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PROGRAMME NATIONAL
"PROcessus biogéochimiques dans l'Océan et Flux"
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THEME (S) CONCERNÉ(S) :Thèmes 1, 2 et 3
RESPONSABLES SCIENTIFIQUES DU PROJET :
(1)
Diana Ruiz-Pino ,
et
Maître de conférences Paris VI.
[email protected]
(2)
Yves du Penhoat ,
Directeur de recherches IRD.
[email protected]
(2)
Coordination : Gérard Eldin ,
Chargé de recherches IRD
Gé[email protected]
LABORATOIRES DES PROPOSANTS :
(1) :
Laboratoire de Biogéochimie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), UMR CNRS 7794
4 Place Jussieu, Boite 134
75005 Paris
Directeur : Alain Poisson.
(2) :
Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS),
UMR CNRS 5566
14 Avenue Edouard Belin
31400 Toulouse.
Directeur : Christian Le Provost.
Titre du projet :
CHOC (Chili-Peru : Oxygen Minimum et Circulation)
Résumé du projet et Budget 2003 : voir ci-après
Durée du contrat demandé : 4 ans
Montant demandé cette année au progrmmes nationaux: 49.06 k•
Projet nouveau
Visa obligatoire du Directeur de formation
Signature du demandeur :
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1.2.1 The regional oceanic circulation
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1.3.3. Holocene Paleoproductivity and paleo-oxygenation
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2.1.3Biogeochemical modelling
2.2 Long-term Observations
2.2.1 Inventory of existing in-situ data
Satellite data
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Sediment traps moorings.
CARIOCA buoy
ARGO floats
2.3 The CHOC oceanographic cruise
2.3.1 Details of work at sea, en route and cross-shelf sections
Details of work at sea, fixed stations
Necessary ship-time
Peru/Chile/France cooperation
Data sharing
2.4. Calendar for the project
2.5 Summary of measured parameters
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2,10 k• (LBCM –Produits chimiques
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2 k• (EPOC, Pr. chimiques pour
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2 K• (LBCM –Analyse d'O2_ Intercalibration
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2 k• (intercalibration micropaléontologiques)
1.5 N¼ (LBCM)
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3,00 k• (LODYC) constitution base sédimento
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8 k• (Au Chili)
8,00 k• (Au Chili)
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19,2 k•
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Table 2. Goals and description of experiments performed during the fixed stations by the french biogeochemistry team
0DLQ*RDOV
Specific goals
Impact of the POM remineralization in the
OMZ intensification
Impact of the
biogeochemical
processes in the OMZ
intensification
Nitrogen assimilation and
transformation in the
microbial community
Impact of the OMZ in
the biogeochemical
processes associated
with the POM (C, N)
and CO2/ N2O fluxes
Nitrate and
ammonium
uptake
Nitratoreduction
Nitrification
Denitrification
POM
regeneration
and nitrogen
production
Transformation of POM
and nitrogen
remineralization
Generation
of DOC,
DOM, DOM
(oxic-anoxic
conditions)
Experiments
description
Short incubations (6-24 h) POM
enrichment experiments with waters
associated with different oxygen
conditions
Number of
experiments
(each fixed
station)
Measurements
Oxygen, CO2, DOC,
DON, alkalinity, salinity.
4 levels (oxicline, OMZ,
upper and lower
boundaries layers
Ammonium, nitrato,
Bacterial biomass and
identification
Pigments
1LWURJHQVWDEOHLVRWRSHV
Short incubations of OMZ and deep
waters with
-tracers 15N-NO3-, 15N-NH4 , 15N-N2
6 levels
-blockage acetylene
Long incubations (3 days) of surface
waters with tracers 13C et 15N-NO3-
One experiments/ by
station
POM enrichment experiments with
waters with different oxygen conditions
4 levels (oxicline, OMZ,
upper and lower
boundaries layers
Quality (lability) of the POM
quantificated by tracers
Quality of the
POM
$PPRQLXPQLWULWH
QLWUDWH
)RVIDWH
QLWURJHQPROHFXODLUH
1LWURXVR[LGH
Isotope signature in the
particulate fraction of
phytoplankton (>0.6
PM), and bacteria (<0.6
PM) and in the dissolved
fraction (DON,
ammonium, nitrate).
