Thalasemia Title pages nepali book.indd

Transcription

of] k':ts yfnf;]ldofsf la/fdLx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf
/fv]/ n]lvPsf] xf] . o; /f]u / o;sf] k|s[ltsf] af/]df ;/n
efiffdf hfgsf/L lbg] / xfnsf jif{x¿df yfnf;]ldof /f]usf]
pkrf/ / /f]syfddf k|efjsf/L ;'wf/ Nofpg] ;a} gofF j}1flgs
Pj+ pkrf/ k4ltdf ePsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;d]6\g] x/ ;Dej k|of;
ul/Psf] 5 . ;+;f/e/sf yfnf;]ldofsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ ;xL / gofF
hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg', yfnf;]ldof OG6/g]zgn k]m8/];gsf]
:yfkgfsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ p2]Zo / sf/0fx¿dWo] Ps xf] .
8f= PG8|'nf On]k\my]/Lof]
ISBN: 9963-623-40-9
Cover Thalasemia nepali.indd 1
yfnf;]ldof OG6/g]zgn k]m8/];g klAns];G;
1/3/2016 5:45:20 AM
wGojfb
k':tsdf k|of]u ul/Psf ;a} AofVofx¿ / pbfx/0fx¿sf] >f]t
pknAw u/fpg], of] lstfa tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug{ gSzf, lrq
/ tflnsfx¿ lbg] ;a} wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 . olb sxL+ st}
wGojfbsf zAbx¿ JoQm ug{ 5'6]sf] eP yfnf;]ldof cGt/f{li6«o
dxf;+3 / of] k':tssL n]lvsfn] o; k':tssf] cfufdL c+sx¿df
pQm s'/fx¿nfO{ v'zL;fy pNn]v ug]{ g} l5g\ .
;dfKt
of] k':ts k|sfzgsf] nflu cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fOlbg] ljZj :jf:Yo
;+u7g / Olk8]ldof]nf]lh tyf /f]u lgoGq0f dxfzfvf, :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu, g]kfn
k|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}+ .
1/3/2016 5:45:23 AM
yfnf;]ldof af/] yfnf;]ldof af/]
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I
This book entitled "About Thalassaemia" authored by Dr. Androulla
Eleftheriou is a publication of Thalassaemia International Federation.
This book has been translated in Nepali by Professor Dr. Ajit Rayamajhi
to create awareness and improve understanding about Thalassaemia to
patients, parents and general public.
ISBN: 9963-623-40-9
© 2007 Team up Creations Ltd
14 Othonos str, 1016 Nicosia - Cyprus
;jf{lwsf/ ;'/lIft
o; k|sfzgsf] s'g} klg c+zsf] k|ltlnkL, s'g} oGqdf e08f/0f, h;af6 o;nfO{ k'gM k|of]u jf
:yfgfGt/0f ug{, s'g} klg ¿k jf s'g} tl/sfaf6 On]S6«f]lgs, oflGqs, kmf]6f]slk, k|ltlnkL,
/]sl8{ª\u jf s'g} cGo tl/sfn] k|of]u ug{ yfnf;]ldof OG6/g]zgn k]m8/];g / n]vssf]
lnlvt cg'dlt lagf ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
sf7df8f}+, g]kfndf d'lb|t
II
yfnf;]ldof af/]
n]vssf] kl/ro
8f= PG8«'nf On]k\my]/Lof]n] n08g ljZjljBfnoaf6 dfOqmf]afof]nf]hL / efO/f]nf]hL
ljifodf :gfts / :gftsf]Q/ tx k|fKt ul/g\ . pgn] ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g
/ k"mna|fO6 sld;gaf6 cg]sf}F 5fqj[lQx¿ kfOg\ / a]nfotsf] ljZjljBfno
sn]h lrlsT;f ljBfnodf dfgfy{ cg';Gwfgstf{sf] kb k|fKt ul/g\ . pgsf]
pQ/ ljBfjfl/lw k]mnf]l;km o"=P;=P= lh=P= P6\nfG6fdf /x]sf] /f]u /f]syfd
s]Gb|x¿df k"/f eof] .
8f= On]k\my]/Lof] ;g\ !(() b]lv ;fOk|;sf] :jf:Yo dGqfnosf] efO/; l/km/]G;
s]Gb|sf] k|d'v algg\ . pgL pQm s]Gb|sf] :yfkgfdf tgdng] ;+nUg /x]sL lyOg\ .
pgn] cg]sf}F /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o sfo{zfnf, ;Dd]ng / kl/of]hgfx¿sf] cfof]hgf
ul/g\ / ltgLx¿df ;lqmo ¿kn] nflug\ . xfn pgL ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gsf]
pgn] ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf] ljifodf ;/;Nnfx lbg] ;Nnfxsf/ -sG;N6\ofG6_
sf] ¿kdf sfo{/t l5g\ .
8f= On]k\my]/Lof]sf] k|d'v rf;f] / cg';Gwfg yfnf;]ldof d]h/df x'g] efO/n
;ª\qmd0f ;DaGwL ljifodf 5 . cfk\mgf] cg';Gwfgsf] dfWodaf6 pgL ;+;f/
e/ /x]sf yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿, o; /f]usf] cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg cg';Gwfg
j}1flgsx¿ / lkmlhl;ogx¿sf] Jofks ;Dks{df cfOg . 8f= On]k\my]/Lof]n]
;g\ !((# b]lv yfnf;]ldof cGt/f{li6«o km]8]/];g -l6=cfO{=Pkm=_nfO{ Ps :jod\
;]jssf] ¿kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsL l5g\ .
cfk\mgf k|sfzgx¿sf] dfWodaf6 l6=cfO=Pkm= n] yfnf;]ldof /f]usf af/]df
lrlsT;sLo -d]l8sn_ hfgsf/L ;'ne 5 eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ rfxG5 .
c´ dxTjk"0f{ 9Ën] l6=cfO=Pkm= n] z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿dfkm{t lrlsT;sx¿nfO{
yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] af/]df l;ls/xg] cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fpF5 .
;g\ !((& df oL sfdx¿ x]g{sf] nflu l6=cfO{=Pkm sf] j}1flgs ;+of]hssf] gofF
kb ;[hgf ul/of] . o;df lgo'Qm x'gsf] nflu 8f= On]k\my]/Lof]nfO{ ;j{;Ddt
k|:tfj cfof] / pgn] v'zL;fy :jLsf/ ul/g\ . pQm ;dob]lv 8f= On]k\my]/Lof]n]
j}1flgs ;+of]hssf e"ldsf cª\uLsf/ u/L ;/sf/L clws[t kbsf] st{Jo
:jtGqtfk"j{s lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsL l5g\ . (TIF) l6=cfO{=Pkm sf] dfWodaf6
;+;f/e/sf lkmlhl;ogx¿ / yfnf;]ldof;Fu ;DalGwt ;ª\u7gx¿sf] lgs6
III
;xof]udf 8f= On]k\my]/Lof]n] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf cg]s kl/of]hgfx¿
;~rfng u/]sL l5g\ . pgn] l6=cfO{=Pkm=sf] k|sfzgsf] ;fy} ljZj :jf:Yo
;ª\u7g / cGo ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]u lnP/ lj:t[t j}1flgs ljifox¿df ;fdu|Lx¿
k|sfzg u/]sL 5g\ / pgL l6=cfO{=Pkm=sf] kflIfs klqsfsf] k|wfg ;Dkfbs klg
/x]sL l5g\ .
IV
yfnf;]ldof af/]
wGojfb
d of] lstfa k9]/ cd"No l6Kk0fL, ;Nnfx, ;'´fjx¿ / s'zn dfu{bz{g
k|bfg ug'{x'g] l6=cfO{=Pkm= sf d]l8sn ;Nnfxsf/ 8f= dfOsn PGuf;l6gL
cf]l;Psf] of]ubfgk|lt wGojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' .
d o; k':tssf] cf–cfk\mgf] ljz]if1tf;DaGwL efu cWoog u/L l6Kk0fL
ug'{eO{ dxTjk"0f{ ;'´fjx¿ lbg'x'g] l6=cfO{=Pkm=sf ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf tn
pNn]lvt ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿sf] of]ubfgk|lt wGojfb JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .
k|f= hf]g kf]6{/
x]df6f]nf]hL ljefu
o'lgel;{6L sn]h, n08g
98 r]lg; ldph, n08g W6IC6HX
8f= dfNsd jfs/
d'6';DaGwL sG;N6\ofG6
Xof6/ O{G:6LRo'6
;]l;n k\mn]ldË xfp;
o'lgel;{6L sn]h n08g c:ktfn
u|fkm6g dfu{ n08g WC1F6AW.UK
k|f= lgsf Sofk]lngL
cf]:k]8n Doflucf]/ kf]lnlSnlgsf]
Kofl8lUncf]g u|fg]nL
Via F :kmf]h{ 35
ldnfgf] 20122 O6fnL
8f= kfpn 6]Nkm/
x]df6f]nf]hL sG;N6\ofG6
yfnf;]ldof s]Gb|
:jf:Yo dGqfno, lgsf]lzcf, ;fO{k|;
8f= lgsf]; :sf]l8{;
k]l8cfl6«l;og, O08fqmfOgf]nf]lhi6
k]l8«ofl6s ljefu
cfr{ dfsfl/o', III c:ktfn
:jf:Yo dGqno, lgsf]lzcf, ;fOk|;
yfnf;]ldof s]Gb|df sfo{/t lkmlhl;og 8f= P;= lqm:6f], Nofa|]6f]/L j}1flgs
P= s]/Ln] u/]sf] ;xof]u To;}u/L kmf]6f] / :nfO8x¿ pknAw u/fP/ ;xof]u
ug]{ ;fO{k|; :jf:Yo dGqfnosf ;fyLx¿ clg o; k':tsdf ePsf] qm;j8{
v]n tof/ ug]{ 8f= ;L= sf]lsgf]; ;a} k|;+zfsf kfq x'g'x'G5 .
l6=cfO=Pkm=sL ;b:o 8f= x]n]g k]/Ln] o; k':tssf] zAb—cy{sf] ;Dkfbgdf
ug'{ePsf] s'zn ljz]if1Lo ;xof]u cToGt k|;+zgLo /x]sf] 5 .
V
;dk{0f
of] k':ts yfn;]ldofsf ;+;f/el/ /x]sf tL k|To]s /f]uLx¿k|lt ;dlk{t 5
h;nfO{ d lrGb5' / e]6]sL klg 5' / h;nfO{ d lrG5' t/ c´} e]6\g ;s]sL
5}g . ljZje/sf tL xhf/f}F xhf/ yfnf;]ldof lkl8tx¿nfO{ h;nfO{ d lhGbuLdf
slxNo} klg e]6\g] df}sf kfpg] 5}g . tL g} /f]uLx¿sf] /f]unfO{ lhTg] / afFRg]
;fx;n] g} dnfO{ pgLx¿sf] /f]u;Fusf] n8fFO{df ;fy lbg] k|]/0ff / zlQm b'j}
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] cbDo ;fx; / cGtxLg w}o{n] g} dnfO{ s;/L
gxfl/sg n8\g'k5{ eGg] s'/f l;sfPsf] 5 .
VI
yfnf;]ldof af/]
ljifoj:t' tflnsf
e"ldsf
n]vssf] egfO
b'O{ zAb
cWofo != /ut / yfnf;]ldof
/ut– hLjg gbL
/utsf] sfd
/utsf] agfj6
k"0f{ /ut -xf]n An8_
/utsf k|sf/÷;d"x
/utsf /f]ux¿
yfnf;]ldof d]h/
cWofo @= cg'j+flzstf / yfnf;]ldof
cg'j+z -hLgx¿_
/ftf] /Qmsf]ifdf x'g] vf]6n] x'G5 yfnf;]ldof d]h/
x]df]Unf]lag / kmnfd tTj
Unf]lag ;+Zn]if0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ cg'j+z -hLgx¿_
yfnf;]ldofsf] Kofyf]lkmlhof]nf]hL, β r]gx¿sf] cefj /
α r]gx¿sf] clwstf
yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] lgbfg
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf] lgbfg ug{ ;j{q k|of]u ul/g] x]df6f]nf]lhsn ljlw
β yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf] pkrf/
cWofo #= /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ ljlw
6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ k4lt slxn] z'¿ ug]{
;'/lIft 6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ k4ltsf] ;'lglZrttf
/Qm ;d"x h]gf]6fOk
s] 6«fG:k\mo'hg ug]{ <
6«fG:k\mo'hg ljlwsf] lg0f{o
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ljlwsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cf+sng
6«fG:k\mo'hg k|lts[ofsf] pkrf/
XI
XIII
XV
1
1
1
3
3
6
8
8
10
10
13
13
16
18
20
21
24
25
25
27
28
28
33
35
40
VII
cWofo $= kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf / To;sf] ck;f/0f -lrn];g_
45
:j:Yo z/L/df kmnfd tTj
45
yfnf;]ldofdf kmnfd tTj
46
cTolws kmnfd tTjn] s;/L z/L/ lauf5{ <
48
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg -l8=Pkm=cf]_ cyjf 8]:km]/n
49
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ slxn] z'? ug]{ <
51
l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg] c¿ tl/sfx¿
53
l8=Pkm=cf]= pkrf/sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"NofÍg
57
l8=Pkm=cf]= sf] dfqf ldnfpg k]ml/l6g txsf] k|of]u
58
lk;fadf kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf
60
l8=Pkm=cf]= pkrf/ k4ltn] Nofpg] ;d:ofx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf]
;Defjgf
61
ue{jlt cj:yf
65
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg pkrf/ k4lt;Fusf] ;fd~h:otf
66
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] c¿ cf}ifwLx¿
67
l8k]ml/k|f]g -Pn !_ n] s;/L sfd u5{ <
68
l8k]ml/k|f]gsf cGo kfZj{ k|efjx¿
71
l8k]ml/k|f]gsf] k|efjsfl/tf
73
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] gofF cf}ifwLx¿
75
cWofo %= yfnf;]ldof;Fu ;DalGwt d]l8sn ;d:ofx¿ /
ltgsf] pkrf/
76
lkmof] a9\g] ;d:of (Hypersplenism)
lkmof] x6fpg] sfd / ;ª\qmd0f -:Kn]g]S6f]dL_
d'6' / cGt>fjL u|GyLsf ;d:ofx¿
d'6'sf ;d:ofx¿
cGt>fjL u|GyLsf ;d:ofx¿
76
78
80
80
84
cWofo ^= yfnf;]ldofdf ;ª\qmd0f
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgaf6 x'g] ;ª\qmd0f
x]kf6fOl6; la efO/; -Pr=la=le=_ af6 x'g] ;ª\qmd0f
x]kf6fOl6; ;L -Pr=l;=le=_
c¿ efO/;x¿
VIII
94
96
97
100
105
yfnf;]ldof af/]
gofF Kofyf]hLgx¿
k'/fgf Kofyf]hLgx¿af6 hlGdPsf gofF lrGtfx¿
/utsf] ;'/Iff
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df /utsf] pknAwtf / ;'/Iff
pkrf/ gul/Psf] yfnf;]ldof d]h/df cGTodf s] x'G5– ;f/f+z
106
106
107
108
110
cWofo &= yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8of / c¿ k|sf/sf yfnf;]ldofx¿ 111
/f]usf] lgbfg
113
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf] Joj:yfkg
113
kmnfd tTjsf] ck;f/0f -lrn];g_
114
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofdf d]l8sn ;d:ofx¿
115
yfnf;]ldof;Fu ;DalGwt c8afË] x]df]Unf]lag cyjf ;+/rgfut ¿kn]
x]df]Unf]lag cGt/ kfg]{ tTjx¿
118
la–yfn];]ldof;Fu ldl>t c8afË] x]df]Unf]lagx¿
119
α yfnf;]ldof
120
cWofo *= :yflkt pkrf/sf ljlwx¿ / eljiosf ;Defjgfx¿
x•Lsf] dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ sf] k|Tof/f]k0f -la Pd 6L_
x•Lsf] dHhfsf] k|Tof/f]k0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
hf]lvdx¿ s]–s] x'g\ <
hf]lvdnfO{ s;/L Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
7\ofSs ldNg] lsl;dsf] x•Lsf] dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ k|Tof/f]k0fsf c¿
tl/sfx¿
lgisif{
;fn -s8{ An8_ sf] /ut k|Tof/f]k0f
cWofo (= pkrf/sf c¿ tl/sfx¿
121
121
121
122
123
125
126
127
129
kmf]P6n x]df]Unf]lag a9fpg d2t ug]{
129
hLg pkrf/ ljlw -hLg y]/fkL_
130
/f]kg sfo{ -ODKnfG6];g_ k"j{ Pr=Pn=P= ldnfP/ /f]usf] lgbfg ug]{ ljlw 130
cWofo !)= dgf]j}1flgs k|efjx¿
131
la/fdL
cleefjs -cfdf–a'afx¿_
131
131
IX
la/fdL / ltgsf afa'–cfdfx¿
;"rgf / ;xof]u kfpg'
yfnf;]ldof d]h/ ePsf afn, jo:s / j[4x¿
cWofo !!= cltl/Qm hfgsf/L
hLjgsf] arfO{ / hLjg:t/
cWofo !@= Plkl8ldof]nf]hL / yfnf;]ldofsf] /f]syfd
Plkl8ldof]nf]hL -/f]usf] If]qut lj:tf/_
/f]syfd
/f]syfdsf] dxTj
yfnf;]ldof s;/L cfdfafa'af6 5f]/f5f]/Ldf ;5{ <
yfnf;]ldofsf ;+jfxsx¿sf (Carriers) ljifodf
cfk"mdf yfnf;]ldof x'g ;Sg] u'0f ljBdfg 5 – 5}g eg]/ hfGg lsg
cfjZos 5 <
c? c;fdfGo x]df]Unf]lagx¿ / x]df]Unf]lagsf u8a8Lx¿
a yfnf;]ldof
cfk"m afxs eP gePsf] kQf nufpg cg'j+zLo ;/;Nnfx -sfplG;lnË_
/ut s;n] k/LIf0f u/fpg' k5{ <
;xuf]qtf -k'Vof}{nL ;DaGw_
hf]lvddf /x]sf hf]8Lx¿sf nflu pknAw ljsNkx¿
yfnf;]ldofsf] nflu e|'0fsf] k/LIf0f
137
137
142
142
144
144
145
145
146
146
148
149
152
153
153
154
zAb cy{ ;+u|x
158
pkof]uL hfgsf/L
171
vfgkfg clg yfnf;]ldof
T2* n] d'6'df ePsf] kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf gfK5
k\mnf] rf6{
o; k':tsdf k|of]u ul/Psf ;+lIfKt ¿kx¿, OsfO / gfkx¿
qm;j8{;\ – a|]g l6h;{
pkof]uL j]a;fO6x¿
kqfrf/sf] nflu cfjZos 7]ufgf / hfgsf/L
X
132
133
134
171
180
182
187
188
198
200
yfnf;]ldof af/]
e"ldsf
ljZje/ yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] /f]syfd / plrt pkrf/fTds
;]jfsf] gLlt k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ;g\ !(*^ df yfnf;]ldof
cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3 -l6=cfO=Pkm=_ sf] :yfkgf eof] .
/fli6«o yfnf;]ldof ;+u7gx¿sf] :yfkgf, j[l4 / yfnf;]ldof /f]usf]
If]qdf sfd ug]{ ljz]if1x¿nfO{ lgoldt tflnd lbg Ps z}lIfs
sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; g} l6=cfO=Pkm= sf cg]s dxTjk"0f{ sfo{qmdx¿
-;fwgx¿_ dWo] k|d'v x'g\ h;dfkm{t l6=cfO=Pkm=n] cfk\mgf
p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug]{ nIo /fVb5 . o; ;Gbe{df l6=cfO=Pkm=n]
/fli6«o:t/df /f]uLx¿ / tLgsf cleefjsx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ alnof]
agfpg] s'/fnfO{ plrt dxTj lbPsf] 5 lsgls of] ;d"xn]
yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] k|efjsf/L /f]syfd / plrt lrlsT;sLo
-d]l8sn_ ;]jf / pkrf/sf] nflu pko'Qm /fli6«\o gLlt th'{df
ug{ :jf:Yo clwsf/Ldfly ultnf] bjfj l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 .
yfnf]ldof ;ª\u7gx¿n] hgr]tgf hfu/0f cleofgdf lg;ª\sf]r
¿kn] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ h'g s'/f yfnf;]ldof /f]u
lgoGq0f ug]{ s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf] Ps cË aGg ;Sb5 .
l6=cfO=Pkm= n] pTkfbgd"ns z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] ljsf;, /fli6«o,
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df sfo{zfnf uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ / ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf
ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . /f]uLx¿, ltgsf cleefjx¿ / hg;fwf/0fnfO{
yfnf;]ldof /f]u, o;sf] /f]syfd / pkrf/sf] af/]df cfwf/e"t
hfgsf/L lbg] ;fdu|Lx¿b]lv lnP/ o; /f]usf] lrlsT;sLo
-d]l8sn_ Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg j}1flgsx¿nfO{ rflxg]
kf7\o;fdu|L;Fu} c¿ Jofks ljifox¿nfO{ ljleGg efiffdf cg'jfb
u/L k|sfzg ug]{ sfdnfO{ l6=cfO=Pkm=n] plQs} dxTj lbPsf]
5.
of] k':ts cfjZos lrqx¿;lxt ;/n ¿kn] k|:t't Ps tfhf
hfgsf/L ePsf], /f]uLx¿ ltgsf cleefjsx¿sf nflu clt
g} d"Nojfg\ >f]t aGg'sf ;fy} o;n] yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] sf/0f,
XI
:jefj, pkrf/, ;fdflhs / ;+j]ufTds cfofdx¿h:tf ofjt s'/fx¿ a'´\gsf]
nflu ultnf] of]ubfg lbg]5 .
l6=cfO=Pkm= sf j}1flgs ;+of]hs 8f= P08««'nf Pn]k\my]/Lof]n] of] lstfa n]vgdf
p7fPsf] r'gf}ltk"0f{ sbdk|lt d clt g} s[t1 5' . jf:tjdf of] gofF / ;Dk"0f{
¿kn] ;dofg's"n s[ltn] yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿, ltgsf cleefjsx¿df /f]usf]
;fdgf ug{ / h'´\gsf] nflu Ps gofF cfzfsf] ;~rf/ u/L pgLx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/
;xof]u k'¥ofO /xg]5 eGg] s'/fdf d ljZj:t 5' .
Kofgf]; Pª\n]hf];
cWoIf, l6=cfO=Pkm=
XII
yfnf;]ldof af/]
n]vssf] egfO
Kof/f ;fyLx¿,
hj yfnf;]ldof cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3sf af]8{ cWoIfn] dnfO{ yfnf;]ldof /f]uaf/]
o;sf /f]uL / ltgsf cleefjsx¿sf] cfjZostfdfly s]lGb|t x'Fb} Ps lstfa
n]Vg] s'/fdf ljrf/ ug]{ xf] ls < eGg'eof], d cGsgfPF lsgls of] sfd r'gf}ltk"0f{
h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ . yfnf;]ldof /]fusf] af/]df s'zn / pTs[i6 Ps j}1flgsåf/f
s]xL jif{ cl3 g} o; ljifodf Ps cToGt ;kmn / ;j{lk|o lstfa n]lv;lsPsf]
lyof] . ToxL ;dob]lv yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] /f]syfdsf] ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿df ;fx|} w]/}
/ cToGt dxTjk"0f{ k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ .
oL ;Dk"0f{ gofF k|ultx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ lstfa n]Vg] r"gf}ltnfO{ zL/f]wfo{ ug]{
lg0f{o ug'{sf] k5fl8 c¿ y'k|} sf/0fx¿ klg 5g\ . k|ydtM l6=cfO=Pkm=;Fu
d]/f] ;+nUgtf Hofb} ulx/f] 5 / d o;sf p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{ sl6a4 5' . c´}
dxTjk"0f{ s'/f t ljZj yfnf;]ldof kl/jf/sf] dnfO{ cToGt dfof nfU5 h;sf]
Ps cË ;D´G5' d cfkm"nfO{ .
yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uL / ltgsf cleefjsnfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ of] /f]u, o;sf]
/f]syfd / pkrf/sf] nflu ;fFrf] / ;dofg's"n hfgsf/L lbg] lstfa n]Vg d}n]
cToGt s8f k|of; u/]sL 5' . of] hfgsf/LnfO{ :ki6 / ;/n efiffdf n]Vg cg]s
k|of;x¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . t/ of] k|of; of] lstfasf tL cg'R5]bx¿df ;Dej
ePsf] 5}g hxfF efiffsf] clt ;/nkgn] cy{sf] :ki6tfnfO{ lauf5{ eGg] s'/fdf
d ;hu ePF . t/ h] xf];\, dnfO{ cfzf 5 ls lstfasf] cGTodf lbPsf] zAb—
cy{ / To;/L g} efiffsf] clt ;/nLs/0f ;Dej gx'g] 7fpFx¿df lbOPsf gSzf
/ lrqx¿n] klg kf7sx¿nfO{ lstfa c´ k"0f{ ¿kn] a'´\g d2t ug]{5g\ .
kf7sx¿n] yfxf kfpg' g} x'g]5 ls lstfjsf] vf;—vf; efux¿nfO{ w]/} dxTj
lbOPsf] 5 . h'g efux¿n] /f]uLx¿sf] pkrf/ k|lqmof ;d]6]/ pgLx¿sf] arfj6
/ hLjgsf] :t/k|lt a9L k/v /fVb5g\ eGg] dnfO{ nfUof] tL efux¿df lj:t[t
hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] lg0f{o lnOPsf] 5 . h:t} d'6';DaGwL cWoog ug]{
v08df, lrlsT;sLo -d]l8sn_ / cGo k|fljlws zAbfjnLx¿sf] a9L k|of]u
ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] of] v08nfO{ c´ lj:t[t agfpg ;lsPg . oxfF lbOPsf ;a}
hfgsf/Lx¿ l6=cfO=Pkm=sf k|sflzt k|ltj]bg / ;ldIffaf6 lnOPsf 5g\ .
XIII
olb kf7sx¿n] cg'/f]w u/]df o; k':tsdf 5nkmn ul/Psf ljifoj:t'x¿;Fu
;DalGwt k|sfzgx¿ l6=cfO=Pkm=n] pknAw u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
of] k':ts ;Fu;Fu} æv]n / yfnf;]ldofsf af/]df l;sÆ eGg] v]n / æyfnf;]ldofsf
af/]dfÆ eGg] sf6{'g lstfax¿ c´}klg tof/Lsf] r/0fd} 5g\ t/ klg oL s'/fx¿
k5\ofPsf] v08df ;a} pd]/ ;d'bfosf /f]uLx¿ / ltgsf cleefjsx¿n]
yfnf;]ldof /f]u / o;sf] pkrf/sf] af/]df /dfO{nf] 9Ën] w]/} hfgsf/Lx¿ k|fKt
ug]{5g\ .
la/fdL / ltgsf cleefjsx¿n] :jf:YosdL{;Fu cGt/lqmof ubf{ ;'Gg] u/]sf
y'k|} zAbx¿sf] cy{ of] k|sfzgdf lbOPsf] 5 To;}n] la/fdLx¿n] ;'g]sf t/
yfnf;]ldofsf] af/]df a}1flgs ¿kn] n]lvPsf lstfa / klqsfx¿df kfOg]
cK7\of/f zAbx¿sf] cy{;d]t hfGg o; k|sfzgn] pgLx¿nfO{ d2t ug]{5 eGg]
cfzf /flvPsf] 5 .
yfnf;]ldof c¿ cf0f'jf+lzs -h]g]l6s_ :jf:Yo u8a8L / logsf] /f]syfd;DaGwL
hgr]tgf hfu/0f ug]{ ;+:yfut gLlt ePsf b]zx¿df a:g] yfnf;]ldofsf bL3{
/f]uLx¿ /f]uaf/] w]/} hfgsf/ x'G5g\ clg o;sf] af/]df ePsf gofF k|ultx¿sf]
tfhf ;"rgf / hfgsf/Lx¿ nuftf/ ¿kn] vf]lh/x]sf x'G5g\ t/ ljsf;f]Gd'v
b]zsf /f]uLx¿nfO{ /f]usf] af/]df e/kbf]{ / ;dofg's"n ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ w]/}
;xof]usf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o:tf hfgsf/L / ;"rgfx¿ /f]uLx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf]
/f]u JolQmut txdf ;fdgf ug{ d2t ug'{sf] ;fy} cfk\mgf] b]zsf] ;/sf/nfO{
yfnf;]ldofsf] pko'Qm pkrf/sf] af/]df gLlt lgod th'{df ug{ bjfj lbg]
Jofks:t/sf] ;ª\3if{sf] nflu klg w]/} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ .
cGTodf, of] lstfadf Pp6f ;fgf] cWofo klg 5 h;df s;/L yfnf;]ldof
/f]un] u|l;t aRrfsf] hGdaf6 hf]lug] eGg] ljifo ;d]6\5 . pQm ljifo
hg:jf:Yosf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;fy} clxn]sf la/fdLsf] nflu s;/L u':t/Lo pkrf/
;]jf ;'lglZrt ug]{ eGg] ;Gbe{df klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 . yfnf;]ldof /f]uaf6 u|l;t
yk aRrfx¿sf] hGdn] clxn] eO/x]sf /f]uLx¿nfO{ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ lrlsT;sLo
-d]l8sn_ ;]jfsf] >f]t / ;fwgx¿nfO{ uDeL/ ¿kn] ;Lldt kfg]{ sfd ub{5 .
XIV
yfnf;]ldof af/]
b'O{ zAb
yfn];]ldof eGg] 8f= PG8|'nf On]k\my]/Lof]n] n]v]sf] k':ts g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb
u/L k|sfzg ug{ kfpFbf dnfO{ cToGt v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . yfnf;]ldof eGg] /f]u
tyf To;sf lgbfg ;DaGwL pkfox¿ cFufn]sf] o; k':tssf] g]kfnL efiffdf
k|sfzgn] lj/fdL, cleefjs, pkrf/sdL{, ;~rf/sdL{ tyf ;DalGwt lgsfosf
k|zf;sx¿nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd o; /f]usf af/]df cjut u/fpg]5 eGg] cfzf
lnPsf] 5' .
of] k':ts cg'jfb u/L k|sfzg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf]df yfn];]ldof cGt/f{li6«o
dxf;+3nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . cg'jfb ug{df cfˆgf] cd"No ;do pknAw
u/fO{ ;xof]u ul/lbg'x'g] g]kfn yfnf;]ldof ;f];fOl6sf cWoIf b'uf{ kf7s tyf
ldqx¿, afn/f]u ljz]if1x¿ tyf cGo ;Dk"0f{ ;xof]uL ;fyLx¿nfO{ wGojfb
1fkg ub{5' .
k|f=8f= clht /fodfemL
XV
XVI
yfnf;]ldof af/]
cWofo !
/ut / yfnf;]ldof
1a
/ftf] = clS;hgo'Qm /ut
lgnf] = clS;hg/lxt /ut
yfnf;]ldof /f]ux¿sf] o:tf] Pp6f ;d"x xf] h;n] z/L/nfO{ k|z:t
dfqfdf pRr:t/sf] :j:y /ut agfpg afwf u5{ . xfdLnfO{ yfxf
5, dfgj z/L/ /utn] ubf{ hLpFbf] /xG5 . To;}n] /utnfO{ c;/
k'¥ofpg] s'g} klg ;d:of / pQm ;d:ofnfO{ xfd|f] z/L/n] s;/L
;fdgf u5{ eGg] hfGg' cfjZos 5 .
/ut– hLjg gbL
/ut Pp6f hLjGt t/n kbfy{ xf] h;n] z/L/sf k|To]s cË
/ tGt'x¿df kf]if0ftf k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} ToxfF ePsf ljsf/
j:t'x¿nfO{ af]s]/ n}hfg] sfd u5{ . Pshgf :j:Yo jo:s
JolQmsf] z/L/df % b]lv ^ ln6/ /ut x'G5 h'g xfd|f] z/L/sf]
s"n jhgsf] & b]lv * k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 .
/ut d'6'sf] ;xfotfn] z/L/el/ 3'D5 . d'6'n] /QmgnL elgg]
;fgf–;fgf /QmgnLx¿sf] ;~hfn dfk{mt /utnfO{ z/L/el/ k|jfx
ub{5 . km/s cfsf/ / sfo{ ePsf /QmgnLx¿ hDdf # k|sf/sf
x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿ wdgL, lz/f, /Qmsf]zLsfx¿ x'g\ -x]g'{xf];\ 1a,
1b_ . oL ;Dk"0f{ /QmgnLx¿sf] ;~hfnnfO{ /Qm;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf]
gfdn] hflgG5 .
/utsf] sfd
/utn] w]/} k|sf/sf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ u5{M
!= clS;hgsf] ;~rf/– z/L/nfO{ sfd ug{sf] nflu cfjZos
kf]ifs tTjx¿ af]s]/ Nofpg] / z/L/n] aflx/ kmfNg'kg]{
ljiffQm ljsf/ j:t'x¿nfO{ af]s]/ n}hfg] h:tf sfdx¿sf]
nflu xfd|f] z/L/ /utdf lge{/ ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;a}
hLljt k|f0fL / sf]ifx¿nfO{ hLljt /xg / sfo{ ug{sf] nflu
xfdLn] ;f; k]mg]{ clS;hg jfo'sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . of]
jfo' -clS;hg_ /utn] kmf]S;f]af6 lnG5 / z/L/sf ljleGg
cËx¿df k'¥ofpF5 .
1b
xfjfsf] y}nfdf
hfFb} u/]sf]
/ut
xfjfsf]
y}nfaf6
aflx/ hfg]
/ut
PNe]n;
/Qms]lzsfx¿
1
1c
/Qms]lzsfx¿sf] leQfdf /ut / tGt'x¿sf] t/n
kbfy{lar x'g] cfbfg k|bfg
1d
sf]ifx¿sf]
aLrsf] vfnL
7fpFdf x'g] tGt'
Un'sf]h
t/n kbfy{
5fnf— o'l/of / cGo
nj0ftTjx¿ kl;gfsf]
¿kdf aflx/ lgsfN5
/ut aUg]
lbzf
kmf]S;f]— sfa{g
8fOcS;fO{8 jfo' aflx/
ôfFS5
tGt'sf]ifx¿
/utaf6 cfpg]
Go'6«f]lkmn
xdf]{G;
/Qms]lzsf
Pldgf] Pl;8
sfa{g8fOcS;fO8
/ftf] /Qmsf]if
sn]hf]— /f;folgs
ljsf/x¿nfO{ lkQsf]
¿kdf lj;h{g ub{5
tGt'n] ug]{ pTkfbgx¿
h:t}— xdf]{g
clS;hg
le6fldg
ljsf/o'Qm
kbfy{x¿
d[uf}nf— d'q / cgo
nj0fx¿nfO{ lg:sfzg
ub{5
ôf§L Pl;8
vlgh tTj
/ut aUg] lbzf
/utaf6 cfpg]
df]gf];fO6
@= sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 af]s]/ n}hfg] sfo{– z/L/sf sf]ifx¿n]
lgsfn]sf] ljsf/o'Qm sfj{gcS;fO8 gfds jfo'nfO{
/utn] kmf]S;f];Dd af]s]/ n}hfg] sfd ub{5 . kmf]S;f]n]
sfj{g8fO{cS;fO8nfO{ z/L/ aflx/ k|jfx u5{ .
/utn] o'l/of / o'l/sPl;8h:tf ljsf/o'Qm kbfy{nfO{;d]t
d[uf}nf / sn]hf];Dd k'¥ofpg] sfd ub{5 . cGTodf oL
ljsf/o'Qm, z/L/sf] nflu cgfjZos j:t'x¿ /utaf6 cnu
aGb5g\ / dnd"qsf] ¿kdf z/L/af6 aflx/ lg:sG5g\ (x]g'{xf];\
1c)
#= /utn] xfdf]{gh:tf ljlzi6 lsl;dsf /;fogx¿nfO{ klg
Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf n}hfG5 . oL xfdf]{gx¿n] cGt>fjL
1e
kfrg k|0ffnL
vfgf rkfpgfn] lgNg /
O~hfO{d ;lqmo agfpg
d2t ldN5
PlkUnf]l6;\n] vfgfnfO{
Zjf;gnLlt/ hfgaf6
/f]S5
lkQ y}nLn] lkQ hDdf
ub{5
Sofsdsf] dfgj z/L/df vf;
sfd x'Fb}g t/ hgfj/x¿df
o;n] 3fF; krfpg] u5{ . o;df
ePsf AofS6]l/ofx¿n] :6fr{nfO{
Un'sf]hdf kl/0ft u5{g\ .
u'2y}nLdf gkr]sf] vfgf lbzfsf]
¿kdf hDdf x'G5 / u'4f/af6
lgisflzt x'G5
2
jsn Sofle6L
¥ofn u|GyLx¿n] jsn
Sofle6Ldf ¥ofn lgsfN5g\
tfn'
sn]hf]n] lgsfn]sf] lkQ
lkQy}nLdf hDdf x'G5 /
;fgf] cfGb|flt/ hfG5
lha|f]
6«oflsof
cf];f]k]mu;\
8fok|mfd
cfdf;on] Uofl:6«s pTkfbg
u5{
KofGqmLofhn] KofGqmLofl6s
h'; lgsfN5, of] h'; ;fgf]
cfGb|ftkm{ hfG5
;fgf] cfGb|fn] O{G6]:6fOgn h';
lgsfN5 . kr]sf] vfgfnfO{
cjzf]if0f ug]{ sfd ;fgf] cfGb|fn]
u5{
7"nf] cfGb|f h;df k|z:t
kfgL hDdf x'G5
yfnf;]ldof af/]
k|0ffnL / of}g tyf k|hgg k|0ffnL h:tf z/L/sf dxTjk"0f{
k|0ffnLsf] sfo{x¿nfO{ ;"rf¿ agfpF5g\ .
$= /utn] kfrg k|0ffnLdf xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgf 6'qm]/ aGg] k|f]l6g,
af];f], sfjf]{xfO8«]8h:tf kf}li6s tTjx¿nfO{ z/L/sf ljleGg
cËx¿df k'¥ofpg] sfd u5{ . (x]g'{xf];\ 1d, 1e)
%= /utn] sf]ifx¿sf] dfWodaf6 z/L/df nfUg] ljleGg /f]ux¿
/ ;ª\qmd0flj¿4 h'´\g ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . h;af6 z/L/sf]
k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
/utsf] agfj6
1g
sf]if
Go"lSno;
Go"lSno;n] sf]ifsf]
sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{
/ gofF sf]if agfpg
lgb]{zg lbg] sfd
ub{5 .
xf8sf] lardf /x]sf] vf]qmf] efudf kfOg] x•Lsf] dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_
elgg] Ps k|sf/sf] tGt'df /ut pTkfbg x'G5 (x]g'{xf];\ 1f) .
afNocj:yfdf /Qmsf]ifx¿ z/L/sf ljleGg tGt'x¿df aGb5g\ .
jo:s JolQmx¿df eg] vKk/, 9f8, s/Ë, k'¶fleq /x]sf] xf8sf]
dHhfdf dfq /Qmsf]ifx¿ aGb5g\ .
k"0f{ /ut -xf]n An8_
k"0f{ /ut @ efu ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . csf]ifLo– o;df /Qmsf]if
x'Fb}g . sf]ifLo– o;df /utsf] sf]if x'G5 . xfd|f] z/L/ ;'Idbz{s
oGqn] dfq b]Vg ;lsg] v/af}F OsfOx¿n] ag]sf] x'G5 . z/L/ lgdf{0f
ug]{ o:tf ;'Id Ansx¿nfO{ sf]if elgG5 . sf]ifx¿ v'Nnf cfFvfn]
b]Vg g;lsg] u/L ;fgf x'G5g\ . k|foM h;f] tGt'x¿df logLx¿
Ps cfk;df hf]l8P/ /x]sf x'G5g\ t/ /utdf eg] sf]ifx¿ jl/kl/
t}l/P/ /xG5g\ . k|To]s sf]ifsf ltg efu x'G5g\M Go"lSno; cyjf
s]Gb|Lo efu, Go'lSno; jl/kl/ /xg] kbfy{ ;fO6f]KnfHd / sf]if
jl/kl/sf] sf]ifnfO{ cfsf/ lbg] sf]if lŃnL u/]/ sf]ifsf d'Vo
# efu x'G5g\ (x]g'{xf];\ 1g) . oL k|To]s efux¿leq ljlzi6
k|sf/sf] sfo{ ePsf] c¿ s}of}F ;+/rgfx¿ x'G5g\ t/ k|f]l6g,
af];f], sfjf]{xfO8«]8, Go"lSns Pl;8, 3'lnP/ /x]sf c0f'x¿
/ lghL{j cfogx¿sf] cnfjf sf]ifsf] d'Vo efu kfgL xf] .
k|f]l6gx¿ xfd|f] sf]ifsf sfo{zLn 3f]8fx¿ x'g\ . o:tf nfvf}F
lsl;dsf 3f]8fx¿ xfd|f] z/L/df 5g\ .
dfO6f]sf]lG8«og
;fO6f]KnfHd— of]
h]nLh:tf] x'G5 .
o;leq x'g] /f;folgs
k|ltlqmofx¿n]
sf]ifnfO{ hLljt
/fVb5 .
1f
sf]if lemlNn -d]Da|]g_
—of] sf]if jl/kl/
/x]sf] sf]ifnfO{ cfsf/
lbg] kftnf] lemNnL
xf] . sf]ifleq hfg] /
cfpg] kbfy{nfO{ o;n]
lgoGq0f ub{5 .
x8\8Lsf] dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_
3
1h
sf]ifdf lglxt k|f]l6gsf sfo{x¿
/utdf x'g] tTjx¿ / dfqf
Go'6«f]lkmn
lnDkmf];fO6
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿
Kn]6n]6\;\
df]gf];fO6
KnfHdf
•
•
•
•
•
1f
x8\8L
k]l/cf]:6]od
sDKofS6 x•L
ge{
:kf]~hL x•L
/QmgnLx¿
x•L dHhf
-af]g Dof/f]_
;a}h;f] sf]ifLo ;+/rgfsf] nflu lgdf{0ffTds
Ans pknAw u/fpg] .
O~hfOdsf] ¿kdf sfd u/L hLjgnfO{ ;Dej
agfpg] /;folgs k|lts[ofsf] pQ]hs -Sof6flni6_
sf] sfd ug]{ .
sf]ifsf] ;txdf x'g] ;~rf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{
hLg -c0f'j+z_ x¿sf] cleJoQmnfO{ lgoGq0f
ug]{ .
cf0f'jf+lzs kbfy{ -h]g]l6s kbfy{_ sf] k|lts[lt
pTkfbg ug]{ .
!= /utsf] kx]Fnf] t/n kbfy{af6 ag]sf] csf]ifLo efunfO{{
KnfHdf elgG5 . o;n] k"0f{ /utsf] %% k|ltzt efu
cf]u6\5 . KnfHdf kfgL / g"gsf] ;fy} dxTjk"0f{ k|f]l6gx¿n]
ag]sf] x'G5 . o;n] ljleGg tTjx¿ z/L/el/ k'¥ofpF5 .
h:t}–
PNj'ldg– /utdf /x]sf] d'Vo k|f]l6g
Unf]j'lng– ufdf Unf]a'lng;d]t /x]sf] of] k|f]l6g b;f}F xhf/
PlG6a8Lx¿n] ag]sf] x'G5 h;n] z/L/nfO{ ;ª\qmd0f /
/f]ux¿;Fu h'´\g d2t ub{5 .
kmfOa|Lgf]lhg– o;n] /utnfO{ hDg ;xof]u u5{ . h;n] ubf{
rf]6 k6s nfUbf z/L/af6 a9L /ut aUg kfpFb}g .
@= /utsf] sf]ifLo efu c¿ # j6f sf]ifx¿af6 lgdf{0f x'G5
h;sf] /ftf] /Qmsf]ifnfO{ Pl/y|f];fO6, ;]tf]nfO{ No'sf];fO6
/ Kn]6\n]6\;nfO{ y|f]Djf];fo6 elgG5 . (x]g'{xf];\ 1h)
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ cyjf Pl/y|f];fO6\; -cf/=la=;L=_ xfd|f]
z/L/df ´08} $% nfvb]lv %) nfv k|lt 3g ld=ld=;Dd
x'G5g\ h'g s'n /Qm 3gTjsf] $% k|ltzt efu xf] . c¿
sf]ifLo tTjx¿sf] t'ngfdf /ftf] /Qmsf]ifsf] ;fnfvfnf cfo'
nfdf] x'G5 . oL /Qmsf]ifx¿ !)) b]lv !@) lbg;Dd hLljt
/xG5g\ .
4
yfnf;]ldof af/]
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] k|fylds sfo{ clS;hgnfO{ x]df]Unf]lag eGg]
of}lus;Fu ldnfP/ z/L/el/ k'¥ofpg' xf] . To;}n] ubf{ dfq z/L/sf
tGt' / sf]if;Dd clS;hg k'Ub5 . /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿df ´08} #)
s/f]8eGbf a9L x]df]Unf]lagsf c0f'x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ h;n] /utsf]
/Ë /ftf] agfpF5 . jf:tjdf /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿df x]df]Unf]lag olt
w]/} vfFlbP/ /x]sf x'G5g\ ls ltgLx¿df c¿ sf]ifx¿df kfOg]
h:tf] cGo tTj g} x'Fb}g . h:t} Go"lSno; (x]g'{xf];\ 1h) .
1i
Go"6«f]lkmn
/ftf] /Qmsf]ifsf] aflx/L tx cyjf l´lNn ;fa'gsf] lkmFhh:t}
w]/} skmNnf] x'G5 . ljz]ifu/L clS;hg cfk"lt{sf] nflu ha of]
cToGt ;–;fgf /Qmsf]lifsfx¿af6 axg'k5{ o:tf] a]nf of] sf]ifsf]
nrstfn] o;nfO{ ;a} lbzfdf g5'l§Osg df]l8g d2t u5{ .
1j
cf]l;gf]lkmn
1k
af;f]lkmn
1l
df]gf];fO6
/ftf /Qmsf]if;Fu sfj{lgs PGxL8«]; elgg] OGhfOd klg k|z:t
dfqfdf x'G5 h;n] sfj{g8fOcS;fO8nfO{ tGt'x¿af6 kmf]S;f];Dd
k'¥ofpgsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 .
;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ cyjf No"sf];fO6— (x]g'{xf];\ 1h) ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿
s"n /utsf] ! k|ltzt dfq x'G5g\ . oL /Qmsf]ifx¿n] z/L/sf]
cu|df]rf{df /x]/ JofS6]l/of, efO/;, kmGhfO{ / k/hLljh:tf
ls6f0f';Fu h'´\g] / z/L/nfO{ /f]uaf6 arfpg] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]Nb5g\ . ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿df sf]ifsf ljljw k|sf/x¿ ljBdfg
/xG5g\ / ltgLx¿ k|To]sn] ljleGg tl/sfn] ;ª\qmd0fsf] lj¿4
n8\g] / tGt'x¿nfO{ lau|gaf6 hf]ufpg] sfddf of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 .
ltgLx¿nfO{ agfj6 / cfsf/sf] cfwf/df o;/L juL{s/0f
ul/G5 .
•
u|fg'nf];fO6\; jf kf]nf]dkmf]{Go"lSno/ sf]ifx¿— oL sf]ifx¿sf]
:j¿k bfgfbf/ / uf]nfsf/ eO{ dflylt/ p7]sf] Go'lSn
ePsf] x'gfn] lognfO{ u|fg'nf];fO6\; of kf]nf]dkmf]{Go"lSnP/
eg]/ lrlgG5 . k|of]uzfnfdf logLx¿n] lng] :6]lgª\sf] /Ësf]
cfwf/df logLx¿nfO{ o;/L pkjlu{s/0f ul/G5—
− Go"6«f]lkmN; (x]g'{xf];\ 1i) -;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] &@ k|ltzt_
— logLx¿ :6]lgª\df lgnf] b]lvG5g\ .
− Ol;gf]lkmn (x]g'{xf];\ 1j) -;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] !=% k|ltzt_
— logLx¿ :6]lgªdf /ftf] b]lvG5g\ .
l;:d]S; kf]:6/af6
5
−
•
1m
Kn]6n]6\;n] s] sfd u5{ <
y'lgPsf /ftf
/Qmsf]ifx¿
Kn]6n]6\;
lkmla|g d];js{
!= 5fnf sfl6G5 / z/L/af6 /ut
aUg yfN5 .
@= /utdf lkmla|gf]lhg eGg] k|f]l6g
x'G5 . ha Kn]6n]6\;x¿ xfjfsf]
;Dks{df cfpF5g\ ltgLx¿n]
lkmla|nf]lhgnfO{ lkmla|g gfds
/];f -wfuf]_ df kl/0ft ub{5g\ .
oL /];fx¿ 3fpdfly hfnL ag]/
nfUb5g\ / /ut aUg lb+b}gg\ .
#= of] hfnLdf /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿
6fFl;G5g\ / /ut hdfO{ 3fpnfO{
6fN5g\ .
$= hd]sf] /ut ;'S5 / kfk|f] aG5 .
oxL kfk|f]d'lg 5fnf j[l4 x'G5 .
:Sofa
6
jf;f]lkm; (x]g'{xf];\ 1k) -;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] )=% k|ltzt_
— logLx¿ :6]lgªdf j}hgL b]lvG5 .
cGo ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿
− df]gf];fO6 (x]g'{xf];\ 1l) -;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] $ k|ltzt_
− lnDkmf];fO6 (x]g'{xf];\ 1h) -;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] @$
k|ltzt_
;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿eGbf 7"nf x'G5g\ t/ ltgLx¿sf]
;ª\Vof sd x'G5 . logLx¿ /utsf] &))) k|lt 3g So"=ld=ld=
x'G5g\ / logLx¿ !* b]lv #^ 306f;Ddsf] dfq 5f]6f] cfo' ePsf
x'G5g\ .
Kn]6n]6\;— 3fp, rf]6 nfu]/ /QmgnLx¿sf] 6'6k'm6 eO{ x'g]
/Qm>fjnfO{ /f]Sgsf nflu /ut hdfpg] k|lqmofsf] ;'¿jft ug]{
Psdfq t/ Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ sfd Kn]6n]6;
\ n] ub{5g\ . Kn]6n]6;
\ x¿
xfd|f] z/L/sf ;fx|} ;fgf;fgf /Qmsf]ifx¿ x'g\ (x]g'{xf];\ 1h). logLx¿
/utdf @ nfv k|lt 3g=ld=ld= x'G5g\ / logLx¿sf] cfo' (& b]lv
!)) lbg;Ddsf] x'G5 .
;]tf /Qmsf]if / Kn]6n]6\; -/ftf /Qmsf]if xf]Og_ b'a}sf] Go"lSno;
eGg] s]Gb|Lo efu x'G5 / o;nfO{ ;fO6f]KnfHdfn] 3]/]sf] x'G5 .
;]tf, /ftf / Kn]6n]6\; ltg} j6f sf]ifx¿ Xofdf]kf]O6Ls :6]d
sf]if elgg] Pp6} aLh sf]ifaf6 pTkGg x'G5g\ . aLhsf]ifx¿ clt
lta| ultdf aG5g\ . vfnL rf/ xKtfsf] ;dodf s]jn !) j6f
aLhsf]ifx¿ j[l4 eO{ #) va{ /ftf /Qmsf]if, #) ca{ ;]tf /Qmsf]if
/ !=@ va{ Kn]6n]6\;sf] ;ª\Vofdf k'Ub5g\ . logLx¿sf] of] j[l4
z/L/sf k|To]s /Qmsf]ifnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{ k|z:t x'G5 .
/utsf k|sf/÷;d"x
k|f]l6gsf] k|sf/af6 lrlgg] P, aL, PaL / cf] u/L hDdf $ k|sf/sf
/Qm;d"xx¿ 5g\ . oL ;d"xx¿nfO{ dfs{/ cyjf PG6LhLg eg]/
klg hflgG5 logLx¿ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] ;txdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .
k|To]s JolQmsf] /ut P, aL, PaL jf cf] ;d"xx¿dWo] s'g} Ps
;d"xdf kb{5 . o;sf] cy{ k|To]s JolQm;Fu oL ;d"xdWo]af6 s'g}
g s'g} Pp6f /ftf] /Qmsf]ifsf] ;d"x x'G5 .
yfnf;]ldof af/]
/Qm;d"x P– /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] ;txdf dfs{/
P ;d"x x'G5 .
