 I )
s4dd high pteAka@ of agod micc MG obda€4 in NW
in rh!
sdin MidkDds ofEleLnd (Melt
Rlr!/Di& .t r Pr.Y
In
brm oql"
et
al .2or2)
l.[.!:
F@vded prcv n brm
h $e !6@t $!dv, oddts (s$/ni@) Mre rh€ nost @mdonlv
(D-l ) 64 9% in dBmd llan' {D_2)'
owl peU.ts, a@uring 86 6vo in dhdict
'dthbad
l'*@ (D-4) 95 3% i' disLid Dtdu {D_
50.9,1/0 in disf|d rrE hi (l!3). ?S l % distict
DISCUSSION
dd! (D) of lhe lobl pEv
5), ?6.1% in ov@ll
l!di$ lf ih
lin@ of FE/mie
chug'd
6rmred: drfr{ In fi( dsE cl5 6 bdse hlb ob.l@lrry' ed and Egd
(mv b€ du. lo @losicd chdgs) ln a previous studv of the ban o*l! di'r in Paldst'n'
dJnia we .lso lh. msr c.|l@n pEv found in pell€ts' lJ 4?% in CtJa o'tushbqul-sisg .r al, 2oo4), 91.9e/6 Blvoi@ in U*s Mnhd@d, Bal@hisbn 0''I6htiq{r'
al
Hssd .t al, 2OO?), 840,6 nMmdis bons !n rlw Sindh (KJtu et
(Malnood'llH6s ct
Ets/mid h sodbem Plij.b dd eu$6t€m Bddhsun
'/
2
?%
odenF
a' 2000) sid
2OOft). 2?.5% h Cohl Pujlb (Mahhood_ul'Llars
'n
1994''13%
"
al 2012) Sidildlv. in studics ffon otlahom 6?% @non
'
(Brung'rhd dd B.ungan's, 1944) in Est Lsing M'chgan
Sodbdm ?uoj.b o'lad@n
dts s@ dominst
er
Bthm!' 76 5% 6ls (Bud6'
*re ober'd (Hdd and
1974), in Chil. dd Spain, 95 5% dd,5%, 6pdti@lv
cottoi d (slrtodo'
talsic. l98O) 96.1% toddls \@ @lAined sd ?l'270 hispid
,r,tlrr) wc dooindl food itoN in T€s (Govs dr 4l l93l) 88 2% llll@Nl @
% tlE iott n€quqr pov in the dier of
6t (s']q,or',, ad')
n@Drls
we [email protected]
ob6*€d bul
lhe
to be 9s.93% (W.llac', l9l8), in
@nu
bm owl.omprisitg
3s 8olo of1h. ov€oll diel D Arizons
r982I 9.8% o.knls in soulh.m chile (ltiart€
Tdil$du (Neli.mv&d, lgq)
nonh6l.m Glt@ {Alivizdos dd
94% in
"ar'
(FrMeb dd Ldddsklv'r'
l99o)' 99l9r'/' in Mlviladuthlrd
C'lifon'a (lngels
Goutncr' 199), Ivlannals
l95r) 9% oded d
tod66'
msupials snd
aresg.27 r_rooq. of the bEl prev found F p'll'ts olb€m osl 'n
(Debd ?t d/ 2001r' h 6c
ArsahD (B. cq. 2!ool 61 2'a Edm& u Curoo
zr' 2001)' i' the N'gd
Nisdiu svMM, 76010 Fd.db ofioid pt v aroic (Lel@' et
D$trt 9610. nmntls (1016 $d yon_To\' 2ooll '40o rcdenE In nonndrm
(Bond a al
Gl!@ (Cnuh.. &d Alivialos 2003) s@/o in sou$cm Enshd U K
(vd Daon' &d Nvhoi
2m4). 96.4% in t[. soulh.@tal inBio' of Bril'sh Colunbia
*F 96.40l. io Catll Chile (!€gall, 2OO5), ddenll 6stit td 85'5%
t6rs) repre.nutd
2OO4),
e
rcdenb
'n
Bdeil {Eserlat''Tivae a'd P6s6r'
sdhd SFa (Sh€hrb. 2oO5) S6 ?% rodo6 i'
,$5\ 94.9/r i Cqtlt Glg. (Bolz!d6 a
al
, 2!&5i ia Crc@' 9e4 sntll
de in Mt
in th. Evrcs D.lit" 9?% in Pono Lasos, 92% i' Polido' 92%
'@nds
(Aliviz'ios et a/ '
ttyn€tts, 96% b Avlonc, 83% i. Anti4ahe6 lsland wE r&rded
Svnt'
2mt. 96.6% rcdais Aa.nlin. Ptt ronio (Iqo a a' 2005) Nortnem
'i
o{t\aB
cclitlr.d \@
'n
86 9./. rcd€nl5 in tha diet of
bm owl
(Sh'hab Dd Al Chtdbi
DTSCUSSION
(68/nie) we preMt in ! Sthel'an asto_et3rfl (Gnnro'
Bdtl lscherbler dd
98 /o bdsu ftft d'r'd'd r eulh€m
2006) 85.890 rcdds
d<l T@c,
2OO7)
Cbrision 2OO?) Iour sp.c'.s of mtds'@
56 8_3t
6%
*rc
obs'ned dunns lne Einv
(oo Md 718" dunn8 dt
6s
ie$n and dm.8 the dN:son bur bulsm6ll msmll'
Mldlsaq {Rsom md
dm) and dD sqsn @.Glrmtled 'n southGEn
6tE Do$ connon roddrs sp€'6
G.odmt! 20o?). In in€ Jodd vallev, I5@l
?' aI 2009) rn Madu6'
F€v @tden (Chliet
sn![ nMhah Eodeni'" Ls&rivoa &d
Disrrc! Tanil Nadu, Southed India S5 5%
93'lo smlr
dr al 2010) l' Nonhd Uhl\
comgri$d ?2.9'lo to
8?