MOP, and DOM, POC,
NOP
Technics/
analyses
Winkler optimized for
low oxygen.
CO2 by potentiometry
titration.
Colorimetry (Tréguer
and Le Corre, 1975)
Clasical and
Molecular
approaches
5HVHDUFK
WHDPV
COM (Raimbault)
LBCM (team CO2
and Organic )
(1)
LOV (Marty)
Mass spectometry
Colorimetry (Tréguer
and Le Corre, 1975)
COM (Raimbault)
COM (Bonin) LBCM (CO2 team)
(1)
Gas chromatography
Mass spectrometry
Method semiautomatique
(Raimbault et al.,
1999ª y b)
Analyses nutrients by
auto-analyser.
Ammonium, nitrato,
nitrogen moleculaire
Gas chromatography
Nitrous oxide
CPG, CPG/SM,
CPG/AED.
COM (Raimbault)
LBCM (organic
team and CO2)
Oxydation of fatty acids
mono-insaturated
DIC (carbonate, CO2),
PCO2, pH, alkalinity
Uptake of different DIC forms
Incubations en controled oxygen
conditions
4 experiments per day
13
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size of phytoplankton
Pigments
CO2 by
potentiometry
titration.
Mass spectometer
HPLC
LBCM (team CO2)
LOV (Marty)
(1)
Oxygen, DIC, alkalinity,
pH
POM enrichment experiments with
waters with different oxygen conditions
CO2 and N2O coupling
Incubations dans conditions controlee
de lumiere et oxygene
-with isotopes
-inhibiteur acetylene
4 levels (oxicline, OMZ,
upper and lower
boundaries layers
oxide nitrous.
Molecular nitrogen
Nitrate, nitrite,
ammonium
Isotopes 15N
Identification et activity
of microbial
communities
Winkler optimized for
low oxygen.
CO2 by
potentiometry
titration.
Gas
Chromatography
Auto-analyser
colorimetry
Mass spectometer
.
moleculare technics
(ADN extraction -PCR
and electrophoresis)
LBCM (team CO2)COM (Bonin)
(1)
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LQYROYPHQWRIHDFKSDUWLFLSDQWFDQEHIRXQGLQVHFWLRQVHHQH[WSDJH Parameters measured within the CHOC program
Sediment traps
Hydrology/
Filter particulate
Rossette
Dissolved
High vol. (in-situ pump)
matter
Fixed
Free-drifting
Sediments
(1)
(2)
T-S
T-S
currents
Altimetry, SST, Seawifs
TCO2-O2
PCO2
Bacterial identification &
activity, associated to N, C
cycles, bacterial mats
N2O, CO2
TCO2-O2, PCO2
TCO2-O2, PCO2
Alkenones, SST,
hydrocarbons, diols,
alcohols, sterols, fatty
acids
Alkenones, SST,
hydrocarbons, diols,
alcohols, sterols, fatty
acids
Alkenones, SST,
hydrocarbons, alcohols,
diols, sterols, fatty acids (2)
Lipids,Carbohydrates
Proteins (NMR)
Lipids,Carbohydrates,
Proteins (NMR)
Lipids,Carbohydrates,
Proteins
(NMR)(2)
13
C & 14C of OM,
N of OM, detritus
U, Th, Pa, 15N, 13C
Palynofacies OM
15
13
18
18
13
Palynofacies OM
(1)
O2, S
13
C DIC
C & O foraminifera
O & C foraminifera
TEP
C,N,P
Palynofacies OM
TEP
C,N,P
(1)
-
-
NO3 , NO2
+
TEP
Chlorophyl-a (fluorometry)
Alkenones, SST,
hydrocarbons, alcohols, diols,
sterols, fatty acids
Name
Y. Du Penhoat
B. Dewitte
G. Eldin
A. Vega
D. Ruiz-Pino
A. Poisson
M. Graco
A. Paulmier
B. Schauer
J. Guigand
I.Bouloubassi
L. Méjanelle
Lipids,Carbohydrates, Proteins A. Gogou
(NMR)
J. Fillaux
A. Lorre
Sedimentology, Seismic
L. Ortlieb
particles
13
C & 14C OM, sedimentology
G. Vargas
15
N of OM
15
13
U, Th, Pa, N, C
L. Dezileau
