Preliminary Information Document

Transcription

ALABAMA POWER COMPANY
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA
MARTIN HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
FERC PROJECT NO. 349
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION DOCUMENT
DECEMBER 2006
Prepared by
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA
DECEMBER 2006
Prepared by:
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1
Background .......................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2
The Preliminary Information Document.............................................................. 1-2
1.3
Issue Identification Workshops............................................................................ 1-2
1.4
Agents for Client Name ....................................................................................... 1-3
1.5
Document Purpose and Content........................................................................... 1-3
2.0
INTEGRATED LICENSING PROCESS (ILP) .............................................................. 2-1
2.1
Description of the ILP.......................................................................................... 2-1
2.2
Project Schedule................................................................................................... 2-2
2.3
Document Control and Website........................................................................... 2-2
2.3.1 Mailing Lists ............................................................................................ 2-2
2.3.2 Website 2-3
2.3.2.1
Public Reference File............................................................. 2-3
2.3.3 Restricted Documents .............................................................................. 2-3
2.4
Proposed Communications Protocol.................................................................... 2-4
2.4.1 Document Distribution............................................................................. 2-4
2.4.2 Providing Documents to APC.................................................................. 2-5
2.4.3 Meetings 2-5
2.4.4 General Communications......................................................................... 2-6
2.4.5 Study Requests......................................................................................... 2-6
3.0
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF RIVER BASIN............................................................ 3-1
3.1
Major Land and Water Uses ................................................................................ 3-3
3.2
Other Diversion Structures .................................................................................. 3-3
3.3
Tributaries ............................................................................................................ 3-3
3.4
Climate................................................................................................................. 3-4
3.5
References............................................................................................................ 3-4
4.0
PROJECT LOCATION, FACILITIES, AND OPERATIONS ....................................... 4-1
4.1
Project Introduction, Location, Facilities, and Operations .................................. 4-1
4.2
Measurement of Elevation at the Martin Project ................................................. 4-1
4.3
Project Facilities................................................................................................... 4-2
4.3.1 Reservoir 4-2
4.3.2 Dam
4-2
4.3.3 Powerhouse .............................................................................................. 4-3
4.3.4 Project Transmission................................................................................ 4-3
4.4
Current and Proposed Project Operations............................................................ 4-4
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Table of Contents (Cont’d)
4.5
4.6
5.0
Other Project Information .................................................................................... 4-7
4.5.1 Evaluation of Potential Winter Rule Curve Changes .............................. 4-7
4.5.2 Current License Requirements................................................................. 4-7
4.5.3 Compliance History of the Project........................................................... 4-8
4.5.4 Safety Requirements ................................................................................ 4-8
4.5.5 Summary of Project Generation and Outflow Records ........................... 4-9
4.5.6 Delivery of Water for Non-Power Uses................................................... 4-9
4.5.6.1
Russell Lands – Willow Point Golf Course........................... 4-9
4.5.6.2
City of Alexander City – Adams Water
Treatment Plant.................................................................... 4-10
4.5.6.3
Central Elmore Water and Sewer Authority –
Water Treatment Plant ......................................................... 4-11
4.5.6.4
StillWaters Resort – Beaver Lake
Replenishment System......................................................... 4-11
4.5.7 Current Net Investment.......................................................................... 4-12
4.5.8 Project Boundary ................................................................................... 4-12
References.......................................................................................................... 4-14
DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT........................................................ 5-1
5.1
Geology and Soils ................................................................................................ 5-1
5.1.1 Soil Types in Project Area ....................................................................... 5-4
5.1.2 Existing Erosion....................................................................................... 5-8
5.1.3 Literature Cited ........................................................................................ 5-9
5.2
Water Resources ................................................................................................ 5-10
5.2.1 Drainage Area ........................................................................................ 5-10
5.2.2 Existing and Proposed Uses of Water.................................................... 5-10
5.2.3 Existing Instream Flow Uses ................................................................. 5-11
5.2.3.1
Flow Statistics...................................................................... 5-11
5.2.4 Existing Water Rights ............................................................................ 5-12
5.2.5 Morphometric Data for Existing Reservoirs.......................................... 5-13
5.2.6 Gradient of Downstream Reaches ......................................................... 5-13
5.2.7 Intake Velocities .................................................................................... 5-13
5.2.8 Federally Approved Water Quality Standards....................................... 5-14
5.2.9 Existing Water Quality Data.................................................................. 5-17
5.2.9.1
APC Monitoring Data .......................................................... 5-17
5.2.9.2
ADEM and Other Project Related Monitoring
Data ...................................................................................... 5-21
5.2.10 Literature Cited ...................................................................................... 5-24
5.3
Fish and Aquatic Resources............................................................................... 5-25
5.3.1 Essential Fish Habitat As Defined Under MagnusonStevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act ............................ 5-34
5.4
Wildlife Resources............................................................................................. 5-36
5.5
Botanical Resources........................................................................................... 5-38
5.5.1 Upland Habitat Communities and Species ............................................ 5-38
5.5.2 Noxious Weeds ...................................................................................... 5-40
5.6
Riparian, Wetland and Littoral Habitat.............................................................. 5-42
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5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
6.0
5.6.1 Wetlands 5-42
5.6.2 Riparian and Littoral Habitats................................................................ 5-43
Rare, Threatened, Endangered (RTE) and Special Status Species .................... 5-44
Recreation .......................................................................................................... 5-53
5.8.1 Existing Recreation Facilities and Opportunities .................................. 5-53
5.8.1.1
Recreation Facilities and Opportunities in the
Project Vicinity .................................................................... 5-53
5.8.1.2
Recreation Facilities and Opportunities at the
Project .................................................................................. 5-54
5.8.2 Current Project Recreation Use Levels and Capacities ......................... 5-64
5.8.3 Recreation Needs Identified in Management Plans ............................... 5-64
5.8.4 Alabama Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation
Plan (SCORP) ........................................................................................ 5-66
5.8.5 Specially Designated Recreation Areas ................................................. 5-66
5.8.5.1
National Wild and Scenic and State Protected
River Segments .................................................................... 5-66
5.8.5.2
National Trails and Wilderness Areas ................................. 5-66
Land Use and Aesthetic Resources.................................................................... 5-67
5.9.1 Overview of Land Uses ......................................................................... 5-67
5.9.1.1
Land Uses in Project Area ................................................... 5-67
5.9.2 Existing Shoreline Management Plan.................................................... 5-68
5.9.2.1
Land Classifications............................................................. 5-69
5.9.2.2
Permitting Program.............................................................. 5-69
5.9.3 Aesthetics Overview .............................................................................. 5-70
5.9.3.1
Visual Character of Project Vicinity.................................... 5-70
5.9.3.2
Visual Character of Project Lands and Waters .................... 5-71
5.9.3.3
Nearby Scenic Attractions ................................................... 5-73
5.9.4 Management Plans ................................................................................. 5-73
Cultural Resources ............................................................................................. 5-74
5.10.1 Prehistoric Overview ............................................................................. 5-74
5.10.2 Historic Overview.................................................................................. 5-77
5.10.3 Historic Properties ................................................................................. 5-78
Socioeconomic Resources ................................................................................. 5-80
5.11.1 Population Patterns ................................................................................ 5-80
5.11.2 Households/Family Distribution and Income ........................................ 5-81
5.11.3 Project Vicinity Employment Sources................................................... 5-81
Tribal Resources ................................................................................................ 5-82
PRELIMINARY ISSUES AND ON-GOING PROGRAMS & STUDIES..................... 6-1
6.1
Existing Programs................................................................................................ 6-1
6.2
On-Going Studies................................................................................................. 6-2
6.3
Preliminary Issues................................................................................................ 6-2
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7.0
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 7-1
7.1
Section 3.0 – General Description of River Basin............................................... 7-1
7.2
Section 4.0 – Project Location, Facilities, and Operations .................................. 7-1
7.3
Section 5.1 – Geology and Soils .......................................................................... 7-2
7.4
Section 5.2 – Water Resources ............................................................................ 7-2
7.5
Section 5.3 – Fish and Aquatic Resources........................................................... 7-3
7.6
Section 5.4 – Wildlife Resources......................................................................... 7-5
7.7
Section 5.5 – Botanical Resources....................................................................... 7-5
7.8
Section 5.6 – Riparian, Wetland and Littoral Habitat.......................................... 7-5
7.9
Section 5.7 – Rare, Threatened and Special Status Species ................................ 7-5
7.10 Section 5.8 – Recreation ...................................................................................... 7-8
7.11 Section 5.9 – Land Use and Aesthetic Resources................................................ 7-8
7.12 Section 5.10 – Cultural Resources ....................................................................... 7-8
7.13 Section 5.11 – Socioeconomic Resources ........................................................... 7-9
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.0-1: Location of the Lake Martin Hydroelectric Project on the
Tallapoosa River, AL........................................................................................... 3-2
Figure 4.4-1: Martin Operating Rule Curve .............................................................................. 4-5
Figure 4.5-1: Project Boundary of the Lake Martin Project .................................................... 4-13
Figure 5.1-1: Physiographic Regrions of Alabama ................................................................... 5-2
Figure 5.1-2: Bedrock Geology of the Lake Martin .................................................................. 5-4
Figure 5.5-1: Community Structure for an Eight Thousand Acre Stand in the
Project Area ....................................................................................................... 5-39
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.4-1:
Table 4.5-1:
Table 5.2-1:
Table 5.2-2:
Table 5.2-3:
Table 5.2-4:
Table 5.2-5:
Table 5.2-6:
Table 5.2-7:
Document Distribution for the Project Relicensing FERC No. 349.................... 2-4
Approved Water Withdrawals from Lake Martin, Tallapoosa River ................ 4-12
Mean, Maximum, and Minimum Monthly Flow Statistics for the
Tallapoosa River in the Project Area, USGS Gage No. 02414715 –
Horseshoe Bend (Period of Record: 1985-2006)............................................... 5-12
Approved Water Withdrawals from Lake Martin, Tallapoosa River ................ 5-13
Specific Water Quality Criteria for State of Alabama Waters with
Designation as Public Water Supply, Fish and
Wildlife/Swimming*.......................................................................................... 5-16
Summary of Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Data (at
depth of 5-feet) from the Project, 1993-2005 .................................................... 5-18
Summary of Average DO Data Gathered During 1995 APC and
ADCNR Fisheries Study.................................................................................... 5-19
Summary of Continuous DO and Water Temperature Monitoring
in the Project Tailrace, 2002-2005..................................................................... 5-20
Summary Data for Water Chemistry Variables Measured at the
Project During the Period 1993-2005 by APC .................................................. 5-20
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Table 5.2-8:
Table 5.2-9
Table 5.3-1:
Table 5.5-2:
Table 5.6-1:
Table 5.7-1.
Table 5.8-1:
Table 5.9-1:
Table G-1:
Table G-2:
Table G-3:
Table H-1:
Table I-1:
Summary of Water Temperature and DO Reservoir Profile Data
Collected at a Depth of 5-ft by ADEM During the Period 19942005.................................................................................................................... 5-22
Summary Data for Water Chemistry Variables as Measured by
ADEM During the Period 1994-2005 in the Project Area................................. 5-23
Fishes Known or Expected to Occur in the Immediate Vicinity of
the Project .......................................................................................................... 5-27
Invasive Species Potentially Occurring in the Project Vicinity......................... 5-41
Acres and Percentages of Wetland Types in the Project Area1 ......................... 5-43
Federally Threatened and Endangered Species in Alabama
Counties Occupied by the Project...................................................................... 5-50
Existing Recreation Facilities and Access at the Martin Project ....................... 5-55
Percentages of Land Use Classifications by Counties in the Project
Vicinity .............................................................................................................. 5-68
Bird Species Occurring in the Martin Hydroelectric Project
Vicinity ............................................................................................................... G-1
Mammal Species Typical of the Martin Hydroelectric Project
Vicinity ............................................................................................................. G-12
Reptile and Amphibian Species Typical of the Martin
Hydroelectric Project Vicinity .......................................................................... G-17
Typical and Confirmed Botanical Species of the Project Vicinity ..................... H-1
Riparian and Littoral Species Occurring in the Project Vicinity ..........................I-1
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Photo 5.5-1:
Photo 5.9-1:
Photo 5.9-2:
Photo 5.9-3:
Photo 5.9-4:
Giant Cut Grass (Millet) on the Shoreline of Lake Martin................................ 5-40
Aerial View of Martin Dam and Powerhouse.................................................... 5-71
Martin Dam........................................................................................................ 5-72
Martin Powerhouse ............................................................................................ 5-72
Downstream View of Tailrace ........................................................................... 5-73
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A:
Appendix B:
Appendix C:
Appendix D:
Appendix E:
Appendix F:
Appendix G:
Appendix H:
Appendix I:
Appendix J:
Distribution List
Acronyms, Abbreviations, Glossary
FERC ILP Schematic
Martin Relicensing Schedule
Martin Water Quality Certification
Flow Duration Curves
Representative Wildlife Species
Representative Botanical Species
Riparian/Littoral Habitat
Land Use/Recreation Plan Maps
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BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Alabama Power Company (APC) is beginning the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission (FERC) relicensing of the Martin Hydroelectric Project (FERC Project No.
349). The 182 MW Martin Project (hereinafter, “Project” or “Martin”) consists of a dam,
spillway, powerhouse and 40,000 acre (ac) reservoir known as “Lake Martin.” Lake
Martin is located on the Tallapoosa River (River), near Dadeville, Alabama.
All non-federal hydroelectric projects in the United States operate under licenses
issued by FERC. FERC issued a license to APC in May 1978 for the Project and that
license expires on June 8, 2013. In order for APC to continue operating the Project, APC
must obtain a new operating license from FERC. Obtaining a new operating license
requires APC to complete a multi-year application process and file a license application
with FERC by June 8, 2011. This process is called relicensing. A summary of the
relicensing process is presented below with a detailed description presented in Section
2.1.
The FERC has a new licensing process called the Integrated Licensing Process
(ILP). The ILP includes, among other activities, an early scoping process pursuant to the
National Environmental Policy Act, a FERC-approved study plan and distribution of a
preliminary licensing proposal. There are many opportunities for participation in the ILP
and APC anticipates working closely with resource agencies and interested persons,
referred to hereinafter as “stakeholders,” to identify and resolve the Project issues.
Because the ILP is FERC’s default licensing process, APC intends to use the ILP to
prepare a license application for the Martin Project.
1-1
1.2
The Preliminary Information Document
This Preliminary Information Document (PID) is a compilation of existing
information on the Martin Project and the many environmental, recreation, land use,
cultural and socioeconomic resources of Lake Martin. While the PID is not a
requirement of the ILP process, APC prepared this document to educate interested
persons on the current operation of the Project and to prepare stakeholders for the Issue
Identification Workshops, discussed in Section 1.3. The PID serves as a precursor to the
Preliminary Application Document (PAD), which is a requirement of the ILP process.
Following distribution of the PID and hosting of the Issue Identification Workshops,
APC intends to work with stakeholders to prepare and distribute the PAD in spring 2008.
Additional information on the ILP is discussed in Section 2.1. A copy of the distribution
list for the PID is located in Appendix A.
1.3
Issue Identification Workshops
On Tuesday, January 30, 2007, APC will host two Issue Identification Workshops
at the Betty Carol Graham Center at the Central Alabama Community College, 1675
Cherokee Rd, Alexander City, AL 35010. The first workshop will be held from 10 AM
to 2 PM, and the second workshop from 6:30 PM to 9:30 PM. The content of each
workshop is identical and participants need attend only one of the two workshops. The
purpose of the Issue Identification Workshops is to provide interested persons with the
opportunity to learn more about the Project and the relicensing process and to provide an
opportunity for stakeholders to discuss the things they like about the Project and those
things they feel should be improved over the next Project license term. The workshops
are free and open to the public.
1-2
1.4
Agents for Client Name
The following persons are authorized to act as agent for the applicant pursuant to
18 CFR § 5.6(d)(2)(i):
Mr. Jerry L. Stewart
Senior Vice President
Alabama Power Company
600 North 18th Street
P.O. Box 2641
Birmingham, AL 35291-8180
(205) 257- 6227
1.5
Document Purpose and Content
The PID has six primary sections that are structured according to FERC’s
regulations for the PAD (18 C.F.R. §5.6). It is important to note that the PID does not
include all the required information that will be included in the PAD, since APC will be
using 2007 to gather additional information and work with stakeholders to identify
needed information. The following list describes the content of each section for use in
finding specific information.
Section 1.0:
Introduction; Table of Contents; List of Appendices; List of
Figures; List of Tables; List of Photos; and Definitions of Terms,
Acronyms, and Abbreviations are located in Appendix B.
Section 2.0:
Integrated Licensing Process Description, ILP Flow Chart, Martin
Timeline, and Proposed Communication Protocol.
Section 3.0:
General Description of the River basin, per 18 CFR §
5.6(d)(3)(xiii).
Section 4.0:
Description of Project Location, Facilities, and Operation, per 18
CFR § 5.6(d)(2).
Section 5.0:
Description of the Existing Environment by Resource Area, per 18
CFR § 5.6(d)(3)(ii)-(xii).
Section 6.0:
Existing Programs and Preliminary Issues List.
1-3
Appendices:
Appendix A: Distribution List
Appendix B: Acronyms, Abbreviations, Glossary
Appendix C: FERC ILP Schematic
Appendix D: Martin Relicensing Schedule
Appendix E: Martin License and WQC Certification
Appendix F: Flow Duration Curves
Appendix G: Representative Wildlife Species
Appendix H: Representative Botanical Species
Appendix I:
Existing Aquatic Plant Management Program
Appendix J:
Riparian/Littoral Habitat
1-4
2.0
INTEGRATED LICENSING PROCESS (ILP)
The ILP regulations1 define very specific procedures and timelines. The FERC designed
the ILP to be a transparent process that involves all interested parties including tribes, agencies,
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the public. As such, APC will carefully document
the entire process including any information received from the interested parties as well as
records of communications. To keep the interested parties informed of the process, APC will
maintain a relicensing website at www.southerncompany.com/alpower/hydro/martin, and make
other information available at its corporate offices in Birmingham, Alabama.
2.1
Description of the ILP
The ILP is the default process by which a hydropower project obtains a new
license to operate. This process, which integrates the efforts of the FERC, regulatory
agencies, stakeholders and the project owner, streamlines the FERC’s licensing process
by providing a predictable, efficient, and timely licensing process that continues to ensure
adequate resource protection for the Project. The efficiencies expected to be achieved
through the ILP are founded in three fundamental principles:
•
Early issue identification and resolution of studies needed to fill
information gaps, avoiding studies post-filing;
•
Integration of other stakeholder permitting process needs; and
•
Established time frames to complete process steps for all stakeholders,
including FERC.
FERC’s ILP schematic that describes milestone activities and time frames is
provided in Appendix C.
1
For more details on FERC licensing processes go to www.ferc.gov or see 18 C.F. R. § 5.6.
2-1
2.2
Project Schedule
APC has developed a Project relicensing schedule based on FERC’s ILP
regulations (See Appendix C). This schedule shows all the activities in 2006-2007
leading up to the official FERC starting point of the ILP process, which commences with
APC filing its Notice of Intent and the PAD sometime during the spring of 2008. APC
will use 2007 to work with stakeholders to identify issues and develop plans to address
information gaps, if needed. A Martin Project schedule is included in Appendix D.
2.3
Document Control and Website
The relicensing process is lengthy and involves a lot of correspondence (face-to-
face meetings, hard copy written documents, electronic mail (email), and telephone
conversations). To account for and manage these communications, APC has developed
and will implement during the relicensing process, a document control process. A
description of the various communication tools and procedures to be employed by APC is
described in the sections below.
2.3.1
Mailing Lists
A mailing list of all stakeholders will be developed and updated
accordingly throughout the process. A list of the known stakeholders to date is
provided in Appendix A. Participants attending the Issues Identification
Workshop that are not yet on the mailing list will have an opportunity to provide
all contact information so that they will be on the official list to receive any
correspondence from APC regarding the Martin relicensing. Stakeholders may
also contact Ms. Viki Jackson at [email protected] or at 205-257-2211
to be included on the mailing list.
2-2
2.3.2
Website
APC has developed a relicensing website for the Martin Project at
http://www.southernco.com/alpower/hydro/martin. APC will use the website to
post meeting notices, meeting summaries, documents (e.g., PID, PAD, draft
license application), and correspondence received. APC encourages all
stakeholders to use the website for obtaining current information about the Project
and the relicensing process.
2.3.2.1 Public Reference File
APC will also maintain an electronic public reference file on the
Project website at http://www.southernco.com/alpower/hydro/martin.asp.
The public reference file is a listing of important materials pertaining to
the development of the PAD, including background reference material,
relevant studies and data referenced in the PID and PAD, and the current
FERC license. For a nominal copying fee, hard copies of these documents
are available upon request. Documents are available for inspection at
APC’s office at 600 North 18th Street, P.O. Box 2641, Birmingham, AL
35291 during regular office business hours. Appointments can be made
by contacting Ms. Viki Jackson at 205-257-2211 or
[email protected].
2.3.3
Restricted Documents
Certain Project-related documents are restricted from public viewing in
accordance with FERC regulations. Critical Energy Infrastructure Information
(CEII) (18 CFR 388.113) related to the design and safety of dams and appurtenant
facilities, and that is necessary to protect national security and public safety are
restricted. Anyone seeking CEII information from FERC must file a CEII
request. FERC's website at www.ferc.gov/help/how-to/file-ceii.asp contains
additional details related to CEII.
2-3
Information related to protecting sensitive archaeological or other
culturally important information is also restricted under Section 106 of the
National Historic Preservation Act. Anyone seeking this information from FERC
must file a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request. Instructions for FOIA
are available on FERC's website at www.ferc.gov/legal/ceii-foia/foia/.
2.4
Proposed Communications Protocol
The relicensing process for the Project will be lengthy and may be complex due to
the number of stakeholders likely to participate in the process. There will be numerous
meetings and discussions held over the next few years to identify and subsequently
resolve Project issues. To facilitate communications and cooperation among APC and
stakeholders, APC has developed a draft Communications Protocol, as described further
below.
2.4.1
Document Distribution
APC will distribute, whenever possible, all documents electronically in
standard MS Word format or portable document format (PDF). APC may
distribute hard copies of some documents for convenience or by request.
Distribution of information will follow the guidelines presented below (Table 2.41).
Table 2.4-1: Document Distribution for the Project Relicensing FERC No. 349
DOCUMENT
Preliminary Information Document (PID)
METHOD
Website; CD-ROM copy
Pre-Application Document (PAD) Questionnaire
U.S. Mail
Public Meeting Notices
Initial meetings by U.S. Mail, Newspapers
and website. Thereafter by email, Website
and/or newspaper
Meeting Agendas
Website and Email
2-4
DOCUMENT
Meeting Summaries
METHOD
Website and Email
Process Plan & Schedule
Website
Major Documents: PAD, FERC Scoping
Documents, Proposed Study Plans, Study Reports,
Draft license Application, etc.
Website, CD-ROM, and APC corporate
office
PAD support documents
Website and APC corporate office
FERC License and related documents
Website
2.4.2
Providing Documents to APC
APC requests that that it receive all documents electronically in either
PDF or an appropriate MS Office (i.e., MS Word, Excel, etc.) format. Email
electronic documents to [email protected]. Hard copy documents may
be mailed to Jim Crew, Martin Relicensing Project Manager, Alabama Power
Company, 600 North 18th Street, P.O. Box 2641, Birmingham, AL 35291. In
either case, all documents received become part of the relicensing consultation
record and are available for distribution to the public and/or posting to the
relicensing website at www.southerncompany.com/alpower/hydro/martin.
2.4.3
Meetings
APC recognizes there are a number of tribes, agencies, groups, and
individuals that may want to participate in the process. These groups and
individuals are frequently referred to as “stakeholders,” because they have a
“stake” or interest in the Project. APC will work with all stakeholders to develop
meeting schedules that include practical locations and times to accommodate the
majority of participants. APC will post a calendar of relicensing meetings on the
relicensing website as far in advance as practicable. In general, APC will
schedule meetings at least two weeks in advance and between the hours of 9:00
AM and 4:00 PM. At that time, APC will provide a meeting agenda on the
relicensing website and by email. APC will also distribute any documents or
2-5
other information that will be the subject of meeting discussions. APC will make
every effort to begin and end meetings on time.
Following distribution of the PAD in spring 2008, FERC staff will
organize and conduct Scoping meetings at the Project. A scoping meeting is
FERC’s official public meeting to discuss issues and alternatives pursuant to the
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The Scoping meetings will include
at least one evening meeting and day session and will be advertised on APC’s
relicensing website as well as local newspapers.
2.4.4
General Communications
Communications include written hard-copy correspondence, email, and
notes from single party and multi-party telephone calls. APC may post records of
these communications (including copies of email or telephone discussion notes)
on the Project relicensing website. APC’s goal is to keep the lines of
communication open during the relicensing process and make it easy for
relicensing stakeholders and the public to get information related to the
relicensing and the interests/issues of other stakeholders.
2.4.5
Study Requests
As discussed in Section 1.2, this PID is intended to be a precursor to the
PAD, which will contain a more detailed description of the issues and proposed
draft study plans. The Issue Identification Workshops will be one of the first
public discussions of Project issues and potential areas that may need further
investigation. In cases where APC, in conjunction with the stakeholders,
determine that there is little or no information related to an area(s) of potential
critical concern, APC and/or relicensing participants may request additional
studies or investigations to add to the knowledge of the Project. The ILP
regulations set forth a specific format and information that must be provided from
stakeholders requesting studies related to the relicensing. Draft study requests
2-6
need to adhere to the following format as specified by CFR 18, § 5.9(b) of
FERC's ILP regulations. All study requests must:
•
Describe the goals and objectives of each study proposal and the
information to be obtained;
•
If applicable, explain the relevant resource management goals of the
agencies or Indian tribes with jurisdiction over the resource to be studied;
•
If the requestor is not a resource agency, explain any relevant public
interest considerations in regard to the proposed study;
•
Describe existing information concerning the subject of the study
proposal, and the need for additional information;
•
Explain any nexus between project operations and effects (direct, indirect,
and/or cumulative) on the resource to be studied, and how the study results
would inform the development of license requirements;
•
Explain how any proposed study methodology (including any preferred
data collection and analysis techniques, or objectively quantified
information, and a schedule including appropriate field season(s) and the
duration) is consistent with generally accepted practice in the scientific
community or, as appropriate, considers relevant tribal values and
knowledge; and
•
Describe considerations of level of effort and cost, as applicable, and why
any proposed alternative studies would not be sufficient to meet the stated
information needs.
The requestor should also describe any available cost-share funds or in-
kind services that the sponsor of the request may contribute towards the study
effort.
During 2007, APC intends to work with stakeholders to identify
information gaps and potential studies, develop consensus based study plan(s),
and include these in the filing of the PAD with FERC in spring 2008.
2-7
3.0
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF RIVER BASIN
The Tallapoosa River Basin (Basin) lies wholly within Coosa, Elmore, and Tallapoosa
counties, Alabama (Figure 3.0-1). Lake Martin is a 31-mile impoundment located on the
Tallapoosa River, approximately 53 miles (mi.) above its mouth near Dadeville, in east central
Alabama. Lake Martin has 700 mi. of shoreline, a surface area of nearly 40,000 ac, and a storage
capacity of 1,622,000 acre-feet (af) or nearly 530 billion gallons, making it the second deepest
lake in Alabama (CH2MHILL, 2005). The Basin is approximately 4,664 mi2, 2,981 mi2 of
which exists upstream of the Project. Approximately 15% (699.6 mi2) of the Basin’s drainage
area lies in Georgia, where the River’s headwaters originate. The headwaters of the Tallapoosa
and Little Tallapoosa Rivers begin in the Georgia counties of Paulding and Carrol (at
approximately 1,150 feet (ft) msl), respectively, and enter Alabama in Randolph County
southwest of the City of Atlanta to form the R. L. Harris Reservoir (commonly referred to as
Lake Wedowee) and the main stem of the River. From the confluence of these two rivers, the
Tallapoosa meanders southwesterly through four APC hydroelectric projects (R. L. Harris Dam,
Martin Dam, Yates Dam, and Thurlow Dam) before joining the Coosa River to create the
Alabama River (at approximately 113 ft msl). The Alabama portion of the Basin drains 3,964.4
mi2 of land (CH2MHILL, 2005).
3-1
Figure 3.0-1: Location of the Lake Martin Hydroelectric Project on the Tallapoosa River,
AL
3-2
3.1
Major Land and Water Uses
Almost 70% of the Basin is covered by forests, and forestry-related activities
account for a major part of the Basin’s economy. Agriculture is also a significant land
use activity supporting a variety of animal operations and commodity production.
Although the total farmland in the basin is declining, livestock and poultry production is
strong. The trend is toward larger commercial-type farms with increased use of
machinery. Despite a strong agricultural presence, approximately one-half of the
working population is employed in manufacturing industries (Alabama Power Company,
Undated).
Although the nearby Alabama River is considered a critical navigation route for
commercial barge traffic, the Tallapoosa River does not contain locks on any of the dams
that would allow passage for motorized boats of any kind. There are no large
metropolitan centers within this Basin.
3.2
Other Diversion Structures
All four hydroelectric generating dams on the Tallapoosa River are owned and
operated by APC and include R. L. Harris Dam located at River Mile (RM) 139.1; Martin
Dam located at RM 62.1, Yates Dam at RM 54.1, and finally, Thurlow Dam at RM 51.1.
3.3
Tributaries
The principal tributary streams are the Little Tallapoosa River, which has a
drainage area of 605 mi2 in Georgia and Alabama, and Sougahatchee, South Sandy,
Uphapee, and Hillabee Creeks in Alabama. The confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa
Rivers form the Alabama River near Wetumpka, Alabama (Georgia Department of
Natural Resources, 1998).
3-3
3.4
Climate
The Basin has a mild and uniform temperate climate with warm summers and
usually mild winters. Snowfall accumulation is infrequent. During the month of July,
temperatures vary between 92 °F and 67 °F. Although the monthly average highs in
June, July, and August exceed 90 °F, this temperature range generally occurs, on average,
only 87 days per year. Temperatures above 100 °F are unusual. The winter extremes of
32 °F and lower occur on an average of 64 times per year. The frost-free season varies
from 205 days in the north portion to 256 days in the south portion of the basin. Annual
rainfall amounts typically range between 46 to 64 inches (in.). The average growing
season is approximately 209 days (CH2MHILL, 2005).
3.5
References
Alabama Power Company. Undated. Report on the Martin Dam Project. Alabama
Power Company, Birmingham, AL.
CH2MHILL. 2005. Tallapoosa River Basin Management Plan. Alabama Clean Water
Partnership, Montgomery, AL.
Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. 1998.
Tallapoosa River Basin Management Plan 1998. Georgia Department of Natural
Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA.
3-4
4.0
PROJECT LOCATION, FACILITIES, AND OPERATIONS
4.1
Project Introduction, Location, Facilities, and Operations
APC began construction on the Martin Project in 1923 and it was placed in
service with three generating units in 1926. APC added a fourth generating unit in 1952.
The Project consists of : (1) a concrete gravity dam with an earth dike section, about
2,000 ft in length and a maximum height of 168 ft, containing a 720-ft-long, gated
spillway section with 20 spillway gates; (2) a reservoir with a surface area of 40,000 ac at
normal maximum elevation of 490 ft Martin Datum (MD) (490 ft MD = 491 ft mean sea
level (msl)); (3) headworks containing 12 intake gates and 4 steel penstocks; (4) a brick
and concrete, steel-frame powerhouse, 307 ft long, 58 ft wide, and 99 ft high, containing
four vertical Francis turbines that power four generating units (45.8, 41.0,40.5, and 55.2
megawatts (MW), respectively) for a total installed capacity of 182.5 MW. The Project
intake structures’ inverts are located 68 ft below normal pool elevation and 8 ft below the
minimum operational pool level of 430 ft msl . The Project also includes two short (450ft-long) 115-kilovolt transmission lines and appurtenant facilities (Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission, 2005).
The Project is an existing facility located at RM 420.0 above Mobile, Alabama on
the Tallapoosa River near Dadeville, AL. The Project is 77 River Miles (RM)
downstream from the Harris Dam and 8 RM upstream from the Yates Dam.
4.2
Measurement of Elevation at the Martin Project
In the 1920’s when land was being purchased for construction of the Project, a
locally established reference point known as Martin Datum was utilized for determining
elevations. Today, most figures, drawings and general references are shown in mean sea
level, or msl, which FERC also uses as it’s standard. Martin Datum is the equivalent of 1
foot below msl. Throughout this document and during the relicensing process and
thereafter, all elevations will be presented in msl rather than Martin Datum. For example,
4-1
the Lake Martin normal summer pool will be shown as El. 491 msl (which is equivalent
to El. 490 Martin Datum).
4.3
Project Facilities
4.3.1
Reservoir
The Martin Reservoir, commonly referred to as Lake Martin, extends up
the River for approximately 31 miles. with approximately 700 miles. of shoreline.
The reservoir surface area is about 40,000 ac at normal full pool elevation of 491
ft msl, and has a mandatory drawdown of 10 ft in the winter months (Finlay
Engineering, 2005). The normal tailwater elevation is 345 ft msl. The gross
storage capacity of Lake Martin is 1,625,000 af; active storage in the available 60
ft drawdown is 1,375,000 af (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 1978).
4.3.2
Dam
The Project dam consists of a concrete gravity dam and earth dike section
totaling 2,000 ft long with a maximum height of 168 ft. The dam consists of a
720-ft-long arched concrete gravity spillway, a 280-ft-long concrete gravity intake
structure, 255-ft-long concrete gravity non-overflow section on the right
abutment, and an approximately 1,000-ft-long compacted homogeneous earth
embankment on the east (left) abutment (Finlay Engineering, 2005).
For passing floodwaters in excess of turbine capacity, the dam has twenty
vertical lift steel spillway gates measuring 30 ft wide by 16 ft high. These gates
are lifted individually by one of two electric-powered gantry cranes as needed. A
third gantry crane is located at the crest of the intake. The deck elevation above
the spillway is 501 ft msl. There are 12 intake gates (three per unit) measuring 9
ft wide by 24 ft high, intake trash racks, and four penstocks (Akridge, 2005a).
4-2
4.3.3
Powerhouse
The Martin powerhouse is a brick, steel, and concrete structure standing
99 ft above the generator floor and is integral with the intake facilities. It houses
four vertical flow units totaling 182.5 MW. The building measures 307.9 ft long
by 58 ft wide by 99 ft high. It contains an overhead crane with a capacity of 200
tons. The crane is used to perform maintenance on the units. Generators 1-3,
installed in 1926, were upgraded between 2001-2004 and have a rating of 40-45
MW. Each unit is driven by a vertical type Francis turbine with 54,000 to 61,000
hp. The fourth generator, installed in 1952, has a rating of 55.2 MW and is driven
by a 78,000 hp vertical type Francis turbine (Akridge, 2005b). Unit 1
refurbishment was completed and put into service on March 10, 2002 with an
increase in capacity from 33.0 to 45.8 MW. Unit 2 was refurbished and placed
into service on February 4, 2004 with an increase in capacity from 33.0 to 41.0
MW. Unit 3 was refurbished and placed back into service on March 28, 2003
with an increase in capacity from 33.0 to 40.5 MW. Unit 4 has not been upgraded
since its installation in 1952 (Akridge, 2005b).
4.3.4
Project Transmission
APC supplies electric power throughout a large part of Alabama and
exchanges electric power with other operating subsidiaries of Southern Company
in Florida, Mississippi, and Georgia, and with Tennessee Valley Authority by
means of physical connections of the transmission systems of each.
Units 1-3 are each connected through a bank of three single line phase,
12/115 kv step-up transformers, rated 14,000 kva each. Unit 4 is connected
through a bank of three single phase, 12/115 kv step-up transformers, rated
23,333 kva each. These transformers are located on the downstream side of the
headworks and immediately behind the powerhouse, and are connected to a
switching station located at the west end of the dam. The generating plant is
connected into the integrated transmission system through nine 115 kv
4-3
transmission lines terminating at this switching station. The Project also includes
two short (450-ft-long) 115-kvtransmission lines and appurtenant facilities
(Akridge, 2005a). Single line diagrams and Project transmission lines are
considered CEII and are not included in this document (see Section 2.3.3 for
information on CEII).
4.4
Current and Proposed Project Operations
The Martin Project is a multipurpose storage reservoir. This means the lake level
fluctuates seasonally to provide the many benefits the project was built to support. These
purposes include hydroelectric power, flood storage, recreation, municipal-and-industrial
water supply, water quality enhancement, aquatic flow maintenance and navigation flow
support. Some purposes enhance users upstream of the dam, some help with needs
downstream of the dam and others, like hydroelectric power, directly affect many people
throughout the State.
The Lake Martin Rule Curve is a graph of target normal daily lake levels. The
lake level is always maintained at or below the elevations specified by the rule curve,
except when storing floodwater. Beginning in January, the curve is at el.481ft msl and
remains constant to February 17th. On this date, the curve begins rising until it reaches
491 ft msl on April 28th. The curve remains at this elevation until Aug.30th when it
begins to lower. The curve lowers 10 feet to el.481 ft msl by Dec.31st and remains
constant until filling begins the next Feb.17th (see Figure 4.4-1).
4-4
Figure 4.4-1: Martin Operating Rule Curve
Whenever the lake elevation is above this rule curve, special flood control
operations are required as shown below:
RULE
CONDITION
1
Above Normal
Operating
elevation 481-486
ft msl
2
Above Normal
Operating
elevation 486-489
ft msl
OUTFLOW
9600cfs
11,000cfs
OPERATION
When the reservoir is above the rule curve and between
elevations 481 and 486, turbines at Martin Dam will be
operated to provide for a continuous outflow from Thurlow
Dam of at least the equivalent of the hydraulic capacity of
the turbines at Yates Dam, 9600 cfs.
When the reservoir is above the rule curve and between
elevations 486 and 489, turbines at Martin Dam will be
operated to provide for a continuous outflow from Thurlow
Dam of at least the equivalent of the hydraulic capacity of
the turbines at that dam, ~11,000 cfs.
4-5
RULE
3
4
CONDITION
OUTFLOW
Up to Plant
Above Rule Curve capacity,
and elevation 489 including
ft msl
spillway
capacity.