8% of
tll
* ,*rd* t**ealrishnd
'
91670 soall @ddtt wa
B'@il'
"nt.or"*,
Coml
In
2Ol0)
Ot4ttt
.*"r, *t" "t.*a
rcor&d (Roch.
Stl!fl !
Ii
tha
et
al, 2ol I )'
PilY h B.m Osn
prMt 3l!di6
0 5vo
lti'l:
*E
shras
lound and @nb'oins th@
tuMb wnib
,,"^'
s!46' Jldr
n'qu6cv or
63% in Goin
in Puojrb dE
:";;;;. ;;
thicn s
^cdi"'E
rons or bsn owr's did
o,'
;;;;;;;*
"" 65% in caral Puja! (Mal$@<l'uut$s 'r d/ '
'"
l'
lM*r*"''t*60 2eo 5!,@
:: ::-1";*-' "*,'Pu'rab (Mdrmo'd'ur'Hs$ ?'| a/ 2007!' Plnr'b and
sr ai 2or2' 1a4o 'n sou'n'm
o'd'en
Punra!
;";'''
;;;;;:';
2oo?b' E( r@d€d sinirdrv
4
4/
(Mnhnood{r-Has!'
ffi;;;;;;;"
(Golt'd dd Ariv'a@s'
m rcnhdtm c'ce
E@rd'd
@rc
ii^ r-^- "0,
re30) d
spain G@n a'd rersic
eudEm
ii
;;i;t" t'.*t'"* -"bubd
(BonE nGda/ 200t) 20% shre{'g
3%
:;;;.;*-*,
;";.;;
wF roud
'5
(Bond'ra/
2ooa) r2 )%
r
ne r"rsFn-
sv*a rl'kunu
"*
:;;;';;"'-"*^5":li
?.*"J::tr:'l"J'""::l:
BlbdBF
;,;;;rd ;:;,.,,",. .h"*,.,*":
:.5:;;::.f":"#ffi;
cetll
lcd|d
(MdhEq{FrBu
));'
;;,
;
T@rc' 2oo?I
"
o
9%
siE ot rol
-"'"".i''lY.:::',::':"#",,,J'":i
Tdil
l[od€d in N&d!@ Drsuio!
2010)
dt
N6dq South'd
DISCUSSION
Erlt
r
Prcy io
D@ Ocn'r Di.rr
bm oel in pr6dt ot6w'riotr otd'r chnoPEd
i!.brLd rF h6rs sp.ci6 rhicr' w Oto4EEtu lenpnAti at Iaphoba $ (0e )
2007a),
rhb is sinilu to, 0.3-?.7c &uxl it CatDI Pujtb (M.hnood-ulEa@ er al,
2% in @tzr Pujrb Mthnood-llrb$o .t al, 2m0), 04% in Usit M!!etrd.
B.lo.lisLD (MEhq{LElss €, dl, 200?) @d.d in lhe b@ o*l! did Sidilat
ihc loBl o..eM of b6ts spcoi€s 2% wE rcpoli.d in Ban@ (Bud6, 1974)' I 64%
B
5
w.
n€gligible in lhe did of
slre fturd
r B@il (Escdl.leTasGs
Md Pcss6t" 2oo5). 3.lolo
wE
6timal4d
'n
$e
N$m.n sa\Ma OekuM ?ral 2OOlI,I2oi 4rc obse^ed m CuoaorD€btol4r4/'
2ool ), 0.4% Me @td€d in island e4s of Cnee (Aliviatos t, d/ 2005), ive sp€i4
ol ot46t Chitor)tn: MompE8.ltgubit, Ch@el'hu btcogtte\ MoPs le@tigtu
r
^d
sts6i6m Mtdasls (R4ou snd Gsdm 2O0?), rm sp'ci6 of bots 0 5v' *r'
d.t.t d in so hd BEit (Sch.tbLt dd Chtdotr 200?) four sp€!i6 or b!$
Epl6at d 7.1% of ('{xnlm@ in . Slhclis sgtostst€n (G4j@ ed TmG'
2o0n bd do rctalt einds O!t) l4 i&iti6€d iom tne l€@iG ord' hdn Nl
Ob@@ nbltagps@ndtit
Mob$idae hdet'
7
2-r931/r
*@
dis@Y'rod
hisiBi om@@ or btll sp'd6
Fllets (Cddim dd Tltoffom, 1998), sl,it. lhc
@npns.d 56.6010 of tne di.t of $. bld owls in AtS.ndE (Bello€q 2000)' 2'2% bctt
we ob6fl.d Mrdnr D'rhc! TMil Nldu SoudEm Indra lsdthanatnshM 'r a/
'n
2010)
lird! uPdr hE
m
ovl'tDi.lr
lr@ obened in ln' bm owrb
di.r is siniLr to r.torts in dE pr.vio!! !nl(li6 in Pakn6 O 8' l l l% birds @@ found
runjtb (Mlhn@d_
in C6trl Punjab otahnod-ulnsqi .r 41 200?a), l e'lo in @nd
ulll.ls .. rr, 2oo7b) 5.1% in @ ttl PMrtb (MdtDod-ut_Hars dr' 2000)'
In $e
pt6di stdt
24.r%
i! s@ih@
tn€ low fi€qudcy of bn{s (5.8%)
Pudjlb
44. 2oo4), 13% itr Usta
(Ndm.,
aa,2ol2). I 52%
"
Goje (Mshlaq_ulrb$tn
'n
Muhrimd, Bdo.,thiin (MEhaq_uLE6o rt 41
t'
200?)'
Sinild Epois nob olhr p6rte of tn. snd inclld. I ot'6 r'nds *€r Mrd'd in Eat
t4sine, Michige (Wslle. 1948), I?4% @€ obsry€d in Balda (Budd, l9t4)'
1930), 2'4% in
3 6% ed 4l% in Chile &d SPain, rcsp4tiv.lv (He@! md lalcic.