Palynofacies OM
A. Sifeddine
Geochem. bulk & traces
F. Lecornec
Minerology and X-Ray
S. Caquineau
V. Echevin
13
18
C & O of foraminifera
C. Pierre
Geochem. traces for
P. Soler
foraminifers
18
13
O & C foraminifera
J.F. Saliège
TEP
X. Mari
N. Garcia
(1)
+
NH4 , PO4
C,N & P particulate
DOC, DON, DOP
15
15
13
(1)
NO3, N2, C, 15N
15
(1)
(PON) NH4
(1)
C,N,P, POC, PON, POP
P. Raimbault
C. Fernandez
F. Diaz
Laboratory
LEGOS/GRGS
Toulouse
UMR-CNRS 5566
LBCM, Paris
UMR 7094 UPMC-CNRS
LBCM, Paris
UMR 7094 UPMC-CNRS
IRD, Bondy
Equipe Paléotropique
UR 055
LODyC, Paris
UMR 7617
UPMC-IRD-CNRS
COM, Marseille
UMR 6539
CNRS-Univ. Aix- Marseille
II
Country
)5$1&(
N cycle of bacteria
(1)
(molecular biology)
234
BSi
Th; Po; Mass flux ;
POC; PIC; PON;
PIN ; Chl-a
210
234Th
Th; Po; POC; PIC;
(2)
PON; PIN ; Chl-a
234
(2)
Th
230
BSi
Si (OH)4
BSi, production Si, Ks,
(1)
Vmax, Si dissolution
%BSi, Si(OH)4, Si dissolution
Pigments
Pigments
Pigments (HPLC) /
(1)
Primary production
(total);
210
Po (total)
234
210
BSi, Isotopes Si
210
137
238
Th ; Pb ; Cs ; Pu ;
239,240
Pu ; TOC ; TIC
Bsi, Isotopes Si
Siliceous species
production
15
13
Diatoms ( N & COrg.)
Nanoplankton &
coccolithophorides
Planktonic
foraminifera
Dinoflagellates
15
P. Bonin
13
TOC, TIC, N & C
Org.
Benthic foraminifera
13
(species, C), Mn/Ca
Siliceous species production
V. Michotey
J.-C. Miquel
B. Gasser
A. Leynaert
O. Ragueneau
J.-C. Marty
J. Chiavérini
J.-J. Pichon
LOB-COM, Marseille
UMR 6535
IAEA, Monaco
Marine Environment
Laboratory
LEMAR, Brest
UMR-CNRS 6539
LOV, Villefranche/s/Mer
Diatoms ( N & C Org.)
X. Crosta
EPOC, Bordeaux
UMR 5805
Univ. Bordeaux-
Nanoplancton and
coccolithophorides
Planktonic foraminifera
J. Giraudeau
CNRS
Dinoflagellates
210
Pb (surface sediement)
234
Th (>>)
15
13
TOC, TIC, N & C Org
F. Eynaud
J.M. Jouanneau
Benthic foraminifera (species13
C), Mn/Ca
F. Jorissen
J.P. Debenay
E. Geslin
S. Ernst
F. Redois
C. Griveaud
15
13
C. Pujol
P. Martinez
Laboratoire d'Etude des
Bio-Indicateurs Actuels et
Fossiles
Université d'Angers
CNRS UPRES EA 2644
)5$1&(
N20, PN2O, NH4,
O2 (low conc.)
Pigments ; PP; flow
cytometry;
picophytoplankton,
picoeucaryotes, nano- to
micro-plankton,
microbial identification
and biomass (ATP)
Nitrification &
denitrificationmetabolism of the
microbial community
(ass. To the N cycle)
O. Ulloa
L. Farías
Currents, Physical
processes
O2
O. Pizarro
V. Villagran
G. Alarcón
Pigments, primary
production
N2O-O2-nutrients
Physical processes,
modelling
Physical processes,
modeling
C. Rivera
S. Hormazabal
N, 13C
15
N, 13C
N2O/ production N2O
Physical processes
Bacterial identification
(Nitrification and
denitrification)
Minerology, heavy mettals,
contaminants
Foraminifera
Foraminifera
Excretion of NH4+ and
other nitrogencompounds
Alkenones, SST,
pigments, chlorines 15Ncompound specific
Siliceous phytoplankton
Alkenones, SST,
pigments, chlorines
15
N-compound
specific
&+,/(
O. Leth
15
Phytoplankton and
zooplankton (biomass)
COPAS
Concepcion, Chile
University of Concepcion
C and N in phytoplankton
and zooplankton.