SPECIAL NOTE
OPERATION
When the reservoir is above rule curve and above elevation
489, turbines at Martin Dam will be operated as in 2 above
and further, if required to avoid rising above elevation
491.0, will be operated to provide an outflow from Martin
Reservoir at least equivalent to all turbine units available
operating at full gate and gates will be raised so that the
reservoir will not exceed elevation 491.0 except after all
gates are raised and inflow exceeds gate capacity.
During periods when inflow to the reservoirs on the
Tallapoosa River exceeds the water capacities of hydraulic
turbines, rates of outflow from the reservoirs shall not
exceed concurrent rates of inflow except to evacuate
accumulated surcharge storage subsequent to the time of
peak inflow.
Whenever the lake elevation drops below certain levels described in the operating
license and remains there for seven days, APC reports this occurrence, by letter, to the
FERC and Lake Martin Recreation Association. During this period, discharges are
restricted to those that are necessary to fulfill requirements that include critical electrical
system needs, downstream flow augmentation for navigation, water quality, fish and
wildlife and municipal/industrial water supply purposes.
Because the Project is a peaking project, it usually operates Monday through
Friday to meet peak power demands (CH2MHILL, 2005). During generation, the
Project's four turbines release up to 17,900 cfs. Hours of generation per day depend on
reservoir inflow; usually the Project operates for at least eight hours daily on weekdays
and for five to six hours on Saturday. The Project does not typically generate on Sunday.
Releases from the Project flow directly into the Yates development’s 2,000-ac
reservoir and 45.5 MW powerhouse with a hydraulic capacity of approximately 11,800
cfs. Releases from Yates flow directly into the Thurlow development's 574-acre
reservoir and 85.0 MW powerhouse with a hydraulic capacity of approximately 12,400
cfs (the Yates and Thurlow developments are licensed to APC as FERC Project No.
2407). Thus, the entire River segment from the Project to Thurlow Dam is impounded.
Below Thurlow Dam the River flows unimpeded for 45 miles (Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission, 1994).
4-6
Flows below the Martin Project typically range from leakage (from the dam) to
approximately 17,000 cfs. APC operates the Yates/Thurlow Project in a peaking mode to
take advantage of peaking releases from Martin. Since 1991, APC has provided a
continuous 1,200 cfs minimum release from Thurlow powerhouse. On many occasions,
releases from Martin Dam are necessary to allow Thurlow powerhouse to meet this
requirement. There are currently procedures in place that allow the Martin Project to
forego this release requirement whenever inflows to the Project are abnormally low. This
procedure helps balance the need to assure filling Lake Martin each spring to assist with
protection of the aquatic environment below Thurlow Dam. Thus, non-flood flows below
Thurlow Dam typically vary from 1,200 cfs to 17,000 cfs. Flow in the River as measured
ten miles downstream of the Project average 4,822 cfs.
4.5
Other Project Information
4.5.1
Evaluation of Potential Winter Rule Curve Changes
APC has received many stakeholder comments regarding changes to the
winter rule curve elevation. APC intends to evaluate effects of a change in the
winter rule curve on environmental, recreational, cultural, and socioeconomic
resources and flood control and generation. APC will be evaluating the
possibility of raising the winter rule curve elevation of Lake Martin. APC does
not propose any operational changes that would adversely affect or require a
change to the minimum release below Thurlow.
4.5.2 Current License Requirements
The Commission issued APC a new 40-year license for the continued
operation of the Project on May 11, 1978. Because Martin operated on annual
licenses issued by FERC for 5 years during which time FERC was evaluating the
license application, the license will expire on June 8, 2013. Articles 1–37 are
“standard articles” contained in FERC’s Form L-5. Articles 38 – 58 were either
in the FERC Order issuing the new license or in subsequent proceedings.
4-7
On August 20, 2003, the FERC issued an Order Amending License that
approved turbine upgrades at the Project. Those upgrades have been completed,
and the turbine and generator nameplates were received and installed on the units
on February 4, 2005.
4.5.3
Compliance History of the Project
APC has reviewed the compliance history for the Project and found no
instances of non-compliance. The Project is subject to regular dam safety
inspections by an independent consultant in accordance with Part 12 of the FERC
regulations (see Section 4.4.3). FERC’s Atlanta Regional Office conducts an
annual Operation Inspection as well as an Environmental and Public Use
Inspection every four to five years. There are no outstanding issues remaining to
be addressed arising from FERC inspections during the last 10 years.
4.5.4
Safety Requirements
APC has an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) that provides a system for
public notice and warning to downstream property owners along the River in the
event of a dam failure. APC conducted an EAP drill for the Project on August 18,
2006 and submitted a critique of the drill to FERC on September 11, 2006.
An independent engineering consultant specialized in dam safety inspects
the Project every five years as required by Part 12 of FERC’s regulations. Among
other things, FERC intends for these inspections to identify any potential
structural issues at the Project. APC submits the consultant’s findings and
recommendations to FERC and implements the appropriate corrective action to
respond to the recommendation. APC submitted the latest Part 12 inspection
report to FERC on April 1, 2005. The next Part 12 inspection report is due in
April of 2010.
4-8
4.5.5
Summary of Project Generation and Outflow Records
APC’s operation of its Tallapoosa hydroelectric projects has many
purposes. APC operates its four reservoirs on the Tallapoosa River to, among
other things, meet a minimum release of 1,200 cubic ft per second (cfs) below
Thurlow Dam at Tallassee and to maintain a flow of 4,640 cfs at Montgomery,
Alabama as part of the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa (ACT) River Basin systemwide requirements.
On average, the Martin Project generates about 40% of the electricity of
APC’s Tallapoosa River fleet of dams. Average annual generation for Martin
Dam is about 380,000 MWh. In addition, its ability to store and release water
contributes to the energy that is generated at Yates and Thurlow Dams. Energy
that would otherwise be lost as spilled water. Furthermore, because of Martin
Dam’s operational flexibility, it is able to store water during low electrical usage
periods and then generate with the same water during periods of high electrical
usage when production costs would normally be higher. This results in lower
production costs to APC and a savings for its customers. All of the electric energy
generated at the Project is used in the interconnected system of APC for public
utility purposes. All of the electric energy generated at the Project is used in the
interconnected system of APC for public utility purposes.
4.5.6
Delivery of Water for Non-Power Uses
APC has permitted some entities to allow for water withdrawals on Lake
Martin, as described below.
4.5.6.1 Russell Lands – Willow Point Golf Course
In the mid 1960’s as part of the development of the Willow Point
Golf Course, a pump-house and intake structure was established for
irrigating the golf course. This construction was completed under a
previous license and prior to the current permitting program. In 2002, this
4-9
pumping station was refurbished as part of an overall renovation of the
Willow Point Golf Course. A modern irrigation system was installed,
with two main irrigation pumps and a jockey pump that maintains pressure
within the irrigation system. This system is efficient, utilizing state of the
art control technology that effectively minimizes water use, resulting in
less runoff to the reservoir. Average use by the current irrigation system is
projected at 0.85 million gallons of water per day (mgd), equivalent to
about 1.3 cubic feet per second (cfs).
4.5.6.2 City of Alexander City – Adams Water Treatment Plant
On March 6, 1980, FERC issued an order approving APC’s request
to issue an easement to the city of Alexander City for the construction,
operation and maintenance of a water intake with a capacity of 24 mgd.
Current average withdrawal for the Adams Water Treatment Plant is about
10.6 mgd, equivalent to about 16.4 cfs. In 2001, as the result of public
concerns raised because of the proximity of the drinking water intake to a
marina with fueling facilities, Alexander City made a request to APC to
extend the intake for public safety as well as reliability purposes. APC
agreed and FERC approved APC’s request for the extension of the intake
line on March 19, 2002. Alexander City currently extracts water from
Lake Martin through one 36-inch high-density polyethylene pipe, with a
T-screen assembly; this intake structure extends approximately 750 ft into
Lake Martin, terminating at an elevation of 470 feet above mean sea level.
The intake pipe leads to a pump-house located on the shore and within the
Martin Project Boundary. Raw water is pumped a distance of about 8,000
feet from the pump-house to the Adams Water Treatment Plant, ultimately
supplying Alexander City’s customers in the Greater Lake Martin Area.
4-10
4.5.6.3 Central Elmore Water and Sewer Authority – Water Treatment
Plant
The FERC’s Order Approving Application for Non-Project Use of
Project Lands and Waters Referring Compensation Issue to Federal Judge
on February 16, 1996, grants permission for Central Elmore Water
Authority (CEWA) to withdraw 10 mgd from Lake Martin; current
average withdrawal is 6.7 mgd or about 10 cfs. This water is intended to
supplement the regional drinking water supply. CEWA extracts water
from Lake Martin through two screened intake structures that extend 300
ft into Lake Martin. These intakes lead to a pump-house located about 70
ft from shore and outside the Project Boundary. Raw water is pumped a
distance of about 2 miles from the pump-house to the water treatment
facility, ultimately supplying CEWA customers in the City of Wetumpka.
4.5.6.4 StillWaters Resort – Beaver Lake Replenishment System
In 1996, under Paragraph C of Article 58 of the Martin license,
APC approved the Beaver Lake Replenishment Withdrawal System for
the StillWaters Resort. This approval for <1 mgd involved the installation
of 150 feet of 6 inch PVC pipe, encased in concrete, a 2 feet square intake
screen structure, a new 20 horsepower centrifugal pump, and a new pump
house. This withdrawal of Lake Martin waters was utilized to replenish
Beaver Lake, located on the StillWaters site and used as a source of
irrigation for the StillWaters site. As a condition of this usage, StillWaters
was required to report to APC, on an annual basis, the monthly usage and
was required to compensate APC for any usage above an average of 0.1
mgd. The average withdrawal is less than 0.1 mgd.
In 2003, the StillWaters complex was divided into components and
auctioned separately. The StillWaters Golf Club assumed responsibility
for the intake facilities.
4-11
Table 4.5-1: Approved Water Withdrawals from Lake Martin, Tallapoosa River
SOURCE
AVG. DAILY
WITHDRAWAL
(MGD)
FERC
PERMIT
(MGD)
OWNER
FACILITY
NAME
Russell Lands, Inc.
Willow Point
Golf & Country
Club
Lake Martin
0.85
<1
City of Alexander City
Adams WTP
Lake Martin
10.6
24
Lake Martin
6.7
10
Lake Martin
<0.1
<1
Central Elmore Water
and Sewer Authority
StillWaters Resort
4.5.7
CEW&SA
Water
Treatment Plant
Beaver Lake
Replenishment
Pump Station
Current Net Investment
The estimated investment required for the replacement of the capacity of
the Project is approximately $122.5 million (year 2007 dollars), including
necessary replacement of transmission and related facilities. It is expected that
when the current Project license expires in 2013, Southern Company’s gross
original investment in this Project will be $50.0 million. At that time, it is
expected that the accumulated provisions for depreciation relating to this Project
will be $13.5 million, leaving $36.5 million as the depreciated original cost.
4.5.8
Project Boundary
Lands, waters and structures needed to operate the Project are required by
FERC to be enclosed by a Project Boundary lines. Figure 4.5-1 depicts the
Project Boundary for the Project. APC is only responsible for managing activities
within the FERC Project Boundary, which also includes the 30ft control strip at
Martin.
4-12
Figure 4.5-1: Project Boundary of the Lake Martin Project
4-13
4.6
References
Akridge, R. M. 2005a. Revised Exhibit M. Alabama Power Company, Birmingham,
AL.
Akridge, R. M. 2005b. Upgraded Turbine and Generator Nameplates. Alabama Power
Company, Birmingham, AL.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 1978. Order Issuing New License (Major).
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 1994. Environmental Assessment:
Amendment of Recreation Plan. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission,
Washington, D.C.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 2005. Environmental Assessment: Application
for Non-Project Use of Project Lands and Waters. Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission, Washington, D.C.
Finlay Engineering, Inc. 2005. Potential Failure Modes Analysis Martin Hydroelectric
Project. Finlay Engineering, Inc.
4-14
5.0
DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
5.1
Geology and Soils
Bedrock Geology and Physiography
Lake Martin and surrounding Project lands are within the Piedmont Upland
Physiographic Section (Figure 5.1-1). This section is divided into the Northern, Inner,
and Southern Piedmont Upland districts. The Northern and Inner Piedmonts are
separated by the Brevard zone, a narrow zone of intensely sheared rocks. The Inner
Piedmont is separated from the Southern Piedmont by the Towaliga fault (Alabama
Power Company, No Date). The Project lands fall within the Northern and Inner
districts.
5-1
Figure 5.1-1: Physiographic Regrions of Alabama
5-2
The Northern Piedmont is characterized by well-dissected uplands developed over
metamorphic and igneous rocks. In the northern portion, elevations generally range from
1,100 to 500 ft above mean sea level (msl) (Figure 5.1-1). Cheaha Mountain, Alabama’s
highest point at 2,407 ft, is on the northeastern end of a prominent northeast-trending
ridge that occurs in this district. The Inner Piedmont is developed on metamorphic rock
with no prominent topographic features. Tributaries of the River incise the upland
surfaces (Sapp and Emplainment, 1975).
Lake Martin is predominantly located in Tallapoosa County. The extreme
southwestern portion is located in Elmore County and a small part of the western portion
lies in Coosa County. The Project area in these three counties is all underlain by igneous
and metamorphosed rocks of late Proterozoic to Paleozoic in age (570 to 240 million
years ago). Figure 5.1-2 shows the bedrock geology of the Project lands.
5-3
Figure 5.1-2: Bedrock Geology of the Lake Martin
5-4
The Northern Piedmont
The Northern Piedmont, which includes most of the western shores of the Project
lands in Tallapoosa, Coosa and Elmore counties is separated into three sections called
blocks; the Tallapoosa block, the Coosa block, and the Talladega block. The entire
Project area is within the Tallapoosa block. This block includes all of Tallapoosa County
and the portions of Coosa and Elmore Counties that are within the Project area. The
Tallapoosa block contains rocks of the Wedowee Group, the Hackneyville schist, the
Cornhouse schist and the Emuckfaw Formation. The Wedowee Group consists of a wide
range of sericite phyllites, feldspathic-biotite-quartz gneiss, and quartzite. The
Hackneyville Schist is composed of muscovite and biotite schist, and biotite quartz schist
with occasional kyanite. The Cornhouse Schist consists of interlayered chlorite-biotitegarnet schist and muscovite-biotite-garnet-quartz-plagioclase schist. Quartzite and
layered amphibolites are also present. The Emuckfaw Formation is interlayered
metagraywacke and muscovite-garnet-biotite-schist with local occurrences of quartzite
and amphibolite (Sapp and Emplainment, 1975).
In addition to the regionally metamorphosed rocks of the Tallapoosa block,
granitoid plutons composed of the Elkahatchee Quartz Diorite Gneiss, the Zana Granite
and Kowaliga Gneiss occur in the Tallapoosa block.
The Brevard Zone
The Brevard Zone separates the Northern Piedmont from the Inner Piedmont.
The sheared rocks of this zone are bounded to the northwest and southeast by mylonite
zones. The unit is called the Jackson’s Gap Group and consists primarily of graphitic
schist, graphitic phyllite, graphitic metagraywacke, and sericite-quartz phyllite with some
zones of phyllonite, blastomylonite, and quartz mylonite. In the southeast portion of the
zone, a sericite-quartz-chlorite phyllite has been interpreted as metavolcanic.
5-1
The Inner Piedmont
The rocks of the Inner Piedmont belong to the Dadeville Complex, a major
synformal structure, which is composed of the Agricola Schist, Ropes Creek
Amphibolite, Waresville Schist, and Waverly Gneiss. The Camp Hill Granite Gneiss and
mafic and ultramafic rocks intrude into the sequence. The mineral assemblages of the
Agricola Schist consist of biotite/garnet/sillimanite-feldspar quartz. Thinly bedded layers
of dark brown hornblends occur throughout the schist as well as pegmatite pods and
veins. The Waresville Schist is a metavolcanic unit of interlayered amphibolites,
chlorite-actinolite schist and actinolite-feldspathic quartzite along the southeastern border
of the Brevard zone. The Ropes Creek Amphibolite, the most common rock of the
southern Dadeville Complex, is massive hornblend gneiss with numerous accessory
minerals. The underlying Waverly Gneiss is a feldspathic gneiss locally rich in
manganese. Thin layers of amphibolite, calc-silicate rock, garnt quartzite and muscovite
schist occur as thin layers. Mafic rocks are infolded with the Agricola Schist and Ropes
Creek Amphibolite (Beg, 1988).
Structural Features
The dominant features in the Piedmont are northeast-trending ridges that are
underlain by resistant quartzite and quartz-rich schists. The linear ridges to the northwest
and northeast of the dam site are a result of tectonic movement about 500 million years
ago. Triassic dikes were intruded into the area approximately 200 million years ago and
show no sign of any movement since that time. The Tallapoosa block contains the
Alexander City fault and a series of cataclastic zones. The Alexander City Fault divides
the Wedowee Group and Emuckfaw Formation. The Brevard Fault Zone, adjacent to the
Tallapoosa Block is up to five miles wide and bounded by the Abanda Fault to the
northwest and the Katy Creek fault to the southeast (Beg, 1988).
5-2
Glacial Features
The area surrounding the Project area has not been affected by glaciation.
Mineral Resources
Gold occurrences in Tallapoosa County were first documented in 1854 as both
placer (e.g., water deposited) and lode (e.g., in rock veins) deposits. The Devil’s
Backbone District, one of the four gold districts in the Piedmont, is within the graphitic
schists of the Jackson’s Gap Group. The creation of Lake Martin flooded a large portion
of the mines and prospects of the Devil’s Backbone District. The Lake also covers most
of the previously identified placer deposits.
Talc and anthophyllite are alteration products of ultramafic and mafic rocks. Talc
occurs in the Piedmont as soapstone pockets and veins. Anthophyllite occurs in a fibrous
form that may be used as asbestos. Rocks that may host these minerals occur on the east
shore of Lake Martin near Sandy Creek although no specific deposits have been
identified.
Mica is a common platy mineral that splits into very thin tough sheets as small as
1/1000 of an inch. Muscovite mica occurs in many of the igneous and metamorphic
rocks in the Piedmont but mostly in pegmatites of the Agricola schist of the Dadeville
Complex. No mica mines or prospects have been identified on Lake Martin properties
(Rheams, 1984).
A number of inactive stone quarries are located within the microbreccia zone of
the Jackson’s Gap Group and within the granitic bodies. These do not fall within the
lands submerged under Lake Martin. Small terrace and alluvial deposits of
unconsolidated sand and gravel occur along the banks of the River, Hillabee Creek, Blue
Creek and their tributaries. These are not extensive and have not been developed (Beg,
1988).
5-3
5.1.1
Soil Types in Project Area
Clays and rocky soils in the Project areas are derived from granite, schist,
gneiss and igneous rock. Soil productivity has been greatly decreased over much
of the area due to poor farming practices in the 1800s and early 1900s. Many
areas of depleted soils have reverted to forest, but productivity is often low.
Below is a summary of each soil type identified on Project lands by county.
Coosa County
The Coosa County soils within the Project are classified as the Cecil
Gravelly sandy loam (Cm), rough broken land (Rb), and meadow - Congaree
material (M). The soils are typically light colored ranging from light gray to red
at the surface. Leaching and oxidation have strongly influenced the color-profile
development.
Organic matter is low and all soil types are slightly acid to acid, with pH
ranging from 4.92 to 5.09. Due to high rainfall, most soluble salts are leached
from the surface soils. No carbonate accumulation occurs in the soil profile.
The Cecil gravelly sandy loam is included in the group of soils having the
most favorable surface relief and agricultural value. The surficial soil is a lightbrown, light-gray or brownish-gray sandy loam. The subsoil, down to 36 in.
below the surface, is stiff, brittle red clay. Unlike the associated Cecil sandy
loam, this soil has a higher proportion of irregularly shaped fragments that range
from one inch up to five inches. These fragments are typically quartz, granite
gneiss or schist. Below this layer, a light red micaceous clay from 12 to 20 in.
thick grades into the saprolite of granitic gneiss or schist. The hilly phase of the
Cecil gravelly sandy loam series has a more rolling or hilly surface with steep
slopes. The surface soil may be thin, leached and, in some spots, completely
removed by erosion. Gravel and bedrock outcrops occur at the surface.
5-4
The soils designated as rough broken land occur in large areas of the
county, mainly over narrow ridges, knobs and step slopes. The soil is extremely
thin and may rest directly on bedrock or in some areas bedrock is exposed.
The Meadow (Congaree material) occurs on the flood plains as narrow
strips along the streams. The materials were washed from uplands and deposited
by streams. The surface soils (extending 8 to 18 in. deep) are brown or dark
brown. Subsoil is brown, yellowish brown or gray. The texture is a fine sandy
loam to a silty loam. These soils have a high organic content, are subject to
overflow and some areas remain wet throughout the seasons. The silty areas are
possibly the most fertile in the county (Taylor, 1929).
Elmore County
The Elmore County soils within the Project lands are classified as the
Louisa sandy loam (Ls), the Louisa gravelly sandy loam (Lg), the York sandy
loam (Ysl), Rough stone land (R), and Meadow – Congaree materials (Mc).
The Louisa sandy loam is a gray to brownish sandy loam extending from
five to ten in. deep with varying quantities of white quartz fragments and rock
chips. The subsoil is red, heavy clay with small angular quartz grains and a high
mica content that imparts a greasy feel. The soil formed in place, mainly over
mica schists. The Louisa sandy loam occurs in a broad expanse of gently rolling
to hilly areas of Elmore County and exhibits a variety of texture, color, structure
and gravel content. In some cases the soils have a mottled appearance or a larger
proportion of white quartz gravel. Soils are well drained. Organic matter is
generally low.
The Louisa gravelly sandy loam is a gray to reddish brown, extending
from 4 to 12 in. deep. The surficial soil ranges from a light sandy loam to a heavy
loam, contains varying amounts of white quartz fragments, and is underlain by red
micaceous clay that may extend 36 in.. The subsoil has a significant proportion of
5-5
mica flakes derived from the parent mica schist. This soil type is found in the
northeastern corner of the county along the slopes of large drainage features.
Drainage is good to excessive. The soil differs from the Louisa sandy loam in the
amount of rock fragments present.
The York sandy loam is gray to yellowish brown 6 to 8 in. deep. Small
angular rocks are found throughout. A yellow to brownish-yellow micaceous clay
underlies the sandy loam. The parent rock is a micaceous schist, which supplies a
significant amount of mica to the surface soil and subsoil. The soil is formed over
gently rolling to rolling topography. Drainage is well established and may be
excessive enough to cause destructive erosion. Fertility and organic content are
generally low.
Rough stone land is the classification given to a small area of Elmore
County near the River. A high proportion of rock fragments and outcrops occur
in this area of narrow bodies along steep slopes of the valley walls. The soil is
unfit for any type of agriculture and marginally useful for pasture. The main
usage is timber.
Meadow – Congaree material is alluvial in origin and occurs along narrow
marginal strips besides streams. The material is undifferentiated and no textural
classification can be assigned. The Meadow soils are predominantly brown sandy
loam overlying a yellowish brown to reddish-brown sandy clay. As in the
Meadow soil identified above, drainage is usually poor. The virgin soil is high in
organic content and fertility but soon loses the humus content under cultivation
(Winston and McGehee, 1913).
Tallapoosa County
The Tallapoosa County soils within the Project lands are classified as
Cecil stony sandy loam (Csl), Cecil slate loam (Cst), Cecil stony loam (Cl),
Meadow (C), and Durham coarse sandy loam (Dl).
5-6
The Cecil stony sandy loam is grayish to grayish brown with an open
structure in the upper seven in.. The surface is covered with a numerous
subangular rounded stones that range from pebble to cobble-sized. Below the
surficial layer, extending down to 36 in. is a red heavy sandy loam to clay loam.
The parent rocks are granites and mica schists under rolling to hilly topography.
This soil erodes easily and may create steep-sided gullies.
The Cecil slate loam in the upper six inches is a light brown or grayishyellow silt loam. A large portion of mica flakes, quartz fragments and pieces of
the mica schist parent rock create a friability and loose open structure. From 6 to
24 in., the subsoil is a yellowish-red to red micaceous loam. The subsoil may
contain as much as 50 to 60 per cent micaceous slate fragments surrounded by
silty clay. Surficial soil and subsoil are very permeable giving good subsurface
drainage. Water readily enters the fissile parent rock. The soil occurs on steep
cuts, sharp divides and knobby hills. This allows the soil to be easily carried
away.
The Cecil stony loam is a heavy sandy loam to loam of a red or brownish
red color. The surficial layer is 5 to 7 in. thick and may also contain white or
yellow quartz fragments and partially decomposed granite. The subsoil extends to
a depth of 30 to 36 in.. Subangular granite stones from two to ten in. in diameter
may occur in the red clay loam to clay as well as prominent quartz grains. The
topography on which this soil formed is steep valley slopes and highlands.
Erosion has reduced the soil from a stony sandy loam to a stony loam. In some
areas, the parent rock has a vertical dip and allows rapid drainage between
weathered joints.
The Durham coarse sandy loam is a gray to grayish-brown coarse sandy
loam with a surficial thickness of 10 in.. A large proportion of rock fragments
may occur in sufficient amounts to preclude any cultivation. Generally, the soil
has a loose open structure and is not easily affected by erosion even on the steeper
5-7
slopes. The subsoil is yellow coarse sandy loam to coarse sandy clay. The
Durham is derived from biotite gneiss.
Meadow soils in Tallapoosa County, similar to those in Coosa and Elmore
Counties, were transported and deposited by running water. The soils vary from
brown to reddish-brown. The texture varies widely but soils are predominantly
sandy loam, loam and silt loam typical of stream bottoms. The soils are fertile
and require no additional fertilizers but may benefit from the additional of organic
matter and humus (Smith and Avery, 1910).
5.1.2
Existing Erosion
Erosion in reservoirs or riverine systems falls into three broad categories:
natural erosion, erosion due to human influence, and erosion due to hydroelectric
or other water project operations. The degree of natural, or typical, erosion along
a riverine system is highly variable. Flood frequency, topography and soil types
are all dynamic factors that influence natural erosion. Natural erosion is typically
associated with high flow events and their aftermath. Nearly all reservoirs
experience some level of natural erosion. Natural erosion processes observed
includes bank scour and piping (Rosgen, 1996; Simons et al., 1979). Although
these are natural phenomenon, man may accelerate these activities by land use,
recreation and hydropower operations.
Both erosion due to human influence and erosion due to Project operations
are considered atypical erosion. Atypical erosion areas are those that exhibit
excessive levels of erosion above the level observed in the majority of the
reservoir or tailrace areas. The determination of atypical versus typical erosion is
largely dependent upon the professional judgment of the individuals conducting
reconnaissance surveys. General observations regarding the overall condition of
banks should be done to determine the normal condition and determination of
whether the condition is consistent with what would be expected on the reservoir.
5-8
Much of Lake Martin’s 700 miles of shoreline is armored with exposed
bedrock and fabricated seawalls and so shoreline erosion in these areas cannot
occur.
5.1.3
Literature Cited
Alabama Power Company. No Date. Report on the Martin Dam Project.
Alabama Power Company, Birmingham, AL.
Beg, M. 1988. Mineral Resources of Tallapoosa County, Alabama. Geological
Survey of Alabama, Special Map 204, Tuscaloosa, AL.
Rheams, K. 1984. Mineral Resources of the Alabama Piedmont. Geological
Survey of Alabama, Map 200, Tuscaloosa, AL.
Rosgen, D. 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa
Springs, CO.
Sapp, D., and J. Emplainment. 1975. Physiographic Regions of Alabama.
Geological Survey of Alabama, Map 168, Tuscaloosa, AL.
Sapp, Daniel and Jacques Emplainment. 1975. Physiographic Regions of
Alabama, Geological Survey of Alabama, Map 168.
Simons, D. B., J. W. Andrew, R. M. Li, and M. A. Alawady. 1979. Connecticut
River Streambank Erosion Study: Massachusetts, New Hampshire and
Vermont. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, DACW 33-78-C-0297,
Washington, D.C.
Smith, H. C., and P. H. Avery. 1910. Soil Survey of Tallapoosa County,
Alabama. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Taylor, A. 1929. Soil Survey of Coosa County, Alabama. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Winston, R. A., and A. C. McGehee. 1913. Soil Survey of Elmore County,
Alabama. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
5-9
5.2
Water Resources
5.2.1
Drainage Area
The Tallapoosa River originates in Paulding County Georgia, just 40 mi.
west of Atlanta, at an elevation of about 1,150 ft msl. From its headwaters, the
Tallapoosa flows west until it crosses the Alabama border, where it then flows in
a southwesterly direction for approximately 235 mi. to its confluence with the
Coosa River in Alabama. The confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers
forms the Alabama River near Wetumpka, Alabama, approximately 50 mi. below
Lake Martin (Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 1998).
The Tallapoosa drainage basin encompasses approximately 4,664 mi2,
including 2,981 mi2 above the Project (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission,
1978). Only 699.6 mi2 lie in Georgia accounting for 15% of the total land area.
The remaining 3,964.4 mi2 lie in Alabama accounting for 85% of the land area.
The basin receives on average 53 in. of precipitation annually with the majority
occurring in the winter months. Its principal tributaries are the Little Tallapoosa
River, which has a drainage area of 605 mi2 in Georgia and Alabama, and the
Sougahatchee, South Sandy, Uphapee, and Hillabee Creeks in Alabama. The
underlying geology in the basin is composed primarily of igneous and crystalline
formations (see Section 5.1, Geology and Soils).
5.2.2
Existing and Proposed Uses of Water
APC operates the Project as a peaking facility and existing and proposed
operations are described in Section 4.5.6. Project waters are currently used for
public water supply, swimming, fish and wildlife, power production, active
recreation, and to support a diverse array of aquatic and wildlife habitat as well as
associated biota (see Sections 5.3 and 5.4 below for details on fish and wildlife
resources). During the summer and early fall weekends, Lake Martin is heavily
used for recreational fishing and boating, as well as hiking, picnicking, and
5-10
various other outdoor activities (see Section 5.8 below for details on recreational
use).
5.2.3
Existing Instream Flow Uses
Releases from the Project flow directly into the Yates development’s
2,000-ac reservoir.
Discharge from the Project typically ranges from dam leakage to
approximately 17,000 cfs at maximum generation.
5.2.3.1 Flow Statistics
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) operates several
stream gauging stations on the River in the Project Area. The closest to
Lake Martin include Gage No. 02414715, located approximately five mi.
upstream of Lake Martin at Horseshoe Bend, and Gage No. 02419500
located downstream of Lake Martin near Milstead, Alabama. The
Horseshoe Bend gage is operated by the USGS in conjunction with APC.
The Milstead gage is operated in conjunction with the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE) and records stream gage height only. Plant inflow
records from the period 1984 to September 2006 were used to develop
annual and monthly flow duration exceedance curves for the River in the
Project Area. These curves are presented in Appendix F.
Maximum monthly flow in the Tallapoosa River has historically
occurred in May while the minimum monthly flow has historically
occurred in October. Mean, maximum, and minimum monthly flow
statistics for the Project are presented in Table 5.2-1. The peak
instantaneous daily flow at the Horseshoe Bend gage was 132,000 cfs on
May 9, 2003 (U.S. Geological Survey, 2006). The Horseshoe Bend gage
was the primary source of information pertaining to Tallapoosa flow
statistics in the Project Area, as summarized in Table 5.2-1.
5-11
Table 5.2-1: Mean, Maximum, and Minimum Monthly Flow Statistics for the Tallapoosa
River in the Project Area, USGS Gage No. 02414715 – Horseshoe Bend
(Period of Record: 1985-2006)
MONTH
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
5.2.4
MEAN
DISCHARGE
(CFS)
4,217
5,516
6,433
3,634
3,228
2,613
2,716
1,725
1,422
1,744
2,832
3,205
MAXIMUM
DISCHARGE
(CFS)
8,191
12,880
16,230
7,210
16,870
6,704
8,755
3,886
3,636
7,270
7,601
7,959
MINIMUM
DISCHARGE
(CFS)
1,757
2,270
1,785
800
763
689
842
727
413
325
638
1,011
Existing Water Rights
The State of Alabama operates under the principles of the Riparian Rights
doctrine, whereby riparian landowners have the right to use a reasonable portion
of available water (stream or lake) for domestic use and irrigation. Water for
irrigation and other commercial purposes must be "reasonable with respect to the
requirements of all other riparian owners” (U.S. Department of Agriculture,
2006).
Article 13 of the existing FERC license for the Project states that upon the
application by any person, state, federal, corporation, or municipality the Licensee
will permit reasonable use of its reservoir in the interest of the comprehensive
development of the waterway as ordered by the Commission (Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission, 1978). Approved water withdrawals from Lake Martin
are presented in Section 4.5.6 and Table 5.2-2.
5-12
Table 5.2-2: Approved Water Withdrawals from Lake Martin, Tallapoosa River
SOURCE
AVG. DAILY
WITHDRAWAL
(MGD)
FERC
PERMIT
(MGD)
OWNER
FACILITY
NAME
Russell Lands, Inc.
Willow Point
Golf & Country
Club
Lake Martin
0.85
<1
City of Alexander City
Adams WTP
Lake Martin
10.6
24
Lake Martin
6.7
10
Lake Martin
<0.1
<1
Central Elmore Water
and Sewer Authority
StillWaters Resort
5.2.5
CEW&SA
Water
Treatment Plant
Beaver Lake
Replenishment
Pump Station
Morphometric Data for Existing Reservoirs
Lake Martin is 31 miles long with approximately 700 miles of shoreline.
The reservoir’s surface area is nearly 40,000 ac, with a gross storage capacity of
1,622,000 af, or nearly 530 billion gallons. Maximum depth in the reservoir is
155 ft, making it is the second deepest lake in Alabama.
5.2.6
Gradient of Downstream Reaches
Releases from the Project flow directly into the Yates development and as
a result, the entire river segment from the Project to Yates Dam is impounded and
there is no riverine component or downstream gradient.
5.2.7
Intake Velocities
Intake designs for Martin Dam reflect the general consensus of engineering
standards of the 1920's. Most design criteria was conservative by modern standards and
the intake design was no exception. This resulted in a large trash rack structure which
produces low intake velocities. It is estimated that velocities would range between 1.0 2.0 ft/sec. Upon receipt of the latest engineering drawings, detailed calculations will be
performed to refine this estimate along with measurements of trash rack spacing.
5-13
5.2.8
Federally Approved Water Quality Standards
Federal and state water quality standards for the State of Alabama are
guided through implementation of Sections 303(d) and 305(b) of the Clean Water
Act. The Clean Water Act directs individual states to monitor and report on the
condition of their water resources. Alabama’s assessment and listing
methodology establishes a process by which the status of surface waters are
assessed relative to the designated uses assigned to each waterbody. Pursuant to
Section 305 (b) of the Clean Water Act, the State of Alabama provides biennial
reports to Congress as to the condition and status of statewide water quality,
including a list of 303(d) impaired waters. Water bodies not attaining set
standards are placed on the State of Alabama’s 303(d) list of impaired water
bodies, and a program to establish total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) is created
to bring water quality to within set criteria.
Additionally, Section 314(a)(2) of the Clean Water Act requires states to
assess publicly owned lake water quality and report the findings as part of the
biennial 305(b) report to Congress. The State of Alabama classifies publicly
owned lakes (including reservoirs) as water bodies that are of a multiple-use
nature, publicly accessible, and exhibit physical and chemical characteristics
typical of impounded waters (Alabama Department of Environmental
Management, 2006).
For lake water quality assessments, ADEM uses Carlson’s trophic state
index (TSI) for the classification of the trophic status of Alabama lakes. The TSI
relies on the assessment of chlorophyll-a concentrations to determine the trophic
state of lakes during the summer because it gives the best estimate of the biotic
response of lakes to nutrient enrichment when phytoplankton is the dominant
plant community. The result is a single number that is easily understood and is
reflective of lacustrine trophic status. In the State of Alabama, lakes (and
reservoirs) with a TSI of seventy or greater are generally considered to be hypereutrophic and in need of regulatory action appropriate for protection and
5-14
restoration. A TSI ranging from 50 to 70 is representative of eutrophic
conditions, TSI values ranging from 40 to 50 are representative of mesotrophic
conditions, and values less than 40 are representative of oligotrophic water
(Alabama Department of Environmental Management, 2006).
Protection and management of Alabama’s water quality consists of three
components: designated uses, numeric and narrative criteria, and an antidegradation policy (Alabama Department of Environmental Management, 2005).
The State’s antidegradation policy is defined in Alabama State Code 335-6-10.04, Antidegradation Policy) and, in general terms, provides for the prevention of
further exacerbation of water quality in State waters. Designated use is a
classification system designed to identify the best uses of individual waterways.
Best uses generally include recreation, municipal and industrial water supply, and
habitat for fish and wildlife. In Alabama, there are eight recognized designated
best uses of State of Alabama waters:
•
Outstanding Alabama Water (OAW)
•
Public Water Supply (PWS)
•
Shellfish Harvesting (SH)
•
Swimming and Other Whole Body Water-Contact Sports (S)
•
Fish and Wildlife (F&W)
•
Limited Warm water Fishery (LWF)
•
Agricultural and Industrial Water Supply (A&I)
The State of Alabama has one additional classification, Outstanding
National Resource Water (ONRW), for high quality and pristine water bodies.
ONRW are protected from increased or new point sources of pollutants (Alabama
Department of Environmental Management, 2005).
The primary designation for best use for Lake Martin is for swimming (S)
and fish & wildlife (F&W)(Ala. Admin Code r. 335-6-11-.02(11)). Upstream of
the U.S. Highway 280 crossing, the Lake Martin has the additional classification
5-15
of public water supply (PWS). The Martin tailrace is classified as PWS, S and
F&W.
Numerical water quality standards are established by the State of Alabama
and can be found in ADEM’s 2006 Alabama Integrated Water Quality Monitoring
and Assessment Report (Alabama Department of Environmental Management,
2006) or in Alabama State Code 335-6-10-.09, Specific Water Quality Criteria.