DrscussloN
dl, lgsl), I s% in ohio (C.lvii dd McLiM' 1986),0 2% n south€n
Chib (Irilrte.r ar, l9o), 5 8% in mn!6i.m Gr*, (Alivizros dd coum'r, 1999)
NisEnd
0.2% in Mayihdulhusi, lmil.ldu (N4hoBtu6 l94) 416 in dc
eveB g.hrM ,r 41, 2ool), 30.5% io Cu'!@ (Debror dr 41, 2001), 0 5% n th€
N.!.v D6d { f@ .rd Yom_Tov. 2ool) a" In nonh@len Gee lcolb6t and
T.B
(G.y.r
et
Alivizltos,2oolt
l
l9%
h B@it (E!c.ttateT!@ dd ?s6a
2005)'
696
r
e!n!d Syria (shdt!b, 2oo5), 1 5% in Catd CtiL (B'g'tl. 2005) r 9'lo 'n C'!r6l
Ccd (BonE 116 ., al., 2005), I r_16% in 'slod t@ of Gre@ (Aliviaios tt ar'
1
2OO5). 1.5%
Nodhch Syna (Sheh.b
't
(Cndjd
ed [email protected]
ssltst.n
ud
Al Chanbi, 2006), I 8% nr
2oo?), O?%
bt& w€
a
dcieded in
$l'lis
'go_
eu6'n B@'l
(Schciblr and Chrisrofr,2oo7), t*tlvc sPei6 of AvE *G obsw€d duflrs th' n'nv
(4.8p/.) dd duinS rh. dtY s6on (r lvo) EE disvercd in e!$slem
las
Mlrhsrss (R!em| sd GoodMi.2oo?), fou. sp@'4 ofbnds pict'dd &d BGl\
rh' bam owrs
lgso). but no Voldt dinah (birds) w€c id@tined ftod the rcmai's or
of bids (253%) wc
{Goodtu &d lrbd.@, 199q, anib thc high fr'quacv
355%we @d€d i'cld' 12Ne
ga@ found in Bdm! (Budd, 19a), 3 spFi.s of bids (10 6%) @€ ddunot'd ''
tuirona (!6reb and Lsd.nshver, l9s2)' 24% bnds in de diel of bam owl
Mrd.d
in
rrs
Sinlh
((h& etdl,
1994)
@mon prov of the
{Alrviar6 ?t aI. 2OO5l. brtds (mge = 06l ?oo, we s@ndsv
b.n or'l\ di€t in Atgdtio (B.ltocq, 2OOO) In MadlBi Dbinc! Tamil N!d!' Soulb'n
04%
hdi!,2.27. bn{rs wc obetue{t (S.nth@kishnd eral.2olo) !t CentEl B@il
bids
w.
lnt.l,
@rded (Roch!
€r
4l
,
201 I )
.r Pi.t h B.n Osl" Di.lt
Inv@bEte
Emm
l@st
CaFll
r
6e lom oI rBar &igtrtrE
in
lssBird
wi|h
bdr d'pdrE
in
p@ot snidv The @d
lh. dict of b@ owl Eguryit &d pellere we ale found in th'
The ptdtloc' of
for rh. p6oce of this dth@po<t ft.lenal t nidrlv @njetuEbh
0 l% 66$ wE
insdt Drcv itm s lo.8'ld tbtd.d in lhc pt6at studv StmiLrlv'
d in
Prnjab
(Mrtmod'ulHlls
e'
al
2OOO) o lolo
ilsB *@
'outd
ii Colid !uj.b (Mlnn@tl'uLHa3s aal,2ootu) ?7o insd w€c staEd in soull€h
dd l'5% inv€i'bnil Fft
?uojab O&nnood.ul_8.sss eral,2oo?b) 1.5% Dsd
F e also folnd D orhe'
E@rd€d in rnwr Sindh, 6nd., ai, 1994) sinils 6ults
DlscusstoN
plns of $c mddj l 3%
ed
4.6%
invsEbte
fl
w' @rd'd in Chilc nd Sprd
$d
GLrt6 sd Jalcic, I9SO) 2 10,6 iMts include lw 3pdi6
Me reporld itr Cu@
in nodlBi.rn GE*! (Alividd tnd Gorttd lgg) 3 4%
(l'h@ tt
(D€b.ot,r at, 2OOl) 0 4% ins41s wF pl6@Ld ib th€ NiStti!f, ewi'
et dl 2004) 0 7 '
al- 2ool ) 9.270 wE Eported in Bda C.lifomit (Atw€_c5dan&
'
sp@i6 of
rhE
at,
2mt'
a
(Aliviatos
diswEd it i5led !@ of G!@c.
0.6010 s
2oo5) Inse'1s (Actidid'e) wcrc
ins61s l.?% res @o'ded i. sou$@ Svi' (shehab,
In Coml
olgar I 2% tr Catol Cree (Bon@dc ?r a/ 2005) o 7!' 6 ob*F'd
M' found in Nonhd Svn!