/Qm;d"x aL– /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] ;txdf dfs{/
aL ;d"x x'G5 .
/Qm;d"x PaL– /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] ;txdf dfs{/
PaL ;d"x x'G5 .
1w
/Qm ;d"x -n]_ bfg ug{ ;S5g\
A
P / PaL ;d"x
B
aL / PaL ;d"x
AB
PaL
O
;a} ;d"x
lng ;S5g\ -nfO{_
P / cf] ;d"x
aL / cf] ;d"x
;a} ;d"x
cf] ;d"x
/Qm;d"x cf]– /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] ;txdf g t P dfs{/ x'G5 g
t aL g} .
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿df /Qm;d"x;Fu c;DalGwt csf]{ k|sf/sf] PG6LhLg
klg x'G5 h;nfO{ /];; -cf/= Pr_ PG6LhLg elgG5 . cf/=Pr=
dfs{/ ePsf] /utnfO{ cf/=Pr kf]h]l6e elgG5 / cf/=Pr= dfs{
gePsf] /utnfO{ cf/=Pr= g]u]l6e eg]/ hflgG5 .
@) eGbf a9L c¿ lsl;dsf /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ kQf nflu;s]sf
5g\ t/ dfly pNn]lvt ;d"xx¿ g} dxTjk"0f{ / ;a}n] hfg]sf
/Qm;d"xx¿ x'g\ .
Ps hgf JolQmn] cfk\mgf] /utsf] k|sf/ of ;d"xsf] af/]df
hfGg' kgf{sf] sf/0f y'k|} 5g\ . Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f t hxfF Ps
JolQmaf6 csf]{ JolQmnfO{ /ut lng'kg]{ x'G5 cyjf /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg
ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfsf] nflu xf] (x]g'{xf];\ 1w) . /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ubf{
/Qmbftfsf] /ut / /ut lng] JolQmsf] /ut 7\ofSs} ldNg'k5{
tfls /ut lng] JolQmsf] z/L/n] lnPsf] /ut c:jLsf/ gu/f];\ .
bftfn] lbPsf] /utsf] /Qm;d"x / /];;\ PG6LhLg /ut lng]sf]
/Qm;d"x;Fu ldN5 ldNb}g eg]/ bfFh]/ hfFRg] sfd /ut a}Ísf]
k|of]uzfnfdf x'G5 hxfF qm; DoflrË ug]{b]lv ldNg ;Sg] g;Sg]
s'/fsf] ;d]t hfFr x'G5 . olb bftfsf] /utsf] /Qm;d"x / cf/=
Pr= u'0f b'¿:t} ldn]gg\ eg] /ut lng] dfG5]sf] z/L/n] lnOPsf]
/utnfO{ cfqmd0fsf/L of x:tIf]ksf/Lsf] ¿kdf lnG5 / To;nfO{
gi6 ug{] k|oTg ub{5 . olb t'¿Gt} lgbfg / pkrf/ ePg eg]
z/L/n] ckl/lrt a]d]n /utsf] lj¿2 ug]{ ;ª\3if{sf] sf/0f /ut
lng] JolQm l;ls:t ¿kn] la/fdL kg{ of dg{ ;d]t ;Sb5 .
7
/utsf /f]ux¿
w]/}h;f] /f]ux¿ /utdf x'g] c;fwf/0f of cg'lrt u8a8Lsf]
sf/0fn] hlGdG5g\ . oL u8a8Lx¿sf] juL{s/0f u8a8Lx¿n]
/utsf] s'g efu k|efljt ePsf] xf] To; cg';f/ x'G5 . o;k|sf/
/utsf /f]ux¿df /ftf /Qmsf]ifsf /f]ux¿, ;]tf /Qmsf]ifsf /f]ux¿
/ /ut hDg] k|lqmofdf ;d:of;DaGwL /f]ux¿ kb{5g\ .
/ftf] /Qmsf]ifsf] /f]udf yfnf;]ldof kb{5 . /ftf] /Qmsf]ifsf] Pp6f
;fx|} k|rlnt /f]u dWo] /QmcNktf -Plgldof_ Ps xf] . of] /f]u
ePsfx¿sf] z/L/df /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] ;ª\Vof ;fx|} sd x'G5
/ x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx Hofb} tn ´5{ . Plgldofsf] ;fdfGo nIf0f
ysfj6 xf] lsgls o; /f]udf /utn] rflxFbf] dfqfdf clS;hg
af]Sg / z/L/el/ cfk"lt{ ug{ ;Sb}g . /utdf kmnfd tTjsf] sldn]
x'g] Plgldof ;a}eGbf a9L k|rlnt Plgldof xf] h;df xf8sf]
dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ n] k|z:t dfqfdf /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] pTkfbg
ub{ ;Sb}g . o; k|sf/sf] Plgldofsf] pkrf/ k|foM kmnfdo'Qm
vfg]s'/f lbP/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
c¿ k|sf/sf Plgldofx¿
t/ c¿ k|sf/sf Plgldof w]/} uDeL/ k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . x]df]nfO{l6s
Plgldofn] z/L/df /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ cToGt tLa| b/df gi6
ub{5 . yfnf;]ldof d]h/df x•Lsf] dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ n] /ftf
/Qmsf]ifx¿ pTkfbg ug]{ ljlQs} gi6 x'G5g\ / xf8sf] dHhfn] pxL
dfqfdf /ftf /Qmsf]ifsf] pTkfbg u/L ltgLx¿sf] k|lt:yfkg ug{
;Sb}g . oL /f]ux¿ j+zf0f'ut x'g\ / cToGt s8f vfnsf 5g\ . w]/}
jif{ cl3;Dd oL /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/ x'g ;Sb}g / /f]uLx¿ ckl/xfo{
¿kn] slnnf] pd]/ d} d5{g eGg] ;f]lrGYof] . clxn] xfdLn] yfxf
kfof}F ls olb la/fdLx¿n] ;xL pkrf/ kfP eg] pgLx¿ k"0f{ /
;d[4 hLjg afFRg ;S5g\ .
yfnf;]ldof d]h/
e"—dWo;fu/Lo /QmcNktfsf] /f]u -d]l86]l/og Plgldof_
cyjf s'n]s]f Plgldof eg]/ lrlgg] yfnf;]ldof d]h/ Psk6s
e"dWo;fu/sf] jl/kl/dfq ;Lldt 5 eGg] ;f]lrGYof] . u|Ls efiffdf
8
yfnf;]ldof af/]
Thalassa sf]
cy{ ;d'b| x'G5 / of] /f]u e"dWo ;fu/ jl/kl/ /x]sf
b]zx¿df klxnf b]vf k/]sf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ ;d'b|L If]qdf x'g]
Plgldof cyjf yfnf;f±PlgldofÖ yfnf;]ldof eGg yflnof] .
cd]l/sg afn/f]u ljz]if1 8f= 6d; s'n] / 8f= kn{ nLn] O6fnLsf]
/f]uLx¿sf] cWoog ul/;s]kl5 ;g\ !(@& df of] /f]usf lSnlgsn
ljz]iftfx¿sf] af/]df k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/L JofVof u/]sf] x'gfn]
o;nfO{ "s'n]sf] Plgldof" klg elgG5 .
yfnf;]ldof /f]ux¿dWo] ;a}eGbf s8f yfnf;]ldof d]h/ g} o;
lstfasf] d'Vo ljifo xf] . of] /f]u ljZjsf] ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL
kfOg] If]qdf a9L nfu]sf] kfOG5 . t/ dflg;x¿sf] e"d08nLo
cfjt–hfjtsf] j[l4;Fu} of] /f]u klxnf gePsf] e"uf]ndf klg
k'lu;s]sf] 5 . blIf0f o"/f]k / Pl;ofaf6 dflg;x¿sf] a;fFO
;/fOn] ubf{ ljz]if u/L pQ/ o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿ a]nfot, hd{gL
To;}u/L Sofgf8f, cd]l/sfdf klg yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿ 7"nf]
kl/df0fdf e]l6g yfn]sf 5g\ .
9
cWofo @
2a
c0f'jf+lzstf / yfnf;]ldof (Genetics
l8 Pg P
xfO8«f]hg af]08
and Thalassaemia)
yfnf;]ldof hLgx¿sf] dfWodn] afa'–cfdfaf6 ;Gtfgdf ;g]{
j+zf0f'ut /f]u xf] . of] /f]u xfjf, kfgL, /ut cyjf /f]uL;Fusf]
zf/Ll/s Pjd\ of}g ;Dks{af6 ;b}{g . g t of] /f]u Go'g kf]if0f
cyjf cGo d]l8sn cj:yfaf6 g} ;5{ .
hLgx¿ (Genes)
Iff/
2a
l8 Pg P e¥ofª\u
2b
lhgf]d
1 helical turn = 3.4 mm
;'u/ kmf]:k]m6 d]?b08
hLgx¿ k|To]s hLjsf] k"0f{ lrq x'g\ h;n] pQm hLjsf] j[l4 /
ljsf;nfO{ hLjge/ lgoGq0f ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ h}ljs ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{
ub{5g\ To;}n} hLgx¿ j+zf0f'ut h}ljs OsfOx¿ x'g\ . k|To]s
hLgsf] d'Vo efu l8clS;/fOaf]Go"lSns Pl;8 elgg] Pp6f
/f;folgs tTj xf] h;nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf l8=Pg=P= elgG5 .
l8=Pg=P= (DNA) -x]g'{xf];\ 2a_M l8=Pg=P= @ j6f ;dfgfGt/
;+/rgf;Fu} y'k|} v'8\lsnfx¿sf] >[+vnf af]s]sf] Pp6f e¥ofËh:tf]
agfj6 xf] . k|To]s v'8\lsnf Iff/ elgg] @ j6f /;fogx¿sf]
hf]8f ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ cª\u|]hL cIf/x¿ C, G, A,/ T
n] k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ h;df C n] ;fO6f]l;g, G n] u'jfgfOg, A
l8=Pg=P=
n] Pl8gfOg, / T n] yfOldg hgfpF5g\ . oL
rf/ Iff/ tTjx¿ Ps csf{;Fu lglj{sNk ¿kn]
hf]8L ag]/ /xG5g\ .
n] T / G n] C ;Fu dfq hf]8L agfpF5 -x]g'{xf];\ 2a_ e¥ofËh:tf]
b]lvg] ;+/rgfsf] k|To]s v'8\lsnfdf h'g qmddf oL Iffl/s tTjx¿
/xG5g\ ToxL qmdn] g} pQm hLjf0f'sf] c0f'jf+lzs ;ª\s]tsf]
lgwf{/0f x'G5 .
A
Pp6f hLjsf] l8=Pg=P= sf] ;du| ¿knfO{ lhgf]d elgG5 . dfgj
lhgf]d xhf/f}F hLgx¿ ldn]/ aGb5 . Pp6f hLjsf] h}ljs sfo{
;Dkfbg ug{sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ c0f'x¿ -h:t} k|f]l6g_
10
yfnf;]ldof af/]
lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu l8=Pg=P= n] lgb]{z k|bfg ug]{ sfd ub{5 .
x/]s sf]ifdf Pp6f h}ljs ;+oGq /xG5 h;n] hLgn] af]s]sf]
;"rgf u|x0f u/L c0f' agfpg] k|lqmofsf] ;'¿jft ub{5 . of] ;"rgf
l8=Pg=P= c0f'h:t} cf/=Pg=P= -/fOaf]Go'lSns Pl;8_ df gSsn
-slk_ x'G5 . l8=Pg=P=df h:t} cf/=Pg=P= df klg qmdzM G, A
/ T eg]/ lrlgg] u'jfgfOg, Pl8gfOg / yfOldg Iff/x¿ /x]sf
x'G5g\ . t/ ;fO6f]l;gsf] 7fpFdf cf/=Pg=P= df rf}yf] Iff/sf]
¿kdf o"/fl;n (U) /x]sf] x'G5 . cf/=Pg=P= l8=Pg=P= eGbf of]
cy{df klg km/s x'G5 ls o;sf] l8=Pg=P= df h:tf] e¥ofËh:tf]
b]lvg] ;+/rgf geP/ Pp6fdfq /];f /x]sf] x'G5 . k|f]l6gh:tf]
dxTjk"0f{ h}ljs pTkfbgsf] nflu sf]ifdf /x]sf] h}ljs ;+oGqnfO{
l8=Pg=P=sf] ;"rgf k'¥ofpg] ;Gb]zjfxs (messenger) sf] e"ldsf
v]Ng' Pd=cf/=Pg=P= (mRNA) sf] d"Vo sfd xf] .
2c
qmf]df]hf]D;
dfgj z/L/df x'g] y'k|} hl6n h}ljs sfo{x¿sf] nflu w]/}
hLgx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . qmf]df]hf]d elgg] cToGt nfdf]
l8=Pg=P=df oL hLgx¿ Ps csf{df hf]l8P/ /x]sf x'G5g\ .
dfgjsf]ifsf] z'qmsL6sf]if / c08sf]if -Egg Cell_ b]lv afx]s
c¿ ;a} qmf]df]hf]dsf @÷@ k|lt x'G5g\ / of] Psk|lt cfdfaf6 /
Psk|lt a'jfaf6 k|fKt x'G5 .
km/s km/s k|sf/sf hLjx¿df qmf]df]hf]dsf] ;ª\Vof km/s x'G5 .
dfgj z/L/df @# hf]8L -$^ j6f_ qmf]df]hf]dx¿ x'G5g\ (x]g'{xf];\
2c) . @@ hf]8L -$$ j6f_ qmf]df]hf]dx¿ dlxnf / k'¿if b'a}df Ps}
k|sf/sf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ c6f]hf]d elgG5 / afFsL ! hf]8L -@ j6f_
qmf]df]hf]dn] lnË lgwf{/0f u5{ . k|To]s dfgj z/L/df ePsf] k|To]s
hf]8L qmf]df]hf]ddWo] Pp6f cfdfaf6 / Pp6f afa'af6 cfPsf]
x'G5 . w]/} jif{sf] cg';Gwfgn] w]/} hLgx¿ kQf nufPsf] 5 h;df
kg]{ s'g} klg c;/n] y'k|} k|sf/sf c0f'jf+lzs u8a8Lsf /f]ux¿
hGdfpF5g\ .
h]g]l6s u8a8LnfO{ $ efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 .
!= qmf]df]hf]dsf] c;fdfGokg -qmf]df]hf]d PAgdf{lnl6h_M
qmf]df]hf]ddf 7"nf v08x¿ x/fPdf, bf]xf]l/Pdf cyjf otf
ptf k/]df o:tf] cj:yf cfpF5 .
11
@= Psn hLg u8a8LM hLgsf] txdf cfpg] kl/jt{g cyjf
;+/rgfut ab\nfjsf sf/0fn] Psn hLg ;+:n]if0f k|lqmof
kl/jt{g eof] cyjf cj¿4 eP of] /f]u nfU5 .
#= ax'kflIfs u8a8LM of] u8a8L ax';ª\Vos hLgx¿df x'g]
;+/rgfut kl/jt{g / w]/} h;f] jftfj/0fLo kIfx¿;Fu ldn]/
x'g] sf/0fn] x'G5 . o;sf] dtna o; /f]usf] cj:yf b]lvgsf]
nflu c¿ w]/} kIfx¿ Ps}k6s lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ .
2d
dfO6f]sf]G8«]g Zjf;k|Zjf;
v'lDrPsf leqL
;txn] lj:tfl/t
lrgL /
aflx/L ;tx agfpF5 clS;hg
DTMs
sf]ifsf]
zlQme08f/ kfgL /
sfj{g8fOcS;fO8
sf]iflemlNndf vfFlbP/
a;]sf /f;folgs
tTjx¿
$= dfO6f]sf]G8«LonM qmf]df]hf]d gePsf] l8=Pg=P= sf]ifsf]
;fO6f]KnfHddf /x]sf] zlQms]Gb| elgg] dfO6f]sf]G8«Lofdf
cjl:yt hLgdf ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g eO{ x'g] u8a8LnfO{
dfO6f]sf]G8«Lon u8a8L elgG5 .
yfnf;]ldof Psn hLg u8a8Laf6 x'g] /f]u xf] . Psn hLg
u8a8Laf6 x'g] /f]ux¿ tn pNn]lvt s'g} d"ne"t k|s[ofx¿dWo]af6
cfdf–afa'af6 cfk\mgf ;Gtfgdf ;b{5 . of] l;4fGtnfO{ u|uf]/
d]08n eGg] Ps lqmlZrog leIf'n] ;g\ !*&% df JofVof u/]sf
lyP . d"nd"t k|lqmofx¿M
!= c6f]hf]dn 8f]ldgG6
@= c6f]hf]dn l/;]l;e
#= PS; ;Da4 8f]ldgG6
$= PS; ;Da4 l/;]l;e
h]g]l6S;df oL s]xL zAbfjnLx¿ k|of]u x'G5g\ h;n] SnLlgsn
kl/0ffdx¿ -k]mgf]6fOk_ hLgsf] u8a8L -h]gf]6fOk_ sf] sf/0fx¿af6
k}bf eO{ afa'–cfdfaf6 ;Gtfgdf ;/]sf 5g\ eg] logLx¿nfO{ lgDg
9Ën] a'l´G5 .
!= cfdf–afa'dWo] Ps hgfaf6 dfq ;/]sf] -c6f]hf]dn
8f]ldgG6_
@= cfdf–afa' b'j}af6 ;/]sf] -c6f]hf]dn l/;]l;e_
#= cfdf–afa' dWo] Pshfgfsf] lnË lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmf]df]hf]ddf
ePsf] Pp6f c;fdfGokg sf] sf/0f -PS; ;Da4 qmf]df]hf]d
8f]ldgG6_
$= cyjf cfdf–afa' b'j}sf] lnË lgwf{/s qmf]df]hf]ddf x'g]
;d:ofsf] sf/0f x'g' -PS; qmf]df]hf]d ;Da4 l/;]l;e_
12
yfnf;]ldof af/]
yfnf;]ldof Psn hLg u8a8Laf6 x'g] j+zf0f'ut /f]u xf] h;nfO{
dflysf] 9fFrfd'tfljs j+zf0f'ut u'0fsf] c6f]hf]dn l/;]l;d 9fFrf
eg]/ a'l´G5 .
c6f]hf]dn /f]usf] dlxnf / k'¿if b'j}nfO{ plQs} c;/ ug{
;S5 lsgls of] s'g} Pp6f c6f]hf]dsf] c;fdfGokgn] x'G5 .
of] ;Gtfgx¿sf] lnË lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmf]df]hf]dx¿sf] sf/0f x'g]
xf]Og .
l/;]l;e eGg'sf] dtna yfnf;]ldof d]h/n] k"0f{ u|:t SnLlgsn
cj:yf ljsf; x'g' xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf aRrfn] afa'–cfdf b'j}af6
vf]6f] hLg kfPsf] x'G5 .
cfdf–afa' b'j}af6 vf]6f] hLg k|fKt ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{ xf]df]hfOuf];
elgG5 . β-yfnf;]ldof ePsf o:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ eg]
xf]dfhfOuf]6\; β-yfnf;]ldof ePsf /f]uLx¿ eg]/ hflgG5 .
pgLx¿nfO{ yfnf;]ldof d]h/, e"–dWo ;fu/Lo Plgldof jf s'n]sf]
Plgldof ePsf /f]uLx¿ eg]/ klg lrGg ;lsG5 . oL /f]uLx¿df
yfnf;]ldof /f]uLdf x'g] ;a} nIf0fx¿ ljBdfg /xG5g\ .
cfdf–afa'dWo] Pshfgaf6 ;2] hLg / csf]{af6 vf]6f] hLg k|fKt
ug]{x¿nfO{ x]6]/f]hfOuf]6\; elgG5 . β-yfnf;]ldofsf] ;Gbe{df o;
cj:yfnfO{ x]6f]/f]hfOu6\; β-yfnf;]ldof elgG5 . csf]{ zAbdf
yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] u'0f af]Sg] JolQmnfO{ yfnf;]ldofsf] ;+jfxs
jf yfnf;]ldof dfOg/ ePsf] JolQm eGg] hgfpF5 . oL JolQmx¿
cfk}mdf /f]usf] nIf0fx¿ b]lvFb}gg\ t/ oLgLx¿n] cfk\mgf ;Gtfgdf
vf]6f] hLg eg] ;fg{ ;Sb5g\ .
/ftf] /Qmsf]ifdf x'g] vf]6n] x'G5 yfnf;]ldof d]h/
cWofo ! df rrf{ ePh:t} yfnf;]ldof j+zf0f'ut ¿kn] x'g]
-j+z k5\ofpg]_ cg'j+zLo /Qm /f]u xf] . c´ tf]s]/ eGg'kbf{ of]
/f]u /ftf] /Qmsf]ifx¿df ePsf x]df]Unf]lagsf c0f'x¿sf] ;+Zn]if0f
k|lqmofdf ePsf] ;d:ofsf] sf/0fn] k}bf x'g] u8a8L xf] .
x]df]Unf]lag / kmnfd tTj
x]df]Unf]lag -x]g'{xf];\ 2e_ /ftf] /Qmsf]ifdf kfOg] Ps lsl;dsf]
k|f]l6g xf] . c0f'x¿sf] of]un] ag]sf] of] k|f]l6gsf] sfd z/L/sf]
2e
x]df]Unf]lag
Xofd
clS;hg
clS;hg
Unf]lag
Unf]lag
clS;hg
clS;hg
Xofd
13
2f
hg'h'g efudf cfjZostf k5{ To; efudf clS;hg k'¥ofpg'
xf] . k|To]s /ftf] /Qmsf]ifdf x]df]Unf]lagsf #) s/f]8 c0f'x¿
x'G5g\ . x]df]Unf]lagsf] Pp6f c0f'sf] b'O{ efu x'G5g\ .
!= Unf]ljg eGg] k|f]l6g hf]8f hf]8f eP/ ldn]/ a;]sf $ hf]8f
k|f]l6g r]gx¿n] ag]sf] x'G5 -x]g'{xf];\ 2e+2f_ . ToxfF w]/}
k|sf/sf hf]8fx¿ x'G5g\ h:t} α–r]gx¿ / α2–r]gx¿b]lv
afx]s c¿ u}/ α–r]gx¿, β2, У2, δ2, ζ2, ε2, klg Pscfk;df
hf]8f afFlwP/ a;]sf x'G5g . h:t} α2У2, α2β2, α2δ2, α2ζ2 /
α2ε2 cflb .
@= Xofd cfO/g sf]ifsf] ;fO6f];f]n cyjf dfO6f]sf]lG8«cg
efudf ;+Zn]lift ePsf] /LËx¿ u'Hd'lhP/ a;]sf] h:tf] b]lvg]
Pp6f ;+/rgf xf] . Xofd cfO/gdf /x]sf] kmnfdtTjsf] c0f'
clS;hgnfO{ z/L/el/ k|jflxt ug{ ;Ifd x'G5 . kmnfdtTj
clS;hg;Fu ;lhn} ldNg] / 5'l§g] ePsf]n] of] sf]if /
tGt'tGt'df clS;hg ;~rf/ ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg aGb5 .
Pp6f ;fdfGo jo:s JolQmsf] z/L/df $ u|fd kmnfdtTj x'G5 .
h;dWo] # u|fd cyf{t &% k|ltzt kmnfdtTj x]df]Unf]lag ;+Zn]if0f
ug{ k|of]u x'G5 .
x]df]Unf]lagsf] pTkfbg / ;+Zn]if0f s]xL hLgx¿af6 lgolGqt
x'G5 . α hLgx¿n] qmf]df]hf]d !^ df / β-,У- / δ- hLgx¿
qmf]df]hf]d !! df lgolGqt x'G5g\ . $ j6f hLgx¿n] a r]gnfO{
OlËt u5{g\ eg] @ j6f hLgx¿n] β r]gnfO{ b]vfpFb5 . (x]g'{xf];\
2g) α r]gx¿ / β r]gx¿sf] ;+Zn]if0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ lhDd]jf/
hLgx¿sf] ;ª\Vof h'g;'s} eP tfklg of] @ j6f r]gx¿ 7\ofSs}
a/fa/L dfqfdf pTkflbt x'G5g\ .
2g α
/ β Unf]ljg
hLgx¿ qmdzM
!^ / !! df
hDdf x'G5g\
OlDa|of]
14
k]m6;\
jo:s
yfnf;]ldof af/]
ljleGg k|sf/sf r]gx¿sf] d]naf6 x'g] km/s k|sf/sf x]df]Unf]lag
/ hLjgsf ljleGg ;dodf pTkflbt km/s k|sf/sf x]df]Unf]lagnfO{
tnsf] tflnsfdf o;/L b]vfOG5 . (x]g'{xf];\ 2h)
α
r]g
α b]lv
afx]s c¿
Hb
ζ
ε
ζ2ε2
α
ε
α2ε2
ζ
У
ζ2У2
α
У
α2У2
α
β
α2β2
α
δ
α2δ2
d]ufnf]Anf:6
sn]hf]
x]df]Unf]lagsf] hLjgsf ljleGg cj:yfx¿
gfd
x'g] pTkfbg
uef{j:yfsf] klxnf] cf7
uf]j/– !
xKtf
uef{j:yfsf] klxnf] cf7
uf]j/– @
xKtf
klxnf] xKtfsf] ue{fj:yf /
x]df]Unf]lag
xf]df]hfOuf]; α–yfnf;]ldof
kf]6]{n]08
x'g] xfO8«f]k kmf]P6fln;
^ xKtfb]lv k"/f cj:yfsf]
uef{j:yf;Dd x]df]Unf]lagsf]
HbF
k|wfgtf ;fdfGo jo:sdf !
k|ltzteGbf sd
* xKtfsf] ;fdfGo e|'0fdf
HbA
!) k|ltzt;Dd, ;fdfGo
jo:sdf Hb sf] k|wfgtf
!÷#) :t/sf] HbA /
o;};Fu ;DalGwtdf
AbA2
-dfOg/_ Hb pTkfbg .
;fdfGo jo:s JolQmdf #
k|ltzteGbf sd .
Dofqmf];fO6
]
lkmof
uef{wf/0f k5fl8sf] cj:yf -xKtf_
gdf]{;fO6
af]g Dof/f]
hGd
aRrf hGd]kl5sf] cj:yf -xKtf_
2h
2h
ljleGg
pd]/x¿df
pTkfbg x'g] ljleGg
k|sf/sf Unf]ljgx¿ /
ljsf;sf] cj:yfdf /x]sf]
O/fyf]kf]Pl;;sf] ljleGg
s]Gb|x¿
From TIF's "Guidelines for
the Clinical management of
Thalassaemia
15
Unf]lag ;+Zn]if0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ cg'j+z
-hLgx¿_
x]df]Unf]lagsf] Unf]ljg efudf pTkfbg x'g] β–r]gx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f
ug]{ hLgdf lglZrt q'l6sf] sf/0fn] β–yfnf;]ldof d]h/ x'G5 .
h]g]l6s q'l6sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k of t β–r]gx¿ pTkfbg g} x'Fb}gg\ .
olb ePklg yf]/} x'G5g\ / /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿df α–r]gx¿dfq
/xG5g\ . α–r]g / β–r]gx¿sf] cfjZos dfqfsf] pkl:yltn] dfq
/utn] /fd|/L sfd ug{ ;S5 . olb oL r]gx¿sf] c;Gt'ng ePdf
x]df]Unf]lag cfjZos dfqfdf pTkfbg x'g ;Sb}g . kl/0ffd:j¿k
Pl/y|f]k]Pl;; -Pl/y|f] eg]sf] u|Ls efiffdf /ftf] /Qmsf]if / kf]ol;;
eg]sf] pTkfbg x'G5_ g/fd|/L k|efljt x'G5 .
x]df]Unf]lagsf] β–r]gx¿sf] pTkfbg k|lqmofsf] nflu lhDd]jf/
dflgg] hLgx¿sf] v/faL -dfly pNn]v ul/P ´}F_ cfwf/ hf]8fdf
Pp6f kl/jt{g cyjf hLgx¿sf] s]xL v08 x/fPsf] -l8n];g_
sf/0fn] pTkGg x'G5 . β–hLgx¿sf] ;fdfGo sfo{nfO{ c;/
ug{;Sg] @)) eGbf a9L k|sf/sf hLg ;+/rgf kl/jt{gx¿sf]
klxrfg eO;s]sf] 5 . hLg ;+/rgf kl/jt{gsf] k|sf/sf] cfwf/df
Unf]ljg ;+Zn]if0f cTolws of sd dfqfdf k|efljt x'G5 h;n]
ubf{ sd k|efljt eP ;fwf/0f k|sf/sf] / a9L k|efljt eP
r/d cj:yfsf] yfnf;]ldof x'G5 . vf; vfnsf hLg ;+/rgf
kl/jt{gx¿n] β–r]gx¿sf] pTkfbgdf kfg]{ k|efj ;fdfGo (β++)
b]lv lgs} dxTjk"0f{ (β+) x'G5 hasL c¿ vfnsf kl/jt{gx¿n]
(β0) of] r]gx¿sf] pTkfbgnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf g} l;WofpF5g\ . o;/L
j+zf0f'ut ¿kn] afa'–cfdf b'a}af6 β+ hLg kfPsf JolQmx¿nfO{
sd k|efjs yfnf;]ldof x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . o;sf] t'ngfdf
cfdf afa' b'j}af6 β0 hLg kfPsf JolQmx¿df β-Unf]lagsf] w]/}
sdL x'g] ePsf]n] pgLx¿nfO{ r/d cj:yfsf] yfnf;]ldof x'g]
;Defjgf Psbd a9L x'G5 t/ ldl>t lsl;dsf hLgx¿ k|fKt
ug]{x¿sf] k]mgf]6fOk cGbfh ug{ ;lhnf] 5}g . h:t} β+ β+++
cyjf β+ β0 cyjf β++ β+0
16
yfnf;]ldof af/]
yfnf;]ldof x'g] ;Defjgfsf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿–
β0 ÷ β0 –
yfnf;]ldof d]h/
β ÷ β – yfnf;]ldof d]h/
β++÷ β++– yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8of÷sd k|efjs
β+÷ β++– yfnf;]ldof d]h/÷yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8of
+
+
h]gf]6fOk÷k]mgf]6fOk
dfly pNn]v ePe}Fm vf;vf; lsl;dsf h]g]l6s hLg ;+/rgf
kl/jt{gx¿ -h]gf]6fOk_ yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] lSnlgsn l;ls:ttf;Fu
;DalGwt x'g] dxTjk"0f{ tYo kQf nflu;s]sf] 5 . # j6f hLgx¿sf]
-β++, β+ / β_ ljleGg ;+of]hgx¿ yfnf;]ldof /f]u;Fu ;DalGwt
5g\ / of] ;+of]hgn] g} yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] l;ls:ttfsf] ljleGg
cj:yfx¿nfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o;/L g} ljleGg b]zx¿df hLg
;+of]hg / hLg ;+/rgf kl/jt{g -Mutation_ sf cfk\mg} ljz]iftfx¿
5g\ . hLg ;+/rgf kl/jt{gsf r/d k|efjs -0_ sd k|efjs -+_
/ ;fdfGo -++_ cj:yfsf pbfx/0fx¿–
β++
hLg ;+/rgf kl/jt{g
–!)!,–*&, –**, –@*
IVS!–!)^
hLg ;+/rgf
kl/jt{g
IVS!–!!)
IVS!!–&$%
IVS!–%
β+
hLg ;+/rgf
kl/jt{g
IVS!–!
IVS!!–!
IVS!–-–@%_
C#(
β0
c¿ w]/} h]g]l6s cj:yfx¿n] /f]usf] tLj|tfnfO{ sd ug{ ;S5g\ .
h:t}M
!= α-r]gx¿sf] 36]sf] ;+Zn]if0f– s'g} yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf
/f]uLx¿n] j+zf0f'ut ¿kn] k|fKt u/]sf] hLg ;+/rgf kl/jt{g
k|lqmofn] β- r]gx¿sf] ;+Zn]if0f k|lqmofnfO{ 36fpg'sf] ;fy} αr]gx¿sf] ;+Zn]if0f k|lqmofnfO{ klg 36fpF5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
α- r]gx¿ / β- r]gx¿aLrsf] c;Gt'ng sd x'g uO{ /f]un]
;fdfGo -sd k|efjs_ ¿k lnG5 .
@= У-r]gx¿sf] a9\bf] ;+Zn]if0f– Pshgf ;fdfGo :j:y JolQmsf]
/utdf ePsf] ! k|ltzt kmf]P6n x]df]Unf]lag cyjf -HbF_
PsPs hf]8f α- r]gx¿ / Ps hf]8f У- r]gx¿ -α2У2_
ldn]/ aG5 . yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿df hj z/L/n] HbA
17
pTkfbgsf] cefjnfO{ HbF sf] a9L pTkfbg u/]/ k"lt{ ug]{
k|oTg u5{ To;kl5 У- r]gx¿sf] pTkfbg a9\g hfG5 t/
of] j[l4 klg HbA sf] l/QmtfnfO{ k"/f ug{ k"0f{ ;Ifd x'g
;St}g . yfnf;]ldofsf s]xL /f]uLx¿n] j+zf0f'ut¿kn] kmf]P6]n
x]df]Unf]lag -HPFH_ k|fKt u5{g\ . of] cj:yfdf HbF x¿
a9L dfqfdf pkl:yt x'G5g\ / of] cj:yf jo:s cj:yfe/
sfod /xG5 . /f]uLx¿n] У- Unf]lag hLgx¿sf] l;d'n]zg
-УXmn kf]lndf]lk{mhd_ cyjf δβ yfnf;]ldofsf] cj:yfh:tf
hLg ;+/rgf kl/jt{g k|lqmof j+zf0f'ut dfWodn] k|fKt u/]sf
x'g ;S5g\ . logLx¿n] jo:sx¿df kmf]P6n x]df]Unf]lagsf]
;+Zn]if0fnfO{ %–@) k|ltzt n] a9fpFb} Unf]ljg r]gx¿sf]
c;Gt'ngnfO{ sd u/L yfnf;]ldofsf] k|efjnfO{ sd ug{
;S5g\ .
yfnf;]ldofsf] Kofyf]lkmlhof]nf]hL
β- r]gx¿sf] cefj / α- r]gx¿sf] clwstf
α r]gsf] clwstf
β
l8g]r'/];g÷
Ifo
cf/=lj=;L= lk|s;{/
sf] Iflt
x]df]nfOl;;
lkmof]sf] j[l4
Plgldof
Pl/y|f]kf]Pl6g
k|efjlxg
Pl/y|f]kf]Ol;;
6«fG:k\mo'hg
kmnfd tTjsf]
clwstf
kmnfd tTjsf]
cjzf]if0fdf j[l4
cGt>fjL
u|GyLsf] sfddf
x•Lsf] s'¿ktf
sdL, l;/f]l;;, d'6'sf
df+;k]zLn] sfd ug{ 5f]8\g]
af]g Dof/f]sf]
j[l4
l6:o' xfOkf]ShLof
ue{jtL a]nfdf e|'0fsf] /ut kmf]P6n x]df]Unf]lag elgg] -dfly
pNn]v eP ´}F_ ljz]if k|sf/sf] x]df]Unf]lag α- r]gx¿sf] Ps
hf]8f / У- r]gx¿sf] Ps hf]8f -α2У2_ ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . of]
x]df]Unf]lagn] c¿ ;fdfGo x]df]Unf]lagn] h:t} z/L/sf] sf]ifsf]if
/ tGt'df clS;hg cfk"lt{ ub{5 . kmf]P6]n x]df]Unf]lagn] aRrf
hGd]b]lv klxnf] ^ dlxgf;Dd sfd ub{5 . qmd};+u o;sf] 7fpFdf
α- r]gx¿sf] Ps hf]8f / β- r]gx¿sf] Ps hf]8f ldn]/ -α2β2_
ag]sf] jo:s x]df]Unf]lag HbA n] lnFb} hfG5 .
yfnf;]ldof d]h/df β- r]gx¿ pTkfbg g} x'Fb}gg\ / ePklg Psbd}
sd dfqfdf x'G5g\ . o;sf] cefjn] :j:yjo:s x]df]Unf]lag
;+Zn]if0f k|lqmof cj¿4 x'G5 / /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] clS;hg
cfk"lt{ ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ g/fd|/L laufb{5 . aRrfx¿sf] z/L/n]
kmf]P6]n x]df]Unf]lag g} pTkfbg ug]{ sfd hf/L /fvL o; cefjk|lt
k|ltlqmof hgfpF5 . t/ o;n] aRrfx¿sf] a9\bf] z/L/nfO{ rflxg]
dfqfsf] x]df]Unf]lag pTkfbg u/L jo:s x]df]Unf]lagsf] h:tf]
-α2β2_ kof{Kt dfqfdf z/L/nfO{ clS;hg cfk"lt{ ug{ ;Sb}g .
r]gx¿sf] Go"gtf jf cefjsf] csf]{ Pp6f gsf/fTds c;/ klg
5 . z/L/n] cfjZos dfqfdf α- r]gx¿ pTkfbg ul//xG5 t/
β-
18
yfnf;]ldof af/]
;Fu;Fu} ldn]/ sfd ug'{kg]{ β- r]gx¿ pTkfbg gx'gfn] α- r]gx¿
a9L eO{ Ps 7fpFdf y'lk|g yfN5g\ . α- r]gx¿sf] clwstfn] /ftf]
/Qmsf]ifsf] pTkfbgnfO{ g/fd|/L layf]nL o;sf] pTkfbgnfO{ (%
k|ltzt;Dd 36fpF5 . /utdf cToGt yf]/} dfqfdf dfq kl/kSj
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ x'g] ePsf]n] z/L/df s8f lsl;dsf] Plgldof
b]vfk5{ .
of] eGbf klg a9L, z/L/el/ k|jflxt x'g] /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿df
α- r]gx¿ hDdf eO{ ltgsf] lŃnLnfO{ laufb}{ /Qmsf]ifnfO{ gi6
ul/lbG5g\ . /ftf] /Qmsf]if 6'6\g] of] k|lqmofnfO{ x\ofdf]nfOl;; elgG5
-lu|s efiffdf x\ofdsf] cy{ /ut / nfOl;;sf] cy{ 6'lqmg' x'G5_ .
x]df]nfOl;;n] x]df]Unf]lagsf] cGt/bxg -d]6faf]lnhd_ k|lqmofaf6
pTkfbg x'g] ljln¿ljg eGg] kx]Fnf] kbfy{nfO{ rflxg]eGbf a9L
lgsfN5 . of] kbfy{ x]df]nfOl;;sf] k|lqmofdf /ftf] /Qmsf]ifx¿
6'6]/ aflx/ cfPsf] xf] . ljnL¿ljgsf] a9L pTkfbgsf] sf/0f
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLsf] 5fnf / cfFvf kx]Fnf] x'G5 -slxn]
sfFxL o;nfO{ Os6]l/s eg]/ a'l´G5g\ .
kmn:j¿k yfnf;]ldof d]h/af6 x'g] r/d cj:yfsf] Plgldofsf]
sf/0f /f]uLx¿ kx]Fnf / ylst b]lvG5g\ . o;n] ubf{ cTolws l56f]
d'6' 9's9's x'g] / xlNng] u5{ lsgls d'6'n] /utsf] clS;hg k|jfx
ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ ug{ -a9fpg_ cTolws l56f] w8\sg' kg]{
x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ d'6'sf] cfsf/ j[l4 x'G5 . la/fdLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s
j[l4sf] b/ sd eO{ pgLx¿nfO{ ;fdfGo zf/Ll/s s[ofsnfk ug{
klg ufx|f] x'G5 . pgLx¿df bL3{ Plgldof b]vf k5{ h;nfO{ s'g}
klg pkrf/n] 5'Fb}g . aRrfx¿ b'AnfP/ lgGofp/f, lgbfp/f /
ú8fn' x'G5g\ .
r/d cj:yfsf] Plgldofn] z/L/sf w]/} k|lt/Iff ;+oGqx¿nfO{ a9L
;lqmo agfpF5 . o;dWo] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ xf8sf] dHhf -af]g
Dof/f]_ sf] cTolws k}mnfj6 -j[l4_ d'Vo xf] . klxnf pNn]v eP
´}F /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ x•Lsf] dHhf -af]gDof/f]_ df aGb5g\ . /ftf
/Qmsf]ifsf] Go'gtfnfO{ k"lt{ ug{ /Qm ;~rf/ k|0ffnLdf w]/} /ftf
/Qmsf]ifx¿ k"lt{ ul//xg' kg]{ x'gfn] x•Lsf] dHhfn] clws sfd
ug'{k5{ / o;sf] cfsf/df ;fdfGoeGbf #) u'0ff j[4L x'G5 . af]g
Dof/f]sf] cfsf/ a9\g] x'gfn] x•Lsf] klg cfsf/ a9\g uO{ vKk/
ljs[t aG5, dflyNnf bfFt pl5l§G5g\ . 9f8 / s/Ë c8jfË] b]lvg],
α
Unf]ljgsf] clwstf
• Plgldofsf] d'Vo sf/0f
• x•L dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_
df Go"lSnP6]8 ePsf]
Pl/y|f]O6 k|f]h]lg6;{
z'?d} lk|l;lk6]6]8 x'G5
• ck|efjsf/L
Pl/y|f]kf]Ol;; u/fpF5 .
• kl/kSj /ftf sf]ifdf
lk|l;lk6]8 x'G5
• x]df]nfOl;; x'G5
• k|f]l6cf]nfOl;; lt/
a9\5
19
;fdfGo ¥ofl6So'nf];fO6\;df x'g] α /
Unf]ljgx¿sf] ;Gt'lnt ;+Zn]if0f
– PAhf]a]{G;
β+
0.. 0.. 0
/]l8of]PlS6le6L
yfnf;]ldofdf x'g] cTolws
Unf]ljgx¿sf] ;+Zn]if0f
– PAhf]a]{G;
0.. 0.. 0
β
α
/]l8of]PlS6le6L
xft v'§fsf x•Lx¿ kftnf eO{ -cf]:6f]k]lgof_ ;lhn} efFlRrg]
cj:yfdf k'U5g\ .
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ lkmof]df lkmN6/ x'G5g\ . of] cËn] /ftf
/Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ logLx¿sf] hLjgrqmsf] cGTodf 6'qmfpF5 . t/
yfnf;]ldof /f]uLsf] lkmof]n] eg] af]g Dof/f]sf] clt lqmoflzntfsf
sf/0fn] pTkflbt /ftf] /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] clt 7"nf] dfqfnfO{ ;fdgf
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k clt 7"nf] dfqfdf /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{
5'§\ofpg' kg]{ sf/0fn] lkmof] ;'lGgG5 . o; cj:yfnfO{ xfOk/
:KnLlgHd elgG5 . clws s[oflzntfn] ubf{ lkmof]n] a'9f / o'jf
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿;+u} ;]tf /Qmsf]if / Kn]6\n]6\;x¿nfO{ klg tf]8\g
k'U5 / Plgldofsf] cj:yfnfO{ ´g g/fd|f] agfpF5 .
yfnf;]ldof /f]uLsf] /Qm/~rf/ k|0ffnLdf k|jflxt /utdf Hb
c;fdfGo cfsf/sf] x'g] ePsf]n] clwst/ o:tf /Qm s0f lkmof]n]
;dfT5, kl/0ffdtM of] lkmof]df hd]/ /xG5 / lkmof]sf] cfsf/nfO{
c´ a9fpF5 . cGTodf PlgldofnfO{ /f]Sgsf] nflu lkmof] cfk}mn]
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ pTkfbg ug]{ sf]lzz u5{ o;nfO{ PS:6«fd]8'n/L
Pl/y|f]kf]Ol;; elgG5 h;n] lkmof]nfO{ c´ 7"nf] kf5{ .
o;/L α- r]gx¿sf] clwstfn] x'g] α- r]gx¿ / β- r]glarsf]
c;Gt'ngsf] sf/0f g} yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf] d'Vo Kofyf]lkmlhof]nf]hL
xf] . of] o:tf] sfo{ut kl/jt{g xf] h;n] of] /f]u lgDTofpF5 .
z/L/n] cfGb|f / Uof:6«f]OG6]:6fOgn af6f] eP/ hfg] vfgfaf6
cTolws kmnfd tTj cjzf]if0f u/L Plgldofsf] Ifltk"lt{ ug]{
k|oTg u5{ . t/ o;n] ubf{ ;d:of ´g ljs/fn aG5 lsgls
yfnf;]ldofdf z/L/df /ftf /Qmsf]ifsf] pTkfbgsf] c;Ifdtf of
cs'zntfsf] sf/0fn] Plgldof x'G5 . of] kmnfd tTjsf] cefjsf]
sf/0fn] ePsf] xf]Og . a9L kmnfd tTj cjzf]if0f u/L z/L/n]
kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf -cfO/g cf]e/ nf]8_ x'g] csf]{ gofF vt/f
lgDTofpF5 .
yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] lgbfg
yfnf;]ldof /f]u lnP/ hlGdPsf] aRrfdf /f]usf] s'g} aflx/L
;ª\s]tx¿ b]lvFb}g . olb afa' cfdfsf] yfnf;]ldof ;DalGw k/LIf0f
ul/Psf] 5}g / kl/jf/sf cGo aRrfx¿df yfnf;]ldof nfu]sf]
20
yfnf;]ldof af/]
5}g eg] k|of]uzfnf hfFraf6 klg of] /f]u lgbfg ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 .
aRrfsf] slnnf] pd]/df yfn];]ldof eP–gePsf] kQf nufpg w]/}
ufx|f] k5{ lsgls aRrfsf] z/L/df kmf]P6n (HbF) /Qmsf]ifx¿sf]
k|r'/tfsf] sf/0fn] α / У Unf]ljg r]gx¿ -h;n] HbF agfpF5_
sf] ;Gt'ng /fd|/L ldn]sf] x'G5 / o;sf] sf/0fn] dfly JofVof
ul/P h:tf] /f]u k|efljt /ftf /Qmsf]if pTkfbgaf6 x'g] ;d:of
b]lv aRrfnfO{ hf]ufpF5 .
aRrfn] j+zf0f'ut ¿kn] afa'–cfdfaf6 k|fKt ug]{ hLg ;+/rgf
kl/jt{gnfO{ aRrfsf] slnnf] cj:yfdf g} klg cf0fljs k4ltaf6
klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o:tf] hfFr To;a]nf dfq ;Dej x'G5
ha afa' cfdfx¿n] aRrf hlGd;s] kl5 cfk"m;Fu vf]6f] hLg
ePsf] yfxf kfpF5g\ / aRrfdf of] cfP gcfPsf] olsg ug{
rfxG5g\ . b'ef{Uoj; gjhft lzz'nfO{ :qmLlgË ug{ ;lsg] k4lt
ljsl;t ePsf] 7fpFdf ;d]t yfnf;]ldofsf] lgbfgsf nflu ul/g]
hfFrx¿n] z'¿sf] cj:yfdf s'g} lgisif{df k'¥ofpFb}gg\ t/ HbE
/ HbS h:tf e]bsx¿sf] -e]l/PG6_ pkl:yltsf] lgbfg ug{ eg]
o:tf] :qmLlgË sfd nfUg ;S5 .
w]/} h;f] @ jif{sf] pd]/eGbf cufl8 yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf] lgbfg
x'g ;S5 t/ yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf] eg] nfdf] ;do;Dd
lgbfg x'g ;Sb}g . tnsf] tflnsfn] o; ljifodf ePsf] k/LIf0fsf]
glthf b]vfpF5 .
aRrfx¿df yfnf;]ldof d]h/ / OG6/d]l8of b]vf kg]{
pd]/
pd]/
! jif{d'lg
! jif{b]lv @ jif{;Dd
@ jif{dfly
yfnf;]ldof d]h/
&%–^@ k|ltzt
#%–@( k|ltzt
!!–( k|ltzt
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8of
$–!! k|ltzt
!!–#) k|ltzt
@@–%( k|ltzt
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf] lgbfg ug{ ;j{q k|of]u ul/g]
x]df6f]nf]lhsn ljlw
!= x]df6f]nf]lhsn ;ª\s]t – Pp6f /ftf] /Qmsf]if u0fs elgg]
ljB'tLo oGqsf] k|of]u u/]/ x]df6f]nf]lhsn Kof/fld6/ gfk
u/L /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] cfsf/, 3gTj / ltgLx¿df /x]sf
21
sf] cfFsng ul/G5 . /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] cfsf/, 3gTj
/ ltgdf x]df]Unf]lagsf] pkl:ylt ha :jfQ} 36]sf] kfOG5
/ of] 36fOdf ha Hb sf] tx k|lt 8]l;ln6/ @–^ u|fd k|lt
8]l;ln6/ dfq b]lvG5 . clgdfq yfnf;]ldof /f]u nfu]sf] xf]
egL ls6fg ug{ ;lsG5 . yfnf;]ldof /f]uLx¿df ;j{q kfOg]
s]xL xdf6f]nf]lhsn ;"rsx¿ tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf]
5.
Hb
Hb –k|lt 8]l;ln6/
MCH-Pg
MCV FL
HCHC
k|lt 8]l;ln6/
dWos
^=*
@)=(
^%=*
#)=(
>]0fL
#=(–(=#
!%–@^
%&–&%
@^–#$
ckl/kSj /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] pkl:yltnfO{ u0fsn] ;]tf
/Qmsf]ifx¿sf] a9]sf] pkl:ylt b]vfpg] ulNt ug{ ;S5 t/
of] unt u0fgfnfO{ k|of]uzfnfsf] cGo hFfrx¿n] :ki6 kfg{
;S5g\ .
2k
@= /ut lkmNd / cf/=lj=;L= ;+/rgf ¿k– ;'Idbz{s oGqn]
x]bf{ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ kFx]nf b]lvG5g\ (x]g'{xf];\ 2k) o;nfO{
xfOkf]qmf]lgs / c´ ;fgf b]lvg]nfO{ dfOqmf];fO6Ls
elgG5 . c´ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f t k|foM h;f] /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿
a]9Ë cfsf/sf b]lvG5g\ . of] cj:yfnfO{ Plg;f];fO6f]l;;
kf]Olsnf];fO6f]l;; elgG5 .
#= x]df]Unf]lag On]S6«f]kmf]l;{;– of] x]df]Unf]lagsf] c0f' agfpg]
ljeGg vfn] k|f]l6gx¿nfO{ 5'§\ofpg] k|lqmof xf] h:t} HbA,
HbA2, HbF cflb . ha kmf]P6n Hb sf] tx ;fwf/0f :t/af6
dfly uO{ @) b]lv () k|ltzt b]lvG5, o;n] yfnf;]ldof
ePsf] ;ª\s]t u5{ . ;fwf/0f jo:ssf] Hb df # k|ltzt
x'g] HbA2 ;fdfGo l:yltdf klg 36]sf], x'Fb} gePsf] of yf]/}
a9]sf] klg b]lvg ;S5 .