These criteria allow the State of Alabama to assess statewide water quality to
identify impairments and develop mitigative actions. Numeric statewide criteria
applicable to the Project are illustrated in Table 5.2-3. Criteria for metal
concentrations can be calculated using formulas provided by the State of Alabama
(Alabama State Code 335-6-10-.09, Specific Water Quality Criteria).
Table 5.2-3: Specific Water Quality Criteria for State of Alabama Waters with
Designation as Public Water Supply, Fish and Wildlife/Swimming*
(Source: ADEM, 2006)
VARIABLE
STANDARD FOR FISH,
WILDLIFE, AND SWIMMING
STANDARD FOR PUBLIC
WATER SUPPLY
pH
between 6.5 and 8.5
between 6.0 and 8.5
DO
not less than 5.0 mg/l at a depth of 5 ft**
not less than 5.0 mg/l at a depth of 5
ft **
Water Temp
Not greater than 90º F
Not greater than 90º F
Turbidity
not greater than 50 NTUs
not greater than 50 NTUs
Bacteria
1,000 colonies/100 ml (fish & wildlife)
200 colonies/100 ml (swimming)
1,000 colonies/100 ml
Chlorophyll-a
not greater than 5 ug/l
not greater than 5 ug/l
*specific metal standards are calculated through various concentration formulas as specified by Alabama State Code (see
ADEM, 2006).
**discharge from hydroelectric turbines shall not be less that 4.0 mg/l
The continued operation of the Project requires a National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit for the ten existing discharge
points at the powerhouse. Five of these points are cooling water discharges, two
are sumps and drains, one is for uncontaminated stormwater, one is wastewater
resulting from maintenance and repair activities, and the final point is
5-16
uncontaminated stormwater. APC has secured the necessary permits for the
continued operation of the Project.
5.2.9
Existing Water Quality Data
The State of Alabama does not list Lake Martin as impaired on Alabama’s
2006 303(d) list nor does it require a TMDL (Alabama Department of
Environmental Management, 2006). The Basin does include water that the State
has classified as impaired, but these TMDL-required riverine sections are outside
of the Project Boundary. TMDL waters in the Tallapoosa basin include
Sougahatchee Creek as it discharges into the Yates Project impoundment and the
mainstem of the River upstream of Harris Dam near Heflin, Alabama. Both
waters are listed as impaired because of elevated nutrients and depressed
dissolved oxygen (DO). TMDL’s for both reaches have been prepared by the
State of Alabama (Alabama Department of Environmental Management, 2006).
Long-term monitoring of Lake Martin water quality associated with
Section 314(a)(2) of the Clean Water Act indicate that Lake Martin is currently
mesotrophic, with an average TSI value of 41 (Alabama Department of
Environmental Management, 2006). A mesotrophic classification indicates that
substantial nutrient loading is not occurring in the reservoir.
5.2.9.1 APC Monitoring Data
To demonstrate compliance with State of Alabama standards, APC
has performed extensive water quality monitoring of Lake Martin and the
Project tailrace. The majority of this data was collected between 1993 and
2005 during summer months when these conditions were most likely to
diverge from State of Alabama standards. During August 2004 – July
2005, APC conducted a 12-month monitoring program to evaluate
reservoir DO and water temperature profiles, as well as concentrations of
water chemistry variables, in Lake Martin at 4 mi., 12 mi., 16 mi., 20 mi.,
and 24 mi. upstream of the Project. Furthermore, as part of the license
5-17
amendment process to refurbish generating Units 1-3, as approved by
FERC on May 24, 2002, APC applied for and obtained a 401 water quality
certification from the State of Alabama (see Appendix E). The 401 water
quality certification issued by the State of Alabama required APC to
develop a water quality monitoring plan with monitoring to begin upon
approval and continue for 2 years following the refurbishment of the last
Unit.
Water quality data collected by APC shows that water temperature
in the Project forebay ranged from 10.5 °C to 31.6 °C during the
monitoring period (Table 5.2-4). DO levels varied throughout the year,
principally between 3.8 mg/l and 10.7 mg/l at the five-ft depth in the
forebay and between 4.1 mg/l and 11.7 mg/l in the tailrace (Table 5.2-5).
DO averaged 7.86 mg/l at the five-ft depth in the forebay, and 7.16 mg/l in
the tailrace (Table 5.2-6).
Table 5.2-4: Summary of Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Data (at depth of 5feet) from the Project, 1993-2005
(Source: Alabama Power Company, 2006d)
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (MG/L)
LOCATION
COUNT MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
AVERAGE
Martin Tailrace
Martin Forebay
4 Mi. Upstream
12 Mi. Upstream
16 Mi. Upstream
20 Mi. Upstream
24 Mi. Upstream
45
104
11
12
12
12
12
11.7
10.7
10.9
11.6
11.4
10.5
10.8
7.16
7.86
8.75
8.91
9.05
8.67
8.8
TEMPERATURE (°C)
LOCATION
COUNT MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
AVERAGE
Martin Tailrace
Martin Forebay
4 Mi. Upstream
12 Mi. Upstream
16 Mi. Upstream
20 Mi. Upstream
24 Mi. Upstream
45
104
11
12
11
12
12
24.1
31.6
29.1
29
27.8
29.2
28.5
17.44
25.38
20.58
20.61
19.86
19.74
19.22
1
4.1
3.81
7.0
7.0
7.2
7.0
7.2
12.1
10.5
10.5
10.2
10.4
10.7
10.8
There was only 1 day in which the dissolved oxygen concentration was less than 5.3 mg/l and it occurred
on September 22, 2004.
5-18
A fisheries study conducted by APC in 1995 in conjunction with Alabama
Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) included DO
profiles at eight locations in the Project Area. Profile data were collected to a
depth of 90 ft (Table 5.2-5).
Table 5.2-5: Summary of Average DO Data Gathered During 1995 APC and ADCNR
Fisheries Study
(Source: APC, 2006d)
LOCATION
DEPTH
(FT)
DAM
FOREBAY
1 MI.
UPSTREA
M OF
DAM
0
3
5
10
15
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
85
90
7.32
7.23
7.28
7.37
7.35
7.00
5.17
0.80
1.93
2.95
3.27
3.23
NA
3.30
7.10
7.05
7.10
7.10
7.00
6.60
4.35
1.25
2.95
3.85
4.30
4.15
NA
3.90
2 MI.
UPSTREA
M OF
DAM
3 MI.
UPSTREA
M OF
DAM
5 MI.
UPSTREAM
OF DAM
8 MI.
UPSTREAM
OF DAM
15 MI.
UPSTREAM
OF DAM
18 MI.
UPSTREAM
OF DAM
7.12
7.20
7.22
7.20
7.13
6.88
4.38
0.80
1.57
2.77
3.10
3.05
NA
3.00
7.25
7.28
7.35
7.25
7.40
7.33
5.40
0.95
1.55
2.65
3.08
2.93
NA
2.92
7.70
7.70
7.50
7.70
7.90
7.50
4.10
0.90
3.00
4.00
4.10
4.40
NA
4.40
7.15
7.25
7.27
7.20
7.28
6.82
3.93
0.45
1.32
2.10
2.43
2.32
NA
2.15
7.45
7.55
7.60
7.35
7.15
6.45
2.50
0.20
0.35
0.40
0.50
0.40
0.45
NA
7.10
7.10
7.20
6.80
6.10
5.30
0.50
0.10
0.20
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Additionally, APC established a continuous DO and water temperature
monitoring program for the Project tailrace (during periods of generation) in 2002
to monitor the effects of improved generating units (Table 5.2-6). Data collected
during the summer and early fall of 2002-2005, indicate that DO was consistently
maintained above 4.0 mg/l with an average of 5.94 mg/l. Minimum DO was 4.04
mg/l, while maximum DO was 9.78 mg/l (Table 5.2-6; except for two incidents:
one lasting about 2.5 hours on October 28, 2002 due to improper loading of units;
and one on July 8, 2005 during a flood event). The continuous monitoring data
from the Project’s tailrace indicate that hydroelectric discharges from the Project
with the addition of refurbished units are, and will continue to comply with State
of Alabama water quality standards unless influenced by operational or severe
weather events.
5-19
Table 5.2-6: Summary of Continuous DO and Water Temperature Monitoring in the
Project Tailrace, 2002-2005
VARIABLE
LOCATION
COUNT
MINIMUM MAXIMUM
AVERAGE
DO (mg/l)
Temperature (°C)
Tailrace
Tailrace
7,795
7,795
3.46*
12.06
5.91
19.11
9.78
25.44
*Occurred during improper unit operation October 28, 2002; Minimum discounting two unusual occurrences 4.04
mg/l.
APC’s monitoring program has also included chemical analyses of water
samples collected at five ft depths from the Project forebay and tailrace during the
period 1993 – 2005 (Table 5.2-7). This analysis has allowed APC to assess
concentrations of approximately 50 variables in the Project Area. In addition, five
reservoir locations were sampled for a 12-month period from August 2004 – July
2005.
Table 5.2-7: Summary Data for Water Chemistry Variables Measured at the Project
During the Period 1993-2005 by APC
(Measurements were taken at a depth of 5-ft at seven stations in the Project
Area, including the tailrace, forebay, and in locations 4, 12, 16, 20, and 24 mi.
upstream of the Project)
VARIABLE TESTED
Alkalinity, Bicarbonate (as CaCO3)
Alkalinity, Carbonate (as CaCO3)
Alkalinity, Hydroxide (as CaCO3)
Alkalinity, Total (as CaCO3)
Aluminum, Total
Arsenic, Total
Barium, Total
Biochemical Oxygen Demand, 5 Day
Cadmium, Total
Calcium, Total
Carbon Dioxide, Free
Carbon Dioxide, Total
Chloride, Total
Chromium, Total
Color
Conductivity
Copper, Total
Field pH
Fluoride
Hardness, Total (as CACO3)
COUNT
244
243
244
250
250
250
250
48
250
250
244
244
N/A
250
43
233
250
6495
242
250
5-20
MINIMUM
4.50
0.00
0.00
4.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
6.40
N/A
0.00
1.00
5.00
0.00
5.66
0.00
0.00
MAXIMUM
66.90
0.90
0.00
67.20
2.20
0.07
4.49
2.00
0.00
17.84
914.00
0.00
N/A
1.00
13.00
154.00
0.01
8.12
0.53
68.10
AVERAGE
24.18
0.03
0.00
24.13
0.37
0.00
0.02
0.19
0.00
2.63
5.27
26.57
N/A
0.00
7.69
46.32
0.00
0.00
0.03
12.01
VARIABLE TESTED
Iron, Total
Lead, Total
Magnesium, Total
Manganese, Total
Mercury, Total
Nickel, Total
Nitrogen, Ammonia
Nitrogen, Nitrate
Nitrogen, Nitrite
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl
Oil and Grease
Organic Carbon, Total
Oxygen, Dissolved
pH
Phosphate, Ortho (as P)
Phosphorus, Total
Potassium, Total
Selenium, Total
Silicon, Total
Sodium, Total
Solids, Total
Solids, Total Dissolved
Solids, Total Suspended
Sulfate
Temperature
Turbidity
Vanadium, Total
Zinc, Total
COUNT
250
250
250
248
43
250
250
250
250
215
23
195
59
173
259
268
250
250
202
250
261
26
249
250
60
250
250
250
MINIMUM
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
6.80
6.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.83
1.05
0.00
23.00
0.00
0.00
20.80
0.50
0.00
0.00
MAXIMUM
18.70
0.02
5.72
2.00
0.00
0.09
0.16
0.42
0.05
3.00
8.00
3.16
10.50
8.70
0.20
0.23
145.00
0.01
5.62
19.30
107.00
56.00
43.00
14.40
31.90
20.00
0.01
0.10
AVERAGE
0.70
0.00
1.20
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.16
0.01
0.35
2.18
1.89
7.28
7.07
0.01
0.02
1.03
0.00
4.54
37.77
43.47
35.70
5.69
2.43
22.25
4.86
0.00
0.00
5.2.9.2 ADEM and Other Project Related Monitoring Data
In addition to the monitoring done by APC, water quality
information in the Project Area has been collected by the ADEM and
Alabama Water Watch. ADEM has established five monitoring stations in
Lake Martin and six in Lake Martin tributary waters (Hillabee Creek,
Coley Creek, Elkahatchee Creek, Manoy Creek, Sandy Creek, and Blue
Creek). ADEM’s sampling protocol includes reservoir profiles of DO and
water temperature (Table 5.2-8) and water chemistry analyses (Table 5.29). The period of record for data collected by ADEM is 1994-2005.
5-21
Table 5.2-8: Summary of Water Temperature and DO Reservoir Profile Data Collected at
a Depth of 5-ft by ADEM During the Period 1994-2005
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (MG/L)
STATION ID COUNT
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
AVERAGE
MARE-1
MARE-2
MARE-3
MARE-4
MARE-5
MARE-6
MARE-7
MARE-8
MARE-9
MARE-10
MARE-11
10.0
11.2
9.6
10.6
9.9
9.8
13.1
12.1
10.7
10.0
10.0
8.1
8.3
8.1
8.4
8.1
7.8
9.8
9.6
8.6
8.3
8.2
MAXIMUM
32.0
31.7
31.5
31.5
30.9
29.0
29.9
31.4
31.8
31.6
31.4
AVERAGE
25.9
26.3
26.1
26.2
24.6
22.3
24.0
26.2
26.4
27.4
26.3
45
51
45
43
35
10
9
9
9
9
10
6.0
6.7
6.7
6.2
6.4
6.1
7.2
7.0
6.0
6.5
6.6
WATER TEMPERATURE (C)
STATION ID COUNT
MINIMUM
MARE-1
45
15.8
MARE-2
51
17.6
MARE-3
45
16.8
MARE-4
43
17.2
MARE-5
35
14.8
MARE-6
10
13.9
MARE-7
9
15.1
MARE-8
9
18.3
MARE-9
9
18.7
MARE-10
9
19.5
MARE-11
10
18.1
Data collected by ADEM show that water temperature in the Martin
forebay ranged from 15.8 °C to 32.0 °C during the monitoring period, which
aligns well with APC data. DO levels varied throughout the year, principally
between 6.0 mg/l and 10.0 mg/l at the five-ft depth in the forebay and between 6.0
mg/l and 13.1 mg/l in the reservoir. The DO averaged 8.06 mg/l at the five-ft
depth in the forebay, and 8.32 mg/l in the reservoir. A summary of water
chemistry data is presented in Table 5.2-9.
5-22
Table 5.2-9
Summary Data for Water Chemistry Variables as Measured by ADEM
During the Period 1994-2005 in the Project Area
(Source: APC, 2006d)
VARIABLE
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM AVERAGE
Alkalinity (mg/l)
Chlorophyll a (ug/l)
Coliform per 100 ml
Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus (DRP) (mg/l)
Hardness, Total (as CACO3) (mg/l)
Nitrite + Nitrate (NO2+NO3 – N) (mg/l)
Nitrogen, Ammonia (mg/l)
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl (mg/l)
Organic Carbon, Total (mg/l)
pH
Phosphorus
Photic zone (m)
2.00
0.05
1.00
0.00
5.08
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.40
6.80
0.01
1.60
90.20
98.41
33.00
0.09
47.00
0.63
0.56
1.30
27.77
8.24
1.77
17.86
14.76
8.52
4.09
0.01
10.81
0.08
0.03
0.23
2.59
7.43
0.04
6.45
Secci (m)
Solids, Total Dissolved (mg/l)
Solids, Total Suspended
Specific Conductance (mS/cm)
Trophic State Index (TSI)
Turbidity (NTU)
0.68
4.00
1.00
0.03
1.00
0.88
44.05
504.00
61.00
0.13
68.00
31.10
3.00
52.46
7.24
0.05
44.23
5.09
Alabama Water Watch, a group of trained volunteer citizens coordinated
by Auburn University’s Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and the
International Center for Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments, have collected
additional water quality information in the Project Area. Alabama Water Watch
has 29 established sites in Lake Martin and its tributaries, which are monitored by
members of the public associated with the Lake Watch of Lake Martin Program
(Auburn University, 2006).
Measured parameters pertinent to the Project include water temperature,
pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, hardness, and E. coli. Water temperature in the
watershed is generally consistent across the test sites, ranging from approximately
10 °C (50 °F) in winter to 30 °C (86 °F) during the summer months. Few pH
samples fall outside the optimum range of 6.5 to 8.5, and almost all dissolved
oxygen samples show values above 5 mg/l, which is the minimum level required
5-23
for fish and wildlife classification. The majority of test sites show low values of
10 to 30 mg/l for alkalinity and hardness, and of the few sites that tested for E.
coli, none show levels unsafe for frequent human contact. In summary, according
to monitoring conducted by the Alabama Water Watch, the overall water quality
in the Middle Tallapoosa watershed, which includes the Project, is good.
5.2.10 Literature Cited
Alabama Department of Environmental Management. 2005. Alabama’s Water
Quality Assessment and Listing Methodology. Alabama Department of
Environmental Management, Montgomery, AL.
Alabama Department of Environmental Management. 2006. 2006 Alabama
Integrated Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report. [Online]
URL: http://www.adem.state.al.us/WaterDivision/WQuality/
305b/WQ305bReport.htm Accessed October 17, 2006.
Alabama Power Company, Environmental Compliance. 2006d. Water Quality
Data for the Martin Hydroelectric Project. Alabama Power Company,
Birmingham, AL.
Auburn University. 2006. Alabama Water Watch. [Online] URL:
https://aww.auburn.edu/. Accessed October 17, 2006.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 1978. Order Issuing New License
(Major). Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C.
Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division.
1998. Tallapoosa River Basin Management Plan 1998. Georgia
Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division,
Atlanta, GA.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2006. Southern Regional Water Program:
Water Quantity and Policy. [Online] URL:
http://srwqis.tamu.edu/waterquantity.aspx. Accessed October 13, 2006.
U.S. Geological Survey. 2006. National Water Information System. [Online]
URL: http://waterdata.usgs.gov/al/nwis/nwis. Accessed October 13, 2006.
5-24
5.3
Fish and Aquatic Resources
Lake Martin
Lake Martin is a monomictic lake (lakes that typically do not drop below 39.2 °F
(4 °C) during the winter, circulate freely at or above 39.2 °F, and stratify directly during
the warmer summer months) located in the Tallapoosa Basin. Lake Martin has a large
surface area (40,000 ac) and is dendritic (branching) in nature. The Lake is relatively
deep with an average depth of 42 ft. (12.9 m) and a maximum depth of 155 ft (47.5 m)
measured near the dam (Alabama Power Company, 2006d; Greene et al., 2005).
As discussed in the water quality section of this report (Section 5.2), the waters of
Lake Martin are very clear and low in productivity. Due to the deep nature of the lake
and relatively long retention time, thermal and chemical stratification occur annually.
The majority of substrates of the Lake is composed of clays and exposed rock except for
the areas where tributaries enter the Lake and sediments of sand and clay have collected.
An interesting feature of the Lake is its dendritic shape and extensive length of shoreline,
approximately 700 miles. There are three major arms of the lake: the Kowaliga arm
located on the southwest side of the lake, the Blue Creek arm located on the southeast
side of the lake, and the Tallapoosa main channel, which extends northward from the
dam. These arms were created when the original creek and valley areas were inundated
by the construction of the Project. The extensive amount of shoreline and creek mouth
areas provide excellent habitat for warmwater species such as bass and sunfish. The deep
open-water areas of the lake also provide excellent habitat for pelagic species such as
striped bass and shad (Greene et al., 2005).
Tailrace
Releases from the Project flow directly into the Yates Development. The releases
are relatively cool (hypolimnetic discharge) and infertile, which results in slow growth
for the downstream fishery. The banks of the tailrace area are naturally armored with
exposed bedrock and fabricated seawalls and lined with riprap in several areas to prevent
5-25
erosion. The tailrace provides habitat for both warmwater and coolwater species. There
is no bypass area associated with the Project (Alabama Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources, 2006).
Fish
Lake Martin
A diverse community of warmwater fish species populates Lake Martin. The
documented species, native and invasive, present within the Project are presented in
Table 5.3-1 (Boschung and Mayden, 2004; Mettee et al., 1996). Although Lake Martin
has low fertility and relatively low levels of nutrients, the fishery resources are healthy
and extremely popular with anglers. The black bass fishery is comprised of both
largemouth and spotted bass, with spotted bass being the more abundant species.
Dominant recreational fish species include spotted and largemouth bass, striped bass,
white bass, black crappie, and bluegill (Greene et al., 2004). There are currently no fish
consumption advisories for Lake Martin or the tailrace area (Alabama Department of
Public Health, 2006).
The ADCNR regulates the recreational fishery on the Lake using fish stocking
and fishing regulations (number of fish harvested, length limits, and slot limits) that are
adjusted periodically to enhance the fishery. The ADCNR has periodically stocked
Florida largemouth bass in the Lake since 1983. A 9-inch statewide minimum length
limit on crappie was instituted by the ADCNR to guard against over harvest by anglers
and to improve the population size structure of crappie within the lake. A slot limit for
black bass was also recommended in 2004 to improve the number of larger bass (Greene
et al., 2004).
The “Gulf-strain” striped bass population in Lake Martin was established through
stocking efforts by the ADCNR beginning in 1980. During the summer when lake
stratification occurs, striped bass are restricted to the cooler water deeper in the lake.
Due to low levels of dissolved oxygen in these deep water levels, periodic summer fish
5-26
kills of striped bass have been observed. A water quality study was performed by
ADCNR and APC during 1995 to better understand this phenomenon but to date, no
specific measures to address this phenomenon have been identified or implemented.
Hybrid striped bass were also stocked in the lake from 1982 through 1988 (Greene et al.,
2004; McHugh et al., 1996).
Table 5.3-1: Fishes Known or Expected to Occur in the Immediate Vicinity of the Project
(Source: Boschung and Mayden, 2004; Mettee et al., 1996)
FAMILY
Petromyzontidae
(Lampreys)
Clupeidae
(Herrings and Shads)
Cyprinidae
(Minnows and Carps)
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAME
Ichthyomyzon castaneus
Ichthyomyzon gagei
Chestnut lamprey
Southern brook
lamprey
Dorosoma cepedianum
Gizzard shad
Dorosoma petenense
Threadfin shad
Campostoma oligolepis
Cyprinella callistia
Cyprinella gibbsi
Cyprinella venusta
Cyprinus carpio
Largescale stoneroller
Alabama shiner
Tallapoosa shiner
Blacktail shiner
Common carp
Ericymba buccata
Hybopsis lineapunctata
Luxilus chrysocephalus
Lythrurus bellus
Macrhybopsis sp. cf. M.
aestivalis
Nocomis leptocephalus
Notemigonus crysoleucas
Notropis ammophilus
Notropis asperifrons
Notropis atherinoides
Notropis baileyi
Notropis stilbius
Notropis texanus
Notropis xaenocephalus
Opsopoeodus emiliae
Phenacobius catostomus
Silverjaw minnow
Lined chub
Striped shiner
Pretty shiner
5-27
Coosa chub
Bluehead chub
Golden shiner
Orangefin shiner
Burrhead shiner
Emerald shiner
Rough shiner
Silverstripe shiner
Weed shiner
Coosa shiner
Pugnose minnow
Riffle minnow
NOTES
probably non-native
to Tallapoosa
drainage
also called Notropis
buccatus
FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Pimephales vigilax
Semotilus atromaculatus
Catostomidae (Suckers) Erimyzon oblongus
Hypentelium etowanum
Ictiobus bubalus
Minytrema melanops
Moxostoma carinatum
Moxostoma duquesnei
Moxostoma erythrurum
Moxostoma poecilurum
Ictaluridae (North
American Catfishes)
COMMON NAME
Bullhead minnow
Creek chub
Creek chubsucker
Alabama hogsucker
Smallmouth buffalo
Spotted sucker
River redhorse
Black redhorse
Golden redhorse
Blacktail redhorse
Ameiurus catus
Ameiurus melas
Ameiurus natalis
Ameiurus nebulosus
Ictalurus furcatus
Ictalurus punctatus
Noturus funebris
Noturus leptacanthus
Pylodictis olivaris
White catfish
Black bullhead
Yellow bullhead
Brown bullhead
Blue catfish
Channel catfish
Black madtom
Speckled madtom
Flathead catfish
Esocidae
(Pikes and Pickerels)
Esox niger
Chain pickerel
Fundulidae
(Topminnows and
Killifishes)
Fundulus bifax
Fundulus olivaceus
Stippled studfish
Blackspotted
topminnow
Poeciliidae
(Livebearers)
Gambusia affinis
Western mosquitofish
Cottidae (Sculpins)
Cottus sp. cf. C. bairdi
Tallapoosa sculpin
Morone chrysops
Morone saxatilis
Morone chrysops x
saxatilis
White bass
Striped bass
Ambloplites ariommus
Lepomis auritus
Lepomis cyanellus
Shadow bass
Redbreast sunfish
Green sunfish
Moronidae
(Temperate Basses)
Centrarchidae
(Sunfishes)
Palmetto bass
5-28
NOTES
introduced/non-native
introduced/non-native
also called Hybrid
bass; introduced
FAMILY
Percidae (Perches)
Elassomatidae
(Pygmy Sunfishes)
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Lepomis gulosus
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis megalotis
Lepomis microlophus
Lepomis miniatus
Micropterus coosae
Micropterus punctulatus
Micropterus salmoides
Pomoxis annularis
Pomoxis nigromaculatus
COMMON NAME
Warmouth
Bluegill
Longear sunfish
Redear sunfish
Redspotted sunfish
Redeye bass
Spotted bass
Largemouth bass
White crappie
Black crappie
Etheostoma
chuckwachatte
Etheostoma stigmaeum
Etheostoma swaini
Etheostoma tallapoosae
Percina kathae
Percina sp. cf. P.
macrocephala
Percina nigrofasciata
Percina palmaris
Lipstick darter
Speckled darter
Gulf darter
Tallapoosa darter
Mobile logperch
Muscadine bridled
darter
Blackbanded darter
Bronze darter
Elassoma zonatum
Banded pygmy sunfish
NOTES
Tailrace
The tailrace fishery downstream of the Project includes spotted and largemouth
bass, striped bass, white bass, black crappie, bluegill, redear sunfish, and channel catfish.
The cool water associated with the tailrace area often attracts striped bass exceeding 40
pounds (Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, 2006).
ADCNR Reservoir Management Studies
In 1986, the ADCNR initiated a reservoir management program to establish a
database of information on fish species in large impoundments that could be used as a
tool to improve fish population structure and fishing quality through management
decisions (e.g., fish stocking, harvest restrictions, etc.). According to the 2005
5-29
management report, the ADCNR sampled Lake Martin in 1988 - 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001,
2003, and 2005.
Collection of black bass during 2004 and 2005 indicate that spotted bass are more
abundant than largemouth bass, but this has changed little over time. All bass collections
were dominated by smaller fish, which indicates good reproduction and survival but slow
growth. The slower growth experienced on Lake Martin is related to the nutrient poor
water in the lake. Black crappie populations in the Lake have increased in recent years,
and continue to provide excellent fishing opportunities. Annual mortality for black
crappie remains high and is related to the heavy exploitation by anglers and the fishes’
short life span. The 2004 collections of bluegill continue to indicate good numbers, but
were dominated by small fish. Striped bass collections were relatively low and fish
collected exhibited low growth rates. However, the report recommended continuing
stocking rates of 3 fish per ac. White bass collected were in excellent condition and
numerous, with some of the highest catch rates ever recorded for the Lake. These
parameters indicate an excellent and stable white bass fishery. Gizzard and threadfin
shad collections indicated a slightly higher abundance than in previous years, which
indicates a good forage base for the fishery (Greene et al., 2004; Greene et al., 2005).
B.A.I.T. Reports
In 1986, the ADCNR created the Bass Anglers Information Team (B.A.I.T.)
program. The function of this program is to gather and summarize information on bass
populations from tournament catch data, which is provided by participating fishing clubs.
Although this information is no substitute for fisheries data obtained through the
standardized sampling of reservoirs (i.e., electrofishing, gillnetting, etc.), the program is a
valuable tool for resource managers and provides insight into general trends on the status
of sport fisheries for specific reservoirs. To date, the program has summarized data from
over 9,000 tournament reports. Each year, data provided by participating clubs are
summarized in a report in which reservoirs are ranked based on five “fishing quality”
indicators (Haffner, 2006):
5-30
•
Percent of successful anglers (percent of anglers with more than one bass
at weigh-in);
•
Bass average weight;
•
Number of bass per angler-day;
•
Pounds of bass per angler-day; and
•
Hours required to catch a bass five pounds or larger.
B.A.I.T information for Lake Martin shows the Lake to be popular with anglers as
evidenced by the numerous tournaments held by bass fishing clubs participating in the
B.A.I.T program. The B.A.I.T. 2005 report noted that Lake Martin tied for third in the
state for the number of fishing tournaments (27) hosted during the year. Recent B.A.I.T
information also ranked Lake Martin near the top in several categories (Alabama
Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, 2004; Alabama Department of
Conservation and Natural Resources, 2005). The 2004 and 2005 reports show that
tournament anglers experienced above average success rates, bass per angler-day, and
pounds per angler-day, which combined to rank Lake Martin as one of the better lakes for
fishing in the state.
Anadromous Fish
Anadromous fish are species that upon maturity migrate from the ocean into
freshwater environments to spawn. Historically, there were several species that migrated
from Gulf Coast waters to inland Alabama rivers (including the River) to spawn. The
Alabama shad (Alosa alabamae), Alabama sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus suttkusi), and
striped bass (Morone saxatilis) are anadromous fish species that are currently or
historically known to use portions of the River during this spawning migration (Mettee et
al., 1996). However, use of the River by these species has been impeded and/or
effectively blocked by the construction of several USACE lock and dam projects and
APC hydropower projects along the river system. The striped bass population present in
the Lake Martin was produced and is maintained by ADCNR fish stockings. There are
no other species of anadromous fish known to be present in the upper River at this time.
5-31
Catadromous Fish
Catadromous fish are species that live most of their lives in freshwater
environments and, upon reaching sexual maturity, migrate to the ocean to spawn. The
juvenile offspring of catadromous fish migrate through the ocean to the mouths of rivers
and move upstream to various habitats to live until adulthood. The American eel
(Anguilla rostrata) is the only catadromous species native to the River system (Mettee et
al., 1996). As with anadromous fish species discussed above, upstream movement of
American eel into the Tallapoosa River is impeded by several USACE lock and dam
projects and APC hydropower projects along the river system. American eel have been
observed in Alabama River and lower portions of the River, but their status in the upper
River is unknown.
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Species Communities
Studies conducted by Bayne et al. (1995) in Martin Reservoir tend to support the
premise that storage reservoir macroinvertebrate populations typically are composed
largely of taxa that are tolerant of numerous impoundment-associated factors, including
water level fluctuations, reduced hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen levels, flow reduction,
and siltation; these taxa tend to be habitat and trophic “generalists”. Benthic
macroinvertebrates were collected at four sites in the upstream portion of Martin
Reservoir between May and October 1994. Sampling methods employed included both
petite ponar dredge samples (to sample the inhabitants of the benthic sediments) and
Hester-Dendy multiplate samplers (to sample the “aufwuchs” community, those
organisms that colonize various hard substrates such as logs, rocks, etc.).
A total of 43 taxa were collected from the dredge samples. The benthic
community was dominated by aquatic midge larvae (Diptera:Chironomidae, 24 taxa),
with lesser numbers of mayflies (Ephemeroptera , 1 taxa), caddisflies (Trichoptera, 1
taxa), and dragonflies (Odonata, 1 taxa). Fifteen “non-insect” taxa were also collected;
these taxa included snails, water mites, and aquatic worms. The samples were usually
dominated numerically by larvae of the phantom midge, Chaoborus, which is a common
5-32
inhabitant of lakes and is often collected in dredge samples. Community structure and
diversity tended to be similar among all sites, and the community was dominated
functionally by “predators”.
A total of 52 taxa were collected from the multiplate samples, with aquatic midge
larvae (22 taxa) also dominating the “aufwuchs” community. Other insect groups
represented included mayflies (5 taxa); caddisflies (6 taxa); aquatic beetles (Coleoptera, 1
taxa); alderflies/dobsonflies (Megaloptera, 1 taxa); and dragonflies (1 taxa).
Additionally, 14 “non-insect” taxa were collected; these consisted mainly of snails and
aquatic worms. The midge community collected from the plate samplers was dominated
by genera tolerant of some organic enrichment, such as Dicrotendipes and
Glyptotendipes. Most of the taxa occurring on the multiplate samplers were functionally
“filtering collectors” or “collector-gatherers”. Diversity values were similar among all
sites.
The aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna of Martin Reservoir, dominated by tolerant
taxa such as midge larvae, snails, and aquatic worms, and with lower numbers of less
tolerant groups such as mayflies and caddisflies, appears to be typical of a storage
reservoir in the southeastern United States. Species diversity is quite high, however, and
it does not appear that the macroinvertebrate community is being adversely affected by
any other type of disturbance.
Freshwater Unionids
Lake Martin and Tailrace
The majority of freshwater mussel species are intolerant of impounded waters;
however, several species of snails are more tolerant of altered habitats. Due to their
habitat requirements, populations of mussels and snails in the Project are typically limited
to shoal habitat and headwaters and tributaries of the Lake. In the fall of 2006, APC
performed dive surveys (in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(USFWS) and ADCNR) in various areas of the Project to determine the status of unionid
5-33
populations in the tailrace. The findings of that survey were reported in a draft Report
(APC November 2006).
Surveys were performed in the Irwin Shoals, Hillabee Creek, Manoy Creek, Blue
Creek, Sandy Creek, and Martin Tailrace. A total of eight taxa of freshwater mussels
were detected by the surveys. Four species were collected in the Manoy Creek area:
Anodonta suborbiculata (Flat Floater), Pyganodon grandis (Giant Floater), Lampsilis
teres (Yellow Sandshell), and Utterbackia imbecillis (Paper Pondshell). Three species –
Leptodea fragilis (Fragile Papershell), P. grandis, and Villosa lienosa (Little
Spectaclecase) were collected in the Blue Creek area. One species, L. fragilis, was
collected in Sandy Creek. No mussels were detected in the Irwin Shoals, Hillabee Creek,
or Martin Tailrace areas. Each of the taxa collected during the surveys occur commonly
in Alabama, and all are listed as being of low conservation concern by Mirarchi et al.
(2004).
In addition to freshwater mussels, four taxa of freshwater snails were collected
during the survey. The most commonly encountered snail was the pleurocerid Elimia
flava (Yellow Elimia). This Tallapoosa River system endemic occurred in large numbers
in the Irwin Shoals area of upper portion of Martin Reservoir and was also encountered in
lower numbers in Manoy Creek, Sandy Creek, and the Martin tailrace. Other snails
collected during the survey include Helisoma anceps (Two-ridge Rams-horn),
Campeloma regulare (Cylinder Campeloma), and Physella sp., all of which were
collected in very low numbers. All taxa of freshwater snails seen during this survey are
listed as common and of low conservation concern in Alabama by Mirarchi et al. (2004).
5.3.1
Essential Fish Habitat As Defined Under Magnuson-Stevens Fishery
Conservation and Management Act
There are no current records of federally managed fish habitat within the
Project Vicinity. However, there will be consultation with the National Marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS) as stated in their 1999 Fish Habitat Conservation
Mandate (National Marine Fisheries Service, 2000):
5-34
Consultations at a project-specific level are required when
critical decisions are made at the project implementation
stage, or when sufficiently detailed information for
development of EFH (Essential Fish Habitat) conservation
recommendations does not exist at the programmatic level.
5.3.2
Literature Cited
Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 2004. Alabama
Bass Anglers Information Team (BAIT) 2003 Annual Report. Alabama
Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Montgomery, AL.
Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 2005. Alabama
Bass Anglers Information Team (BAIT) 2004 Annual Report. Alabama
Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Montgomery, AL.
Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 2006. Fish and
Fishing in Yates and Thurlow Reservoirs. [Online] URL:
http://www.outdooralabama.com/fishing/freshwater/where/reservoirs/thurl
owyates/. Accessed October 12, 2006.
Alabama Department of Public Health. 2006. Alabama Fish Consumption
Alabama Power Company. 2006. Martin Lake Mussel and Snail Survey –
Draft Summary Report – November 2006. Advisories. Alabama
Department of Public Health, Montgomery, AL.
Alabama Power Company, Environmental Compliance. 2006d. Water Quality
Data for the Martin Hydroelectric Project. Alabama Power Company,
Birmingham, AL.
Alabama Power Company. November 2006. Martin Lake Mussel and Snail
Survey Draft Summary Report.
Bayne, David R., W.C. Seesock, E.C. Webber, and E. Reutebuch. 1995. FINAL
REPORT - Limnological Study of Selected Embayments of Lake Martin
in Tallapoosa County, Alabama 1994. Department of Fisheries and Allied
Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. i-vii + 108 pp.
Boschung, H. T., Jr., and R. L. Mayden. 2004. Fishes of Alabama. Smithsonian
Books, Washington, D.C.
5-35
Greene, C. J., D. L. Abernethy, T. Powell, and R. A. McVay. 2004. Martin
Reservoir Management Report 2004. Alabama Department of
Conservation and Natural Resources, Montgomery, AL.
Greene, J. C., D. L. Abernethy, and R. A. McVay. 2005. Martin Reservoir
Management Report 2005. Alabama Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources, Montgomery, AL.
Haffner, J. 2006. Alabama Bass Anglers Information Team (BAIT) 2005 Annual
Report. [Online] URL:
http://www.outdooralabama.com/fishing/freshwater/where/reservoirs/quali
ty/baitcurrent/. Accessed November 9, 2006.
Isom, B. G. 1971. Effects of Storage on Mainstem Reservoirs on Benthic
Macroinvertebrates. Pages 179-191 in G. E. Hall, editor. Reservoir
Fisheries and Limnology. American Fisheries Society, Washington, D.C.
McHugh, J. J., J. B. Jernigan, and T. Madigan. 1996. Martin Reservoir
Management Report 1996. Alabama Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources, Montgomery, AL.
Merritt, R. W., and K. W. Cummins, editors. 1984. An Introduction to the
Aquatic Insects of North America, Second edition. Kendall/Hunt
Publishing, Dubuque, IA.
Mettee, M. F., P. E. O'Neil, and J. M. Pierson. 1996. Fishes of Alabama and the
Mobile Basin. Oxmoor House, Inc., Birmingham, AL.