Chile (B.!dl, 2OOt. 3 65010 wd swd sp*i6 of inscrs
24 3vr w're t$tdct
(Sherub dd Al Clunbi, 2006) Ttu€ ,!.ci6 of iD*15 3 ry' 'nd
Mdlgrs {R@s ud
during 6iry &d dry s.as Gpeti*lv in elthc|En
sslc-t
G.odru. 200?) Inve&bd! Mai6 wrc foond i' lh' fom of cdb and
ls?41 2% dltrogods
fi'aendrs h llwirtrd slh boie de!6'E d Bsn'm Gud@
*
w€ si8.d in no.hc$tem Cii!4 (Goulld dd Aliviar's 2o0l) l 9elo Dipodidae
(G6joi et at 2002) Bet es
snnsr€d in a @stst sit€ of louthrc€o M'uriliia
12%
we slb fo@d in p.lLts i. slhcd Eneland UK (Bond et dl' 2f]o4\
le32) Four
CMtacs (Csvfblt) B ob.rvcd h Anas (Fsnz@b sd lnudoskavd'
dd BEsh 1980) bul dE insds lhal wr€
lhetls of sEils l* disvecd (Dickcmd
espechv.ly
iddtiff'd
wilh tlaps (Lop'zFomor tnd
abudlnt in th. p.lLls wt! vcry diffiouh io optuic
I'dia' Coldplen (0 9/o) and
Urbeo. 197) h M..lus Dissicl Tdil Nadu sou$em
zi 20t0)
Isootqi O.4%) ot insrs wE oh6d'd (S'dndttdshd
"
ADphibir@
s
Pr.Y
it Btd Otl'! Ditt:
(Mtrnood_ur_
in Punjcb 0 3olo
h $e pr66t snrdi.s I 5% fbss wt' E@rded wllile
€t a] 1994)' J% n
'
HA$ .t al, 2o@) 0 5% sphtubDs if, L*r Sindll (Kn@
inddG
stud'6
Olnd
o|h*tn &loch's6 (lvllhmd ul_HEw tt d/ 2m?br
w€r ab6ol ii centol Chil€ (H'rcu
3 ?% lsDhibi.ns in soutlFm Spaii, anphibids
(ttt!@ er4l 200lI08% 6
&d llbic, l98o), ll% in thc Nigpru $vrs'
4'n in isla'd t4 ofct@e
nofln*iod C,ttd (Cou$d lnd Al'viald 20or) o t/o_2
(N€elardvaM' l99r)
(Alivizlt6 .t ai.. 2oo5), l 2% in MEvil'duthu6i' T'n'lmd!
n't csdtu 2oo7)' 099' in
22.8n0.t'6 in sd$i.n Madas6q {Rlsctu
DISCUSSION
Mldudi Disfic! Tamil Nadu, Soulhm bdi. (S!.iisakGbm
w. FFrt d in c.trd B@il (Ro.l'! ./ z, 201 I )
Bn
H..r Mrt.ril ir
et
al
2010)
sd
| 2r/'
Osl't DLl:
@od.d Sihildlv it s 0 2./o i' LoEi
planl nit'nal
Sirdt (Ktie et ar, 1994) on lhe oha.hed d.te s no evida@ of ev
lt6dt
h th.
h
di€r in
In oth€r
@wrid,
5 50,6
R.ptI6 lnd Orn.r
@e
PruY
a/
2OO?a:
2OOft Murhl,q_ul_tbss
pldl @l.rid ws ftpMttd
B.j4 caliromit (alva@cabndt
R@irks
w
ti.l
(M.hmood'ul'tl,t5s .i
bsm o*,l s det
2OO4: 2OO?).
ot
snrdie 2.s% phnl
et
i'
th€
?r
bM
al
owl3
4l' 2004)
rt.Drt
nor found in
$€ bm owl! did in tlE
pt6ol
strd16 dd pEviou 3n]d'6
6duct d h PdrisE. whe'6 o0EB 3td'6 w @ducEd 'he FF'|6 we ob66'd
b h. O.s4% lizid! (ButLa, 1974), one sp€i6 of . Epllle 6 demined (Diclms
ii ArSdlid
srd B6b. lgso) SMt6 e.l ig!!N EE foud in pell€b of6e b6m owls
(Bellocq, 2OOO} 1.5'ld
*4
@rded
r
lho
Ec
rQod.d in Cul'@ (D€btot tro1,2001) l 604vo @plili6
\rgdiM
!.t!M 0rkl@
tr
al
200
|
)]
29'
epli6 we &EGd
D6e4 GoEs md Yoi-Tov, 2oo3) lo4% rcplilG Me shtcd in ilLnd
of Gre@ (Aliviatos €r al, 2OOt) 0 3% liA& wE @rd€d i' Nodhm Stti'
'@
d/' wre obe{ed dunns
{Sh.i!b ud Al Chrobi, 2006) Tw 5t..i6 ol regiilB 0 2-0
(Raona ed G'odiM
6iny rels an! dry s€as, in solhwest€m Mad'ga$d
in
te
N€gev
th€
Sroll n@upob w.c spBoted 2l 8q' bkd bv bam owls In Ag4lim
Chile
(Bell@q, 2mo) I I s% tuupials &d o 6% lsgoooDhs Me obse €d in CdEal
2OO7)
(B.sdl,
2OO5). o
l% epdlca
h.tia (Srfih.n&ish@
in
c..t!l
srldt
of
al,
r@rded in lvtldlDi Dism€t Tamil Nadu Soulh'n
2OlO)
t
8v.
nsupids dd
O qel"
re9tl6
w€
rQon'd
Baroil (ItoclE ., aa, 2ol I )
Rrar/[id.' g.in:
hu @
od€nts sFcis Tbi
IE lEhctu6
dilf€rdn
er
s*
of
sodi.d
'n
sm.