R. De Pol
M. Castro
M. Ramos
V. Molina
V. Pineda
M. Marchant
C. Morales
Alkenones, SST, pigments,
chlorines 15N-compound
specific
S. Pantoja
Siliceous phytoplankton
C. Lange
Departement of Zoology
Faculty of Natural
Sciences and
Oceanography
University of Concepcion
Dep. of OceanographyCOPAS
Concepcion
Faculty of Natural
Sciences and
Oceanograpgy
University of Concepcion
Fecal pellets/
Agreggates, C, N,
P
Palynofacies, OM
Diatoms (species)
Benthic
foraminifera
Structure of planktonic
community
Fecal pellets/
Agreggates, C, N, P
H.E. Gonzalez Institute of Marine Biology
University Austral
Palynofacies, OM
Diatoms (species)
Benthic foraminifera
J. Valdés
L. Rodriguez
M. Paez
Facultad de Recursos del Mar
Antofagasta
University of Antofagasta
Metals (speciation, Cu,
Fe, Mn, Co)
Phytoplankton (molecular
biology)
D.A. Hutchins
Metals (speciation, Cu,
Fe, Mn, Co)
J. Moffett
University of Delaware,
Newmark, USA
Departement of Civil and
Environnemental Engineering
and Biology Department
MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
WHOI, MC&G, Woods Hole,
MA, USA
WHOI, MC&G, Woods Hole,
MA, USA
DCESS, Copenhagen,
University of Copenhagen,
Denmark
Organic Geochemistry Unit,
Organic and Biological
Chemistry Section, Bristol, UK
OM composition
(NMR)
Fecal pellets
/Aggregates
C, N, P
Palynofacies, OM
Diatoms (species)
Benthic foraminifera
S.W.
Chisholm
OM composition
(NMR)
OM composition
(NMR)
TRAMP,
yo-yo, FluoO2-T-S
G.R. Shaffer
13
13
C-compound
specific
C-compound specific
T-S
Chemical
characterization of
TEP
D. Repeta
Bioturbation in surface
sediment
Chemical
characterization of
TEP
13
C-compound specific
R. D. Pancost
D. Gutierrez
Chemical
characterization of
TEP
P.H. Santschi
IMARPE,
Lima, Peru
Univ. of Texas A&M,
Galveston, TX, USA
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Altabet M., Pilkaln C., Thunell R., Pride C., Sigman D., Chavez
F., Francois R. (1999) Deep Sea Res., 46, 655-679
Altabet, M.A., Higginson, M.J. and D.W. Murray (2002) Nature
(415), 159-162
Andersen, J.J., Okubo, A, Robbins, A.S. and A.F. Richards
(1982): Deep-Sea Res., 29, 1113-1140.
Archer, D., A. Winguth, et al. (2000). Reviews of Geophysics
38(2): 159-189.
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PIs (Ruiz-Pino and du Penhoat)
Amat A. and D. Ruiz-Pino. Interactionsbetween coral growth and atmospheric CO2 : modelling approach andpaleoclimatological implications.
Journal of Marine System, submitted jully 2002.
Arnault, S., G. Eldin, B. Bourles, Y. du Penhoat, Y. Gouriou, A. Aman, R. Chuchla, F. Gallois, In situ and satellite data in the tropical Atlantic
ocean during the EQUALANT99 experiment, Intl. J. Rem. Sens., in press, 2002
Béthoux J. P., B. Gentili, P. Morin, E. Nicolas, C Pierreand D. Ruiz-Pino. 2000. The Mediterranean Sea: a miniature ocean for climatic
andenvironmental studies and a key for the climatic functioning of the NorthAtlantic. Progress in Oceanography, 44(1999) 131-146..
Bethoux J. P., Morin P., D. Ruiz-Pino. Mediterranean Ecosystem : Chemical evidence of evolution due to environmental change. Deep Sea
Research, 49, 2007-2016.