National Marine Fisheries Service. 2000. Essential Fish Habitat: New Marine
Fish Habitat Conservation Mandate for Federal Agencies. National
Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C.
5.4
Wildlife Resources
The Project lies within the Piedmont physiographic region of Alabama, an area
with less wildlife diversity than some of the other physiographic regions of Alabama,
such as the Coastal Plain and Lower Coastal Plain (Causey, 2006). The Project
impoundment and surrounding woodland, agricultural, and residential areas nonetheless
provide high quality habit for a variety of upland and semi-aquatic wildlife species. In
5-36
addition to typical southeastern species, such as gray fox, white-tailed deer, Virginia
opossum, and gray squirrel, the area supports species characteristic of the Piedmont
region, such as the wood frog and copperhead (Skeen et al., 1993). Birdlife typical of
Project uplands includes games species such as bobwhite quail, wild turkey, and
mourning dove; resident songbirds including downy woodpecker, American robin,
eastern bluebird, and eastern meadowlark; and an abundance of neotropical migrants
including numerous warblers, vireos, and hummingbirds (Haggerty et al., 2004; Causey,
2006). A number of raptors are known to occur in the Project Vicinity including osprey,
American kestrels, broad-winged and red-tail hawks, bald eagles, and barred, great
horned, and screech owls. Typical small mammals of uplands include least and shorttailed shrews, southern flying squirrels, eastern woodrat, and eastern red and big brown
bats (Best et al., 2004; Causey, 2006). Reptiles and amphibians found on Project uplands
include American and eastern spadefoot toads; marbled and slimy salamanders; green
anole and Southern fence lizards; five-lined and broad-headed skinks; copperhead, black
racer, and gray ratsnakes; and eastern box turtle (Causey, 2006).
Although limited, Lake Martin’s littoral zone provides habitat for river otter,
mink, muskrat, and beaver, as well as seasonal and year-round habitat for a number of
waterfowl and wading birds including mallards, gadwall, wood ducks, hooded
mergansers, loons, great blue herons, green herons, and great egrets (Haggerty et al.,
2004; Causey, 2006). Birds such as ring-billed gulls, ospreys, purple martins, and belted
kingfishers are also common in areas of open water. Littoral areas also provide potential
breeding habitat for a number of aquatic and semi-aquatic amphibian species including
red-spotted and central newts, Northern red and Northern dusky salamanders, bullfrogs,
and Southern cricket, spring peeper, and Southern leopard frogs (Causey, 2006). Reptile
species typical of the littoral zone include cottonmouths and red- and yellow-bellied
water snakes, snapping turtles, Alabama map turtle, river cooter, and red-eared and pond
sliders.
Representative wildlife species (mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles) found
in the Project Vicinity, including their common and scientific names, are listed in Tables
G-1 through G-3 in Appendix G.
5-37
5.4.1
Literature Cited
Causey, M. K. 2006. Wildlife Resources Associated With Alabama Power
Company Project Lands Surrounding Martin Reservoir In Tallapoosa,
Coosa And Elmore Counties, Alabama. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
Skeen, J. N., P. D. Doerr, and D. H. Van Lear. 1993. Oak Hickory Pine Forests.
Pages 133 in W. H. Martin, S. G. Boyce, and A. C. Echternacht, editors.
Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States: Upland Terrestrial
Communities. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
5.5
Botanical Resources
5.5.1
Upland Habitat Communities and Species
Potential natural vegetation for the Project Area is considered to be oak –
hickory – pine association (Barbour and Christensen, 1993). This association is a
component of the extensive eastern deciduous forest province, which is
dominated by a number of mesophytic species including beech, yellow poplar, red
maple, basswood, white and green ash, and numerous oak and hickory and
species. The title of the association refers to commonly encountered
contemporary components of the community, i.e., oaks, hickories, and pines. The
addition of pine to the title is somewhat problematic since original vegetation
likely had pines much more restricted in importance. Oaks and hickory forest
most likely dominated this area in pre-settlement times. Clearing for agriculture,
burning for habitat, subsequent abandonment of cleared spaces, and other
activities have produced a patchwork of mostly second-growth forest and midand early-successional assemblages. Figure 5.5-1, which presents community
structure for an eight thousand acre stand in the Project Area, demonstrates the
patchwork nature of natural vegetation and sylvicultural areas in the vicinity
(Whetstone, 2006).
5-38
Figure 5.5-1: Community Structure for an Eight Thousand Acre Stand in the Project Area
Tree canopy in the older second-growth forests surrounding the Project
Area have tree canopy dominated by dry-mesic to mesic, upland oaks, hickories,
and pines. Oaks commonly abundant in this area include white, black, southern
red, rock chestnut oak, post, scarlet, blackjack, and willow oaks. Hickories tend
to be less in importance, though sand and mockernut hickories are frequently
found. Loblolly, scrub, shortleaf, and longleaf pines are also common. Other
canopy and subcanopy species that are locally important include sweetgum, black
cherry, blackgum, persimmon, sourwood, black locust, hophornbeam, hornbeam,
hackberry, cucumber magnolia, sassafras, possumhaw, box-elder, hawthorn,
crabapple, flowering dogwood, sumac, chalk maple, devil’s-walkingstick, and
Grandsir’s-gray-beard. Among the primary components of the shrub/small tree
stratum are lowbush blueberry, tree sparkleberry, deerberry, mountain-laurel, St.
John’s wort, wax-myrtle, sweet shrub, oakleaf hydrangea, witch-hazel, and
blackberry. Lianas in these sites are variable though poison-ivy, cat-briar,
Virginia creeper, muscadine, fox grape, yellow jessamine, cross-vine, and cowitch-vine are common. Herbs common to the area are extensive. Along ridges
and upper slopes, bracken fern, Christmas fern, resurrection fern, needle grass,
spike grass, fragrant goldenrod, goldenrod, sweet Betsy, and aster species are
abundant among a host of other taxa that also may have locally extensive
5-39
populations. Botanical species typical of the Project Area, including their
common and scientific names, are listed in Tables H-1 in Appendix H.
5.5.2
Noxious Weeds
Whetstone (2006) identified seven species as being the primary invasive
flora potentially occurring in the Project Vicinity: silk tree (mimosa), Japanese
honeysuckle, kudzu, Chinese privet, giant cut grass (millet), torpedo grass, and
golden bamboo. Giant cutgrass has proven especially invasive in littoral habitats
in the upper portion of Lake Martin, primary in cove backwaters between the
Hillabee Creek and the reservoir headwaters (Photo 5.5-1). Control measures
have been undertaken recently to control these populations as part of APC’s
Aquatic Plant Management Program. APC developed an Aquatic Plant
Management Program for the Coosa and Warrior Projects (see Appendix I). APC
intends to use the Coosa and Warrior plan in developing a similar plan for the
Martin Project. Additional detail regarding these species, including scientific and
common names and invasive characteristics, is provided in Table 5.5-2.
Photo 5.5-1: Giant Cut Grass (Millet) on the Shoreline of Lake Martin
5-40
Table 5.5-2: Invasive Species Potentially Occurring in the Project Vicinity
(Source: Whetstone, 2006)
COMMON
NAME
Silk Tree
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
Albizzia
julibrissin
GROWTH
PATTERN
Small tree
Chinese
privet
Ligustrum
sinense
Shrub/small Forms dense thickets along roadsides, fence rows,
tree
fields, rights-of-way, and in bottomland forests;
high fruit productivity and aggressive suckering
often results in elimination of the herb layer in
multi-storied communities.
HABITAT/INVASIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Invasive in an array of disturbed habitats
including old fields, stream banks, roadsides,
flower gardens, rail yards, abandoned home sites,
and rights-of-way; mostly occurs in full sunlight
but widely dispersed in shaded areas; is difficult
to control once established due to the aggressive
suckering and long-lived seeds.
Japanese
Lonicera
honeysuckle japonica
Vine
Primarily occurs in disturbed habitats such as
fence rows, old home sites, roadsides, and
abandoned fields; may persist for long periods in
mature forests, invading rapidly after disturbances
(i.e., windstorms, logging) through fruit dispersal
as well as aggressive growth in the herb layer and
on small shrubs and trees.
Torpedo
grass
Panicum repens
Perennial
herb
Occurs in ditches, along marshy shores and
canals, and other poorly drained habitats; occurs
in water up to 6 ft deep forming a thick dense
floating mat; cold-intolerant and thus is killed
back to the ground by frost; once established, is
difficult to eradicate due to rhizomatous growth.
Golden
bamboo
Phyllostachys
aurea
Bamboo
Forms dense, nearly impenetrable stands from
underground rhizomes; mostly occupies old home
sites and was widely planted for fishing canes.
Kudzu
Pueraria lobata
Vine
Ornamental use is suggested by the large number
of abandoned home sites that are overgrown with
this aggressive species. The USDA and other
agencies used the species for erosion control.
Few species can tolerate the competition by
kudzu. Forms a dense blanket of leaves and
stems that limits light that penetrates below
Limited spread by seeds means most infestations
result from persistence rather than new
introductions.
5-41
COMMON
NAME
Giant cut
grass
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
Zizaniopsis
miliacea
5.5.3
GROWTH
PATTERN
Large
emergent or
terrestrial
Grass
HABITAT/INVASIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Native grass that grows to about 9 ft, typically in
fresh or brackish shallow water of ponds, sloughs,
and ditches; reproduction occurs from rhizomes,
grains, and from aerial stems that fall over and
root at the nodes; forms dense, nearly
impenetrable colonies that limit other native
species through competition; is frequently
controlled to protect habitat or to enhance
recreation and/or navigation.
Literature Cited
Whetstone, D. 2006. Plants And Plant Communities Of The Lake Martin Area.
Whetstone Consulting, Inc.
5.6
Riparian, Wetland and Littoral Habitat
The hills surrounding the Project are steeply sloped to the waterline; thus
extensive floodplains and shoreline wetlands are not present (Whetstone, 2006). The
limited wetlands and riparian zones that do exist provide valuable fish and wildlife
habitat and are described in greater detail below.
5.6.1
Wetlands
There are approximately 444 ac of wetlands within the Project Boundary,
which can be broadly classified into palustrine, lacustrine, and riverine wetland
types (Alabama Power Company, 2006c). The dominant wetland types within the
Project Boundary are palustrine forested, lacustrine littoral unconsolidated shore
and palustrine emergent wetlands, which account for approximately 45.3% (201.4
ac), 27.3% (121.6 ac), and 10.3% (45.9 ac) of the total wetland acreage,
respectively. The remaining 75.9 ac are composed of a mix of various palustrine,
lacustrine and riverine wetland types accounting for approximately 9.6% (42.7
ac), 7.1% (31.4 ac) and .4% (1.8 ac), respectively. The wetland resources of the
Project are summarized in Table 5.6-1.
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Table 5.6-1: Acres and Percentages of Wetland Types in the Project Area1
WETLAND TYPE
ACRES
Lacustrine Littoral Rock Bottom
30.7498
Lacustrine Littoral Rocky Shore
0.6776
Lacustrine Littoral Unconsolidated Shore 121.5729
Palustrine Emergent
45.8818
Palustrine Forested
201.3588
Palustrine Scrub-Shrub
42.5424
Palustrine Unconsolidated Bottom
0.1640
Riverine Lower Perennial Rock Bottom
1.7978
Total:
444.7451
Lacustrine
Palustrine
Riverine
Total:
153.0003
289.9470
1.7978
444.7451
PERCENT OF TOTAL
6.9140%
0.1524%
27.3354%
10.3164%
45.2751%
9.5656%
0.0369%
0.4042%
100.0000%
34.4018%
65.1940%
0.4042%
100.0000%
1
Based on National Wetlands Inventory data for the following USGS 1:24,000 Quadrangles: Brassell, AL; La
Place, AL; Shorter, AL; Tallassee, AL; Willow Springs, AL; Red Hill, AL; Alexander City, AL; Buchanan, GA;
Buttson, AL; Dadeville, AL; Draketown, GA; Dudleyville, AL; Fruithurst, AL; Hightower, AL; Jacksons Gap, AL;
Micaville, AL; Our Town, AL; Ofelia, AL; Ponders, AL; Rockmart South, GA; Ross Mountain, AL; Tallapoosa
North, GA; Tallapoosa South, GA; Wadley North, AL; Wadley South, AL.
5.6.2
Riparian and Littoral Habitats
Riparian zone and lowland vegetation include representatives of the
upland forests as well as more wet-mesic to hydric taxa (Whetstone, 2006). Trees
that are locally abundant in these habitats are elderberry, catalpa, black willow,
alder, river birch, sycamore, and winterberry. Common shrubs include
sweetspire, buttonbush, lead plant, swamp dogwood, silverbell, and blueberry.
Frequently encountered lianas along the riparian zones and other lowlands are
pepper-vine, American buckwheat vine, rattan-vine, and moonseed among other
taxa. In littoral areas, emergent grasses, such as giant cutgrass and torpedo grass,
as well as woody species, such as buttonbushes, are common. Riparian and
littoral species know to occur in the Project Vicinity are listed in Table I-1 in
Appendix I.
5-43
5.6.3
Literature Cited
Alabama Power Company. 2006c. Draft Wetlands Report. Alabama Power
Whetstone, D. 2006. Plants And Plant Communities Of The Lake Martin Area.
5.7
Rare, Threatened, Endangered (RTE) and Special Status Species
At APC’s request, the USFWS Daphne Field Office provided a list of federally
threatened and/or endangered species in Alabama sorted by county. The Project area
encompasses lands within Coosa, Elmore, and Tallapoosa counties in Alabama. The
USFWS list indicates a total of four threatened, five endangered and one candidate
species for those counties (Table 5.7-1). This list does not indicate species that are
located within the Project Boundary and/or are influenced by the Project. To understand
the potential for each species to be present in the Project Boundary, the following
descriptions of the species and typical habitat requirements are presented below.
Red Cockaded Woodpecker
The red cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) (RCW), is a federally listed
endangered species that occurs in Coosa and Tallapoosa counties (U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 2006a). The RCW requires open pine woodlands and savannahs with large old
pines for nesting and roosting habitat. Large old pines, preferably long leaf pines, are
required as cavity trees because the cavities are excavated within inactive heartwood so
that the interior cavity is free of resin, which can entrap the birds (U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 2003). Consequently, the resin that comes out of the tree (from outer vascular
tissue) after excavation may provide protection for RCWs against climbing snakes or
other predators. The cavity trees are located in open stands with little or no hardwood
midstory and few or no overstory hardwoods. The RCWs also require abundant native
bunchgrass and groundcovers suitable for foraging within their habitat (U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 2003).
5-44
APC implements a recovery management plan for RCWs at the Mitchell Project,
Coosa and Chilton Counties, Alabama. The Mitchell Lake Project Lands represent the
largest RCW population on a single private holding in Alabama (Bailey, 2003). There
are no published reports of RCW's occurring on Martin Project lands, but ancillary
information from the early 1990's indicated that RCW's inhabited the area around the
Smith Mountain Fire Tower. APC biologists plan to begin surveying this area in early
2007. Additional surveys on all old growth pine habitats will also be conducted in 2007
and 2008.
Bald Eagle
The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a federally listed threatened species
that is known to occur within the Project Boundary (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
2006a). Bald eagles may nest in large trees near water and typically use the same nest for
several years, making repairs to it annually (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989). In
addition, the southeastern bald eagle recovery plans have provided habitat management
guidelines to minimize development disturbance in and around nests (U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 1989). New habitat has also been created for bald eagles in the form of
manmade reservoirs, which provide wintering and non-nesting habitat as well as nesting
habitat (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989). APC currently participates in annual
eagle surveys and manages shorelines in the vicinity of the known nest in an appropriate
manner.
Blue Shiner
The blue shiner (Cyprinella caerulea) is a federally threatened species that occurs
in Coosa County (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006a). The historic range of the blue
shiner included two major rivers within the Mobile Basin, the Cahaba and Coosa (Etnier
and Starnes, 1993; Krotzer, 1984; Mayden, 1989; Pierson et al., 1989; Pierson and
Krotzer, 1987; Ramsey, 1976; Ramsey and Pierson, 1986; Smith-Vaniz, 1968). There is
little available information on the water quality necessary to maintain blue shiner habitat.
This is because the shiner primarily lives in streams in rural areas where water quality
5-45
sampling is not regularly conducted (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995). Their diet
consists primarily of terrestrial insects (Etnier and Starnes, 1993; Krotzer, 1984). In
regards to habitat, they inhabit streams with sand or sand and gravel substrate sometimes
with cobble, low to moderate current velocity, and a depth of about 0.15 to 1.0 meters
(Gilbert et al., 1979; Krotzer, 1984; Pierson and Krotzer, 1987).
In addition, the USFWS has established a blue shiner recovery plan in order to
determine ecological needs, maintain populations and essential habitats, and reintroduce
shiner into former habitats. USFWS indicated the following areas as essential habitat for
blue shiner in Alabama and should be protected: Choccoloco Creek, Little River and
Weogufka River (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995). None of these essential habitat
areas located within the Project Boundary.
Tulotoma Snail
The tulotoma snail (Tulotoma magnifica) is a federally endangered species that
occurs in Coosa and Elmore counties (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006a). Since its
listing, additional populations of Tulotoma have been discovered in portions of the Coosa
River and in several of its tributaries (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2000), with the
largest of these populations found in the Coosa River, below Jordan Dam (Elmore
County, AL). No populations of tulotoma snails have been documented or are known to
exist within the Project Boundary. Additional information regarding reproduction,
fecundity, population demographics and other important aspects of life history can be
found in the Mobile Basin Recovery Plan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2000).
Fine-lined Pocketbook Mussel
The USFWS designated 26 river and stream segments in the Mobile River Basin
as critical habitat for three threatened and eight endangered mussels (U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 2004). One of the threatened mussels (Lampsilis altilis, fine-lined
pocketbook mussel) is found in Coosa, Elmore and Tallapoosa counties. The Project
5-46
Area does not encompass critical habitat areas identified by the USFWS (U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 2004) and no populations have been identified in the Project Boundary.
Lampsilis altilis is a suboval shaped mussel that has a maximum length of about
85 mm (3⅜ in.)(Mirarchi et al., 2004). The mussel has been collected in large to small
streams in habitats above the fall line having stable sand/gravel/cobble substrates and
moderate to swift currents (Alabama Power Company, 2006b). Historically, they have
been found in Alabama, Tombigbee, Black Warrior, Cahaba, Tallapoosa, and Coosa
Rivers and their tributaries (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004). With regard to
reproduction, Lampsilis altilis releases glochidia as a superconglutinate from March
through June, and confirmed host species include blackspotted topminnow, red eye bass,
spotted bass, largemouth bass and green sunfish (Mirarchi et al., 2004). Reasons for the
decline and current status of the species include habitat modification, sedimentation,
eutrophication and water quality degradation (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2000).
Southern Pigtoe
The USFWS (1993) listed the southern pigtoe (Pleurobema georgianum) as
endangered in 1993. The historic range of this species included the upper Coosa River
drainage, to which this species in endemic. The current range of the southern pigtoe is
restricted to the upper Conasauga River in Georgia and Tennessee, the lower
Coosawattee River downstream of Carters Re-regulation Dam in Georgia, and Shoal
Creek (tributary to Choccolocco Creek, which flows into Logan Martin Lake) (Alabama
Power Company, 2006b; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993). Reasons for the decline
and current status of this species include habitat modification, sedimentation,
eutrophication and water quality degradation (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2000).
The southern pigtoe is a small to medium-sized, oval-shaped mussel that may
grow up to 65 mm (2.6 in.) in length (Mirarchi et al., 2004). This species is typically
found in shoals and runs of small rivers and large streams with sand/gravel/cobble
substrate (Alabama Power Company, 2006b; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2000). The
reproductive strategy and host fish species for the southern pigtoe are not known;
5-47
however, other species within the genus are known to utilize cyprinids as host fish
(Mirarchi et al., 2004).
In terms of conservation measures, there are 9 designated critical habitat areas for
the southern pigtoe totaling approximately 3,231 miles of streams and rivers within its
current and historic range (Alabama Power Company, 2006b; U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 2004). None of the critical habitats are located within the Project Boundary and
no populations of southern pigtoe are known to exist in the Project Boundary.
Kral’s Water-Plantain
Kral’s water-plantain (Sagittaria secundifolia) is a federally threatened species
that occurs in Coosa County (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006a) but is not located
within the Project Boundary (personal communication with Jeff Powell, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife, 2006; U.S. Fish and Wildlife, 2006a). The species was historically known from
only three tributaries in northern Alabama and Georgia: the Little River Canyon in the
Coosa River Basin, the West Sipsey Fork in Warrior Basin, and Town Creek in the
Tennessee Basin. Now, extant populations are currently thought to occur in Coosa
County and at the Little River Canyon and West Sipsey Fork locations. Extirpation of
the Town Creek population was attributed to siltation and erosion related to silvicultural,
residential-recreational and agricultural development (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
1991). No critical habitat has been designated for this species.
Kral’s water-plantain is an aquatic perennial herb that inhabits rocky substrates of
unimpounded stream reaches. Plants are typically found in almost pure stands on
exposed shoals or rooted among loose boulders in sand, silt, or gravel in pools up to one
meter in depth (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1991). It displays mostly submerged
leaves and emergent flowing stems and is often found in associated with other floatingleaved and emergent species such as pondweed, water milfoil, water willow, and water
nymph. Typical shoreline associates include azaleas, mountain laurel, and holly
(Alabama Power Company, 2006b; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1991).
5-48
Alabama Canebrake Pitcher Plant
The Alabama canebrake pitcher plant (Sarracenia rubra spp. alabamensis) is a
federally endangered species that is endemic to three Alabama counties: the Coosa River
drainage of Autauga, Elmore, and Chilton counties (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
1992). Of the 12 known extant populations, four are in Autauga, six are in Chilton and
two are in Elmore. None of the documented populations are located within the Project
Boundary (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1992).
The Alabama canebrake pitcher plant is carnivorous, trapping and digesting
insects in its tubular leaf. The tube of the plant is 8 to 16 in. tall and has maroon flowers
that appear on two ft stalks in April through June. The summer leaves of the plant are
tubular and light green and covered with white hair. The plant grows in wet areas and
seeps along with cinnamon fern, sweetbay, wax myrtle, alders and poison sumac (U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, 1992). It also prefers open areas where it is exposed to light
(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1992).
Factors that threaten the Alabama canebrake pitcher plant include habitat
disturbance such as pond building, agricultural development, herbicide use and drainage
of site, suppression of fire because the encroachment of woody species or aggressive
exotics may eliminate the plant (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1992). All known
populations of the plant are located on privately owned lands. The USFWS, along with
the Alabama Natural Heritage Program, are working with these private landowners to
protect and manage the sites (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1992). The USFWS (1992)
stated that conservation agreements have been obtained for two of the larger sites and
efforts are continuing to obtain additional conservation agreements. Plants are also being
artificially grown at the Atlanta Botanical Garden and nurseries of a few individuals,
which will provide for future study and possible reestablishment to nature (U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 1992).
5-49
Georgia Rockcress
As of September 12, 2006, the USFWS considered the candidate species Georgia
rockcress (Arabis georgiana) to be imminently threatened and changed its priority
number from an 11 to an 8 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006b). This was due to
Georgia rockcress populations being impacted by nonnative plants. The Georgia
rockcress occurs in Alabama and Georgia and, thus, the heritage programs in the two
states have initiated plans for exotic control at several populations (U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 2006b).
The Georgia rockcress grows in a variety of dry situations, including shallow soil
accumulations on rocky bluffs and in sandy loam along eroding river banks (U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, 2006b). It is occasionally found in adjacent mesic woods, but it
will not persist in heavily shaded conditions. Currently a total of 18 populations are
known for four counties in Alabama (Bibb, Elmore, Russell, and Wilcox) and six
counties in Georgia (Clay, Chattahoochee, Floyd, Gordon, Harris, and Muscogee) (U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, 2005). Populations of this species typically have a limited
number of individuals over a small area. None of the documented populations exist
within the Project Boundary (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006b).
Table 5.7-1. Federally Threatened and Endangered Species in Alabama Counties
Occupied by the Project
(Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006a)
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Picoides borealis
Haliaeetus
leucocephalus
Cyprinella caerulea
Tulotoma magnifica
Lampsilis altilis
Lampsilis altilis
Sagittaria secundifolia
COMMON NAME
Red Cockaded
Woodpecker
FEDERAL
STATUS
E
Bald Eagle
Blue Shiner
Tulotoma snail
Fine-lined
Pocketbook Mussel
Fine-lined
Pocketbook Mussel
Kral’s Water-Plaintain
5-50
COUNTY OF
OCCURRENCE
T
T
E
Coosa & Tallapoosa
Coosa, Elmore, &
Tallapoosa
Coosa
Coosa & Elmore
T
Coosa & Tallapoosa
E
T
Elmore
Coosa
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Sarracenia rubra spp.
alabamensis
Arabis Georgiana
Pleurobema
georgianum
COMMON NAME
FEDERAL
STATUS
COUNTY OF
OCCURRENCE
Alabama Canebrake
Pitcher Plant
Georgia rockcress
E
C
Elmore
Elmore
Southern Pigtoe
E
Coosa
E = Endangered, T = Threatened, and C = Candidate species
5.7.1
Literature Cited
Alabama Power Company. 2006b. Coosa-Warrior Relicensing Project:
Biological Assessment for Threatened and Endangered Species for the
Coosa River (FERC No. 2146), Mitchell (FERC No. 82, and Jordan
(FERC No. 618) Projects. Alabama Power Company, Birmingham, AL.
Bailey, M. A. 2003. Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Status and Recommendations Mitchell Lake Project Lands, Coosa and Chilton Counties, Alabama.
Etnier, D. A., and W. C. Starnes. 1993. The Fishes of Tennessee. University of
Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN.
Gilbert, C. R., H. T. Boschung, and G. H. Burgess. 1979. Notropis caeruleus
(Jordan), Blue Shiner. D. S. Lee, and 5 coeditors, editors. Atlas of North
American Fresh Water Fishes. North Carolina State University Museum
of Natural History, Raleigh, NC.
Krotzer, R. S. 1984. The Ecological Life History of the Blue Shiner, Notropis
caeruleus (Jordan), from the Conasauga River, Georgia. Master's Thesis.
Samford University, Birmingham, AL.
Mayden, R. L. 1989. Phylogenetic Studies of North American Minnows, with
Emphasis on the Genus Cyprinella (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Museum
of Natural History, University of Kansas, Miscellaneous Publication No.
80, Lawrence, KS.
Mirarchi, R. E., J. T. Garner, M. F. Mettee, and P. E. O'Neil, editors. 2004.
Alabama Wildlife. Volume Two. Imperiled Aquatic Mollusks and Fishes.
The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL.
5-51
Pierson, J. M., and 6 coauthors. 1989. Fishes of the Cahaba River System in
Alabama. Geological Survey of Alabama, Bulletin 134, Tuscaloosa, AL.
Pierson, J. M., and R. S. Krotzer. 1987. The Distribution, Relative Abundance,
and Life History of the Blue Shiner, Notropis caeruleus (Jordan).
Ramsey, J. M. 1976. Freshwater Fishes. Pages 53-65 in H. Boschung, editor.
Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals of Alabama. Alabama
Museum of Natural History, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
Ramsey, J. S., and J. M. Pierson. 1986. Blue Shiner, Notropis caeruleus. Pages
124 in R. H. Mount, editor. Vertebrate Animals of Alabama in Need of
Special Attention. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn,
AL.
Smith-Vaniz, W. F. 1968. Freshwater Fishes of Alabama. Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station, Auburn, AL.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1989. Southern States Bald Eagle Recovery
Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. Kral's Water-Plantain (Sagittaria
secundifolia) Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington,
D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992. Alabama Canebrake Pitcher Plant
(Sarracenia rubra ssp. alabamensis) Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993. Southern Pigtoe (Pleurobema
georgianum). Federal Register 58:14339.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Blue Shiner Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Jackson, MS.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2000. Mobile River Basin Aquatic Ecosystem
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2003. Recovery Plan for the Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker (Picoides borealis), Second Revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and
Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for Three Threatened Mussels and
5-52
Eight Endangered Mussels in the Mobile River Basin. Federal Register
69:40083-40171.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. Species Assessment and Listing Priority
Assignment Form: Georgia Rockcress. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006a. Alabama's Federally Listed Species by
County. [Online] URL: http://www.fws.gov/daphne/es/specieslst.htm.
Accessed October 11, 2006.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006b. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and
Plants; Proposed Critical Habitat Designations; Proposed Rule. Federal
Register 71:53755-53835.
5.8
Recreation
This section describes existing recreational access and opportunities within the
Project Boundary and in the Project Vicinity. It also describes estimated recreational use
at the Project and existing management plans that may affect recreational planning in the
future.
5.8.1
Existing Recreation Facilities and Opportunities
There are many recreational facilities at the Project. These vary from simple boat
launches to extensive state parks that offer a variety of amenities. These facilities are
described in the sections below.
5.8.1.1 Recreation Facilities and Opportunities in the Project Vicinity
There are several other attractions in the area surrounding the
Project. These include several other reservoirs including Lake Walter F.
George, Lake Harding, Harris Reservoir (Lake Wedowee), Lake
Jordan/Bouldin, Lay Lake, Logan Martin, Mitchell Lake, Neely Henry
Lake, and West Point Lake. The majority of these reservoirs provide basic
5-53
recreational amenities including boat ramps, marinas, restaurants, camping
sites, etc.
Besides water-based attractions in the Project Area, several areas
of interest provide a variety of services. Cheaha State Park is located on
Cheaha Mountain, Alabama’s highest point at 2,407 ft msl, about 40 mi.
north of Lake Martin. The park offers outstanding views of the Talladega
National Forest. One other national forest, the Tuskegee National Forest,
is located 10 mi. southeast of the Project. Chewacla State Park is about 20
mi. southeast of the Project and provides a lake as well as cabins dating
from the Civilian Conservation Corps.
One other scenic attraction near the Project is the Horseshoe Bend
National Military Park. The land on which the park is located was
originally owned by APC, but donated to the U.S. government for the
park. Located about 10 mi. north of the reservoir up the River, the park is
the site of the battle with the Creek Nation and offers an overlook of the
battlefield, a visitor center, and several mi. of walking trails.
5.8.1.2 Recreation Facilities and Opportunities at the Project
There are many public and private recreation facilities at the
Project. Existing information pertaining to these sites is shown in Table
5.8-1.
5-54
5-55
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
*
*
●
*
●
●
YEAR ROUND
WATER?
OPEN YEAR
ROUND?
FUEL?
*
Camp
Boat Landing
Marina
Boat Landing
Marina
Marina
*
Children's Camp
Children's Camp
Utility
Children's Camp
Marina
Boat Landing
Boat Landing
Day Use
Boat Landing
*
Boat Landing
Boat Landing
FEE?
TYPE OF
FACILITY
1st Retreat (Off Castaway)
Alabama Youth Camp
Alexander City Boat Ramp
Anchor Bay Marina
Bakers Bottom Landing
Bay Pine Marina & BBQ
Blue Creek Marina
Camp Alamisco
Camp ASCCA (Easter Seal)
Camp ASSCA Dadeville Campus
Central Alabama Water & Sewer Authority
Children's Harbor (Camp Smile a Mile)
Chuck's Marina
Coley Creek Ramp
D.A.R.E. Boat Landing
D.A.R.E. Power Park
Davis Boat Landing
Dixie Sailing Club
Elkahatchee Landing
Emerald Shores Boat Ramp
PUBLIC?
NAME
Table 5.8-1: Existing Recreation Facilities and Access at the Martin Project
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
*
●
*
*
*
5-56
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
BATHHOUSES?
●
SANITATION
HOOKUP?
●
●
ELECTRICITY
HOOKUP?
ADA ACCESS?
●
WATER
HOOKUP?
INFORMAL
FISHING
ACCESS?
●
●
CABINS?
FISHING PIER?
●
TENT SPACES?
PLAYGROUND
?
●
RV SPACES?
LIFEGUARDS?
●
CAMPING?
DESIGNATED
SWIMMING
AREA?
HIKING
TRAILS?
NAME
Alabama Youth Camp
Anchor Bay Marina
Blue Creek Marina
Camp Alamisco
Chuck's Marina
Coley Creek Ramp
D.A.R.E. Power Park
Davis Boat Landing
Dixie Sailing Club
Elkahatchee Landing
●
●
●
*
●
*
●
●
●
*
*
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
*
*
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
*
*
*
5-57
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
*
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
●
Dirt
Natural
Asphalt
Asphalt/Gravel
Dirt
Paved
Asphalt/Cement
Paved
Paved
Paved
*
Asphalt
Gravel
Asphalt
Asphalt
Asphalt
Asphalt
*
Asphalt
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
*
*
*
*
●
*
*
*
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
*
BOAT PUMP
OUT?
PARKING
SURFACE?
ADA PIERS?
●
●
●
●
●
●
BOAT RAMP?
LAUNCHING
PIERS?
SWIMMING
PIERS?
SHORELINE
FOOTAGE
100
600
891
*
75
350
1000
8239
847
3890
648
1200
2000
60
288
2160
175
*
200
200
DRY STORAGE
●
●
●
POTABLE
WATER?
GRILLS?
●
SEA DOO
PADS?
●
●
WET SLIPS?
●
●
PICNIC
TABLES?
SHOWERS?
NAME
Alabama Youth Camp
Anchor Bay Marina
Blue Creek Marina
Camp Alamisco
Chuck's Marina
Coley Creek Ramp
D.A.R.E. Power Park
Davis Boat Landing
Dixie Sailing Club
Elkahatchee Landing
5-58
●
*
YEAR ROUND
WATER?
●
*
*
OPEN YEAR
ROUND?
*
●
FUEL?
FEE?
TYPE OF
FACILITY
Marina
Boat Landing
Common Area
Boat Landing
Boat Landing
*
Boat Landing
Common Area
Marina
*
Trailer Park and Boat Ramp
Marina
Marina
*
*
*
Boat Landing
Boat Landing
Boat Landing
*
Marina
Marina
PUBLIC?
NAME
Harbor Pointe Marina
Holiday Shores Boat Ramp
Indian Campgrounds
Indian Shores Boat Landing
Jaybird Landing
Kamp Kiwanis (Girl Scout Camp)
Kowaliga (Hwy 63) Launch
Kowaliga Bay Estates
Kowaliga Marina
Lake Martin RV Resort
Lake View Mobile Homes Park
Lakeside Marina (Blue Creek)
Lakeside Marina (River Bridge)
Madwind Creek Ramp
Marina Marin
Maxwell Gunter AFB Recreation Area
New Hope Ramp
Pace Bluff
Pace Point Ramp & Fishing Area
Paces Trail
Parker Creek Marina
Pleasure Point Park & Marina
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
*
*
●
●
●
*
*
●
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
*
●
●
●
●
*
BATHHOUSES?
*
●
SANITATION
HOOKUP?
*
●
ELECTRICITY
HOOKUP?
*
WATER
HOOKUP?
●
●
*
CABINS?
●
TENT SPACES?
●
RV SPACES?
●
CAMPING?
●
ADA ACCESS?
INFORMAL
FISHING
ACCESS?
LIFEGUARDS?
*
FISHING PIER?
*
PLAYGROUND
?
*
DESIGNATED
SWIMMING
AREA?
HIKING
TRAILS?
NAME
Indian Campgrounds
Jaybird Landing
Kowaliga Marina
Madwind Creek Ramp
Marina Marin
New Hope Ramp
Pace Bluff
Pace Point Ramp
Paces Trail
Parker Creek Marina
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
●
●
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
5-59
●
●
●
●
*
*
●
*
*
●
*
*
*
●
●
●
●
●
*
400
300
120
850
20
*
100
295
400
250
100
385
305
*
86
5670
100
50
220
4586
400
1560
5-60
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
*
●
●
*
●
●
*
●
●
*
Paved
Paved
*
*
Dirt
*
Asphalt
Asphalt
Concrete/Gravel
Gravel
*
Paved
Dirt
*
*
Paved
Asphalt
Asphalt
Asphalt
Dirt
Asphalt
Gravel
●
●
*
BOAT PUMP
OUT?
●
*
*
*
*
*
●
●
●
●
*
●
*
●
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
●
●
●
●
*
DRY STORAGE
SEA DOO
PADS?
WET SLIPS?
PARKING
SURFACE?
BOAT RAMP?
ADA PIERS?
LAUNCHING
PIERS?
SWIMMING
PIERS?
SHORELINE
FOOTAGE
POTABLE
WATER?
GRILLS?
PICNIC
TABLES?
SHOWERS?
NAME
Indian Campgrounds
Jaybird Landing
Kowaliga Marina
Madwind Creek Ramp
Marina Marin
New Hope Ramp
Pace Bluff
Pace Point Ramp
Paces Trail
Parker Creek Marina
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
*
5-61
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
YEAR ROUND
WATER?
●
OPEN YEAR
ROUND?
●
FUEL?
FEE?
TYPE OF
FACILITY
Marina
Marina
Boat Landing
Day Use
Restaurant
Boat Landing
Boat Rental
Boat Landing
Marina
*
*
Boat Landing
Marina
Beach Area
Boat Landing
Park
PUBLIC?
NAME
Real Island Marina & Campground
River North Marina
Russell Ferry
Shady Bay
Sinclair's
Smith Landing
Sonny Fromby & Sons
Sturdivant Creek Ramp
The Ridge Marina
Timbergut Landing
Timberlake Townhomes
Union Ramp
Veazey's Marina
Willow Point
Wind Creek Farms
Wind Creek State Park
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
●
*
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
SANITATION
HOOKUP?
BATHHOUSES?
●
ELECTRICITY
HOOKUP?
●
CABINS?
RV SPACES?
●
TENT SPACES?
CAMPING?
●
WATER
HOOKUP?
●
ADA ACCESS?
●
INFORMAL
FISHING
ACCESS?
FISHING PIER?
PLAYGROUND
?
LIFEGUARDS?
DESIGNATED
SWIMMING
AREA?
HIKING
TRAILS?
NAME
River North Marina
Russell Ferry
Shady Bay
Sinclair's
Smith Landing
Sonny Fromby & Sons
The Ridge Marina
Timbergut Landing
Union Ramp
Veazey's Marina
Willow Point
Wind Creek Farms
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
*
●
*
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
*
*
●
●
●
*
●
*
*
●
●
●
*
*
●
●
*
*
*
*
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
5-62
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
*
*
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
5-63
●
●
●
*
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
●
●
●
●
●
●
BOAT PUMP
OUT?