tod'nrs
ed foud
r€s@ch hd bef, prop6ed to
cutcle paem
66
in
dsnbe t'€ mo stru'or6
DTSCUSSION
of roddts hciB. In
p6al
fl
3trt16' ln. adrpdve sisni6@e of thc haiB or curEl|d
!6ndro ofh.i6 of sone rcd.nt-Fev sFd6 ha
b'd obs'dd
ed
Th. hai6 of 6!/ni@ s@ @ll6Gt fton dE Fllclt of btm owl for snrd'a
sle
@pded 619 nfetde b@Lc Md l@rue ln th€ p 66r studv oncdu
prev
ldtm ofg!.rd h.irs of one noh ach spdii€n s'iples of @ch spei€s of tlle
3n difrGEnt
v@ s$d,€d und.r d €leion d6opc (Plilq 43) fte snldv 6Fned
Millatdia @lbda MB
sD.ci6 of EE/mia; satdi@rd beneal4sis Nerl/;i4 indi@
peiod N'venhel6s' lhE
nusuh6, Rlttos frn6 ad htero ,dr& dlri'g lhe rcsarch
rhe b&n owls di€t
b. uetul for idrtificirion of ottdi@ sP6i6 in
sndv coul.l
lu'u .@in in the bam o 's diet na@ ta@lv b*n studien'
inis gap In 6' plt91 snio6' tn€
snd th. i4sk of lhis in6tisltion ss 10 Mk€ up for
Me c@ircd unds ihe
inot ssid of th€ qniolin pltleh of Ednie h!i6
prepded $d comp6'en Ltry
'}e
mrcosoe ed laF on th€tr pnoomK'olrapb *er'
pr'pned
KF
*h'ch
pholoanphs
rltEne lrldc ed @f,pdtd cma th' efeme
iid66pv (sEM) l@ &3qib€d
by M!shLq-!l_H!s& (19E6) &d.adirs eledo'
damialid hans Culicl6{tuctuF
€ls.whcd for $e stutv of cuticle situ'tur€ of
sD€i6 and th' dnor
p6ft.G of h.i6 wd us.d for iiro id€nificatron of ftanrul'd
nf shflBl hti6 h8c bed
iddii€d 3a5 ffotulio sp6i6 Mogholoeral fotui6
od eYplodlrd of a pFdtior drel
widely uF! for d{ufi@lon ol Dd@htn sp{B
on
te
r'lDle, rhe odem!
(Chdos, 2oO2) ft' stuci@l f@NB of namntlian haiu sc
rov b' us'd lo d'nt$ d' spci6 6r
sbdtcd !o hsv. i lltobonr esrlnde dd
spmes Md
odou Tn€.rchieM'6 4 ,tudrcd dd foud rn drfTeed rodd '3pare'
vd6 in difcdn s!'ci6 DtB
h.i6 .n l r.!l@ @ticle psn F (sr'r6 b't*@ sdl6)
m'in srlctud of spine 4d ban io h€lp
stody ts bcn pop6ed io exPltin in'
2OOl) The olicle ol th' hatr'
idddffstiot of prcrtator di€l (Ch€mova ud Kuetsov'
r' homv ospent
*h(n b rB our.mll ineguol sd *hch 6 onpos'd of
oftwogdcd kinds
pl.i.6danultibdeoffoms Thec iobrsol6 ofthehliB dc
viz ovore' &umna&i 'io'8!@'
d$ iibti@i6 6d rhe oronal Five el4'ntal vdelis'
ol.
in 6en fidd
Th6 tdanfiqn@ of
c@te dd n.tl.cd hlvc b@ @gris€d (Hasm 192a)
is vtlublc d'haMmdls b
6t!l@li6 s9@i6 bv nmsclid lui6 i' th€ s"t ttultss
qnich @ b€ provid€d h€lttul infomtion on $e bm owrs
dE odnictable iochrqu6
DIS(lUSSION
Er!-
Thc htics ssucturc it polvmotpbN dd
Ptldad (Btlmd dd CoM' 194)
breds Sooe
My signifiondy .litrc. in phvlogm.tollv cl6' 3pdi6 suFspei6 'nd
of $e snrdied empl' (Nob&k
of iB fdtut6 haw dagnosri. value in idotifiQtion
dr.ls.
l95l)
lloll!tl&
! ofRrrt.rd Mie:
of wn'd re
&d ldg. Ets/nia spEnl a vuelv of 'nfdnod dis@: msv
diss4' @!n!niot' food'
*riors lrd o66 of lhe disas, hlw doppilgs lhtt sp@d
dl'l tsnn db4t' Bh'r
o' b. arfi6 of fl6, !cts, ti@ Dd nit6 (d1o'p'sit6)
(\'flF)' Wcil!
ss aG SnoN s eri6 of b{bdic plarn' Vinl hemdn4ic ftvd
htw
dts*, Q-f.vo. crtTcpondosis sd t&t6vr6 pulmonarv ssdon' dr!.s)
@ humds hrough dq nou*
sho btr mfe8.d bv fl6 ltfflllrru" d'sa$ spead
chilh heldehe' Busea'
dreppin$, Hdtavrrus sttptoG inclqd. n6t @mon
"ver'
d rhe 3@nd rus 6tu6
.tdonin l &d b&k p{4 l8ir.s tom 3'7 d!t5 Md a
Dd ! wilh oind
rn{nn l on lh. tg.icul&d n ld, ir pr.fa lo live cto6' to hunus
3€i6 of ni@, lh. ddga of mou* dopPinst onnnitlting food $d sPedns
wll6 sls chcw and tfittd
disar. mk6 @se bf6Ltiotr t sdiou pobld Mie s
wlL, 0006. dd .ledti4l wi6 !@enc rbnmg fiEs b6!d6 cdrirg
Borh 3@ll
tumrtore,
a hallh
$€ peple Otr.t rod'ois in th' fi€ld; rhe mesdo* vol' ec
of de{ tictsl i5 Asou fo' spr€ditrg Lvne d'se
rhr.lt sd idatrned s
inf.oion
or
dis4e
in
did
B.n
owls
@
pi€datos
ol sdll
sMo'l 3pdi6
(s!'cislv dgni@) v!rcb @
I
&a'datu bensokn$
@ned.t d hAmtur for asndlnrre and 4rc_ror6w 'uxJ'
fttldd tnd TaM i'di@
N.so*ia ittdtu, Rtras tdtu. M6 nlltqlut, Mlludit
plErdlod d dord'd in Dt6at 3n!B
*no$ to d|mgp dops ed v@s
tt'
lE
@ 6 stry
Illri..tute. C.lonvs lalAL' Otigortwts fuvwt ad Atto'td
gr'i 1995)Dd
!.riow huos discs sucn s Hantaviro pulnona'v sv'dioi' Gais
availab'hv of roosdns sit6 for
henorh.gic f€vd (Knv6iz €r a/, l9s6) ln'Eaing
of C'loDF
[ploii.l bid5 in cop fi€l& tBult€d in de'@sed snonnm !b6d4@
!n'r h'b't!t
?.!.ra {Bcltocq ud Knvelz l9l9o) SimiLr 6ulb M€ fo$d
bor6
aneeMl for ptldabb r pne Pldrnc (Munoz ed MuM l99ol sd n6l
DISCUSSION
w.tul tool 1o indas Poduclivitv of b&n owls in agrcstlt's of
Arsqdo (B.llocq sd (Evda r93i B.llo.q 2000)
h.vc
bd .