$= cf0fljs ljlw– l8=Pg=P= sf] hfFr u/]/ x]g]{ ljlzi6 lsl;dsf
ljwLx¿ /f]usf] lgbfgdf a9L e/kbf{ / c´ ljlzi6 ;"rgf
lbg] vfnsf x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu hLgsf] ;+/rgfdf
kl/jt{g eO{ /f]u nfu]sf] xf] ls xf]Og egL lgbfg ubf{ /f]usf]
22
yfnf;]ldof af/]
lgbfg a9L e/kbf]{ x'G5 / /f]usf] l;ls:ttfsf] :t/ klg yfxf
x'g ;S5 .
x]df6f]nf]lhsn Kof/fld6/sf] hfFr h]g]l6s k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] α,
β / У hLgx¿sf] ;+/rgf kl/jt{gsf] hfFr /f]usf] lgbfgsf] ;fy}
pkrf/sf] lgSof}{n ug{df ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t/ β yfnf;]ldof
d]h/sf] lgbfg eg] a9L ;/n / l;wf x'G5 . dn]l/ofsf] k|sf]k
/x]sf] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df eg] of] lgbfg sfo{ sl7g x'G5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu dn]l/ofn] /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ 36\g] -Plgldof_
/ lkmof] a9\g] -:k]gf]d]ufnL_ b'j} nIf0fx¿ b]vfpF5 . k|of]uzfnf
hfFrn] u/]sf] 7x/ km/s kg{ ;S5 . To;sf/0f /f]uLnfO{ klxnf
dn]l/of lgsf] kfg]{ cf}ifwL lbP/ dfq of] /f]usf] af/]df cfFsng /
lgbfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
Plgldof, :k]gf]d]ufnL / HbF sf] txdf r8fj h:tf cg]s
cj:yfx¿n] ubf{ /f]usf] ;xL lgbfgsf] nflu cltl/Qm lSnlgsn
/ k|of]ufnf hfFrh:tf /f]u lgbfgsf cg]s k4lt÷ljlwx¿ k|of]u
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . yfnf;]ldofsf] pkrf/ yfNg'eGbf cl3 o;sf] ;xL
lgbfg Psbd} cfjZos 5 .
x]df]Unf]lagsf d'Vo u8a8Lx¿
α–Unf]ljg
r]g u8a8Lx¿ β-Unf]lag r]g u8a8Lx¿
α yfnf;]ldofx¿
/f]ux¿
α–Yffnf;]ldof xfO8«f]k
kmf]P6fln;
-=Hb jf6{; xfO8«f]k
kmf]P6fln;_
HbH
v'k]{ sf]if u8a8L -l;Ssn ;]n u8a8L_
v'k]{ sf]if -l;Ssn ;]n_ Plgldof (HbSS)
HbS/ β- yfnf;]ldof
HbSC /f]u
HbSD /f]u
c¿ lj/n} la/fdL kfg]{ u8a8Lx¿
β- yfnf;]ldof
β- yfnf;]ldof d]h/
β- yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8of
HbE/β- yfnf;]ldof
c¿ lj/n} b]lvg] yfnf;]ldof
23
β- yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf] pkrf/
# bzsb]lv ePsf cg]sf}F lSnlgsn hfFr / cg';Gwfgx¿n]
yfnf;]ldof d]h/ pkrf/ x'g;Sg] /f]u xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ :yflkt
u/]sf] 5 . cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf] 5 ls /fd|/L k|ltzf]wg ul/Psf]
/ut lgoldt 6«fG:k\mo'hg ;Fu;Fu} k|efjsf/L 9Ën] kmnfd tTj
x6fpg] pkrf/ -cfO/g lsn];g y]/fkL_ h:tf ljlwx¿sf] k|of]un]
/f]uLx¿sf] afFRg] pd]/ j[l4 ug'{sf] ;fy} hLjg:t/ pRr /fv]sf]
5.
oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] pkrf/ ljlw yfnf;]ldofdf x'g] Plgldof /
o;sf kl/0ffdx¿dfly s]lGb|t 5 . To;} u/L of] ljlwn] of] /f]usf]
cfk\mg} sf/0fn] x'g] nuftf/ ¿kn] tGt'df kmnfd tTj y'lk|Fb} hfg]
;d:of -k|f]u|]l;e l6:o" cfO/g nf]l8Ë_ / Plgldof lgsf] kfg{ ul/g]
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ ljlw;Fu klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 9Ën]
;/f]sf/ /fVb5 .
24
yfnf;]ldof af/]
cWofo #
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ ljlw
lg/Gt/ ¿kn] ul/g] /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgn] yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf
/f]uLx¿sf] bL3{ / :t/o'Qm hLjgsf] nflu 7"nf] of]ubfg lbPsf]
5 . of] pkrf/ ljlw ;g\ !(^) b]lv yfnf;]ldof d]h/ /f]usf]
pkrf/sf] s]Gb|Lo kIf /xL cfPsf] 5 .
olb ;xL 9Ën] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPg eg] yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf]
ljz]iftfsf] ¿kdf lrlgg] x•L dHhfsf] cTolws j[l4 / s8f
Plgldofn] lgDg ;d:ofx¿ lgDTofpF5 .
•
•
•
•
•
zf/Ll/s j[l4 /fd|f] gx'g] .
cg'xf/ / cGo efusf x•Lx¿ ljs[t aGg] .
x•L sdhf]/ aGg] / 6'6\g] .
sn]hf] / lkmof] ;'lGgg] -cuf{gf]d]ufnL_
;fdfGo zf/Ll/s ultljlw ug{ ufx|f] x'g] .
lg/Gt/ hLjgel/ ul/g] /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgn] yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf]
/f]u d'Qm pkrf/ k|fKt ug'{ cl3 oL nIf0fx¿nfO{ /f]syfd u5{ .
t/ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ k4lt z'¿ ug'{ cl3 y'k|} s'/fx¿df
ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
of] cWofon] lgDg ;jfnx¿df 5nkmn ug]{ 5 .
•
•
•
•
6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ k4lt slxn] z'¿ ug]{ <
;'/lIft 6«fG:k\mo'hgnfO{ s;/L ;'lglZrt ug]{ <
pko'Qm /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ k4ltsf] k|lqmof s;/L to
ug]{ <
6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ k4lt slxn] z'¿ ug]{ <
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf] lgbfg kSsf eO;s]kl5 dfq 6«fG:k\mo'hg
pkrf/ k4lt z'¿ ug'{ k5{ . cufl8 pNn]v eP e}Fm yfnf;]ldof
d]h/sf] ;lx lgbfg lgDg s'/fx¿df cfwfl/t x'G5 .
25
!= k|of]uzfnf hfFrx¿ h:t} x]df6f]nf]lhsn, df]n]So'n/ cyjf
x]df]Unf]lag On]S6«f]kmf]/]l;;, pRr rfk t/n qmf]df6f]u|fkmL
-Pr=lk=Pn=l;_ h:tf cGo hfFrx¿ .
@= aL / P yfnf;]ldof hLg ;+/rgf kl/jt{gsf] k|s[lt klxrfg
ug{ c0f'jf+lzs ljZn]if0fM— To;/L g} Xmn1 /]l:6«S;g O~hfOd
:yfgsf] pkl:yltsf] klxrfg ug]{ of] o:tf] Pp6f ;"rs xf]
h;n] /f]usf] l;ls:ttfsf] cg'dfg ug{'sf] ;fy} k|To]s /f]uLsf]
nflu ;lx pkrf/ k|lqmof lgSof}{n ug{ d2t u5{ .
k|fo h;f] Plgldofsf] l;ls:tLkg /utdf /x]sf] x]df]Unf]ljsf txsf]
cfwf/df cf+sng ul/G5 . of] /utsf] k|lt 8]l;ln6/ slt u|fd 5
eg]/ hfFlrG5 . -l8=Pn=!÷!)) cf}F c+z k|lt ln6/_ sf]if u0fs
elgg] dl;g k|of]u u/L x]df]Unf]lag k|of]uzfnfdf ;lhn} hfFRg
;lsG5 . k'/fgf] ljlw dflgg] ;fxnL k|ljlwaf6 klg x]df]Unf]lag
e/kbf]{;Fu hfFRg ;lsG5 . x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx ;fdfGot k'¿ifdf
k|lt 8]l;ln6/ !# b]lv !^ u|fd / dlxnf / aRrfx¿df !! b]lv
!$ u|fdsf] aLrdf /xg' /fd|f] dflgG5 . :qL / k'¿ifx¿ b'j}df
x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx k|lt 8]l;ln6/ * b]lv !! u|fd /x\of] eg]
;fdfGo Plgldof / of] tx 36]/ * u|fdeGbf tn ;¥of] eg] r/d
cj:yfsf] Plgldof ePsf] dflgG5 .
dfly pNn]v eP ´}F k|of]uzfnf hfFr / cf0fljs cWoogaf6
yfnf;]ldof /f]u lgbfg kSsf ePkl5 dfq /f]uLx¿n] 6«fG:k\mo'hg
pkrf/ k4ltsf] z'¿jft ug'{k5{ . t/ slxn] ug]{ <
26
•
@ xKtfsf] km/s kf/]/ nuftf/ @ k6s x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx
hfFr ubf{ k|lt 8]l;ln6/ & u|fdeGbf sd bh{ ePdf .
w]/}h;f] x]df]Unf]lagsf] :t/ ^ b]lv & u|fd k|lt 8]l;ln6/;Dd
/xFbf klg /f]uLx¿ /fd|/L a9\g / ljsl;t x'g ;S5g\ t/
o:tf] a]nfdf /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ug]{ ls gug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ug{
lgSs} 7"nf] lSnlgsn cg'ej Pjd\ cToGt} ;fjwfgLk"0f{ hfFr
k8\tfnsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
•
x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx k|lt 8]l;ln6/ & u|fdeGbf a9L /x]klg
tnsf ljz]iftfx¿ b]lvPdf
– cg'xf/df kl/jt{g
– sdhf]/ zf/Ll/s j[4L / sd tf}n
yfnf;]ldof af/]
–
–
x•L 6'6\g] ;d:of
cltl/Qm d]8'n/ x]df6f]kf]Ol;; eO{ P]h]? knfpg]
;d:of .
oL pNn]v ul/Psf s'/fx¿ hfFr c'gudgaf6 b]lvP eg] /ut
6«fG:k\mo'hg l9nf] ug'{ x'Fb}g .
;'/lIft 6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ k4ltsf]
;'lglZrttf
kof{Kttf / pknAwtf
•
yfnf;]ldof /f]uLx¿sf] nflu /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg
hLjge/sf] pkrf/ k4lt ePsf]n] :jf:Yo;Da4
clwsf/Lx¿n] :j:Yf / kof{Kt x'g] u/L cfk"lt{sf] lg/Gt/tfsf]
nflu /Qmbfgsf] gLltnfO{ k|j4{g ug'{kb{5 .
;ª\qmd0fhGo ls6f0f'x¿ ;g{;Sg] vt/fsf] /f]sfj6
•
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ k4ltnfO{ /f]uLx¿sf] nflu
;s];Dd ;'/lIft agfpg'k5{ . o;sf] cy{ efO/;, AofS6]l/of,
k/hLljh:tf ;ª\qmd0fhGo ls6f0f'x¿ /Qmbftfaf6 /f]uLdf
;g{;Sg] hf]lvdnfO{ ;s];Dd lg/k]If ¿kn] Go'g agfpg'k5{ .
/Qmbftfaf6 ;ª\qmd0fhGo ls6f0f'x¿ /ut lng] JolQmdf
;g{;Sg] vt/fnfO{ sd ug{ ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo clwsf/Lx¿n]
lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
– :jo+;]jL /Qmbfg ;]jfx¿ lgoldt agfpFb} :j:Yo
/Qmbftfx¿sf] 5gf}6nfO{ nlIft u/L gLltx¿ k|jw{g
ug]{ . /ut lsGg] s'/fnfO{ TofUg''k5{ . la/fdLx¿n] lnPsf]
/utsf] k"lt{ ug{ cfkmGt / ;fyLefOx¿af6 /ut lng]
ug'{x'Fb}g -o;nfO{ ;§fdf ul/g] /Qmbfg elgG5_ .
– lSnlgsn ¿kn] dxTjk"0f{ ;ª\qmd0fhGo ls6f0f'x¿, h:t}
x]kf6fOl6; la / ;L sf] efO/;, P8\; nufpg] Pr=cfO{=
1 / 2 sf] efO/; / eL¿ËLsf] ls6f0f' cflb 5g\ 5}gg\
lgSof}{n ug{ bftfsf] /ut :qmLlgË u/L hfFRg' k5{ .
– s'g} b]zdf -dn]l/of ePsf] d'n's_df bfg ul/Psf]
/utdf dn]l/ofsf] ls6f0f' 5 5}g ;f]sf] klg :qmLlgË
hfFr ug'{kb{5 .
27
–
/fli6«:t/df /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ;]jfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{
k|of]uzfnf, /utsf] ;~ro, ;~rf/h:tf An8 a}ª\sn]
k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] agfpg'kb{5 .
/Qm ;d"x h]gf]6fOk
/f]uLx¿sf] ;Dej ePhlt ;a} dxTjk"0f{ /Qm;d"x k|0ffnLsf]
hfFrsf] ;'lglZrttf ;'/lIft /ut;Fu ufFl;Psf] csf]{ ;jfn
xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu /f]uLx¿sf] /utdf /];; kf]lhl6e 5 ls
g]u]l6e 5 cflb x]g'{sf] ;fy} cGo /Qm ;d"x k|0ffnLx¿ h:t} s}n,
ls8 / 8kmLsf] hfFr ug'{k5{ / oL s'/fx¿sf] lgS{of}n ug'{k5{ .
Psk6s /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg z'¿ eO{;s]kl5 of] /Qm;d"x lglZrt
ug{ ufx|f] x'g;S5 . To;sf/0f klxnf] 6«fG:k\mo'hgeGbf cufl8 g}
/ftf] sf]if h]gf]6fOksf] k"0{f ¿kn] hfFr ug'{ clt cfjZos 5 .
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg z'¿ eO;s]kl5 cGo ;a} /Qm;d"x lglZrt
ug{ ufx|f] x'g;S5 . To;sf/0f klxnf] 6«fG:k\mo'hgeGbf cufl8
g} /ftf] sf]if h]gf]6fOk k"0f{ ¿kn] hfFr ug'{kb{5 . ;Dej eP tL
/Qmbftf / /ut lng] JolQmx¿sf] /Qm;d"x k|0ffnL ldN5÷ldNb}g
hfFr ug'{ k5{ . x/]s 6«fG;ô'hg cufl8 lj/fdLsf] /ftf] /Qmsf]ifdf
gofF PlG6a8Lx¿ 5g\ 5}gg\ eg]/ ;s];Dd /Qm kl/If0f ug'{k5{ .
o;n] a]d]n /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgaf6 x'g;Sg] k|ltlqmofnfO{ 36fpF5 .
/ftf] /Qmsf]ifdf @^ j6f /Qm ;d"x k|0ffnL / ^)) j6f ljleGg
lsl;dsf PG6LhLgx¿ x'G5g\ . of] ;a} ;d"xx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ ldN5
ldNb}g x]g]{ ;+oGq x'Fb}g t/ sd;]sd ;a}df kfOg] Placf], /];; /
s]nk|0ffnLh:tf s'/fx¿ bfFh]/ x]g'{k5{ .
/utbftfaf6 lnOPsf] /utnfO{ k"0f{ /ut elgG5 lsgls of] /utdf
/ftf /Qmsf]ifb]lv lnP/ KnfHdf, ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ / Kn]6\n]6\; klg
x'G5g\ . -/ut;DaGwL v08 x]g'{xf];\_ k|To]s bftfaf6 ´08} $%)
ld=ln= /ut l´lsG5 h;nfO{ ! o"lg6 /ut elgG5 . KnfHdf
/ ;]tf] /Qmsf]ifx¿ / cGo tTjx¿ x6fO;s]kl5 @%) ld=ln=
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ cyjf ! o"lg6 KofS8 /Qmsf]ifx¿ 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf]
nflu af+sL /flvG5 . /utnfO{ hDg glbg] tTj ePsf] t/n kbfy{
-PG6Lsf]u'n]G6_ kf]ifs tTj h:tf t/nkbfy{ klg of] kf]sfdf
28
yfnf;]ldof af/]
ld;fOG5 . /utsf] kf]sfdf slt cGo t/nkbfy{x¿ ld;fOof]
eGg] s'/f /ut o"lg6nfO{ s;/L k|zf]lwt ul/of] eGg] s'/fdf e/
kb{5 .
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf la/fdLx¿df /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ x'Fb}gg\ .
To;sf/0f /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ lnO/x]sf] /f]uLn] /ftf]
/Qmsf]ifx¿ dfq lng'k5{ h;df k"0f{ /utsf Kn]6n]6\; ;]tf
/Qmsf]ifx¿ / KnfHdf h:tf cGo tTjx¿ x'Fb}gg\ . olb la/fdLnfO{
k"0f{ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ul/of] eg] /Qm;~rf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ef/ kg{
uO{ x[bof3ft / 5ftLdf kfgL hDdf x'g] ;d:of -kNdf]g/L cf]l8df_
h:tf eoÍ/ 8/nfUbf ;d:ofx¿ x'g;S5g\ . k"0f{ /utaf6 ;]tf
/Qmsf]if / Kn]6\n]6\; x6fpgfn] /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf] cjlwdf /
To;kl5 /f]uLnfO{ cgfjZos Hj/f] cfpg] h:tf hf]lvd sd
x'G5 . oBlk o:tf nIf0fx¿sf] pkrf/ ug{ t ;lsG5 t/ klg oL
;d:ofx¿ x'g glbgsf] nflu /f]uLnfO{ /utsf] h'g tTj lbg' kg]{
xf] ToxLdfq lbgsf] nflu ;a} k|oTgx¿ ug'{kb{5 .
Kofs ul/Psf] /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ s;/L k|fKt ug]{ <
k|of]uzfnfdf 3'dfpg] k|lqmofdfkm{t -;]G6«Lô'u];g_ k"0f{ /utaf6
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ 5'§\ofOG5 h;n] /utaf6 &) k|ltzteGbf
a9L KnfHdf / ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ 5'§\ofpF5 . 3'dfP/ 5'§\ofpg] of]
k|lqmofdf -;]G6«Lô'u];g_ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ c¿ tTjx¿;Fu 5'l§P/
lkFwdf uP/ lylu|G5g\ eg] KnfHdf, ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿, yf]Da|f];fO6
/utsf] ;txlt/ cfpF5g\ To;sf/0f ltgnfO{ ;lhn} x6fpg
ldN5 . /ut hDg glbg] t/n 3'ngzLn tTj -PG6Lsf]u'n]G6_
3'ngzLn kf]ifs tTjx¿ / cGo cf}ifwLtTjx¿nfO{ /ftf /Qmsf]ifdf
ld;fOG5 h;n] /utsf] sf]ifx¿nfO{ Ps csf{df 6fFl;g glbO{
/Qmsf]ifx¿sf] cfo' a9fP/ ;hLj / u'0f:t/o'Qm /fVb5g\ .
P;=P=hL=Pd= -;nfOg, Pl8gfog, Un'sf]h, u'gf];fOg, ;nfog
Dof6«f]g, P P;–# -Go"l6«;]n l;:6d_ clg P=l8=P;=Pn= -Pl8gfOg,
8]s:6«f];, :nfOg–dflg6f]n_x¿ c¿ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿df ld;fOg]
3'ngzLn ld;fj6 x'g\ . To:t} u/]/ l;=lk=l8= -;fO6«]6, kmf]:k]m6,
8]S;\6«f];_ l;=lk=l8=P=! -;fO6«]6, kmf]:s]6, 8]S;\6«f];, Pl8gfOg_
/ l;=lk=@l8= -;fO6«]6, kmf]:k]m6, 8an 8]S;\6«f];_ cflb tTjx¿
/utnfO{ hDg glbg] tTjx¿ x'g\ .
29
o'/f]kdf /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ $@ b]lv $* lbg;Dd lhpFbf] hfUbf]
/fVg l;=lk=l8÷P;=P=hL=–Pd= sf] ld;fj6 ul/G5 eg] cd]l/sfdf
l;=lk=l8=P—!÷P=P;=—# cyjf l;=lk=@l8=÷P=P;=—# sf] k|of]u
ul/G5 .
yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿nfO{ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ubf{ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿
kf]sfdf /flvPsf] & lbgeGbf a9L gePsf] /ut lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
olb dfly pNn]v ul/Psf kf]ifstTjx¿ ldnfOG5 eg] klg kf]sfdf
/flvPsf] @ xKtf eGbf k'/fgf] /ut oL /f]uLx¿nfO{ lbg'xF'b}g lsgeg]
5f]6f] cjlweGbf nfdf] cjlw e08f/ ul/Psf /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿
yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿nfO{ pko'Qm x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f 7f]s'jf ug{
c´} klg e/kbf]{ cWoog ePsf] kfOFb}g .
/utsf] u'0f:t/tf / lg/fkbtf a9fpg] c¿ k|lqmofx¿
Kofs ul/Psf] /ftf] /Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ w'g]— 6«fG:k\mo'hg ul/Psf]
/utdf x'g] k|f]l6gn] la/fdLx¿df ;fdfGob]lv s8f lsl;dsf]
k|ltlqmof pTkGg u/fpg ;S5 . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] :qmLlgËsf]
dfWodåf/f /ftf /Qmsf]if 5'§\ofpg] k|lqmof -;]G6«Lk'mu];g_ n] k"0f{
/utaf6 &) k|ltzt KnfHdf / k|f]l6g x6fpg ;S5 . t/ olb oL
/Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ :nfOg 3f]ndf jf; u/]/ logdf /x]sf KnfHdf /
k|f]l6gnfO{ clwstd\ ¿kdf x6fpg] xf] eg] kf]sf]df /x]sf /ftf
/Qmsf]ifx¿sf] u'0fdf c¿ ;'wf/ x'g;S5 . w]/} h:tf] lj/fdLx¿sf
lglDt o:tf] k|s[of cfjZos kb}{g . t/ o;/L w'nfO{ ul/Psf /ftf
/Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ w'nfO{ ul/Psf] @$ 306fleq 6«fG:k\mo'hg ul/;Sg'
kb{5 .
No'sf];fO6\; 36fP/ /ftf] /Qmsf]if Kofs ug]{— No'sf];fO6\;n]
pTkGg ug{;Sg] cjflG5t k|ltlqmofnfO{ ;s];Dd 36fpgsf] nflu
/ftf] /Qmsf]ifdf ;]tf] /Qmsf]ifsf] ;ª\Vof !x!)^ k|lt o"lg6 /ftf]
/Qmsf]ifeGbf sd x'g' kg]{ k|fjwfgnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o lgb]{lzsfn]
l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 . k|fo h;f] la/fdLdf Hj/f] pTkGg u/fpg]
o:tf k|ltlqmofx¿ ;]tf] /Qmsf]ifx¿af6 lg:sg] r]df]sfOG; eGg]
/;fogsf] sf/0fn] x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . o;sf] cnfjf ;]tf
/Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ 36fpFbf, ;]tf] /Qmsf]ifdf /x]sf c¿ ;ª\qmd0fhGo
JofS6]l/ofx¿ klg x6\b5g\ . ofl;{lgof OG6]/f]sf]lnl6sf JofS6]l/of,
l;=Pd=eL=, O=lj=eL= la !( / Pr=P=eL= -;+lIfKt zAbfjnL x]g'{xf];\_
30
yfnf;]ldof af/]
/ c¿ o:t} An8 a}Ídf /fd|/L :qmLlgË x'gg;s]sf ls6f0f'x¿n]
g/fd|f] ;ª\qmd0fsf] l:ylt k}bf u/fpg ;S5g\ .
/utsf]
lkmN6/
;]tf] /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ 36fpg] ljlwx¿ -No"sf]l/8S;g /
No"sf]l8Kn];g_
5fGg] k|lqmof
/utsf] kf]sfdf ljz]if lsl;dsf] lkmN6/ hf]8]/ bftfaf6 lnPsf]
/utdf ePsf ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf ;ª\qmd0fhGo ls6f0f'x¿nfO{
s'zntfk"j{s x6fpg ;lsG5 . /ut ;Íng u/]sf] ;doaf6
$ b]lv * 306fsf] ;dosf] cGt/fndf /utnfO{ lk|mhdf /fv]/
5fGg] sfdnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o lgb]{lzsfn] lgb]{lzt ub{5 . 5fGg]
k|lqmofsf] l9nfOn] ubf{ ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿df /x]sf] O~hfOd
-k\mofuf];fO6\;_ n] k\mofuf];fO6f]l;; / Pl;{lgof OG6/f]sf]lnl6of
h:tf JofS6]l/ofx¿nfO{ gi6 ug]{ df}sf kfpF5g\ . oL AofS6]l/ofx¿
;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿df ;lhn} k|j]z u/L ;Gtfg j[l4 ug{ ;S5g\ .
/ut 5fGg] sfd An8 a}+s jf la/fdLsf] a]8sf] 5]pd} /ut lbg]
;dodf klg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ la/fdLsf] la5f}gf 5]pd} 5fGg]
k|ljlw -lkmN6/_ k|of]u u/]/ ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ x6fpg ;kmn eP
klg /utsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ s'/f eg] lgs} cK7\of/f] 5 .
AofS6]l/ofn] el/Psf] kmfuf];fO6
AofS6]l/of
xf8sf] dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ k|Tof/f]k0f ul/;s]sf jf ug]{ tof/L
ul//x]sf aL yfnf;]ldofsf ljz]if u/L hjfg /f]uLx¿sf] nflu
No'sf]lkmN6«];g elgg] ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ 5fGg] of] ljlw xfn}sf
jif{x¿df c¿ k|efjsf/L ag]sf] 5 . lsgsL, /f]uLx¿sf] ;]tf
/Qmsf]ifx¿df kfOg] ;fO6f]d]ufnf] efO/; -l;=Pd=eL_ n] sdhf]/
k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL ePsf /f]uLx¿df cToGt s8f / 3fts lsl;dsf]
;ª\qmd0f u/fpg ;S5 – ljz]ifu/L xf8 dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_
k|Tof/f]k0f u/fPsf /f]uLx¿df .
hxfFsf An8 a}Íx¿ dfly elgP cg';f/sf tl/sfx¿ ckgfP/
KnfHdf 5'§\ofpg, w'nfO{ ug{ cyjf lkmN6/ ug{ ;Ifd 5}gg\ tL
7fpFx¿df k"0f{ /ut ;ª\sng u/]kl5 lk|mhdf $) ;]= tfkqmdf @$
b]lv $* 306f;Dd e08f/ ug'{k5{ . o;f] u/]kl5 /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿
kf]sfsf] lk+wdf lylu|g hfG5g\ eg] KnfHdf, ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿,
Kn]6\n]6\; / akmLsf]6 elgg] 6'6]k'm6]sf kbfy{x¿ /utsf] ;txdf
31
cfpF5g\ h;nfO{ k|of]uzfnfsf ;fdfGo cf}hf/x¿ k|of]u u/]/
;lhn} x6fpg ;lsG5 . t/ of] k|lqmof 5fGg] ljlw -lkmN6«]zg_
eGbf xhf/ u'0ff ck|efjsf/L 5 .
;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ x6fpg] ljleGg tl/sfx¿sf]
k|efjsfl/tf
•
•
•
•
•
lk|mhdf k|fs[lts ¿kn] 5'l§gsf] nflu l:y/ /flvPsf] /utaf6
akmLsf]6 x6fPkl5 klg k|lt o'lg6 /ut !=@x!)( eGbf sd
;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ /xG5g\ .
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ 3'dfpg] -;]G6«Lk\mo'h];g_ k|lqmofaf6
5'6ØfP/ :nfOg 3f]ndf w'g] k|lqmofaf6 wf]Pkl5 klg k|lt
o'lg6 /ut !x!)& eGbf sd ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx/ /xG5g\ .
la/fdLsf] la5f}gf 5]pd} 5fGg] k|ljlw -lkmN6/_ k|of]u u/]/
5flgg] /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] Kofsdf k|lt o'lg6 /ut %x!)^
eGbf sd ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ /xG5g\ .
An8a}Í k|of]uzfnfdf 5fg]/ Kofs ul/Psf /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿df
k|lt o'lg6 /ut %x!)^ eGbf sd ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ /xG5g\ .
;~ro ug'{k"j{sf] 5flgPsf] /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿df k|lt o'lg6
/ut %x!)^ ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ /xG5g\ .
:jefljs ¿kn] yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿n] /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgdf
kfpg] /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ e08f/ cl3 g} 5flgPsf], wf]OPsf]
/Qm;d"xx¿ ldnfOPsf] / /ut hDg glbg] tTj / kf]ifs tTjx¿
/flvPsf] x'g'k5{ . t/ hxfF oL ;a}s'/fx¿ ;Dej 5}gg\ vf;
lsl;dsf /f]uLx¿sf nflu ljz]if lsl;dsf] /utsf] tof/Ldf Wofg
lbg'k5{ . hf] o:tf] x'g;S5–
!= /utdf cfO{=lh=P= eGg] ljz]if lsl;dsf] k|f]l6g gePsf
/ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/k|lt uDeL/ lsl;dsf] Pnlh{s
k|lqmof bzf{pg] /f]uLx¿sf] nflu wf]OPsf] cf/=la=;L= tof/
kfg'{k5{ . s]xL o:tf /f]uLx¿ x'G5g\ h;sf] /utdf cfO{=lh=
P= gfds k|f]l6g x'G5 t/ 5flgPsf] /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ubf{
klg pgLx¿nfO{ jf/Djf/ Hj/f] cfpF5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
6«fG:k\mo'hg ug'{cl3 /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] w'nfO{ ug{ cfjZos
kg{;S5 .
32
yfnf;]ldof af/]
@= lj/n}dfq kfOg] cf/=la=;L= PG6LhLg ePsf /f]uLx¿sf] /ut
hf] ;'s} bftfsf] /tu;Fu ldnfpg -qm; Dofr_ Psbd ufx|f]
x'g] ePsf]n] o:tf /f]uLx¿sf] nflu hd]sf jf ;fx|} lr;f]df
;'/lIft cf/=la=;L=x¿ ljz]if lsl;dsf d]l8sn s]Gb|x¿df
/flvPsf] /ut lbg'k5{ . o"/f]k, cd]l/sfdf o:tf] cf/=la=l;=nfO{
ljz]if :jf:Yo s]Gb|df –^)) ;]G6Lu|]8 tfkqmddf $) k|ltzt
Unf;]/f]n 3f]ndf /flvG5, of] Pp6f o:tf] cj:yf xf] h;df
cf/=la=;L= !) jif{;Dd e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= af]g Dof/f] k|Tof/f]k0f ul/;lsPsf of ug{ nfu]sf /f]uLx¿df
bftfsf] tGt' / /f]uL;Fu ePsf] tGt'sf] ljrdf x'g] k|ltlqmof
:j¿k x'g] c;fWo /f]unfO{ /f]Sgsf] lglDt ljls/0f k|lqmofaf6
k|zf]lwt cf/=la=;L= lbg'k5{ .
$= /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg kl5 ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] lj¿4 af/Daf/
k|ltlqmof b]vfpg] /f]uLx¿nfO{ No"sf];fO6\; 36fOPsf]
-No"sf]l/8\o";8_ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ lbg'k5{ . yfnf;]ldofsf]
ev{/} lgbfg eO{ xf8dHhf -af]gDof/f]_ k|Tof/f]k0fsf] tof/L
ul//x]sf] /f]uLnfO{ x'g] ;fO6f]d]ufnf] efO/; -l;=Pd=eL_ sf]
;ª\qmd0f /f]Sg No"sf];fO6\; 36fOPsf] cf/=la=;L= g}
lbg'k5{ . To;} u/]/ x•L dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ k|Tof/f]k0f ul/
;s]/ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf] cfjZostf ePsf /f]uLx¿df
klg ;fO6f]d]ufnL efO/;af6 x'g] ;ª\qmd0f bf]xf]l/g glbg
No'sf];fO6\; 36fOPsf] /ut lbg'kb{5 .
6«fG:k\mo'hg ljlwsf] lg0f{o
cfjZos /utsf] dfqfsf] u0fgf
Pp6f /f]uLnfO{ cfjZos /utsf] dfqf / 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf] b/
/f]uLsf] pd]/ / lSnlgsn cj:yfdf e/k5{ . o;/L g} 6«fG:k\mo'hg
ul/g] /utsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ld;fOPsf 3f]nx¿, /Qmbftfsf] /ftf]
/Qmsf]ifx¿sf] x]df6f]lqm6 -x]df]Unf]lag h:t} gfkf]_ / nlIft
x]df]Unf]lag tx h:tf tYox¿n] klg /utsf] dfqf / 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf]
b/nfO{ lgwf{/0f u5{g\ .
dWod cj:yfdf -r/d jf pRr cj:yf ljk/Lt_ /ut 6«fG;ô'hg
ljlwdf -clwsf+z yfnf;]ldofsf lj1x¿n] lgb]{z ug]{ u/]sf]_ –
la/fdLx¿n] k|fo cfk\mgf] z/L/sf] jhgsf] lx;fan] k|lt lsnf]u|fd
33
3a
lxdf6f]lqm6df e/
k/L la/fdLsf]
x]df]Unf]lagnfO{ k|lt
8]l;ln6/ ! u|fd a9fpg
rflxg] bftfsf] /utsf]
dfqf
-yfnf;]ldof lSnlgsn Joj:yfkgsf]
nflu l6=cfO=Pkm=sf] lgb]{lzsfaf6_
3b
/ut 6«fG;ô'hgsf]
dfqf
x]df]Unf]lagsf]
j[l4sf] nlIft
tx
!) b]lv !% ld=ln= yfnf;]ldof lj/fdLsf lglDt tof/ ul/Psf]
/ftf] /Qmsf]if lnG5g\ . /Qmbftfsf] cf/=lj=;L=sf] &% k|ltzt
x]df6f]lqm6df cfwfl/t eP/ # b]lv $ 306f nufP/ 6«fG:k\mo'hg
ul/G5—-b/_ . of] 6«fG:k\mo'hg @ b]lv % xKtfsf] cGt/fndf
ul/G5— -cGt/_ . Pshgf lkmof] gl´lsPsf] la/fdLnfO{ k|ltjif{
cfk\mgf] jhgsf] k|lts]hL ´08}
!*) ld=ln= z'4 /ftf] /Qmsf]if
cfjZostf k5{ eg] lkmof] x6fOPsf]
la/fdLnfO{ k|ltjif{ k|lts]hL—
-z/L/sf] tf}n_ sl/j !## ld=ln6/
z'4 /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ 6«fG:k\mo'hg
ug'{kb{5 .
olb la/fdLnfO{ d'6'sf] ;d:ofx¿
5g\ cyjf la/fdLsf] x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx k|lt 8]l;ln6/ % u|fdeGbf
tn eP/ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 eg] Psbd} ;':t b/df
k|lt 306f k|lts]hL @ b]lv % ldlnln6/ cf/=la=;L= 6«fG:k\mo'hg
ug'{k5{ .
/f]uLx¿nfO{ rflxg] ;xL dfqfsf] /ut lgwf{/0f ug{sf] nflu d]l8sn
:6fkmx¿nfO{ w]/} lsl;dsf tflnsf / u|fkmx¿ (3a, 3b) pknAw
5g\ .
bftfsf] /ftf] /Qmsf]ifsf] x]df6f]lqm6
6«fG:k\mo'hg
ljlwsf]
p2]Zo
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ug'{eGbf cl3
la/fdLx¿sf] x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx (–!)=%
u|fd÷8]l;ln6/ /fVg] / 6«fG:k\mo'hg
kl5 !% u|fd÷8]l;ln6/eGbf a9\g
glbg] x'g'kb{5 .
-yfnf;]ldof lSnlgsn Joj:yfkgsf] nflu
o:tf] ljlw
l6=cfO=Pkm=sf] lgb]{lzsfaf6_
cGtu{t ul/Psf] 6«fG:k\mo'hgdf la/fdLn] o:tf] cg'ej
u5{g\ –
•
xf8 dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_sf] yf]/} dfq lj:tf/
•
;fdfGo zf/Ll/s j[l4 / zf/Ll/s zlQmdf j[l4
•
lkmof] a9\b} ga9\g] cyjf sd a9\g]
•
/utsf c0f'x¿ cfk;df 6fFl;P/ cfpg] ;d:of -le:sf]l;6L_
/ /QmgnLx¿df /ut hd]/ cfpg] ;d:of -y|f]Djf]PDaf]lns_
36\g]
34
yfnf;]ldof af/]
•
•
6fpsf] b'Vg] / gfy|L k'm6\g] ;d:of 36\g] .
cËx¿df y'lk|g] kmnfd tTjdf x|f; .
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf] ljrdf slt cGt/fn /fVg] eGg] s'/fnfO{
oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf afx]s c¿ tYox¿n] klg k|efj kfb{5 . oL
tYox¿df /f]uLn] ug]{ sfd, k9\g] ljBfnosf] sfo{;"rL / /ut
6«fG:k\mo'hg s]Gb|df k'Ug nfUg] b"/L / ;do kb{5g\ . hlt;Dd
;Dej x'G5 /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf] ;donfO{ la/fdLsf] hLjgz}nL /
d]l8sn cfjZostfg';f/ Jojl:yt ug'{k5{ .
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ljlwsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cf+sng
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf /utsf] x]df]Unf]lagsf]
tx s'g b/df v:sG5 To;sf] cfwf/df gflkG5 . of] tx lkmof]
x6fOPsf] /f]uLx¿sf] xsdf xKtfdf k|lt 8]l;ln6/ ! u|fdeGbf tn
hfg' x'Fb}g eg] lkmof] gx6fOPsf /f]uLx¿sf] xsdf xKtfdf !=%
u|fd k|lt 8]l;ln6/eGbf v:sg' x'Fb}g .
olb x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx pRr b/df v:s]sf] kfOPdf tnsf
sf/0fx¿sf] hfFr ug{ ;lsG5 .
•
/ftf] /Qmsf]ifsf PlG6a8Lx¿ -Pnf]ODo"gfO{h];g_ -x]g'{xf];\–
6«fG:k\mo'hg;Fu ;DalGwt k|ltlqmof_
•
pbfx/0fsf nflu lkmof]sf] cfsf/df lj:tf/ -xfOk/:Kn]lgHd_
cyjf sn]hf]sf] j[l4 -x]kf6f]d]ufnL_ eO{ la/fdLnfO{ k|ltjif{
k|lts]hL @)) ldlnln6/sf] b/n] cf/=la=;L=sf] cfjZostf
kb{5 eg] lkmof]sf] cfsf/df j[l4 u/fpg ;Sg] sf/0fx¿sf]
k/LIf0f ug'kb{5 .
•
Go"g u'0f:t/sf] /ut, o;sf] cy{ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] cfo'
5f]6f] x'G5 / sd k|efjsf/L 9Ëun] sfd u5{g\ .
•
/Qm>fj -cfGb|f cflbaf6_
•
l/eflel/gh:tf cf}ifwLx¿sf] ;]jgsf] sf/0fn] j[l4 ePsf
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] d[To'b/df j[l4 .
•
;+qmd0fsf] sf/0f j[l4 ePsf /ftf /Qmsf]ifsf] d[To'b/df j[l4 .
-dn]l/of cflb_
35
of] pkrf/ ljlwsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;xL n]vfhf]vf ug{ k|To]s k6s
/ut lbg'eGbf cl3 / kl5 la/fdLsf] x]df]Unf]lag txsf] gfk
lng'k5{ . olb of] ;Dej geP xKtfsf] Psk6s Tof] klg ;Dej
geP !% lbgsf] Psk6s cyjf la/fdLn] 6«fG:k\mo'hg lng] a]nfdf
x]df]Unf]lag txsf] hfFr cjZo ug'{kb{5 .
6«fG:k\mo'hg;Fu ;DalGwt k|ltlqmofx¿
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgn] la/fdLdf 6«fG:k\mo'hg l/ofS;g elgg]
cjfl~5t / hl6n lsl;dsf k|ltlqmof pTkGg u/fpg ;S5 .
6«fG:k\mo'hg k|ltlqmof -l6=cf/=_ eg]sf] la/fdLdf /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg
eO/x]sf] ;dodf cyjf 6«fG:k\mo'hg kl5 b]lvg] k|lts"n 36gf
xf] . ´08} $ k|ltzt /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgx¿ -Go"g u'0f:t/sf] /ut
eP of] ;+Vof ce}m a9L x'g ;S5_ s'g} g s'g} cfjl~5t /
k|lts"n k|ltlqmofx¿;Fu hf]l8Psf 5g\ . /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg eg]sf]
jfx\oj:t' cyjf bftfsf] /ut la/fdLsf] z/L/df k|j]z u/fpg'
xf] . To;sf/0f /ut lng] la/fdLsf] k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLn] o;k|lt
k|ltlqmof hgfpg' o'lQm;Fut b]lvG5 . o:tf k|ltlqmofx¿ c¿
s'g} cË k|Tof/f]k0f of x•L dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ k|Tof/f]k0fdf klg
b]lvG5g\ . jf:tjdf k|To]s lrlsT;sLo pkrf/sf kmfObfx¿ klg
5g\ / la/fdLnfO{ kg]{ cK7\of/fx¿ klg 5g\ . oL ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx¿nfO{
d]l8sn :6fkmx¿n] /fd|/L d"NofÍg ug'{k5{ .
/utsf] 6«fG:k\mo'hg lnO/x]sf la/fdLx¿df b]lvg] k|ltlqmofnfO{ @
efudf afFl8Psf] 5
s= k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLn] b]vfpg] k|ltlqmofx¿– o;df la/fdLsf]
k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLn] 6«fG:k\mo'hg ul/Psf] /ut k|lt k|ltlqmof
hgfpF5 .
v= k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLafx]s c¿ s'/fx¿n] b]vfpg] k|ltlqmof– o;df
b]lvPsf k|ltlqmofx¿ k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLn] hgfPsf k|ltlqmof
xf]Ogg\ .
36
yfnf;]ldof af/]
b'j} lsl;dsf k|ltlqmofx¿ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ubf{ ub}{ -tLj|
k|ltlqmof_ klg b]lvg ;S5g\ cyjf s]xL ldlnln6/ /ut k|j]z
ul/;s]kl5 cyjf 6«fG:k\mo'hg u/L ;lsg] ljlQs} klg k|ltlqmof
b]lvg ;S5 . s'g} k|ltlqmof b]lvg l9nf eO{ s]xL lbg, xKtf / c´
Tof]eGbf klg nfdf] ;do nfUg ;S5 .
tn lbOPsf tflnsfx¿ !,@,# n] s / v k|ltlqmofx¿sf k|sf/x¿
/ ltgsf cfa[lQnfO{ b]vfpF5g\ . (x]g'{xf];\ 3c, 3d, 3e)
-of] v08df y'k|} k|fljlws d]l8sn zAbfjnLx¿ k/]sf 5g\ h'g
;fdfGo kf7sx¿sf] lglDt cK7\of/f x'g;S5g\ . of] cfzf ul/Psf]
5 ls of] zAbfjnL ;"rL tyf ltgsf] cy{x¿sf] k|of]un] /f]uLx¿
/ ltgsf cleefjsx¿n] d]l8sn :6fkmx¿;Fu ug]{ 5nkmnx¿df
a9L ljZj:t eO{ k|:t't x'g ;S5g\ ._
k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLn] e"ldsf v]Ng] 6«fG:k\mo'hg k|ltlqmofx¿
tLj| -t'¿Gt}_
Xofdf]lnl6s -/QmgnLx¿ leq_
PgflkmNofS6Ls -k|f]l6gsf] sf/0fn] x'g]
cf3ft_
k\ma|fOn gg Xofdf]lnl6s -Hj/f] cfpg'_
Pnlh{s -o"l6sfl/on_
cfa[lQ
3c
tflnsf !
l9nf] ePsf]
!÷@%,))) Pnf]ODo"g
Xofdf]lnl6s -/QmgnL
!÷%),)))
aflx/_
Kn]6\n]6\; -pTk|]/s k|lt
!÷!))
c;+j]bgzLn_
!÷!))
aflx/af6 k|j]z u/]sf]
lj/f]wdf ToxL ePsf] /f]u
cfj[lQ
!÷!))
!÷@%,)))
!÷!)
lj/n}
6«fG:k\mo'hg;Fu ;DalGwt tLj| ¿kn] x'g]
!÷!),)))
kmf]S;f]sf] rf]6
37
3d
tflnsf @
u}/ k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLn] v]Ng] e"ldsfsf sf/0f x'g] 6«fG:k\mo'hg k|ltlqmof
tLj| -t'¿Gt}_
Xofdf]lnl6s
cfj[lQ
lj/n}
cGt/bxg k|lqmof -d]6faf]lnHd_
/ut hDg] k|lqmofnfO{ c;/
ug]{ /f]u -sf]u'nf]KofyL_
z/L/sf] tfkqmd 36\g] /f]u
-xfOkf]ydL{of_
;fOl6«s Pl;8sf] ljiffSttf
SoflN;od Go"gtfsf] /f]u
/utdf clt w]/} kf]6fl;od x'g]
/f]u -xfOk/ Sofn]dLof_
/QmgnLsf] cj/f]w -ODjf]lns_
/Qm;~rf/nfO{ a9L ef/
lj/n}
lj/n}
lj/n}
lj/n}
lj/n}
l9nf] x'g]
cGt/bxg kmnfd tTjsf]
clwSotf
;ª\qmd0f
!= AofS6]l/ofaf6 x'g]
u|fd g]u]l6e
u|fd kf]h]l6e
@= efO/;af6 x'g]*
Pr=lj=eL=
Pr=;L=eL=
Pr=cfO=eL= ! / @
Pr=l6=Pn=eL= ! / @
l;=Pd=eL=
O{–aL=
lj !(
#= lk|cf]G;M -q'mhk]mN8 Hofsf]a_
$= Kof/f;fOl6s** -dn]l/of
cflb_
cfj[lQ
nfdf] ;do
!÷!%,)))
!÷@,)))
!÷^),)))
!÷!)),)))
!÷&)),)))
!÷^%),)))
&÷!))
!÷@))
lj/n}
<
lj/n}
lj/n}
!÷!),)))
*
efO/n ;ª\qmd0fsf] cfa[lQ b]z cg';f/ km/s k5{ . of]
;ª\qmd0f ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yosf] :t/, /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf]
:t/ / of] /f]usf] :yfgLo k}mnfj6h:tf tYodf klg e/ k5{ .
dflysf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] tYo xfnsf jif{x¿df o"/f]kdf
lnOPsf] k|ltj]bgdf cfwfl/t 5 .
**
Kof/f;fO6n] Nofpg] ;ª\qmd0f / ;/fOsf] cfj[lQ ljsf;zLn
b]zdf a9L 5 .
tflnsf g+= #M o;n] /ut 6«fG;ô'hg;+u ;DalGwt s]xL
l/ofS;gx¿sf sf/0fx¿, o:tf l/ofS;g af/Daf/ bf]xf]l/g] cj:yf
/ ltlgx¿sf] nIf0fx¿nfO{ b]vfpF5 .
38
yfnf;]ldof af/]
3e
tflnsf #
sf/0f, b]vf kg]{ ;do / 6«fG:k\mo'hg;Fu ;DalGwt k|ltlqmofsf nIf0fx¿
k|ltlqmofsf k|sf/
tLj| /ftf /Qmsf]if
6'qmg] k|lqmof
h;df Pr= lj=
5'6\5
;do
s]xL ldlnln6/
/ut z/L/df
uPkl5
k|f]l6g k|ltsf]
s]xL ldlnln6/
clt ;+j]bgzLntf /ut z/L/df
uPkl5
/ o;n] Nofpg]
wSsf
sf/0f
P=lj=cf] /Qm;d"xsf] a]d]n
Pn=hL=P=df x'g] hGdhft sld
-sGh]G;n l8lkm;]G;Lx¿ cfO=hL=P_
-PgflkmNofS6Ls_
==== /f]sfj6 -Po/ s]xL ldlnln6/
xfjfsf] k|j]z
ODaf]lnHd_
/ut z/L/df
uPkl5
AofS6]l/ofsf]
/utsf]
lbOPsf] /utsf] dfWodaf6 z/L/df
k|b'if0f -;]K;L;_
6«fG:k\mo'hg
AofS6]l/ofsf] k|jz
]
;lsg] a]nflt/ jf
;lsPkl5
/utsf]
6«fG:k\mo'hg
;lsg] a]nflt/ jf
;lsPkl5
6«fG:k\mo'hgsf
/utsf]
sf/0f kmf]S;f]df
6«fG:k\mo'hg
x'g] rf]6 (Trali) ;lsg] a]nf
lt/ jf ;lsPkl5
Pkm=Pg=Pr=l6=cf/ /utsf]
-/Qmsf]if g6'qmg], 6«fG:k\mo'hg
Hj/f] cfpg]
;lsg] a]nflt/ jf
6«fG:k\mo'hg
;lsPkl5
k|ltlqmof_
/Qm;~rf/
k|0ffnLdf clws
ef/
6«fG:k\mo'hg k|lqmof ;fx|} l56f] x'g'
nIf0fx¿
;f; k]mg{ ufx|f] x'g], 5flt
v'Drg], Hj/f] cfpg], hf8f]
x'g], 9f8 b'Vg], /Qmrfk
36\g], cf3ft, d[uf}nfn]
sfd ug{ 5f]8\g] .
5fnf /ftf] b]lvg], af]Nbf
3fF6L b'Vg], lrnfpg], ;f;
k]mg{ ufx|f] x'g], jfGtf,
kvfnf, 5ftL b'Vg],
/Qmrfk a9\g], a]xf]; x'g],
´6\sf nfUg] .
vf]sL, ;f; k]mg{ ufx|f],
5ftL b'Vg], 3ft
Hj/f], hf8f] x'g', jfGtf,
kvfnf, /Qmrfk sd
x'g', ´6\sf nfUg',
ls8\gLn] sfd ug{ 5f]8\g',
l8=cfO{=;L=
;f; k]mg{ ufx|f] x'g', 5fnf
lgnf] x'g', /Qmrfksf]
gfkdf tnsf] gfk a9\g'
6«fG:k\mo'hg ul/Psf PG6L No'sf];fO6\,
PG6La8L / la/fdL;Fu ePsf]
u|fg'nf];fO6\;aLrsf] k|ltlqmof
;f; k]mg{ ufx|f] x'g', vf]sL,
/Qmrfk 36\g', 5fnf lgnf]
x'g'
6«fG:k\mo'hg ul/Psf] /utdf ePsf]
No"sf];fO6 PG6LhLg / la/fdLsf]
/utdf ljBdfg PG6LNo"sf];fO6
/ PG6La8Lljrsf] k|ltlqmofx¿
;fO6f]sfOg elgg] k|f]l6g -h;nfO{ /ut
e08f/0f ul/Psf] a]nf No'sf];fO6\;n]
pTkfbg u5{_ sf] sf/0f klg pTkGg x'g]
ljZjf; ul/G5
s'g} d]l8sn JofVof ug{ g}
g;lsg] u/L la/fdLsf] !
l8u|L ;]= jf a9L tfkqmd
j[l4 x'G5
39
3e
tflnsf # qmdzM
k|ltlqmofsf k|sf/
Pnlh{s
-ljleGg k|sf/sf
u8a8Lx¿_
;do
/ut
6«fG:k\mo'hgsf]
cGTolt/ cyjf
;ls;s]kl5
lh=le=Pr= l8
-u|fk\m6 Vs xf]:6
/f]u_
# b]lv #) lbg
s]xL lbg cyjf
Pnf]ODo"g
k|ltlqmof -6]an $ xKtf k5fl8
x]g'{xf]nf_
Xofdf]lnl6s l9nf] # b]lv & lbg
x'g] / Pgfdg]:6Ls
k|ltlqmof
sf/0f
bftfsf] /utdf ePsf] jfx\o Pn/hLG;
h;n] la/fdLsf] PG6L8aL;Fu k|ltlqmof
u5{ cyjf bftfsf] /utdf ePsf]
PG6La8L h;n] la/fdLsf] Pn/hLG;;Fu
k|ltlqmof u5{ .
bftfsf] Pr=Pn=P= PG6LlhGn] lj/fdLsf]
ljz]if u/]/ l6= lnDkmf];fO6 pQ]lht
u/fpF5
!= k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL bljPsf la/fdLx¿df
@= OG6«fp6/fOg 6«fG:k\mo'hg lnO/x]sf
e|'0fx¿
#= ev{/} hGd]sf] aRrfn] kfO/x]sf] ;§f
6«fG:k\mo'hg
$= cfkmGtx¿sf] /ut lnO/x]sf
la/fdLx¿df
la/fdLn] s]xL cf/=lj=;L PG6LhLgsf]
lj¿2 PG6Lj8L tof/ u5{ h;] ubf{
6«fG:k\mo'hg ul/Psf sf]ifx¿ 6'lqmg
yfN5g\ -Xofdf]nfOl;;_
nIf0fx¿
o"l6sf/Lof -ljleGg
u8a8Lx¿_ /ftf] wAaf
b]lvg', vf; 7fpFdf kfgL
hDg'
Hj/f], cfGb|fsf] sf]nfO6L;,
kftnf] kvfnf, 5fnf
etelt kf]Ng], 5fnf /ftf]
x'g], /ut 36\g]
dGb Hj/f], hf8f] x'g],
dGb h08L;, sf/0f yfxf
gePsf] x]df]Unf]lagsf]
36\g] k|lqmof -# jif{eGbf
cufl8 g} /ut lbg z'?
u/]/ o:tf] ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5
dfly h:t} 6«fG:k\mo'hg ug{'eGbf cufl8
ul/g] k|of]uzfnf hfFrdf PG6La8L
gb]lvg ;S5 t/ 6«fG:k\mo'hg z'¿
u/]kl5 z/L/sf] k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLn] 7"nf]
kl/df0fdf PG6La8L agfpg yfN5g\ .