Natural
*
Asphalt
*
Gravel
Asphalt
Paved
Dirt
Concrete
*
*
Asphalt
*
*
Dirt
Paved
DRY STORAGE
●
PARKING
SURFACE?
BOAT RAMP?
ADA PIERS?
LAUNCHING
PIERS?
SWIMMING
PIERS?
●
SEA DOO
PADS?
900
924
50
450
0
180
505
30
600
*
185
100
150
300
150
30100
WET SLIPS?
●
SHORELINE
FOOTAGE
POTABLE
WATER?
GRILLS?
PICNIC
TABLES?
SHOWERS?
NAME
River North Marina
Russell Ferry
Shady Bay
Sinclair's
Smith Landing
Sonny Fromby & Sons
The Ridge Marina
Timbergut Landing
Union Ramp
Veazey's Marina
Willow Point
Wind Creek Farms
●
●
●
●
●
●
*
*
●
●
●
*
●
●
*
●
●
*
●
*
●
*
*
●
●
●
*
*
5.8.2
Current Project Recreation Use Levels and Capacities
The latest use estimates for the Project were collected in 1996. Total
annual use for the Project was over 2 million person hours, or about 400,000 trips,
and the majority of use was land based. Eighty-eight percent of use occurred
during the “on-season” (April – September). Most users go to Wind Creek State
Park, followed by Stillwaters Marina, Real Island Marina, Ridge Marina, River
North Marina, and Anchor Bay Marina. The primary activities engaged in were
fishing, camping, pleasure boating, bank fishing, and relaxing (Fishery
Information Management Systems, Undated). The most recent FERC Form 80
reported that no APC facilities were near capacity, with the most visited site at
45% capacity (Alabama Power Company, 2003).
5.8.3
Recreation Needs Identified in Management Plans
Recreation planning at the Project has been guided by APC’s
Comprehensive Recreation Plan (CRP). The CRP was revised in 1993 and in
1997 as a result of new information. The 1997 revision is the current recreation
planning document for the Project.
The current goals of the CRP are:
•
Minimize land use conflicts;
•
Optimize site maintenance and security operations by the
consolidation of the facilities planned for several sites;
•
Minimize impacts on existing wetlands;
•
Develop sites with convenient access from adjacent communities;
•
Tie site development to scheduled public demand surveys, as
opposed to long range use projections; and
•
Minimize impacts on natural undeveloped lands.
5-64
The CRP also categorizes the Project shoreline into seven classifications
to best serve the public’s need for water-oriented recreational activities (See
Martin Land Use Maps). These classifications are:
Prohibited Access – To protect visitors from hazardous areas and to
prevent damage to operational facilities.
General Public Use – Reserved for the development of parks, boat ramps,
concessionaires’ facilities and other recreational facilities open to the
public.
Natural Undeveloped – To remain in an undeveloped state and serve as
buffer zones around public recreational areas, protection to
environmentally sensitive shoreline areas, means for preventing the
overcrowding of partially developed shoreline areas, means for
maintaining the natural aesthetic qualities of certain highly visible areas,
nature study trails, and areas for primitive camping activities.
Potential Residential – Where lots for cottage construction can be
developed by Alabama Power Company and made available to the public
under highly restrictive lease provisions.
Quasi-Public Recreation – Lands leased to quasi-public organizations as
needed for public use facilities.
Existing Commercial Recreation – Existing concessionaire-operated
public marinas and recreational areas that provide a wide variety of
recreational services to the public on a fee basis.
30 ft. Buffer – A control strip of land along the shoreline in certain areas
of the reservoir.
5-65
In 1993, the CRP was revised to remove certain lands from the General
Public Use classification and change these lands to the Natural Undeveloped
classification. The reasons for these reclassifications were to provide larger tracts
of Natural Undeveloped lands, protect aquatic enhancement programs in the
vicinity of these lands, and minimize competition between public use sites.
The CRP was revised again in 1997 as a response to negative public
reaction over the building of two recreational facilities in the Kowaliga Creek area
of the reservoir. This revision added 40 additional ac to General Public Use Area
#1 (D.A.R.E. Park) to mitigate for removing the public sites in the Kowaliga
Creek area. It also included building Union Ramp in the Blue Creek area of the
Project.
5.8.4
Alabama Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP)
The Alabama Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan
(SCORP) is currently being updated. This section will describe statewide
recreation planning efforts as they relate to the Project when the updated SCORP
is available.
5.8.5
Specially Designated Recreation Areas
5.8.5.1 National Wild and Scenic and State Protected River Segments
There are no nationally designated wild and scenic areas,
wilderness areas or trails within the Project Boundary, nor are there any
locations within the Project Boundary that are under study for such
designations.
5.8.5.2 National Trails and Wilderness Areas
There are no national trail systems within the Project Boundary
and no lands within the Project Boundary under study for inclusion in the
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National Trails System or designated as, or under study for inclusion as, a
Wilderness Area. There is one designated National Recreation Trail close
to the Project Area: the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail
established in 1996.
5.8.6
Literature Cited
Alabama Power Company. 2003. Licensed Hydropower Development
Recreation Report (Form 80). Alabama Power Company, Birmingham,
AL.
Carto-Craft Maps, Inc. 2005. Lake Martin. Carto-Craft Maps, Inc., Birmingham,
AL.
Fishery Information Management Systems. Undated. Recreational Use
Associated with Three Alabama Reservoirs and a Tailwater Complex.
5.9
Land Use and Aesthetic Resources
This section describes basic land uses in the Project area and provides a brief
description of the aesthetic resources associated with the Project.
5.9.1
Overview of Land Uses
Land uses in the Project Vicinity could have significant effects on other
Project resources including water quality, recreational access, and fish and
wildlife resources. While generally APC does not have any control on land uses
in the Project Vicinity, an understanding of these land uses is important for
identifying the nature of development around the Lake Martin.
5.9.1.1 Land Uses in Project Area
All three counties are predominantly rural in nature. According to
the 2000 Census, the percentage of the population living in a rural area
were 97% in Coosa County, 62% in Elmore County, and 75% in
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Tallapoosa County. Land use percentages are based on satellite images
taken from 1999 to 2001 and were calculated based on a resolution of 30
meters. Therefore, only major land use categories are presented and may
not match up with areas from other sources (i.e., the percentage of
herbaceous cultivated crops from the satellite data does not match the
acreage of farmland from the Census of Agriculture). All three counties
have predominantly forested upland land cover, followed by
planted/cultivated. All three counties are sparsely developed (Table 5.91).
Table 5.9-1: Percentages of Land Use Classifications by Counties in the Project Vicinity
(Source: Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium, 2001, as
modified by Kleinschmidt)
DESCRIPTION1
Open Water
Developed, Open Space
Developed, Low Intensity
Developed, Medium Intensity
Developed, High Intensity 2
Barren Land (Rock/Sand/Clay)
Deciduous Forest
Evergreen Forest
Mixed Forest
Shrub/Scrub
Grassland/Herbaceous
Pasture/Hay
Cultivated Crops
Woody Wetlands
Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 2
1
2
COOSA
COUNTY
2.2
4.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
1.6
42.4
33.5
1.1
1.6
8.3
3.8
0.1
1.2
0.0
ELMORE
COUNTY
5.8
4.7
0.8
0.3
0.0
0.3
27.6
16.0
10.2
8.2
2.4
13.2
7.0
3.6
0.0
TALLAPOOSA
COUNTY
6.4
4.8
0.6
0.2
0.0
1.2
36.3
29.2
1.4
2.1
8.7
7.4
0.3
1.5
0.0
For a description of land cover types, see http://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd_definitions.asp
Although present, these areas represent less than 0.1%.
5.9.2
Existing Shoreline Management Plan
The existing shoreline management plan is the same as the Comprehensive
Recreation Plan (CRP:(Alabama Power Company, 1979, as amended in 1993 and
1997)) and is described in Section 5.8.3. The Shoreline Permitting Program,
5-68
which is separate from the CRP, but integral to shoreline management, is
described in Section 5.9.2.2. The land classifications described in the CRP guide
shoreline management and are described in Section 5.8.3.
5.9.2.1 Land Classifications
The seven land classifications are described in Section 5.8.3.
Appendix J shows the existing Land Use\Recreation Plan Map.
5.9.2.2 Permitting Program
APC maintains a Shoreline Permitting Program that they use to
manage all shoreline property within the Project Boundary. The USACE
has given APC the authority to manage certain permitting on the Lake that
ordinarily would be subject to USACE permitting. The objective of this
management approach is to control all development activities and monitor
the shoreline areas on a regular basis to preserve the scenic, recreational,
and environmental attributes of the Lake. This management approach
allows APC to quickly respond to shoreline owner permitting requests.
Shoreline property is subject to permitting by APC. The Shoreline
Permitting Program provides a proactive, ongoing plan for shoreline
development by private property owners, commercial developers, and
local, state and federal agencies that want to construct piers, boat ramps,
seawalls, boathouses, boat slips, or other structures on lands within the
Project Area. Private and commercial owners are provided a copy of
APC’s general guidelines for recreational development and a copy of
APC’s permitting program and permit application. APC schedules on-site
meetings with the property owner to review the placement of structures
and specific issues that must be addressed prior to APC approval. The
property owner gives APC a detailed drawing of the proposed structure, a
copy of the deed to the property, and any other necessary permits or
approvals from the appropriate state or local agency, where applicable.
Commercial property owners must follow a more detailed procedure that
5-69
includes review by APC’s Corporate Real Estate, Hydro Licensing, and
Environmental Affairs Departments, as well as state and federal agencies,
before final review and approval by FERC.
Upon FERC approval, APC issues a permit and monitors the
construction of the project for compliance with the terms of the permit.
The construction of the project must be completed within one year of
issuance of the permit. After completion, APC marks the structures with
metal tags depicting the APC permit number. These tags are displayed for
APC’s reference during regular field inspections. APC maintains permit
records and copies are sent to the USACE where applicable.
5.9.3
Aesthetics Overview
Lake Martin has a very distinguishing outline when viewed from above.
Many of the “arms” of this large lake, including Kowaliga, Manoy, Wind Creek,
Sandy Creek, and Blue Creek, have different characteristics such that the Lake as
a whole seems to be made up of different bodies of water. This adds to its interest
and provides a great variety of recreational experiences.
5.9.3.1 Visual Character of Project Vicinity
The area surrounding the Project is predominantly rural in nature
and has similar characteristics to other rural areas in the state. The typical
character of the Project Vicinity includes large areas of forest and
agricultural land interspersed with single family residences and small
towns. Alexander City is typical of many small Alabama towns and
includes basic amenities one would expect to find in a city such as fast
food establishments, restaurants, businesses, hospitals, and manufacturing
sectors.
5-70
5.9.3.2 Visual Character of Project Lands and Waters
Although development is somewhat sparse, there is typical
development along the shoreline including single family houses,
condominiums, marinas, and recreation areas. The natural/undeveloped
areas of the Lake provide breathtaking views and the contiguity of these
lands adds to the natural characteristics of the Lake. There are many
overlooks and high bluffs along the shoreline.
Perhaps the most spectacular views at the Project are of the dam
and powerhouse (see Photos 5.9-1 to 5.9-4). General Public Use Area #6
provides outstanding views of the upstream side of the dam. During
scheduled tours of the dam, the view downstream is equally stunning.
Photo 5.9-1: Aerial View of Martin Dam and Powerhouse
5-71
Photo 5.9-2: Martin Dam
Photo 5.9-3: Martin Powerhouse
5-72
Photo 5.9-4: Downstream View of Tailrace
5.9.3.3 Nearby Scenic Attractions
Scenic attractions in the Project vicinity are related to nearby
recreational opportunities, which are described in Section 5.8.1.1.
5.9.4
Management Plans
The three counties surrounding the Project (Tallapoosa, Coosa, and
Elmore) do not have any zoning ordinances that would affect land uses in the
Project Vicinity. There are also no building codes for Coosa and Elmore
Counties. However, Tallapoosa County has building codes and two building
inspectors. There are street and highway standards in all three counties that affect
developing areas. These standards are intended to be followed if the county is
responsible for maintenance of the roads. The Alabama State Board of Health
and the county health departments also set minimum wastewater disposal
standards for the area.
5-73
The largest municipality on the reservoir, Alexander City, encompasses
approximately 23 mi. of the shoreline on Lake Martin. The city does have zoning
ordinances; however, the area adjacent to Lake Martin is primarily zoned for lowdensity and restricted residential uses with some limited commercial services.
The city of Dadeville also borders a small portion of the Project and has zoned
this area for agricultural use, which includes a category for single-family
residences).
There are also several regional and statewide management plans that do
not affect land uses around Lake Martin (e.g., Tallapoosa Basin Management
Plan, Alabama Nonpoint Source Management Program, etc.). These plans are
general in nature and provide guidelines at the regional or state level.
5.9.5
Literature Cited
Alabama Power Company. 1979. Martin Dam Project (FERC No. 349):
Comprehensive Recreation Plan Exhibit R (Revised). Alabama Power
Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium. 2001. National Land Cover
Database 2001 (NLCD 2001). [Online] URL:
http://www.mrlc.gov/mrlc2k_nlcd.asp. Accessed November 28, 2006.
5.10
Cultural Resources
5.10.1 Prehistoric Overview
The area surrounding the Project has been subject to dramatic shifts in
climate over the past 15,000 years that have affected the nature and presence of
aboriginal peoples; in particular, the climate became gradually warmer and wetter
in the past 10,000 years (Southerlin et al., 1998).
5-74
The Project lies in the River Valley in eastern Alabama, near the border
with Georgia. Archaeological evidence suggests that humans have occupied the
area for approximately 10,000 years, since the late Paleoindian stage of
prehistory. The following summary of the area’s prehistory and history is drawn
largely from Alabama Power Company (2006a).
The earliest stage of human history in the southeastern United States is
identified as the Paleoindian stage, which began in approximately 10,000 B.C.
While there are several early Paleoindian sites within the Tennessee Valley
Region of northern Alabama, currently there is no evidence of early Paleoindian
occupation in the River Basin. Based on current records, prehistoric populations
did not reach the Basin until the middle Paleoindian stage, with only one site
identified as having a Cumberland component. The archaeological record thus far
indicates a larger influx of prehistoric peoples to the River Basin during the late
Paleoindian period (c. 8,500-8,000 B.C.), containing eleven sites associated with a
Dalton component.
During the Archaic stage (c. 8,000-1,200 B.C.), climate trends
progressively transitioned toward that of modern weather patterns. Hunting and
gathering remained the primary subsistence strategy throughout the Archaic stage.
The early Archaic period toolkit expanded to include knives, adzes, end scrapers,
and celts, while the invention of the atlatl (spear thrower) was an important
technological advancement during this period. There is also evidence of woven
fiber used to make baskets and netting during this period. Archaeological
research on the Middle Archaic suggests increased sedentism and greater
exploitation of riverine environments during this period. While most middle
Archaic sites are smaller camp sites, many larger riverine sites contain hearths,
storage pits, and large shell middens. Technological advances during the middle
Archaic period include ground and polished stone, such as atlatl weights, grooved
axes, and net-sinker weights; and tools made of bone and shell such as awls,
needles, and atlatl hooks, and more. Late Archaic sites occur with greater
frequency and have a wider physiographic dispersion than earlier periods.
5-75
Sedentism also appears to increase, as flood plain base camps grow in size, and
archaeological excavations of late Archaic sites encounter house floors, hearths,
and pit features in higher densities. Extensive trade networks of raw materials
appear, yet late Archaic artifacts demonstrate increasing regional variation of
stylistic and technologic traits. Burial mounds, exotic ornamental grave goods,
commodity trading of raw materials, and increasingly specialized craftsmanship
indicate a growing social hierarchy.
Spanning from c. 1,200 B.C. to 300 B.C., the Gulf Formational stage is
contemporaneous with the early Woodland period in other parts of North
America. Early fired clay pottery was tempered with organic fibers as a
strengthening agent. Few recorded sites within the River Basin are associated
with the Gulf Formational stage.
The Woodland stage (c. 300 B.C.- A.D. 1,200) is typically associated with
an increased reliance on agriculture for subsistence. The introduction of the bow
and arrow occurred during this stage, as reflected in smaller triangular projectile
points. Populations continued to grow, as did the size of village sites. Decorative
techniques and patterns for ceramics grew increasingly complex and distinctive to
a particular time and space, as diagnostic pottery replaces projectile points as
cultural markers in the archaeological record.
The Mississippian stage (c. AD 1000-1450) represents the height of
Native American culture up until contact with the first European settlers.
Mississippian societies were based on an agrarian economy, and were densely
populated in fertile river valleys. Mississippian settlements include large village
sites, many of which contain large earthen mounds. These mound sites are
considered to have been cultural hubs with extensive political, religious and
socio-economic influence. Mississippian cultures witnessed a high degree of
social stratification, with evidence of a ruling elite, extensive trade networks for
exotic goods, specialized craftsmen and artisans. Mississippian sites are not
particularly well represented in the River Basin.
5-76
5.10.2 Historic Overview
The Spanish explorers of the early sixteenth century were the first
Europeans to contact the Native Americans in present day Alabama, and
Hernando de Soto’s entrada through the southeast was the most prominent
Spanish presence in Alabama in the sixteenth century. The French were the first
Europeans to establish long-term contact with native groups of the area. After
settling at what is now Biloxi in 1699, the French, in 1717, established Fort
Toulouse at the point where the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers meet to form the
Alabama River. By the early eighteenth century, the English traders had
established a presence in the region. The Creek presence in the interior of
Alabama slowed the advance of settlers but despite this, American settlers
continued to venture into the area after the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
The new American government established the Mississippi Territory in
1798 under the provisions of the Northwest Ordinance. The strong presence of
native Creeks in the interior of Alabama slowed American expansion into the
area. The newly formed Mississippi Territory became unstable after the creation
of a Federal Road from Washington D.C. to New Orleans brought new American
settlers to the region. In 1813, a series of attacks and counterattacks between
Americans and Creeks blossomed into a war throughout the territory, including
the Lake Martin area. The war came to a formal, and violent, end in 1814 when
Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend on the River. This
forced the session of all Creek land east of the Mississippi River, including Lake
Martin and surrounding areas (Southerlin et al., 1998). American settlers then
quickly settled the area after the Native Americans were sent to Oklahoma on the
Trail of Tears.
Early American settlers in the new Alabama Territory rapidly developed
the area, as the power of small streams was harnessed for the machinery that
operated grist, flour and saw mills. The east central part of Alabama saw
relatively slow development, however, through the outbreak of the Civil War in
5-77
1861. Stagnation of industry and agriculture existed throughout the state of
Alabama until 1885. After 1885, the coal, iron, steel, and textile industries
experienced rapid growth. The area around Lake Martin, however, remained
primarily agricultural.
Throughout the nineteenth century, power development in Alabama was
confined almost entirely to streams. By the early twentieth century, however,
prospective water power sites along the River began to attract the attention of
hydraulic engineers. In 1907, the founding president of APC, Captain William
Patrick Lay, received congressional approval to construct the company’s first dam
and electric generating plant on the Coosa River (Lay Hydroelectric
Development, now a part of the Coosa River Project). Construction of this dam
was initiated in 1910 and was completed in April 1914.
Interest in development of a dam at Cherokee Bluffs on the River
continued until construction was initiated on July 24, 1923 and was completed on
December 31, 1926. First known as Cherokee Bluffs, the dam was dedicated in
1926 in honor of Thomas Martin, president of APC from 1920 to 1949 and chief
executive officer from 1949 to 1963. Martin was instrumental in the development
of APC and a pioneer in the development of the electric system throughout
Alabama and the Southeast. The Project was the first of four dams constructed on
the River. Three generating units were initially installed with a fourth unit being
installed in 1952.
5.10.3 Historic Properties
No systematic cultural resources survey of the entire Project has taken
place. However, a recent review of the Alabama Archaeological Site Files
identified eighteen sites along Lake Martin (The University of Alabama, 2006).
In 1995, APC contracted for Phase I and Phase II archaeological surveys of eight
areas that were the sites of proposed new recreation areas (Akridge, 1996). The
University of Alabama – Museum of Natural History – Office of Archaeological
5-78
Research (OAR) conducted the surveys in 1995 and 1996, and identified ten
archaeological sites. Of these, two (sites 1CS152 and 1TP35) are recommended
potentially eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
In addition to these ten sites identified by the University of Alabama
survey, the OAR (2006) indicates that eight other sites have been identified along
Lake Martin at different times. Seven of these are archaeological sites, of which
six are potentially eligible for the NRHP based only on the description presented
in the OAR report (2006) (sites 1CS93, 1EE33, 1TP3, 1TP4, 1TP38, 1TP86); one
is not eligible for the NRHP based on its being nearly completely eroded. Finally,
one site is the Umphress Family Cemetery. According to information presented
in the OAR report (2006), this cemetery was recently relocated in anticipation of a
construction project.
The Project facilities, including the powerhouse, dam, and appurtenant
facilities were built in 1926, and represented an important engineering
development for the State of Alabama at that time. While the Project facilities
have not been evaluated as historic architectural and engineering resources, they
appear to have sufficient historic significance to be eligible for the NRHP.
Despite the lack of a comprehensive cultural resources survey, nine
potentially eligible archaeological sites are known to exist at the Project. In
addition, the Project facilities, although not yet evaluated, are likely eligible for
the NRHP.
Akridge, R. M. 1996. Cultural Resources Summary Report for Alabama Power
Company's Martin Project. Alabama Power Company, Birmingham, AL.
Alabama Power Company. 2006a. Alabama Power Company’s Martin Project
Cultural Resources Overview. Alabama Power Company, Birmingham,
AL.
5-79
Southerlin, B., and coauthors. 1998. Phase I Historic Resources Survey:
Lowndes Wildlife Management Area: Lowndes County, Alabama.
Brockington Associates, Inc., COESAM/PDER-98-007, Atlanta, GA.
The University of Alabama, Office of Archaeological Research. 2006. Alabama
Power Company Martin Project Recorded Sites (Alabama State Site File).
The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
5.11
Socioeconomic Resources
The Martin Project is located in Coosa, Elmore, and Tallapoosa Counties,
Alabama. The following summary of selected socioeconomic variables for each county
in the Project vicinity is from data from the U.S. Census Bureau (2006), the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (2002), the National Agricultural Statistics Service, Alabama
Field Office (2005), and the Alabama County Data Book (Collins, 2003).
5.11.1 Population Patterns
In 2005, there were an estimated 11,162 people living in Coosa County,
73,937 in Elmore County, and 40,717 people living in Tallapoosa County. From
1990 to 2000, the populations of the counties grew 10.3%, 33.9%, and 6.8%,
respectively. The population growth in Alabama for the same time period was
10.1%. Coosa County ranked 64th out of 67 counties in Alabama in terms of total
population in 2000. Elmore and Tallapoosa Counties ranked 18th and 30th,
respectively. Population densities are low in Coosa and Tallapoosa Counties
compared to statewide densities; Coosa County had 18.7 persons per mi2 and
Tallapoosa County had 57.8 persons per mi2 (compared to 87.6 persons per mi2in
Alabama). Elmore County had 106 persons per mi2 in 2000.
5-80
5.11.2 Households/Family Distribution and Income
In 2000, there were 4,682 households in Coosa County, 22,737 households
in Elmore County, and 16,656 households in Tallapoosa County. Each county
had around 2.5 persons per household, which is approximately the national
average. The median household income, in 2003, was $29,735, $42,630, and
$30,554, respectively, which is lower than the national median of $43,318. About
13% of the population of Coosa and Elmore counties is below the poverty level;
16% of the population in Tallapoosa County is below the poverty level.
5.11.3 Project Vicinity Employment Sources
There were 106 private nonfarm establishments in Coosa County that
employed 995 persons in 2001. There were 1,069 private nonfarm establishments
in Elmore County that employed 12,057 persons in 2001. There were 796 private
nonfarm establishments in Tallapoosa County that employed 19,205 persons in
2001. Major manufactured products in Coosa County include shelving/counters
and textile/cotton yarn; Elmore County includes dyeing and knitting of fabric,
water meters, and aerospace composites; Tallapoosa County includes sports
apparel and other textile related products. In 2005, the unemployment rate in
Coosa County was 4.6%, 3.2% in Elmore County, and 4.1% in Tallapoosa
County; the statewide average was 4.0% in 2005 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
2006).
All three counties depend on agriculture for much of their employment
opportunities. According to the 2002 Census of Agriculture, there were 228
farms in Coosa County, 633 in Elmore County, and 377 farms in Tallapoosa
County. Approximately 9%, 26%, and 17, respectively, of the counties are used
for agriculture. The average market value of production per farm in 2002 was
$6,465 in Coosa County, $18,957 in Elmore County, and $13,747 in Tallapoosa
County.
5-81
Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2006. Local Area Unemployment Statistics. [Online]
URL: http://www.bls.gov/data/. Accessed October 20, 2006.
Collins, P., editor. 2003. Alabama County Data Book 2003, 18 edition.
Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs, Montgomery,
AL.
National Agricultural Statistics Service, Alabama Field Office. 2005. Alabama
Agricultural Statistics. National Agricultural Statistics Service, Alabama
Field Office, 47, Montgomery, AL.
U.S. Census Bureau. 2006. State and County QuickFacts. [Online] URL:
http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/index.html. Accessed October 20, 2006.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2002. Census of Agriculture. [Online] URL:
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Census_of_Agriculture/index.asp. Accessed
October 20, 2006.
5.12
Tribal Resources
While there are no federally recognized tribal lands within the Project Boundary,
there may be some federally recognized tribes that might have an interest in the Project
relicensing. The following tribes will be contacted to determine if they will participate in
the relicensing process.
Augustine Asbury, Tribal Representative
Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
P.O. Box 187
Wetumpka, OK 74883
Joyce Bear
Muscogee (Creek) Nation of Oklahoma
P.O. Box 580
Okmulgee, OK 74447
Charles Coleman
Tribal Warrior
Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
Route 1, Box 190-A
Weleetka, OK 74880
Kenneth H. Carleton
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
P.O. Box 6257
Choctaw, MS 39350
Christine Norris
Jena Band of Choctaw Indians
P.O. Box 14
Jena, LA 71342
Lelyn Thomas, Tribal Representative
Coushatta Indian Tribe
P.O. Box 818
Elton, LA 70532
5-82
Debbie Thomas, Tribal Representative
Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
Route 3, Box 645
Livingston, TX 77351
Pare Bowlegs, Historic Preservation Officer
Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
P.O. Box 1498
Wewoka, OK 74884
Delores Herrod, Tribal Representative
Kialegee Tribal Town of the
Muscogee(Creek) Nation
P.O. Box 332
108 N. Main Street
Wetumpka, OK 74883
Robert Thrower, THPO
Poarch Band of Creek Indians
5811 Jack Springs Road
Atmore, AL 36502
Dr. James Kardatzke
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Eastern Region Office
545 Marriott Drive, Suite 700
Nashville, TN 37214
Terry Cole, THPO
Cultural Preservation Committee
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
P.O. Drawer 1210
Durant, OK 74702
Earl Babry, Jr., THPO
Tunica-Biloxi Tribe
P.O. Box 1589
Marksville, LA 71351
Willard S. Steele, THPO
Seminole Tribe of Florida
Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum
HC 61 Box 21-A
Clewiston, FL 33440
Gingy Nail
Chickasaw Nation
P.O. Box 1548
Ada, OK 74820
5-83
6.0
PRELIMINARY ISSUES AND ON-GOING PROGRAMS & STUDIES
6.1
Existing Programs
Since 1993, APC has implemented a series of environmental stewardship
programs on Lake Martin. A summary of these programs is provided below.
In 1992, when Bass Anglers Sportsmen Society (BASS) signed a memorandum of
understanding with APC to initiate programs to enhance the fisheries resources of
company managed reservoirs, Lake Martin was chosen to be the one of the first
reservoirs for fish enhancement projects. The first project was initiated in January of
1993 with the installation of recycled Christmas trees as fish habitat. Since that time,
over 146,000 recycled Christmas trees have been installed. This number equates to
approximately 3,240 units of tree bundles placed in various locations in the lake. Initially
the sites were marked with metal signs on the shore, but since 1999, Global Positioning
Systems (GPS) have been utilized to record the sites. These sites are now available on an
Internet site.
This program has enlisted the aid of countless anglers and personnel of the
ADCNR to assist in deployment of these habitat units. Areas around Camp ASCA and
Wind Creek State Park have also been targeted in the past due to high use in these areas.
Renew Our Rivers cleanups have been held on Lake Martin beginning in the fall
of 2005. Renew Our Rivers is the largest river system cleanup held in the southeastern
United States. Renew Our Rivers cleanups in the spring and fall have been scheduled on
Lake Martin for 2006. Since Lake Martin is such a large body of water, these cleanup
efforts are planned to continue for selected areas of the lake each year. Alabama Power
Company also assisted the Lake Martin Resource Association with several of their
cleanups in early 2000.
The utilization of shoreline seeding on the exposed banks in the drawdown zone
during the fall with annual grasses was initiated in 1993 in areas adjacent to Camp
ASCA. In 1994, this area and additional areas in the Sandy Branch portion of the lake
6-1
were targeted. Limited seeding was conducted in 1995 and 1996 in areas upstream of
Camp ASCA. Shoreline seeding in the drawdown zone allows the plants to become
established in the fall and inundated with the rising water in the spring. This provides
cover in areas traditionally devoid of any cover.
6.2
On-Going Studies
APC is currently conducting water quality collections in the Lake and
downstream of the dam. During 2007, APC is continuing their surveys for RTE species
within or adjacent to the Project and will specifically look for RCW potential and active
colony sites.
6.3
Preliminary Issues
During the summer and fall of 2006, APC met with federal and state resource
agencies as well as non-governmental organizations with interest in Lake Martin. Based
on those meetings and responses to a PAD questionnaire, APC has developed a
preliminary list of concerns, positions, and issues at Lake Martin that generally fall into
the following five categories.
Water levels and Project Operation
•
Change in water levels— reduce the winter drawdown level;
•
Extend the full pool season;
•
Will there be an impact to operation of Martin from the Water Wars?;
•
Is there a need for a minimum flow below the Project; and
•
If winter drawdown is reduced, periodic lowering of lake to El. 480 for
maintenance of permitted facilities.
6-2
Fish and Wildlife
•
Habitat alteration of the Tallapoosa River due to the Martin Project;
•
Project operation effects on thermal refuges, summer dissolved oxygen levels, and
striped bass mortality;
•
Fragmentation of the basin;
•
Fish passage;
•
Fishing access;
•
Entrainment and Turbine mortality of fish;
•
Littoral habitat;
•
Restoration of long-leaf ecosystem for RCW habitat;
•
Will a change in the winter pool level effect the Stripers (Gulf Coast strain)?;
•
Will the change in pool levels have an effect on the lake ecosystem?;
•
Effect of exotic species in project boundary and vicinity (e.g., torpedo grass,
yellow perch);
•
Effects on the tailrace ecosystem from cool water discharge; and
•
Spring water level stabilization to enhance fish spawning.
Water Quality/Use
•
Effect of existing water withdrawals; no addition of municipalities to draw water
from Lake Martin;
•
Effect of increasing incidents of discharges of pathogens into Lake Martin from
municipal WWTPs;
•
Effect of water demands and increased wastewater loading from municipal wastes
and potential for water quality degradation in Lake Martin and tributaries;
•
Effects of increasing siltation and eutrophication in upper lake embayments;
•
Attainment of EPA 5.0 ppm standard for dissolved oxygen for discharges from
Martin Dam;
•
Water quality degradation in dam fore bay and tailwater regions; and
•
Effects of proposed pool elevation changes on water quality.
6-3
Recreation Access and Facilities and Shoreline Management
•
Prohibit development on all islands;
•
Prohibit construction of causeways – initiate expensive fines and restoration to
natural state for violations;
•
Increased public access, in particular, boating access to reduce the congestion at
existing sites and to “spread” fishing tournaments over a wider area as most seem
to be in the Wind Creek area;
•
Boat ramps are needed in the Kowaliga Creek arm both south of the bridge and
the northern end of this arm of Martin;
•
A boat ramp is needed at the very upper part of the reservoir such as Irwin
Shoals/Jay Bird Creek area;
•
Increase in parking spaces throughout the Lake;
•
Extend boat ramps to make them accessible year-round;
•
Existing APC sites need improvements to meet current accessibility standards
(ADA); in particular courtesy docks/ gangways to be accessible to persons with
disabilities;
•
Restrict or prohibit trading of lands for the purpose of development;
•
Set aside land for public use and conservation;
•
Implement a speed limit on Lake Martin;
•
Effects of further development of APC lands on ecological resources;
•
Encourage height restrictions on shoreline developments;
•
Prohibit an increase in the number of cigarette type boats and prohibit residence
boats;
•
Ensure hazard buoys are marked;
•
Effects of loss of natural habitat due to ‘land rush’ shoreline development and
apparent laissez- faire shoreline management practices;
•
Effects of preserving undeveloped islands and undeveloped littoral lands for
wildlife habitat and aesthetic value;
•
Effects of shoreline development on aesthetic resources; and
•
Effects of 4-wheelers on soils (erosion) and archeological properties in the
reservoir during winter drawdown (existing and proposed).
6-4
Cultural Resources
•
Eligibility of project structures; and
•
Effect of existing and future operations on archaeological sites (exposure).
6-5
7.0
REFERENCES
7.1
Section 3.0 – General Description of River Basin
Alabama Power Company. Undated. Report on the Martin Dam Project. Alabama
7.2
Section 4.0 – Project Location, Facilities, and Operations
Akridge, R. M. 2005a. Revised Exhibit M. Alabama Power Company, Birmingham,
AL.
Akridge, R. M. 2005b. Upgraded Turbine and Generator Nameplates. Alabama Power
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 1994. Environmental Assessment:
Amendment of Recreation Plan. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission,
Washington, D.C.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 2005. Environmental Assessment: Application
for Non-Project Use of Project Lands and Waters. Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission, Washington, D.C.
Finlay Engineering, Inc. 2005. Potential Failure Modes Analysis Martin Hydroelectric
Project. Finlay Engineering, Inc.
- 7-1 -
7.3
Section 5.1 – Geology and Soils
Alabama Power Company. No Date. Report on the Martin Dam Project. Alabama
Beg, M. 1988. Mineral Resources of Tallapoosa County, Alabama. Geological Survey
of Alabama, Special Map 204, Tuscaloosa, AL.
Rheams, K. 1984. Mineral Resources of the Alabama Piedmont. Geological Survey of
Alabama, Map 200, Tuscaloosa, AL.
Rosgen, D. 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs,
CO.
Sapp, D., and J. Emplainment. 1975. Physiographic Regions of Alabama. Geological
Survey of Alabama, Map 168, Tuscaloosa, AL.
Sapp, Daniel and Jacques Emplainment. 1975. Physiographic Regions of Alabama,
Geological Survey of Alabama, Map 168.
Simons, D. B., J. W. Andrew, R. M. Li, and M. A. Alawady. 1979. Connecticut River
Streambank Erosion Study: Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont. U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, DACW 33-78-C-0297, Washington, D.C.
Smith, H. C., and P. H. Avery. 1910. Soil Survey of Tallapoosa County, Alabama. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Taylor, A. 1929. Soil Survey of Coosa County, Alabama. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Winston, R. A., and A. C. McGehee. 1913. Soil Survey of Elmore County, Alabama.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
7.4
Section 5.2 – Water Resources
Alabama Department of Environmental Management. 2005. Alabama’s Water Quality
Assessment and Listing Methodology. Alabama Department of Environmental
Management, Montgomery, AL.
Alabama Department of Environmental Management. 2006. 2006 Alabama Integrated
Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment Report. [Online] URL:
- 7-2 -
http://www.adem.state.al.us/WaterDivision/WQuality/
305b/WQ305bReport.htm Accessed October 17, 2006.
Alabama Power Company, Environmental Compliance. 2006d. Water Quality Data for
the Martin Hydroelectric Project. Alabama Power Company, Birmingham, AL.
Auburn University. 2006. Alabama Water Watch. [Online] URL:
https://aww.auburn.edu/. Accessed October 17, 2006.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2006. Southern Regional Water Program: Water
Quantity and Policy. [Online] URL: http://srwqis.tamu.edu/waterquantity.aspx.
Accessed October 13, 2006.
U.S. Geological Survey. 2006. National Water Information System. [Online] URL:
http://waterdata.usgs.gov/al/nwis/nwis. Accessed October 13, 2006.
7.5
Section 5.3 – Fish and Aquatic Resources
Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 2004. Alabama Bass
Anglers Information Team (BAIT) 2003 Annual Report. Alabama Department of
Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 2005. Alabama Bass
Anglers Information Team (BAIT) 2004 Annual Report. Alabama Department of
Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 2006. Fish and Fishing in
Yates and Thurlow Reservoirs. [Online] URL:
http://www.outdooralabama.com/fishing/freshwater/where/reservoirs/thurlowyate
s/. Accessed October 12, 2006.
Alabama Department of Public Health. 2006. Alabama Fish Consumption Alabama
Power Company. 2006. Martin Lake Mussel and Snail Survey – Draft Summary
- 7-3 -
Report – November 2006. Advisories. Alabama Department of Public Health,
Montgomery, AL.
Alabama Power Company, Environmental Compliance. 2006d. Water Quality Data for
the Martin Hydroelectric Project. Alabama Power Company, Birmingham, AL.
Alabama Power Company. November 2006. Martin Lake Mussel and Snail Survey
Draft Summary Report.
Bayne, David R., W.C. Seesock, E.C. Webber, and E. Reutebuch. 1995. FINAL
REPORT - Limnological Study of Selected Embayments of Lake Martin in
Tallapoosa County, Alabama 1994. Department of Fisheries and Allied
Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. i-vii + 108 pp.
Boschung, H. T., Jr., and R. L. Mayden. 2004. Fishes of Alabama. Smithsonian Books,
Washington, D.C.
Greene, C. J., D. L. Abernethy, T. Powell, and R. A. McVay. 2004. Martin Reservoir
Management Report 2004. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural
Resources, Montgomery, AL.
Greene, J. C., D. L. Abernethy, and R. A. McVay. 2005. Martin Reservoir Management
Report 2005. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources,
Montgomery, AL.