As. C.l.gori6 ol
Rdt/oi..:
SdcEl n€iho<ls fo. detefrining tlD
agp of
.ninak
in litttltuE !'bgc cheg$
'xist
Mirht difrer€icca, bacule cluBclds, crMial diodsioo dsiidtion ofballte cic hlve
nd@ls liLe
h6n N.rtto dnblbh !s. gow ir BiN Lind, of &i@h B!! in s@[
sia i' 2_3 Gt5 sft€r
rh. nio. {hrcn bi..& alnost ihDlrlDut dE vd rnd sttth adllt
p'titfr of dole €oplion &d the
de binl! lh* cii6tit e of limited use How@, the
€l *w found 6wh 16 $riabL lhd $'l of bodv go*rn; n ltl.4 rn3t
. of ioolh
h 6is s$tlv &re
ttc looh Dan m teh.iqu. i3 n6t b.n licialthd ot'r l4nniq!6
d ihe bsts of lhe @$ w4
196 eEgoti6, 3ub_adull adult Md old @rc 6Ebl6h'd
em Ecr'oi@ (PlaG 36) ln PlB4t sudi! 6tcbhsh'd ,le lsc cLs: r!.ttdn of
pttEm ot bod l@ @ $' @l6al
sbrduhcbs,2_ adultcl$ sd l_ old cl6s b) $'
found to prcvid€ d'fi'n've
$rfr.cs ofth. moldifom t .lh of dif'rd nt/nie fld
ridit
fot 66bli5hi.g age
adult 1243(6r.5%)
sFi6.
size
6lrs.
al.s Ih' lveage A'q6cv
sd old 6rs/ni@
w
469(23 2%)
irtcnnic<l bas.d
d
wE
6{3ub{duh
s
310(15 3%)'
found dlring studv R!6r'm'@
rtolar bo'6 (Bello'q |nd XEvtiz'
1933
)
dd sp€linc nondoLtuft of $e noLt sier is 6soli6l io 6cilitate
in h' dom 356 sl-llls ol Tdte4 indi@
{h6qion@ oftu.hr46 &xsciai'd *i!r sg€
mhnhn led snd
{q. @ined u&' th. bd@ls lo nol. dE d€gt@ of wg' oi
Stuc$e
$e sifucuE
clNs Me stablilh.d on lhe b|sis of wd ln vouS sp!cir@'
dc pttrom
spe'n@ ihe @m
of usm mlNnfom te.th B pr6gr In oldd
'@
the adjacat fol'ls In
do*
of
anh
o'lgc
absion
shapcd shich on tuflhd
fivc &ge
d didond_
onlv slight *d In wsr
ondture), $€ cusps of tho nola6 sho$€d
dd l@he bdwd the @sDs dieppc{'d In
2 Gub{ddo, lhc @sps 6 Ml .,d tvE wo
Th'
*d clas-3 (Ad!lt), th€ folds of upF nolts had l6se tusv'M l&6 d lh'n
\@
clas
olsl
5 (old) nols
t*o l.l@ ofM3 \@ @n0uot In w'ar cls4 sd
'xtds've
fou ae€
(
dd@in'd
19?5)
6pesly in lh. ld.r dls (z5M! 195) Siniltlv lqbal
eps{'.'lv on $' b$sis of
ch$s oIM6 ,6d',r dd lt'd bodug! w t@gt'ittd
qirh ine upper
r4 on lh. noldfom redh patien Clss_ I conptised uimls F
showd
DISC]USSION
odlsd l.*t Ii
@ulBI
tal; mol6 sho$€d ct{ didde of wd$ough$e @mel h ch$-r' @r 6
qtdsiw In cla554, rhe csF wE o'ipLElv mm 6d lh. com foft'd n ed
ft.iltds sur66. MBht q-ut-r&ss tt z/ (2oO?) dcLmin'd five !s' €teaon* or
Itl relradd .fll lh@ ,s. at6goti6 w@ id.nli6.d bv tn pt[.n of la on ih' Ml6l
solsr O43) hld nol
snn
to lh.
clN-2, M1 isd tbin'd
tc.th fiom the FIbE of snorr4@d owls vd d'r str&rq
(l9so) d€L{iFd i'orh c@ ofM..tonlt inditiduh and io 6ihat€ rour age cla$s; 0
Gr&lon
6uv€iilc), I (toug !dult), 2 (.dux) .nd 3 (old .dux), b6ed on the @ieepn6
dd TsoE (2oon Atinaied looth @r patlM ind skulb n'
surh@r ofthe
mlsifom
owl Simi'ls ro Lla$tuts hubefi ihto th' fo$ class M
p'lLt
@luAl.d thrtugh @ltsis of ioot @r of prcv sp€ci6 rttich 'emi6 in tF
spl6. B.Io.q (1998) dotediied lhAl ag. ol6s G nor pdsibl€ in eme ca6
fron
smiN
in llre p€lleE of
B.s@ and Bes (1980) penn'd ror wd
clss idFtfi.d by in. ddrd p.rt mt of Ba"di.c'ta betgale6is Nd Nev*it ituIi@
Roddt' P@ clu$i6ed ilro 6v. ioolh ve 48. clar6 hul l-2 @' @ai&nd
b6os
lh.
nold wrc absdt or bokd
dsidld€d .dulrs (R@ht., dl 2oll) Gtujs dd Trut
{2oon sbr€d dtst .rt!h 6dni@ wrc turvet domiffit food ditgory in lh€ b6m
oel! diet *{ile youg ,{r'ar,m/J ,lbtlr Ms stonglv obseded domi@i r $' bah
o*l'i diel s a De6dtial @Bmpion. AdlI oddls @v u* nore hicoh'bit'ts wilh
juhil6' dd 3-5 M.