6«fG:k\mo'hg k|lts[ofsf] pkrf/
/f]usf] lgbfg / ult 6«fG:k\mo'hg;Fu ;DalGwt k|ltlqmofsf]
l;ls:ttfdf e/ k5{ . tnsf a"Fbfx¿n] k|ltlqmofx¿nfO{ s;/L
pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] b]vfpF5g\ .
uDeL/ l/ofS;g
•
tLa| lsl;dsf Xofdf]lnl6s 6«fG:k\mo'hg k|ltlqmof
-P=Pr=l6=cf/_
k|f]l6gk|ltsf]
clt
;Dj]bgzLntf
-PgflkmNofS6Ls_, JofS6]/Lof k|b"if0f -;]K;L;_ xfjfsf] cj/f]w
40
yfnf;]ldof af/]
•
•
•
•
•
-ODaf]lnHd_ h:tf k|ltlqmofx¿df 6«fG:k\mo'hg /f]Sg'k5{ .
gzfjf6 t/n kbfy{x¿ lbg ;lsG5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf
d]l8sn cj:yfx¿ h:t} /QmgnLx¿df /ut hDg] k|lqmofdf
x'g] ;d:of -l8=cfO=;L=_ ls8\gLn] sfd ug{ 5f]8\g], cf3ft
h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ pkrf/ ug{sf] nflu cf}ifwL lbg z'¿
ug'{k5{ .
/Qm ;~rf/ k|0ffnLdf x'g] clws ef/nfO{ sd ug{ la/fdLnfO{
clS;hg / d"qjw{s cf}ifwL lbg ;lsG5 . h;n] w]/} lk;fa
nufP/ ;d:of sd u5{ .
6«fG:k\mo'hgn] Nofpg] kmf]S;f]sf] tLj| cf3ftnfO{ Zjf;k|Zjf;sf]
k|lqmofnfO{ plrt ;xof]u lbP/ pkrf/ ul/G5 .
l9nf] ePsf] Xofdf]lnl6s Pgfdg]:6Ls k|ltlqmof /
Pnf]Do'gfOh];gsf] c;/x¿nfO{ sfl6sf]:6]/f]O8\; lbP/
pkrf/ ul/G5 .
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf] sf/0f z/L/df eO{ /x]sf] /f]u aflx/af6
cfpg] /f]u sf] ljr x'g] k|lts[of -lh=le=Pr=8L_ sf] pko'Qm
lsl;dsf] d2t pkrf/ lbg'k5{ .
efO/;af6 x'g] ;ª\qmd0f k|b"if0fnfO{ efO/;sf] k|sf/ cg';f/
pkrf/ ug'{k5{ .
sd xflgsf/s d]l8sn ;d:ofx¿
!= Hj/f] cfpg] t/ /utdf s'g} c;/ gkg]{ k|ltlqmof -FNHTR_
nfO{ Hj/f] sd ug]{ cf}ifwL lbg ;lsG5 .
@= PnhL{ x'g] -c6Lsf/;Lof_, 5fnfdf bfu b]lvg], lrnfpg]h:tf
;d:ofnfO{ PG6Llx:6fdfOg lbg ;lsG5 .
6«fG:k\mo'hg k|ltlqmofsf] /f]syfd
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ;]jfx¿ / cGo ljefux¿n] s8f gLltx¿ agfpFb}
6«fG:k\mo'hgsf ;jf]{Ts[i6 k|lqmofx¿ ckgfOg] / la/fdLx¿sf]
:jf:Yosf] ;Fw} ;'/Iff ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . d]l8sn
sd{rf/Lx¿ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf :yflkt u'0f:t/ gLlt lgodx¿k|lt
sl6a4 /xg'k5{ . 6«fG:k\mo'hgn] l;h{gf ug]{ y'k|} 3fts ;d:ofx¿
w]/}h:tf] la/fdLx¿ / /Qm ;d"xsf] unt klxrfgsf sf/0fn]
cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
41
!= /Qm;d"x 5'§\ofpg] gd"gf /ut / o;nfO{ csf]{ /ut;Fu ldN5
ldNb}g bfFh]/ hfFr ug]{ sfo{sf] :ki6 ¿kn] klxrfg x'g'k5{ .
gd"gf /ut tfGg'eGbf cufl8 /ut /flvg] gnLdf 6fFl;g]
n]andf la/fdLsf] hGdldlt, k"/f gfd :ki6 n]Vgsf nflu
la/fdLn] e/]sf] /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg cfj]bg kmf/fdsf] /fd|f];Fu
cWoog / hfFr u/]/ 6fF:g'k5{ .
@= d]l8sn clkm;/n] 6«fG:k\mo'hg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ oGq
pks/0fx¿nfO{ oL oGqx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ sDkgLn] u/]s]f
l;kmfl/; cg';f/ g} k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt
ug'{k5{ .
#= s'g} /utsf] o'lg6 -kf]sf_nfO{ oGq pks/0fdf hf]8\g'eGbf
cufl8 d]l8sn clkm;/n] An8sf] o'lg6df s'g} k|b'if0f ePsf]
5 5}g, /utsf] /Ë uf8f lkmsf ePsf] 5 ls, hd]sf] kmf6]sf] of
Dofb ;lsPsf] 5 5}g cflb s'/fsf] /fd|/L lg/LIf0f ug'{k5{ .
$= la/fdLnfO{ lbg l7s kf/]sf] /utsf] kf]sfdf o;sf] sfuhdf
n]lvPsf] /Qm;d"xdf dfq e/ gk/L la/fdLsf] /Qm;d"x
k|df0fkq x]/]/ la/fdLsf] /Qm;d"x / 6«fG:k\mo'hg ug{ nluPsf]
/utsf] ;d"x ldN5 ls ldNb}g eGg] lgSof}{n ug'{k5{ .
%= 6«fG:k\mo'hg ul/Psf] /utsf kf]sfx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ kl/ro /
klxrfgnfO{ la/fdLsf] clen]v vftfdf /fd|/L n]Vg' k5{ tfls
cfjZos kbf{ /QmbftfnfO{ e]6\g ;lsof];\ .
^= /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg z'¿ u/]kl5 s]xL ;do la/fdLnfO{ ;fx|}
/fd|/L x]/ljrf/ ug'{k5{ ljz]if u/L /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg k|ltlqmof
6«fG:k\mo'hg z'¿ u/]sf] s]xL l5g\ d} b]lvg] ;Defjgf a9L x'g]
x'gfn] .
&= /utnfO{ l;kmf/L; ul/Psf] ;doleqg} lbg'k5{ o;f] ubf{
/utn] lbg'kg]{ lSnlgsn k|efjsfl/tf, ;'/IffnfO{ a9fpF5 /
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgnfO{ ;lhnf] klg agfpF5 .
*= lr;f] /utnfO{ ltq| ultdf 6«fG:k\mo'hg ug]{ sfd eo°/
8/nfUbf] x'g;S5 . hd]sf] /utsf] o'lg6 ;fx}| xf];k"j{s
rnfpg'k5{ lsgls o;sf] efF8f] ;fx|} skmNnf] x'G5 / sd
tfkqmddf ;lhn} k'm6\g ;S5 .
42
yfnf;]ldof af/]
(= /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ug'{eGbf cufl8 / ul/;s]kl5 kfngf
ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfd s'/fx¿sf] tof/Ln] /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf]
k|efjsf/LtfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 .
!)= olb k|ltlqmofsf nIf0f b]lvP eg] To;nfO{ n]Vg'k5{ / l/kf]6{
ug'{k5{ . ;a} uDeL/ lsl;dsf cK7\of/fx¿nfO{ t'¿Gt} hfFr
ug'{k5{ / 6«fG:k\mo'hg k5fl8 gd"gf /ut l´sL Tof] :ofDkn,
k|of]u gePsf] /ut / Tof] /ut ;DalGw ljj/0f ;lxt To;nfO{
/ut a}Ídf k7fpg' k5{ / ToxfF ;]/f]nf]lhsn d]n / a]d]nsf]
hfFr ug'{sf ;fy} JofS6]l/ofsf] sNr/ u/]/ hfFr ug'{k5{ .
!!= olb 6«fG:k\mo'hg k|ltlqmof jf/Djf/ bf]x]fl/of] eg] P=lj=cf]=
;d"xsf] aflx/ clgoldt lsl;dsf PG6la8Lx¿sf] pkl:ylt
/ /];; k\mofS6/sf] lg/LIf0f ug'{k5{ . Pkm=Pg=Pr=l6=cf/=
;d:of bf]xf]/L /xG5 eg] sdhf]/ No'sf];fO6 tTj k|of]u
ug'{k5{ .
!@= of] s'/f ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 ls s'g} lsl;dsf k|ltlqmof
/ c¿ ;d:ofx¿ cfpg ;do nfUb5 h:t} 6«fG:k\mo'hg
ul/Psf] /utn] ;f/]sf] /f]u l9nf] b]vf k5{ . ha /ut bftf
/f]uL ePsf] kQf nfU5 ltgn] /ut lbPsf la/fdLx¿sf]
d]l8sn hfFr nuftf/ ug'{kb{5 .
An8 a}Ín] /utsf] :t/Lo k/LIf0f / e08f/0f u/L u'0f:t/Lo
/utsf] k|of]usf lglDt lgDg s'/fx¿ ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ M
•
/Qmbftfsf] 5gf}6, /ut lng] k|lqmof, agfpg] k|lqmof,
k|of]uzfnfdf ul/g] hfFr, /utsf] ;~ro / ljt/0f, pRr
u'0f:t/o'Qm ;fdfgsf] agfj6—cEof;sf] l;4fGt cg';f/
ug'{k5{ .
•
a}Ídf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfd / lhDd]jf/L :ki6 ¿kn]
tf]lsPsf] x'g'k5{ .
•
pko'Qm ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
•
cfGtl/s ¿kn] n]vf / u'0f:t/ hfFr ug'{kb{5 h;n] ubf{
u'0f:t/ lgoGq0fsf] Jojxfl/stf / k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ dfkg
ug{ ;lsof];\ .
43
•
ePsf uNtLx¿nfO{ /fd|/L eGg'k5{ / uNtLaf6 kf7
l;Sg'k5{ .
o'/f]k / cd]l/sfh:tf b]zx¿sf c:ktfnx¿df /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg
;ldltx¿ x'G5g\ . tL ;ldltx¿df /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ;]jf /
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ultljlwx¿;Fu ;Dj4 lSnlgsn OsfOx¿sf
k|ltlglw;d]t /xG5g\ . o:tf ;ldltx¿n] 6«fG:k\mo'hg cEof;sf]
s'zntf / k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ a9fpg lgDg s'/f u5{g\M
!= :yfgLo lSnlgsn ultljlwx¿df ckgfpg' kg]{ /ut
6«fG:k\mo'hg gLltx¿nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ .
@= /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg cEof;sf] lg/Gt/ d"NofÍg ug]{ .
#= /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg;Fu ufFl;Psf k|To]s cg'ko'Qm / cjflG5t
36gfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ / cfjZos ;'wf/fTds pkfox¿sf]
cjnDjg ug]{ .
44
yfnf;]ldof af/]
cWofo $
kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf / To;sf] ck;f/0f
-lrn];g_
o; lstfasf] cl3Nnf v08x¿df JofVof ul/Ph:t} yfnf;]ldofn]
kmnfd tTjnfO{ z/L/df y'kfg]{ -Psfu| agfpg]_ sfd ub{5 .
yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿n] kmnfd tTj vfgfaf6 / 6«fG:k\mo'hg
ul/Psf] /utaf6 u/]/ @ j6f dfWodaf6 k|fKt ub{5g\ . olb of]
a9L ePsf] kmnfd tTjnfO{ z/L/af6 x6fOPg eg] o;n] sn]hf] /
d'6'h:tf z/L/sf dxTjk"0f{ c+ux¿nfO{ laufg{ ;S5 . To;sf/0f
yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿n] lrn]6/ eGg] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cf}ifwLsf]
k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 h;n] kmnfd tTjnfO{ z/L/af6 x6fpF5 .
:j:y z/L/df kmnfd tTj
Pp6f :j:y jo:s dfG5]sf] z/L/df $ u|fd kmnfd tTj x'G5
h;dWo] # u|fd /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿df x]df]Unf]lag agfpgsf] nflu
vkt x'G5 . cufl8 pNn]v ul/Ph:t} ha /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿
l5lkG5g / d5{g ltgLx¿df /x]sf] x]df]Unf]lag x\ofd / Unf]lag
eGg] @ j6f 36s c+ux¿df 6'lqmG5 . x\ofdaf6 lgl:sPsf] kmnfd
tTjnfO{ 6«fG;k]ml/g eGg] k|f]l6g afxs c0f'n] lnP/ k'gM sfddf
NofO{ gofF /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] nflu rflxg] cem w]/} x\ofdx¿
agfpF5 . Pldgf] Pl;8 eg]/ lrlgg] Unf]lag k|f]l6g agfpg]
/f;folgs tTjx¿ k'gM k|of]u eO{ gofF Unf]lagx¿ aGb5g\ .
4a
vfgfdf kfOg] kmnfd tTj
8'8]gd
-k|To]s lbg ! ldlnu|fd_
pkof]u
pkof]u
KnfHdf 6«fG:k]ml/g
-# ldu|f_
df+;k]zL
-dfof]Unf]ljg
#)) ld=u|f=_
af]g Dof/f]
3'ld/x]sf -#)) ld=u|f_
Pl/y|f];fO6x¿
-x]df]Unf]lag
!*)) ld=u|f_
;l~rt
/ut
sn]hf] Kof/]lGrdf
-!))) ld=u|f=_
/]l6So"nf] O08f]y]lnPn
Dofqmf]k]mu;\
-^)) ld=u|f=_
TofluPsf Do"sf];n sf]ifx¿
8]:Sjfd];g
/h:jnf
/utsf] c? Iflt
-x/b/ !–@ ld=u|f= k|lt lbg_
/utsf] r'xfj6
o; k|s[ofaf6 a'lemG5 ls Pp6f :j:y jo:s z/L/n] cfk"m;Fu
ePsf] k|fo ;Dk"0f{ kmnfd tTjnfO{ k'gk|of]u u5{, ;f¥x} yf]/} efu
dfq z/L/af6 la;h{g x'G5 . Pp6f :j:y jo:s dfG5]sf] z/L/n]
! u|fd kmnfd tTjnfO{ dfq lbzf, lk;fa, kl;gf / dlxnfx¿df
/hZjnfsf] dfWodaf6 aflx/ kmfN5 . cfGb|fn] z/L/af6 aflxl/Psf]
kmnfd tTjsf] lgl/If0f u5{ / vfgfaf6 To;sf] cfk"lt{ u5{ .
(x]g'{xf];\ 4a)
45
yfnf;]ldofdf kmnfd tTj
yfnf;]ldof d]h/ / yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8of b'j}sf] pkrf/df olb
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'h ul/Psf] 5}g eg] la/fdLdf b]vfkg]{ s8f Plgldofsf]
Ifltk"lt{ ug{ z/L/n] k|z:t /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ agfpg' kg]{x'G5 /
z/L/n] cfGb|faf6 cTolws dfqfdf kmnfd tTj
kmnfdtTjsf] ;Gt'ng
;f]:5 -k|ltjif{ @ b]lv % u|fd kmnfd tTj ;f]:g'
G.I. cjzf]if0f
kg]{x'G5 hals :j:y JolQmdf k|ltjif{ )=))!%
;fdfGo— ! ld=u|f=÷8]l;= ln=
z/L/df
yn— !=% ld=u|f=÷8]l;=ln=
u|fd cjzf]if0f u/] k'U5 ._ slt kmnfd tTjsf]
lb;f lk;fa
kmnfdtTjsf]
c¿ Iflt
ef/
cjzf]if0f x'G5 eGg] s'/f Plgldof slt s8f 5
! ld=u|f÷8]l; ln=
6«fG:k\mo'hg ul/Psf] /ut
eg] tYodf lge{/ u5{ . Plgldof hlt w]/} s8f 5
@)) ld=u|f=÷o'lg6
%=!% ld=u|f=÷8]l;=ln=
x•Lsf] dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ n] w]/} /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿
lgdf{0f u5{ h;sf] sf/0fn] x•Lsf] dHhf -af]g
Dof/f]_ w]/} k}mlnG5 / ;+u;+u} kmnfd tTjsf]
pd]
/
;F
u
}
a9\
g
]
6«
f
G:ô'
h
gaf6
lnOg]
/ut
/
cfjZostf a9fpF5 . cfGb|faf6 cjzf]lift
4b
kmnfd tTjsf] cfjZostfdf j[l4
x'g] kmnfd tTjsf] dfqfsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ cGo
6«fG:k\mo'hg ul/Psf] kmnfd tTj -u|fddf_
s'/fx¿n] klg e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
z/L/df le6fldg l;=sf] pkl:yltn] cjzf]lift x'g]
kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf a9fpF5 eg] lrof / cGgx¿n]
of] dfqf 36fpF5g\ . t/ cfGb|faf6 kmnfd tTjsf]
cjzf]if0fsf] dfqf sd ug]{ ;aeGbf pko'Qm
tl/sf la/fdLsf] z/L/df x]df]Unf]ljgsf] txsf]
/fd|f] Joj:yfkg ug'{ g} xf] . To;sf/0f la/fdLx¿n]
/utsf] 6«fG;k\mo'hg nuftf/ lng' / x]df]Unf]lagsf]
tx k|lt 8]l;ln6/ ( u|fd eGbfdfly -6«fG;k\mo'hg
pd]/ -jif{df_
eGbf cufl8 gflkPsf]_ /fVg' cfjZos 5 . /utsf]
sf]xg / :jf6{haf6–bL3{ ¿kn] kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf
ePdf kmnfd tTj x6fpg] -lrn];g_ pkrf/ –!(&& ;Dd]ng
sd dfqf 6«fG;k\mo'hg ul/Psf /f]uLx¿sf] z/L/n]
ljz]if1, cfO=Pg=;L= aS; ^!)#(& ldofdL, k\mnf]l/8f
cfGb|faf6 k|ltlbg ! b]lv % ldln u|fd -k|lt jif{
)=$ b]lv % u|fd_ kmnfd tTj cjzf]if0f ug{ ;S5 .
/ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg lnO/x]sf] la/fdLx¿df x'g] kmnfd tTjsf]
clwstfsf]] k|d'v >f]t 6«fG;k\mo'hg ul/Psf] /ut g} xf] . jf:tjdf
la/fdLx¿n] /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hgaf6 kfpg] kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf
vfPsf] vfgfnfO{ cfGb|fsf] dfWodaf6 cjzf]if0f u/L kfpg] kmnfd
tTjeGbf cTolws a9L x'G5 . o;sf/0f nuftf/ /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg
lng] /f]uLx¿n] kmnfd tTj x6fpg] cf}ifwL -cfO/g lrn]6/_ lng'
46
yfnf;]ldof af/]
k5{ . h'g cf}ifwL kmnfd tTj;Fu ldN5 / o;nfO{ lbzf lk;fa
cflbsf] dfWodaf6 aflx/ lgsfNb5 .
! ldlnln6/ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿df em08} !=!^ ldln u|fd kmnfd
tTj x'G5 . ;fdfGot ! o'lg6 /utdf @%) ldln ln6/ Pslqt
eP/ a;]sf /ftf sf]ifx¿ x'G5g\ . o;sf] cy{ @%)×!=!^ jf @))
b]lv @() ldln u|fd kmnfd tTj x'G5 . log} /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ 6'6]/
lg:sg] kmnfd tTj g} /utsf] 6«fG;k\mo'hg lnO/x]sf /f]uLx¿sf]]
z/L/df 6'lqmP/ y'lk|g] kmnfd tTjsf] d'Vo >f]t xf] . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu /f]uLn] k|lt jif{ lng] #) o'lg6 /utdf k|lt jif{ ^ u|fd
kmnfd tTj a9L x'G5 -@))×#)=^))) ld=u|f=^ u|fd_ cyjf
k|ltlbg !% b]lv !^ ldlnu|fd a9L x'G5 . z/L/n] olt 7"nf] dfqfdf
/x]sf] kmnfd tTjnfO{ lgisfzg k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 aflx/ kmfNg
;Sb}g To;sf/0f of] kmnfd tTj z/L/sf c+u / tGt'x¿df y'k|f]
nfU5g\ . olb of] kmnfd tTjnfO{ d]l8sn x:tIf]k u/L x6fOPg
eg] aL—yfnf;]ldof d]h/ ePsf la/fdLx¿sf nflu of] cTolws
?kn] xflgsf/s x'G5 / eo+s/ 8/ nfUbf ;d:ofx¿ Nofpg ;S5 .
kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfsf lSnlgsn nIf0fx¿ ;fdfGot !) jif{
hltsf] pd]/b]lv b]lvg z'¿ u5{, tyflk sn]hf]df kmnfd tTjsf]
ljiffQmk"0f{ c;/x¿ of]eGbf ;fgf pd]/sf aRrfx¿df kfOPsf] 5 .
kmfOj/f]l;; elgg] sn]hf]sf] Iflt /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg lng yfn]sf]
@ jif{leq d} b]lvG5 . ;xL pkrf/åf/f clws kmnfd tTjsf]
dfqfnfO{ a]n}df x6fOPg eg] !) jif{eGbf cufl8 g} sn]hf]sf]
3fts /f]u l;/f]l;; x'G5 . ljz]if u/]/ o;sf] ;+efjgf x]kf6fOl6;
la= jf ;L= ePsf /f]uLx¿sf] nflu cem a9L x'G5 . yfnf;]ldof
d]h/df d[To'sf] Pp6f d'Vo sf/0f dflgg] d'6'/f]u /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg
ljlwsf] z'¿cft u/]sf] !) jif{ leq}df ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oBkL
x[bo3ft eg] !% jif{sf] pd]/eGbf cufl8 ;fdfGot x'Fb}g .
yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿df x'g] of}g kl/kSjtf l9nfO{sf] Pp6f
k|d'v sf/0f klg kmnfd tTj clws dfqfdf x'g' g} xf] . o;n]
e08} cfwf hlt dlxnf / k'¿if b'j} /f]uLx¿nfO{ lk/f]n]sf] 5 .
o;sf] cnfjf, kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfn] ue{wf/0f ug{ vf]Hg]
dlxnfnfO{ klg cK7\of/f] kf/]sf] 5 . -em08} @%Ü o:tf pbfx/0f
5g\_ oL dlxnfx¿df x'g] dw'd]x -8fOa]l6h d]]ln6;_ w]/} b]lvg]
sf/0f klg ag]sf] 5 .
47
kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf nfdf] ;dodf x•Lx¿df cfpg]
;d:ofx¿sf] sf/0f aG5 / o;n] yfO/fO8 Kof/fyfO/f8 h:tf
z/L/sf dxTjk"0f{ c+unfO{ ;d]t xfgL k'¥ofpF5 . ctM la/fdLx¿n]
kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfnfO{ x6fpg pkrf/ z'¿ ug}{ k5{ cGoyf
of] z/L/sf c+ux¿df y'lk|G5 / hLjg k|0ffnL / cfo'df g} uDeL/
c;/ k'¥ofpF5 .
cTolws kmnfd tTjn] s;/L z/L/ lauf5{ <
4c
k]ml/l6gsf c0f'x¿
/ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg pkrf/ ljlw cyjf yfnf;]ldofsf] sf/0fn]
cyjf b'j} sf/0fx¿n] z/L/df kmnfd tTj y'lk|g yfN5, 6«fG;k]ml/g
elgg] /utdf kmnfd tTjsf] d'Vo afxs k|f]l6g kmnfd tTjn]
k"/f el/G5 . ha z/L/df kmnfd tTjn] gel/Psf 6«fG;k]m/]gx¿
Pp6} klg x'Fb}g, :jtGq kmnfd tTj h'g cj:yf z/L/sf] nflu
cTolws xflgsf/s x'G5, /utdf ;+rfl/t x'g yfN5 . of] kmnfd
tTj k|f]l6go'Qm k]ml/l6g x\ofdf]l;8]l/g elgg] c0f'x¿;Fu afFlwP/
-gfl/P/_ tGt'x¿df ;d]t hDdf x'g yfN5 (4c) . oL k|f]l6gx¿;Fu
aflwPsf] kmnfd tTj c¿ hlt xflgsf/s cln x'Fb}g . t/, z/L/n]
k]ml/l6g / x\ofdf]l;8]l/gnfO{ af/Daf/ 6'6fpgfn] kmnfd tTj oL
k|f]l6gx¿af6 :jtGq x'G5 . /f]uLnfO{ la/fdn] Rofk]sf] ;dodf
klg kmnfd tTj oL :6f]/]h k|f]l6gx¿af6 5'l§G5g\ .
6«fG;k]ml/g;Fu gafFlwPsf] kmnfd tTj cyjf afFsL /x]sf] kmnfd
tTj -h;nfO{ afFWg 6«fG;lkml/g g} afFsL x'Fb}g_ Psbd} cl:y/
x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ o;n] On]S6«f]g elgg] g]u]l6e rfh{nfO{ ;lhn}
lng / 5f]8\g ;S5 . ha kmnfd tTjn] On]S6«f]g lnG5 of] #
j6f ;sf/fTds rfh{ ePsf] l:ylt -#+ cyjf k]ml/s kmnfd tTj
eg]/ lrlgg] Ps k|sf/sf] kmnfd tTj_ af6 @ j6f ;sf/fTds
rfh{ ePsf] l:ylt -@+ cyjf k]m/f]; cfO/g eg]/ lrlgg] Ps
k|sf/sf] kmnfd tTjdf_ kl/jt{g x'G5 . ha kmnfd tTj @+ / #+
sf] l:ylt aLr otf ptf ljr/0f u5{ o;n] :jtGq ¥ofl8sn;
eGg] xflgsf/s tTjx¿sf] pTkfbg u5{ . h'g tTjx¿n] z/L/sf
tGt'x¿nfO{ Jofks ¿kn] eTsfpg ;Sb5g\ .
:jtGq ¥ofl8sN; pTkfbg ug]{ of] ;j{k|rlng k|s[ofnfO{ æk]mG6f]g
k|lts[ofÆ sf] gfdn] hflgG5 . of] /f;folgs k|lts[ofnfO{ o;/L
b]vfOG5 .
48
yfnf;]ldof af/]
xfO8«f]S;Ln ¥ofl8sn (HO) h]g]/];g
O2 +Fe+→ O2 + Fe2+
H2O2 + Fe2 → OH- + Fe3+
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg -l8= Pkm= cf]=_ cyjf 8]:km/n
z/L/;Fu a9L ePsf] kmnfd tTjnfO{ x6fpg] s'g} k|efjsf/L ;fwg
5}g . Pp6} dfq pkfo eg]sf] cfO/g lrn]6/ -cfO/g afOG8/_
eGg] cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u xf] . of] cf}ifwLn] /utdf ePsf] kmnfd
tTj;Fu ldn]/ -afFlwP/_ of}lus agfpF5 / pQm of]lus lbzf,
lk;fasf] dfWodaf6 z/L/af6 aflx/ lg:sG5 .
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg eGg] cf}ifwL g} ;a}eGbf klxnf] kmnfd tTjnfO{
x6fpg] cf}ifwL xf] . klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(^) df
pTkfbg ePsf] of] cf}ifwL -l8=Pkm=cf]=_ yfnf;]ldof
d]h/sf] pkrf/sf] cflu ;g\ !(&) df dfq ahf/df
cfo]f . (x]g"{xf];\ 4d) l8=Pkm=cf]= n] @ k|sf/n] sfd
u5{ . klxnf] tl/sf l9nf] tl/sf xf] o;df l8=Pkm=cf]=
kmnfd tTj;Fu aflwG5 -ljn];g_ / k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg
eGg] tTj agfpF5 / (4e) ljleGg dfWodaf6 aflx/ hfG5 . bf];|f]
tl/sf l8=Pkm=cf]= sf] e"ldsf :jtGq -5f8f_ ¥ofl8sN;x¿nfO{
lgoGq0f u/]/ kmnfd tTjsf] laiffQmtfnfO{ 36fpg' xf] / of] l56f]
x'g] k|s[of xf] . l8=Pkm=cf]= n] kmnfd tTjnfO{ o;sf] dfgj z/L/df
ePsf] @ j6f t/n >f]tx¿af6 x6fpF5 . klxnf] t/n >f]t /ftf
/Qmsf]ifx¿ 6'6]/ lgdf0f{ x'G5 . o; t/n >f]tdf /x]sf] &)Ü
kmnfd tTj l8=Pkm=cf]=;Fu afFlwG5 / lk;fasf] ¿kdf z/L/af6
aflx/ hfG5 . l8=Pkm=cf]=n] x6fpg] kmnfd tTjsf] bf];|f] t/n >f]t
sn]hf]af6 cfpF5 h'g z/L/sf] kmnfd tTj ;+ro ug]{ ;aeGbf
7"nf] c+u xf] .
4d
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg aL
l8:km/nsf] ;lqmo tTj
4e
k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg aL
ha sn]hf]sf] sf]ifx¿df k]ml/l6g / x\ofdf]l;8]l/g 6'6\5g\
-x]kf6f];fO6\;_ sn]hf]df ;l~rt kmnfd tTj aflx/ lg:sG5 .
l8=Pkm=cf]= x]kf6f];fO6\;sf] k|s[ofaf6 kmnfd tTj;Fu ldNg k'U5
/ lbzfsf] dfWodaf6 aflx/ lg:sG5 . 6«fG;k]ml/g;Fu ldln;s]sf]
kmnfd tTj;Fu eg] l8=Pkm=cf]= ldNb}g .
49
l8=Pkm=cf]= sf k|To]s c0f' kmnfd tTjsf] Ps k/df0f';Fu ldn]/
k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg aGb5 . (x]g'{xf];\ 4e) o;sf] cy{ olb l8=Pkm=cf]=
ztk|ltzt k|efjsf/L lyof] eg] l8=Pkm=cf]= cf}ifwLsf] k|To]s
u|fdn] em08} (# ldln u|fd kmnfd tTj pT;h{g u/fpg] lyof]
t/ jf:tljstf o:tf] 5}g . o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] :t/, cf}ifwLsf]
dfqf lng] tl/sf, kmnfd tTj ;+lrtLsf] cfsf/, z/L/df le6fldg
l; sf] tx / la/fdL of] lrn]6/ lnFbf kfngf ug'{ kg]{ lgodx¿ k|lt
slt uDeL/ 5 h:tf y'k|} tYox¿df lge{/ /xG5 .
le6fldg ;L sf] dxTjM le6fldg l; n] klg kmnfd tTj 36fpg
;xof]u u5{ . o;n] kmnfd tTjnfO{ cfO/g #+ af6 @+ sf]
l:yltdf ablng ;xof]u u5{ . kmnfd tTj @+, #+ sf] t'ngfdf
z/L/el/ ;lhn} 3'Dg ;S5 / l8=Pkm=cf]= h:tf cf}ifwL;+u ;lhn}
ldNg ;S5 . o;sf/0fn] kmnfd tTj @+ nfO{ æk]m/; ¿kÆ ePsf]
x6fpg ;lsg] kmnfd tTjsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 eg] #+ kmnfd tTj
æk]ml/s kmd{sf] ¿kdf z/L/sf] w]/} kmnfd tTj hDdf eP/ /xg]
c+u h:t} sn]hf]df l:y/ eP/ a:5 / k]ml/6Lg / Xofdf];L8]l/g
h:tf afxs k|f]l6gx¿;Fu ldN5 . k|f]l6gx¿n] lgsfNg] of] kmnfd
tTjsf] dfqfnfO{ a9fpg] Pp6f pkfo l8 Pkm cf] sf] ;fy} le6fldg
æl;Æ lbg' klg xf] .
ljz]if1x¿ yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿n] l8=Pkm=cf]= lnPsf] ;dodf
le6fldg æl;Æ klg lng' kg]{ ;'emfj lbG5g\ t/ ;fdfGotof
/f]uLx¿n] l8=Pkm=cf]= lng yfn]sf] s]xL xKtfkl5 le6fldg l;
lng' /fd|f] dflgG5 .
bz jif{ d'lgsf aRrfx¿n] %) ldln u|fd / bzjif{eGbf dflysf
aRrfx¿n] !)) ldln u|fd le6fldg ;L lng'kg]{ ;Nnfx lbOG5 .
! lbgdf @)) ldlnu|fdeGbf a9L le6fldg ;L lng' x'Fb}g . hf]
la/fdLx¿n] k|ltlbg ;'Gtnf of tfhf h'; lnG5g pgLx¿n]
cltl/Qm le6fldg æl;Æ lng' kb{}g . Pp6f 7"nf] ;'Gtnfsf] bfgf
df &% ldlnu|fd le6fldg ;L x'G5 eg] !)) ldln ln6/ tfhf
h';df %) ldlnu|fd x'G5 .
cf}ifwL / o;;Fu lnOg] cltl/Qm vfg] s'/fx¿ lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfx
cg';f/ ldnfP/ lbg'k5{ . of] hfGg' h¿/L 5 ls a9L dfqfsf]
le6fldg l;n] clt w]/} kmnfd tTjnfO{ x6fO{ z/L/df ljiffQm c;/
50
yfnf;]ldof af/]
kfg{ ;S5 . l8=Pkm=cf]= glnO /x]sf /f]uLx¿sf] nflu le6fldg l;
xflgsf/s x'g ;S5 lsgls le6fldg l; n] vNanfPsf] kmnfd
tTj 5f8f x'g hfG5 / tGt'nfO{ lauf5{ .
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ slxn] z'¿ ug]{
yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿n] /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg lng z'¿ u/]kl5 dfq
l8=Pkm=cf]= lng] pkrf/ yfNg'k5{ . l8=Pkm=cf]= n] Plgldof x•Lsf]
kl/jt{g, lkmof] / sn]hf] j[l4h:tf ckof{Kt /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hgsf
sf/0f pTkGg ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ub{}g . /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg
glnPsf cyjf kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf ePsf] k|df0f gePsf !)
jif{ d'lgsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg} x'Fb}g .
;fdfGo lgod o:tf] 5ls !) b]lv @) k6s /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg
lnPsf cyjf k]ml/l6gsf] tx !)))μg eGbf dfly ePsf
la/fdLx¿nfO{ dfq kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ z'¿ ug'{k5{ .
8]:k]ml/cf]shfdfOg s;/L agfpg], ;l~rt / k|of]u
ug]{
w]/} cf}ifwL lbFbf x'g] ljiffQmtf x'g glbOsg s;/L k|efjsf/L
tl/sfn] l8=Pkm=cf]= lbP/ z/L/af6 kmnfd tTj x6fpg] eGg]
pkfosf] af/]df ;xdt x'g lkmlhl;og / j}1flgsx¿nfO{ #)
jif{eGbf klg a9L ;dosf] cg'ejsf] cfjZostf k¥of] .
l8=Pkm=cf]= sf] k/df0f'sf] 7"nf] cfsf/n] ubf{ z/L/n] cfGb|faf6
yf]/} dfq l8=Pkm=cf]= cjzf]if0f ug{ ;S5 . To;sf/0f l8=Pkm=cf]=
lbg] ;aeGbf /fd|f] pkfo 5fnfd'lg lbg] cyjf g;faf6 lbg] g}
xf] . l8=Pkm=cf]= nfO{ /utn] rfF8}g} gi6 u5{ -5f]6f] hLjg %.!)
ldg]6sf] cfwf_ To;sf/0f of] cf}ifwL nfdf] ;do nufP/ Psbd
l9nf] k7fpg' k5{ tfls o;sf] jfSnf]kg / 3lge"ttfnfO{ nfdf]
;do;Dd /utdf /fVg ;lsof]; . l8=Pkm=cf]= nfO{ Pp6f ljz]if
9+un] agfOPsf] kDkn] * b]lv !@ 306f nufP/ lj:tf/} 5fnf
d'lg k7fOG5 . of] k|s[of xKtfsf] sDtLdf klg ^ lbg ug'{k5{ .
la/fdLnfO{ rflxg] ;xL dfqf la/fdLsf] pd]/, z/L/df ePsf] kmnfd
tTjsf] dfqf, lSnlgsn cj:yfnfO{ u0fgf u/]/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
;fdfGotof, aRrfx¿sf] ;/b/ dfqf z/L/sf] tf}nnfO{ x]/]/ @)
b]lv $) ldln u|fd xf] . o;sf] a9L dfqfn] z/L/sf] j[l4nfO{ l9nf]
51
agfpF5 . 7"nf dfG5] -jois_ x¿sf] dfqf z/L/sf] tf}n cg';f/
#) b]lv %) ldln u|fd xf] .
l8=Pkm=cf]= sf] tof/L
l8=Pkm=cf]= %)) ldlnu|fd cyjf @ u|fdsf] o'lg6df kfOg] ;]tf]
;'Vvf w"nf] xf] . k|To]s o'lg6 Pp6f ;fgf] sfFrsf] af]tndf cyjf
;'Vvf ;]tf] w"nf]sf] ¿kdf kfOG5 . h;nfO{ k|of]u ug'{ cl3 !)Ü
3f]ndf lanfpg' k5{ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu %)) ldln u|fdsf] w'nf]nfO{
!)Ü 3f]ndf lanfpgsf] nflu % ldln ln l8l:6N8 kflg ld;fpg'
k5{ . -of] cf}ifwL k;nx¿df kfOG5_
of] 3f]nnfO{ s]xL ldg]6 grnfO{ /fVg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ kfp8/ /fd|/L
ldl;G5 . w"nf] /fd|/L w'nfpgsf] nflu xNnfpg' x'bF g} a¿ xTs]nfdf
/fvL lj:tf/} csf]{ xTs]nfn] a]Ng] of 6]andf /fv]/ klg xftn]
xNsf a]Ng ;lsG5 . w"nf] /fd|/L lanfO;s]kl5 l;l/Ghdf 3f]nnfO{
tfGg'k5{ / Aof6«L hl8t kDkdf /fVg'k5{ . kDkn] l;l/Ghsf]
Kngh/nfO{ lj:tf/} 7]N5 / cf}ifwLnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ *
306fb]lv !@ 306f nufP/ lj:tf/} z/L/df k7fpF5 . slt 306f
tf]s/] /flvPsf] x'G5 Tolt g} 306f nufP/ l;l/Gh l/lQG5 . w]/}
h;f] kDkdf cfGtl/s ¿kn] hl8t r]tfjgL 306L x'G5 ; l;l/Gh
rNg /f]lsof] eg] of l;l/Gh l/lQof] eg] of] cfk}m aH5 .
l8=Pkm=cf]= ;~ro
l8=Pkm=cf]= tof/L 3f]nnfO{ sf]7fsf] tfkqmd -@#° l;_ df a9Ldf
@$ 306f;Dd /fVg ;lsG5 . udL{ xfjfkfgL ePsf] 7fpFdf olb
of] k|of]u ul/xfNg' kg]{ 5}g eg] lk|mhdf $° ;] sf] tfkqmd agfP/
/fVg'k5{ . lk|mhdf /flvPsf] of] 3f]nnfO{ % lbg;Dd k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 . olb of] 3f]n wldnf] eof] of /+u ablnof] eg] t'¿Gt}
kmfNg'k5{ . lk|mhdf /fv]sf] cf}ifwLsf] 3f]nnfO{ k|of]u ug'{eGbf @
306f cufl8 aflx/ lgsfNg' k5{ / z/L/sf] tfkqmdsf] xb;Dd
tfltg lbg'k5{ .
5fnf d'lg of gzfdf l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg o;nfO{ kmdf{l;:6n] ljz]if
lsl;dsf] lg;+qmds cj:yfdf lk|ldS; ug{ ;S5g\ . lk| ldS:8
l8=Pkm=cf]= $° ;] tfkqmddf @ xKtf;Dd u'0f:t/Lo /xg ;S5
t/ o;nfO{ kmfdf{l;:6n] lk| ldS:8 gu/]/ la/fdL cfk}mn] u/]sf] 5
52
yfnf;]ldof af/]
eg] o;nfO{ !, @ lbgeGbf a9L /fVg' x'Fb}g olb o:tf] lg;+qmd0f
gu/]sf] 3f]nnfO{ ;"O xflgof] eg] uDeL/ k|lts[of b]lvg ;S5 .
5fnf d'lg l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg] k|s[of
l8=Pkm=cf]=nfO{ 5fnf d'lg lbgsf] nflu
l;l/GhnfO{ kDkdf hf]l8G5 . l;l/GhnfO{
gnLdf hf]l8G5, of] gnLsf] 6'Kkf]df ;fgf]
5fnfdf k;fOG5 . o;/L lbFbf l8=Pkm=cf]=
aLrdf /x]sf] af];f]df k5{ .
l8=Pkm=cf]= ePsf]
kftnf] Knfli6ssf]
l;of] x'G5 h;nfO{
5fnf / dfF;k]zLsf]
y'k|} jif{sf] bf}/fgdf o:tf kDkx¿ ;fgf, xNsf / s'g} cfjfh
glgsfNg] kfOg yfn]sf 5g\ logLx¿ k'/fgf df]8neGbf /fd|f 5g\ .
To;}n] o;nfO{ ;lhn};Fu lbpF;f] g} n'uf d'lg n'sfP/ k|efjsf/L
9+un] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ w]/} h;f] la/fdLx¿ lbpF;f]sf] sfddf
afwf gcfcf];\ eg]/ klg /ftL g} k|of]u ug{ ¿rfpF5g\ .
l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] lgoldt k|of]un] yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿sf] :jf:Yo
/fd|f] /fVg cToGt dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . t/ klg l8=Pkm=cf]=
lbP/ kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ ;do nfUg], kL8fbfos, b}lgs
hLjgdf uf¥xf] x'g] vfnsf] 5 . To;sf/0f /f]uLsf] x]/ljrf/df
;+nUg 8fS6/x¿ g;{x¿ cleefjsx¿ / la/fdLn] cfk}m pkrf/nfO{
hlt ;Sbf] ;lhnf] agfpg'k5{ . ljz]ifu/L @) jif{eGbf d'lgsf
l6gPh/n] o;sf] k|of]u ljlzi6 agfpg] k|of;sf] k|z+;f u5{g\ .
l8=Pkm=cf]=n] Nofpg ;Sg] s'g} ;d:ofx¿ / k|lts[ofx¿nfO{ sd
agfpg k|oTg ul/g' k5{ . -o;af/]df kl5 x]g'{xf];\_
l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg] c¿ tl/sfx¿
dfly pNn]v u/] cg';f/ l8=Pkm=cf]= 5fnd'lgaf6 lbg] b]lv afx]s
cf}ifwL lbg] c¿ y'k|} tl/sfx¿ 5g\, h;sf cfˆg} kmfObf /
a]kmfObfx¿ 5g\ .
nuftf/ @$ 306f nufP/ gzfaf6 lbg]
of] lz/fsf] dfWodaf6 l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg] ljlw xf] . kmnfd tTjsf]
dfqf cTolws a9L ePsf o;n] ubf{ d'6'sf] ;d:of ePsf
/f]uLx¿nfO{ o;/L l8=Pkm=cf]= lbFbf z/L/df pTkGg ljiffQmtfnfO{
t'¿Gt} sd ug]{ / 7"nf] dfqfsf] kmnfd tTj klg c¿ ljlweGbf
53
rfF8} x6fpg ;Sg] ePsf]n] of] ljlw hLjgbfos 5 . t/ lgoldt
gzfsf] dfWodaf6 ul/g] k|If]k0fsf] cfk\mg} hf]lvdx¿ klg 5g\ .
ljz]if u/]/ gzfaf6 cf}ifwL k|If]k0f ubf{ gzf vf]Hg] qmddf ag]sf]
3fp kfSg] / /ut hDg] h:tf ;d:of b]lvG5g\ . x]g'{xf];\ -gzfsf]
dfWodaf6 nuftf/ l8=Pkm=cf]= sf] k|If]k0f_ To;}n] of] ljlw vfnL
ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] cj:yfdf dfq k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t}M
!_ kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf -dfqf_ Psbd a9L ePdf pbfx/0fsf]
nflu k]ml/l6gsf] tx @%)) μg k|ltln6/ 36\6} g36]df
sn]hf]df kmnfd tTjsf] afSnf]kg ePdf jfof]K;L u/L x]bf{
sn]hf]df tf}nsf] !% μg k|lt u|fd kfOPdf .
@_ kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfn] ubf{ d'6' ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿
b]lvPdf
#_ ue{jtL x'g] tof/L ul//x]sf dlxnfx¿df ;]/d k]ml/l6gsf] tx
pRr /x] jf sn]hf]df kmnfd tTjsf] Psfu|tf tx a9L eP
-Pn=cfO;L_
$_ k]ml/l6g jf Pn cfO l; sf] tx hlt;'s} ePklg x•Lsf] dHhf
-af]g Dof/f]_ sf] k|Tof/f]k0f ug'{ cl3 / x]kf6fOl6; æl;Æ sf]
bL3{ /f]uLx¿ h:tf kmnfd tTjnfO{ ;3g ¿kdf x6fpg' kg]{
/f]uLx¿sf] nflu eg] gzfsf] dfWodaf6 l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] k|If]k0f
lbg'kg]{ x'g;S5 .
l8=Pkm=cf]= sf] lgoldt gzfaf6 k|If]k0f ug'{ eg]sf] k|ltlbgsf]
k|lts]hL z/L/sf] tf}n %) ldln u|fd cf}ifwL & lbg;Dd nuftf/
lbg' xf] . la/fdLsf] d'Vo lz/fdf Pp6f Sofy]6/ gnL hf]l8G5 /
ToxL gnLsf] dfWodaf6 cf}ifwLsf] 3f]nnfO{ k|If]k0f ug{ ldNg] u/L
z/L/df gzfsf] dfWodaf6 cf}ifwLsf] ljz]if cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] x'G5 .
of] lsl;dsf] Sofy]6/ lgs} dxFuf] x'G5 / of] gnL /fv]kl5 lgs}
uDeL/ x]/ljrf/sf] cfjZostf k5{ . uDeL/ lsl;dsf ;+qmd0f
/ /ut hDg] -y|f]Daf]l;;_ h:tf ;d:ofx¿ o; k|sf/sf] kmnfd
tTj x6fpg] pkrf/;Fu ;DalGwt uDeL/ ;d:ofx¿ x'g\ . /ut
hDg glbg ljz]if lsl;dsf] cf}ifwL -PG6Lsf]z'n];g_ lbg' k5{ /
gzfdf Sofy]6/ hf]l8Psf] 7fpFsf] jl/kl/ ;kmf /fv]/ ;+qmd0faf6
54
yfnf;]ldof af/]
arfpg' k5{ . la/fdLnfO{ Sofy]6/ /flvPsf] 7fpF jl/kl/sf] 5fnf
;kmf /fVg / olb 3fp x'g], 5fnf /ftf] x'g], Hj/f] cfpg] cyjf
cToGt hf8f] x'g] h:tf uDeL/ ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPdf t'¿Gt} 8f=
nfO{ b]vfpg l;sfpg'k5{ .
* b]lv !@ 306f nufP/ gzfaf6 l8=Pkm=cf]= k|If]k0f ul/g]
ljlw .
nuftf/ ¿kn] * b]lv !@ 306f nufP/ gzfaf6 lbOg] -dfly
pNn]v ul/Psf] @$ 306f lg/Gt/ lbg] ljlwsf] ljk/Lt_ 5fnfsf]
dfWodaf6 ul/g] k|If]k0fsf] ljsNk xf] . of] ljlwnfO{ 5fnfsf]
dfWodaf6 l8=Pkm=cf]= k|If]k0f ubf{ x'g] uDeL/ vfnsf] :yfgLo
k|lts[ofaf6 aRg ljsNk ljlwsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . k|ltlbg
* b]lv !@ 306f, $) b]lv %) ldlnu|fd÷s]hL÷% lbgeGbf a9L
nufP/ g;fsf] dfWodaf6 ul/g] l8=Pkm=cf]= k|If]k0f 5fnfsf]
dfWodaf6 ;'O{ nufO{ ul/g] k|If]k0f hlt g} k|efjsf/L x'G5 . t/
kmnfd tTj clt a9L ePsf] cj:yf / d'6' /f]u;Fu ;DalGwt
;d:ofx¿ ePsf] v08df of] ljlweGbf @$ 306f lg/Gt/ gzfdf
lbg] ljlw g} a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
gzfaf6 l8=Pkm=cf]= k|If]k0f ul/g] pkrf/ ljlw ;f¥x} xf]l;of/sf
;fy ckgfpg'k5{ / hxfF clt h¿/L 5 ToxL dfq lbg' k5{ lsgls
nfdf] ;do k|of]u ubf{ of] ljlwn] gzfdf Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 /
/ut 6«fG;k\mo'hgdf ;d:of k5{ . of] ljlwdf ;+qmd0fsf] hf]lvd
klg Psbd pRr /xG5 .
/ut 6«fG;km\o'hgsf] ;dodf gzfsf] dfWodaf6 lbOg]
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg .
s'g} s'g} d]l8sn s]Gb|x¿df la/fdLnfO{ /ut lbO/x]s} a]nf
l8=Pkm=cf]= klg gzfaf6 k|j]z u/fOG5 . t/ la/fdLnfO{ lbOFb}
u/]sf] /utdf l8=Pkm=cf]= ;f]em} ld;fpg' x'Fb}g lsgls o;n]
/utnfO{ k|b'lift agfpg ;S5 / k|lts[of pTkGg u/fpg ;S5 .
;fdfGotof, j}1flgs ¿kn] g} xflg/lxt k|dfl0ft geOsg
la/fdLnfO{ 6«fG;k\mo'hg ul/g] /utdf s'g} klg s'/f ld;fpg'
x'Fb}g .
55
/ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg ul//x]sf] a]nf gzfaf6 l8=Pkm=cf]= lbgsf]
nflu cfjZos dfqfsf] l8=Pkm=cf]= 3f]n ;fdfGo ;nfOg kfgLdf
ld;fpg' k5{ . l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] 3f]n ePsf] kf]sfaf6 lgl:sPsf]
l;of]nfO{ /utsf] kf]sf;Fu hf]l8Psf] afO sg]S6/df k;fpg'k5{
/ $ 306fsf] ;do nufP/ la/fdLnfO{ lbg'k5{ . cfjZos k¥of]
eg] kDk klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . k|fo h;f] /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg
ug]{ ;doeGbf k|efjsf/L 9+un] l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg] ;do nfdf]
rflxG5 .
of] Wofgdf /fVg' h¿/L 5 ls /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hgsf] a]nf dfq @
b]lv $ xKtfdf ! k6s lbOg] l8=Pkm=cf]= sf] k|efj Psbd Go'g
x'G5 . t/ l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] cfk"lt{ g} sd x'g] 7fpFdf eg] of] g}
dfq} Pp6f ljsNk x'g ;S5 . csf]{tkm{ sltko c:ktfnx¿df,
lgoldt pkrf/sf] cnfjf, kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ -cfO/g
lrn];g_ nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg lbO/x]sf]
a]nf klg gzfsf] dfWodaf6 l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg] ul/G5 .
l8=Pkm=cf]= cGt/ df+zk]zL ;'O{
ha l8=Pkm=cf]=nfO{ klxnf] k6s yfnf;]ldofsf] pkrf/sf] nflu
k|of]u ul/of] To;a]nf o;nfO{ leqL df+;k]zLdf ;"O{åf/f lbOg]
ul/GYof] . t/ To;}a]nf yfxf eof] ls of] tl/sf gzfaf6 k|If]k0f
ul/g] cyjf 5fnfd'lg ;'Oaf6 lbOg] tl/sf hlt k|efjsf/L
5}g .
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg Psbd} dxFuf] ePsf]n] ;f¥x} yf]/} dfqf dfq
lsGg ;lsg] x'G5 / hxfF kDk klg kfOFb}g tL b]zx¿df of] cf}ifwL
;"Oåf/f leqL dfz+k]zLdf g} lbOG5 . la/fdLx¿n] cf}ifwL kfpFb}
gkfpg'eGbf h;/L klg yf]/} g} dfqf kfP klg w]/} /fd|f] x'g;Sg]
k|df0fx¿ kfOPsf 5g\ . o;y{ ljsNk 5}g eg] l8=Pkm=cf]= nfO{
leqL df+zk]zLdf ;"O{af6 lbg'k5{ .
csf]{ tl/sf eg]sf] %)) ld u|fd l8=Pkm=cf]= % ldln ln= l8l:6N8
kfgLdf 3f]Ng' / kfv'/f of v'§fsf] df+zk]zLdf ;"Oåf/f /fVg' xf] .
of] dfqfnfO{ @ efu nufOG5 / lbgsf] @ k6s lbOG5 . s]xL
cg';Gwfgx¿af6 ev{/} kQf nufPsf] of] ljlw lgs} k|efjsf/L x'g]
dflgPsf] 5 .