Haffner, J. 2006. Alabama Bass Anglers Information Team (BAIT) 2005 Annual
Report. [Online] URL:
http://www.outdooralabama.com/fishing/freshwater/where/reservoirs/quality/baitc
urrent/. Accessed November 9, 2006.
Isom, B. G. 1971. Effects of Storage on Mainstem Reservoirs on Benthic
Macroinvertebrates. Pages 179-191 in G. E. Hall, editor. Reservoir Fisheries and
Limnology. American Fisheries Society, Washington, D.C.
McHugh, J. J., J. B. Jernigan, and T. Madigan. 1996. Martin Reservoir Management
Report 1996. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources,
Montgomery, AL.
Merritt, R. W., and K. W. Cummins, editors. 1984. An Introduction to the Aquatic
Insects of North America, Second edition. Kendall/Hunt Publishing, Dubuque,
IA.
- 7-4 -
Mettee, M. F., P. E. O'Neil, and J. M. Pierson. 1996. Fishes of Alabama and the Mobile
Basin. Oxmoor House, Inc., Birmingham, AL.
National Marine Fisheries Service. 2000. Essential Fish Habitat: New Marine Fish
Habitat Conservation Mandate for Federal Agencies. National Marine Fisheries
7.6
Section 5.4 – Wildlife Resources
Causey, M. K. 2006. Wildlife Resources Associated With Alabama Power Company
Project Lands Surrounding Martin Reservoir In Tallapoosa, Coosa And Elmore
Counties, Alabama. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
Skeen, J. N., P. D. Doerr, and D. H. Van Lear. 1993. Oak Hickory Pine Forests. Pages
133 in W. H. Martin, S. G. Boyce, and A. C. Echternacht, editors. Biodiversity of
the Southeastern United States: Upland Terrestrial Communities. John Wiley &
Sons, New York.
7.7
Section 5.5 – Botanical Resources
Whetstone, D. 2006. Plants and Plant Communities of the Lake Martin Area.
7.8
Section 5.6 – Riparian, Wetland and Littoral Habitat
Alabama Power Company. 2006c. Draft Wetlands Report. Alabama Power Company,
Birmingham, AL.
Whetstone, D. 2006. Plants and Plant Communities of the Lake Martin Area.
7.9
Section 5.7 – Rare, Threatened and Special Status Species
Alabama Power Company. 2006b. Coosa-Warrior Relicensing Project: Biological
Assessment for Threatened and Endangered Species for the Coosa River (FERC
- 7-5 -
No. 2146), Mitchell (FERC No. 82, and Jordan (FERC No. 618) Projects.
Bailey, M. A. 2003. Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Status and Recommendations Mitchell Lake Project Lands, Coosa and Chilton Counties, Alabama. Alabama
Etnier, D. A., and W. C. Starnes. 1993. The Fishes of Tennessee. University of
Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN.
Gilbert, C. R., H. T. Boschung, and G. H. Burgess. 1979. Notropis caeruleus (Jordan),
Blue Shiner. D. S. Lee, and 5 coeditors, editors. Atlas of North American Fresh
Water Fishes. North Carolina State University Museum of Natural History,
Raleigh, NC.
Krotzer, R. S. 1984. The Ecological Life History of the Blue Shiner, Notropis caeruleus
(Jordan), from the Conasauga River, Georgia. Master's Thesis. Samford
University, Birmingham, AL.
Mayden, R. L. 1989. Phylogenetic Studies of North American Minnows, with Emphasis
on the Genus Cyprinella (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Museum of Natural History,
University of Kansas, Miscellaneous Publication No. 80, Lawrence, KS.
Mirarchi, R. E., J. T. Garner, M. F. Mettee, and P. E. O'Neil, editors. 2004. Alabama
Wildlife. Volume Two. Imperiled Aquatic Mollusks and Fishes. The University
of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL.
Pierson, J. M., and 6 coauthors. 1989. Fishes of the Cahaba River System in Alabama.
Geological Survey of Alabama, Bulletin 134, Tuscaloosa, AL.
Pierson, J. M., and R. S. Krotzer. 1987. The Distribution, Relative Abundance, and Life
History of the Blue Shiner, Notropis caeruleus (Jordan).
Ramsey, J. M. 1976. Freshwater Fishes. Pages 53-65 in H. Boschung, editor.
Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals of Alabama. Alabama Museum
of Natural History, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
Ramsey, J. S., and J. M. Pierson. 1986. Blue Shiner, Notropis caeruleus. Pages 124 in
R. H. Mount, editor. Vertebrate Animals of Alabama in Need of Special
Attention. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, AL.
Smith-Vaniz, W. F. 1968. Freshwater Fishes of Alabama. Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station, Auburn, AL.
- 7-6 -
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1989. Southern States Bald Eagle Recovery Plan. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. Kral's Water-Plantain (Sagittaria secundifolia)
Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992. Alabama Canebrake Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia
rubra ssp. alabamensis) Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993. Southern Pigtoe (Pleurobema georgianum).
Federal Register 58:14339.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Blue Shiner Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Jackson, MS.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2000. Mobile River Basin Aquatic Ecosystem Recovery
Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, GA.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2003. Recovery Plan for the Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker (Picoides borealis), Second Revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants;
Designation of Critical Habitat for Three Threatened Mussels and Eight
Endangered Mussels in the Mobile River Basin. Federal Register 69:4008340171.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. Species Assessment and Listing Priority
Assignment Form: Georgia Rockcress. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006a. Alabama's Federally Listed Species by County.
[Online] URL: http://www.fws.gov/daphne/es/specieslst.htm. Accessed October
11, 2006.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006b. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants;
Proposed Critical Habitat Designations; Proposed Rule. Federal Register
71:53755-53835.
- 7-7 -
7.10
Section 5.8 – Recreation
Alabama Power Company. 2003. Licensed Hydropower Development Recreation
Report (Form 80). Alabama Power Company, Birmingham, AL.
Carto-Craft Maps, Inc. 2005. Lake Martin. Carto-Craft Maps, Inc., Birmingham, AL.
Fishery Information Management Systems. No Date. Recreational Use Associated with
Three Alabama Reservoirs and a Tailwater Complex.
7.11
Section 5.9 – Land Use and Aesthetic Resources
Alabama Power Company. 1979. Martin Dam Project (FERC No. 349): Comprehensive
Recreation Plan Exhibit R (Revised). Alabama Power Company, Birmingham,
AL.
Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium. 2001. National Land Cover
Database 2001 (NLCD 2001). [Online] URL:
http://www.mrlc.gov/mrlc2k_nlcd.asp. Accessed November 28, 2006.
7.12
Section 5.10 – Cultural Resources
Akridge, R. M. 1996. Cultural Resources Summary Report for Alabama Power
Company's Martin Project. Alabama Power Company, Birmingham, AL.
Alabama Power Company. 2006a. Alabama Power Company’s Martin Project Cultural
Resources Overview. Alabama Power Company, Birmingham, AL.
Southerlin, B., and coauthors. 1998. Phase I Historic Resources Survey: Lowndes
Wildlife Management Area: Lowndes County, Alabama. Brockington
Associates, Inc., COESAM/PDER-98-007, Atlanta, GA.
The University of Alabama, Office of Archaeological Research. 2006. Alabama Power
Company Martin Project Recorded Sites (Alabama State Site File). The
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
- 7-8 -
7.13
Section 5.11 – Socioeconomic Resources
Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2006. Local Area Unemployment Statistics. [Online] URL:
http://www.bls.gov/data/. Accessed October 20, 2006.
Collins, P., editor. 2003. Alabama County Data Book 2003, 18 edition. Alabama
Department of Economic and Community Affairs, Montgomery, AL.
National Agricultural Statistics Service, Alabama Field Office. 2005. Alabama
Agricultural Statistics. National Agricultural Statistics Service, Alabama Field
Office, 47, Montgomery, AL.
U.S. Census Bureau. 2006. State and County QuickFacts. [Online] URL:
http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/index.html. Accessed October 20, 2006.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2002. Census of Agriculture. [Online] URL:
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Census_of_Agriculture/index.asp. Accessed October
20, 2006.
- 7-9 -
APPENDIX A
DISTRIBUTION LIST
Joe Addison
ADCNR, WFF
64 North Union Street
Montgomery, AL 36130
Joyce Bear
Muscogee (Creek) Nation of Oklahoma
P.O. Box 580
Okmulgee, OK 74447
Bill Allen
The Profile Group
301 Bradley Street
Carrollton, GA 30117
David Bowen
Central Elmore Water Authority
716 U.S. Highway 231
Wetumpka, AL 36093
Bob Allen
Corps of Engineers
109 Saint Joseph Street
P.O. Box 2288
Mobile, AL 36628-0001
Pare Bowlegs, Historic Preservation Officer
Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
P.O. Box 1498
Wewoka, OK 74884
Dick Bronson
Lake Watch
P.O. Box 72
Alexander City, AL 35010
Pres Allinder
Alabama Department of Public Health,
Environmental Services
P.O. Box 303017
RSA Tower
Montgomery, AL 36130-3017
Elizabeth Brown
Alabama Historical Commission
468 South Perry Street
John Ammons
Alabama Department of Economic &
Community Affairs
Office of Water Resources
401 Adams Avenue, Suite 434
Prescott Brownell
National Marine Fisheries Service
217 Ft. Johnson Road
Charleston, SC 29412
P. J. Armour
Red Ridge Methodist Church
54 Crooked Arrow Dr.
Dadeville, AL 36853
Ken Carleton
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
P.O. Box 6257
Choctaw, MS 39350
Augustine Asbury, Tribal Representative
Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
P.O. Box 187
Wetumpka, OK 74883
Frankie Chaffin
Union Community Club
2234 Overlook Drive
Dadeville, AL 36853
Earl Babry, Jr. THPO
Tunica-Biloxi Tribe
P.O. Box 1589
Marksville, LA 71351
Rick Claybrook
ADCNR, WFF
Jim Bain
Lake Martin Resource Association
2544 Willow Point Road
Tom Clement
Clement Contracting Group
913 South Perry St.
- A-1 -
Todd Flurry
Union Community Club
Terry Cole, THPO
Cultural Preservation Committee
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
P.O. Drawer 1210
Durant, OK 74702
Mark Fuller
Officer
Alabama Marine Police
126 Marina Road
Charles Coleman
Tribal Warrior
Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
Route 1, Box 190-A
Weleetka, OK 74880
Thomas Futral
Alabama Cooperative Extension System
125 N. Broadnax St., Room 23
Dadeville, AL 36853
Stan Cook
Chief of Fisheries
Alabama Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources
Suite 551
John Glasier
P.O. Box 190
Dadeville, AL 36853
Chris Goodman
ADEM
P.O. Box 301463
Thomas Coley
Tallapoosa County Commission
2316 North Central Avenue
Kellyton, AL 35089
Chris Greene
Natural Resources
1820 C Glynwood Drive
Prattville, AL 36066
David Crum
397 Marina Pointe Road
Dadeville, AL 36853
April Hall
Alabama Rivers Alliance
2027 2nd Avenue North
Suite A
Birmingham, AL 35203
Charles Darwin
Stillwaters Yacht Club
468 Marina Point Rd.
Unit B 401
Dadeville, AL 36853
Stacye Hathorn
Jeff Duncan
National Park Service
175 Hamm Road
Chattanooga, TN 37405
Johnny Dunn
3302 Stratford Lane
Elizabeth Hayes
Dadeville Kiwanis Club
P.O. Box 40
Dadeville, AL 36853
Mike Eubanks
Corps of Engineers
109 Saint Joseph St
Mobile, AL 36628
Dave Heinzen
CALM
P.O. Box 190
Dadeville, AL 36853
Joe Faulk
Elmore County Commission
- A-2 -
Sally Mason
Stillwaters Residential Association
1816-B StillWaters Dr.
Dadeville, AL 36853
Delores Herrod, Tribal Representative
Kialegee Tribal Town of the
Muscogee(Creek) Nation
P.O. Box 332
108 N. Main Street
Wetumpka, OK 74883
Byron McCain
Alabama Marine Industries Association
P.O. Box 130220
Amanda Hill
Don McClellan
Lake Martin Economic Development Alliance
P.O. Box 1105
Jim Howard
Alabama B.A.S.S. Federation
501 Five Mile Road
Eufaula, AL 36027
Donnie McDaniel
Lakeside Marina
7361 Highway 49 South
Dadeville, AL 36853
Gerrit Jobsis
American Rivers
2231 Devine Street, Suite 100
Columbia, S.C. 29205
Gary Moody
Chief of Wildlife
Natural Resources
Suite 551
Cal Johnson
Council of Chambers
185 South Tallassee Street
Suite 104
Dadeville, AL 36853
Gingy Nail
Chickasaw Nation
P.O. Box 1548
Ada, OK 74820
Cal Johnson
Dadeville Chamber of Commerce
Tammy Jones
Middle Tallapoosa Clean Water Partnership
125 North Broadnax Street
Dadeville, AL 36853
Ericha Nix
ADCNR, WFF
1820 Glynwood Drive, Suite C
Prattville, AL 36066
Dr. James Kardatzke
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Eastern Regional Office
545 Marriott Drive, Suite 700
Nashville, TN 37214
Christine Norris
Jena Band of Choctaw Indians
P.O. Box 14
Jena, LA 71342
Jim Lanier
Cherokee Ridge Alpine Trail Association
P.O. Box 240503
Eclectic, AL 36024
Alan Nummy
Town of Eclectic
P.O. Box 240430
Eclectic, AL 36024
Robbin Marks
American Rivers
1101 14th Street NW
Suite 1400
Washington, DC 20005
Sonia Pendleton
Bay Pine Marina
3455 Bay Pine Road
Jacksons Gap, AL 36861
- A-3 -
Wally Sowell
Blue Creek, Parker Creek and Anchor Bay
Marinas
2001 Castaway Island Road
Eclectic, AL 36024
Eddie Plemons
AL B.A.S.S. Federation
605 Farr Circle
Hoover, AL 35226
Bill Pearson
Regional Director
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Daphne ES Field Office
1208-B Main Street
Daphne, AL 36526
Willard S. Steele, THPO
Seminole Tribe of Florida
Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum
HC 61 Box 21 A
Clewiston, FL 33440
Theresa Strohmeyer
Lake Hill Marine, Inc
9160 Highway 280 East
Jeff Powell
US Fish and Wildlife Service
Daphne ES Field Office
1208-B Main Street
Daphne, AL 36526
Judy Takats
World Wildlife Fund
2021 21st Avenue South
Suite 200
Nashville, TN 37212
Clay Ragsdale
Ragsdale LLC
Concord Center Suite 820
2100 3rd Ave No
Debbie Thomas, Tribal Representative
Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
Route 3, Box 645
Livingston, TX 77351
Al Redding
Alabama Bass Federation
P.O. Box 190
Notasulga, AL 36866
Lelyn Thomas, Tribal Representative
Coushatta Indian Tribe
P.O. Box 818
Elton, LA 70532
Steve Rider
ADCNR, WFF
Suite 658
Dan Thompson
ADCNR, WFF
Lynn Sisk
Chief, Water Quality Branch
Alabama Department of Environmental
Management
P.O. Box 301463
Robert Thrower, THPO
Poarch Band of Creek Indians
5811 Jack Springs Road
Atmore, AL 36502
Mayor Joe Smith
City of Dadeville
216 South Broadnax
Dadeville, AL 36853
Bill Thweatt
Tallapoosa County Commissioners
125 North Broadnax
Room 131
Dadeville, AL 36853
Rita Smith
Lake Martin Area Association of Realtors
- A-4 -
Marvin Wagoner
120 Tallapoosa Street
Zoa White
ADECA
P.O. Box 5690
Duane Winters
Bureau of Land Management
411 Briarwood Drive
Suite 404
Jackson, MS 39206
Mayor Barbara Young
Alexander City
P.O. Box 552
- A-5 -
APPENDIX B
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY
TERM
A
Acre (ac)
Acre-feet (af)
Active Storage
Adit
Afterbay
Alluvium
Anadromous fish
Automatic/
Semi-automatic/
Manual
Powerhouses
Aquatic Life
APC
APE
B
Baseline
Base Load
Benthic
Black Start
Capability
Benthic
Macroinvertebrates
Bypass Reach
C
°C
Capacity
DEFINITION
A measure of land area measuring 43,560 square ft.
The amount of water it takes to cover one acre to a depth of one foot, 43,560
cubic ft or 1,233.5 cubic meters
The volume of water in a reservoir between its minimum operating elevation
and its maximum normal operating elevation.
An almost vertical pipe or short horizontal passage entering a tunnel, either to
add water from a conduit, sluice or other water source or as a maintenance
access tunnel (also referred to as a portal if located at the beginning or end of
the tunnel).
A reservoir located immediately downstream from a powerhouse, sometimes
used to re-regulate flows to the river or stream.
Material such as sand, silt or clay, deposited on land by water such as on
floodplains.
Fish that live in saltwater habitats most of their lives, but periodically migrate
into freshwater to spawn and develop to the juvenile stage (e.g., alewife).
An automatic powerhouse can be started, stopped, and have its load and
voltage changed from a remote or master station, via supervisory control. A
semiautomatic powerhouse with SCADA may allow a remote station to
change load and/or voltage, and may allow a remote shutdown, but must be
started manually. A semi-automatic powerhouse without SCADA will send
alarms to a remote or master station. A manual powerhouse must have all its
functions performed at the powerhouse.
Any plants or animals which live at least part of their life cycle in water.
Alabama Power Company/Licensee
Area of Potential Effect as pertaining to Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act.
A set of existing environmental conditions upon which comparisons are
made during the NEPA process.
A power plant that is planned to run continually except for maintenance and
scheduled or unscheduled outages. Also refers to the nearly steady level of
demand on a utility system.
Associated with lake or river bottom or substrate.
The ability of a unit to start up without the use of an external transmission or
distribution voltage power source.
Animals without backbones, which are visible to the eye and which live on,
under, and around rocks and sediment on the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and
streams.
The original water channel of the river that is directly affected by the
diversion of water though the penstocks to the generating facilities. This
portion of the river, the "bypassed reach" may remain watered or become
dewatered.
Degrees Celsius
The load for which an electric generating unit, or other electrical equipment
or power line is rated
- B-1 -
TERM
Catadromous fish
Critical Energy
Infrastructure
Information (CEII)
Cubic Feet (cf)
CFR
Clean Water Act
(CWA)
Colluvium
Combustion
turbine
Commission
Conduit
Conservation
Creel Census
Cubic feet per
Second (cfs)
Cultural Resources
Cumulative Impact
D
Dam
DEA
DEIR
DEFINITION
Fish that live in freshwater most of their lives but periodically migrate to the
sea to spawn (e.g., American eel)
Project-related documents that are restricted from public viewing in
accordance with FERC regulations (18 CFR 388.113) related to the design
and safety of dams and appurtenant facilities, and that is necessary to protect
national security and public safety.
The volume of a cube with edges one foot in length
U.S. Code of Federal Regulations
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 and subsequent
amendments in 1977, 1981, and 1987 (commonly referred to as the Clean
Water Act). The Act established a regulatory system for navigable waters in
the United States, whether on public or private land. The Act set national
policy to eliminate discharge of water pollutants into navigable waters, to
regulate discharge of toxic pollutants, and to prohibit discharge of pollutants
from point source without permits. Most importantly it authorized EPA to set
water quality criteria for states to use to establish water quality standards.
Soil material and/or rock fragments moved by gravity such as during creep,
slide, or localized wash-outs, which is deposited at the base of steep slopes.
A fuel-fired turbine engine used to drive an electric generator.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission also referenced as FERC
A tunnel or pipe, used for diverting or moving water from one point to
another, usually used when there is no existing streambed or waterway
A process or program designed to increase the efficiency of energy and water
use, production, or distribution.
Counting and interviewing anglers to determine fishing effort and catch.
Usually conducted by a census clerk on systematic regularly scheduled visits
to significant fishing areas.
A measurement of water flow representing one cubic foot of water moving
past a given point in one second. One cfs is equal to 0.0283 cubic meters per
second and 0.646 mgd.
Includes items, structures, etc. of historical, archaeological, or architectural
significance.
The effect on the environment that results from the incremental impact of the
action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseen future
actions. Can result from individually minor but collectively significant
actions taking place over a period of time.
A structure constructed across a water body typically used to increase the
hydraulic head at hydroelectric generating units. A dam typically reduces the
velocity of water in a particular river segment and increases the depth of
water by forming an impoundment behind the dam. It also generally serves as
a water control structure.
Draft Environmental Assessment
Draft Environmental Impact Report
- B-2 -
TERM
Demand
Dependable
Capacity
Development
Dike
Dissolved Oxygen
(DO)
Distribution Lines
Distribution
System
Drawdown
E
Emergent aquatic
vegetation
Energy
Environmental
Impact Statement
(EIS)
Eutrophic
Evapotranspiration
F
°F
Federal Energy
Regulatory
Commission
Federal Power Act
(FPA)
Federal Power
Commission (FPC)
DEFINITION
The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system at a given
instant or averaged over a designated period, usually expressed in kilowatts
or megawatts.
The maximum dependable MW output of a generator or group of generators
during the critical hydrologic period coincident with peak electrical system
load
One of several hydroelectric plants collectively licensed by the Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission as a Project. (Example: The Coosa River
Project consists of 5 developments - Weiss, Henry, Logan Martin, Lay, and
Bouldin)
A raised bank, typically earthen, constructed along a waterway to impound
the water and to prevent flooding.
Perhaps the most commonly employed measure of water quality. Low DO
levels adversely affect fish and other aquatic life. The total absence of DO
leads to the development of an anaerobic condition with the eventual
development of odor and aesthetic problems.
Power lines, like those in neighborhoods, used to carry moderate voltage
electricity which is "stepped down" to household levels by transformers on
power poles.
The substations, transformers and lines that convey electricity from highvoltage transmission lines to the consumer.
The distance the water surface of a reservoir is lowered from a given
elevation as the result of releasing water.
Plants rooted in substrate covered by shallow water (of up to 6.6 ft depth),
with most of the parts out of the water.
Average power production over a stated interval of time, expressed in
kilowatt-hours, megawatt-hours, average kilowatts and average megawatts.
An environmental review document prepared under NEPA to determine the
environmental impact of a specific action. A Draft Environmental Impact
Statement (DEIS) is prepared and circulated for public comment. After
incorporation of public comments, a Final Environmental Impact Statement
(FEIS) is published.
Waters with a high concentration of nutrients and a high level of primary
production.
The evaporation from all water, soil, snow, ice, vegetation, and other
surfaces, plus transpiration.
Degrees Fahrenheit
The governing federal agency responsible for overseeing the
licensing/relicensing and operation of hydroelectric projects in the United
States.
Federal statute enacted in 1920 that established the Federal Power
Commission (now FERC) and the statutes for licensing hydroelectric
projects.
Predecessor of FERC
- B-3 -
TERM
Federal Register
Flow
Flow Duration
Curve
Forebay
Francis turbine
G
GIS
Generation
generator
Grizzly
Gross Storage
H
H-Frame Structure
Habitat
Head
Headwater
Horsepower (hp)
Hydraulic
Hydroelectric Plant
Hydroelectric
Power
Hydrologic Unit
Code (HUC)
Hypolimnetic
Hz
DEFINITION
A publication of the Federal Government that includes official transactions of
the U.S. Congress, as well as all federal agencies such as FERC. Copies of
the Federal Register are usually available at large public and university
libraries.
The volume of water passing a given point per unit time.
A graphical representation of the percentage of time in the historical record
that a flow of any given magnitude has been equaled or exceeded.
A reservoir upstream from a powerhouse, from which water is drawn into a
tunnel or penstock for delivery to the powerhouse
A radial-inflow reaction turbine, where flow through the runner is
perpendicular to the turbine shaft
Geographic Information System
The process of producing electricity from other forms of energy, such as
steam, heat, or water. Refers to the amount of electric energy produced,
expressed in kilowatt hours.
A machine that converts mechanical energy into electricity often powered by
a turbine
A metal grating across the entry to a water conduit
The sum of the dead storage and the live storage volumes of a reservoir, the
total amount of water contained in a reservoir at its maximum normal
operating elevation.
A wood pole transmission structure that consists of two wood poles with a
horizontal cross arm above the conductor.
The locality or external environment in which a plant or animal normally
lives and grows.
The distance that water falls in passing through a hydraulic structure or
device such as a hydroelectric plant. Gross head is the difference between the
headwater and tailwater levels; net head is the gross head minus hydraulic
losses such as friction incurred as water passes through the structure; and
rated head is the head at which the full-gate discharge of a turbine will
produce the rated capacity of the connected generator.
The waters immediately upstream of a dam. For power dams, also referred to
as the water in the impoundment which supplies the turbines (see also
forebay).
A measure of power equal to about 746 watts.
Relating to water in motion.
A facility at which the turbine generators are driven by falling water.
Capturing flowing water to produce electrical energy.
Developed by the Water Resources Council corresponding to hierarchal
classification of hydrologic drainage basins in the United States. Each
hydrologic unit is identified by a unique hydrologic unit code (HUC)
The deeper cooler portions of a reservoir or lake that result from stratification
hertz (cycles per second)
- B-4 -
TERM
I
Impoundment
Induced Surcharge
Curve
Installed Capacity
Integrated
Licensing Process
(ILP)
Interested parties
J
K
Kilovolts (kV)
Kilowatt (kW)
Kilowatt-hour
(kWh)
L
Lacustrine
Lake Rule Curve
Lentic
license application
License
Licensee
Littoral
Load
Lotic
M
Mainstream
Martin Datum
(MD)
Maximum
drawdown
elevation
Maximum normal
operating elevation
Megawatt (MW)
Megawatt-hour
(MWh)
DEFINITION
The body of water created by a dam
A set of lake level elevations used to manage flows during periods of high
inflow to ensure protection of downstream lands from flooding.
The nameplate MW rating of a generator or group of generators
The ILP is the default process by which a hydropower project obtains a new
license to operate.
Individuals who have expressed and interest in the relicensing proceeding
A unit of pressure, or push, of an electric current equal to 1,000 volts
A unit of electrical power equal to 1,000 watts or 1.341 horsepower
Basic unit of electric energy equal to an average of one kilowatt of power
applied over one hour
Pertaining to or living in lakes or ponds
A set of target lake level elevations that vary seasonally. The lake level is
normally maintained at or below the elevations specified by the rule curve,
except when storing floodwater. Rule curves are often set by federal agencies
responsible for operating storage reservoirs, such as the Army Corp of
Engineers
Standing or still water including lakes, ponds and swamps
Application for a new license; submitted to FERC no less than two years in
advance of expiration of an existing license
FERC authorization to construct a new project or continue operating and
existing project. The license contains the operating conditions for a term of
30 to 50 years
Alabama Power Company (APC)
Associated with shallow (shoreline area) water (e.g., the littoral zone of an
impoundment)
The total consumer demand of electric service at any given time
Flowing or actively moving water including rivers and streams
The main channel of a river a opposed to the streams and smaller rivers that
feed into it
Local datum of the Lake Martin project; equivalent to 491 ft mean sea level
The lowest surface elevation to which a reservoir can be lowered and still
maintain generation capability. This is usually somewhat lower than the
minimum operating elevation.
The maximum surface elevation to which the reservoir can be raised without
surcharging or exceeding the license provisions
A unit of electrical power equal to one million watts or 1,000 kW
A unit of electrical energy equal to 1 MW of power used for one hour.
- B-5 -
TERM
Minimum normal
operating elevation
N
Nameplate
Capacity
National
Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA)
Non-Governmental
Organization
(NGO)
Normal Operating
Capacity
Normal operating
elevation
Normal operating
elevation range
O
Off Peak
On Peak
Outage
P
Palustrine
Emergent Wetland
Palustrine
Scrub/Shrub
Wetland
Palustrine Forested
Wetland
Peaking Operations
Periphyton
Phytoplankton
DEFINITION
The lowest elevation to which a reservoir is normally lowered during power
generation operations. Below this point power output and generation
efficiency is significantly impacted.
A measurement indicating the approximate generating capability of a project
or unit, as designated by the manufacturer. In many cases, the unit is capable
of generating substantially more than the nameplate capacity since most
generators installed in newer hydroelectric plants have a continuous overload
capacity of 115 percent of the nameplate capacity. Also called Installed
Capacity.
A law passed by the U.S. Congress in 1969 to establish methods and
standards for review of development projects requiring Federal action such as
permitting or licensing.
Local, regional and national organizations such as conservation, sportsman’s
or commerce groups
The maximum MW output or a generator or group of generators under
normal maximum head and flow conditions.
The reservoir elevation approximating an average surface elevation at which
a reservoir is kept.
The elevation difference between the normal maximum and normal minimum
operating elevations.
A period of relatively low demand for electrical energy, such as the middle of
the night
A period of relatively high demand for electrical energy
The period during which a generating unit, transmission line, or other facility
is out of service.
Contains rooted herbaceous vegetation that extend above the water surface
(i.e., cattails, sedges)
Dominated by woody vegetation less than 20 ft tall (i.e., willows, dogwood)
Comprised of woody vegetation that is 20 ft tall or greater (i.e., American
elm, swamp white oak).
A power plant that is scheduled to operate during peak energy demand.
Operation of generating facilities to meet maximum instantaneous electrical
demands.
Macroscopic (visible without a microscope) and microscopic (visible only
with a microscope) algae (single- and multi-celled plants) that grow on or
attach to rocks, logs, and aquatic plants. Periphyton, phytoplankton, and
aquatic plants are the primary producers that convert nutrients into plant
material by the process of photosynthesis.
Microscopic single-celled and colonial forms of algae floating in the water
column
- B-6 -
TERM
Ponding
Operations
Peak Demand
Piezometer
Plenary group
Pool
Powerhouse
Power Factor
Power Pool
Pre-Application
Document (PAD)
Probable
Maximum Flood
(PMF)
Project
Project Area
Project Boundary
Project Drainage
Basins
Project Region
Project Roads
Project Vicinity
Project Viewshed
Project Works
Protection
Protective Relay
Public Reference
File
Public Utility
DEFINITION
The process of storing and releasing water based on electric demand or flood
control
A one hour period in a year representing the highest point of customer
consumption of electricity
A device that measures water pressure
A group consisting of stakeholder representatives and APC to assist in
decision-making on the Martin relicensing
Refers to the reservoir or an impounded body of water
The building that typically houses electric generating equipment
The ratio of actual power to apparent power. Power factor is the cosine of the
phase angle difference between the current and voltage of a given phase.
Unity power factor exists when the voltage and current are in phase.
A regional organization of electric companies interconnected for the sharing
of reserve generating capacity.
A document, required by FERC when relicensing a project, that brings
together all existing, relevant, and reasonably available information about the
project and its effects on resources; and includes a well-defined process plan
that sets the schedule for developing the license application and a list of
preliminary studies and issues.
A statistical formula used to calculate a hypothetical flood event that could
occur on a particular river basin over a particular duration. This is derived
from the probable maximum precipitation over time.
APC’s Martin Hydroelectric Project, FERC Project No. 349
The geographic area defined in the license issued by FERC for the Project as
needed for Project operations and maintenance.
The boundary defined in the license issued by FERC for the Project outlining
the geographic area needed for Project operations and maintenance.
The area around the Project on the order of a County or National Forest in
size.
Roads within Project Boundary and constructed for Project purposes and
necessary for Project operation and maintenance.
The area extending to about five miles from the Project Boundary.
The area from which Project features are visible. The land base from which
the Project may be seen.
All of the infrastructure associated with the operations of the Project
All of the relays and other equipment which are used to open the necessary
circuit breakers to separate pieces of equipment from each other when trouble
develops.
A device whose function is to detect defective lines or apparatus, or other
power system conditions of an abnormal or dangerous nature, and to initiate
appropriate control circuit action.
A listing of important materials pertaining to the relicensing
A business enterprise rendering a service considered essential to the public
and, as such, subject to regulation.
- B-7 -
TERM
Q
R
Ramp Rate
Ramping
Regulated
Hydrology
Relicensing
Relicensing
Participants
Reserve Capacity
Reservoir
Reservoir Useable
Capacity
Resident Fish
Resource Advisory
Team
Resource Agency
Rhizome
Riparian Area
River Miles (RM)
Run
Run-of-River
Runner
S
Scoping Document
1 (SD1)
DEFINITION
The rate of change in output from a power plant. A maximum ramp rate is
sometimes established to prevent undesirable effects due to rapid changes in
loading or, in the case of hydroelectric plants, discharge.
The act of increasing or decreasing stream flows from a powerhouse, dam or
division structure.
The hydrology of Project-affected streams subsequent to construction of the
Project.
The administrative proceeding in which FERC, in consultation with other
federal and state agencies, decide whether and on what terms to issue a new
license for an existing hydroelectric project at the expiration of the original
license.
Individuals who actively participate in the relicensing proceedings
Extra generating capacity available to meet unanticipated demand for power
or to generate power in the event of loss of generation
An artificial lake into which water flows and is stored for future use
A volume measurement of the amount of water that can be stored for
generation, down to a minimum level
Fish that spend their entire life cycle in freshwater, such as trout and bass
Groups consisting of stakeholders and APC designed to identify studies and
work cooperatively to develop study scopes, review and comment on
information and provide recommendations on project operations and
protection and enhancement measures to the Plenary Group.
A federal, state, or interstate agency with responsibilities in the areas of flood
control, navigation, irrigation, recreation, fish or wildlife, water resource
management, or cultural or other relevant resources of the state in which a
project is or will be located.
Underground stem
A specialized form of wetland with characteristic vegetation restricted to
areas along, adjacent to or contiguous with rivers and streams. Also,
periodically flooded lake and reservoir shore areas, as well as lakes with
stable water.
Miles from the mouth of a river; for upstream tributaries, from the confluence
with the main river
A general term referring to upriver migration of anadromous fish over a
particular time and area - often composed of multiple individual breeding
stocks.
A term used to describe the operation of a hydroelectric project in which the
quantity of water discharged from the project essentially equals the flow in
the river.
The rotating part of a turbine
A document prepared by FERC as part of NEPA environmental review that
initially identifies issues pertinent to FERC's review of a project. FERC
circulates the SD1 and holds a public meeting to obtain the public's comment.
- B-8 -
TERM
Scoping Document
2 (SD2)
Scoping process
Secchi depth
Seepage
Spawn
Spillway
Stakeholder
State
Stock
STORET
Stratification
Streamflow
Study Description
Study Plan
Submerged
Aquatic Vegetation
T
Tailrace
Tailwater
Tainter Gate
Taxon
Transformer
Transmission
Transmission Lines
DEFINITION
A revision to SD1 which takes into account public comment on that
document
The process of identifying issues, potential impacts, and reasonable
alternatives associated with the operation of a hydroelectric project.
"Scoping" is a process required by any federal agency taking an action that
might affect the quality of the human environment, pursuant to the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969. In the case of hydro projects,
FERC's issuance of an operating license qualifies as a federal action.
Average depth at which a standard size black and white disk disappears and
reappears when viewed from the lake surface as it is lowered. An indicator of
water clarity.
The amount of water that leaks through a structure, such as a dam
The act of fish releasing and fertilizing eggs
A passage for releasing surplus water from a reservoir or canal
Any individual or organization (government or non-governmental) with an
interest in a hydroelectric project.
State of Alabama
The existing density of a particular species of fish in an aquatic system
USEPA’s computerized water quality data storage system
A physical and chemical process that results in the formation of distinct
layers of water within a lake or reservoir (i.e., epilimnion, metalimnion, and
hypolimnion)
The rate at which water passes a given point in a stream, usually expressed in
cubic ft per second (cfs)
A detailed description of an individual study
The aggregate of all study descriptions.
Plants with rigid stems and/or leaves rooted in substrate and generally
covered by deep water (greater than 6.6 ft depth), with all of the plant parts
covered by water.
The channel located between a hydroelectric powerhouse and the river into
which the water is discharged after passing through the turbines.
The waters immediately downstream of a dam. For power dams, also referred
to as the water discharged from the draft tubes.
A gate with a curved skin or face plate connected with steel arms to an axle.
It is usually lifted or lowered by a cable connected to a hook at the top of the
gate rotating on the axle as it is moved.
A means of referring to a set of animals or plants of related classification,
such as all of the species (i.e., brook trout, lake trout) in a genus (trout); or all
of the genera (all trout and salmon) in a family of fishes (salmonidae). Plural
form of taxon is taxa.
Equipment vital to the transmission and distribution of electricity designed to
increase or decrease voltage.
The act or process of transporting electric energy in bulk from one point to
another in the power system, rather than to individual customers.
Power lines normally used to carry high voltage electricity to substations
which then is "stepped down" for distribution to individual customers.
- B-9 -
TERM
Transpiration
Trash Rack
Turbidity
Turbine
U
V
Vantage Point
Volt (V)
W
Warmwater Fish
Watershed
Wetlands
DEFINITION
The process by which water absorbed by plants is converted to vapor and
discharged to the atmosphere.
A series of vertical steel bars found on a dam or intake structure, which clears
the water of debris before the water passes through the structure.
A measure of the extent to which light passing through water is reduced due
to suspended materials.
A machine for generating rotary mechanical power from the energy in a
stream of fluid (such as water, steam, or hot gas). Turbines covert the energy
of fluids to mechanical energy through the principles of impulse and reaction,
or a mixture of the two.
The location from which a viewer sees the landscape.
The unit of electromotive force or electric pressure, akin to water pressure in
pounds per square inch.
Species tolerant of warm water (e.g., bass, perch, pickerel, sucker).
An entire drainage basin including all living and nonliving components of the
system.
Lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water
table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water.
Wetlands must have the following three attributes: 1) at least periodically, the
land supports predominantly hydrophytes; 2) the substrate is predominantly
undrained hydric soil; 3) the substrate is on soil and is saturated with water or
covered by shallow water at some time during the growing season of each
year.
X
Y
Z
Zooplankton
Microscopic and macroscopic animals that swim in the water column. These
invertebrates include chiefly three groups: rotifers, cladocerans, and
copepods.