Béthoux J. P. , M.S. El Boukhary, D. Ruiz-Pino, 2002. C/P ratio, CO2 sequestration and its anthropogenic forcingin the Mediterranean, Marine
Chemistry, Submitted Jully 2002.
Dadou I., F. Lamy, C. Rabouille, D. Ruiz-Pino, V. Andersen, M. Bianchi and V. Garçon. 2001. An integrated biological pump model from the
euphotic zone to the sediment : application in the Northeast tropical Atlantic. In press Deep Sea Research on JGOFS North Atlantic
synthesis. II, 48, 2345-2381.
Delcroix, T, B. Dewitte, Y. du Penhoat, F. Masia and J. Picaut, Equatorial waves and warm pool displacements during the 1992-1998 El NiÒo
Southern Oscillations events†: Observation and modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 26045-26062, 2000.
Dewitte,B., D. Gushina, Y. du Penhoat and S. Lakeev, On the importance of hier-order ocean baroclinic modes for ENSO simulation and
prediction with intermediate coupled models of the tropical Pacific: A case study for the 1997-1998 El Niño. May 2002, Geophys.
Res. Lett.
Du Penhoat, Y., G. Reverdin and G. Caniaux, A Lagrangian investigation of vertical turbulent heat fluxes in the upper ocean during TOGACOARE, 2002, J. Geophys. Res., in press.
Gouriou, Y., C. Andrié, B. Bourlès, S. Freudenthal, S. Arnault, A. Aman, G. Eldin, Y. du Penhoat, F. Baurand, F. Gallois, and R. Chuchla, Deep
Circulation in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Letters, 28 , 819-822, 2001.
Le-Vu B. and Ruiz-Pino D., 2002. D. Who is Emiliania huxleyi ? From a data synthesis to a growth model, Global Change Biology, Special Issu
for the European IRONAGE program, subimtted October 2002.
Louanchi F. D. Ruiz-Pino, C. Jeandel, C. Brunet, Bernard Schauer, A. Masson and Alain Poisson. 2001 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, Alkalinity,
Nutrient and Oxygen Seasonal and Interannual Variations at the Antarctic Ocean : JGOFS-KERFIX site. Deep Sea Research I, 48,
1581-1603.
Louanchi F. D. Ruiz-Pino,C. Jeandel, C. Brunet, Bernard Schauer, A. Masson and Alain Poisson.Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, Alkalinity,
Nutrient and Oxygen Seasonal andInterannual Variations in the Upper Ice-Free Antarctic Ocean. Deep SeaResearch I, 48, 1581-1603.
Pondaven P. Ruiz-Pino D., Fravalo C.,Tréguer P. and C. Jeandel. 2000.Interannual variability of silicon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles atthe
time-series station KERFIX between 1990 and 1995 - a 1D modelling studystation. Deep Sea research part I, 47, 223-257
Ruiz-Pino D., J. Taboada, P. Morin and J. P.Bethoux. Evolution of the recent Mediterranean circulation changes, Journalof of Geophysical
Research Letter, submitted Septembrer 2002.
Ruiz-Pino D., Le Vu B. ,A. Amat, H.J.W. De baar. Why is the Sea going bright ? the ecological niche of the Coccolithophorid Emiliania Huxleyi.
Marine Ecological Progress, submitted, October 2002.
Schloss I. R., G. A. Ferreyra and D. Ruiz-Pino. Phytoplankton Biomass in Antarctic Shelf Zones : A onceptual model based on Potter Cove, King
George Island. Journal of Marine System, Accepted Juin, 2002.
Vauclair, F. and Y. du Penhoat, Interannual variability of the upper layer of the tropical Atlantic ocean from in situ data between 1979 and 1999,
2001, Climate Dynamics, 17, 527-546
Vega A, Y. duPenhoat, B. Dewitte and O. Pizarro: Equatorial forcing of interannual Rossby waves in the South Eastern Pacific. Geophys. Res.
Lett., in press, 2002.
Other participants:
Aloisi A. , I. Bouloubassi, S. K. Heijs, R.D. Pancost, C. Pierre, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, J.C. Gottschal, L.J. Forney, J.-M. Rouchy (2002) -CH4consuming microorganisms and the formation of carbonate crusts at cold-seeps. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 203, 195-203.