56
yfnf;]ldof af/]
l8=Pkm=cf]= pkrf/sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg
la/fdLsf] pkrf/ ljlwsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ Pp6f
tl/sf la/fdLsf] sn]hf] / cGo tGt'x¿df hDdf ePsf] kmnfd
tTjsf] cfFsng / gfk ug'{ xf] .
z/L/df hDdf ePsf] kmnfd tTjsf] &)Ü kmnfd tTj sn]hf]
PSn}n] ;+lrt ug{ ;S5 h'g dfqf em08} @) u|fd xf] . olb kmnfd
tTjn] sn]hf] el/of] eg] of] cGo tGt'x¿df hDdf x'g yfN5 .
h;/L /utdf ePsf] kmnfd tTj k|f]l6g afxs 6«fG;k]ml/g;Fu
ldN5 To;/L g} sn]hf] / c¿ tGt'x¿df hDdf ePsf] kmnfd
tTj k]ml/l6g / x\ofdf]l;8]/Lg eGg] k|f]l6g;Fu ldN5 . sn]hf]af6
yf]/} dfqf k]ml/l6g pDs]/ /Qm k|jfxdf ldNg k'U5Ù k]ml/l6gsf] of]
txsf] gfk g} z/L/df slt kmnfd tTj clws 5 ;f] lgwf{/0f ug{
;xfos aG5 .
/utdf /x]sf] k]ml/l6g -;]/d k]ml/l6g_ sf] ;fdfGo tx k'¿ifdf
@%) μg÷k|ltln6/ xf] eg] dlxnfdf !) b]lv !@) μg÷k|lt ln
xf] . /utdf ePsf] ! μg k]ml/l6gn] * ldlnu|fd kmnfd tTj
;+lrt ePsf] 5 eGg] ;+s]t u5{ . To;}n] yfnf;]ldof d]h/df
z/L/df kmnfd tTjsf] tx pRr ePsf] dflgPsf] la/fdLx¿df
k]ml/l6gsf] tx klg pRr ePsf] dflgG5 .
oBkL k]ml/l6gsf] tx sn]hf]df hDdf ePsf] kmnfd tTjsf] tx
hfGgsf] nflu Pp6f e/kbf]{ gfkf] xf] t/ of] ;"rs d'6' / cGo c+u
tyf k"/f z/L/df hDdf ePsf] kmnfd tTj gfKgsf] nflu e/kbf]{
cfwf/ aGg ;Sb}g . a¿ hLp kf]Ng] /f]u, efO/; / JofS6]l/ofsf]
sf/0fn] x'g] ;+qmd0f, sn]hf]sf] bL3{ /f]u, jfy / le6fldg l;
sf] sld h:tf ;d:ofx¿n] t/n k]ml/l6g -;]/d k]ml/l6g_ sf]
txnfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;S5g\ / o; txnfO{ ;xL ;"rs dfGg] xf] eg]
o;n] z/L/df ePsf]eGbf a9L of sd kmnfd tTjsf] tx b]vfpg
;S5 .
t/ s]xL kmnfd tTj;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of of /f]ux¿sf] nflu
t/n k]ml/l6g -;]/d k]ml/l6g_ sf] tx g} d'Vo / Jojxfl/s ;"rs
x'g;Sg] cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ha w]/} jif{;Dd Ps} ¿kn]
k]ml/l6gsf] tx @%)) μg k|lt ln /xG5 To:tf la/fdLx¿nfO{ d'6'
;DaGwL /f]u nfUg] hf]lvd sd /xG5 . To;sf/0f k]ml/l6gsf] tx
57
!))) b]lv @))) μg k|lt ln6/ /fVg] p2]Zo x'g'k5{ / la/fdLsf]
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ ljlwsf] ;dfof]hg ug{sf] nflu k|To]s
# dlxgfdf o;sf] hfFr x'g' h¿/L x'G5 . ;fy} l8=Pkm=cf]=n]
lgDTofPsf ;Dk"0f{ ljiffQmtfsf nIf0fx¿nfO{ lgu/fgL /fVg' klg
Psbd h¿/L x'G5, o:tf] ;d:of l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] dfqf a9L rnfPsf]
a]nf / k]ml/l6gsf] tx !))) μg k|lt ln6/eGbf tn em/]sf] a]nf
b]lvG5 .
l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] dfqf ldnfpg k]ml/l6g txsf] k|of]u
vf; la/fdLx¿nfO{ lbOg] l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] ;xL dfqf lgwf{/0f ug{
k]ml/l6g txsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu pkrf/Tds ;+s]t
-y]/fk]l6s OG8]S; II_ eGg] of] ;dLs/0f k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
! = ;Fw} k|of]u ug]{ ;aeGbf sd dfqf -ldlnu|fd k|lt lsnf]uf| d_*
t/n k]ml/l6g –ldlnu|fd÷k|lt ln6/
-l6=cfO{=Pkm=sf] lgb]{lzsfaf6_
o;sf] nIo y]/fk]l6s OG8]S;sf] gfk ;w} )=)@% eGbf tn
/fVg' xf] .
Go'gtd ¿kdf k|To]s lbg k|of]u ul/g] dfqf lgsfNg k|To]s
k6s pkrf/sf nflu lbg] dfqf / xKtf el/df ul/g] dfqfnfO{
u'0fg u/L & n] efu u/]kl5 kQf nfUb5 .
*
kl5Nnf jif{x¿df y'k|} k|sf/sf hfFrsf tl/sfx¿ ljsl;t ePsf
5g\ h;n] kmnfd tTjsf] dfqfnfO{ cem e/kbf]{ 9+un] gfKg ;S5g\ .
z/L/sf] ljz]ift sn]hf] / d'6'df ePsf] kmnfd tTjsf] ;xL ef/
-clwstf_ sf] 7Ls gfk gS;f pknAw u/fpg oL hfFrx¿ t/n
k]ml/l6g -;]/d k]ml/l6g_ sf] gfkx¿sf] hfFr ;Fu;Fu} ul/G5 .
sn]hf]df kmnfd tTjsf] y'k|fO -Psfu|tf_
sn]hf]df kmnfd tTjsf] Psfu|tf gfKg sn]hf]sf] s]xL sf]ifx¿
lemlsG5 / tL sf]ifx¿df slt kmnfd tTj 5 Tof] hfFlrG5 . of]
k|s[ofnfO{ sn]hf]sf] jfoK;L elgG5 . k]6sf] efunfO{ dfq n7\ofpg]
cf}ifwL lbP/ cG6«f;fp08sf] ;xf/f lnFb} k]6af6 sn]hf]lt/ Pp6f
ljz]if k|sf/sf] l;of] k;fOG5 / Tof] l;of]sf] 6'Kkfsf] ;xfotfn]
sn]hf]sf s]xL tGt'x¿nfO{ lemlsG5 . kmnfdsf] ef/ -clwstf_
58
yfnf;]ldof af/]
sf] dfqfsf] ;xL cfFsng ug{ s]xL xb;Dd o;sf] dfqfsf] -h:t}
8«fO{ tf}ndf sDtLdf ! ldlnu|fd x'g'k5{_, of] lnOPsf] gd"gf
tGt'sf] u'0fsf] -o;df l;/f]l;; / kmfOa|f]l;; h:tf /f]u gnfu]sf]
cj:yfdf_ / of] hfFr ug]{ d]l8sn sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljz]if1tf /
zLksf] oxfF 7"nf] dxTj /xG5 . c:ktfnx¿df cN6«f;fp08sf]
d2tn] ul/g] jfof]K;Lsf ;d:ofx¿ / cK7\of/fx¿ Psbd yf]/}
ePtf klg of] la/fdLsf] z/L/df 3fp kfl/g] ljlw ePsf]n] jfof]K;L
ul/g] la/fdL / cleefjssf] :jLs[lt lng' h¿/L x'G5 .
cg';Gwfgx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ ls kmnfd tTjsf] tx 8«fO{ sn]hf]df
k|lt u|fd & ldlnu|fd Psgf; /x]sf] 5 eg] d'6' / sn]hf]
;+aGwL /f]usf] hf]lvd sd /xG5 . 8«fO{ sn]hf]sf] k|ltu|fd !%
ldlnu|fdeGbf dfly /x]sf] kmnfd tTjn] d'6'sf] ;d:ofaf6 x'g]
hf]lvd al9 x'G5 . t/ cg';Gwfgx¿n] vf]hL ul//x]sf 5g\ ls
kmnfd tTjsf] Psfu|tfsf] pRr÷Go"g txn] d'6' /f]usf] pRr
of lgDg vt/f b]vfpF5 < t/n k]ml/l6gsf] hfFr ;DaGwdf
j}1flgsx¿ k|Zg u5{g\— of] ljlwn] z/L/df ePsf] k"/f kmnfd
tTjsf] ef/ -clwstf_ / cem ljz]if¿kn] d'6'df ePsf] kmnfd
tTjsf] lgIf]knfO{ ;xL 9+un] b]vfpF5 ls b]vfpFb}g <
xfn;fn} ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg cg';f/ z/L/sf] kmnfd tTjsf]
;xL clwstfsf] l:yltsf] gfk lgsfNg sn]hf]df y'lk|Psf] kmnfd
tTjnfO{ !)=^ ldlnu|fd k|lt s]hL z/L/sf] tf}nn] u'0fg ug'{
k5{ .
sn]hf]sf] jfof]K;Ln] sn]hf]sf sf]ifx¿sf] jLrdf ePsf] kmnfd
tTjsf] ljt/0f x]kf6f];fO6\; / skm/ sf]ifx¿df ePsf] hfgsf/Lsf
;fy} sn]hf]df ePsf] hng / Iflt -h:t} kmfOa|f]l;; / l;/f]l;;_
h:tf cj:yfx¿ af/] hfgsf/L u/fpF5 .
4f
sn]hf]sf] kmnfd tTj
gfKg] d]l;g (SQUID)
s'g} rf]6 gnfOsg kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf ;xL 9+un] gfKg]
gofF k4ltx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf 5g\ tL dWo] -P; So'o'cfO8L_
;'k/s08S6Lª SjfG6d OG6f/k]m; l8efO; Ps xf] . P;So'o' cfO l8
n] kmnfd tTjsf] k/fr'DasLo u'0fx¿sf] cfwf/df z/L/df ePsf]
kmnfd tTjsf] Psfu|tfnfO{ gfK5 . o; oGqn] z/L/df ePsf]
r'Dalso If]qsf] k|of]u u5{ h'g efG;f3/df /flvg] /]lk|mh]/]6/df
ePsf] r'Das hlt g} zlQmzfnL x'G5 . o;f] ug'{eGbf cufl8
59
la/fdLnfO{ cf/fdn] lj:tf/fdf ;'tfP/ cN6«f;fp08sf] dfWodn]
sn]hf] ePsf] 7fpF s]xL ldg]6d} kQf nufOG5 . lj:tf/fnfO{ To;kl5
7]n]/ z/L/nfO{ P;So'ocfOl8sf] 7Ls d'lg /flvG5 . d]l;gsf] Tof]
efun] dfq z/L/nfO{ 5'G5 h'g efudf tftf] kfgLn] el/Psf] an'g
x'G5, pQm an'gnfO{ la:tf/} dflyNnf] k]6df /flvG5 . d]l;gn]
kmnfd tTjsf] gfk lnO/x]sf] ;dodf la/fdLn] s]xL ;]s]08sf] nflu
;f; /f]s]/ a:g' k5{ . ^ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf aRrfx¿nfO{ l:y/
/fVgsf] nflu n7\ofpg] cf}ifwL lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . !) s]=hL= eGbf sd
tf}n ePsf of ;f¥x} df]6f dfG5]x¿nfO{ of] ljlw k|efjsf/L x'Fb}g .
b'ef{Uoj;\ of] k|ljlw w]/} dxFuf], k|fljlws b[li6sf]0fn] s7Lg ePsf]
x'Fbf o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf] % j6f d]l8sn s]Gb|x¿df dfq pknAw
5 . t/ olb pgLx¿nfO{ x]l//x]sf lkmlhl;ogx¿n] cfjZos 7fg]
eg] P;So'o'cfO 8L s]Gb|x¿df la/fdLx¿nfO{ e|d0f ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfpg ;lsG5 .
z/L/df kmnfd tTjsf] ef/ kmnfdsf] k/fr'DasLo u'0fx¿df
cfwfl/t /x]/ k/LIf0f ug]{ csf]{ k|ljlw DofUg]l6s l/;f]gG; Od]lhª
-Pd=cf/=cfO=_ cem} k/LIf0f s} qmddf 5 .
-Pd=cf/=cfO=, l6 @*_ k|ljlwaf6 kmnfd tTjsf] ef/sf] kl/0ffd
/ gd"gf lems]/ jfof]K;Lsf] /f;folgs ljZn]if0faf6 cfPsf]
kl/0ffddf l:y/ lsl;dsf] Ps¿ktf / ;dfgtf kfOPsf] 5 .
Pd=cf/= cfO= k|ljlwsf] ;DefJo kmfObf of] w]/} 7fpFdf kfOg' /
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg' xf] . Pd=cf/=cfO{= k|ljlw d'6'df ePsf] kmnfd
tTjsf] ef/ -clwstf_ sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ klg pkfof]uL k|ljlw
dflgG5 .
lk;fadf kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf
l8=Pkm=cf]= lbP/ kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ k4ltsf]
k|efjsfl/tfsf] cfFsng ug{ w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv :yflkt ljlw
@$ 306f el/sf] lk;fadf /x]sf] kmnfd tTjsf] pkl:ylt hfFr]/
z/L/df kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfsf] :t/ kQf nufpg] tl/sf xf]
t/ l8=Pkm=cf]= pkrf/ ljlwsf] sf/0fn] lk;fadf pT;h{g ePsf]
kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf lbg k|ltlbg km/s x'g] ePsf]n] of] ljlwsf]
lSnlgsn dxTj ;Lldt 5 .
60
yfnf;]ldof af/]
l8=Pkm=cf]= pkrf/ k4ltn] Nofpg] ;d:ofx¿ /
ltgLx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf] ;Defjgf
5fnfsf] cf+lzs k|lts[of
o; pkrf/ ljlwn] 5fnfsf] cf+lzs k|lts[of :j¿k lrnfpg] /ftf]
x'g], ;'lgg], ufF7fu'7L aGg], 3fp aGg], h:tf ;d:of NofpF5 . tn
lbOPsf ;'emfjx¿n] o;nfO{ 36fpg d2t u5{g\ .
!_ Iflt / /Qm>fj sd ug{ dxTjk"0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn /QmgnL /
gzfx¿sf] 5]p–5fpdf l;of] guf8\g] .
@_ l8=Pkm=cf]= sf] w'nf] 7Ls dfqfsf] l8:6LN8 kfgLdf -%))
ldlnu|fd w'nf] % ldlnln6/ kfgLdf_ 3'nfOPsf] 5÷5}g /fd|/L
x]g]{ . cfjZos k/] emf]nnfO{ kfgL yk]/ kftnf] agfpg] .
#_ ;"O xfGg] 7fpFdf kl/jt{g ul//xg]; k]6 k|fo ;"Osf] nflu
pko'Qm 7fpF xf] . s'g} /f]uLx¿n] lt3|fdf / kfv'/fsf] dflyNnf]
efudf nufpg dg k/fpF5g\ . t/ ;dosf] qmddf 5fnfdf
cfFlzs k|lts[of b]lvG5 g} To;sf/0f z/L/sf] pko'Qm km/s
km/s 7fpFdf /fVg h¿/L x'G5 . nfdf] ;do kl5 l8=Pkm=cf]=sf]
;"O uf8]sf] 7fpFdf ufF7f] cfpg ;S5 . o;nfO{ sd ug{ kfnf]
kfnf] u/L km/s 7fpFdf ;"O lbg' k5{ . cyjf Knfli6ssf]
gnLdf xfOn'/f]lg8]; eGg] /f;folgs kbfy{sf] yf]/} dfqfnfO{
kDk h8fg ug'{eGbf cl3 g} eg'{k5{ / k|If]k0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
t/ ;a} cj:yfdf of] t/Lsf sfd gnfUg ;S5 .
/ut 6«fG;ô'hg ug]{
7fpFx¿sf] kl/jt{g
$_ l6lksn Pgf:y]l6s -b'vfO{ sd ug{]_ PDnf h:tf] lqmdnfO{
l8=Pkm=cf]= pkrf/ u'¿ ug'{eGbf #) b]lv ^) ld cufl8 g}
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . l8=Pkm=cf]= lbPkl5 c;/ k/L ;'lGgPsf]
7fpFdf tftf]n] ;]s]/ sd ug{ klg ;lsG5 . /ftf] 3fp ePsf],
;'lGgPsf] / lrnfpg] ;d:ofsf] nflu s]xL 8fS6/x¿ x]/flkg,
lqmd jf k'ml;s/ nufpg] ;Nnfx lbG5g\ .
%_ l8=Pkm=cf]= l56f] lb+bf klg a9L ;'lGgg] ;d:of x'g] ePsf]n]
cf}ifwL k|If]k0f ug]{ ultnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ .
^_ 8fS6/n] l8=Pkm=cf]= nufpg cl3 la/fdLnfO{ PG6Llx:6fldg
lbg] lg0f{o ug{ klg ;S5g\ jf tLj| k|ltlqmof -l/ofS;g_ ePsf]
61
cj:yfdf l8=Pkm=cf]=df %–!) ldlnu|fd xf88«f] sf]l6{hg /fv]/
nufpg] lg0f{o klg ug{ ;S5g\ .
&_ ahf/df ljleGg lsl;dsf k|If]k0f kDkx¿ kfOg] x'gfn]
la/fdLx¿n] cfk\mgf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] kDk lng ;S5g\ .
a]n'g kDkx¿ ahf/df ev{/} cfPsf 5g\ . logLx¿ k'/fgf]
df]8]neGbf cln ;fgf xNsf / cfjfh sd ug]{ -zfGt_
lsl;dsf 5g\ . k|of]u ul/g] l8=Pkm=cf]=nfO{ cufl8af6 g}
kmfdf{l;i6x¿n] lg;+qmd0f cj:yfdf tof/L ug'{ kg]{ x'gfn]
oL kDkx¿ ;lhnf / ;dosf] art ug]{ lsl;dsf 5g\ .
oL kmfObfx¿n] ubf{ la/fdLx¿ kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/
-lrn];g_ k|lt ;sf/fTds klg x'g ;S5g\ . t/ oL kDkx¿
;f¥x} dxFuf x'g] x'gfn] ;a}n] logLx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ uf¥xf]
5.
*_ la/fdLx¿n] cfk\mgf 8fS6/x¿, g;{x¿ / cGo la/fdLx¿;Fu
kmfObf a]kmfObfx¿sf] Aff/]df 5nkmn u/]/ ljleGg lsl;dsf
l;of]x¿ k|of]u ug{ klg ;S5g\ . 5fnfdf $%) 9NsfP/ 3';fg{
ldNg] @% u]h of Tof] eGbf klg ;fgf a6/kmnfO{ elgg]
l;of]x¿ k|of]u ug{ la/fdLx¿ w]/} ¿rfpF5g\ . sf]xL lj/fdLx¿
;fgf ;fgf yDkLg h:tf -yDj6\ofs_ a'9L cf+}nfn] 7]Ng
ldNg] l;of]x¿ k|of]u u5{g\ h;nfO{ 7f8f] kf/]/ a"9Lcf+}nfsf]
;xfotfn] ;f]e}m k;fpg ;lsG5 / ljz]if k|sf/sf] 6]k 6fn]/
grNg] ug{ ;lsG5 .
Dffly lbOPsf ljlwx¿n] klg l8=Pkm=cf]=;Fu ;DalGwt k|lts[ofnfO{
36fpg ;s]gg\ eg] gzfaf6 k|If]k0f ul/g] ljlw of c¿ s'g}
a}slNks ljlwsf] af/]df ;f]Rg'k5{ .
l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] r/d PnhL{
l8=Pkm=cf]= sf s8f lsl;dsf PnhL{x¿ sd 5g\ . t/ klg
PnhL{sf nIf0fx¿, c:jYo cg'ej x'g', emdemdfpg', l/ª\u6f
nfUg', /ftf] x'g', ;'lGgg' ;f; k]mg{ uf¥xf] x'g', df+zk]zL b'Vg' cflb
x'g ;S5g . oL s'g} nIf0fx¿ b]lvPdf l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg /f]Sg' k5{ .
oL ;fdfGo k|lts[ofsf nIf0fx¿ l8=Pkm=cf]= pkrf/ ev{/} yfn]sf
la/fdLx¿df PSsf;L b]lvg ;S5g\ . t/ lgoldt ¿kn] pkrf/
62
yfnf;]ldof af/]
ul//x]sf la/fdLx¿df oL k|lts[of nIf0fx¿ lj:tf/} b]lvG5g .
h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg l8=Pkm=cf]= s8fvfnsf] PnhL{sf] pkrf/
c;+j]bgzLntf -l8;]G;L6fOh];g_ eGg] k|s[ofaf6 ul/G5 . o;df
klxnf xfO8«f]sf]l6;f]g / l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] yf]/} dfqfnfO{ ld;fP/
;"O lbOG5 / lj:tf/} dfqf a9fpFb} nluG5 . of] pkrf/ :jf:Yo
sfo{stf{sf] pkl:yltdf ;3g ¿kn] xf]lzof/Lk"j{s ug'{k5{ . of]
pkrf/ nIf0fx¿ x/fP/ ;kmn gx'Gh]n;Dd k|fo bf]xf]¥ofpg]
ul/G5 . olb of] pkrf/ klg c;kmn eof] eg] la/fdLx¿n]
l8=Pkm=cf]= /f]Sg'k5{ / kmnfd tTj x6fpg] csf]{ j}slNks cf}ifwL
8]kml/k|f]g lng]tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{k5{ . -x]g'{xf];\ 8]kml/k|f]g pkrf/
ljlwdf_
l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] unt dfqfsf] sf/0f x'g] cK7\of/fx¿
ljz]ifu/L t/n k]ml/l6g -;]/dk]ml/l6g_ sf] tx sd ePsf -kmnfd
tTj Go'g /x]sf_ la/fdLx¿ / sd pd]/sf la/fdLx¿df l8=Pkm=cf]=
sf] dfqf a9L lngfn] lgDg lsl;dsf ;d:ofx¿ x'G5g\—
•
;'Ggdf ;d:of -cf]6f]6S;Ll;6L_— sfg aHg], sfg sd ;'Gg]
h:tf ;d:ofx¿ l56f]l56f] x'g ;S5 .
•
cfFvfsf] ;d:of -cf]s'n/6S;Ll;6L_— o;df /ftL cfFvf
gb]Vg], cfFvf lt/ld/fpg], 7Dofpg g;Sg], /ª\u 5'§fpg
g;Sg], cfFvfdf k'mnf] kg]{ / c¿ ;d:ofx¿ x'g ;S5 .
w]/} -pRr_ dfqfdf l8=Pkm=cf]= lbOof] eg] ;'Gg / b]Vgdf
;d:of k5{ lsgeg] l8=Pkm=cf]=sf c0f'x¿ kmnfd tTj;Fu gafFlwO{
-gldnL_ :jtGq ?kn] /utdf 3'D5g\ . dw'd]xsf /f]uLx¿ / dfgl;s
/f]usf] cf}ifwL lnO/x]sf /f]uLx¿nfO{ klg oL k|sf/sf ;d:ofx¿
x'g ;S5g\ . l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] ;xL dfqf lnP klg o:tf la/fdLx¿df
oL ;d:ofx¿ cfpg ;S5 lsgls oL cj:yfx¿n]
;]/]a|n uf]nfw{
l8=Pkm=cf]= nfO{ s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnLlt/ a9fpF5g\ . -;+of]hg If]q_
;Demgf /
ljrf/
b[li6 / >j0f ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf la/fdLx¿n] lgoGq0f
l8=Pkm=cf]= lng aGb ug'{ k5{ / oL ;d:ofx¿ lqmofTds
If]q
x/fPkl5 jf ;'wf/ ePklg k'Mg yf]/} dfqfdf lng
yfNg'k5{ . z'?d} b]lvP oL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg
;+of]hg If]q
ug{ of pN6fpg ;lsG5 . To;sf/0f l8=Pkm=cf]=sf]
pkrf/ lnO/x]sf la/fdLx¿n] af/Daf/ :jf:Yo
4g
dlitissf ljleGg efux¿n]
ljleGg sfdx¿ u5{g\
:kz{
uGw
:jfb
b[li6
;]/]a]nd
>j0f
d]8'nf
63
k/LIf0f ug{, cfFvf / sfgsf] k"0f{ d]l8sn hfFr u/fpg' cToGt
h¿/L 5 .
;':t zf/Ll/s j[l4 / xf8x¿df kl/jt{g — k]ml/l6gsf] tx
sd ePsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ olb l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] dfqf a9L eof]
eg] pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s j[l4 ;':t x'g ;S5 . ;fgf] pd]/df
of] pkrf/ z'¿ ubf{ -# jif{eGbf tn_ / l8=Pkm=cf]= sf] dfqf
l;kmfl/; ul/P eGbf a9L x'Fbf of] ;d:of b]lvG5 -;fgf
gfgLx¿df #% ldlnu|fd÷s]hLeGbf dfly_ . l8=Pkm=cf]= lng
aGb u/]kl5 k]ml/ zf/Ll/s j[l4b/ cf}ifwL lng yfNg'eGbf
cl3s} b/df z'¿ x'G5 .
l8=Pkm=cf]= n] zfl/l/s j[l4df c;/ ubf{ xft kfv'/f, v'§fx¿
gldNg] u/L 5f]6f nfdf x'g] xf8 / xf8hf]gL{x¿ lvOg], 6'qmg]
-d]6flkmlhsn l8:Knf;Lof_ x'G5 . o;nfO{ PS;–/] u/]/ x]/L
;lhn} lgbfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
yfnf;]ldofdf x'g] kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfn] klg zf/Ll/s
j[l4df k|efj k5{ . l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] a9L dfqfn] ubf{ zf/Ll/s
j[l4 /f]lsPsf] xf] xf]Og ;lhn} yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 lsgls
o;/L zf/Ll/s j[l4 ;':t ePsf] /x]5 eg] zf/Ll/s j[l4
u/fpg] xdf]{gx¿sf] pkrf/n] klg s'g} c;/ ub}{g . o:tf
;d:ofx¿ ;'N´fpg g;lsg] lsl;dsf ePsf]n] nuftf/
k/LIf0f u/]/ x]g'{k5{ .
o]l;{lgof OG6]/f]sf]lnl6sfaf6 x'g] ;+qmd0f— of;]{lgof
OG6]/f]sf]lnl6sf eGg] JofS6]l/ofn] k}bf ug]{ ;+qmd0fx¿
klg l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt ;j{k|rlnt ;+qmd0f
xf] . JofS6]l/of, k/hLlj, c¿ ls6f0f'x¿ nufot ;a} k|f0fL
hutnfO{ a9\gsf] nflu kmnfd tTj rflxG5 . logLx¿ dWo]
w]/}df o:tf] ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] ;+/rgf x'G5 ls h;sf] sf/0f
ltgLx¿n] cfFk}m kmnfd tTj k|fKt u5{g . t/ o]l;{lgof o:tf]
JofS6]l/ofsf] ;d"xdf k5{ h;df cfk}Fm kmnfd tTj k|fKt ug]{
zf/Ll/s ;+/rgf 5}g . logLx¿ kmnfd tTjn] l8=Pkm=cf]=;Fu
ldn]/ agfPsf] of}lus k]ml/cf]ShfdfOgdf e/ k5{g\ . u|Ls
efiffdf ;fO8/kmf]/ -;fO8/f] eg]sf] kmnfd tTj / kmf]/f]
eg]sf] afxs_ elgg] l8=Pkm=cf]= kmnfd tTjsf] :jfefljs
64
yfnf;]ldof af/]
afxs xf] . To;}n] o;n] o]l;{lgofnfO{ kmnfd tTj pknAw
u/fP/ a9\g d2t u5{ . kmnfd tTj a9L ePsf la/fdLx¿df
o]l;{lgofn] x'g] ;+qmd0f uDeL/ lsl;dsf] x'G5 / of] hf]lvd
l8=Pkm=cf]= lbFbf cem ab\5 . To;sf/0f o]l;{lgof ;+qmd0f
t'¿Gt} lgbfg x'g' / pko'Qm lsl;dsf] PG6Ljfof]l6s rnfpg'
cToGt cfjZos 5 . -x]g'{xf];\ ;+qmd0f efu_ o;sf] ;+qmd0fsf
nIf0fx¿ k]6 b'Vg], kvfnf nfUg], hf]gL{ b'Vg], hf]/f] cfpg] /
3fF6L b'Vg] x'g\ . olb oL nIf0fx¿ b]lvP eg] l8=Pkm=cf]=
lbg t'¿Gt} aGb u/]/ k"/f dfqf -sf];{_ PG6Ljfof]l6s cf}ifwL
v'jfpg' k5{ / nIf0fx¿ k"0f{ ¿kn] x/fPkl5 dfq l8=Pkm=cf]=
z'¿ ug'{k5{ . cGo lsl;dsf JofS6]l/ofx¿af6 h:t}
Sn]jl;Pnf / kmGhfO{ h:t} Do'sf]df{Osf]l;;af6 x'g] uDeL/
lsl;dsf] ;+qmd0f klg l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt x'g
;Sg] kfOPsf] 5 t/ of] ;+qmd0f o]l;{lgof JofS6]l/ofx¿n] x'g]
;+qmd0f h:tf] ;j{Jofks 5}g . la/fdLx¿sf] hfFr cToGt
xf]l;of/ ;fy x'g'k5{ / la/fdLx¿nfO{ csf/0f Hj/f] cfPdf
t'¿Gt b]vfpg' k5{ eGg] s'/f ;Demfpg' k5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
;d:ofsf] lgbfg geP;Dd l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg aGb ug'{ /fd|f]
x'G5 .
l8=Pkm=cf]= sf sf/0f lj/n} x'g] cK7\of/fx¿
l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] 3f]nnfO{ l56f] l56f] z/L/df k|If]k0f ug'{ x'Fb}g
lsgls o;n] hLp /fFlsg], /Qm rfk 36\g] -xfOkf]6]G;g_ d'6'sf]
9's9'sL ab\g] -6\oflssfl8{of_ / ;+3ft -;s_ klg x'g ;S5 .
gzfaf6 cToGt w]/} dfqfdf -k|lt306f !) ldlnu|fd_ s]hL b/df
l8=Pkm=cf]= k|If]k0fn] d[uf}nf lau|g], uDeL/ lsl;dsf] 5ftLsf]
;d:of -P8N6 /]:kL/]6/L l8:6]«; l;G8«f]d_ h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ePsf]
kfOPsf] 5 .
ue{jtL cj:yf
clxn];Dd ul/Psf] cf}krfl/s cWoogx¿n] ue{jtL dlxnfx¿nfO{
s;/L ;'/lIft 9+un] l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg ;lsG5 kQf nufPsf] 5}g .
xfnsf lglDt z/L/af6 kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/df klxnf] #
dlxgfsf] nflu l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] k|of]u gug]{ ;Nnfx lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
65
kmnfd tTjsf] ef/ clws ePsf / d'6'sf] ;d:of ePsf ue{jtL
dlxnfx¿nfO{ clGtd dlxgflt/ ;fgf] dfqf -k|ltlbg @) b]lv
#) ldlnu|fd÷s]hL_ l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg ;lsG5 . o;n] w]/} v/fa
c;/ lgDTofpFb}g . aRrfnfO{ b"w r';fO/x]sf cfdfx¿nfO{ klg of]
cf}ifwL z'¿ ug{ ;lsG5 .
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg pkrf/ k4lt;Fusf]
;fd~h:otf
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg pkrf/n] cg]s b'Mv si6x¿ lbPklg
la/fdLx¿nfO{ of] pkrf/ lnO/xg x/ lsl;dsf] ;xof]u lbO/xg'
k5{ . lrlsT;sx¿, g;{x¿, dgf]j}1flgsx¿ / ;fdflhs sfo{stf{
/ cleefjsx¿n] la/fdLx¿nfO{ l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] pkrf/ hf/L
/fVgsf] lglDt ;Fw} pT;fx, k|]/0ff / 9f8; lbO/xg' k5{ . o:tf]
r'gf}ltk"0f{ pkrf/df w}o{tf sfod /fVgsf] lglDt la/fdLx¿n]
af/Daf/ :j:Yo hLjg To; dfly klg ;d[4 hLjg k|ltsf] cf:yf
/ ljZjf;nfO{ la;{g x'Fb}g .
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOgaf6 ul/g] pkrf/ sl7g, nfdf] ;do nfUg],
si6bfos / dxFuf] 5 / hLjg e/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . of] pkrf/
hLjgbfos 5 t/ /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg u/]kl5 t'¿Gt} tGb'¿:tL cg'ej
u/] h:tf] o; pkrf/df cg'ej x'Fb}g . o;sf] abnf, kmnfd tTjsf]
clwstf;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lsl;dsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ /f]s]kl5
of pkrf/ u/]kl5, kmnfd tTj x6fpg] of] pkrf/sf] kmfObfx¿
cg'ej ug{ nfdf] ;do rflxG5 . l8=Pkm=cf]= pkrf/ k4ltsf]
kl/0ffd l56f] / :ki6 gx'gfn] of] pkrf/ ;lhn} kfOg] ljsl;t
b]zx¿df ;d]t y'k|} la/fdLx¿ kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfn] Nofpg]
;d:of kfn]/ a:5g\ lsgls of] pkrf/ k4lt;Fu ;fdGh:otf
sfod ug{ Psbd uf¥xf] 5 . ha la/fdL !# jif{dfly nfU5g\
/ k|f}9fj:yfdf k|j]z u5{g To;a]nf pgLx¿sf] z/L/n] a9\bf]
dfqfdf pkrf/ lj¿4 k|lt/f]w ug{ yfN5 . To;a]nf pgLx¿sf]
zf/Ll/s, Jojxfl/s, ;fdflhs / JolQmut ultljlwx¿ tx;gx;
x'g ;S5g\ .
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df cf}ifwLk|lt kx'Frsf] cefj sf] sf/0fn] of]
/f]u nfu]kl5 afFRg] b/ Psbd sd 5 eg] ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df
of] pkrf/ k4lt ckgfO/xg dg gug]{ ;d:of a9L 5 . rfx] Tof]
66
yfnf;]ldof af/]
la/fdLx¿nfO{ cf}ifwL / kDk ;lhn}l;t pknAw u/fpg] r'gf}lt
xf];\ of pkrf/ ljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/ ckgfO/xg] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu
xf];\, la/fdLx¿nfO{ yfnf;]ldof ;+:yf, :jf:Yo;]jL, cleefjs
clg cg'ejL la/fdLx¿n] lg/Gt/ ;xof]u / xf};nf lbO/xg'k5{ .
l6=cfO=Pkm= o;sf] nflu Ps dxTjk"0f{ >f]t aGg ;S5 . o;n]
;DalGwt b]zsf] ;/sf/nfO{ yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] pkrf/ /
/f]syfdsf] nflu gLlt lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 .
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] c¿ cf}ifwLx¿
8]k]ml/k|f]g -!=@ l8d]lyn # xfO8«f]s;LkfOl/8 $ Pn !_
w]/} h:tf] ærSsLÆ -cfsf/_ nfO{ a'emfOg] 8]k]ml/k|f]g jf L1 vfg]
c? cf}ifwL h:t} lglng] lrn]6/ xf] . z'?df o;sf] ljsf;;Fu
j}1flgsx¿ ;xdt lyPgg\ . kl/If0f k|lqmof cw'/f] ePsf]n]
cf}ifwLsf] b"/ufdL k|efjk|ltsf] lrGtf tyf hgfj/df kl/If0f
k|of]u / kl/0ffd cWoogsf] cefjn] ubf{ o;sf] pTkfbg cg'dlt
ljjflbt / l9nf] eof] .
yfnf;]ldofsf la/fdLx¿n] l8=Pkm=cf]= laiffQmtfsf] sf/0f k|of]u
ug{ cK7\of/f] eP/ of t l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] cf}ifwL;Fu ljleGg
sf/0fn] k|of]u ug{ g;Sg]x¿sf lglDt ;g\ !((% df 8]k]ml/k|f]gsf]
pTkfbgnfO{ ef/tdf cg'dlt lbOPsf] lyof] . o:t} :jLs[lt o"/f]kdf
…ljz]if cj:yfsf] lgltÚ elg cf}ifwLsf] k|efj ;DalGw c? cWoog,
cg';Gwfg ug]{ zt{ ;lxt ;g\ @))) df lbOPsf] lyof] . ha
Pkf]6]S; eGg] cf}ifwL lgdf{0f sDkgLn] cf}ifwL dfly yk cWoog
ug]{ ljz]if afWotfnfO{ k"/f u¥of] To;kl5 8]km] l/k|f]gn] ;g\ @))@
df ahf/df ljqmL ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ kfof] . t/ cd]l/sfsf] cg'dlt
lbg] ;F:yf -vfB tyf cf}ifwL k|zf;g_ FDA n] o; cf}ifwLsf]
pTkfbgsf] nflu cem} cg'dlt lbOPsf] 5}g . o'/f]lkog o'lgogn]
8]k]ml/k|f]gnfO{ bf]>f] bhf{sf] cf}ifwLsf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbPsf] 5 /
of] cf}ifwL 8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOgsf] k|of]u ug{ g;Sg] cyjf k|of]u
k|efjxLg b]lvPsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ dfq lbg kfOG5 .
4h
Pn ! c0f'
O
OH
N
o;/L g} o"/f]k / cd]l/sfdf 8]k]ml/k|f]g cf}ifwLx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ y'k|}
lSnlgsn k/LIf0f / hfFrx¿ ePsf 5g\ . ;g\ !(() sf] dWob]lv
cf}ifwL lgdf{tf sDkgLx¿n] k|fof]hg u/]sf oL k/LIf0fx¿sf]
p2]Zo of] cf}ifwLsf] ;'/lIftkg / k|efjsf/Ltfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{
67
/x]sf] 5 . ef/t h:tf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;/sf/L sfof{nodf
btf{ x'g'eGbf lgs} cufl8b]lv of] cf}ifwL k|of]udf cfO{/x]sf]5 .
l8=Pkm=cf]= cToGt dxFuf] ePsf] sf/0f ;do ;dodf 8]k]ml/k|f]g s'g}
lSnlgsn k/LIf0f ljgf g} k|of]udf cfPsf] 5 lsgls l8=Pkm=cf]=
w]/} dxFuf] 5 . clwsf+z la/fdLx¿sf] l8=Pkm=cf]= lsGg] x}l;ot
5}g . otf 8]k]ml/k|f]g :yfgLo lgdf{tf sDkgLx¿af6 l8=Pkm=cf]=sf]
t'ngfdf w]/} ;:tf]df laqmL x'G5 .
l8k]ml/k|f]g -Pn !_ n] s;/L sfd u5{ <
sf # j6f c0f'x¿ kmnfd tTjsf] Pp6f k/df0f' -lj8]G6]6_
;Fu ldN5g / sDKn]S; agfpF5g\ . 8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOgh:tf] of]
sDKn]S; lbzfaf6 aflx/ lgisf;g x'Fb}g; lk;faaf6 dfq x'G5 .
o;sf] ;fgf] cfsf/sf] sf/0f o;nfO{ k]6n] cToGt l56f] cjzf]if0f
u5{ / of] cf}ifwL lnPsf] $% b]lv ^) ldg]6df g} /Qmk|jfxdf
Psfu| x'g k'U5 . l8= Pkm cf]sf] t'ngfdf of] sd b/df /utaf6
gi6 x'G5 . w]/} h;f] la/fdLx¿sf] /utdf of] cf}ifwL nfdf] ;do
;s[o /xG5 . cf}ifwLsf] ()Ü efu aflx/ lgisf;g x'g nueu %
b]lv ^ 306fsf] ;do nfU5 .
L1
8]k]ml/k|f]g (L1) sf] k|of]u
k|foh;f] la/fdLx¿nfO{ &% ldlnu|fd÷s]hL z/L/sf] tf}n lx;fan]
of] cf}ifwL lbgsf] # dfqf agfP/ lng'kg]{ l;kmfl/; ul/G5 .
8]k]ml/k|f]gsf] k|of]usf] nfdf] cg'ej ;Fufn]sf ljz]if1x¿sf] ljrf/df
o;/L lbOPsf] of] cf}ifwL cfO/g tTjsf] ef/ x6fpg l8=Pkm=cf]=
sf] ^%Ü k|efjsf/L 5 t/ of] b/ la/fdL lkR5] g} km/s k5{ .
o;/L lbOPsf] L1 sf] k|efj /utdf k]ml/l6gsf] tx pRr ePsf
t/ cufl8 l8=Pkm=cf]= k|of]u sd ePsf la/fdLx¿df k]ml/l6gsf]
tx sd ePsf -@%)) μg k|lt lneGbf tn_ la/fdLx¿sf] t'ngfdf
/fd|f] b]lvPsf] 5 .
l8=Pkm=cf]=;Fu ldnfP/ 8]k]ml/k|f]gsf] (L1) k|of]u
Pp6f xfn;fn}sf] lSnlgsn cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 ls l8=Pkm=cf]=/
Pn ! sf] ;+o'Qm k|of]un] z/L/af6 pT;h{g x'g] kmnfd tTjsf]
kl/df0fnfO{ a9fpg ;S5 lsgls oL cf}ifwLx¿n] z/L/sf] leGg
68
yfnf;]ldof af/]
leGg efuaf6 kmnfd tTjnfO{ x6fpF5g\ . k]ml/l6gsf] tx ;dfg
ePsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ @ ;d"xdf afF8]/ cWoog ul/of] h;dWo]
Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ l8=Pkm=cf]= lbO/x]sf] lyof] eg] csf]{ ;d"xnfO{
L1 lbO/x]sf] lyof] . b'j} ;d"xsf] d'6'sf] Pd cf/ cfO ;+s]tsf]
t'ngf u/]/ cWoog ul/of] . kl/0ffdx¿n] ;'emfj lbPcg';f/ L1
n] d'6'df Pslqt ePsf] kmnfd tTj w]/} /fd|/L 36fPsf] kfOof]
eg] l8=Pkm=cf]= n] sn]hf]df hDdf ePsf] cfO/g tTjnfO{ /fd|/L
x6fPsf] kfOof] .
Dfflysf cWoogx¿sf] kl/0ffdn] s]xL k/LIf0fstf{ -cg';Gwfgstf{_
x¿nfO{ kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg] cfzfdf
l8=Pkm=cf]= / 8]k]ml/k|f]g Ps};fy k|of]u ug{ pT;flxt u/fof] . ljz]if
u/]/ d'6'af6 kmnfd tTjnfO{ l56f] / k|efjsf/L 9+un] x6fpgsf
lglDt . vfgf / /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hgaf6 slt kmnfd tTj z/L/df
hDdf x'G5 clg lbzf / lk;faaf6 slt dfqfdf pT;h{g x'G5
eGg] ljifodf la/fdLx¿sf] ;fgf] ;+Vof dfly ul/Psf] cf}krfl/s
cWoogn] @ k|sf/sf] cf}ifwL lnO/x]sf la/fdLx¿df kmnfd tTj
pT;h{g x'g] s'/fdf j[l4 ePsf] b]vfof] .
n] l8=Pkm=cf]=;Fu ldn]/ s;/L sfd u5{ eGg] af/]sf] k|f/lDes
JofVofn] o:tf] b]vfPsf] 5 ls t'ngfTds ¿kn] ;fgf c0f' ePsf]
8]k]ml/k|f]g ;f¥x} b|'t ultdf bf}8G5 / x/]s sf]ifx¿df k:5 / o:tf]
efudf klg k'U5 hxfF k'Ug l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] 7"nf c0f'x¿nfO{ ;Dej
x'b}g . 8]k]ml/k|f]gn] sf]ifleq /x]sf kmnfd tTjnfO{ cfk"m;Fu afFW5
/ leqaf6 aflx/ lgsfN5 . o;/L aflx/ lgsfn]kl5 l8=Pkm=cf]=n]
l:y/ lsl;dsf] kmnfd tTj x6fpg] cf}ifwLnfO{ pQm kmnfd tTj
pknAw u/fpF5 o; k|lqmofnfO{
l;ª\s elgG5 ToxfFaf6 of] lbzf lkQ
lk;fasf] ¿kdf z/L/af6 aflx/
;l~rt
cfpF5 . o:tf] k|s[ofnfO{ ;§n
FE
Labile
Fe
Fe
k|efj elgG5 . t/ 8]k]ml/k|f]g /
Fe
Fe Fe
Fe
l8=Pkm=cf]=n] s;/L leGgf leGg}
x]kf6f];fO6
Fe
¿kdf sfd u5{g\ / z/L/sf s'g Fe Fe
s'g 7fpFaf6 kmnfd tTjnfO{ aflx/
Fe
lgsfN5g\ eGg]s'/f k"0f{ ¿kdf a'em\g
lb;f
cem} afFsL 5 .
L1
4j
;§n -xfGg]_ k|efj
KnfHdf
dfOqmf]k]mu
Fe
Fe Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
d[uf}nf
Fe
lk;fa
69
xfn}sf jif{x¿df L1 / l8=Pkm=cf]= k|of]u ;DaGwdf o"/f]k /
ljsfzlzn b]zx¿sf y'k|} d]l8sn s]Gb|x¿df lgodx¿ k|of]udf
cfPsf 5g\ / s]xL lSnlgsn cWoogx¿ klg k|sflzt ePsf
5g\ . oL cWoogx¿n] @ j6f cf}ifwL Ps;fy k|of]u ubf{ kmnfd
tTj x6fpg] pkrf/df lgs} dxTjk"0f{ k|efjsfl/tf /x]sf], o;sf
kfZj{ k|efjx¿ ck|Tofl;t g/x]sf] / pkrf/nfO{ slDtdf ! jif{
/ Tof] eGbf s]xL a9L hf/L /fVg /fd|} x'g] s'/ftkm{ ;+s]t u/]sf
5g\ . oL kl/0ffdx¿n] ;+o'Qm cf}ifwLsf] k|of]usf] nfdf] ;do;Dd
cWoog x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf b]vfPsf 5g\ . h;df oL cf}ifwL PSnf
PSn} k|of]u ubf{sf] t'ngfdf ;+o'Qm ¿kdf k|of]u ubf{ cfpg] gofF
/ yk ljiffQmtfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{, oL cf}ifwLx¿nfO{ ;+o'Qm
¿kdf s;/L ;aeGbf /fd|f] u/L k|of]u ug]{ cflb s'/fx¿sf] lgSof}n
ug'{kg]{ / oL cf}ifwLx¿ Ps}rf]6L lbP/, Pskl5 csf]{ lbP/ cyjf
j}slNks ¿kn] lbP/ ltgsf] kl/0ffd x]g'{ cfjZos 5 .
L1
sf g/fd|f c;/x¿
cf}ifwLsf] cjflG5t / ;a}eGbf uEdL/ c;/ ;]tf /Qmsf]ifsf]
;+Vof To;df klg ljz]ifu/]/ Go"6«f]lkmN;sf] ;+Vof 36fpg' xf] .
h;n] z/L/nfO{ s'g} klg ;+qmd0faf6 arfpg] sfd u5{ .
L1
pkl:yt Go"6«f]lkmnsf] txdf x'g] ;fdfGo vfnsf] sld -%)) b]lv
!%)) k|lt JolQm ldln_ nfO{ Go"6«f]k]lgof elgG5 eg] s8f vfnsf]
sld -/utdf k|lt JolQm %)) ldln eGbf klg sd pkl:ylt_ nfO{
Pu|fg'nf];fO6f]l;; elgG5 . L1 cf}ifwLsf] k|of]usf] k|efjsfl/tfsf]
cWoog ug{ ul/Psf cg]s k|of;x¿ cg';f/ Go'6«f]k]lgof Psbd
w]/} kfOPsf] 5 eg] Pu|fg'nf];fO6f]l;; sd ;+Vofdf 5 . olb
la/fdLx¿n] 8]k]ml/k|f]g lng aGb ug]{ xf] eg] of] l:ylt plN6g
;S5 .
To;sf/0f, olb of] cf}ifwL -L1_ lnO/fVg] xf] eg] la/fdLsf] ;Dk"0f{
;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] ;+Vof z/L/df x'g] c¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf
;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] ;+Vof / k|ltzt -km/s km/s tl/sfaf6
;]tf/Qmsf]ifsf] ;+Vof /fVg] k|s[of_ olsg ug{ @–# xKtfdf Ps
k6s k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f ul//xg'k5{ .
70
yfnf;]ldof af/]
la/fdLx¿n] ;+qmd0fsf s'g} nIf0fx¿ b]vfP eg] pgLx¿sf] hfFr
tf/Gtf/ ul//xg'k5{ . Hj/f] cfpg], 3fF6L b'Vg] h:tf ;+qmd0fsf
klxnf] ;+s]tx¿ b]lvgf ;fy 8]k]ml/k|f]g lng tTsfn aGb ug'{k5{ .
/utsf] ;Dk"0f{ lsl;dsf] k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f u/fpg'k5{ /
PG6Ljfof]l6s cf}ifwLsf] sf]if{ k"/f lng'k5{ . w]/} la/fdLx¿df ;]tf
/Qmsf]ifx¿sf] ;+Vof klxnfs} 6'ª\uf]df kms{g ;S5 / 8]k]ml/k|f]g
pkrf/ k4lt klg rfn' ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf]
;+Vof klxnf g} hlt g} cyjf -k|lt 3g ldld# #))) eGbf a9L_
Go"6«f]lkmnsf] ;+Vof !)))÷ldld# eGbf a9L Kn]6\n]6\;sf] ;+Vof
klxnfsf] hlt g} cyjf -k|lt 3g ldld !))))) eGbf a9L_
k'u]sf] 5}g eg] L1 cf}ifwLaf6 pkrf/ ug]{ ;Nnfx lbg ldNb}g .
d]l8snsf] x:tIf]ku/L pkrf/sf] cfjZostf ePsf yfnf;]ldof
d]h/, x]kf6fOl6; aL / l; af6 klg ;+qmldt /f]uLx¿nfO{ L1
cf}ifwL lng] ;Nnfx lbg' cl3 o;sf v/fj c;/x¿sf] cToGt
;fjwfgLk"j{s n]vf hf]vf ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
8]k]ml/k|f]gsf cGo kfZj{ k|efjx¿
!_
cf}ifwL vfO/x]sf w]/} la/fdLx¿nfO{ hf]gL{ ljz]ifu/]/ 3'F8f,
uf]nLufF7f, s'lxgf, sDd/, 9f8sf] tNnf] efu ;'lGgg] / b'Vg] /
c/l/g] rNg g;Sg] l:ylt x'G5 . k|ltlbg &% ldlnu|fd÷s]hL
eGbf a9L L1 cf}ifwL vfO/x]sf jf t/n k]ml/l6g -;]/d
k]ml/l6gsf]_ tx klg pRr ePsfx¿df hf]gL{x¿ ;'lGgg]
;d:of kfOPsf] 5 . of] kfZj{k|efjsf] sf/0faf/] ;xL hfgsf/L
geP klg L1 cf]}ifwLn] z/L/sf cGo t/n >f]tx¿af6 kmnfd
tTjnfO{ hf]gL{x¿tkm{ ;fbf{ o; k|sf/sf] hng pTkGg x'g;Sg]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . L1 sf] dfqf 36fP/ jf k'/} /f]s]/ of]
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . hf]gL{ b'Vg] ;d:ofsf] nflu
b'vfO sd ug]{ cf}ifwL –PgfNh]l;s lbg ;lsG5 . ha;Dd
36fOPsf] L1 sf] dfqf / b'vfO{ sd ug]{ cf}ifwLx¿n] oL
dflysf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ sd ub}{gg\ tj;Dd oL cf}ifwLx¿
Vffg 5f]8\g' h¿/L 5}g . t/ olb b'vfOsf] ;fy} hf]gL{x¿
;'lGgPsf 5g\ eg] la/fdLx¿nfO{ k|fMoh;f] cf}ifwL 5f]8\g]
;Nnfx lbOG5 . la/fdLx¿df k]ml/ klg hf]gL{x¿ b'Vg] ;'lGgg]
vt/f bf]xf]l/g ;Sg] x'gfn] cToGt glhsaf6 x]/ljrf/ /
L1
71
k/LIf0f ub{{} ;fgf] dfqfsf]
;lsG5 .