- B-10 -
APPENDIX C
FERC ILP SCHEMATIC
- C-1 -
APPENDIX D
PROJECT SCHEDULE
- D-1 -
APPENDIX E
MARTIN PROJECT
WATER QUALITY CERTIFICATION
- E-1 -
- E-2 -
- E-3 -
APPENDIX F
FLOW DURATION CURVES
- F-1 -
- F-2 -
- F-3 -
- F-4 -
- F-5 -
- F-6 -
- F-7 -
- F-8 -
- F-9 -
- F-10 -
- F-11 -
- F-12 -
APPENDIX G
REPRESENTATIVE WILDLIFE SPECIES
Table G-1:
Bird Species Occurring in the Martin Hydroelectric Project Vicinity
(Source: Causey, 2006)
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
BREEDS IN
PROJECT AREA
ABUNDANCE/
SEASONALITY
Anatidae
Canada Goose
Branta Canadensis
X
Fairly common in all seasons
Anatidae
Wood Duck
Aix sponsa
X
Common in all seasons
Anatidae
Gadwall
Anas strepera
Anatidae
American Wigeon
Anas Americana
Anatidae
Mallard
Anas platyrhynchos
Anatidae
Blue-winged Teal
Anas discors
Common to fairly common in
spring and fall
Anatidae
Northern Shoveler
Anas clypeata
Common in winter, spring and fall
Anatidae
Northern Pintail
Anas acuta
Anatidae
Green-winged Teal
Anas cerci
Anatidae
Ring-necked Duck
Aythya collaris
Anatidae
Lesser Scaup
Aythya affinis
Anatidae
Bufflehead
Bucephala albeola
Anatidae
Hooded Merganser
Lophodytes cucullatus
Anatidae
Ruddy Duck
Oxyura jamaicensis
Fairly common in winter and
uncommon in fall and spring
Fairly common in winter, spring,
and fall
X
Common in winter, fairly common
in spring and fall, and uncommon
in summer
and fall
X
Common in winter, spring, and
fall
Common in winter, early spring,
and late fall
and fall
Common in winter, early spring,
and late fall
and fall, and rare in summer
Fairly common in winter
- G-1 -
HABITAT
freshwater marshes, agricultural
fields, and on lakes
wooded swamps, beaver ponds,
bottomlands, creeks, and lakes
shallow freshwater ponds and
lakes with abundant aquatic
vegetation
shallow freshwater ponds and
lakes with abundant aquatic
vegetation
shallow water of ponds, lakes, and
flooded fields
shallow freshwater ponds,
sloughs, creeks, and on lake
mudflats
freshwater ponds, swamps, and on
lakes
freshwater marshes, agricultural
fields, and shallow portions of
lakes, ponds, and rivers
shallow freshwater marshes, and
on creeks, lakes, and mudflats
shallow, wooded, freshwater
ponds, swamps, and lakes
larger lakes and rivers
larger lakes and slow-moving
rivers
wooded freshwater ponds, lakes,
and slow water river systems
freshwater ponds, lakes, and slowmoving rivers
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
BREEDS IN
PROJECT AREA
Phasianidae
Wild Turkey
Meleagris gallopavo
X
Odontophoridae
Northern Bobwhite
Colinus virginianus
X
Fairly common in all seasons in
early successional habitats
Gaciidae
Common Loon
Gavia immer
Podicipedidae
Pied-billed Grebe
Podilymbus podiceps
X
Phalacrocoracidae
Double-crested
Cormorant
Phalacrocorax auritus
X
Common in winter and occasional
in summer
Fairly common in spring, winter,
and fall
Fairly common in fall, winter, and
spring and uncommon in summer
Family Ardeidae
Great Blue Heron
Ardea herodias
X
Family Ardeidae
Great Egret
Ardea alba
X
Family Ardeidae
Little Blue Heron
Egretta caerulea
X
Family Ardeidae
Green Heron
Butorides virescens
X
Family
Cathartidae
Family
Cathartidae
Family
Accipitridae
Black Vulture
Coragyps atratus
X
Turkey Vulture
Cathartes aura
X
Osprey
Pandion haliaetus
X
Family
Accipitridae
Bald Eagle
Haliaeetus
leucocephalus
X
Family
Accipitridae
Northern Harrier
Circus cyaneus
Family
Accipitradae
Sharp-shinned Hawk
Accipiter striatus
X
- G-2 -
ABUNDANCE/
SEASONALITY
spring, summer, but uncommon to
rare in winter
Rare to uncommon in spring to
mid- summer, but fairly common
in late summer and early fall
Common in spring, summer, and
fall, but rare in winter
Common throughout year
Common in all seasons and
regions
Fairly common in spring and fall,
and uncommon in summer
Fairly common in winter and
uncommon in spring, summer, and
fall
and fall
Fairly common in fall and winter,
spring, and uncommon in summer
HABITAT
forested and partially forested
habitats
farms, along woodland edges,
recently cut-over forest land, and
in open country habitats
dominated by old fields
large lakes
lakes and marshy ponds
larger lakes, ponds, and rivers
rivers
rivers
rivers
edge of ponds, lakes, and rivers
agricultural and livestock areas
wooded as well as open areas
large lakes and rivers
large lakes and rivers
in and over old fields, marshes,
meadows, and grasslands
mixed coniferous-deciduous
forests, open woodlands, and
wooded suburbs
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
BREEDS IN
PROJECT AREA
ABUNDANCE/
SEASONALITY
Family
Accipitradae
Cooper's Hawk
Accipiter cooperii
X
Fairly common in fall,winter, and
spring, and rare in summer
mixed coniferous-deciduous
forests, open woodlands, and
wooded suburbs
Family
Accipitradae
Red-shouldered Hawk
Buteo lineatus
X
moist woodlands and swamps
Family
Accipitradae
Broad-winged Hawk
Buteo platypterus
X
fall but rare in winter
deciduous woodlands; during
migration can be seen overhead of
any habitat type
Family
Accipitradae
Red-tailed Hawk
Buteo jamaicensis
X
Family
Falconidae
American Kestrel
Falco sparverius
X
Gruiformes
American Coot
Fulica Americana
X
Family
Charadriidae
American GoldenPlover
Pluvialis dominica
Family
Charadriidae
Semipalmated Plover
Charadrius
semipalmatus
Family
Charadriidae
Killdeer
Charadrius vociferous
Family
Scolopacidae
Greater Yellowlegs
Tringa melanoleuca
Family
Scolopacidae
Lesser Yellowlegs
Tringa flavipes
Spotted Sandpiper
Actitis macularius
Solitary Sandpiper
Tringa solitaria
Semipalmated
Sandpiper
Calidris pusilla
Family
Scolopacidae
Family
Scolopacidae
Family
Scolopacidae
Common winter and fairly
common in spring, summer, and
fall
Common in winter, fairly common
in spring and fall, but rare in
summer
Common in winter, common to
uncommon in spring and fall, and
rare in summer
Fairly common in spring and
uncommon to rare in fall
and occasional in early winter
X
X
- G-3 -
but uncommon in winter and late
summer
Common in spring and fall, rare in
winter, uncommon to rare in
summer
Common in spring, late summer
and fall, but rare in winter
Common in spring, late summer,
and fall
and uncommon in late summer
HABITAT
open country and woodland edges
open fields and woodland edges.
rivers, ponds, lakes, and swamps
short grasslands, flooded fields
and on mudflats of lakes, ponds,
and rivers
mudflats of lakes, ponds, and
rivers
short-grass fields, and mudflats
and shorelines of lakes, ponds,
and rivers
along shorelines of shallow ponds
and lakes, marsh edges, in flooded
fields, and on mudflats
along shorelines of shallow ponds
and lakes, marsh edges, in flooded
fields and on mudflats
along pond and lake margins,
stream banks, and on mudflats
along lake borders, stream banks,
ponds, and marsh edges
on mudflats, and along pond
edges and lakeshores
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
Family
Scolopacidae
Least Sandpiper
Calidris minutilla
Family
Scolopacidae
Pectoral Sandpiper
Calidris melanotos
Common in spring and fall, and
uncommon in late summer
wet meadows, flooded fields, on
mudflats, and along shores of
ponds, pools, and lakes
Family
Scolopacidae
Common Snipe
Gallinago gallinago
fall
marshes and wet grassy areas
Family
Scolopacidae
American Woodcock
Scolopax minor
Family Laridae
Ring-billed Gull
Larus delawarensis
Family
Columbidae
Family
Columbidae
Family
Columbidae
Eurasian CollaredDove
Columba livia
Exotic
Streptopelia decaocto
Exotic
Mourning Dove
Family Cuculidae
X
ABUNDANCE/
SEASONALITY
Common in spring, fairly common
in fall, uncommon in winter and
late summer, and occasional in
early summer
Fairly common in fall and winter,
and occasional in spring
Fairly common in winter, spring
and fall, and occasional
X
X
Fairly common in all seasons and
increasing
Zenaida macroura
X
Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Coccyzus americanus
X
fall
Family Strigidae
Eastern Screech-Owl
Megascops asio
X
Family Strigidae
Great Horned Owl
Bubo virginianus
X
Family Strigidae
Barred Owl
Strix varia
X
Family
Caprimulgidae
Common Nighthawk
Chordeiles minor
X
Uncommon to locally common in
spring, summer, and fall
Family
Caprimulgidae
Family
Caprimulgidae
Rock Pigeon
BREEDS IN
PROJECT AREA
Chuck-will's-widow
Whip-poor-will
Caprimulgus
carolinensis
Caprimulgus
vociferous
X
X
- G-4 -
fall
Locally common in spring,
summer, and fall
HABITAT
on mudflats, and along pond
edges and lakeshores
moist shrubby woods,
floodplains, thickets, and at edges
of swamps
in summer rivers, lakes, irrigated
and plowed fields, and garbage
dumps
in cities, and on farms, bridges,
cliffs
suburbs, parks, and farm groves
on farms, and in towns, woodlots,
agricultural fields, and grasslands
in woodlands, and on farmlands
with scattered trees and orchards
in woodlands, especially near
open areas
in woodlands, parklands, and
occasionally in wooded suburbs
in moist woodlands and wooded
swamps
in open and semi-open areas,
grasslands, fields, cities, and
towns
in deciduous and pine woodlands
in open and mix-forest woodlands
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
BREEDS IN
PROJECT AREA
Family Apodidae
Chimney Swift
Chaetura pelagica
X
Family
Trochilidae
Ruby-throated
Hummingbird
Archilochus colubris
X
Alcedinidae
Belted Kingfisher
Ceryle alcyon
X
Family Picidae
Red-headed
Woodpecker
Melanerpes
erythrocephalus
X
Locally common in spring,
summer, and fall, but uncommon
in winter
in open woods, especially those
containing numerous snags
Melanerpes carolinus
X
in woodlands
and fall
in mixed hardwood and conifer
forests and urban areas
in woodlands, orchards, suburban
areas, parks, and farm woodlots
in larger tracts of hardwood and
mixed woodlands
old growth pine with open midstory
open woodlands and fields, and on
lawns and open meadows with
large trees
in mature woodlands with
coniferous and hardwood trees
in open woodlands, parks, and
along forest edges
in moist deciduous woods, dense
woodlands, and wooded swamps
in open deciduous woodlands near
bridges, cliffs, and eaves
in woodlands, open country with
scattered trees, and parks
in open rural areas with scattered
trees and shrubs, along woodland
edges, and in agricultural fields
with hedgerows, especially near
ponds or rivers
Family Picidae
Family Picidae
Red-bellied
Woodpecker
Yellow-bellied
Sapsucker
Sphyrapicus varius
ABUNDANCE/
SEASONALITY
fall
fall
Family Picidae
Downy Woodpecker
Picoides pubescens
X
Family Picidae
Hairy Woodpecker
Picoides villosus
X
Family Picidae
Red-cockaded
Woodpecker
Picoides borealis
X
Rare and isolated in all seasons
Family Picidae
Northern Flicker
Colaptes auratus
X
Fairly common in all seasons and
regions
Family Picidae
Pileated Woodpecker
Dryocopus pileatus
X
Fairly common in all
Eastern Wood-Pewee
Contopus virens
X
Acadian Flycatcher
Empidonax virescens
X
Eastern Phoebe
Sayornis phoebe
X
Great Crested
Flycatcher
Myiarchus crinitus
X
fall
Eastern Kingbird
Tyrannus tyrannus
X
fall
Family
Tyrannidae
Family
Tyrannidae
Family
Tyrannidae
Family
Tyrannidae
Family
Tyrannidae
- G-5 -
spring, summer, and fall
fall
HABITAT
in open areas, especially around
human habitations
in woodlands, gardens, along
forest edges, and at feeders
along wooded rivers, streams,
lakes, ponds, and in marshes
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
BREEDS IN
PROJECT AREA
ABUNDANCE/
SEASONALITY
Family Laniidae
Loggerhead Shrike
Lanius ludovicianus
X
and fall, and uncommon in
summer
Family
Vireonidae
White-eyed Vireo
Vireo griseus
X
fall
Yellow-throated Vireo
Vireo flavifrons
X
fall
Red-eyed Vireo
Vireo olivaceus
X
Common in spring, summer
Family Corvidae
Blue Jay
Cyanocitta cristata
X
Family Corvidae
American Crow
Corvus
brachyrhynchos
X
Common
Family Corvidae
Fish Crow
Corvus ossifragus
X
Fairly common to locally common
in spring, summer, and fall and
uncommon in winter
Family
Hirundinidae
Purple Martin
Progne subis
X
early fall
Family
Hirundinidae
Tree Swallow
Tachycineta bicolor
X
Common in fall, fairly common in
spring, and rare in winter and
summer
Family
Hirundinidae
Northern Roughwinged Swallow
Stelgidopteryx
serripennis
X
fall
Bank Swallow
Riparia riparia
X
Cliff Swallow
Petrochelidon
pyrrhonota
X
Barn Swallow
Hirundo rustica
X
Carolina Chickadee
Tufted Titmouse
Poecile carolinensis
Baeolophus bicolor
X
X
Family
Vireonidae
Family
Vireonidae
Family
Hirundinidae
Family
Hirundinidae
Family
Hirundinidae
Family Paridae
Family Paridae
- G-6 -
and occasional
Fairly common in spring, summer,
and fall
fall
HABITAT
in open country with scattered
trees and shrubs, and in
hedgerows along agricultural
fields
in undergrowth, early successional
fields, streamside thickets, and
along woodland edges
in tall, open woodlands, especially
near water
in deciduous woods, mixed
forests, shade trees, and woodlots
in forests, open woodlands,
wooded residential areas, and
parks
in all in woodlands, farmlands,
and suburban areas
around swamplands, riverine
areas, large lakes, urban and
suburban areas, and farmlands
in open rural and suburban areas
and open farmlands, especially
near water
in open areas, and over ponds and
lakes; nests in cavities in dead,
standing timber and boxes
in open areas, fields, swamps, and
over ponds and lakes; nests in
burrows in road cuts and steep
banks
in summer in open habitats,
especially near water
in open habitats near water; nests
on dams and bridges
in open habitats, under bridges
and culverts, and in barns
in woodlands and wooded suburbs
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
BREEDS IN
PROJECT AREA
ABUNDANCE/
SEASONALITY
Family Sittidae
Brown-headed
Nuthatch
Sitta pusilla
X
Locally common in all seasons
Family
Troglodytidae
Carolina Wren
Thryothorus
ludovicianus
X
Family
Troglodytidae
House Wren
Troglodytes aedon
X
Family
Troglodytidae
Winter Wren
Troglodytes
troglodytes
Family Regulidae
Golden-crowned
Kinglet
Regulus satrapa
Family Regulidae
Ruby-crowned Kinglet
Regulus calendula
Family Sylviidae
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
Polioptila caerulea
X
Family Turdidae
Eastern Bluebird
Sialia sialis
X
Family Turdidae
Swainson's Thrush
Catharus ustulatus
Family Turdidae
Hermit Thrush
Catharus guttatus
Family Turdidae
Wood Thrush
Hylocichla mustelina
X
Family Turdidae
American Robin
Turdus migratorius
X
Family Mimidae
Gray Catbird
Dumetella
carolinensis
X
Family Mimidae
Northern Mockingbird
Mimus polyglottos
X
Family Mimidae
Brown Thrasher
Toxostoma rufum
X
Fairly common in fall, uncommon
in spring, and rare in winter and
summer
and fall
fall
fall
fall, and rare in winter
Fairly common in spring and fall
- G-7 -
fall
fall
Common in short grass areas with
scattered trees in cities, towns,
parks, suburbs, and rural areas in
summer; primarily
Common in spring and fall, fairly
common in summer, and rare in
winter
Common in all seasons in rural,
suburban, and urban areas
HABITAT
in open pine forests
in thickets in woodlands,
farmlands, and suburbs
in farmlands, thickets, and
suburban yards with dense
hedgerows
among fallen trees, vine tangles,
and in ravines
in woodlands, especially with
conifers
in woodlands
in open woodlands, forest edges,
and tree-lined fence rows
in open rural areas, farmlands,
fence rows, open suburban areas,
and parks with scattered trees
in woodlands with dense
undergrowth
in woodlands with dense
undergrowth
with understory
in woodlands with soft mast in
winter
in hedgerows, thickets, fence
rows, and dense brushy vegetation
bordering ponds and lakes
in openings with short grass,
scattered shrubs, and trees
in short ground cover vegetation
near dense thickets, hedgerows,
and shrubs
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
Sturnus vulgaris
Exotic
BREEDS IN
PROJECT AREA
ABUNDANCE/
SEASONALITY
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
Family Sturnidae
European Starling
Motacillidae
American Pipit
Anthus rubescens
Family
Bombycillidae
Cedar Waxwing
Bombycilla cedrorum
X
fall, and rare in summer
Family Parulidae
Blue-winged Warbler
Vermivora pinus
X
Fairly common in fall, and
uncommon in spring and summer
Family Parulidae
Tennessee Warbler
Vermivora peregrine
Family Parulidae
Northern Parula
Parula Americana
X
Family Parulidae
Yellow Warbler
Dendroica petechia
X
Family Parulidae
Chestnut-sided Warbler
Dendroica
pensylvanica
X
Family Parulidae
Magnolia Warbler
Dendroica magnolia
Family Parulidae
Yellow-rumped
Warbler
Dendroica coronata
Family Parulidae
Black-throated Green
Warbler
Dendroica virens
Family Parulidae
Blackburnian Warbler
Dendroica fusca
Family Parulidae
Yellow-throated
Warbler
Dendroica dominica
X
and fall, and occasional in winter
Family Parulidae
Pine Warbler
Dendroica pinus
X
Family Parulidae
Prairie Warbler
Dendroica discolor
X
Common in spring, summer and
fall, and occasional in winter
X
Fairly common in winter, and
uncommon in spring and fall
Common in spring and fall
X
- G-8 -
and fall
Common in spring and fall, and
rare in summer
spring, and rare in summer
spring, and occasional in summer
fall
spring and summer, and occasional
in winter
and occasional in summer
HABITAT
in urban, suburban, and rural areas
with open ground for foraging
in open country, especially on
plowed fields and mudflats
in areas with trees and shrubs that
produce fruits, such as hackberry,
mulberry, cedar, cherry, and holly
in abandoned fields or cut-over
areas, usually near water, that
have grown up with scattered
saplings and dense ground cover;
woodlands during migration
in woodlands
in tall trees along streams,
swamps, and lakes; woodlands
during migration
in small trees and shrubs near
water
in woodlands
in woodlands
in woodlands
in coniferous and deciduous
forests; in migration, found in
woodlands
in woodlands
in older pine forests, and
woodlands with sycamores,
especially near water; in
migration, found in woodlands
in mature pine woodlands
in brushy early successional
growth, particularly regenerating
clearcuts
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
BREEDS IN
PROJECT AREA
Family Parulidae
Palm Warbler
Dendroica palmarum
Family Parulidae
Family Parulidae
Bay-breasted Warbler
Blackpoll Warbler
Dendroica castanea
Dendroica striata
Family Parulidae
Black-and-white
Warbler
Mniotilta varia
X
Family Parulidae
American Redstart
Setophaga ruticilla
X
Family Parulidae
Prothonotary Warbler
Protonotaria citrea
X
Family Parulidae
Swainson's Warbler
Limnothlypis
swainsonii
X
X
ABUNDANCE/
SEASONALITY
Common in spring, fairly common
in fall, and rare in winter
Common in spring
fall, and occasional in winter; in
breeding season
Common in spring, and rare to
uncommon in summer
early fall
summer, and uncommon to rare in
fall
and locally uncommon to rare in
summer
Family Parulidae
Ovenbird
Seiurus aurocapillus
Family Parulidae
Northern Waterthrush
Seiurus
noveboracensis
Family Parulidae
Louisiana Waterthrush
Seiurus motacilla
X
Family Parulidae
Kentucky Warbler
Oporornis formosus
X
Family Parulidae
Common Yellowthroat
Geothlypis trichas
X
fall, and rare in winter
Family Parulidae
Hooded Warbler
Wilsonia citrine
X
fall
Family Parulidae
Yellow-breasted Chat
Icteria virens
X
- G-9 -
early fall
and fall
HABITAT
in open areas with scattered
shrubs and trees
in woodlands
in woodlands
found in hardwood and mixed
hardwood-coniferous forests; in
In breeding season, found in
deciduous woods, especially
riverine systems; in migration,
found in woodlands
in swamp and bottomland forests
in dense thickets in swamps, along
streams, and in woodland areas
deciduous forests; in migration,
found in woodlands, especially
with dense understory
along shorelines of swamps, lakes,
ponds, and streams
in older bottomland forests along
streams
in moist woodlands with dense
herbaceous ground cover
along woodland edges, and in
hedgerows, thickets, marshes, and
wet meadows
shrubby forests; in migration,
found in woodlands, especially in
understory
in early successional growth areas
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
BREEDS IN
PROJECT AREA
Family
Thraupidae
Summer Tanager
Piranga rubra
X
Family
Thraupidae
Scarlet Tanager
Piranga olivacea
X
and fall
Eastern Towhee
Pipilo
erythrophthalmus
X
Common in all seasons and
regions
Chipping Sparrow
Spizella passerine
X
Family
Emberizidae
Field Sparrow
Spizella pusilla
X
Common to fairly common in all
seasons
Family
Emberizidae
Savannah Sparrow
Passerculus
sandwichensis
Family
Emberizidae
Song Sparrow
Melospiza melodia
Family
Emberizidae
Swamp Sparrow
Melospiza Georgiana
White-throated
Sparrow
Zonotrichia albicollis
Family
Emberizidae
Family
Emberizidae
X
ABUNDANCE/
SEASONALITY
fall
fall, and uncommon to rare in
summer
winter, spring, and fall
Family
Emberizidae
Family
Emberizidae
Family
Cardinalidae
Family
Cardinalidae
Family
Cardinalidae
fall, and rare in summer
fall, and occasional in summer
Dark-eyed Junco
Junco hyemalis
Northern Cardinal
Cardinalis cardinalis
Rose-breasted
Grosbeak
Pheucticus
ludovicianus
Blue Grosbeak
Passerina caerulea
X
Family
Cardinalidae
Indigo Bunting
Passerina cyanea
X
X
- G-10 -
uncommon in fall
fall
HABITAT
In breeding season, found in open,
mixed hardwood-coniferous
forests and along forest edges
hardwood forests; in migration,
found in woodlands
in brushy woodlands and early
successional growth
in open areas with short grass and
scattered trees, especially conifers
in early successional growth areas,
especially with dense ground
cover
in open grassy fields
in open brushy and weedy areas
in freshwater marshes, and
shrubby and weedy areas,
especially near water
in thickets and shrubby areas
in open woodlands, and brushy
and grassy areas
in shrubby areas, hedgerows,
thickets, and suburban gardens
in woodlands, especially in the
canopy
in open thickets and hedgerows,
especially along field borders
in brushy and weedy area, in early
successional stages and woodland
openings, and along woodland and
field borders
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
BREEDS IN
PROJECT AREA
Family Icteridae
Red-winged Blackbird
Agelaius phoeniceus
X
Family Icteridae
Eastern Meadowlark
Sturnella magna
X
Family Icteridae
Common Grackle
Quiscalus quiscula
X
Family Icteridae
Brown-headed Cowbird
Molothrus ater
X
Family Icteridae
Orchard Oriole
Icterus spurious
X
occasional in winter
Family Icteridae
Baltimore Oriole
Icterus galbula
X
but rare in summer and winter
Family
Fringillidae
House Finch
Carpodacus
mexicanus
X
Pine Siskin
Carduelis pinus
American Goldfinch
Carduelis tristis
X
Fairly common in all
House Sparrow
Passer domesticus
Exotic
X
Family
Fringillidae
Family
Fringillidae
Family Passeridae
ABUNDANCE/
SEASONALITY
Fairly common and erratic in
winter, spring, and fall
- G-11 -
HABITAT
in marshes, and brushy, weedy
and grassy areas, especially when
wet
in grassy, weedy fields, especially
high grass
in open woodlands, especially
those with pines and grassy areas;
also fields with short grasses or in
cultivated fields
in open areas, especially with
livestock
In breeding season, found in open
areas, with scattered trees,
especially near water. In
In breeding season, found in open
areas, with scattered trees,
especially near water. In
in open woodlands, especially
those associated with buildings,
homes, and gardens
in open woodlands; often seen at
feeders
in open woodlands, brushy areas,
and willow thickets
in urban and suburban areas, and
on farms, especially those with
livestock.
Table G-2:
Mammal Species Typical of the Martin Hydroelectric Project Vicinity
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
ABUNDANCE IN
PROJECT AREA
DISTRIBUTION IN
ALABAMA
Family
Didelphidae
Virginia Opossum
Didelphis virginiana
Common
Found statewide
Family Soricidae
Southern Short-tailed
Shrew
Blarina carolinensis
Poorly known
Found statewide except for
northeastern region
Family Soricidae
Least Shrew
Cryptotis parva
Poorly known
Found statewide
Family Soricidae
Southeastern Shrew
Sorex longirostris
Poorly known
Found statewide, except southern
tier of counties
Family Talpidae
Eastern Mole
Scalopus aquaticus
Poorly known
Found statewide and common in a
variety of habitats
Family
Vespertilionidae
Gray Myotis
Myotis grisescens
Family
Vespertilionidae
Northern Long-eared
Myotis Myotis
septentrionalis
Poorly known
Found statewide, except
southwestern region
Family
Vespertilionidae
Eastern Pipistrelle
Pipistrellus subflavus
Common
Found statewide
Found statewide, except for
southwestern quarter
- G-12 -
HABITAT
in all habitats, including urban
areas
Little is known about species in
Alabama, but may be common in a
variety of habitats
in grasslands and other upland
areas, weedy fencerows, fields,
roadsides, and meadows
Occupies a variety of habitats from
bogs and marshes to upland grassy
areas and forests, and even bare
hillsides and dry upland hardwoods.
May favor moist areas bordering
swamps, marshes, lakes, and
streams
in both forested and unforested
areas. Occupies moist, loose, sandy
or loamy soils, and spends most of
life underground
Occupies deep caves near
permanent water in winter and
summer. Forages primarily over
water, along streams, and over
lakes and ponds
Forested ridges appear favored over
riparian woodlands. Hibernacula
include caves and mines, but may
use crevices in walls or ceilings.
Summer roosts include tree holes,
birdhouses, or behind loose bark or
shutters of buildings
Occupies hollow trees, tree foliage,
caves, mines, rock crevices, and
buildings
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
ABUNDANCE IN
PROJECT AREA
DISTRIBUTION IN
ALABAMA
Family
Vespertilionidae
Big Brown Bat
Eptesicus fuscus
Common
Found statewide and common
Family
Vespertilionidae
Eastern Red Bat
Lasiurus borealis
Common
Found statewide and common
Family
Vespertilionidae
Seminole Bat
Lasiurus seminolus
Common
Found statewide
Family
Vespertilionidae
Evening Bat
Nycticeius humeralis
Common
Found statewide, but may be most
common in southern half
Family
Molossidae
Brazilian Free-tailed
Bat
Tadarida brasiliensis
Poorly known
Possibly found statewide, but most
remaining populations are in
southern half.
Family
Dasypodidae
Nine-banded Armadillo
Dasypus novemcinctus
Common
Found statewide
Family Leporidae
Swamp Rabbit
Sylvilagus aquaticus
Poorly known
Distributed statewide, except for
southern tier of counties along
Florida Panhandle
Family Leporidae
Eastern Cottontail
Sylvilagus floridanus
Common
Found statewide
- G-13 -
HABITAT
Roosts typically in human-made
structures, but also in caves, mines,
hollow trees, and crevices, or
behind loose bark. Commonly
inhabits bat houses, attics, and
louvered attic vents
Roosts in a variety of trees, but
frequently uses clumps of Spanish
moss
Common in mixed coniferous and
deciduous woodlands; often
associated with Spanish moss.
Mostly forages at tree-top level in
forests, although also flies over
open water, forest clearings, and
along forest edges
Primary habitat is deciduous forest
where it roosts in hollow trees,
under loose bark, and in
human-made structures, such as
outbuildings, churches, belfries,
and attics
With few exceptions, occurs only in
human-made structures
in woodlands, forest edges,
savannas, and brushy areas
Found in floodplain forests,
wooded bottomlands, briar and
honeysuckle patches, and
canebrakes
Primarily occurs in deciduous
forests and forest edges, but also in
grasslands, along fencerows, and in
urban areas
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
ABUNDANCE IN
PROJECT AREA
DISTRIBUTION IN
ALABAMA
HABITAT
Occupies wooded areas with dense
canopy and sparsely covered forest
floor, open brushy habitats, ravines,
deciduous growth along streams,
and urban areas
Occupies forest edges and open
fields and pastures near brushy
fencerows or other cover
in hardwood forests, mixed forests,
and urban areas
Favors mature deciduous and pineoak woodlands, but also occurs at
forest edges and in riparian
woodlands
Most common in mature, broadleaved forests, but also found in
coniferous-deciduous woodlands,
and urban areas. Nocturnal
existence belies its common
occurrence
in all habitats with open water.
Considered a pest in some areas
in wet meadows and dense
vegetation near marshes, swamps,
streams, ponds, and ditches
in old fields containing dense
stands of weeds and grasses, but
may be declining in Alabama
Family Sciuridae
Eastern Chipmunk
Tamias striatus
Common
extreme southwestern and
southeastern regions
Family Sciuridae
Woodchuck
Marmota monax
Poorly known
Distribution includes northern 2/3
of state
Family Sciuridae
Gray Squirrel
Sciurus carolinensis
Common
Found statewide
Family Sciuridae
Fox Squirrel
Sciurus niger
Fairly Common
Found statewide
Family Sciuridae
Southern Flying
Squirrel
Glaucomys volans
Common
Found statewide
Family
Castoridae
Beaver
Castor Canadensis
Common
Found statewide
Family Muridae
Marsh Rice Rat
Oryzomys palustris
Common
Found statewide
Family Muridae
Eastern Harvest Mouse
Reithrodontomys
humulis
Poorly known
Once common
Poorly known
Primarily distributed in
sandy-soiled habitats in eastern
and southern Alabama, but also
occurs in west central and
northwestern parts of state
Occurs in fallow fields with
herbaceous vegetation, and along
roadsides in agricultural areas
Found statewide
in dense underbrush, bottomland
hardwood forests, and a variety of
other habitats, including old fields,
upland forests, hammocks, and
swamps
Family Muridae
Family Muridae
Oldfield Mouse
Cotton Mouse
Peromyscus
polionotus
Peromyscus
gossypinus
Common
- G-14 -
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
ABUNDANCE IN
PROJECT AREA
DISTRIBUTION IN
ALABAMA
Family Muridae
White-footed Mouse
Peromyscus leucopus
Poorly known
Occurs in northern 2/3 of state
Family Muridae
Golden Mouse
Ochrotomys nuttalli
Common
Family Muridae
Hispid Cotton Rat
Sigmodon hispidus
Found statewide
. Populations fluctuate greatly
among years.
Family Muridae
Eastern Woodrat
Neotoma floridana
Poorly known
No recent surveys; populations
may be declining
Family Muridae
Pine Vole
Microtus pinetorum
Family Muridae
Muskrat
Ondatra zibethicus
Common
Found nearly statewide, except
counties bordering Florida
Panhandle
Family Muridae
Black Rat
Rattus rattus
Exotic
Common
Found statewide
Family Muridae
Norway Rat
Rattus norvegicus
Exotic
Common
Found statewide
Family Muridae
House Mouse
Mus musculus
Exotic
Common
Found statewide
Family Carnivora
Coyote
Canis latrans
Common in all
habitats
Found statewide, including urban
areas
Family Carnivora
Red Fox
Vulpes vulpes
Common
Found statewide
Family Carnivora
Gray Fox
Urocyon
cinereoargenteus
Common
Found statewide
southwestern section
- G-15 -
HABITAT
Common in woodlands with fallen
logs, brush piles, and rocks, and in
shrubs along fencerows and streams
woodlands, floodplains, borders of
fields, and thickets bordering
swamps and dense woods
in grassy areas of fields and along
roadways,
Occupies woodland and brushy
habitats south of Tennessee River.
Usually found associated with
rocky outcrops, but also in areas
with dense vegetation
Occupies a wide range of habitats,
including leaf litter, grassy fields
with brush and brambles, and
beneath mats of dense vegetation
Habitats include saline, brackish,
and freshwater streams; marshes;
ponds; lakes; ditches; and rivers
Requires food, water, and
harborage provided by humans;
often displaced by Norway Rat, but
when co-inhabiting same areas,
usually spatially separated
vertically
requires food, water, and harborage
provided by humans
often found in habitats associated
with native rodents fairly distant
from human habitation
Wide rage, upland forests and
swamps to pastures and fields
in forested uplands interspersed
with pastures and farmland
in forested habitats statewide
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC
NAME
ABUNDANCE IN
PROJECT AREA
DISTRIBUTION IN
ALABAMA
HABITAT
in all habitats statewide, including
urban areas; often associated with
water, especially bottomland
swamps, marshes, and flooded
woodlands
woodlands, forest edges,
fencerows, agricultural, and urban
areas.
Family
Procyonidae
Raccoon
Procyon lotor
Common
Found statewide
Family
Mustelidae
Long-tailed Weasel
Mustela frenata
Poorly known
Probably found statewide, but little
known about current status
Family
Mustelidae
Mink
Mustela vison
Poorly known
This semiaquatic species occurs
statewide
Family
Mustelidae
River Otter
Lontra Canadensis
Poorly known
Probably present statewide
Family
Mephitidae
Striped Skunk
Mephitis mephitis
Common
Found statewide
Family
Mephitidae
Eastern Spotted Skunk
Spilogale putorius
Poorly known
Found statewide
Family Felidae
Bobcat
Lynx rufus
Common
Found statewide
Family Cervidae
White-tailed Deer
Odocoileus
virginianus
Common and
important game
species
found statewide
urban habitats
Family Suidae
Feral Swine
Sus scrofa
Exotic
Fairly Common
Found statewide
Woodlands, swamps, and fields,
primarily near water
- G-16 -
usually near permanent water
in association with rivers, creeks,
and lakes, especially open water
bordered with wooded habitat
in open areas, forest edges, and
urban habitats
a variety of habitats such as
pastures, woodlands, forest edges,
and farmlands
in a wide array of habitats including
dense understory, bottomland
hardwood forests, swamps, and
farmlands
Table G-3:
Reptile and Amphibian Species Typical of the Martin Hydroelectric Project Vicinity
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
ABUNDANCE
IN PROJECT
AREA
HABITAT
Bufonidae
American toad
Amphibians
Bufo americanus americanus
Common
Upland forests, suburban areas
Bufonidae
Fowler’s toad
Bufo woodhousii
Common
Sandy areas around shores of lakes, or in river valleys
Hylidae
northern cricket frog
Acris crepitans crepitans
Common
along creekbanks, lakeshores, and mudflats
Hylidae
gray treefrog
Hyla chrysoscelis
Common
Small trees or shrubs, typically over standing water; on
ground or at water’s edge during breeding season
Hylidae
southern cricket frog
Acris gryllus gryllus
Moderately
common
Hylidae
green treefrog
Moderately
common
Moderately
Common
Hylidae
mountain chorus frog
Hyla cinerea
Pseudacris brachyphona
Hylidae
spring peeper
Pseudacris crucifer crucifer
Hylidae
upland chorus frog
Pseudacris triseriata feriarum
Microhylidae
eastern narrowmouthed toad
Gastrophyrne carolinensis
Pelobatidae
eastern spadefoot toad
Scaphiopus holbrooki holbrooki
Ranidae
bullfrog
Rana catesbeiana
Ranidae
bronze frog
Rana clamitans clamitans
Common
Moderately
Common
permanent aquatic habitats
forested areas in most of northern Alabama
ponds, pools and swamps
Grassy swales, moist woodlands, river-bottom swamps,
and environs of ponds, bogs and marshes
Common
variety of habitats providing suitable cover and
moisture, including under logs and or leaf litter
Moderately
Forested areas of sandy or loose soil
Common
permanent aquatic habitats
In rocks, stumps, limestone crevices of stream environs,
bayheads and swamps
Moderately
Common
- G-17 -
Prefers weedy shorelines, wet meadows and similar
wetland habitats
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
ABUNDANCE
IN PROJECT
AREA
Uncommon
HABITAT
Ranidae
wood frog
Rana sylvatica
Ranidae
southern leopard frog
Rana pipiens sphenocephala
Moderately
Common,
believed to be
declining
All types of aquatic to slightly-brackish habitats
Ambystomatidae
spotted salamander
Ambystoma maculatum
Moderately
Common,
believed to be
declining
Bottomland hardwoods
Ambystomatidae
marbled salamander
Ambystoma opacum
Common
Bottomland hardwoods
Ambystomatidae
eastern tiger
salamander
Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum
Rare
Poorly understood
Plethodontidae
northern dusky
salamander
Desmongnathus fuscus conanti
Common
Plethodontidae
seal salamander
Desmognathus monitcola
Plethodontidae
seepage salamander
Desmognathus aeneus
Plethodontidae
two-lined salamanders
and allies
Plethodontidae
Moderately
Common
moist wooded areas
Brooks, near springs, and in seepage areas
Rocky brooks and creekbanks
Uncommon to
Rare
Restricted to cove hardwoods
Eurycea bislineata
Common
Saturated areas along brooksides and seeps, under logs
and rocks
three-lined salamander
Eurycea longicauda guttolineata
Common
Damp habitats statewide
Plethodontidae
cave salamander
Eurycea lucifuga
Rare
Caves
Plethodontidae
northern spring
salamander
Gryinophilus porphyriticus
porphyriticus
Cool mountain springs and streams and beneath logs in
moist forest depressions
- G-18 -
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
ABUNDANCE
IN PROJECT
AREA
Uncommon to
Rare
Sphagnum bogs, creek floodplains, and other low, wet
sites
Uncommon
Under cover in saturated areas along streams
Common
Moist woodland ravines and hillsides
Uncommon
Floodplains and other low-lying areas (poorly studied)
Common
under moss, rocks near cool, free-flowing streams
HABITAT
Plethodontidae
four-toed salamander
Hemidactylium scutatum
Plethodontidae
Webster’s zigzag
salamander
Plethodon websteri
Plethodontidae
slimy salamander
Plethodon glutinosus glutinosus
Plethodontidae
Gulf Coast mud
salamander
Pseudotriton montanus flavissimus
Plethodontidae
red salamander
Pseudotriton ruber ruber
Salamandridae
red-spotted newt
Notophthalmus viridescens
louisianensis
Moderately
Common
Terrestrial or aquatic habitats, depending on life stage
Salamandridae
central newt
Notophthalmus viridescens
viridescens
Moderately
Common
Terrestrial or aquatic habitats, depending on life stage.