Belviso S., H. Claustre, and J.-C. Marty 2001. Evaluation of the utility of chemo-taxonomic pigments as a surrogate for particulate DMSP.
Limnol. Oceanogr. , 46 (4), 989-995.
Belviso S., Chistaki U., Vidussi F., Marty J.C., Vilareig M. and Delgado M. (2000). Diel variations of the DMSP-to-chlorophyll a ratio in
Northwestern Mediterranean surface waters. J. Mar. Sys. , 25 : 119-128.
Blain S., Treguer P., Belviso S., Bucciarelli E., Denis M., Desabre S., Fiala M., Martin Jezequel V., Le Fevre J., Mayzaud P., Marty J.C., Razouls
S. 2001. A biogeochemical study of the island mass effect in the context of the iron hypothesis : Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean.
Deep Sea Res. I, 48, 163-187.
Bouloubassi I. , G. Aloisi, R.D. Pancost, S. Heijs, E.C. Hopmans, J.S. Sinninghe damsté, J.C. Gottshal, C. Pierre (2001) – The role of anaerobic
microorganisms in carbonate crust precipitation : illustrating the utility of biomarkers in geomicrobiological investigations. In :
Proceedings of the 20th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, Vol.1 , pp. 185-186.
Bouloubassi I., Fillaux J., Saliot A. (2001) - Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary, East China Sea.
Mar. Pollut. Bull., 42, 1335-1346.
Bouloubassi I. , G. Aloisi, R.D. Pancost, S. Heijs, E.C. Hopmans, J.S. Sinninghe damsté, J.C. Gottshal, C. Pierre (2001) – The role of anaerobic
microorganisms in carbonate crust precipitation : illustrating the utility of biomarkers in geomicrobiological investigations. In :
Proceedings of the 20th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, Vol.1 , pp. 185-186
Bonin P., Tamburini C. & Michotey, V. 2001. Determination of the bacterial processes which sources of Nitrous oxide production in marine
samples. Accepted in Water Research
Bouruet-Aubertot P. and V. Echevin, 2001, The influence of the coast on the dynamics of upwelling fronts. Part II:Numerical experiments, Dyn.
Atmosph. and Oceans, en revision.
Chauvaud L., Jean F., Ragueneau O. & G. Thouzeau, 2000. Long-term variation of the Bay of Brest ecosystem: benthic-pelagic coupling
revisited. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 200: p. 35-48.
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ERXQGRUJDQLFPDWWHUIURPWKH6RXWKHUQ2FHDQ'HHS6HD5HVHDUFK,,LQSUHVV Daneri, G., V. Dellarossa, R. Quiñones, B. Jacob, P. Montero & O. Ulloa 2000. Primary production and community respiration in the umboldt
Current System off Chile and associated oceanic areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 197: 41-49.
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Dewitte B., 2000: Sensitivity of an intermediate coupled ocean-atmosphere model of the tropical Pacific to its oceanic vertical structure. J.
Climate, 13, 2363-2388.
Dewitte B., and G. Reverdin 2000: Vertically propagating annual and interannual variability in an OGCM simulation of the tropical Pacific in
1985-1994. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1562-1581.
Dezileau, L., G. Bareille, J.L. Reyss, and F. Lemoine, Evidence for strong sediment redistribution by bottom currents along the southeast Indian
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Diaz F., Raimbault P., 2000. Nitrogen regeneration and DON release during 15N experiments during spring in a northwestern Mediterranean
coastal zone (Gulf of Lions): implications on the estimations of f ratio and new production. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 197: 53-66.
Diaz F., Raimbault P., Garcia N., Moutin T., 2001 Early phosphorus limitation during spring in the gulf of Lions. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 211: 5162
Diaz F., Raimbault P., Conan P, 2000. Carbon and nitrogen utilization by phytoplankton during spring in a Mediterranean coastal zone (Gulf of
Lions): evidence of small-scale variability. Cont. shelf. Res., 20(9) : 975-996
Dittert N, Ragueneau O, Heinze C, Leynaert, A, 2001. Hunting and gathering silicon data to tackle climate forecasting. EOS, Transactions, AGU,
82(9): 113-117.
Echevin V., P. De Mey, G. Evensen, 2000, Horizontal and vertical structure of the reprÈsenter functions for sea surface measurements in a
coastal model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 2627-2635.
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