@_
L1
cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u k'g rfn' ug{
vfO/x]sf s]xL la/fdLx¿df l/Ë6f nfUg], jfsjfsL nfUg],
jfGtf x'g], kvfnf rNg] / k]6 b'Vg] h:tf k]6sf ;d:ofx¿
-Uof:6«f]xG;6]6fOgn ;d:of_ b]vf k5{g . nIf0fx¿ ;fdfGo
x'gklg ;S5g\, h;nfO{ pkrf/sf] cfjZostf kb}{g . PG6f;L8
/ PG6LOd]l6S; h:tf cf}ifwLx¿n] oL ;fdfGo c;/x¿ k|fo
36fpg ;S5g\ . vfgf ;+u;+u} L1 lnof] eg] klg jfsjfsL
nfUg] vfg dg gx'g] ;d:ofaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .
L1
#_ 8]k]ml/k|f]g cf}ifwL vfO/x]sf la/fdLx¿df hLÍsf] sld x'g
;S5 . of] cf}ifwLn] z/L/df ePsf] kmnfd tTj afx]s hLÍ
h:tf c¿ tTjx¿;Fu klg ldN5 / pT;h{g x'g ;3fpF5 .
hLÍ Pp6f o:tf] tTj xf] h'g 5fnfsf] j[l4 / ljsf;
ug]{b]lv lnP/ c¿ y'k|} zf/Ll/s sfo{x¿sf] nflu cfjZos
5 . la/fdLx¿df lhÍsf] tx 36\g]sf] hf]lvd dw'd]x ePsf
/f]uLx¿df a9L kfOPsf] 5 . L1 lnO/x]sf la/fdLx¿nfO{ lhÍ
ePsf vfg]s'/f of hLÍ lbP/ of] ;d:ofnfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
L1 cf}ifwL vfPkl5 z/L/sf] sfo{;'rf¿ ug{ cfjZos cGo
lsl;dsf vlgh tTjx¿ z/L/af6 36]sf 5g÷5}g To;af/]
;'lglZrt ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 . yfnf;]ldofsf /f]ux¿df kmnfd
tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ ug'{sf] dtna z/L/df y'lk|Psf] ljiffQm
/ clws kmnfd tTjnfO{ aflx/ k7fpg' dfq xf] . o;f] ubf{
z/L/nfO{ rflxg] cGo vlghtTjx¿ z/L/d} /xg' cfjZos
5.
$_ w]/} d]l8sn s]Gb|x¿df sn]hf]sf] a9\bf] sfo{x¿sf] hfFr
-P Pn 6L_ ubf{ yfxf kfOPsf] 5ls sn]hf]sf] ljiffQmtf
x]kf6fOl6; ;L -#_ ePsf /f]uLx¿df w]/} 5 . sn]hf]sf]
clgoldt sfo{sf] hfFrn] s]xL la/fdLx¿df L1 cf}ifwL vfg
/f]Sg' kg]{ cfjZostf klg b]vfPsf] 5 . Pp6f sfo{kqn]
;'emfj lbPsf] 5 ls l8=Pkm=cf]= lng] la/fdLx¿ eGbf Pn !
vfg] la/fdLx¿df sn]hf]sf] tGt'x¿df cgfjZos j[l4 x'g]
-lne/ lkma|f]l;;sf_ ;d:ofx¿ a9L b]lvPsf 5g\ .
72
yfnf;]ldof af/]
ev{/} ul/Psf cg]s k/LIf0fx¿dWo] -hf] of] p2]Zosf] nflu
lyPgg\_, O6fnLsf] ax's]Gb|x¿df yfnf;]ldofsf %^ hgf
/f]uLx¿sf] >[+vnfa2 ¿kdf ul/Psf] sn]hf]sf] jfof]K;Lsf]
kl/0ffdnfO{ # hgf :jtGq Kofyf]nf]lhi6x¿n] u/]sf]
d'Nofª\sgx¿n] klg o:tf] sn]hf]sf] tGt'df j[l4 x'g] k|s[of
-kmfOa|f]l;;_ lsg a9\of] eGg] s'g} klg k|ltj]bg lbg c;kmn
ePsf 5g\ . t/ eljiodf of] ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ cg]s
k/LIf0fx¿ ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
sf] k|of]un] Nofpg ;Sg] cjflG5t c;/x¿nfO{ !# b]lv
#) k|ltzt;Dd /f]Sg ;lsg] k|ltj]bg y'k|} cWoogx¿n]
lbPsf 5g\ .
L1
8]k]ml/k|f]gsf] k|efjsfl/tf
of] cf}ifwLn] slt /fd|/L sfd ul//x]sf]5 Tof] hfFRg / L1 ;Fu
;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ cfjflG5t c;/x¿sf] ljsf;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
tn lbOPsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg' k5{ .
!_ k|To]s #÷# dlxgfdf t/n k]ml/l6g -;]/d k]ml/l6g_
gfKg'k5{ .
@_ k|To]s xKtf of @. # xKtfdf Psk6s k"/f /ut hfFr]/ To;sf
ljleGg efux¿df kfOg] tTjx¿sf] ;+Vof yfxf kfpg' k5{ .
#_ k|To]s # dlxgfdf @$ 306] lk;fasf] hfFr ug'{k5{ . L1 cf}ifwL
lng] ;jfndf of] dxTjk"0f{ 5 lsgls, 8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg
h:tf] geP/ of] cf}ifwLn] x6fPsf] ;Dk"0f{ kmnfd tTj lk;fasf]
dfWodaf6 aflx/ cfpF5 .
$_ jfof]s]ldsn -hLj /;fog_ ljZn]if0f / sn]hf]sf] sfo{sf]
hfFr k|To]s dlxgf ug'{k5{ .
%_ z/L/df ePsf] lhGssf] tx k|To]s # b]lv ^ dlxgfdf Psrf]6L
hfFr ug'{k5{ . la/fdLx¿nfO{ hfFlr/x]sf] lkmlhl;ogn]
la/fdLsf] lSnlgsn cj:yfaf/] yfxf kfpg] ePsf]n] p;n]
g} la/fdLnfO{ ug'{ kg]{ hfFrsf] cfj[lQ / k|sf/af/] lg0f{o ug{
;S5 . sn]hf]sf] ;+efJo jfof]K;L -!_ P;So"o"cfO8L dl;gsf]
k|of]u -@_ Pd cf/ cfO hfFr -#_ h:tf k/LIf0fx¿n] sn]hf]df
73
/x]sf] kmnfd tTjsf] ;xL dfqf -!+@_ / d'6'sf tGt'x¿df
Pslqt kmnfdsf] dfqf -#_ yfxf kfpg ;xL ;xof]u ug{
;S5g\ .
l8k]ml/k|f]g cf}ifwLsf] k|efjsfl/tf / ;'/lIftkgsf] cWoog
;DaGwL tYofª\sx¿ !% jif{b]lv nuftf/ ¿kn] cfO/x]sf 5g\ /
yfnf;]ldofsf] pkrf/df ;+nUg w]/} j}1flgsx¿n] cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u
;DaGwL pknAw oL ;"rgfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ ul//x]sf
5g\ . oL tYofª\sx¿sf] cjnf]sgn] b]vfPsf] 5 lsM
8]k]ml/k|f]gaf6 ul/Psf] pkrf/n] s]xL la/fdLx¿df t/n k]ml/l6g
-;]/d k]ml/l6g_ sf] tx / kmnfd tTjsf] Psfu|tfnfO{ 36fpF5 .
of] cf}ifwL ;'/lIft 9+un] la/fdLnfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s lgu/fgLdf
/fv]/ $ jif{;Dd rnfpg ;lsG5 . tYofª\sx¿ cg';f/ lk;fadf
pT;h{g eP/ hfg] kmnfd tTjnfO{ a9fpg / ;]/d k]ml/l6gsf] tx
36fpg lgDg s'/fx¿ ug'{k5{ .
z/L/sf] tf}nsf] &% ldlnu|fd÷s]hL;Dd k|ltlbg lbOg]
8]k]ml/k|f]gsf] dfqf a9fpg], of] ;fdfGot k|of]u ul/g] dfqf
xf] .
8]k]ml/k|f]g / 8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOgnfO{ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf lbO pkrf/
ug]{ .
t/ yf]/} dfqfdf eGbf w]/} dfqfsf] of] cf}ifwL l8=Pkm=cf]=;Fu ;+o'Qm
¿kdf lbFbf x'g] ljiffQmtfsf] cf}krfl/s / nfdf] cWoogx¿ x'g'kg]{
s'/fdf yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] pkrf/df ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ j}1flgsx¿
;xdt 5g\ . lj:tf/} lj:tf/} oL cf}ifwLx¿ s;/L / slxn] k|of]u
ug]{, s:tf vfnsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ al9 k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] :ki6
hfgsf/L klg k|fKt x'g]5 . To;a]nf;Dd d]l8sn ;"rsnfO{
k5\ofpFb} la/fdLx¿, lkmlhl;ogx¿ / cleefjsx¿n] l8=Pkm=cf]=
/ L1 pkrf/df ;fd~h:otf sfod ug]{ af/]df x/]s k|of;x¿
ug'{kb{5 .
b'ef{Uojz l8=Pkm=cf]= / 8]k]ml/k|f]g b'j}sf] d"Nosf] sf/0fn]
logLx¿sf] k|of]u ax';+Vos ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df cToGt uf¥xf]
x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
74
yfnf;]ldof af/]
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] gofF cf}ifwLx¿
;a}n] lsGg ;Sg], k|of]ustf{sf] nflu ;lhnf], vfg ldNg] h:tf
ljz]iftfx¿dfly s]lGb|s[t eP/ kmnfd tTj x6fpg] cf}ifwLx¿sf]
cWoog cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] 5 . t/ 8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOgsf]
lgdf{tf sDkgL gf]efl6{; kmdf{n] pTkfbg u/]sf] ICL760 nfO{ dfq
dflg;df k|of]u u/]/ k/LIf0f ug]{ cg'dlt lbOPsf]5 . of] cf}ifwL
k|of]usf] dfgj dflysf] ;'/lIftkgf, k|efjsfl/tf / plrt dfqf
nueu :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf lSnlgsn cWoogx¿klg
clGtd cj:yfdf k'lu;s]sf 5g\ . -t]>f] r/0fdf_ clxn];Ddsf
kl/0ffdx¿ -@))@_ cToGt pT;fxk|b 5g\ . of] cf}ifwL (LCL670)
k|ltlbg @) ldlnu|fd÷s]hL z/L/sf] tf}n lbFbf 36]sf] sn]hf]sf]
kmnfd tTjsf] Psfu|tf / k|ltlbg $) ldlnu|fd÷s]hL z/L/sf]
tf}n 8]:k]ml/cf]shfdfOg lbFbf 36]sf] sn]hf]sf] kmnfd tTjsf]
tx a/fa/L kl/df0fsf 5g\ . ;g\ @))% ;Dddf btf{ u/L
la/fdLx¿;Dd k'¥ofpg] cfzf ul/Psf] of] cf}ifwL ljt/0f ug'{cl3
o"/f]k / cd]l/sfsf clwsf/Lx¿;dIf :jLs[ltsf] nflu l;kmfl/;
ul/g]5 -*_ . yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿sf] pkrf/df ;'wf/ Nofpgsf]
nflu c¿ w]/} k|sf/sf vfP/ kmnfd tTj x6fpg ldNg] cf]/n
lrn]6/x¿ lSnlgsn k|of]usf] nflu pknAw x'g]5g\ eGg] cfzf
ul/Psf] 5 .
4k ICL670A
c0f'
OH
O
N
N
N
OH
HO
75
cWofo %
yfnf;]ldof;Fu ;DalGwt d]l8sn
;d:ofx¿ / ltgsf] pkrf/
kl5Nnf b'O{ bzs leqdf yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] pkrf/df gf6sLo
kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . ljz]iftM klZrdL d'n'ssf la/fdLx¿sf]
yfnf;]ldof /f]u nfu]klg afFRg] b/df lta| j[l4 ePsf] 5 /
la/fdLx¿sf] hLjg klg ;d[4 ag]sf] 5 t/ klg yfnf;]ldofsf
/f]uLx¿nfO{ w]/} lsl;dsf d]l8sn ;d:ofx¿n] ;tfpF5g\ . s]xL
;d:ofx¿ /f]usf] cfk\mg} sf/0fn] cfpF5g\ eg] c¿ y'k|} ;d:ofx¿
cg'lrt / lgDg :t/sf] pkrf/ ljlw, cg'lrt lsl;dsf] /ut
6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ ljlw, ;'/lIft /utsf] cefj l8=Pkm=cf]= sf]
;j clK6dn k|of]usf] sf/0fn] cfpF5g\ .
lkmof] a9\g] ;d:of
sn]hf]
k]6
sn]hf]
lkmof]
8'8]gd
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf w]/} /f]uLx¿n] lkmof]sf] ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf
u/]sf x'G5g\ . lkmof] g/d df+;k]zLx¿n] ag]sf] xftsf] d'7L hq}
cfsf/sf], z/L/sf] afofF xft tkm{sf] s/Ësf] tn 8fok|mfd d'lg
;'/lIft /x]sf] Ps cË xf] . -x]g'{xf];\ 5a_ Pp6f ;fdfGo lkmof]df
@) b]lv #) ldln= ln6/ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ x'G5g\ . t/ lb3{ ¿kn]
;fdfGob]lv s8f vfnsf] PlgdLof ePsf /f]uLx¿sf] -cg'lrt
/ut 6«fG:km\o'hgsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k_ lkmof]df ! ln6/eGbf klg
a9L /ut hDdf x'G5 . of] cltl/Qm d]8'n/L Pl/y|f]kf]Ol;; elgg]
;d:of lkmof]n] cltl/Qm /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] pTkfbg ug]{ k|lqmofsf]
sf/0fn] x'G5 . lkmof]n] z/L/nfO{ Plgldof x'g glbg sf nflu
;xfotf ug]{ k|oTg u5{, kmn:j¿k /utsf] sf]ifx¿ aGg] :jefljs
7fpF -af]g Dof/f]_ eGbf aflx/ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ ;+Zn]lift x'G5g\ /
lkmof]df /Qmsf]ifx¿ a9L x'g k'U5g\ .
;'Id ls6f0f'x¿, AofS6]l/ofx¿ / kl/hLljx¿nfO{ z/L/df
k:g glbO{ ;ª\qmd0faf6 z/L/nfO{ arfpgsf] nflu /ut 5fGg]
nufot lkmof]n] c¿ w]/} dxTjk"0f{ sfdx¿ ub{5 . lkmof]n]
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] hLjg rqmsf] cGTolt/ /Qm
76
yfnf;]ldof af/]
k|jfxaf6 5'§\ofpg] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . o;/L 5'l§Psf /ftf
/Qmsf]ifx¿df ePsf] x]df]Unf]lagaf6 Unf]lag / kmnfd tTj
5l'§O{ lg:sG5g\ / k'gM k|of]u eO{ gofF /Qmsf]ifx¿ aGb5g\ . t/
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿df of] k'gM k|of]u eO{ gofF sf]ifx¿
aGg] k|lqmofn] /fd|f];Fu sfd ub}{g . o;sf] abnf a¿ kmnfdtTj
lkmof]df y'lk|G5 of /Qm k|jfx lt/ l55{ / lkmof] lt/ g} kms{G5 .
o;sf] cnfjf, yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿df pTkfbg ePsf /ftf
/Qmsf]ifx¿ c;fdfGo cfsf/sf x'gfn] ltgLx¿ lkmof]df g} c8\s]/
a:5g\ . kl/0ffd :j¿k lkmof] a9\b} hfG5 . lkmof]n] ws]n]sf] sf/0f
k]6 klg a9\5 .
cfk"m dfly a9]sf] a9L dfusf] bjfjnfO{ k"/f ug{ lkmof] k|foM
a9L ;lqmo -xfOk/ PS6Le_ x'G5, o; cj:yfnfO{ xfOk/:Kn]lgHd
elgG5 . o; k|lqmofdf /f]uLn] /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg dfkm{t k|fKt u/]sf
:jefljs lsl;dsf /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ klg gi6 ug{ k'U5 .
kl/0ffd :j¿k x/]s k6s /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ubf{ la/fdLnfO{ a9L
/ut lbg'kg]{ x'G5 t/ hlt /ut lbP klg la/fdLsf] Plgldofsf]
cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfpFb}g . pu| ¿kn] ;lqmo lkmof]n] /utsf c¿
tTjx¿ h:t} ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ / y|f]Daf];fO6\;nfO{ klg gi6
ul/lbG5 . lkmof] a9\g] ;d:of -xfOk/:n]lgHd_nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{
;lsFb}g . To;sf/0f dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t}, lkmof]n] z/L/nfO{
xflg k'Ug] 9Ën] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfpgf;fy o;nfO{
zNolrlsT;f u/]/ kmfNg' kb{5 . of] k|lqmofnfO{ :Kn]g]S6f]dL
elgG5 .
5b
AofS6]l/ofn] el/Psf] kmfuf];fO6
AofS6]l/of
glhs} /x]sf AofS6]l/ofx¿nfO{ kQf
nufpg] Go"6«f]lkmn
lkmof]nfO{ zNolqmof u/L l´Sgfn] yfnf;]ldofsf] pkrf/ x'Fb}g .
o;n] lkmof] a9gfsf] sf/0fn] x'g] ljlzi6 lsl;dsf ;d:ofx¿dfq
xn x'G5g\ . lkmof]nfO{ zNolqmof dfkm{t x6fpg] lg0f{o lng' cufl8
y'k|} d]l8sn kIfx¿dfly /fd|f] ;f]r ljrf/ ug'{kb{5 hf] o;k|sf/
5g\—
!= cfjZostfeGbf 7"nf] cfsf/sf] Pp6f lkmof] -nDjfO{ ^ ;]dLeGbf
a9L_ sf] sf/0fn] cK7\of/f] dx;'; eO/x]sf] x'g'k5{ .
@= c¿ s'g} klg d]l8sn ;d:ofx¿ geOsg klg la/fdLnfO{
6«fG:k\mo'hg ug]{ /utsf] dfqf a9fO/xg' kg]{ x'G5 . cfjZos
k/]sf] /utsf] kl/df0f !=% u'0ffn] j[l4 x'Fb} hfG5 . cyjf
z/b/ x]df]Unf]lagsf] txnfO{ sfod /fVg k|ltjif{ @)) b]lv
77
@@) ldlnu|fd÷s]hL KofS8 /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] cfjZostf
b]lvG5 .
#= t];|f] ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f pd]/ xf] . :Kn]g]S6f]dL ug'{kg]{ dfG5]
% jif{ dflysf] x'g'k5{ . dfly g} pNn]v ul/of] ls lkmof]n]
z/L/nfO{ ;ª\qmd0faf6 arfpg 7"nf] e"ldsf v]N5 . lkmof]
x6fPkl5 ;ª\qmd0f x'g] hf]lvd pRr /xG5 . % jif{eGbf
d'lgsf aRrfx¿sf] k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL sdhf]/ x'g] x'gfn] of]
vt/f c´ a9L pRr /xG5 .
lkmof] x6fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ cfhefl]n a9L ;lhnf] / l;wf zNolqmofsf]
tl/sf dflgG5 / klxnf klxnf b]lvPsf hf]lvdx¿ klg b]lvg
5f]8]sf 5g\ . lkmof]sf] k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ /Iff ug]{ k|oTg :j¿k
cfwfdfq lkmof] x6fpg] kl;{on :Kn]g]S6f]dL cyjf o;sf] sfdnfO{
cj¿4 ul/lbg] -ODaf]nfOh];g_ h:tf k|ljlwx¿ klg ljsl;t
ePsf 5g\ .
lkmof] x6fpg] sfd / ;ª\qmd0f -:Kn]g]S6f]dL_
lkmof] x6fpg' k5fl8sf] uDeL/ rf;f]sf] ljifo o;af6 x'g] cToGt
uDeL/ lsl;dsf] ;ª\qmd0fsf] vt/f klg xf] . lkmof] lgsflnPsf]
/f]uLnfO{ JofS6]l/ofn] u/fpg] ;ª\qmd0fsf] vt/f cfjZostfeGbf
a9L x'G5 . of] ;ª\qmd0f uDeL/ lsl;dsf] b]lv lnP/ Hofg} hfg]
-3fts_ klg x'g;S5 . oL AofS6]l/ofx¿n] :6«]k6f]sf]sn ;ª\qmd0f
/ d]g]GhfOl6; h:tf /f]ux¿ klg lgDTofpF5g\ .
olb lkmof] l´lsPsf] /f]uL % jif{d'lgsf] eP ;ª\qmd0fsf] vt/f
pRr x'G5 / @ jif{ d'lgsf] eP clt pRr x'G5 . lkmof] l´s]sf]
/f]uLnfO{ hLjg e/g} ;ª\qmd0fsf] vt/f /xG5, To;df klg
:Kn]g]S6f]dL u/]sf] ! b]lv $ jif{;Dd t clt w]/} vt/f x'G5 .
lkmof] x6fpg] k|lqmof z'? ubf{ ;+qmd0faf6 aRg lgDg k|lqmof
ckgfpg' k5{ .
!= ODd'gf]k|f]lkmNoflS;;– lgdf]sf]sn, Xofdf]lsn;, OGk\mn"PGhf
/ d]lgg hf]gf]Ssn eGg] ;"Ox¿ nufpg' k5{ . oL ;"Ox¿
nufpg zNolqmof ug'{eGbf ´G8} @ xKtf cufl8af6 yfNg'k5{
/ zNolqmof ul/;s]kl5 klg l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] lgb]{zg
cg';f/ nufpg' k5{ .
78
yfnf;]ldof af/]
@= s]df]k|f]lkmNoflS;;– of] vfg] k]lgl;lng PG6LafOl6s xf] . of]
@ jif{d'lgsf aRrfx¿nfO{ !@% ldlnu|fd lj=cfO=8L= @ jif{
dflysfnfO{ @%) ldlnu|fd lj=cfO=8L lbg'k5{ . olb la/fdLn]
k]lgl;lng PG6LafOl6s lng ;Sb}g eg] j}sNkLs PG6Lafof]l6s
lbg'k5{ . slt ;do lng'k5{ eGg] s'/f la/fdL cg';f/ km/s
k5{ . s'g} 8fS6/n] lkmof] l´lsPsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ hLjge/
PG6Ljfof]l6s lng] ;Nnfx lbG5g\ eg] s;}n] !* jif{;Dd
lng] eG5g\ . s;}n] t lkmof] l´lsPsf] @ jif{;Dd lnP
k'Ug] klg ;Nnfx lbG5g\ . h] ;'s} eP tfklg o;af6 x'g]
vt/fnfO{ ;s];Dd sd ug{ la/fdLx¿nfO{ lgoldt k/LIf0f /
d"NofÍgsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
#= lzIff– la/fdLx¿ / ltgsf cleefjsx¿nfO{ ;ª\qmd0fsf]
vt/f af/]df lzIff lbO{ x'g;Sg] ;ªqmd0fsf ;Í]tx¿ of
nIf0fx¿ h:t} Hj/f], df+zk]zLsf] b'vfOk|lt cToGt rgfvf] /fVg'
h¿/L x'G5 . ofqf ug]{ la/fdLx¿ / ltgsf cleefjsx¿n]
cfk"m hfFb} u/]sf] 7fpFdf s'g lsl;dsf ;ªqmd0f /f]ux¿
nfUg ;Sb5g\ To;sf] af/]df cufl8af6 g} ;r]t x'g' h¿/L
x'G5 .
$= j[l4 ePsf] Kn]6\n]6\;sf] ;ª\Vofk|ltsf] ;hutf– :Kn]g]S6f]dL
u/]k5fl8 KN]6\n]6\;sf] ;ª\Vof a9]/ k|lt So"ljs ld=ld=
*)),))) ;Dd k'Ug;S5 . of] cj:yfnfO{ k|ltlbg %) b]lv
!)) ldlnu|fd Pl:k/Lg lbP/ Kn]6\n]6\;sf] ;ª\Vof 36fpg
;lsG5 .
ha yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf] lgbfgsf] ls6fgL x'G5 To;kl5
x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx k|lt8]l;ln6/ ( b]lv !) u|fdeGbf dfly /fVg'
;'/lIft / /fd|/L k|zf]wg ePsf] /ut la/fdLnfO{ lbg' lkmof]sf] s'g}
lsl;dsf klg ;d:ofaf6 aRg] klxnf] / ;a}eGbf /fd|f] tl/sf xf] .
o; tl/sfaf6 lkmof] j[l4 x'g] qmdnfO{ ;':t agfpg cyjf /f]Sg
;lsG5 / lkmof] sf6]/ kmfNg'kg]{ cfjZostf 6fg{ ;lsG5 . o;sf]
cnfjf lkmof]nfO{ ;fdfGo cfsf/df sfod /flv/fVg] s'/fn] /ut
6«fG:k\mo'hgsf] k|efjsf/Ltf a9fpg klg ;xof]u u5{ .
79
d'6' / cGt>fjL u|GyLsf ;d:ofx¿
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿n] ;w}F d'6', sn]hf] / cGt>fjL
u|GyLx¿df ;d:of ePsf] cg'ej u5{g\ . oL ;a} ;d:ofx¿
kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf;Fu ufFl;Psf 5g\ . d'6'sf /f]uLx¿nfO{
5f]8]/ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgaf6 sd /ut kfO/x]sf cyjf /ut lnFb}
glnPsf la/fdLx¿df sn]hf] / cGt>fjL u|GyLx¿sf] ;d:of
lj/n} x'G5 lsgls o:tf] ;d:of /utsf] Psbd} w]/} 6«fG:k\mo'hg
lng] t/ kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ ljlw sd ug]{ la/fdLx¿df
x'G5 / ;fy} cfjZostf cg';f/ /ut gkfPsf la/fdLx¿ o:tf]
cj:yf ljsf; x'g nfUg] nfdf] ;do:dd afFrL /xg ;Sb}gg\ .
kmnfd tTj a9L x'Fbfsf kl/0ffdx¿
d'6'
lk6'6/L
OG8f]qmfOg u|GyL
sn]hf]
afOe]G6«Ls'n/ k]mn/ -@ e]G6«Lsnn] sfd ug{
5f]8g]_ P¥xLy\ldof
xfOkf]ufgf8f]6«f]lkms–xfOkf]ufgfl8Hd
cf]:6Lof]kf]/f]l;; -xl•df Kjfn kg]{ /f]u_
dw'd]x
xfOkf]yfO/fO8– xfOkf] Kof/fyfO/fO8
lkmj|f]l;;
l;/f]l;; -ljz]iftM x]kf6fOl6; ;L ;lqmof ePsf]
a]nfdf_
d'6'sf ;d:ofx¿
7"nf] e]gfsfef
kNd'g/L lz/fx¿
bflxg] cfl6{Pd
6«fOsl:k8 eNe
sd /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg lnPsf / 6«fG:k\mo'hg lnFb}
glnPsf /f]uLx¿df d'6'sf] ;d:of a9L kfOG5 .
kNd'g/L wdgL oL /f]uLx¿nfO{ bL3{ Plgldof x'G5 / d'6'df
kNd'g/L eNe lj:tf/} kmnfd tTj klg y'lk|Fb} hfG5 . oL b'j}
;d:ofx¿n] d'6'df tgfj u/fpg] x'gfn] x[bof3ft
b]a|] cfl6{Pd
x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg glnPsf
cfcf]l6{s eNe
cyjf sd lnPsf la/fdLx¿ @) jif{klg gk'uL
ld6« eNe
d'Vo u/L d'6'sf] /f]usf sf/0f d5{g\ .
Pcf]6f{
e]lG6«sN;
;fgf] e]gfsfef
80
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg /fd|/L kfPsf t/ k|efjsf/L ¿kn]
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ glnPsf /f]uLx¿ klg
5g\ . logLx¿dWo] l8=Pkm=cf]= clt dxFuf] ePsf]n]
k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] klg 5g\ / csf{yl/ cf}ifwL k|fKt
yfnf;]ldof af/]
u/]/ klg cfjZos dfqf k|of]u ug{ grfxg]x¿ klg 5g\ . oL b'j}
y/LnfO{ kmnfd tTj clws x'g] ;d:ofn] hGdfpg] d'6'sf] ;d:ofx¿
x'G5g\ . dfly g} pNn]v ul/;lsof] ls /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf]
sf/0fn] k|z:t dfqfdf cltl/Qm cfO/g z/L/df k:5 . o;nfO{
;dod} x6fOPg eg] d'6' nufot cGo cËx¿df y'lk|g hfG5 .
d'6'df hDdf x'Fb} uPsf] cltl/Qm cfO/gn] d'6'sf] :jefljs
sfo{ ;~rfngdf afwf pTkGg u5{ / clt bjfjsf] sf/0fn] d'6'
;ª\qmd0f x'g] cGo /f]ux¿nfO{ klg ;xg ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf
k'U5 . cGttf]uf]Tjf, d'6'sf df+;k]zLx¿ sdhf]/ aG5g\ / d'6'n]
z/L/el/ k'Ug] u/L /ut kDk ug{ ;Sb}g -x]g'{xf];\ 5c_ . /ut
6«fG:k\mo'hg /fd|/L kfPsf t/ kmnfd tTjnfO{ x6fpg /fd|f];Fu
pkrf/ gkfPsf la/fdLx¿ k|fo u/]/ @) jif{sf] pd]/df d5{g\ .
k]/Lsfl8{od, dfof]sfl8{od, eNe h:tf d'6'sf ljleGg efux¿
kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfsf sf/0f k|efljt x'G5g\ . oL efux¿sf
cfk\mgf cfk\mgf sfo{x¿ 5g\ / a9L kmnfd tTjsf] sf/0f tL
k|efljt eO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf nIf0fx¿ pTkGg u/fpF5g\ . d'6'sf]
9's9'sLdf tndfly x'g] -Pl/yldof_ d'6'sf df+zk]zLn] cf/fd ug{
g;Sg] cj:yf -8fO:6f]lns 8fOkmª\S;g_ /utnfO{ /fd|/L kDd
ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf -l;:6f]lns 8fOkmª\S;g_ d'6'sf] tGt'x¿df
kfgL hDg] -Kn]o"/n Ok\mo"hg, k]l/sfl8{on Ok\mo'hg, P:;fO6\;,
k]l/k]m/n cf]l8df_ / d'6'n] sfd ug{ 5f]8\g] cGo nIf0fx¿ cflb
d'6';Fu ;DalGwt /f]ux¿ x'g\ .
s'g} nIf0fx¿ b]vf gk/Lsg} klg kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfsf]
kl/0ffdn] x'g] uDeL/ k|sf/sf] d'6'sf] /f]u nfUg ;S5 . To;sf/0f
la/fdLx¿n] !@÷!# jif{b]lv g} s'g} ;d:of gePklg lgoldt /
;Dk"0f{ ¿kn] d'6'sf] hfFr u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 . d'6' a9L 9's9's
ug]{, ;fOgsf]K; -d'R5f{ kg]{_ :jfF :jfF x'g], k]6sf] dlyNnf] efudf
b'Vg], yf]/} Jofofd ubf{ klg w]/} yfSg] / uf]nLufF7f / z/L/sf] cGo
efudf st} ;'lGgg] h:tf nIf0fx¿ b]lvgf;fy hfFr u/fOxfNg'
k5{ . oL nIf0fx¿ b]lvg] a]nf;Dd d'6' /f]u uDeL/ cj:yfdf klg
k'lu;s]sf] x'g ;S5 t/ kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfsf] sf/0f d'6'
uDeL/ 9Ën] k|efljt ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;3g ¿kn] ul/g] kmnfd
tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ ljlw -lrn];g_ n] klg o;nfO{ ;fdfGo
cj:yfdf kmsf{pg ;S5 .
81
d'6'sf] sfo{x¿sf] lg/LIf0f
yfnf;]ldofsf la/fdLx¿n] jif{sf] Psk6s d'6'sf] k"0f{ ¿kn]
lg/LIf0f / hFfr u/fpg'k5{ . olb s'g} nIf0f b]lvPsf 5g\ eg] w]/}
k6s k"/f hfFr u/fpg' kg]{ x'g;S5 . tn lbOPsf hfFrx¿ jflif{s
k/LIf0fsf dxTjk"0f{ cËx¿ x'g\ .
•
/f]usf] Oltxf;;lxt zf/Ll/s hfFr -s'g} nIf0f b]lvPsf] 5
eg] To;sf] ljj/0f_
•
5ftLsf] PS;—/] c¿ w]/} ;"rgf lbg] k|ljlwx¿ ljsf;
eO;s]sf 5g\, d'6' /f]u ljz]if1x¿n] k|of]u ug{;Sg] t/
hl6n lsl;dsf oGq pks/0f gkfOg] 7fpFx¿df PS;–/]
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg dflgG5 . PS;–/]]n] d'6'sf] cfsf/,
kmf]S;f], To;/L g} s'g} cltl/Qm d]8'n/L Xofdf]kf]O6Ls df;
aGb} 5 5}g To;sf] ;"rgf klg lbG5 .
•
O=;L=hL= -On]S6«f]sfl8{of]u|fd_ zf/Ll/s cEof; ;Fu;Fu} of]
o:tf] hfFr xf] h;n] Pl/yldofsf] ljsf;sf] k|a[lQ, d'6'sf
sf]7fx¿sf] sdhf]/ sfo{zLntfh:tf ;d:ofnfO{ b]vfpF5 .
•
@$ 306] O=;L=hL=– of] hfFr ubf{ la/fdLsf] z/L/df ljz]if
lsl;dsf] xfN6/ elgg] df]lg6/ @$ 306f /flvG5 . 5f]6f]
;dosf] O=;L=hL= ubf{ klxrfg x'g g;s]sf c;fwf/0f
lsl;dsf d'6'sf nox¿ o;af6 klxrfg x'G5g\ .
•
Osf]sfl8{of]u|fd– of] d'6'sf sf]7fx¿sf] cfsf/ / ltgLx¿n]
slt /fd|/L sfd ub}{5g\ Tof] b]vfpg] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg
xf] .
•
Pd=o'=hL=P= :Sofg– of] /]l8of]O;f]6f]k hfFr xf] h;n] d'6'sf]
sfo{sf] af/]df cltl/Qm hfgsf/L lbG5 . of] hfFr la/fdLn]
cf/fd u/]sf] a]nfdf klg lng ;lsG5 t/ olb la/fdLn]
zf/Ll/s cEof; ub}{ u/]sf] a]nf of] hfFr ul/of] eg] ;xL
kl/0ffd kfpg ;lsG5 .
•
82
yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿df d'6' /f]usf] Joj:yfkg ug{ c¿ w]/}
pkfox¿ cjnDjg ug{ ;lsG5 .
d'6'sf] /f]usf] ;d:of gePsf la/fdLx¿df klg pgLx¿sf]
x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx (=% b]lv !) u|fd k|lt8]l;ln6/ /fVg
l;kmfl/; ul/Phlt /ut lbg'k5{ .
yfnf;]ldof af/]
•
•
•
d'6'sf] ;d:of ePsf /f]uLx¿n] /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg lng'eGbf
cufl8 sfod ug'{kg]{ x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx -!)–!! u|fd
k|lt8];Lln6/_ sf nflu k|z:t /ut lng'k5{ . d'6'sf 5c d'6'sf] x\ofdf]:6\ofl6s
lgoGq0fsf] ¿k/]vf
df+zk]zLx¿nfO{ kof{Kt clS;hg -clS;hg]zg_
k'¥ofpgsf lglDt d'6'df clws ef/ kg{ (Overloading)
/ut
pH
af6 hf]lug la/fdLx¿nfO{ k6s k6s u/]/ Plslqt eP/
vfFlbP/ /x]sf /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] 6«fG:k\mo'hg ;fgf];fgf]
OsfOdf lbg'k5{ . olb d'6'n] sfd ug{ 5f]8]sf] cj:yf
dlitisdf
ePsf] d'6'sf]
kfOPsf] 5 eg] o:tf /f]uLx¿df 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfxdf
s]Gb|
d'6'n] kmf]S;f]df
d'6'n] lj:tf/}
l56f] /ut kmfN5,
kmf]S;f]lt/ /ut
x/]s 6«fG:ô'hgdf d"qaw{s cf}ifwL lbg'k5{ .
c?
k\mofFS5, yf]/}
sfj{g8fOcS;fO8
g8fOcS;fO8
d'6'sf] ;d:of / kmnfd tTjsf] pRr ef/ -clwstf_ sfj{
kmf]S;f]af6 kmflnG5,
aflx/ kmfN5 /ut
/ut PH a9\5
PH tn em5{
klg ePsf /f]uLx¿n] ;3g vfnsf] kmnfd tTj
d'6'
36fpg] pkrf/ yfNg'k5{ . o:tf] pkrf/df ;DejtM
nuftf/ @$ 306f l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;nfO{
ult a9\5
ult 36\5
-5fnfd'lgaf6 jf gzfdf OgJx]lnË Sofy]6/ /fv]/ %)–
^) Pd=hL÷k|lts]hL z/L/sf] tf}n÷k|ltlbg l8=Pkm=
cf]= sf] k|If]k0f ul/G5_ . o;/L pkrf/ k|lqmofn] d'6'sf]
df+;k]zLdf kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfn] x'g] Iflt /f]Sg'k5{ /
o;nfO{ lk|m ¥ofl8sN;af6 x'g] nuftf/sf] xdnfaf6 klg
hf]ufpg'k5{ .
ev{/}sf cWoogx¿n] ;ª\s]t u5{g\ ls 8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg
/ 8]k]ml/k|f]g;Fu} lbOP/ ul/g] pkrf/ -;+o'Qm pkrf/ k4lt_
n] b|'t ultdf d'6'df y'lk|Psf] kmnfd tTjnfO{ x6fO{ d'6'sf]
sfo{nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{;S5g\ .
clxn] of] ;To :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 ls ;3g ¿kn] ul/g] kmnfd
tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ ljlwn] yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿df x'g] s8f
lsl;dsf] d'6' /f]unfO{ klg pN6\ofpg ;lsG5 . d'6'sf] /f]u
Psk6s klg b]vf kb}{ gk/L ul/g] kmnfd tTjx¿ x6fpg] pkrf/
d'6'sf] /f]un] ufFlh;s]kl5 ul/g] pkrf/ eGbf w]/} /fd|f] x'G5 .
d'6'df y'lk|Psf] kmnfd tTjsf] kl/df0fsf] cfFsng ug{ ufx|f] 5 t/
ev{/} ljsl;t ePsf] Pd=cf/=cfO{ k|ljlw d'6'df y'lk|Psf] kmnfdsf]
kl/df0fnfO{ ;f]´} gfKg w]/} g} pkof]uL x'g ;S5 . ;f/fz+df eGbf
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿df x'g] d'6'sf ;d:ofx¿sf] k|efjsf/L
pkrf/ ug{, tGt'x¿df y'lk|Fb} uPsf] kmnfd tTjx¿nfO{ ;3g
83
¿kn] x6fpg, c;kmn x'Fb} u/]sf d'6'sf df+zk];L arfpg ljz]if
cf}ifwL, pkrf/ k4lt ckgfpg' k5{, h:t} k/Dk/fut cf}ifwLx¿–
s= d'6'sf] /ut kDk ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ cf}ifwL– oL cf}ifwLx¿
P=l;=O= OGxLlj6/ cyjf Plhgf]6]gzLg sGd/Lª OGhfOd
-Plhgf]6]gzLgnfO{ abNg] OGhfOd_ ;d"xsf eg]/ lrlgG5g\ .
v= sGh]:6Le ¿kn] d'6'n] sfo{ ug{ 5f]8\g yfn]sf la/fdLx¿nfO{
lbOg], :jfF:jfF sd ug]{ d'qjw{s cf}ifwLx¿ .
u= d'6'sf] nosf] cldNbf]kgnfO{ l7s ug]{ cf}ifwLx¿ -PG6L
Pl/b\lds Ph]G6_
•
c¿h:t} cGt>fjL ;d:ofx¿n] Nofpg] /f]u xfOkf]yfO/f]l8Hd,
xfOkf]Kof/fyf/f]l8Hd / le6fldg P sf] sld cflbn] klg d'6's]f
df+;k]zLsf] /f]u NofpF5g\ . t/ o;df cfwf/e"t sf/0fx¿sf]
pkrf/ -h:t} cGt>fjL k|0ffnLsf] pkrf/ / le6fldg ;L
lbP/_ u/]/ d'6'sf] of] cj:yfnfO{ pN6fpg ;lsG5 .
cGt>fjL u|GyLsf ;d:ofx¿
yfO/fO{8n] yfO/f]lS;g agfpF5,
o;n] cGt/bxg k|s[ofnfO{ ;'rf?
u5{, of] xd{g sd eof] eg] /
f;folgs k|ltlqmof 36\5
c08sf]ifn] k'?ifx¿df 6]:6]:6]/f]g
agfpF5, o;n] of}jg cj:yfdf
k'?ifsf] ljz]iftfx¿ lgdf{0f u5{
84
cGt>fjL k|0ffnLcGtu{t lk6'6/L, yfO/fO8, Kof/fyfO/fO8, Pl8«gn
KoflGqmofl6s, j]6f;]n, k'¿ifx¿df x'g] c08sf]if / dlxnfx¿df x'g]
l8Daf;o kb{5g\ . oL u|GyLx¿sf]
lk6'6/L dlitissf] cfwf/df /x]sf]
u|GyL xf], o;n] w]/} xd{g agfpF5 d'Vo sfd xd{g pTkfbg ug'{ xf] .
/ j[l4, kfgLsf] ;Gt'ng, ljo{
/ c08 pTkfbg lgoGq0f u5{,
oL xdf]{gx¿ sf]ifx¿df kmnfd tTj
xdf]{gn u|GyL lgoGq0f ug]{ xd{g
klg agfpF5
y'lk|P/ pTkfbg ePsf] ljiffSttfaf6
KoflGqmofhn] OG;'lng / Un"sfhf]g ;lhn} k|efljt x'G5g\ / o;n]
agfpF5, OG;'lngn] /utsf]
lrgLnfO{ UnfOsf]lhgdf kl/jt{g ubf{ xdf]{g pTkfbg d} afwf kg{
u/]/ /utsf] lrgL 36fpF5,
Un'sfuf]gn] /utdf lrgL a9fpF5 hfG5 . To;sf/0fn] kmnfd tTj
dlxnfx¿df c08fzon] cf]:6«f]lhg
x6fpg] pkrf/ ljlw hLjgsf] z'¿
/ k|f]h]:6]/f]g agfpF5, o;n]
/h:jnf rqm lgoldt ug]{ / of}g
cj:yf d} z'¿ u/]sf yfnf;]ldof
cj:yfdf dlxnfsf] ¿k lbG5
/f]uLx¿df ;d]t cGt>fjL k|0ffnLn]
pTkfbg ug]{ xfdf]{gsf] sf/0f x'g] ;d:of w]/} 5g\ . cGt>fjLx¿n]
Nofpg] u8a8Ldf ;':t j[l4, k|f}9fj:yfdf k'Ug] l9nfO{, dw'd]x,
xfOkf]yfO/f]l8Hd, Kof/fxfOkf]yfO/f]l8Hd / k|f}9df of}g sfo{sf]
lzlyntf cflb kb{5g\ .
yfnf;]ldof af/]
zf/Ll/s j[l4
yfnf;]ldofsf #) b]lv %) k|ltzt /f]uLx¿ zf/Ll/s j[l4
sd x'g] ;d:ofaf6 k|efljt 5g\ . bL3{ PlgdLof, lkmof] a9\g]
;d:of, /utdf kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf, 8]:kmf]l/cf]ShfdfOgn]
pTkfbg ug]{ ljiffSttf, yfO/fO8n] sd xfdf]{g pTkfbg, ;':t
of]jgfj:yfdf k|j]z, of}g;Fu ;DalGwt u|GyLx¿sf] Go"g xdf]{g
pTkfbg -xfOkf]uf]gfl8Hd_ sn]hf]sf] bL3{ /f]u cflb ;a}n] zf/Ll/s
j[l4nfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj kf5{g\ . o;;Fu} zf/Ll/s j[l4 ug]{
xdf]{gsf] pTkfbgdf sdL, o;sf] sfo{k|ltsf] cj/f]w, cg'jf+lzs
k|jl[Q, s'kf]if0f / ;+j]ufTds :6«]; cflb klg xdf]{g;Fu hf]l8Psf
;d:ofx¿ x'g\ .
OG8f]qmfOg u|GyL
yfO/fO8 u|GyL
Kof/fyfO/fO8 u|GyL
cfO;n]6\; ckm NofË/xfg
NofË/xfgsf] cfO:n]6\; / :yfg
Pl8«gn a8L
Pl8«gn a8L
c08sf]if
c08fzo
uef{;o
lk6'6/L u|GyL
lk6'6/L u|GyL
lk6'6/L u|GyL
pTkfbg x'g] xdf]{g
yfO/f]lS;g
Kof/fyfO/fO8 xdf]{g
OG;'lng
Un'sf]h
PN8f:6/f]g
Pl8«gnfOg
6]:6f]:6]/f]g
cf]:6«f]hLg
k|f]h]:6]/f]g
6«f]lkms xdf]{g
kf]NoflS6g
j[l4 ug]{ xdf]{g
xdf]{gn] ug]{ sfd
j[l4 / cGt/bxg k|lqmof lgoGq0f
/utsf] SofN;Loodsf] lgoGq0f
/utsf] lrgL lgoGq0f
/utsf] lrgL lgoGq0f
/utsf] ;f]l8od Snf]/fO8 -g'g_ sf] lgoGq0f
tgfj ´]Ngsf] nflu z/L/nfO{ tDtof/ ug]{
k'¿ifx¿df bf]>f] bhf{sf] of}g ljz]iftfx¿ Nofpg]
dlxnfx¿df bf]>f] bhf{sf] of}g ljz]iftfx¿ Nofpg]
e|'0fsf] nflu kf7]3/sf] tof/L
c¿ gnLljlxg u|GyLh:t} uf]gf8 / yfO/fO8sf] lgoGq0f
Eofdf/L u|GyLdf b'w pTkfbg
j[4Ldf lgoGq0f u5{ .
ldof d]h/df
h'g b]zx¿df la/fdLx¿n] kof{Kt pkrf/ kfpFb}gg\ tL 7fpFx¿df 5d yfnf;]
OG8f]qmfOg u|GyLn] Nofpg]
s'kf]if0f / bL3{ PlgdLof zf/Ll/s j[l4 gx'gfsf k|d'v sf/0f x'g\
;d:ofx¿
eg] wgL / ;DkGg b]zx¿ hxfF la/fdLx¿n] /fd|f]
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg kfpF5g\ t/ kmnfd tTjsf]
cTolwstf x6fpg] pkrf/k|lt ;fdGh:otf
sfod ug{ ;Sb}gg\ tL 7fpFdf kmnfd tTjsf]
clwstf g} zf/Ll/s j[l4 ;':t x'g] k|d'v
sf/0f xf] t/ /fd|f];Fu /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg kfPsf
/ To;af6 k|fKt kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfnfO{
klg /fd|/L x6fpg] pkrf/ ;kmn ePsf
la/fdLx¿df klg 8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg cf}ifwLn]
x•Ldf g} c;/ ug]{ x'gfn] cGttf]uf]Tjf zf/Ll/s
j[l4df ;':ttf cfpF5 .
/h:jnfdf clgoldttf
5f]6f] sb
xfOkf]uf]gf8f]6«f]lks–xfOkf]uf]gflnHd
Un'sf]h ;xg] Ifdtfdf sdL
OG;'lngdf lge{/ /xg'kg]{ dw'd]x
k'?ifx¿df x'g] bf]>f] bhf{sf] xfOkf]uf]gf8f]6«f]lkmHd–
xfOkf]uf]gfl8Hd
k|fylds xfOkf]yfO/f]l8Hd
xfOkf]Kof/fyfO/f]l8Hd
0
25
50
%
75
100
(from De Sanctis et al 1995 multicentre study on
endocrine complications in thalssaemia major.
Clin Endocrinol 42:581-86)
85
zf/Ll/s j[l4df x'g] u8a8Lx¿sf] k|efjsf/L pkrf/ o;sf]
sf/0fsf] ;xL cfFsngdf e/ kb{5 . To;sf/0f o;sf] lgbfg
k|lqmofn] jfNofj:yfsf z'¿sf r/0fb]lv k|f}9fj:yf;Ddsf] lgoldt
/ cToGt xf]lzof/Lk"j{s ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ k|of]uzfnsf hfFrx¿nfO{
;d]6\g' k5{ . zf/Ll/s j[l4 ug]{ xdf]{gx¿sf] pTkfbgsf] d"NofÍg
/ o;sf] kl5 ul/g] pkrf/fTds sfo{n] ljjfbf:kb glthfx¿
lgsfn]sf 5g\ . of] ljjfbn] j[l4jw{s xdf]{gx¿sf] sld ePsf]
k|dfl0ft ePsf /f]uLx¿nfO{ lbOg] pkrf/fTds j[l4jw{s xdf]{gsf]
;sf/fTds k|efj / pkrf/k|lt ;sf/fTds ;Gtf]ifhgs k|efj
pTkfbg x'g] cj:yfnfO{ klg l;ldt ul/lbPsf] 5 .
;':t cfpg] of}jgfj:yf / xfOkf]ufgfl8Hd
k'¿ifx¿
of}jgfj:yf z'¿ ePkl5 lk6'6/L u|GyLsf] 5]pdf
/x]sf] dlitissf] Pp6f efu xfOkf]yfnfd;n]
uf]gf8f]6«f]lsg pTkfbg u/fpg] xdf]{g
-lh=Pg=cf/=Pr=_ sf] >fj z'¿ u5{ . of]
>fjn] lk6'6/L u|GyLnfO{ pQ]lht u5{ . pQm
u|GyLn] uf]gf8f]6«f]lsg;sf] >fj z'¿ u5{ / @
k|sf/sf] xdf]{gx¿sf] pTkfbg u5{ . dfOsf]lnsn
:6]d'n]l6Ë xdf]{g -Pkm=P;=Pr_ / No"l6gfO{lhË
xdf]{g -Pn=Pr_ gfd u/]sf oL xdf]{gx¿ lgs}
dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . oL xdf]{gx¿n] k'¿ifx¿sf]
of}g u|GyL c08sf]if / dlxnfx¿sf] of}g u|GyL
l8Djf;odf k|efj kfg{ z'¿ u5{ tfls ltgLx¿sf] j[l4 xf];\ /
of}g xdf]{gx¿sf] >fj / pTkfbg z'¿ xf];\ . o;k|sf/ s]6fx¿df
6]:6f]:6]/f]g / s]6Lx¿df k|f]h]:6]/f]gsf] pTkfbg z'¿ x'G5 . oL
of}g xd{gx¿ z/L/el/ afFl8G5g\ / s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] of}gfËx¿sf]
j[l4 / ljsf;df ;xof]u ug'{sf ;fy} k|hgg\ Ifdtf a9fpF5g\ .
Pkm=P;=Pr= / Pg=Pr lk6'6/L u|GyLdf pTkfbg x'G5g\ h'g
u|GyL :jtGq /x]sf] kmnfd tTjsf] xflgsf/s c;/k|lt cToGt
;+j]bgzLn x'G5 / kmnfd tTjn] oL @ j6f xdf]{g pTkflbt x'g]
IfdtfnfO{ g/fd|/L 36fpF5 .
bfx|L h'Fuf cfpF5 .
:j/ wf]b|f] x'G5 .
sfFw km/flsnf] x'G5 .
df+;k]zLx¿ a9\5g\ .
sfvLdf / 5ftLdf /f}F cfpFb5 .
of}gfË jl/k/L /f}F pd|G5g\ .
dlxnfx¿ :tgx¿ a9\b5g\ .