dds
wgerdtion (Dickmn
tr.t,
l91b) md nov€ shon{ disrln6
wdd
1994)
juvoile ed
P.datioo risk. In @'ra!
b. not€ wlnesble ro pEdlrion $m voueq adulis (Bdlocq,
ths dispdins juvaiks od hda fec
oldq in.livdBls
(vNllo
a
low
l98I
Ss Cd.eori.3 of R|6/nic.t
&dl. ds/mic. wrc stdi€d bv lhe sbaF of pelvrc boB io
Minc the s ditr @6, it is fou.d dlx in Eoat. rcd.ns ! sqaonm of th' Puh6
(i... thc pubic atnphysi! E8i6) 0@6 dunnS g6t lion gdiod dd lhi5 is di6{v
€N€{t by Fx homo.es. h th. ce of mtl. todd! Pbic svnphvsn is absr a'd In
f.male rcd€fts tn. pqbic ayophylis is p..qt (Duimi.e" 1955) on lhe bais of lh*
h
laat
sMies hale dd
snl(ti6 w€
@
4
y
dmin.
and id€nti& lne
sde
of ode'i pEv spei6 fodd
r
th'
DrscussroN
lelleE ni€ !v.68. frequdcv of mal.
w6 lodd during t@nr strdY
969(54 4vo)
ed ftntle
flI
814(45 6%) 615/mrce
pr.d.io6 Mv .lso diff€Enrialv clNn' difddr sd d rs'
lubtl' cfidts on pdv
@np@6te sihin pop!l$6 of pt v spei6 md haw
rod'nrs bv owls
popuhtion dyndiB lot @nple sl.cliw prqbtio' ol tule ot f@de
r@rcducr'on'
(Longled ed Jeikirs, l9s?) @v skew popll6rion sex 6tios Md disru
Ias ob cly,
vids
sl..riv. !ted!i16 of
@hs9kuous or
doni@l individ$ls mv
d'stupt o€
pEd'1o6 EudV nk'
po$lation 3.4id tlucflre (Roberb $d WoUe 19?4) Conwcdv
habihrs md
subordioE individuds $!t Mve bdi tansfered to trboptidl
sirly
ofpr.dldon @ n'glislbl€ (Eftinsloi' l9l2) Padalou @v
populsion ond ml6 q old
h@l $l6t'v.lv for €ithq ldg€ ind'vidu.ls wiiio a
juvdile (Mt'r' sid
in.lividuls Mo@, l gso) or for snrll4 indiliduls offd fen'16 or
m'xi6iz' lh' at€ of endsv
19?9i Monis, 1t9) to ninimiz. hditlins ri.B ad
6s
thal
d.pcsi* .ftcs
Hosue,
ae
intsrc P&dabu @v &o hur !t lin6 or in nicrohtbitlG wh'E lhev
r6t l*.ly b a@uq pR-v (H@gob@h ?r a/ la34' lh' d@uE' 6da of
pre! vnnin
dho5h Dsd.ios bis rhen pEv seldtion iowds tarS€r ud oldd
r clafion @
popll.lDie, whsd cruBDg Pred.bu ulc populaton @mPondB moE
or
$lrid
lheir
abuds@ (Grahe' 1935)
In th.
pEgt
stutty
tn
Btsr'mi@
imodiot b@6
in $€
bm owls pellets wr
ctss Ning th. sul dim4bnn in eee6l 3h!pc 6 tLo d'sdib€d
momdb bon6
b, DlMiG{l9tt) S.c of od.nl 3p&rd le 'dahfi€d hs€d d
e.pdrled itlo ex
(Bdl@ &d Knv.tt, 1983) Sexul dinolphism of ihe innomhlt' bo'6' m'xng sq
Cleinmoflts
detenitunon posible, in MEtutut ptnntrl@dt swptM't'
P'tonw6
(Cit',td^y, l95r'), Mictutos @lifonids l4kst triktcMtos abeenss
h"mhnt
@ieldtus @hensis, Neotow l^cipzs motuls botta' Diponrr
l@tl!, CiElrB b.e.tEY (D6nirqlttJ), atd M"mtu dd Ptmtv@r (Cldk ud
Wis- l9,l) lE b@ EFon d
sdob sd le$ on nsl6 th& 'xp4itd baed on tap
$gnin€nt
lh. ffrwinld sof,, triil€ ditredG we 'ol statisti@llv
Owk prey.d noF on female
cr!tuEs, durinS
i.
1986.
ihu fdale
ln @n[st, du.ing sprins 1985 lo sun@' 1986 sote mal6
'lddrs
DtscussroN
w simil{ to dpeled vsb6 b35!d on 6ttMt'd sd nnos 'n
$e 6.ld oGiLnlg th. dul ex 6tio h lh. did of os& fron f'll 1985 L sl)md
wr
Nld
1986, by
in
th.
di.t Sd
pt!d!ti@ (B.lldg, 1993)
Aglilrhlr.l ldport re ud CoB.mdon P!rPot.:
TIE bad owl,
nls
dd ii@
ry,
bF
tndi€d io tnow lh.n potdrtisb
from oltivsuoc, $ev s.3nuggling hdd
!r)e-Gy!l.N
Ii
arba have
'n
th.