Reptiles
Alligatoridae
American Alligator
Alligator mississippiensis
Somewhat
uncommon
Chelydridae
common snapping
turtle
Chelydra serpentina serpentina
Chelydridae
alligator snapping
turtle
Macroclemys temmincki
Emydidae
painted turtle
Chrysemys picta ssp.
Moderately
Common
Emydidae
midland painted turtle
Chrysemys picta dorsalis
Moderately
Common
Common
Uncommon,
believed to be
declining
- G-19 -
Lakes, rivers, creeks, and other aquatic sites
Aquatic habitats
Aquatic habitats
Lakes, rivers, and ponds
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
ABUNDANCE
IN PROJECT
AREA
Moderately
Common
HABITAT
Emydidae
southern painted turtle
Chrysemys picta marginata
Emydidae
eastern chicken turtle
Deirochelys recticularia reticularis
Emydidae
common map turtle
Graptemys geographica
Emydidae
Alabama map turtle
Graptemys pulchra
Emydidae
river cooter
Pseudemys concinna concinna
Common
Emydidae
eastern box turtle
Terrapene carolina carolina
Common
Wooded uplands
Emydidae
Gulf Coast box turtle
Terrapene carolina major
Common
Wooded uplands
Emydidae
three-toed box turtle
Terrapene carolina triunguis
Common
Wooded uplands
Emydidae
yellow-bellied pond
slider
Pseudemys scripta scripta
Common
Ponds, rivers, creeks, and open swamps
Emydidae
red-eared pond slider
Pseudemys scripta elegans
eastern mud turtle
Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum
Common
Common
Ponds, rivers, creeks, and open swamps
Kinosternidae
Kinosternidae
Mississippi mud turtle
Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis
Common
Kinosternidae
stripe-necked musk
turtle
Sternotherus minor peltifer
Kinosternidae
common musk turtle
Sternotherus odoratus
Common
Trionychidae
spiny softshell
Apalone spiniferus aspera
Common
Ponds, marshes, and sloughs
Large rivers and lakes
Moderately
Common
Rivers and large streams in AL
Rivers, streams, and some lakes
Sluggish aquatic habitats
Moderately
Common
Streams and impoundments
Streams, lakes, and some farm ponds
- G-20 -
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
ABUNDANCE
IN PROJECT
AREA
Uncommon to
Rare, believed to
be declining
Anguidae
eastern slender glass
lizard
Ophisaurus attenuatus longicaudus
Anguidae
eastern glass lizard
Ophisaurus ventralis
Iguanidae
green anole
Anolis carolinensis carolinensis
Scincidae
southern coal skink
Eumeces anthracinus anthracinus
Extremely Rare
Scincidae
northern coal skink
Eumeces anthracinus pluvialis
Extremely Rare
Scincidae
five-lined skink
Eumeces fasciatus
Scincidae
southern five-lined
skink
Eumeces inexpectatus
Uncommon
Scincidae
broad-headed skink
Eumeces laticeps
Moderately
Common
Scincidae
ground skink
Scincella lateralis
HABITAT
Dry, open habitats
Uncommon to
Rare
Dry, open habitats
Common
Wide range of upland and riparian areas
Caves
Common
Caves
Forests and a variety of other habitats
Dry and relatively open forestlands
Common,
believed to be
declining
Iguanidae
southern fence lizard
Sceloporus undulatus undulatus
Iguanidae
northern fence lizard
Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthinus
Teiidae
six-lined racerunner
Cnemidophorus sexlineatus
sexlineatus
Colubridae
eastern worm snake
Carphophis amoenus
Forested areas
Common
Common
Uncommon to
Rare
Moderately
Common
- G-21 -
Rotting logs, stumps, and tree cavities
Dry, open habitats
Fossorial, under rocks and in rotting logs
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Colubridae
midwest worm snake
Carphophis amoenus
Colubridae
northern scarlet snake
Cemphora coccinea copei
Colubridae
Colubridae
black racer
black racer
ABUNDANCE
IN PROJECT
AREA
Moderately
Common
HABITAT
Fossorial, under rocks and in rotting logs
Uncommon,
believed to be
declining
Seldom seen above ground; typically near sand or loamy
soils
Common,
believed to be
declining
In or near water, streams passing through cypress
swamps
Common,
believed to be
declining
In or near water, streams passing through cypress
swamps
Coluber constrictor constrictor
Coluber constrictor priapus
Colubridae
southern ringneck
snake
Diadophis punctatus punctatus
Colubridae
Mississippi ringneck
snake
Diadophis punctatus stictogenys
Colubridae
northern ringneck
snake
Diadophis punctatus edwardsi
Colubridae
corn snake
Elaphe guttata guttata
Colubridae
black rat snake
Elaphe obsoleta spiloides
Colubridae
gray rat snake
Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta
Colubridae
eastern hognose snake
Heterodon platyrhinos
Common
Under shelter in upland areas near water
Common
Under shelter in upland areas near water
Common
Under shelter on rocky wooded hillsides, cutover areas
Uncommon
Common
Common
Uncommon,
believed to be
declining
- G-22 -
Sandy uplands and hammocks
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Colubridae
mole snake
Lampropeltis calligaster
rhombomaculata
Colubridae
eastern kingsnake
Lampropeltis getula holbrooki
Colubridae
speckled kingsnake
Lampropeltis getula getula
Colubridae
black kingsnake
Lampropeltis getula niger
Colubridae
scarlet kingsnake
Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides
ABUNDANCE
IN PROJECT
AREA
Rare
Moderately
Common
Uncommon
Uncommon
Colubridae
eastern coachwhip
yellow-bellied water
snake
Natrix erythrogaster flavigaster
Colubridae
red-bellied water
snake
Natrix erythrogaster erythrogaster
Colubridae
queen snake
Regina septemvittata
Terrestrial areas along streams and swamps
Wide range, from river swamps to upland woodlands
and coastal marshes
Dry rocky hills, open woods, dry prairies, and stream
valleys
Uncommon,
believed to be
declining
In or near woodlands, especially pinelands
Uncommon,
believed to be
declining
Wide range, from dry, sandy flatwoods to swamps
Common
Riverbottoms, swamps, marshes, and river/lake edges
Common
Riverbottoms, swamps, marshes, and river/lake edges
Common,
believed to be
declining
northern brown snake
Fossorial
Masticophis flagellum flagellum
Colubridae
Colubridae
HABITAT
Storeria dekayi dekayi
Common
Colubridae
midland brown snake
Storeria dekayi wrightorum
Colubridae
northern red-bellied
snake
Storeria occipitomaculata
occipitomaculata
Common
Common,
believed to be
declining
- G-23 -
Streams
Environs of Bogs, swaps, freshwater marshes, moist
woods and hillsides
Environs of Bogs, swaps, freshwater marshes, moist
woods and hillsides
In or near open woods; in or near sphagnum bogs
FAMILY
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Colubridae
eastern ribbon snake
Thamnophis sauritus sauritus
Colubridae
eastern garter snake
Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis
Colubridae
rough earth snake
Virginia striatula
Colubridae
eastern smooth earth
snake
Virginia valeriae valeriae
Colubridae
western smooth earth
snake
Virginia valeriae elegans
Viperidae
southern copperhead
Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix
Viperidae
northern copperhead
Agkistrodon contortrix mokeson
Viperidae
eastern cottonmouth
Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus
Viperidae
Florida cottonmouth
Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti
Viperidae
western cottonmouth
Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma
Viperidae
timber rattlesnake
Crotalus horridus
Viperidae
Carolina pigmy
rattlesnake
Sistrurus miliarius miliarius
Viperidae
dusky pigmy
rattlesnake
Sistrurus miliarius barbouri
Viperidae
western pigmy
rattlesnake
Sistrurus miliarius streckeri
- G-24 -
ABUNDANCE
IN PROJECT
AREA
Uncommon to
Rare
HABITAT
Semi-Aquatic
Moderately
Common
Moderately
Common
Abandoned fields near deciduous forests
Moderately
Common
Moderately
Common
Common
Upland forests and riparian zones
Common
Common
Aquatic
Common
Aquatic
Common
Aquatic
Common
Upland and bottomland forests, riparian zones
Rare
Rare
Rare
APPENDIX H
EXISTING AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
AND
REPRESENTATIVE BOTANICAL SPECIES
Table H-1:
Typical and Confirmed Botanical Species of the Project Vicinity
(Source: Whetstone, 2006)
FAMILY
2
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Acanthaceae
Aceraceae
Aceraceae
Aceraceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Araliaceae
Water willow
Red maple
chalk maple
box-elder
Winged sumac
Smooth sumac
Poison ivy
winged sumac
shining sumac
poison-ivy
Possumhaw
Devil's-walking-stick
Aspidiaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Betulaceae
Betulaceae
Betulaceae
Betulaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bromeliaceae
Calycanthaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Clusiaceae
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Cornaceae
Christmas fern
Golden aster
Joe-Pye-weed
Rosinweed
Ironweed
fragrant goldentrod
Goldenrod
Goldenrod
Tag alder
River birch
Hornbeam
Hophornbeam
Cross-vine
cow-itch-vine
Spanish moss
sweet shrub
Japanese honeysuckle
Elderberry
St. John's-wort
Compact dodder
Man-root
Flowering dogwood
COMMON NAME
Justicia americana
Acer rubrum
Acer leucoderme
Acer negundo
Rhus copallina
Rhus glabra
Toxicodendron radicans
Rhus copallina
Rhus glabra
Ilex decidua
Aralia spinosa
Polystichium
acrostichoides
Chrysopsis gramnifolia
Eupatorium maculatum
Silphium sp.
Vernonia sp.
Solidago odora
Solidago altissima
Solidago arguta
Alnus serrulata
Betula nigra
Carpinus caroliniana
Ostrya virginiana
Bignonia capreolata
Campsis radicans
Tillandsia usneoides
Calycanthus floridus
Lonicera japonica
Sambucus canadensis
Hypericum hypericoides
Cuscuta compacta
Ipomea pandurata
Cornus florida
Confirmed by field survey performed during summer 2006 and reported in Whetstone (2006).
- H-1 -
CONFIRMED
BY FIELD
SURVEYS2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
FAMILY
Cornaceae
Cyperaceae
Dennstaedtiaceae
Ebenaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Hamamelidaceae
Hamamelidaceae
Hydrangeaceae
Juglandaceae
Juglandaceae
Juncaceae
Lauraceae
Liliaceae
Loganiaceae
Magnoliaceae
Magnoliaceae
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Blackgum
Wool-grass
bracken fern
Persimmon
Mountain laurel
Sourwood
Swamp azalea
Sparkleberry
Elliott's blueberry
lowbush blueberry
Deerberry
Silk tree
Amorpha
Groundnut
Sericea
Kudzu
Black locust
Goat's rue
black locust
White oak
Rock chestnut oak
Water oak
Willow oak
Black oak
American beech
Post oak
Southern red oak
scarlet oak
blackjack oak
Sweet-gum
American witchhazel
Oak-leaf hydrangea
Sand hickory
Mockernut hickory
Soft rush
Sassafras
sweet Betsy
yellow jessamine
Tulip poplar
Bigleaf magnolia
COMMON NAME
Nyssa sylvatica
Scirpus cyperinus
Pteridium aquilinum
Diospyros virginiana
Kalmia latifolia
Oxydendrum arboreum
Rhododendron viscosum
Vaccinium arboreum
Vaccinium elliotti
Vaccinium pallidum
Vaccinium stamineum
Albizia julibrissin
Amorpha fruticosa
Apios americana
Lespedeza cuneata
Pueraria lobata
Robinia pseudocacia
Tephrosia virginiana
Robinia pseudoacacia
Quercus alba
Quercus montana
Quercus nigra
Quercus phellos
Quercus velutina
Fagus grandifolia
Quercus stellata
Quercus falcata
Quercus coccinea
Quercus marilandica
Liquidambar styraciflua
Hamamelis virginiana
Hydrangea quercifolia
Carya pallida
Carya tomentosa
Juncus effusus
Sassafras albidum
Trillium cuneatum
Gelsemium sempervirens
Liriodendron tulipifera
Magnolia macrophylla
- H-2 -
CONFIRMED
BY FIELD
SURVEYS2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
FAMILY
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Magnoliaceae
Malvaceae
Myricaceae
Nyssaceae
Oleaceae
Oleaceae
Oleaceae
Oleaceae
Osmundaceae
Pinaceae
Pinaceae
Pinaceae
Pinaceae
Platanaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
cucumber magnolia
Marsh mallow
wax-myrtle
Black gum
Chinese privet
green ash
white ash
Grandsir's-gray-beard
Cinnamon fern
Shortleaf pine
Longleaf pine
Loblolly pine
Scrub pine
Sycamore
Switch cane
Indian woodoats
Torpedo grass
Golden bamboo
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Polygonaceae
Polypodiaceae
Ranunculaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Little bluestem
Giant cutgrass
needle grass
spike grass
American buckwheat vine
resurrection fern
Virgin's bower
Hawthorn
black cherry
Blackberry
Crabapple
Rubiaceae
Salicaceae
Saxifragaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Smilacaceae
Tiliaceae
Ulmaceae
Vitaceae
Buttonbush
Black willow
Sweet-spire
Indian cigar tree
cat-briar
Basswood
Hackberry
Peppervine
- H-3 -
COMMON NAME
Magnolia tripetala
Hibiscus militaris
Myrica cerifera
Nyssa sylvatica
Ligustrum sinense
Fraxinus pensylvanica
Fraxinus americana
Chionanthus virginicus
Osmunda cinnamomea
Pinus echinata
Pinus palustris
Pinus taeda
Pinus virginiana
Platanus occidentalis
Arundinaria gigantea
Chasmanthium latifolium
Panicum repens
Phyllostachys aurea
Schizachyrium
scoparium
Zizaniopsis miliacea
Stipa avenacea
Chasmanthium laxum
Brunnichia ovata
Pleopeltis polypodioides
Clematis virginiana
Crataegus spp.
Prunus serotina
Rubus argutus
Malus spp.
Cephalanthus
occidentalis
Salix nigra
Itea virginica
Catalpa bignonioides
Smilax spp.
Tilia americana
Celtis occidentalis
Ampelopsis arborea
CONFIRMED
BY FIELD
SURVEYS2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
FAMILY
Vitaceae
Vitaceae
Vitaceae
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAME
Parthenocissus
quinquefolia
Vitis rotundifolia
Vitis vulpine
Virginia creeper
Muscadine
fox grape
- H-4 -
CONFIRMED
BY FIELD
SURVEYS2
*
*
ALABAMA POWER
COMPANY
COOSA – WARRIOR RELICENSING
PROJECT
E7 Exotic Species & Aquatic Plant
Management Program
Issue Report
December, 2002
ALABAMA POWER COMPAN Y
COOSA – WARRIOR RELICENSING PROJECT
E7 Exotic Species & Aquatic Plant Management Program
Issue Report
December, 2002
Prepared by:
Alabama Power Company
Hydro Generation & Environmental Affairs
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA
E7 EXOTIC SPECIES & AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
ISSUE REPORT
Table of Contents
1.0
Executive Summary.......................................................................................................1
2.0
Exotic and Nuisance Species .........................................................................................2
3.0
Aquatic Plant Management Program.............................................................................3
3.1
Aquatic Plant Control.........................................................................................3
3.2
Nonindigenous Aquatic Plants...........................................................................4
4.0
Mosquito Control Program ............................................................................................7
4.1
Monitoring .........................................................................................................7
4.2
Source Reduction...............................................................................................8
4.3
Larviciding .........................................................................................................8
4.4
Homeowner Tips................................................................................................9
5.0
Applicable Laws ..........................................................................................................10
5.1
Exotic Species..................................................................................................10
5.2
Aquatic Plants ..................................................................................................14
i
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA
E7 EXOTIC SPECIES & AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
ISSUE REPORT
1.0
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Alabama Power Company (APC) as part of its Warrior and Coosa relicensing
process and with the help of interested stakeholders has developed the following issue statement:
Issue Statement CE7 and WE7 – Effectiveness of the existing programs in
controlling exotic species, nuisance aquatic vegetation and vectors in the study
area.
In order to address this issue in the relicensing process, APC has prepared the following
Issue Report outlining current efforts to identify and control exotic species, nuisance aquatic
vegetation and vectors. This report serves as a baseline of information for stakeholders in the
Coosa and Warrior relicensing process. Stakeholders should alert APC of any areas where the
current management practices are not meeting expected or desired levels of control.
APC’s Aquatic Plant Management and Mosquito Control programs are guided by the
Public Health Laws of Alabama, the regulations of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
(FERC) and APC’s commitment to the public health and welfare of Alabama.
Any questions regarding APC’s Aquatic Plant Management, Mosquito Control programs
or other requests for assistance may be directed to Environmental Affairs, Vector and Aquatic
Plant Management at 1-800-Lakes-11.
1
2.0
EXOTIC AND NUISANCE SPECIES
APC complies with all state laws (see applicable laws section 4.0) prohibiting the
introduction and proliferation of exotic species as well as nuisance species. Exotic species are
generally defined as species not naturally occurring within the State of Alabama. Nuisance
species are similarly defined as species that are unwanted or deemed harmful to local interests.
Currently, APC has a Zebra Mussel awareness program in place at project facilities and stays
informed on all state and national issues related to exotic and nuisance species. Exotic and
nuisance species found within project boundaries are evaluated for management actions on a
case-by-case basis in consultation with the appropriate state resource agencies.
2
3.0
AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Aquatic vegetation in project reservoirs is managed in compliance with local, state and
federal laws and regulations to optimize all the uses of these reservoirs.
3.1
Aquatic Plant Control
Aquatic Plant Control will be considered if the vegetation:
•
Creates a potential public health hazard by providing mosquito breeding
habitat;
•
Poses a threat to power generation facilities or water withdrawal
structures;
•
Restricts recreational use of the reservoir; and/or
•
Poses a threat to the ecological balance of the reservoir (such as may be
the case of an exotic aquatic plant which is known to create problems in
the above categories).
Aquatic vegetation will be left in its natural state in areas which do not meet the
above criteria (as deemed appropriate by APC biologists and staff) to enhance fishery
habitat and reservoir aesthetics.
The extent of assistance to homeowners or corrective action initiated will be
determined by actual need and whether the control falls within the above categories.
Tables 3.1-1 and 3.1-2 (below) list total acres of nuisance aquatic vegetation
treated by APC from 1998-2002 as well as total acres of nuisance aquatic vegetation
treated by reservoir including the percentage of acres treated relative to the entire Coosa
River System. Types of nuisance aqua tic vegetation treated include emergent,
submersed, marginal and floating.
3
Table 3.1-1 Acres of Nuisance Aquatic Vegetation Treated from 1998-2002.
Year
% of Total Project
Acres Treated
(Approx. 155,000 Acres)
119 – emergent and marginal
2002
0.152
116 – submersed
2001
0.139
59 – submersed
2000
0.058
40 – floating
1999
0.026
1998
0.032
Table 3.1-2 Acres of Nuisance Aquatic Vegetation Treated by Lake from 1998-2002.
Reservoir
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Weiss
0
0
0
0
3
Neely Henry
0
0
0
0
0
Logan Martin
0
1
1
5
6
Lay
34
22
76
193
181
Mitchell
3
1
1
2
8
Jordan / Bouldin
13
16
12
15
37
Total Acres Treated
50
40
90
215
235
% of Total Project
0.032
0.026
0.058
0.139
0.152
4
3.2
Nonindigenous Aquatic Plants
APC’s aquatic plant control program is directed toward, but not limited to, exotic
species listed in the “Alabama Nonindigenous Aquatic Plant Control Act” (see Section
5.2).
Table 3.2-1 Nonindigenous aquatic plants prohibited from the waters of the State of Alabama.
Common Name
African elodea
Alligator weed
Scientific Name
Lagarosiphon spp
Alternanthera philoxeriodes
Brazilian elodea
Curlyleaf pondweed
Eurasian watermilfoil
Floating waterhyacinth
Egeria densa
Potamogeton crispus
Myriophyllum spicatum
Eichhornia crassipes
Giant salvinia
Hydrilla
Hygrophila
Limnophila
Parrot- feather
Salvinia molesta
Hydrilla verticillata
Hygrophila polysperma
Limnophila sessiliflora
Myriophyllum aquatica
Purple loosestrife
Rooted waterhyacinth
Spinyleaf naiad
Lythrum salicaria
Eichhornia azurea
Najas minor
Water-aloe
Water- lettuce
Water-chestnut
Water spinach
Stratiotes aloides
Pistia stratiotes
Trapa natans
Ipomea aquatica
Known Location
Throughout the Coosa and
Black Warrior drainage
All Coosa impoundments and
throughout the Black Warrior
drainage
Throughout the Coosa
drainage and Thurlow
Logan Martin and Jordan
reservoirs
Bankhead Reservoir
APC’s aquatic plant control program is based on a maintenance control
philosophy. Control measures are initiated before noxious weeds reach a problematic
stage because once weeds reach this stage, it is difficult to return to the original
maintenance level. This philosophy helps to minimize chemical applications and
promote plant diversity.
5
All aquatic plant control measures are directed by staff biologists certified as
commercial aquatic applicators by the State of Alabama, Department of Agriculture and
Industries. Only EPA approved aquatic herbicides are used in the aquatic plant
management program.
6
4.0
MOSQUITO CONTROL PROGRAM
APC’s Mosquito Control Program is based on best practice methods developed by the
United States Public Health Service and the Tennessee Valley Authority and adopted by the
World Health Organization, Center for Disease Control, American Mosquito Control Association
and other agencies charged with developing mosquito control programs and training mosquito
control personnel. These methods having been developed through extensive field studies that
address monitoring techniques, source reduction, larviciding and adulticiding of mosquitoes to
prevent nuisance levels that could affect the health and well being of lake residents and visitors.
4.1
Monitoring
Mosquito monitoring is carried out on all reservoirs to determine which mosquito
species are present, if control measures are necessary, and if applied control measures
are/will be effective.
Control measures are based on the monitoring program consisting of the
following:
•
Larvae sampling – Collection and identification of mosquito larvae.
•
Adult resting stations – Resting stations are strategically placed near
potential breeding sites, monitored during the mosquito breeding season,
and then used as an index of permanent pool mosquito production.
•
Light traps – A commercial adult mosquito capturing apparatus consisting
of light, fan and collection jar. Light traps are typically used to identify
nuisance species when there are extensive complaints in a specific area.
•
Biting Collections – Capturing (with an aspirator) and identifying
mosquitoes that land on collector for blood meal.
7
4.2
Source Reduction
Since mosquitoes need water for development, source reduction is an integral part
of APC’s mosquito control program. Source reduction, where feasible, offers a
permanent solution to mosquito problems by eliminating productive mosquito breeding
habitat. Source reduction tips are provided in Section 4.4 of this document.
4.3
Larviciding
Where source reduction is not feasible, larviciding of productive mosquito
breeding sites is initiated. Preemergent larvicides, applied to known mosquito habitat,
prevent the emergence of adult mosquitoes. This method of control is site specific,
eliminating indiscriminate treatment of non-target species. Larvicides are applied by
hand, all- terrain vehicles and airboat. All larvicide activities are conducted by staff
biologists certified as commercial applicators by the State of Alabama, Department of
Agriculture and Industries.
Larvicides currently used in the mosquito control program include the following.
•
Aquabac – granular formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis.
•
Bactimos – granular and briquette formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis
var. israelensis
•
Altosid – granular and briquette formulation of methoprene.
Larvicides used in project reservoirs are non-persistent in the environment and
will not affect fish, waterfowl, mammals or beneficial predatory insects.
8
4.4
Homeowner Tips
Homeowners can help reduce mosquito populations through source reduction by
eliminating these breeding sites:
•
Discarded containers and tires that hold water
•
Boats and canoes filled with rainwater
•
Tarps that hold pockets of rainwater
•
Standing rainwater in drainage ditches
•
Standing water in gutters and downspouts
•
Potholes in roads and other depressions that hold water
•
Water in flower pot dishes
•
Changing water in birdbaths weekly
9
5.0
5.1
APPLICABLE LAWS
Exotic Species
CODE OF ALABAMA
TITLE 9. CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES.
CHAPTER 2. DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES
ARTICLE 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS.
Current through October 2002
§ 9-2-13. Commissioner of conservation and natural resources – Authority to prohibit
importation of birds, animals, fish, etc.
(a) The commissioner of conservation and natural resources is hereby empowered to
prohibit by duly promulgated regulation the importation of any bird, animal, reptile, amphibian
or fish when the importation of such animal, bird, reptile, amphibian or fish would not be in the
best interest of the state.
(b) The provisions of this section shall not apply to birds, animals, reptiles, amphibians
and fish used for display purposes for carnivals, zoos, circuses and other like shows and exhibits
where ample provision is made so that such birds, animals, reptiles, amphibians and fish will not
escape or be released into the state.
(c) Any person, firm, corporation, partnership or association who or which imports,
brings or causes to be brought or imported into the state of Alabama any bird, animal, reptile,
amphibian or fish, the importation of which has been forbidden by duly promulgated regulation
of the commissioner of conservation and natural resources, shall be in violation of the provisions
of this section and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than $50.00 nor more than
$250.00 for each offense.
10
ALABAMA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE
ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES
GENERAL PROVISIONS
CHAPTER 220-2. GAME AND FISH DIVISION
220-2-.26. Restrictions On Possession, Sale, Importation And/Or Release Of Certain Animals
And Fish.
(1) No person, firm, corporation, partnership, or association shall possess, sell, offer for
sale, import, bring or cause to be brought or imported into the State of Alabama any of the
following live fish or animals:
Any Walking Catfish or any other fish of the genus Clarias
Any Piranha or any fish of the genus Serrasalmus
Any Black Carp of the genus Mylopharyngodon
Any species of Mongoose
San Juan Rabbits, Jack Rabbits or any other species of wild rabbit or hare; or
Any of the following from any area outside the state of Alabama; any member of the
family Cervidae (to include but not be limited to deer, elk, moose, caribou), species of coyote,
species of fox, species of raccoon, species of skunk, wild rodent, or strain of wild turkey, black
bear (Ursus americanus), mountain lion (Felis concolor), bobcat (Felis rufus), Pronghorn
Antelope (Antelocapridae), any nondomestic member of the families Suidae (pigs), Tayassuidae
(peccaries), or Bovidae (bison, mountain goat, mountain sheep).
No person, firm, corporation, partnership, or association, shall transport within the state,
any member of the above-stated species (whether such member originated within or without the
state), except for properly licensed game-breeders pursuant to Section 9-11-31, Code of Ala.
1975.
(2) It shall be unlawful to release any tame turkey, or any other turkey, whether wild or
tame, into any of the wild areas of this State.
The provisions of this regulation shall not apply to any turkeys kept by any farmer or
landowner of this State for normal agricultural purposes or for personal consumption.
(3) Nutria shall not be propagated or released in this State. No person, firm or
corporation shall release any Nutria from captivity in this State or propagate any Nutria for the
purpose of stocking in the wild of this State.
11
(4) All species of sturgeon are hereby declared to be protected fish within this State and
any person who shall catch a sturgeon shall immediately return it to the waters from whence it
came with the least possible harm.
(5) It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to possess a species of
sturgeon not native to Alabama waters, to introduce such a species of sturgeon to public waters
of Alabama, or to offer for sale or import any such non-native sturgeon in Alabama, except by
permit from the Commissioner of the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.
(6) It shall be unlawful to possess, sell, offer for sale, import, or release any of the
following fish: Chinese perch (Siniperca spp.), all snakeheads (Channa spp.), all mud carp
(Cirrhinus spp.), or blue back herring (Alosa aestivalis).
(7) It shall be unlawful for any person to possess, sell, offer for sale, import, or release
any nonindigenous venomous reptile in or into the State of Alabama, except by written
permission of a designated employee of the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
authorized by the Director of the Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries to issue such
permits.
(8) Except as authorized by permit issued by the Department prior to the date of this
amendment, it shall be unlawful for any person to have in possession any live, protected wild
bird or wild animal or live embryo, eggs, or sperm of these protected wild birds or animals.
"Possession" in this section does not include deer restricted by natural or man made barriers as
long as the deer remain wild and are not subject to management practices of domesticated
animals.
(9) The provisions of this regulation shall not apply to the exceptions provided for in
Section 9-2-13(b), Code of Ala. 1975. Accredited educational facilities, research facilities, and
permitted rehabilitation facilities shall be exempt from this regulation through the written
permission of the Director of the Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries or his designee.
12
GENERAL PROVISIONS
220-2-.93. Prohibition Of Importation/Possession Of The Fishes Rudd And Roach
(a) The importation into the State of Alabama of the fish, “rudd”, (Scardinius
erythrophthalmus) or of the fish, “roach”, (Rutilus rutilus), or any hybrids of either species, by
any person, firm, corporation, or other entity, is hereby prohibited. Any person, firm,
corporation, or other entity in violation of the provisions of this paragraph shall, upon conviction,
be punished as provided by Code of Ala. 1975, as last amended.
(b) The possession in the State of Alabama of the fish, “rudd”, (Scardinius
erythrophthalmus) or of the fish, “roach”, (Rutilus rutilus), or any hybrids of either species, by
any person, firm, corporation, or other entity, is hereby prohibited. Any person, firm,
corporation, or other entity in violation of the provisions of this paragraph shall, upon conviction,
be punished as provided by § 9-1-4, Code of Ala. 1975, as last amended.
13
5.2
Aquatic Plants
CODE OF ALABAMA
TITLE 9. CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES.
CHAPTER 20. NONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC PLANT CONTROL ACT.
§ 9-20-1. Short title.
This chapter may be cited as the “Alabama Nonindigenous Aquatic Plant Control Act”
§ 9-20-2. Definitions.
The following terms and phrases shall have the following meanings unless the context
clearly indicates otherwise:
(1) AQUATIC PLANT. Any plant growing in, or closely associated with, the aquatic
environment including, without limitation, floating, emersed, submersed, ditchbank and wetland
plant species.
(2) DEPARTMENT. The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.
(3) NONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC PLANT. Any aquatic plant which is not an
indigenous or native aquatic plant species of the State of Alabama.
(4) PERSON. Any and all persons, natural or artificial, including, without limitation, any
individual, partnership, association, society, joint stock company, firm, company, corporation,
institution, trust, estate, or other legal or business organization or any governmental entity, and
any successor, representative, agent or agency of the foregoing.
(5) PUBLIC WATERS OF THE STATE. Those waters which are defined as public
waters in Section 9-11-80.
§ 9-20-3. Introduction of nonindigenous aquatic plants in public waters prohibited.
Any person who introduces, places, or causes to be introduced or placed, any
nonindigenous aquatic plant into any public waters of the state shall be in violation of this
chapter. For purposes of this section, the unintentional adherence to a boat or boat trailer of a
nonindigenous aquatic plant, and its subsequent unintentional transportation or dispersal in the
course of common and ordinary boating activities and practices, does not constitute a violation of
this chapter.
§ 9-20-4. Exemption for possession of nonindigenous aquatic plants.
Any person who possesses, through natural dispersion, and aquatic plant which is
prohibited from being introduced or placed in a public water of the state pursuant to Section 920-3, and the possession posed neither danger or intent to further disperse the aquatic plant by
means of transportation or other action, shall not be guilty of a violation of this chapter.
§ 9-20-5. Rules, regulations, or standards.
14
The department shall establish, adopt, promulgate, modify, repeal, or suspend any rules,
regulations, or standards as necessary for the proper administration, implementation and
enforcement of this chapter. The rules, regulations, or standards shall include, without
limitation, a list of all nonindigenous aquatic plants which are prohibited from being placed or
introduced into public waters of the state pursuant to Section 9-20-3.
§ 9-20-6. Penalties.
Any person who violates this chapter, or any rule, regulation, or standard adopted
pursuant to this chapter, shall be guilty of a Class C misdemeanor and shall be punished in
accordance with Sections 13A-5-7 and 13A-5-12.
§ 9-20-7. Construction with other law.
No section of this chapter shall be construed as repealing any other laws of the state but
shall be held and construed as ancillary and supplemental thereto.
(Acts 1995, No. 95-767, p. 1813, § 8.)
15
GENERAL PROVISIONS
220-2-.124. Nonindigenous Aquatic Plant Regulation
For purposed of enforcement of Sections 9-20-1 through 9-20-7, Code of Ala. 1975,
enacted by Act No. 95-767, as the “Alabama Nonindigenous Aquatic Plant Control Act”, the
following list of all nonindigenous aquatic plants which are prohibited by Section 9-20-3 from
being introduced or placed or caused to be introduced or placed into public waters of the state is
established:
COMMON NAME
African elodea
Alligatorweed
Brazilian elodea
Curlyleaf pondweed
Eurasian watermilfoil
Floating waterhyacinth
Giant salvinia
Hydrilla
Hygrophila
Limnophila
Parrot- feather
Purple loosestrife
Rooted waterhyacinth
Spinyleaf naiad
Water-aloe
Water- lettuce
Water chestnut
Water spinach
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Logarosiphon spp
Alternanthera philoxeriodes
Egeria densa
Potamogeton crispus
Myriophyllum spicatum
Eichhornia crassipes
Salvinia molesta
Hydrilla verticillata
Hygrophila polysperma
Limnophila sessiliflora
Myriophyllum aquaticum
Lythrum salicaria
Eichhornia azurea
Najas minor
Stratiotes aloides
Pistia stratiotes
Trapa natans
Ipomea aquatica
16
APPENDIX I
RIPARIAN AND LITTORAL SPECIES
Table I-1:
Riparian and Littoral Species Occurring in the Project Vicinity
(Source: USDA, 2006)
FAMILY
Acanthaceae
Aceraceae
Aceraceae
Anacardiaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Betulaceae
Betulaceae
Bignoniaceae
Bignoniaceae
Blechnaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Clusiaceae
Cornaceae
Cornaceae
Cornaceae
Cupressaceae
Cyrillaceae
Dryopteridaceae
Ebenaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Ericaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Graminoid
Grossulariaceae
Hamamelidaceae
Hamamelidaceae
Hydrangeaceae
Juglandaceae
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Justicia sp.
Acer rubrum
Acer saccharum
Illex verticillata
Betula nigra
Alnus serrulata
Catalpa bignonioides
Campsis radicans
Woodwardia areolata
Sambucus sp.
Hypericum sp.
Cornus foemina
Nyssa sylvatica
Cornus amomum
Taxodium distichum
Cyrilla racemiflora
Onoclea sensibilis
Diospyros virginiana
Vaccinium elliottii
Rhododendron viscosum
Oxydendrum arboreum
Lyonia lucida
Mimosa microphylla
Amorpha sp.
Lespedeza cuneata
Gleditsia triacanthos
Cercis canadensis
Pueraria sp.
Amorpha fruticosa
Quercus nigra
Quercus alba
Quercus stellata
Fagus grandifolia
Quercus rubra
Quercus velutina
Quercus falcata
Quercus prinus
Andropogon virginicus
Itea virginica
Liquidambar styraciflua
Hamamelis virginiana
Hydrangea quercifolia
Carya aquatica
- I-1 -
COMMON NAME
Water willow
Red maple
Sugar maple
Poison ivy
winterberry
River birch
Hazel alder
Southern catalpa
Trumpet creeper
Netted chain fern
Elderberry
St. Johnswort
Stiff dogwood
Blackgum
swamp dogwood
Bald cypress
Swamp titi
Sensitive fern
Common persimmon
Elliot's blueberry
Swamp azalea
Sourwood
Fetterbush
Littleleaf sensitive-briar
False indigo
Sericea lespedeza
Honeylocust
Redbud
Kudzu
lead plant
Water oak
White oak
Post oak
American beech
Northern red oak
Black oak
Southern red oak
Chestnut oak
Broomsedge bluestem
Virginia sweetspire
Sweetgum
American witchhazel
Oakleaf hydrangea
Water hickory
FAMILY
Juncaceae
Liliaceae
Magnoliaceae
Malvaceae
Meliaceae
Menispermaceae
Oleaceae
Onagraceae
Pinaceae
Pinaceae
Pinaceae
Plantanaceae
Platanaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Polygonaceae
Pontederiaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Salicaceae
Saxifragaceae
Styracaceae
Vitaceae
Vitaceae
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Juncus effusus
Crinum sp.
Liriodendron tulipifera
Hibiscus sp.
Melia azedarach
Cocculus carolinianus
Ligustrum sinense
Ludwigia repens
Pinus echinata
Pinus taeda
Pinus paulustris
Plantanus occidentalis
Platanus occidentalis
Zizaniopsis miliacea
Panicum repens
Arundinaria gigantea
Brunnichia ovata
Pontederia cordata
Berchemia scandens
Crataegus sp.
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Salix nigra
Itea virginica
Halesia tetraptera
Vitis sp.
Ampelopsis arborea
- I-2 -
COMMON NAME
Common rush
Swamplily
Tuliptree
Hibiscus
Chinaberrytree
moonseed
Chinese privet
Red ludwigia
Short leaf pine
Loblolly pine
Long leaf pine
American sycamore
Sycamore
Giant cutgrass
Torpedo grass
Giant cane
American buckwheat vine
Pickerelweed
Rattan-vine
Hawthorn
Buttonbush
Bottonbush
Black willow
Sweetspire
silverbell
Grape
Peppervine
APPENDIX J
LAND USE/RECREATION PLAN MAPS

Preliminary Information Document

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