5fnfsf] ;txd'lg c;dfg af];f] a9\5 .
z/L/sf] cg'kft÷cfsf/ a9\5 .
sfvLdf /fF} pd|G5g\ .
lgtDa a9\5 .
of}gfË jl/k/L /f}F pd|G5g\ .
l9nf] cfpg] of}jgfj:yf / of}g Ifdtfsf] sld -xfOkf]uf]gfl8Hd_
kmnfd tTj;Fu ;DalGwt cGt>fjL ;d:ofx¿ x'g\ eGg] s'/f k|foM
86
yfnf;]ldof af/]
;a} b]zx¿df ePsf cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . l9nf] u/L cfpg]
of}jgfj:yfnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ¿kn] of}g ljsf;sf] cefjsf] cj:yf
dflgG5 . !# ji{fdf s]6Lx¿sf] :tgsf] j[l4 / s]6fx¿df !$
jif{df c08sf]ifsf] cfsf/df a[4L x'g'kg]{ x'G5 t/ Tof] x'Fb}g . ha
!^ jif{;Dddf klg s]6fs]6Lx¿sf of}jgfj:yfsf] nIf0f b]lvFb}g
o; cj:yfnfO{ xfOkf]ufgfl8Hd eg]/ hflgG5 . h;df s]6fx¿sf]
c08 / lnË gal9sg ;fgf g} /xG5g\ eg] s]6Lx¿sf] :tg a9b}g
/ dfl;s>fjsf] rqmklg z'¿ x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj:yfn] k|foM h;f]
hl6n dgf]j}1flgs tgfjsf] cj:yf lgDTofpF5 .
l9nf] z'¿ ePsf] of}jgfj:yfsf] plrt pkrf/ o;sf] sf/0fsf]
plrt klxrfg / cg'udgdf lge{/ /xG5 . z/L/df cTolws kmnfd
tTjsf] pkl:yltn] dfly pNn]v ul/Psf of}g ljsf;sf ljleGg
cj:yfx¿nfO{ g/fd|/L vNaNofpF5 t/ of] c;/ JolQmlkR5] km/s
k5{ . k|To]s ;d:ofsf] lj:t[t lSnlgsn hfFrx¿df cfwfl/t
/x]/ plrt lgbfg ug'{k5{ . kmnfd tTj x6fpg] plrt lsl;dsf]
pkrf/ k4ltn] oL ;d:ofx¿df ;'wf/ ug{ dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u
ug{ ;S5 . of}g Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ cf}ifwL -s]6fx¿nfO{ 6]:6f]:6]/f]g
clg s]6Lx¿nfO{ cf]O:6«f]lhg_ lbP/ of}jgfË tyf of}g ultljlwsf]
j[l4 u/fpg ;lsG5 . la/fdLn] ;fdfGo of}jgfj:yf k|j]zsf]
cg'ej u/]klg z/L/df pkl:yt clws kmnfd tTjaf6 cGt>fjL
k|0ffnL ;Fw} k|efljt /xG5 . kl5 uP/ z/L/df h'g kmnfd tTj
y'lk|G5 To;n] klg lk6'6/L / of}g u|GyLnfO{ xflg k'¥ofpF5 . o:tf
cj:yfx¿df dlxnfx¿sf] dfl;s >fj /f]lsg ;S5 -bf];|f] bhf{sf]
Pldgf]xf]l/of_ / k'¿ifx¿n] bf];|f] bhf{sf] gk'+;stf, 36\bf] jLo{
pTkfbg / aLhf/f]k0f gx'g] dx;'; ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
KoflGqmofh
xfOkf]yfO/f]Ol8Hd
3fF6Ldf cjl:yt yfO/fO8 u|GyLn] hLjgsf z'¿sf
jif{x¿df dlitissf] :jefljs j[l4nfO{ ;'lglZrt lk6'6/L
agfpg e"ldsf v]N5 eg] kl5 uP/ zf/Ll/s j[l4
/ ljsf;df klg d2t ub{5 . yfO/fO8 eGg] u|GyLn]
pTkfbg ug]{ yfO/f]lS;g xdf]{gn] z/L/df zlQmsf]
;l~rltsf] :t/ / cGt/bxg k|lqmofdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u5{ t/
ha kmnfd tTjx¿ oL u|GyLx¿df y'lk|g yfN5 logLx¿sf] xdf]{g
Fe
x•L
yfO/fO8
Kof/fyfO/fO8
87
pTkfbg Ifdtf 36\5 / k|fylds xfOkf]yfO/f]l8Hd eGg] cj:yfsf]
ljsf; x'G5 .
xfOkf]yfO/f]l8Hdn] ;tfPsf la/fdLx¿n] ;fx|} hf8f]sf] cg'ej
ug]{, ´'Dd x'g], df]6fpg] / zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s nf];]kg b]vfpg
yfNb5g\ . kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfn] ubf{ yfO/fO8 g/fd|/L Iflt
x'g hfG5 / o;n] d'6'sf] sfo{nfO{ klg c;/ u5{ t/ of] cj:yf
;Fw} el/ lSnlgsn nIf0fsf ;fy cfpFb}gg\ . To;sf/0f !) jif{
k'u]kl5 l6=P;=Pr=, l6 # / l6 $ sf] lgoldt ¿kn] hfFr ug'{k5{ .
ha k|of]uzfnfsf] hfFrn] xfOkf]yfO/f]l8Hdsf] pkl:ylt lglZrt
ub{5 -h;df l6=P;=Pr= a9\b5 / l6 $ :jefljs ¿kdf 36]sf]
kfOG5_ lSnlgsn nIf0fx¿ b]vf k/]klg gk/]klg la/fdLnfO{
pkrf/sf] nflu yfO/f]lS;g lbOG5 .
xfOkf]Kof/fyfO/f]Ol8Hd
yfO/fO8 u|GyL;Fu hf]l8Psf $ j6f Kof/fyfO/fO8 u|GyLx¿
x'G5g\ . oL u|GyLx¿n] Kof/fydf]{g eGg] xdf]{g >fj pTkfbg
u5{g\ . h;sf] d'Vo sfd z/L/df SoflN;odsf] tx ;"rf¿
/fVg' / Joj:yfkg ug'{ xf] . z/L/df kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf clws
eof] eg] of Plgldof eof] eg] Kof/fyfO/fO8 k|efljt x'G5 /
xfOkf]Kof/fyfO/fOl8Hdsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ z/L/df
SoflN;odsf] tx tn v:sG5 h;nfO{ xfOkf]SoflN;dLof elgG5 .
xfOkf]SoflN;dLofn] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ /f;folgs tTj kmf]:kmf]/;sf]
tx dfly g/fd|f] k|efj kf5{ . SoflN;od / kmf]:kmf]/;sf] tx y'k|}
lSnlgsn cj:yfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . z/L/df SoflN;odsf]
tx tn ´¥of] eg] xft uf]8f 3f]Rg], ´d´dfpg]b]lv lnP/
df+;k]zL c/l/g], afpFl8g] klg x'G5 . ;fdfGot d'R5f{ kg]{, a]xf];
x'g] d'6'n] sfd ug{ g;Sg] lSnlgsn ;d:ofx¿ SoflN;odsf]
sldsf] clGtd nIf0fx¿ x'g;S5g\ . ;]/d SoflN;od kmf]:kmf]/;
/ Kof/fydf]{gsf] txsf] k|of]uzfnf hfFrx¿n] of] /f]u lgbfg ug{df
d2t u5{g\ . pkrf/sf] nflu lbOg] SoflN;od / le6fldg l8 n]
cGt/bxg -d]6faf]lnHd_ sf] c;fdfGokgfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ;S5 .
:ki6 vfnsf] xfOkf]SoflN;dLof b]lvof] / z/L/ afFpl8of] eg]
gzfaf6 SoflN;od lbg'kg]{ klg x'g;S5 .
88
yfnf;]ldof af/]
dw'd]x
Nofª\u/ygsf]
a9fpF5
36fpF5
a9fpF5
36fpF5
:yfg
bL3{¿kn] kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf a9L/xg], bL3{ sn]hf]sf]
/f]u, efO/;sf] ;ª\qmd0f, cg'j+lzs cj:yfx¿ o:tf
hl6n ;d:ofx¿ x'g\ h;n] z/L/sf] Un'sf]hsf] txdf
Un'sfuf]g
u8a8L NofpF5g\ / dw'd]x /f]u lgDTofpg ;S5g\ . OG;'lng
vfgf gvfPsf] a]nf xfOk/UnfOs]ldof k|lt 8]l;ln6/
!@^ u|fdeGbf a9L eof] / cyjf h'g;'s} a]nf hfFRbf
/utdf lrgLsf] dfqf k|lt 8]l;ln6/ @)) eGbf a9L
eof] eg] o; cj:yfnfO{ dw'd]x elgG5 . of], z/L/n]
/utdf Un'sf]hsf]
Psfu|tf
Un'sf]hnfO{ ;xg ug]{ Ifdtfs]f sld, KoflGqmof6Ls
j]6f sf]ifx¿n] cfjZos kl/df0fdf OG;'lng pTkfbg
ug{ g;s]/ x'G5 cyjf z/L/df Un'sf]h h'g kl/df0fdf
aGb5 To;nfO{ sfddf nufpg kof{Kt OG;'lng pTkfbg geP/
x'G5 . yfnf;]ldofsf ´08} cfwf hlt /f]uLx¿ Un'sf]h ;xg
ug]{ Ifdtfsf] cefj -Un'sf]h OG6f]n/G;_af6 kLl8t 5g\ eg] !)
b]lv #) k|ltzt /f]uLx¿nfO{ hLjgsf] s'g} g s'g} a]nf dx'd]x
x'G5 . kfl/jf/sf klxnf] >]0fLsf cfkmGtx¿ h:t} afa', cfdfaf6
5f]/f5f]/Ldf dw'd]x cfpg] 7"nf] vt/f ;w}F /xG5 .
ha z/L/n] Un'sf]hnfO{ cGt/bxg -d]6faf]lnHd_ ug]{ k|lqmof
vNalnG5 To;kl5 sf]ifx¿nfO{ sfd ug{sf] nflu cfjZos Un'sf]h
sf]ifx¿df k|j]z ug{ ;Sb}g / dw'd]x x'G5 . cfdf;osf] 5]pdf
/x]sf] KoflGqmofh eGg] cËn] a]6fsf]ifsf] dfWodaf6 OG;'lng
eGg] xdf]{g pTkfbg u5{;
lkQ gnL
lkQ y}nL
o;n] Un'sf]hsf] cGt/bxg
KoflGqmofhsf] d'Vo efu
-d]6faf]lnHd_ u5{ t/ kmnfd
tTjsf] clwstfn] oL ljlzi6 cltl/Qm
KoflGqmofhsf] clGtd efu
a]6f sf]ifx¿nfO{ ljufb{5 / KoflGqmofl6{s gnL
cfGb|fdf l/lQg] KoflGqmofhsf]
z/L/sf] lrgLnfO{ ;b"kof]u
d'Vo gnL
KoflGqmofhsf] cu| efu
ug{;Sg] Ifdtfdf sld lkQ / KoflGqmcfl6s gnL
8'8]gd
ldNg] 7fpF
cfpF5 lrgL /utdf hDdf
x'g yfN5 .
;fdfGo lsl;dsf] dw'd]xnfO{ Un'sf]h ;xg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] cefj
-;'u/ OG6f]n/G;_ klg elgG5 . o;df s'g} k|sf/sf lSnlgsn
89
nIf0fx¿ b]vf kb}{gg\ . k|of]uzfnfdf hfFr u/]kl5 dfq lrgLsf]
dfqf a9]sf] yfxf x'G5 . cg';Gwfgx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ ls dw'd]x
nfUg'clw yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿nfO{ Un'sf]h ;xg ug]{ Ifdtfsf]
cefj x'G5 . o:tf] a]nfdf 36]sf] lqmofsf] k|ltlqmof lbg a9L
OG;'lng pTkfbg x'G5 . …OG;'lngÚ k|lt/f]w eGg] of] cj:yfdf
la/fdLx¿n] plrt ef]hg ug]{ / tf}n 36fpg]h:tf sfd z'?
ug'{k5{ / cfjZostf k/] ;3g ¿kn] kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/
k|lqmof z'¿ ug'{k5{ .
Un'sf]h bxg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] cefj / dw'd]xsf] vfgf vfg'eGbf cl3
/ kl5sf] ljleGg r/0f u/L /utdf Un'sf]hsf] tx gfk]/ dw'd]xsf]
;lhn} lgbfg ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ljxfg vfgf / k]o
kbfy{ lng'eGbf cl3 /utdf Un'sf]hsf] tx k|lt8]l;ln6/ !@^
u|fd of ;f]eGbf a9L b]lvof] eg] dw'd]x lgbfg eof] . To;/L g}
vfgf, eft cflb lnPsf] b'O{ 306f kl5 x]bf{ /utdf Un'sf]hsf] tx
k|lt8]l;ln6/ @)) ld=u|f=eGbf a9L eof] eg] klg dw'd]xsf] ePsf]
7x5{ . To;/L g} &% u|fd Un'sf]h vfPsf] @ 306fk5fl8 /utdf
Un'sf]hsf] tx !$) b]lv @)) u|fd k|lt8];Lln6/ kfOof] eg]
o; cj:yfnfO{ Un'sf]h ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf 36]sf] dflgG5 / o;
cj:yfnfO{ …Un'sf]h OG6f]n/G;Ú elgG5 . Un'sf]h ;xg ug{ ;Sg]
Ifdtfsf] hfFr !) jif{dflysf ;a}n] jif{sf] Ps k6s ug'{k5{ .
dw'd]x d]ln6; eGg] dw'd]xsf] s8f lsl;dsf] /f]udf KoflGqmofhsf]
OG;'lng pTkfbg ug]{ Ifdtf g/fd|/L 36\5 / z/L/df Un'sf]hsf]
tx 7Ls 7fpFdf /fVg /f]uLn] lbg}lkR5] 5fnfd'lg OG;'lngsf] ;'O{
lng'k5{ . dw'd]x pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 t/ klg of] Pp6f 7"nf]
ef/ x]f . o;df lrlsT;s, kl/jf/ / ;fyLx¿ ;j}af6 ;xof]usf]
cfjZostf k5{ . dw'd]xsf /f]uLx¿n] Un'sf]ld6/ k|of]u u/]/ 3/}df
lbgsf] #÷$ k6s /utdf Un'sf]hsf] tx hfFRg'k5{ . o;/L 3/}df
hfFlrPsf] Un'sf]hsf] txn] 8fS6/nfO{ la/fdLsf] cfjZostfg';f/
OG;'lngsf] dfqf ;dfof]hg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . k|of]uzfnfdf c¿
lsl;dsf hfFrx¿ u/]/ dw'd]xsf ;d:ofx¿ / o;n] kfg]{ c;/sf]
d"NofÍg ug'{k5{ . d[uf}nfsf] sfo{x¿sf] k/LIf0f / kmG8fO{sf]
Od]lhË ug'{ cfjZos 5 lsgls oL @ j6f cËx¿ dw'd]xsf] sf/0f
;fx|} l56f] lju|g ;S5g\ . yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿nfO{ nuftf/
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg pkrf/ ljlw cjnDjg ul//xg pT;flxt
90
yfnf;]ldof af/]
ug'{k5{ lsgls o;sf] ;xL dfqfsf] k|of]un] dw'd]x ljsf; x'g]
vt/fnfO{ klg lgs} sd u5{ .
x8\8L Kjfn kg]{ ;d:of -cf]:6Lcf]kf]/f]l;;_
5e
cf]l:6cf]kf]/f]l;;af6 x8\8L
6'qmg] z/L/sf d'Vo efux¿
x•Lx¿ kftnf] / sdhf]/ x'g' yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿df w]/} x'g]
;d:of xf] . PlgdLof, clt lqmofzLn x•Lsf] dHhf, vfgfdf sd
SoflN;od, x•Ldf kmnfd tTjsf] pRr tx, sdhf]/ kf]if0ftf, ;':t
cfpg] of}jgfj:yf c¿ cGt>fjL u|GyLsf ;d:ofx¿ / cg'jf+lzs
/f]ux¿ cflb ;a}n] cf]:6Lcf]kf]/f]l;; x'g of]ubfg u5{g\ . (5e)
x•Lsf] /f]u ePsf] la/fdLx¿df sdhf]/ zf/Ll/s ultljlw, xft
v'§fx¿sf] x•Ldf Kjfn kg]{ /f]u, jfËf]l6Ëf]kg / af/Daf/ xf8
efFlRrg] ;d:ofx¿ x'G5g\ .
x•Lsf] /f]ux¿sf] lgbfg k|fo h;f] DEXA k|of]u u/L d]¿b08
/ lgtDjsf] x•Lsf] 3gTj gfk]/ ul/G5 . cfjZos 7flgPdf c¿
lsl;dsf k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0fx¿ klg ul/G5 . x•Lsf] 3gTj
36]/ ! b]lv @=% ;Dd k'u]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7gn]
cf]l:6k]lgof kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o;/L g} x•Lsf] df; 36]/ @=%
eGbf tn k'u]sf] cj:yfnfO{ cf]:6Lcf]kf]/f]l;; elgG5 . (5f)
5f
DEXA sf] cf]l:6cf]kf]/f]l;;
/f]usf la/fdLdfly kg]{
k|efjsf] pbfx/0f
x•Lsf] /f]usf] pkrf/ o; /f]usf] /f]syfddf s]Gb|Lt /xG5 .
o;sf] /f]syfd lg/Gt/ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg, kmnfd tTjsf] plrt
lgisf;g, cGt>fjL u|GyLsf /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/ / b}lgs Jofofd
cflbaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . cf]:6Lcf]kf]/f]l;;sf] /f]syfdsf nflu h'g
la/fdLx¿nfO{ cf]:6f]k]lgof eO;s]sf] 5 pgLx¿n] SoflN;od w]/}
ePsf] vfg]s'/f vfg], le6fldg 8L w]/} lng], r'/f]6 vfg aGb ug]{ /
kof{Kt Jofofd ug]{ ug'{k5{ . o;sf] cltl/Qm xfOkf]uf]gfl8Hd -;':t
of}jgfj:yf_ cflb /f]u ePsfx¿nfO{ cf]:6Lcf]kf]/f]l;; x'g;Sg]
x'gfn] pgLx¿n] of}g xdf]{g lng'k5{ . Psk6s cf]:6Lcf]kf]/f]l;;
eO;s]sf] 5 eg] jfOsf]:kmf]g]6\; -Kofld8«f]g]6, Pln8«f]g]6_ cflb
cf}ifwLx¿n] kmfObf k'¥ofpF5g\ .
pj{/fzlQm / k|hgg\ Ifdtf
yfnf;]ldof ePsf dlxnfx¿n] ;'/lIft 9Ën] ue{ af]Sg ;S5g\
t/ ue{wf/0f ug'{eGbf cl3 bDkltn] 8fS6/;Fu a;]/ kof{Kt
5nkmn ug'{k5{ . ue{jtL x'g rfxg] dlxnfx¿n] pgLx¿sf] cfˆgf]
91
hDdf
BMD
lSnlgsn / dgf]j}1flgs d"NofÍg /fd|/L ug'{kb{5 .
pd]/
of] se{ / :sf]/ ;]tf j0f{sf k'?if;Fu d]n
vfG5
>f]]t –xf]nf]lus
dfl;s>fj lgoldt ePsf yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uL
dlxnfx¿n] ;lhn} ue{wf/0f ug{ ;S5g\ t/ k|fylds
/ bf]>f] bhf{sf] Pldgf]xf]l/ofaf6 lkl8t dlxnfx¿nfO{
c08 pTkfbg ug]{ / c08 lgz]rg k|lqmofnfO{ ;xof]u
ug{ xdf]{gn pkrf/ ug'{k5{ . cg':dldofaf6 lkl8t
k'¿if -yfnf;]ldofsf_ /f]uLx¿df Ps jif{;Dd lbOg]
xdf]{g pkrf/ k4ltn] /fd|f] k|efj b]vfPsf] 5 .
la/fdL ue{jtL ePsf] kSsf ePkl5 lgDg pkfox¿
ckgfpg' k5{ .
!= ue{jtL ePsf] lgbfg x'gf;fy l8=Pkm=cf]= lng aGb ug'{k5{
lsgls o;sf] c;/ e'|0fdf s:tf] k5{ eGg] s'/f :ki6
5}g . hgfj/x¿df ul/Psf] k|of]un] e|'0f g/fd|/L Iflt ePsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . t/, olb ue{jtL la/fdLdf kmnfd tTj clt w]/}
5 / s8f lsl;dsf] d'6'sf] ;d:of klg 5 eg] ue{jlt ePsf
w]/} kl5Nnf dlxgfx¿df @) b]lv #)
DXA kl/0ffdsf] ;+lIfKt ¿k
ldlnu|fd÷z/L/sf] tf}n÷lsnf]u|fd
Region Area BMC BMD
T - PR
Z - AM
(cm )
(g) (g/cm ) Score (%) Score (%) l8=Pkm=cf]= lbg ;lsG5 .
2
L3
L4
Total
13.78 5.93
14.83 7.30
28.61 13.23
Total BMD CV 1.0%
ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] juL{s/0fM
cf]l:6cf]kf]/f]l;;sf] hf]lvdM pRr
2
0.430
0.492
0.463
-6.1
-5.9
-6.0
39
43
41
-5.9
-5.7
-5.8
40
44
42
@= ue{jtL
dlxnfx¿df
x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx ;Gtf]ifhgs /fVg
-!)—!% u|fd÷8]l;ln6/_ sd dfqfdf
lgoldt 6«fG:k\mo'hg ug'{k5{ .
#= d'6'sf sfo{x¿nfO{ /fd|/L cg'udg ug'{k5{ . cWoogx¿n]
b]vfPsf 5g\ ls k]ml/l6gsf] tx sd /fv]/ ue{wf/0f u/]sf
dlxnfx¿df k]ml/l6gsf] tx pRr /fv]/ uef{wfg u/]sf]
dlxnfx¿dfeGbf d'6'sf] sfo{ /fd|f] b]lvPsf] 5 .
$= la/fdLnfO{ dw'd]x ePsf] 5 5}g x]g'{k5{ / c¿ lsl;dsf
cGt>fjL u|GyLsf /f]ux¿sf] klg cg'udg ug'{k5{ .
pj{/fzlQm a9fpgsf] nflu pkrf/ u/]sf yfnf;]ldofsf] w]/}
/f]uLx¿n] xfnsf jif{x¿df :j:y aRrfx¿ hGdfPsf 5g\ . klt /
kTgL b'j} yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uL 5g\ / pgLx¿n] :j:y aRrf hGdfpg
92
yfnf;]ldof af/]
rfxG5g\ eg] :j:y bftfx¿n] bfg u/]sf] z'qmsL6 jf c08nfO{
k|of]uzfnfdf lgz]rg u/fOG5 / of] lgz]lrt l8DjnfO{ ue{wf/0f
ug{ rfxg] dlxnfsf] kf7]3/df /flvG5 . o:tf /f]uLx¿sf] pkrf/sf]
yfngL / kl5sf ;a} pkrf/x¿df x]df6f]nf]lhi6, afnljz]if1, d'6'
ljz]if1, OG8f]qmfOgf]nf]lhi6 / dlxnf /f]u ljz]if1 h:tf ljz]if1
kf7]3/
lrlsT;sx¿sf] Pp6f 6f]nL g} ;+nUg /xg' kg]{ x'G5 .
;f/f+zdf, yfnf;]ldof d]h/ / yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf
/f]uLx¿n] klg aRrf hGdfpg ;S5g\ eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ePsf]
5 . ;fOk|;sf ^@ hgf dlxnfx¿ h;dWo] %) hgf yfnf;]ldof
d]h/ ePsf / !@ hgf OG6/d]l8of ePsf ;a} @% jif{ xf/fxf/Lsf
dlxnfx¿n] u/]sf] ue{wf/0fdWo] () ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
•
•
oL dWo] !$ hgfnfO{ k|hgg ;xof]u lbOPsf] lyof] . h:t}
lgz]rg k|lqmofdf ;xof]u, 6]:6 6\o"j afnssf] hGd / k'¿ifsf]
z'qmsL6 dlxnfsf] kf7]3/df /fVg] k|lqmof cfbL .
*& hgf :j:y aRrfx¿ hGd]sf lyP . tLdWo] ^( hgf
aRrfx¿ cjlw k'/f u/]/ hGd], !@ hgf ;dok"j{ hlGdP
h;df -$ hgfsf] h'DNofxf / ! hgfsf] ltDNofxf_, & hgfsf]
ue{ t'lxPsf] lyof] eg] @ j6f d[t aRrfx¿ lgsfNg' k/]sf]
lyof] . aRrf hGdfpg] ;dodf s'g} klg dlxnfnfO{ uDeL/
cK7\of/fx¿ ePsf] kfOPg . ^ hgf la/fdLx¿df eg] d'6'sf
Ifl0fs ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPsf lyP .
;fn
gfn
afa'af6 lnPsf]
ljo{ c08;Fu
ld;fpg] sfd
c08f;oaf6 kl/kSj
c08 lemlsFb}
lg;]lrt l8Da
kf7]3/df /fv]kl5
e|'0fdf ljsf; x'G5
93
cWofo ^
yfnf;]ldofdf ;ª\qmd0f
yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿df ;ª\qmd0f x'g] vt/f clt a9L x'G5
lsgls oL /f]uLx¿df tnsf ;d:ofx¿ x'G5g\ .
;d:ofx¿
•
•
•
•
•
Plgldof
lkmof] x6fpg' -:Kn]g]S6f]dL_
kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u
Plgldof
/f]uLx¿n] ckof{Kt /utsf] 6«fG:k\mo'hg kfpg' of 6«fG:k\mo'hg
kfpFb} gkfpg' To:tf /f]uLx¿df x'g] Plgldof, lgdf]lgofh:tf
3fts ;ª\qmd0fsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f dflgG5g\ . /utsf]
cfk"lt{ kof{Kt x'g] ljsl;t klZrdL d'n'sx¿df of] ;d:of lj/n}
kfOG5 eg] ckof{Kt /utsf] 6«fG:k\mo'hg ePsf ljZjsf ljsf;zLn
d'n'sx¿df o:tf] ;ª\qmd0fsf] ;d:of c´} klg sfod 5 .
:Kn]g]S6f]dL -lkmof]nfO{ zNolqmof u/L x6fpg'_
;dodf g} 6«fG:k\mo'hg pkrf/ z'¿ gu/]sf jf lkmof]nfO{
zNolqmof u/]/ lgsfn]sf la/fdLx¿df :6«]k6f]kmf]S;, lgdf]lgof,
Xofdf]lkmn;, OGk\mn'P~hf / OGSofK';'n]6]8 AofS6]l/ofn] Nofpg]
g]O;]l/of d]lg~hfOl6;\h:tf ulDe/ lsl;dsf ;ª\qmd0f x'g]
hf]lvd w]/} x'G5 . lkmof] x6fOPsf la/fdLx¿df AofS6]l/of, efO/;
/ kl/hLljx¿n] klg uDeL/ ;ª\qmd0f u/fpg ;S5g\ lsgeg]
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ls6f0f'x¿n] pTkGg u/fpg] ;ª\qmd0flj¿4
h'´\g lkmof]n] ;3fpg] u5{ .
94
yfnf;]ldof af/]
kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf
/utsf] kof{Kt dfqfdf 6«fG:k\mo'hg lng] t/ l8=Pkm=cf]= kfpg
g;s]/ cyjf of] cf}ifwL;Fu ;fd~h:otf sfod ug{ g;s]/
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ gul//x]sf la/fdLx¿nfO{ klg s8f
vfnsf] ;ª\qmd0f x'g] 8/ x'G5 lsgls ;ª\qmd0fsf ls6f0f'x¿
kmnfd tTjdf df}nfpF5g\ . hlt w]/} kmnfd tTj z/L/df x'G5
Tolt l56f] tL ls6f0f'x¿ df}nfpF5g\ / plt g} w]/} ;ª\qmd0f
u/fpF5g\ . o];]{lgof OG6]/f]sf]lnl6sf elgg] AofS6]l/of;Fu c¿
AofS6]l/ofh:tf] cfk\mg} jftfj/0faf6 kmnfd tTj hDdf / k|of]u
ug]{ ;+oGq x'Fb}g . of] cgf}7f] ;ª\qmd0fsf/L ls6f0f'n] clxn];Dd
kfOPsf ;ª\qmd0fdWo] a9L ;ª\qmd0f u/fPsf] kfOG5 t/ Pp6f
:j:y dfG5]df oL AofS6]l/ofsf] xfgL x'Fb} gx'g] of sd x'g] x'gfn]
logsf] s'g} lSnlgsn dxTj 5}g . t/, yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿df
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOgsf c0f'x¿;Fu afFlwPsf of 5f8f kmnfd tTjsf
c0f'x¿ clws x'gfn] oL AofS6]l/ofx¿n] hLjg g} lng ;Sg]
;ª\qmd0f u/fpF5g\ .
oBkL AofS6]l/on ;ª\qmd0f / efO/n ;ª\qmd0fdf kmnfd tTjsf]
e"ldsf slt 5 eg]/ yfxf kfpg y'k|} cWoog cg';Gwfg ePsf
5g\ -h:t} efO/n ;ª\qmd0fn] x'g] x]kf6fOl6;, P8\; cflb_ /
kmnfd tTjn] ;ª\qmd0fnfO{ s;/L a9fpF5 / l;kmfl/; ul/Psf
cf}ifwLx¿sf] logLx¿dflysf] k|efj s:tf] 5 cflb s'/fx¿ x]l/Psf
5g\ . oL k/LIf0fx¿sf kl/0ffdx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ ls efO/;n]
u/fpg] v/fa vfnsf] bL3{ x]kf6fOl6; aL / l; ;fy} o;sf la?4
ul/g] pkrf/sf] k|efj sd x'g'sf] sf/0f yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf
/f]uLx¿df x'g] kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf x]f . To;sf/0f kmnfd tTj
x6fpg] pkrf/ k4ltsf] k|efjsfl/tfn] bL3{ efO/n x]kf6fOl6;sf]
pkrf/df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] b]lvPsf] 5 .
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿df ha kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/
ljlw z/L/sf] tf}nsf] $) ldlnu|fd÷tf}n k|lts]hLeGbf sd
x'G5 cyjf ;]/d k]ml/l6g tx !(#% μg÷k|ltln6/eGbf dfly
x'G5 To;a]nf Pr=cfO{=eL=sf] ;ª\qmd0f plt pRr / s8f x'g]
b]vfOPsf] 5 . ;f/f+zdf, kmnfd tTjn] yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf
/f]uLx¿df ;ªqmd0fnfO{ clt uDeL/ agfpg 7"nf] e"ldsf v]N5
95
lsgeg] kmnfd tTjn]–
!= ls6f0f'x¿sf] nflu kf]ifs tTjsf] sfd u5{,
@= O~hfOd elgg] k|f]l6gsf] nflu kf]ifs tTjsf] sfd u5{ h;n]
;ª\qmd0fsf ls6f0f'x¿nfO{ a9fpg] sfd u5{,
#= z/L/sf sf]ifx¿nfO{ hng x'gaf6 /f]Sg] PG6LcS;L8\ofG6
eGg] dxTjk"0f{ /;fognfO{ z/L/af6 x6fpF5 .
$= ;ª\qmd0flj¿4 h'´\g] z/L/sf dxTjk"0f{ sf]ifx¿nfO{ Iflt
k'¥ofpF5 .
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgaf6 x'g] ;ª\qmd0f
la/fdLnfO{ 6«fG:k\mo'hg u/]sf] /ut ;ª\qmd0fsf] d'Vo >f]t x'g]
s'/f nfdf] ;dob]lv yfxf kfOPsf] 5 . /utn] hLjgnfO{ arfpF5
t/ klg o;n] cjfl~5t k|ltlqmofx¿ / hLjg g} hfg;Sg]
;ª\qmd0fx¿ klg Nofpg ;S5 .
y'k|} lsl;dsf ;fgf;fgf ;'Idbz{s oGqn] dfq b]Vg ;Sg]
ls6f0f'x¿ s]xL ;do ;Dd /utdf hLljt} /xG5g\ / /ut lbPkl5
la/fdLx¿nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf] ;+qmd0f u/fpF5g\ . logLx¿dWo]
x]kf6fOl6; aL / ;L Pr=cfO=le= ! / @ lSnlgsn ¿kn] dxTjk"0f{
hLjf0f'x¿ x'g\ / logn] uDeL/ / bL3{ lsl;dn] ;+qmd0f u/fpg
;S5g\ . o"/f]k / pQ/ cd]l/sfh:tf b]zx¿df ;'wfl/Psf] /ut
6«fG:k\mo'hg ;]jf, vf]k sfo{qmd, /Qmbftfsf] /ut :qmLlgË ug]{
k|0ffnL, pRr u'0f:t/sf] ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo ;]jf cflb ;'ljwfx¿n]
ubf{ o;/L ;+qmldt x'g ;Sg] 36gf Psbd lj/n} x'G5g\ eg]
Pr=aL=eL, Pr=;L=eL / Pr=cfO=eL=n] /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf]
dfWodaf6 u/fpg] ;+qmd0fx¿ klg nueu /f]lsPsf 5g\ . t/
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df eg] u'0f:t/xLg /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg, ljvl08t
:jf:Yo pkrf/ ;]jf, l;ldt >f]t ;fwg, cGo lsl;dsf :jf:Yo
;]jfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ ;d:of cflbn] ubf{ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf]
dfWodn] ;ª\qmd0f x'g] vt/f clt w]/} 5 . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿df /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf] dfWodaf6
;ª\qmldt x'g] qmd c´ hf/L 5 . x]kf6fOl6; la / l; sf]
;ª\qmd0f yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿nfO{ x'g] ljlzi6 dxTjsf]
lSnlgsn ;d:of xf] lsgls oL ls6f0f'x¿n] yfnf;]ldofsf
/f]uLx¿df /f]usf] cfk\mg} sf/0fn] cyjf kmnfd tTj x6fpg]
96
yfnf;]ldof af/]
6«fO{Kofgf];f]df
q'mhL
xk{;
l;Dn]S;
/utn] h'g;'s} ;+Vofdf ;+qmd0fsf/L
hLjf0f' af]Sg ;S5
:6flkmnf]sf]s;\
cf}l/o;
ol;{lgof
OG6]/f]sf]lnl6sf
Pr=l6=Pn=eL
Pr=lj=eL
t/ tkfO{+n] ug]{ 6«fG:k\mo'hgdf
Pp6} klg x'g'x'Fb}g
cg'lrt pkrf/ k4ltsf] sf/0fn] x'g] kmnfd tTj;Fu ;DalGwt
sn]hf]sf] /f]unfO{ c´ a9fpg ;S5g\ . sn]hf]sf] /f]u ljsl;t
b]zsf yfnf;]ldofsf a'9f /f]uLx¿ / cNkljsl;t b]zsf hg';'s}
pd]/sf /f]uLx¿sf] d[To'sf] k|d'v sf/0f ag]sf] 5 .
x]kf6fOl6; B efO/; -Pr=la=le=_ af6 x'g] ;ª\qmd0f
w]/} ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df x]kf6fOl6; la sf] ;ª\qmd0f -l;=Pr=aL_
Pp6f uDeL/ ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo ;d:of ag]sf] 5 . bftfsf]
/utnfO{ :qmLlgË u/]/ hfFRg] pRr u'0f:t/sf] Joj;flos :jf:Yo
;]jf / k|efjsf/L Pjd\ ;'/lIft vf]kx¿n] klg sltko ;dodf of]
cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
/f]u ;g]{ k|lqmof
x]kf6fOl6; la /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgb]lv afx]ssf of}g ;Dks{, ue{jtL
cfdfaf6 aRrfdf ;g]{ / b"w r';fpFbf ;g]{ h:tf cg]sf}F dfWox¿af6
;5{ t/ yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgaf6 w]/}
;ª\qmldt x'G5g\ . pko'Qm gLlt agfO{ nfu' u/]/ x]kf6fOl6; la
efO/;af6 aRg ;lsG5 . h:t}–
!= /Qm bftfsf] 5gf}6 / /utsf] hfFr
@= Pr=la=le=lj¿4 vf]k / lg;ª\qmd0f sfo{qmd
#= cfdfaf6 aRrfdf ;g]{ -7f8f] ;/fO_ sf] /f]syfd
Pr=lj=eL=sf] :sLDofl6s k|ltlglwTj
DNA kf]nLld/]h
leqL
k|f]l6g s]Gb|
(HBcAg)
HBeAg
HBV DNA
aflx/L lrNnf]sf] tx
HB ;txsf PlG6hLgx¿
HBsAg
Pr=la=eL=sf] k|fs[lts Oltxf;
Pr lj=eL=af6 ;ª\qmldt ´08} % b]lv !) k|ltzt /f]uLx¿
hLjge/ ;ª\qmldt x'G5g\ / ;ª\qmd0fsf hLjf0f' hLjge/ af]s]sf]
97
x]kf6fOl6; aL af6 x'g] ;+qmd0fsf
k|fs[lts Oltxf;
;+qmldt
100,000
;';'Kt tLj| ;+qmd0f
tLj| x]kf6fOl6;
90,000
10,000
k"mnldgG6 x]kf6fOl6;
100
bL3{ ;+qmd0f
10,000
nIf0fljlxg
bL3{ x]kf6fOl6;
HBsAg afxs
6,000
4,000
s8f x]kf6fOl6;
;fdfGo x]kf6fOl6;
3,000
l;/f]l;;
3,000
x]kf6f];]No'n/ sfl;{gf]df
300
3,000
x'gfn] pgLx¿nfO{ sn]hf]sf] /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf Psbd a9L
x'G5 . olb plrt /f]syfdsf pkfox¿ ckgfOPg eg] ;ª\qmldt
cfdfaf6 hGd]sf () k|ltzt lzz'x¿n] x]kf6fOl6; la sf
ls6f0f'x¿ hLjge/ af]S5g\ . x]kf6fOl6; la ;ª\qmd0f ePsf
bL3{ /f]uLx¿dWo] @% b]lv #) k|ltztnfO{ nuftf/ sn]hf]sf] /f]u
nfU5 . uDeL/ vfnsf] sn]hf]sf] /f]u nfUg;Sg] x]kf6fOl6; la
sf ls6f0f'af6 ;ª\qmldt yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿sf] k|ltzt
b]z}lkR5] km/s k5{ . /f]usf] of] cfFs8f Pr=la=eL= vf]kh:tf
/f]usf] /f]syfdsf pkfox¿sf] sfof{Gjog, /utbftfsf] 5gf}6,
/utsf] :qmLlgË / ljz]if u/]/ /f]usf] :yfgLo k}mnfj6h:tf
s'/fx¿df lge{/ /xG5 .
k|sflzt tYofÍcg';f/ yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf @ b]lv #% k|ltzt
la/fdL ljZjel/ g} x]kf6fOl6; la sf] efO/; af]Sg]df k5{g\ eg]
@) b]lv () k|ltzt s'g} g s'g} a]nf klxnf g} x]kf6fOl6; la
efO/;af6 ;ª\qmldt eO;s]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿df
kfOPsf ax';+Vos x]kf6fOl6; la sf efO/; af]Sg] /f]uLx¿
a'9fx¿ 5g\ h;nfO{ ;DalGwt b]zn] vf]k nufpg z'¿ ug'{ /
/ut hfFrsf] gLlt agfpg'eGbf cufl8 g} ;ª\qmd0f eO;s]sf]
lyof] t/ ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df ;a} pd]/sf /f]uLx¿ oL efO/;af6
;ª\qmldt eO{ g} /x]sf 5g\ .
yfnf;]ldof d]h/ /f]usf] lgbfg eO{ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg z'¿
ug'{eGbf cufl8 /f]uL Pr=la=eL= sf] bL3{ afxs xf] xf]Og / pm
o;eGbf cufl8 x]kf6fOl6; la efO/;n] ;ª\qmldt ePsf] lyof],
lyPg h:tf s'/fx¿ hfFr u/L la/fdLsf] Pr=la=eL= sf] cj:yf
kQf nufpg' k5{ . olb la/fdLx¿ oL b'j} cj:yfsf xf]Og eg]
klg h'g;'s} pd]/sfnfO{ klg vf]k nufpg' k5{ . yfnf;]ldof
d]h/sf ;a} /f]uLx¿df Pr=la=eL= 5 ls 5}g kQf nufpg
aif}{lkR5] hfFRg' k5{ . oL hfFrx¿df ;txL PG6LhLgsf] hfFr,
(HbSAg) Pr=la=eL=, PG6La8L -PG6L Pr=la=P;=_ O–PG6LhLg
hfFr -O=P=hL_, O=P=hL= PG6Lal8sf] hfFr -PG6L–Hbe_ / sf]/
PG6Lal8g -PG6L–HBC_ hfFr cflb kb{5g\ . x]kf6fOl6; la sf]
efO/; bL3{ ¿kn] af]Sg] /f]uLx¿sf] pkrf/ slxn]b]lv z'¿ ug]{
xf] eGg] kQf nufpg af/Daf/ hfFr ug'{kg]{ x'G5 -x]g'{xf];\ 6a_ .
x]kf6fOl6; la sf efO/;af6 ;ª\qmldt yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf
98
yfnf;]ldof af/]
kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf ePsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ jf/Daf/ hfFRg'k5{
lsgls of] cj:yfn] sn]hf]sf] Iflt ug]{ ;Defjgf 7"nf] x'G5 .
o;a]nf k|efjsf/L ¿kn] kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ ljlw cToGt
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
bL3{ Pr=aL=eL= ;+qmd0fsf]
;]/f]nf]lhsn -t/nhGo
ljj/0f_
6a
an -HBc
IgM an -HBc
bL3{ Pr=la=eL= ;ª\qmd0fsf] pkrf/
bL3{ x]kf6fOl6; la sf] pkrf/sf] p2]Zo x]kf6fOl6; la efO/;
36fpg' of bafP/ /fVg' / o;n] ug{;Sg] ;ª\qmd0fnfO{ /f]Sg' xf] .
kl5Nnf jif{x¿df Pr=la=efO/;af6 x'g] ;ªqmd0fsf] pkrf/df
;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . cf}ifwL cyjf ;a}lt/ k|of]u ul/g] PG6LefO/n
pkrf/ k4ltdf nfdf] ;dob]lv :yflkt ePsf] k/Dk/fut pkrf/
k4lt cNkmf—l/slDag]G6 OG6/k]m/g kb{5 . k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{
;dfof]hg ug]{ cNkmf OG6/k]m/g eGg] Pp6f cf}ifwLn] x]kf6fOl6;sf
bL3{ /fuLx¿df kfOg] efO/;nfO{ #% b]lv $) k|ltzt;Dd
x6fPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . clxn] ev{/} pTkfbg ul/Psf] PG6LefO/n
nflde'8fOg xf] . nlde'8Lg -epivirTM - HBV, 3TC_ sf] PSn}
cyjf OGkm/k]m/g;Fu ldnfP/ lbPsf] dfqfn] bL3{ x]kf6fOl6; lj
sf] efO/;n] ug]{ ;ª\qmd0fdf gf6sLo ;'wf/ NofPsf] 5 . oBkL
o; cf}ifwLsf] k|lt/f]w cg'kft klxnf] jif{ !$ k|ltztb]lv #@
k|ltzt;Dd / $ jif{kl5 ^& k|ltzt k'Ug'nfO{ o;sf] a]kmfObfsf]
¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . Jofkfl/s ¿kn] pknAw l;=Pr=aL=sf]
pkrf/df k|of]u ul/g] P8]kmf]eL/ l8kLef]S;Ln eGg] cf}ifwL of]
efO/;sf] bdg ug{df nlde'8Lg hlQs} k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] 5
/ o;n] k|lt/f]w -/]lh:6]G;_ sf] lrGtfnfO{ klg 36fPsf] 5 . of]
efO/;nfO{ bjfpg] c¿ cf}ifwLx¿df–
!= k]lun]6]8 OG6/k]m/g elgg] /fd|f] k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu algPsf]
OG6/k]m/gsf] gofF ¿k
@= OG6]sfle/ elgg] cf}ifwL d'Vo 5g\ .
an -HBe
HBeAg
HBV DNA
HBs Ag
ALT
0
1
2
months
3 4 5
6
1
2
/]lKns]6 cj:yf
3
years
4 5
6
7
8
9
Plss[t cj:yf
t/ oL b'j} cf}ifwLx¿ Pr=la=le= pkrf/sf] nflu k/LIf0fdf 5g\ .
of] /f]usf] pkrf/ ;do, cf}ifwLsf] 5gf}6, cf}ifwLx¿sf] ld;fj6
h:tf s'/fx¿sf] lg0f{o of] /f]u x]g]{ lkmlhl;ogn] sn]hf] /f]u
ljz]if1 -x]kf6f]nf]lhi6_ ;Fu ldn]/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 t/ hxfF ;fwg
/ >f]tx¿ pknAw 5g\ tL 7fpFx¿df oL gofF cf}ifwLx¿sf]
cGt/f{li6«o lgb]{zg cg';f/ ul/Psf] k|of]un] x]kf6fOl6; la n]
99
u/fpg] bL3{ ;ª\qmd0fsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ Jofks ;'wf/ u/]sf] 5 /
l;/f]l;; -sDk]G;]6]8 / cgsDk]G;]6]8_ / x]kf6f]];]n'n/ sfl;{gf]df
-Pr=l;=l;=_ h:tf eoÍ/ 8/nfUbf sn]hf]sf] ;ª\qmd0f x'g] vt/f
klg 36fPsf] 5 .
x]kf6fOl6; ;L -Pr=l;=le=_
Pr=;L=eL= efO/;
aflx/L kq
Go"Snf]sl:k6 k|f]l6g
Pp6} /]zf ePsf]
RNA
em08}
10,000 Go"Snf]6fO8\;
50-60mm Aof;
/f]u lgbfg ug]{ hfFrsf] pkof]lutf
pkrf/ pkrf/sf] k|efj
:qmLg lglZrttf k|esf]
fjsf] / ;dofjlwsf]
cf+sng k"jf{g'dfg
ljlw
x
OGhfOd ODo'gf]Pl; x
l/slDag]G6
ODo'gf]Anf]6 hfFr
HCV RNA u'0ffTds
P:;] hfFr
HCV RNA
kl/df0fsf] P:;] hfFr
h]gf]6fOk
x
ALT
x
x
x
x
x
x
;ª\qmldtdWo] x]kf6fOl6; ;L sf bL3{ ;ª\qmd0f / ;ª\qmldtx¿
*) k|ltzt hlt 5g\ . x]kf6fOl6; la h:tf] geP/ of] x]kf6fOl6;,
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgb]lv afx]s c¿ dfWodaf6 ;b}{g . c´}klg
Pr=l;=eL= lj¿4 e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft vf]k lg:s]sf] 5}g . t/ klg
k|of]uzfnfdf s]xL hfFrx¿ ug{ ;lsG5 h;n] /utdf of] /f]usf]
efO/;nfO{ klxrfg ug{ ;S5 . To;sf/0f of] /f]u ;g{af6 aRg] /
;ª\qmd0fsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ 36fpg] Pp6} dfq pkfo eg]sf] bftfn]
bfg u/]sf] /ut /fd|/L hfFRg' g} xf] . c¿ efO/;sf] pN6f] of]
efO/;sf] cf]yf/f] a:g] ;do -OGs'j];g lkl/o8_ nfdf] 5 To;sf/0f
of] ls6f0f' Psk6s /utdf cfO;s]kl5 nfdf] ;do;Dd ;ª\qmd0f
k}bf ug{;S5 t/ cf]yf/f] a:g] ;do -OGs'j];g lkl/o8_ nfdf]
/xg] / of] ;dodf ;ª\qmd0fsf] vt/f w]/} x'g] x'gfn] ;fdfGo /ut
a}Íx¿df ul/g] PG6La8L hfFrn] of] ls6f0f' kQf gnfUg ;S5 . of]
;dodf /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg eP/ la/fdL ;ª\qmldt x'g ;S5 . ljG8f]
k]mh cyjf Od'gf];fOn]G6 lkl/o8 eg]/ lrlgg] of] ;ª\qmd0fsfnnfO{
36fpg / /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgaf6 ;g]{ Pr=l;=eL=nfO{ 36fpg
Pr=l;=eL= hfFr ug]{ k|lqmofn] Jofkstf kfPsf] 5 .
Pr=l;=eL= sf] k|fs[lts Oltxf; -x]g'{xf];\ 6b_
Pr=;L=eL= ;+qmd0fsf] k|fs[lts
Oltxf;
tLj| Pr=;L=eL= ;+qmd0f
15-30%
70-85%
bL3{ Pr=;L=eL= ;+qmd0f
lgsf]
bL3{ x]kf6fOl6; ;L
;fdfGo dWod s8f
l;/f]l;;
sn]hf] /f]usf] clGtd cj:yf x]kf6f];]No"n/ sfl;{gf]df
sn]hf] k|Tof/f]k0f
6b
100
d[To'
´08} @) k|ltzt bL3{ Pr=l;=eL= sf afxsx¿nfO{ ;fdfGo vfnsf]
sn]hf]sf] /f]u nfU5 -kmfOa|f]l;;_ eg] @) k|ltztnfO{ l;/f]l;;,
x]kf6f];]n'n/ sf/l;{gf]df h:tf uDeL/ sn]hf]sf] /f]u nfU5 . bL3{
x]kf6fOl6; ;L ePsf] ´08} !) b]lv @) k|ltzt /f]uLx¿nfO{ !)
jif{leqdf l;/f]l;; x'G5 . x]kf6fOl6; ;L n] u/fpg] ;ª\qmd0f g}
sn]hf] k|Tof/f]k0f ug'{ kgf{sf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] .
km/s km/s ef}uf]lns If]qdf kfOg] / cnu cnu lSnlgsn
dxTj af]s]sf hDdf ^ k|sf/sf -h]gf]6fOk_ x]kf6fOl6; ;L 5g\ .
ljZje/sf !) b]lv *) k|ltzt yfnf;]ldofsf la/fdLx¿ of]
yfnf;]ldof af/]
efO/;af6 ;ª\qmldt 5g\ / oL la/fdLx¿df x'g] sn]hf]sf] bL3{
/f]usf] d'Vo sf/0f Pr=l;=eL= ;ª\qmd0f g} xf] .
x]kf6fOl6; ;L af6 lkl8t yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿df kmnfd tTj
sd dfqfdf dfq x6fOof] cyjf x6fpFb} x6fOPg eg] sn]hf]sf] Iflt
ug]{ of] csf]{ k|d'v sf/0f aGg ;S5 . To;sf/0f Pr=l;=eL=af6
;ª\qmldt yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf ;a} la/fdLx¿n] k|efjsf/L ¿kn]
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ k4lt ckgfpg' k5{ . ;fy} jif{df
Ps k6s ljz]if k|of]uzfnfdf x]kf6fOl6; C sf] kl/If0f u/fpg'
k5{ . yfnfl;ldofsf lj/fdLx¿n] af/Daf/ /ut lnO/xg' kg]{ /
Pr=l;=le= / Pr=la=le= /ut af6 g} ;g]{ x'Fbf oL la/fdLx¿df oL
b'j} efO/;sf] ;+o'Qm pkl:ylt x'g ;S5 h;n] sn]hf]sf] /f]usf]
tLj| ljsf; ug{ w]/} ;xof]u u5{ .
6c
Pr=;L=eL= h]gf]6fOksf] ljZjJofkL ljt/0f
6d
bL3{ vfnsf] /f]udf ljsl;t
x'Fb} u/]sf] Pr=;L=eL=
;+qmd0fsf] ;]/f]nf]lhsn sf]if{
– c¿ PlG6a8L 9fFrfx¿ klg
;Dej 5g\
bL3{ x]kf6fOl6; ;L sf] pkrf/
klxnf klxnf Pr=l;=eL= ;ª\qmd0fsf] pkrf/ k/Dk/fut
l/slDjofG6–P–OG6/k]m/g df]gf]y]/fkLsf] ¿kdf lyof], o;sf]
k|efjsl/tf !) b]lv @% k|ltzt dfq b]lvPsf] lyof] t/ l;=Pr=l;=
sf] pkrf/df xfn}sf jif{x¿df Psbd} ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut
l/slDaGofG6–P–OG6/k]m/g lbg] pkrf/ k4lt ;Fu;Fu} efO/n
lj/f]wL u'0f ePsf] vfg] cf}ifwL l/jflel/gsf] k|of]u xfn;fn}
l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] pkrf/ ljlw xf] t/ l/jflel/g pkrf/ /utsf]
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ 6'6\g] Xofdf]nfOl;; /f]usf] pkrf/;Fu ;DalGwt
5 lsgls o; cf}ifwLn] oL ls6f0f'x¿ afFRgsf] nflu cfjZos
kg]{ Pl8gf];fOg 6«fOkmf]:k]m6 -Pl6kL_ eGg] /ftf] /Qmsf]ifsf] Pp6f
36snfO{ /fd|/L 36fOlbg ;S5 .
yfnf;]ldofsf l/jflel/g c}iflw lnO/x]sf /f]uLx¿n] /ftf]
/Qmsf]ifx¿ 6'6]sf] of x]df]nfOl;; ePsf] cg'ej ug{ ;S5g\ /
pgLx¿nfO{ ´08} #) k|ltzt a9L /utsf] 6«fG:k\mo'hg lbg'kg]{
x'g;S5 . k]ml/ yk kmnfd tTj sf] clwstfnfO x6fpg kmnfd
x6fpg] yk ;3g pkrf/ k|lqmofdf hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . ev{/}sf
lbgx¿df lgs} /fd|/L ;'wf/ ul/Psf] OG6/k]m/g k]lun]6]8 OG6/k]m/g
pkrf/nfO{ of t Psn ¿kdf of t l/jflel/g ;Fu;Fu} k|of]u ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 . o; pkrf/n] k|efjsfl/tfsf] b/nfO{ a9fpg'sf] ;fy}
l;=Pr=l;= sf la/fdLx¿nfO{ pkrf/sf] c¿ df}sf klg lbPsf]
dlxgf
:j:y sn]hf]
lkma|f]l;;\
l;/f]l;;
101
5 . pkrf/sf] k|s[lt / ;do x]kf6fOl6; ;L sf] lhgf]6fOk / s'g
efO/; kQf nfUof] To;df e/ k5{ . o;dWo] of] efO/;sf] k|sf/
! sf] pkrf/ ug{ ;a}eGbf s7Lg efO/;sf] ¿kdf kfOPsf] 5 .