@ld dd
simiLr tctulE
1o
s d agdl to @1rol
srfrive su@csstullv in ihe
@e ob6sed
dutmg
prddt t56rch
th€
wid6pFd in6tgrlim, bd odt hwc .lso bd tetn dd scnxiniz'd
'or
|ney o plty wit! 6pet to li.n ft.ding habit (Cotvin sd Mald' 19361
rne
de
CsDb.ll .t al. 198?; Marti, 1988; toqd@ er 4l r98: Bcllocq, 20mi BGe and
dEt B@
Cflidlli. 2OOl: g.vMod dd Pavev, 2OO2; Mcclirc, 2004 elc') ft is
owk se !o phying
!t
inportant ole
6e a
biologiQl
mlol
'sdmled
68'nt
ii
ihc ffeld aerinsl
agnoltlsl p6ts (L.loM e, at, 2OOl I ,rEno d al 201 1) h€tw' bam owl sp€'tlv
(B€t4
hvouE o@ h.bilt or d*, ond Ftdlv s@iared wilh 'snoltuGl a6
r'd6 hlv€ ob6ded rhal
196l: Csthell sd C$pbe[, 198]; lvttli lgg2b) Sddt
d 6tu
bY bn owl m dE .snculNdl
v.rLbr& Ddl i5 sgnrfidlv
'd
'€du..d
on rodor
Unfortuct ly, no long iem Fsdct hs bd @nduci€d 10 d@!ftdt 'tr'cte
exren'rv
popdstiots by installi4 ndt box.s ongel5, 1954i 1995b)' It s alrc a
ftom
popul& dd cnon\e sp{rcs ed @ne.quotl} h& EeNen muqh anention
foltovirs popul.tlon Fducri@s oB much ol irs 6n8t (tukew er a/
r6i-box h!5 b'at Bed for bon
2OO?) Si@ the 6ly l9?C medod6 b6.d 6i'nv on
o*l Dol.ction (Klein €, at, 2dl?)
onsfl.tdbtt
hlw ba studied Ydv l4nlv ihtouehout the w d bdusc' in $is age of
wldlile
@llmrillisn, ad wi$ e inct*ing ttod of gsi'ing nqimum ben'fft frcn
bi'ds t' @hde ns s
h€ntase lhFugh@t the w d No @ @uld d!'k of uins
ft.
owls
dtcrill ba.6r3 in Pslistd ar |nst rin , while d pt6di bd owl i! sludi'd for ils
r Mv
eFm$ion on $. dsory of @urv E ononic ominobgtels @ dplov'd
sp'ci6 lmw to b'
advsc.d oodLid of the wdd lo 6tmtc lh' ul@ of *ry bnd
lam p!!d@ls 8d lbet
0166l s$in $cn de&sive linib h adels lh€n foesls
pEdrloB @ pbt
nsnd srpPli6 of f4$er€d gmd Th. owh e€ polvphasous
'
DlscjussloN
ldidw oL
in ninimizing
whidr
lh€i
6irg
bdm owl
6ddl popul.tios b.low u
e@nomic thr6bold lercl
it
. !€st pbporlion Tho biologi€l @nlnl ptogmm'
hs b€n inPlml€d in nMv 6t t6 of M.lavsi! lhoughout th'
popubriotu &hicv€
@unty, by providing n6t boxB ro wild populatioB of
bm owl
As
I t6ult thd'
has
b@t in lhe bm owl populatio. in oil patn fot lhe purpo$ !o detem'nc h€
orEnr $!nF of 6. @ntol by rhe bon owl in oil p.ln 6irl5 0l!6dzi dd s&von
2ool) iollowiig tu@tuI toats i. 6idl6 in seleSor sd Nessi Sdhil$ (s@l
l98Eb) Ii lh. o'l patn pkn|||ioB, th€ b|n owl hs bd found suc'*tuj as!'tur 6w
ii@ Os'loi, lgSO: Snl .r a/ . 1990; Mrhmod_uulsls et 'l . 2000) ed s now a
in@rt @ntrol cmpoRnl in oil talm i e s2% of 6LB th.r pctncipar€d in $c
b@
a
md in lhe rice fields ofMalavsis where $e ddag'
The bm owl
reduced tom 670 to 2 3v. (Mohmdd tttd G.|r' l99l )
suestullv E.d for 6e 6trol or field Ets in cl@{@trut tgc
sloey (tltidzi
ds.d by d!
hs dso b6
sd
@sys&ns for 6t
h
Saoyon, 2OOl)
mmg.d.il (l*e,
l9E7)
rs ll|c pololtn@ of rcddt pd in Agruln]ol fi'lds ved'bde
lg'nl
donly, g@tlv lse toxiclDE shile lh' bF owt s ! ntrlr'l @rol
Parjs:rlt\ for ttdE
Ddr
@rg6
bul
d
plsv
r'
hr 6l! ed mic. apper to hav€ h..dlv evd ben Bcd in Paldslln
$6e bn& bv
in@ing lhc @lMv of 6€ @Erv md c@te ede '6p€cl roMd!
6 a ndtuEl @tuI asmt htw
firshhghtng dd' frm.r fn.ndlv aniud. bll bm owtr
10$6 in0i'i'd bv p4l 6b
rcvs bd usd inidiro llv in de @unlry 10 ninidi4 dE
qclsivelv oi agricultudl pd mc'ns
ed nie IlE bm owl f.Gds, apprexioablv
h4 hd lsrdtd in Plki n
6b/mi@ (s@tl n@n'd, sd va lirle condd€raion
pet ootol Smdl ddsds
towds ite consmnon dd lilclv ustd in 'od€ni
blsss d@s6 of
6p66llv dFme d. calLd len bde pcst bsu* ol de
6d& f.m coF dd sbred stu's *hich is
for aeiculnBlists i. !u orcr Ptk'sran (DlGlshanwr'
tgnsltldl prodle
of
o.m
in
l993i Mshtlq'ul-
Hals et al. 1998i MlirrFod_ulH6sd er dl, 2OOo) Whdhq' ii thcn
fdMli
avtrdn* 3 or r. M.@t d hab'bt'. $'v mdtlv hu small atrBfEl
otigml
qsc of hdins Thdt long wng: Md
runly rodd$, lnrch $et lcd€ bv usng ds'
hunt ov'r
l.$ sd ofi.r 6pets of in€n a@bnv d'dotstde lh'l tiev are ad'ptcd lo
o!..
{6
G.Ylo., 1994)