6e
HIV
Ps csf{df qm; h]g]l6s
u/]sf efO/;
kbfy{
efO/;sf]
aflx/L ;tx
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES
6f
Pr=cfO=eL=sf] /]lKns];g ;fOsn
CD4 k|fks;Fu efO/n OGe]nk
UnfOsf]k|f]l6gsf] k|ltlqmof
s'g k|sf/sf] pkrf/ ug]{ eGg] s'/f x]kf6f]nf]lhi6sf] ;/;Nnfx
cg';f/ lg0f{o ug'{k5{ . gofF pkrf/ ljlwx¿n] ;kmntfsf] b/nfO{
a9fPsf 5g\ . PNkmf l/sDjLGofG6 OG6/k]m/g PSn}n] of] b/nfO{ !)
b]lv @% k|ltzt;Dd psfn]sf] 5 eg] k|sf/ ! sf] ls6f0f' afx]s
cGosf] pkrf/df o;n] ^) k|ltzt ;kmntf kfPsf] 5 . 6fOk—!
efO/;df klg pkrf/sf] ;kmntf $* k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
Pr=la=eL= / Pr=l;=eL= ;ª\qmd0fsf] PG6LefO/n pkrf/ ;fx|}
dxËf] 5 / of] ljZjsf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;LdLt dfqfdf dfq
pknAw 5 . Pr=l;=eL= / Pr=lj=eL=sf ls6f0f' Psaf6 csf]{df
;g{ glbg ckgfpg' kg]{ k"j{ ;fjwfgLx¿dWo] bfFt df´\g] a'¿;,
Jn]8 / c¿ wfl/nf j:t'x¿ ;f6f;f6 gug'{ xf] . Pr=la=eL= clt
;ª\qmd0fhGo efO/; xf] / Psaf6 csf]{df ;fx|} l56f] ;g{ ;S5
t/ oL efO/;lj¿2sf] vf]kn] ;g{ ;Sg] vt/fnfO{ ;w}Fsf] lglDt
/f]lslbg ;S5 .
Xo'dg ODo'gf] l8lkml;oG;L efO/; -Pr=cfO=eL=_
Pr=cfO=eL= ;'Idbz{s oGqn] dfq b]Vg ;lsg] ;ª\qmfds ls6f0f'
xf] h;n] ubf{ P8\; nfU5 . -6e_ Pr=cfO=eL= /]6«f]efO/;]; ;d"xdf
kg]{ efO/;x¿ x'g\ / logLx¿sf] h}ljs ljz]iftf ljlzi6 lsl;dsf]
x'G5, lsgeg] oL efO/;x¿n] cfk\mgf] j[l4 x'g] tl/sfnfO{ cfk}m
lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb5g\ / pgLx¿n] cfqmd0f u/]sf sf]ifx¿df
pgLx¿sf] lqmofsnfknfO{ klg lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb5 . lnDkmf];fO6
-l;=l8=$_ gfd u/]sf z/L/sf ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ w]/} dxTjk"0f{
sf]ifx¿ x'g\ / logLx¿ efO/;x¿;Fu ldNg ;S5g\ -x]g'{xf];\ 6f_ .
oL efO/;x¿ Pp6f ;+oGqsf] k|of]u u/]/ sf]ifx¿df k:5g\ h;n]
logLx¿nfO{ sf]ifsf] l8=Pg=P= sf] Pp6f efu agfpF5g\ . oL
efO/;x¿ ;+qmldt dfG5]sf] z/L/df /fd|/L :yflkt eO{ ;]tf
/Qmsf]ifx¿df hDdf x'G5g\ / tL sf]ifx¿nfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpF5g\ .
z/L/sf] k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLdf ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
lgjf{x u5{g\ t/ oL sf]ifx¿n] Psk6s l/6«f]efO/;af6 ;ªqmldt
102
yfnf;]ldof af/]
eO;s]kl5 ;ª\qmd0fsf] lj¿4 h'´\g ;Sg] / z/L/nfO{ /Iff
ug{;Sg] tfut u'dfpF5g\ . s'g} pkrf/ ePg eg] of] ;ª\qmd0fsf]
/f]u & b]lv !! jif{leqdf uDeL/ aGb5 t/ lSnlgsn nIf0fx¿
cufl8 g} b]lvg uO{ /f]uLsf] ;d:of uDeL/ klg aGb5 . s'g a]nf
of] /f]un] uDeL/ ¿k lnG5 eGg] ;dosf] 6'Ëf] x'Fb}g . z'¿ z'¿sf]
;dodf of] efO/;af6 ;ª\qmldt /f]uLsf] k|of]uzfnf hfFr ubf{
cyjf lSnlgsn lx;fan] s'g} ;ª\s]t of nIf0fx¿ b]lvFb}gg\ -o;
cj:yfnfO{ cl;D6f]d]l6s cj:yf elgG5_ ha Psk6s nIf0fx¿
b]lvg z'¿ u5{g\ / k|of]uzfnf hfFrn] klg efO/;sf] tLj| j[l4
b]vfO{ ;ª\qmldt sf]ifx¿sf] Iflt eO;s]sf] glthf b]vfpF5 tj
cj:yf cToGt uDeL/ ag]sf] x'G5 . o; cj:yfn] la/fdLnfO{
P8\; eO;s]sf] 5 elg a'´fpF5 .
P8\;sf] pkrf/ gkfPsf] /f]uL dg]{ ;aeGbf k|d'v sf/0f ;ªqmd0f
xf] . z/L/sf] k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL sdhf]/ eO;s]sf] sf/0fn] of] ;ª\qmd0f
hLjg lng] vfnsf] vt/fk"0f{ x'G5 . h'g;'s} k|sf/sf ls6f0f'x¿n]
klg uDeL/ b]lv lnP/ hLjg g} hfg] lsl;dsf] ;ª\qmd0f u/fpg
;S5g\ . pkrf/ gul/Psf] P8\; /f]udf lgdf];fO:6Ls sfl/gL
eGg] efO/; w]/}h:tf] d[To'sf] sf/0f ag]sf] 5 .
Pr=cfO=eL= /utaf6, c;'/lIft of}g;Dks{sf] dfWodaf6 Ps
JolQmaf6 csf]{ JolQmdf ;5{ eg] ;ª\qmldt cfdfaf6 hGdg]
lzz'df klg ;5{ -o;nfO{ ;ªqmd0f ;g]{ 7f8f] af6f] elgG5_ .
Pr lj=eL= / Pr=l;=eL= df h:t} /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf] sf/0faf6
Pr=cfO=eL= ;g{ glbg /ut bftfsf] /utsf] k|of]zfnfdf /fd|f];Fu
hfFr x'g'k5{ / /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ;]jf pRrsf]6Lsf] u'0f:t/Lo
x'g'k5{ .
Pr=cfO=eL= ;g]{ c¿ tl/sfx¿af6 aRgsf nflu w]/}hgf;Fu of}g
;Dks{ gug]{; u/]klg ;'/lIft 9Ën] ug]{ ug'{k5{ . Pr=l;=eL= df
h:tf] Pr=cfO=eL=sf] nflu ;'/lIft / k|efjsf/L vf]k clxn];Dd
ag]sf] 5}g .
of] efO/;sf] z'¿sf] cj:yfdf sf]ifdf k:g] / lg:sg] a]nfdf
x:tIf]k ug]{, o; ls6f0f'n] ;ª\qmldt ug]{ sf]ifdf o;sf] j[l4
eO/x]sf] avtdf o;dfly cfqmd0f ug]{ vfnsf cg]s yl/sf
PG6L l/6«f]efO/n -l/6«f]efO/;nfO{ cfqmd0f ug]{_ cf}ifwLx¿ ;g\
103
!((^ b]lv g} k|of]udf 5g\ (6g) . cGt/f{li6«o lgb]{zg d'tfljs
o; If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf j}1flgsx¿ tyf ljz]if1x¿n] tof/
u/]sf] ljlwcg';f/ @ j6f jf ;f] eGbf a9L cf}ifwLx¿ ;+o'Qm
¿kn] lnFbf oL cf}ifwLx¿n] P8\; /f]usf] k|fs[lts Oltxf; g}
abn]sf klg 5g\ . oL cf}ifwLx¿ pknAw ePb]lv Pr=cfO=eL=
;ª\qmldt /f]uLx¿sf] hLjg / hLjg:t/df 7"nf] ;'wf/ cfPsf]
5 . of] l/6«f]efO/n lj/f]lw cf}ifwL ;ª\qmldt cfdfaf6 hGdg]
aRrfdf ;g]{ Pr=cfO=eL=sf] ;+qmd0flj¿4 *) k|ltzteGbf a9L
la/fdLx¿df ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
t/ Pr=;L=eL= / Pr= la=eL h:t} Pr=cfO=eL= sf] pkrf/df k|of]u
x'g] cf}ifwLx¿ klg cToGt dxFuf 5g\ . Pr=cfO=eL= ;ªqmldt
/f]uLx¿dWo] ax';ª\Vof a;f]af; ug]{ ul/a b]zx¿df y'k|}
k|of;x¿sf afah'b klg pkrf/ ;]jf ;Lldt 5 / cf}ifwLx¿
k|of]u ug{ g;Sg] u/L dxFuf 5g\ .
RNA
HIV
CD4
RNA
DNA
k|f]l6g
DNA
l/e;{ 6«fG:qmLk6f;
+ RNase H
6g
cf}ifwLnfO{ x:tIf]ksf]
df}sf k|bfg ug]{ lsl;dsf]
Pr=cfO=eL=sf] hLjgrqm
cj/f]wsx¿
OlG8lj6/
eg. ZDV, ddC, ddI, d4T,
3TC, NVP and DLV
k|f]l6g
Go"lSno;
OlG6u|];
RNA
qmf]df]hf]gn DNA (latency)
OlGxlj6/
efO/n k|f]l6g
efO/n
;'rf? 6«fG:qmLk;g cf/=Pg=P=
by tat, nef, rev
6«fG:n];g
OlGxlj6/
OlGxlj6/
eg. SQV, RT
IDV and NBA
OG6/k]m/G;
clxn];Dd k|sflzt ePsf tYofÍx¿n] yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf
/f]uLx¿df Pr=cfO=eL= sf] ;ª\qmd0f sd kfOPsf] b]vfPsf]
5 t/ ;a} b]zx¿af6 tYofÍx¿ cfPkl5 of] tYofÍ a9\g]
;Defjgf klg plQs} 5 . /utsf] dfWodaf6 c¿ cg]s k|sf/sf
;'Id hLjf0f'x¿ ;g{ ;S5g\ . yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿ jf
Xofdf]ln6Ls Plgldofsf /f]uLx¿df of] Tolt uDeL/ k|s[ltsf]
gx'g ;S5, t/ k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL Psbd sdhf]/ ePsfx¿ / cË
k|Tof/f]k0f ul/Psf /f]uLx¿nfO{ of] ;fdfGo hLjf0f'n] ug]{ ;+qmd0f
lSnlgsn ¿kn] dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;S5 .
104
yfnf;]ldof af/]
c¿ efO/;x¿
Xo'dg kfdf]{efO/; – la !(
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgaf6 ;g{;Sg] -oBkL of] dfWod of] efO/; ;g]{
k|d'v dfWod xf]Og_ Xo'dg kfdf]{efO/; B19 Pp6f csf]{ efO/;
xf] . yfnf;]ldof jf l;Ssn sf]ifh:tf] Xofdf]ln6Ls Plgldofsf
la/fdLx¿df of] efO/;n] Transient Aplastic Crisis c:yfoL
PKnf:6Ls ;Í6 eg]/ hflgg] /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] pTkfbgdf
c:yfoL lj/fd nufpF5 . Pr=lk=eL= lj—!( n] ug]{ ;ª\qmd0fsf]
s8f cj:yfdf x]df]Unf]lag cs:dft 36\5 / l/6LSo'nf] ;fO6\;
elgg] /ftf] sf]ifsf k]l/k]ml/on lk|s;{/x¿ crfgs ufoj x'g]
cj:yf cfpF5 . olb of] ;ª\qmd0fsf] t'¿Gt} lgbfg x'g ;Sof]
eg] /f]uLnfO{ k"0f{ -xf]n_ /utsf] 6«fG:k\mo'hg lbg ;lsG5 h;n]
;ª\qmd0fsf ls6f0f'lj¿2 h'´\g PG6La8Lsf] sfd u5{ . t/ x•Lsf]
dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ ev{/} k|Tof/f]k0f u/]sf / Pr=cfO=eL= ;ª\qmldt
eO{ z/L/sf] k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL u'dfPsf /f]uLx¿df slxn] sfFxL
uDeL/ / bL3{ vfnsf lSnlgsn cK7\of/fx¿ klg b]lvG5g\ .
Xo'dg ;fO6f]d]ufnf] efO/;
k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL sdhf]/ ePsf /f]uLx¿df c´ 7"nf] vt/f
lgDTofpg] efO/; Xo'dg ;fO6f]d]ufnf] efO/; xf] . cËx¿sf]
k|Tof/f]k0f u/]sf la/fdLx¿df ;dod} lgbfg / pkrf/ geP of]
efO/;n] cToGt s8f ;ª\qmd0f u/fpF5 . of] ls6f0f'sf] Pp6f
d'Vo ljz]iftf o;n] ;ª\qmldt u/]sf sf]ifx¿df :yfoL ¿kn]
cfk}m af; ug'{ -ljz]if u/L ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿df_ clg ck|Tofl;t
9Ën] ;lqmo aGb} bf];|f] k6s -;]s]G8/L_ jf k6s–k6s -l/cs/]G;_
;ª\qmd0f u/fpg' xf] .
x•L dHhfsf] k|Tof/f]k0f u/fpg' kg]{ cyjf ul/;s]sf yfnf;]ldof
d]h/sf /f]uLx¿n] lkmN6/ u/]sf] /utdfq lng'k5{ lsgls o;n]
ubf{ ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ / ltgLx¿;Fu x'g] l;=le=P= nufotsf
ls6f0f'x¿ klg x6\5g\ .
dn]l/of / rfuf; /f]ux¿
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg k5fl8 nfUg] dn]l/of / rfuf; /f]ux¿ %)
jif{b]lv hfgsf/Ldf 5g\ . KnfHdf]l8od k|hfltx¿ / 6«fOkf]]gf];f]df
105
qm'hL qmdzM dn]l/of / rfuf; /f]u nufpg] ls6f0f'x¿ x'g\ . oL
ls6f0f'x¿ lk|mh ul/Psf] /utsf] ljleGg efudf / hdfP/ ;'/lIft
/fv]sf] KnfHdfdf klg @ xKtf;Dd hLljt /xg;S5g\ .
ko{6sLo b]zx¿af6 :yfgLo b]zx¿df, :yfgLo b]zx¿af6 c¿
b]zx¿df a9\bf] a;fO{F ;/fO{sf] sf/0fn] dn]l/of / rfuf; /f]ux¿
a9\g] ;Defjgf uDeL/ rf;f]sf] ljifo xf] . ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7g,
o"/f]lkog sfpG;Ln, cd]l/sg :jf:Yo clwsf/Lx¿ / /fli6«o /ut
6«fG:k\mo'hg s]Gb|x¿n] /ut lbO;s]kl5 cfpg] dn]l/of / rfu;
/f]ux¿sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ p2]Zon] Pp6f ;f´f dfgs agfPsf 5g\
h;cGtu{t /ut 6«fG;ô'hg kl5 la/fdLsf] / /Qmbftfsf] /utsf]
hfFr klg k5{g\ .
gofF Kofyf]hLgx¿
;g\ !((% b]lv !((* sf] aLrdf kQf nfu]sf gofF ls6f0f'x¿df
x]kf6fOl6; la / ;L sf] ykdf c¿ x]kf6fOl6; hL -Pr=lh=eL
/ Pr=la=eL=–;L=_ P;=O=Pg=–eL / l6=l6= efO/;x¿ x'g\ . /ut
6«fG:k\mo'hgaf6 oL efO/;x¿ ;g{;Sg] s'/f cfn]lvt ¿kdf kfOG5
t/ logLx¿n] sn]hf]df c;/ k'¥ofpF5g\ jf k'¥ofpFb}gg\ ;f] s'/f
:ki6 x'g afFsL 5 .
k'/fgf Kofyf]hLgx¿af6 hlGdPsf gofF lrGtfx¿
s[phk]mN8—Hofsf]a /f]u -l;=h]=8L=_ / o;sf] gofF / cnu
¿k -le=;L=h]=l8=_, ufOj:t'x¿df kfOg] jf]efOg :kf]GhLkmd{
OG;]kmnfOl6; -lj=P;=O=_ dfgj hfltdf kfOg] o:tf] /f]u xf]
h;n] :gfo' k|0ffnLnfO{ c;/ u5{ . of] /f]u s'g} ;fFrf] efO/;n]
eGbf klg lk|cg elgg] k|f]l6gsf] sf/0fn] x'G5 . o;sf] ;+/rgfsf]
sf/0fn] ubf{ of] hLjf0f'nfO{ c¿ ;ª\qmd0fsf/L ls6f0f'x¿
dfOqmf]J;, JofS6]/Lof, Kof/f;fO6sf] s'g} klg ;d"xdf /fVg ldNb}g .
o:tf] kfOPsf] 5 ls s'g} clglZrt cj:yfdf dfgj z/L/n] lk|cg
k|f]l6gnfO{ o:tf] xflgsf/s ls6f0f' of tTjdf kl/0ft ul/lbG5
h'g cj:yf lj:tf/} 3fts vfnsf] :gfo' /f]udf ljsl;t x'G5 .
of] /f]unfO{ jiff}{Fb]lv hflgPsf] 5 tfklg l;=h]=8L= / o;sf] dxTj
tyf gofF ¿knfO{ ;g\ !(() df dfq /fd|/L lrlgof] . ljz]if u/L
o"=s]= df d/]sf dflg;sf] z/L/ lr/kmf/ u/]/ x]bf{ of] hLjf0f'
106
yfnf;]ldof af/]
a9L g} b]lvof] eg] c¿ b]zx¿df clns sd ;ª\Vofdf kfOof] .
;g\ @))! l8;]Dj/;Dddf !!# j6f s];x¿ o'=s]=df e]l6of] eg]
k|mfG;df $ j6f, cfO/n]08df / xªsËdf !÷! j6f kfOof] .
clxn];Dd b]lvPsf ljleGg hfFrx¿n] l;=h]=l8=sf /f]uLx¿
;ª\qmldt ufO{j:t'x¿sf] df;' / b"waf6 ag]sf pTkfbgx¿ vfg]
dfG5]x¿ x'g\ eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 . c¿ dfG5]x¿af6 zf/Ll/s j[l4
x'g] xdf]{g -u|f]y xdf]{]g_ lng] la/fdLx¿df klg of] ;d:of kfOPsf]
5 eg] 8'/fDof6/ / slg{on k|Tof/f]k0f u/]sf /f]uLx¿df of]
;ª\qmd0f kfOPsf] 5 . :gfo'd08nsf] zNolrlsT;fdf / O=l;=hL=
ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] oGq pks/0fx¿nfO{ /fd|/L lg;ª\qmd0f gul/Psf]
sf/0fn] klg of] ;ª\qmd0f x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . /ut
PG6La8Lsf] lgdf{0f
efO/;
k|lt
txx¿
T1
T2
;do
;+qmd0fsf] ;do
6«fG:k\mo'hgsf] sf/0fn] of] ;ª\qmd0f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5}g t/ /f]usf]
uDeL/ k|s[lt / lnDkml6s tGt'x¿df lk|cg k|f]l6gsf] pkl:ylt
x'g] sf/0fn] ubf{ klZrdL b]zx¿df ljz]if u/L a]nfotn] /ut
6«fG:k\mo'hgaf6 x'g] o;sf] ;ª\qmd0fnfO{ /f]Sg ckgfpg] gLltx¿
lgdf{0fsf] nflu k|z:t >f]tx¿sf] kl/rfng u/]sf] 5 . o:tf
gLltx¿df Pp6f lglt /utnfO{ ljZjJofkL ¿kd} lkmN6/ ug'{kg]{
k4ltsf] z'¿jft xf] h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ /utdf /x]sf y'k|} ;]tf
/Qmsf]ifx¿ x6\b5g\ .
/utsf] ;'/Iff
;ª\qmd0fsf/L ;fgf;fgf hLjf0f'x¿ /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf] dfWodaf6
;g]{ ;DefjgfnfO{ /f]Sgsf] nflu k|z:t cGt/f{li6«o k|of;x¿ ePsf
5g\ . /utsf] ;'/lIftkgnfO{ lgDg s'/fx¿n] ;xof]u u5{g\ .
!= ;xL /Qmbftfx¿af6 :jod\;]jLsf] ¿kdf lgoldt /ut lng]
gLlt lgdf{0f ug'{ .
@= bftfx¿af6 lnPsf] /utdf Pr=cfO=eL=, Pr=la=eL=,
Pr=l;=eL=, le/ËL / c¿ :yfgLo ¿kdf kfOg] ;ª\qmfds
hLjf0f'x¿sf] clgjfo{ k|of]uzfnf hfFr u/L pRr :t/sf]
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ug'{ .
#= vf]k / lg;ª\qmd0f k|lqmofnfO{ :yflkt ug'{ .
cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿n] xfn}sf jif{x¿df Go"lSns Pl;8 hfFr -6]:6LË_
Pg=P=6L= elgg] ljlzi6 vfnsf] l8=Pg=P= k|of]uzfnf k|ljlw nfu"
ug]{, /utsf] :qmLlgË ug]{ sfd u/L lSnlgsn ¿kn] dxTjk"0f{
107
efO/;x¿nfO{ 36fpg] sfdsf] z'¿jft u/]sf 5g\ t/ of] k|ljlw
Psbd} dxFuf] 5 .
AofS6]l/ofn] Nofpg] k|b"if0f
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg lnPsf /f]uLx¿sf] /utdf efO/; / c¿
;'Idbz{s oGqn] dfq b]Vg ;Sg] hLjf0f'b]lv jfx]s JofS6]/Lof /
k/hLljx¿ klg df}nfpg ;S5g\ . AofS6]l/ofn] ug]{ /utsf] k|b"if0f
b/ efO/;n] ug]{eGbf %) b]lv @%) u'0ff a9L 5 . k|foM h;f] o:tf
k|b"if0fx¿ ;fdfGo g} x'G5g\ / logLx¿nfO{ ;lhn} /f]Sg ;lsG5 .
/ut bfg ug]{ dfG5]sf] /ut lnFbf 5fnfnfO{ lg;ª\qmd0f gu/L
/ut tfGof] eg] of] /ut lng] dflg;sf] /f]usf] >f]t aGg ;S5 .
/ut lngsf] nflu 5fnf 5]8\g] qmddf ToxfF /x]sf JofS6]/Lofx¿
/utdf k:5g\ / /utnfO{ k|b'lift ub{5g\ .
/ut ;'/lIft /fVg] gofF tl/sfx¿
x]lnsn If]q
;a} lsl;dsf /f]usf] ls6f0f'x¿df x'g] k|b"if0fsf] ;DefjgfnfO{
sd ug{ Kofyf]lhg l8=Pg=P=nfO{ gi6 ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy gofF
k|ljlwx¿ ljsf; ePsf 5g\ h;nfO{ hDdf ul/Psf] /utdf
/fVgf;fy Kofyf]lhgsf l8PgPnfO{ gi6 ul/lbG5 . of] ljlwnfO{
Kofyf]hLg lgis[o kfg]{ k|lqmof elgG5 . of] g} ;a}eGbf klxnf]
;lqmo ;'/Iff pkfo xf] . o;n] Kofyf]hLgx¿nfO{ lglZqmo agfpF5
/ /utsf] o'lg6df ls6f0f'x¿ eP klg x6fpg] sfd u5{ .
cg';Gwfg / lSnlgsn cWoogx¿sf] ljsf; eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;}
cGtu{t Kn]6n]6\;nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] k|ljlw :jLs[t eO{ Jofj;flos
¿kn] cg'dlt lng] sfd o"/f]kdf eO/x]sf] 5 . of] k|ljlw /ftf
/Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg], /utsf c¿ tTjx¿ klg ;~ro
ug]{ s'/fsf] nflu klg k|of]u x'g] ;Defjgf 5 .
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df /utsf] pknAwtf / ;'/Iff
;a} cNkljsl;t b]zx¿df /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt
vt/fx¿ ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf Psbd a9L 5g\ . ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿df kof{Kt /ut k|fKt ug{ g;Sg' g} 7"nf] ;d:of xf] eg]
/Qmbftfsf] 5gf}6sf] gLlt / vf]k sfo{qmdx¿ cd]l/sf / o'/f]ksf]
u'0f:t/df ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
108
yfnf;]ldof af/]
oL b]zx¿df JofKt cfly{s ;Í6, cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k|flKtsf]
xf]8afhL / /fhg}lts cl:y/tfn] pRr u'0f:t/sf] /ut pknAw
u/fpg agfpg' kg]{ gLltnfO{ k5fl8 ws]n]s]f 5 . ljZj :jf:Yo
;Ë7gsf] /ut ;'/Iff ljefusf] tYofÍ cg';f/ *) k|ltzt
dflg;x¿ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df a:5g\ / ltgLx¿n] ;+;f/sf]
s'n /ut cfk"lt{ ;ft s/f]8 krf; nfv o'lg6sf] $) k|ltzt
dfq /ut k|fKt u5{g\ . oL 7fpFx¿df hDdf ul/Psf] /utdWo]
cg'dflgt !^ k|ltzt dfq /ut sd hf]lvd ePsf] / lgMz'Ns
¿kn] :jo+;]jLbftfaf6 cfk"lt{ x'G5 hals $# k|ltzt /utsf]
/fd|/L hfFr g} x'Fb}g . kl/0ffd:j¿k Pr=cfO=eL=, Pr=l;=eL=,
Pr=la=le= cflbsf] ;ª\qmfds /ut lnP/ x'g] ;ª\qmd0f ljsf;zLn
/fi6«x¿df ;fx|} g} w]/} pRr b/df 5 . oL b]zx¿df /utsf]
pknAwtf / ;'/lIftkgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ cGt/f{li6«o, /fli6«o
:jf:Yo ;+3 ;ª\u7gx¿ tyf lgofds ;+:yfn] uDeL/ lsl;dsf
k|of;x¿ z'¿ ug'{ cToGt h¿/L 5 .
109
pkrf/ gul/Psf] yfnf;]ldof d]h/df cGTodf s] x'G5 – ;f/f+z
/utsf] ckof{Kt 6«fG:k\mo'hgaf6 k|efljt
x'g] c+ux¿
cg'xf/sf] c8\jfu]kg
-ufnfsf] dflyNnf]
x•Lsf] clt j[l4
kof{Kt ¿kn] kmnfd tTj gx6fpgfn]
-lrn];g_ z/L/sf c+ux¿df x'g] ;d:of
lk6'6/L u|GyL -of}g c+u,
Pl8«gn / yfO/fO8sf] j[l4df
c;/
yfO/f8 u|GyL -lj/n}_
Kof/fyfO/f8 u|GyL
-xfOkf]Kof/fO/f]l8Hd h;n]
xfOkf]SoflN;dLof lgDTofpF5_
d'6' -d'6'sf df+;k]zLn] sfd ug{
5f8\g] / c? dxTjk"0f{ c+ux¿
k|efljt
sn]hf] -x]kf6f]d]ufnL_
lkmof]sf] j[l4
-y|f]Daf];fO6f]k]gLof
cflb_
/ut -Plgldof_
k]lGqmofh -dw'd]x_
5fnfsf] /+u kl/jt{g
-gªsf] tNnf] efusf] /+u
kl/jt{g, s'lxgf, uf]lnufF7f /
3'F8fsf] v}/f]kg_
of}gfË -ljsf; / sfo{df afwf_
x•Lx¿ a9]/ efFlrg]
;d:of
x•L dHhfsf] lj:tf/n] ubf{
c;odd} tNnf] k]mdf]/n
PlkkmfOl; aGb x'g]
110
x•L / hf]gL{ b'Vg]
cf]:6Lcf]kf]/f]l;
-xfOkf]Kof/fyfO/f]l8Hd;Fu
;DalGwt_
yfnf;]ldof af/]
cWofo &
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8of / c¿ k|sf/sf
yfnf;]ldofx¿
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8of Pp6f o:tf] d]l8sn cj:yf xf] h;df o;sf
la/fdLx¿n] k|efljt β- lhg afa'cfdfx¿ b'j}af6 k|fKt u5{g\ .
-ltgLx¿nfO{ la–yfnf;]ldofsf] nflu xf]df]hfOu; dflgG5 ._ t/
oL la/fdLx¿df yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf la/fdLx¿df eGbf sd s8f
vfnsf] lSnlgsn nIf0fx¿ b]lvG5g\ . yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf
/f]uLx¿df x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx ^ b]lv ( u|fd k|lt ln6/ /xg]
ePsfn] /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hgsf] cfjZostf gkg{ ;S5 .
t/ ev{/} ul/Psf y'k|} uDeL/ cg';Gwfgx¿ cg';f/ yfnf;]ldof
OG6/d]l8ofdf klg cg]s vfnsf lSnlgsn nIf0fx¿ b]lvG5g\
tL dWo] sltko uDeL/ klg x'G5g\ . k|fo h;f] uDeL/ /f]ux¿df
/f]uLx¿df @ b]lv ^ jif{sf] jLrdf s]xL lSnlgsn / k|of]uzfnfaf6
k|dfl0ft x'g] lsl;dsf k|df0fx¿ klg b]lvG5 . /f]uLx¿sf] j[l4 /
zf/Ll/s ljsf; cfjZostf eGbf sd eP klg o; lsl;dsf
yfnf;]ldofdf β- yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿nfO{ h:tf] nuftf/
/ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg lbO/xg' kb}{g cem sd uDeL/ vfnsf] of]
/f]udf t /f]uLx¿df jo:s a]nf;Dd klg /f]usf st} nIf0fx¿
g} b]lvFb}gg\ . pgLx¿df Plgldofsf] Psbd g} sd k|efj -* b]lv
!) u|f=÷ln= x]df]Unf]lag_ x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf zfob g} /ut lng'kg]{
x'G5 .
yfnf;]ldof d]h/df h:t} /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ 6'qmg] / lkmof]df
hDdf x'g] qmd tLj| x'g] x'gfn] lkmof] a9\g ;S5 -:k]gf]d]ufnL_ of]
cj:yf slxn]sfFxL yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf] /f]uLx¿df ljsf;
x'g] s8f lsl;dsf] Plgldofsf] sf/0f klg aGg;S5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf la/fdLnfO{ nuftf/ /ut lbO/xg' kg]{ -6«fG;k\mo'hg_
x'G5 . lkmof]nfO{ zNos[of u/]/ x6fpFbf klg oL ;d:ofx¿ 6g{
;S5g\ . t/ of] lg0f{o d]l8sn ljz]if1x¿sf] ;Nnfxdf la/fdLsf]
:jf:Yosf] c¿ cg]s kIfx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ lng'k5{ lsgeg]
lkmof] x6fpgfn] uDeL/ ;+qmd0f klg x'g ;S5 .
111
cWofo # df j0f{g ul/Ph:t}, yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf] nIf0fx¿sf]
k|d'v sf/0f /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿df :jtGq α- r]gx¿ y'lk|P/
logLx¿;Fu ;b}j ;Fu} /xg] β- r]gx¿;Fu c;Gt'ngsf] l:ylt
>[hgf x'g' xf] . α- r]gx¿ PSn}n] /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] l5lkg] x/]s
k|lqmofnfO{ g/fd|/L vnaNofpF5g\ . dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t} s8f
lsl;dsf] Plgldof / c¿ cj:yfx¿ l;h{gf ug{ ;S5g\ .
dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t}, olb α- r]gx¿sf] clws ;+Vofsf]
pkl:ylt 36]sf] v08df yfnf;]ldof /f]usf nIf0fx¿ sd s8f
x'g]5g\ eg]/ cfzf ug'{ pko'Qm g} x'G5 . c0f'x¿sf] txdf ul/Psf]
kl/If0fn] b]vfP cg';f/ o; cj:yfn] tn pNn]v u/] cg';f/ cGo
y'k|} l:yltsf] l;h{gf u5{ .
s_ β+ hLgsf] pkl:yltn] yf]/} g} ;+Vofdf ePklg β- r]gx¿
pTkfbg u5{g\ / ltgLx¿ α- r]gx¿;Fu hf]8f agfpFg k'U5g\ .
/ :jtGq α- r]gx¿sf] ;+Vof 36fpF5g\ . β+ hLgx¿sf] hLg
;+/rgf kl/jt{g sd s8f lsl;dsf] lSnlgsn glthf;Fu
;+aGwL 5 h;nfO{ β ++ cj:yfn] lrlgG5 .
v_ α- r]gx¿sf] ;+Zn]if0fsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ hLgx¿sf] q'l6n]
pTkflbt α- r]gx¿sf] ;+Vof 36\g uO{ α- r]g / β- r]gx¿sf]
;Gt'ngdf ;'wf/ cfpF5 .
u_ γ r]g pTkfbg ug{ lhDd]jf/ γhLgsf] pRr ;s[otfn] hL
kmf]P6n x]df]Unf]lag aGg (α2γ2) α- r]g;Fu ldN5 / 5f8f
vfnsf xflgsf/s α- r]gnfO{ 36fpF5 .
r]g pTkfbg x'g] cj:yfn] c¿ ;sf/fTds s'/fx¿ klg NofpF5
h:t} δβ yfnf;]ldof, kmf]o6n x]df]Unf]lagsf] j+zf0f'ut ;+nUgtf,
-HPFH_ / γ hLgx¿sf] (XMNL) elgg] Pp6f vf; ;fO6df
kl/jt{g .
γ
dflysf a'Fbfx¿ cg';f/ d]l8sn sd{rf/Lx¿n] la/fdLsf]
cj:yfaf/]df pgLx¿sf] 1fg / hfgsf/LnfO{ a9fpg ;S5g\ /
la/fdLsf] l8=Pg=P=df ePsf] vf; vfnsf] IfltnfO{ ;xL ¿kn]
lrGg ;S5g\ . To;sf/0f hxfF ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw 5g\, k/LIf0fsf
o; lsl;dsf cf0fljs ljlwx¿n] yfnf;]ldofsf] pkrf/sf] nflu
cd"No lsl;dsf ;xof]u pknAw u/fO/x]sf 5g\ . o; ljsf;n]
ubf{ la/fdLsf] nflu ;xL vfnsf] pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lhnf]
ePsf] 5 .
112
yfnf;]ldof af/]
/f]usf] lgbfg
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf] lgbfg ug{ o;sf vf; vfnsf
lSnlgsn k|of]uzfnfsf hfFrx¿sf] hfgsf/L :yflkt ug{ h¿/L
5 h;n] ubf{ o;nfO{ yfnf;]ldof d]h/af6 5'§fpg ;lsG5 . t/
cToGt} k|efjsf/L cf0fljs k|of]uzfnf k|ljlw x'Fbf x'Fb} klg o;f]
ug{ ;w}F ;+ej / ;lhnf] 5}g . t/ klg s]xL k|efjsf/L / ;fwf/0f
qmfO6]l/of o; k|sf/ 5g\ .
yfnf;]ldof b]lvg] cj:yf
SnLlgsn
:Kn]gf]d]ufnL -lkmof] a9\g]_
hG8L;
x•Ldf kl/jt{g
cg'xf/df kl/jt{g
x]df6f]nf]lhs
Plgldof
cf/=lj=;L=
dfOsf];fO6f]l;;
Pgcf/la;L
afof] Sofldsn
Pr lj Pkm
Pr la=P@
pRr
afnscj:yfdf
nfUg]
OG6/d]l8of
kl5Nnf] ;dodf
nfUg]
lgDg
P;f]D6f]Dofl6s
-nIf0f dfq b]lvg]_
+++
+++
++++
++-++++
+++-++++
+-+++
++-++++
0-++++
0-+
0-+
0
0
++++
↓
+
++-+++
↓
+
0-+
N -↑
+
++-++++
+-+++
0
10-95+Ü
Pg cyjf ↑
10+95+Ü
Pg cyjf ↑
Pg cyjf < 10Ü
Pg cyjf ↑ (> 3.5%)
-;Dd]ngsf] k|ltj]bgx¿af6 Pd=P= gf]e]Dj/ !((^_
;f/f+zdf, yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8of eGg] zAbn] km/flsnf] If]q
;d]6\5 / la/fdLx¿df /x]sf] x]df6f]nf]lhsn / lSnlgsn glthfnfO{
;+s]t u5{ . oL kl/0ffdx¿n] O+lut u/]sf] /f]u xf]df]hfOuf]; β
yfnf;]lddf eGbf sd s8f t/ x]6]/f]hfOuf]; jfxseGbf w]/} s8f
dflgG5 .
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf] Joj:yfkg
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofdf /ut lbg -6«fG;k\mo'hg_ slxn]b]lv z'¿
ug]{ eGg] k|Zg ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . tn pNn]v ul/Psf
d]l8sn cj:yfx¿ bL3{ Plgldofsf kl/0ffd x'g;S5g / oL g}
113
sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg yfNg'kg]{ x'g ;S5 .
•
;':t zf/Ll/s j[l4
•
Kofyf]nf]lhsn ¿kn] x•L efFlrg]
•
d'6'sf ;d:ofx¿
•
cg'xf/sf] a]9\ªu]kg
•
;fdfGo zf/Ll/s s[ofsnfkdf sld
•
xfOk/:Kn]lgHd -lkmof] a9\g] ;d:of_
yfnf;]ldof d]h/df ljsl;t x'g] s'g} lsl;dsf cK7\of/fx¿nfO{
t'¿Gt} lrGgsf] nflu la/fdLx¿sf] glhsaf6 x]/rfx u/L d]l8sn
/ k|of]uzfnf hfFrx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf ug{ h¿/L x'G5 . t/
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf la/fdLx¿n] d]h/sf] t'ngfdf l9nf]
u/L /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg z'¿ ub{5g\ . cufl8 pNn]v ul/Psf] h:t},
hLjgsf] kl5Nnf] cjlwdf uP/ /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg z'¿ u/]kl5
pTkGg x'g] k|lts[ofx¿ h:t}M Pnf]ODo'gfOh]zgx¿ k|lt ljz]if
Wofg lbg' h¿/L x'G5 . To;sf/0f /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg ug'{eGbf
cufl8 /ut lbg] bftf / /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg lng] la/fdLsf]
/Qm;d"xsf] k|sf/ / cGo tTjx¿ Psbd /fd|/L ldnfP/ x]g{ h¿/L
x'G5 . yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8of ePsf ue{jtL dlxnfx¿nfO{ /ut
6«fG;k\mo'hgsf] ;Vt h¿/L kg{ ;S5 .
kmnfd tTjsf] ck;f/0f -lrn];g_
yfnf;]ldof d]h/df h:t}M yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofdf lgDg
sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf x'g hfG5 .
s_ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] ckof{Kt / ck|efjsf/L pTkfbg
v_ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ 6'6\g] ;d:of .
u_ cfGb|fn] cjzf]if0f ug]{ kmnfd tTjsf] dfqfdf j[l4 .
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf la/fdLx¿df x'g] kmnfd tTjsf] clws
;+lrtLsf] af/]df t'ngfTds ¿kn] sd cg';Gwfgx¿ ePsf 5g\ .
Pp6f cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 Pshgf yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf]
/f]uLsf] z/L/df k|ltjif{ @ b]lv % u|fd kmnfd tTj y'lk|G5 . of]
tYofª\s k|ltlbg )=! ldln u|fd s]hL x'g cfpF5 . of] vfgfaf6
cjzf]if0f x'g] kmnfd tTjsf] dfqfsf] b/eGbf @) b]lv &)Ü
n] a9L xf] . To;}n] yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf /f]uLx¿ ha !)
jif{eGbf dfly k'U5g\ pgL¿sf] z/L/df hDdf x'g] kmnfd tTjsf]
114
yfnf;]ldof af/]
clwstfsf] sf/0fn] x'g] ;d:ofx¿ lgoldt /ut 6«fG;ô'hg ug]{
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿df h:t} uDeL/ x'g ;S5 .
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf /f]uLx¿nfO{ slxn] kmnfd tTj x6fpg]
pkrf/ lbg] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿sf]
h:tf] k]ml/l6gsf] tx x]/]/ ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 To;sf/0f of] lg0f{o
lng] Psdfq cfwf/ la/fdLsf] z/L/df ePsf] kmnfd tTjsf]
;xL ef/ kQf nufpg' xf] . To;sf/0f kmnfd tTjsf] Psfu|tfsf]
;xL cfFsng ug{ sn]hf]sf] jfoK;L ug'{ cyjf cem gofF,
k|efjsf/L / ;+j]bgzLn 9Ën] la/fdLnfO{ c;/ gkf/L ug{;lsg]
P;=So'=o'=cfO=8L= / Pd=cf/=cfO hfFr ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 .
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ -cfO/g lsn];g_ ug]{ lg0f{o
lnO;s]kl5 yfnf;]ldof d]h/df h:t} 8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg lng
;lsG5 . yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofdf la/fdLx¿nfO{ 5fnf d'lgaf6
xKtfsf] @ b]lv # lbg l8=Pkm=cf]=sf] emf]n k|If]k0f ug'{kg]{ x'g;S5 .
yfnf;]ldof d]h/df kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ ul//x]sf /f]uLx¿n]
kfngf ug'{ kg]{ ljleGg k/LIf0fx¿ h:t} yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf
/f]uLx¿n] klg ljleGg k/LIf0fx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf ug'{k5{ .
yfnf;]ldof OG6/ldl8ofsf la/fdLx¿sf] cfGb|fn] ;fljseGbf
clws kmnfd tTj cjzf]if0f ug]{ ePsf]n] /f]uLx¿n] kmnfd
tTj ePsf vfg]s'/fx¿ kfn'ª\uf]sf] ;fu, sn]hf] / u]8fu'8L vfg
x'Fb}g . vfgf;Fu sfnf] lrof lkpgfn] cfGb|faf6 x'g] kmnfd tTjsf]
cjzf]if0fnfO{ 36fpg d2t u5{ .
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofdf d]l8sn ;d:ofx¿
s_ xf8df kl/jt{gM Plgldof;+u n8\g z/L/n] w]/} /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿
pTkfbg ug{ k|oTg u5{ . kmn:j¿k, x•Lsf] dHhf -af]gDof/f]_
a9L s[ofzLn x'G5 . af]g Dof/f]sf] clws ;s[otfn] ubf{ x•L
6]8f]d]8f] x'g], kftnf] / sdhf]/ x'g], x•Lsf] :jefljs j[l4
/ ljsf; geO{ x•L efFlrg];Dd klg x'G5 . t/ x•Lsf s8f
lsl;dsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ nuftf/ ul/g] /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hgsf]
dfWodaf6 sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
v_ cf]l:6of]kf]/f]l;; -x•L Kjfn kg]{ /f]u_M cf]:6Lof]kf]/f]l;; h:tf]
uDeL/ lsl;dsf] /f]uaf6 aRg la/fdLx¿n] nuftf/ Jofofd
115
ug{sf ;fy} vfgfdf SoflN;odsf] dfqfnfO{ a9fpg' k5{ .
SofN;Lod / le6fldg l8 sf] SofK;'nx¿ lngfn] yk kmfObf
k'Ug ;S5 . r'/f]6 k6Ss} vfg' x'Fb}g . s]xL 8fS6/x¿n] vfg]
/ gzfaf6 lbg] afof]kmf]:kmf]g]6\;sf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f glthfx¿
klg b]vfPsf 5g\, oBlk o;sf] cf]:6Lof]kf]/f]l;;;Fu n8\g
;Sg] e"ldsfsf] 6'ª\uf] nfUg afFsL g} 5 .
u_ x•L dHhf -jf]g Dof/f]_ sf] lj:tf/ / kmf]lns Pl;8M z/L/df
ePsf] Plgldof;+u n8\gsf nflu x•Lsf] dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_
clt a9L s[ofzLn x'G5 / a9L kl/>d u5{ . yfnf;]ldof
OG6/d]l8of ePsf /f]uLx¿sf] z/L/n] clws dfqfdf
/ftf /Qmsf]if agfpg' kgf{n] o:tf] ePsf] xf] . To;sf/0f
la/fdLx¿n] cltl/Qm le6fldg ljz]if u/L kmf]lns Pl;8
lng'k5{ . kmf]lns Pl;8sf] sdLn] yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf
/f]uLx¿df Plgldofsf] l:yltnfO{ cem} ljuf5{ . kmf]lns Pl;8
;fukft / df;'df k|fs[lts ¿kn] kfOG5 . o;f] ePklg,
lbgsf] Pp6f rSsL k]mlns Pl;8 vfg] u/]df la/fdLsf]
cltl/Qm cfjZostf klg k"/f x'G5 .
3_ un:6f]g -lkQ y}nLdf 9'+uf_M yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf
/f]uLx¿df ;fwf/0f eGbf a9L dfqfdf lkQ y}nLdf 9'+uf
aGg] ;d:of kfOG5 . -sf]n]lnlycfl;;_ lkQ kTy/x¿ /ftf
/Qmsf]ifx¿ 6'6\bf lg:sg] ;xpTkfbg -lkQsf 6'qmfx¿_ x'g oL
kTy/x¿ sn]hf]sf] 5]pd} /x]sf] lkQdf hDdf x'g z'¿ u5{g
/ To; 7fFpdf cj/f]w pTkGg u5{g . kmn:j¿k k]6 b'Vg
yfN5 . lkQ kTy/sf] pkl:yltnfO{ cN6«f;fp08 u/]/ kQf
nufpg ;lsG5 . olb k]6 nuftf/ b'lv/Xof] eg] zNos[of
u/]/ lkQy}nL kmfNg ;lsG5 .
ª_ v'§fdf x'g] cN;/M yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf /f]uLx¿df /Qm
;~rf/ k|s[of sd x'g] ePsf]n] / /utn] clS;hgsf] cfk"lt{
sd ug]{ x'gfn] uf]nL uf7fFsf] jl/kl/ cN;/ x'g] ;Defjgf a9L
x'G5, ljz]if u/]/ kfsf] pd]/sf] lj/fdLx¿df . oL cN;/x¿
xtklQ hflt x'Fb}gg / pkrf/ ug{ uf¥xf] x'G5 . x]df]Unf]lagsf]
dfqf a9fpgsf] nflu lnOg] /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hgn] /Qm ;~rf/
tyf clS;hgsf] dfqf a9fO{ s]xL cf/fd u/fpF5 . of] ;Fu;Fu}
lbgsf] ! b]lv @ 306f d'6'sf] ;txeGbf s]xL dfly v'§f
116
yfnf;]ldof af/]
/fVgfn], ;'Tbf v'§flt/ s]xL cUnf] l;/fgL nfpgfn], df]hf
nufO{ /fv]/ v'§fnfO{ Gofgf] /fVgfn] klg cf/fd x'G5 . lhGs
;Nk]m6sf rSsLx¿ lngfn] klg kmfObf k'U5 . ;fy ;fy}
hydroxyurea PSn} cyjf c¿ cf}ifwL;Fu ldnfP/ lbgfn]
-erythropoeitin / butyrates_ kmf]P6n x]df]Unf]lagsf] j[l4
u/fpg ;S5 .
r_ d[uf}nfsf ;d:ofx¿M yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf la/fdLx¿sf]
:jf:Yodf x'g] csf]{ ;d:of d[uf}nfdf Iflt k'Ug] x'G5, h'g
/utdf x'g] cToflws o'l/s Pl;8sf] sf/0fn] x'g ;S5 .
cToflws lqmoflzn x•Lsf] dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ sf] sf/0fn]
algg] o'l/s Pl;8 clt g} sfd gnfUg] tTjx¿sf] ;+ufnf]
xf] . PNnf]Ko'l/gf]n (Allopurinol) cf}ifwL lngfn] o:tf] o'l/s
Pl;8 algg sd u/fpg d2t ug{ ;S5 .
5_ y|f]Daf]lkmlnofM csf]{ ;d:of y|f]Daf]l;;sf] a9\bf] vt/f
klg xf] . o; ;d:ofdf -/ut ;DaGwL v08 x]g'{xf];\_ /Qm
gnLx¿df y|f]Daf];fx6\; / Kn]6n]6\;x¿ hDdf x'G5g\ / /ut
hdfO{ of afSnf] agfO{ /utsf] ;+rf/nfO{ cj/f]w k'¥ofpF5g\ .
o;n] ubf{ sf]if / tGt'x¿df /fd|f];Fu clS;hg k|jfx x'g
kfpFb}g . Kn]6\n]6\; ;+VofnfO{ lg/Gt/ uGtL u/]/ 8fS6/x¿n]
/ut afSnf] x'g glbg] of hDg glbg] cf}ifwL lbg] of zNos[of
ug]{ s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;S5g\ .
h_ cltl/Qm d]8'n/L Pl/y|f]kf]Ol;;M of] af]g Dof/f]b]lv jflx/
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ pTkfbg x'g] k|so[ f xf] . yfnf;]ldof
d]h/sf /f]uLx¿n] ;fg} pd]/af6 /utsf] 6«fG;k\mo'hg lng
z'¿ ug]{ ePsf]n] x•L—dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ clws s[ofzLn
x'g kfpFb}g . yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf /f]uLx¿n] nuftf/
/ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg gkfpg] ePsf]n] x•Lsf] dHhf / Tof] eGbf
aflx/sf] If]q h:t} 5flt / d]¿b08df /utsf /ftf sf]ifx¿
aG5g\ . PS;/] u/]/ x]bf{ /ut agfpg] tGt'x¿sf] y'k|f] nfUb}
uPsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .
d]¿b08 glhs aGg] /Qmsf]ifx¿n] d]¿b08df bafa lbG5g\ /
:gfo'hGo ;d:ofx¿nfO{ hGd lbg ;S5g\ . o:tf k|s[ofnfO{
PS;—/] u/]/ jf ce}m k|efjsf/L Pd=cf/=cfO{= u/]/ b]Vg
117
;lsG5 . oL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg pkrf/ af6
;lhn} xn ug{ ;lsG5 . /ut lbgfn] gfhfoh 7fpFdf cltl/Qm
¿kn] aGg] /Qmsf]ifx¿ aGg kfpFb}gg\ To;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k
b]lvPsf] tGt'sf] -df;_ 8Nnf] klg x/fpF5 . olb uDeL/
vfnsf :gfo' hGo cj:yfx¿ b]vf k/] eg] /]l8of]y]/fkL h:tf]
;lqmo lgbfg ljlw klg ckgfpg' kg]{ x'g ;S5 .
em_ d'6' / sn]hf]sf ;d:ofx¿M bL3{ Plgldofn] d'6'sf ;d:ofx¿
cfpF5g\ eg] kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfn] ubf{ d''6' / sn]hf]
b'j} ljlu|g ;S5g\ . oL b'j} cj:yfx¿sf] pkrf/sf lglDt
yfnf;]ldof d]h/df ckgfPs} pkrf/ k2tLx¿ ckgfpg'
k5{ .
yfnf;]ldof;Fu ;DalGwt c8af·] x]df]Unf]lag cyjf
;+/rgfut ¿kn] x]df]Unf]lag cGt/ kfg]{ tTjx¿
c;fdfGo x]df]Unf]lagx¿ ;fdfGo x]df]Unf]lageGbf ;+/rgf /
sfddf g} km/s x'G5g . s]xL dxTjk"0f{ c;fdfGo x]df]Unf]lagx¿M
• x]df]Unf]lag P; -PrljP;_
• x]df]Unf]lag l; -Prlal;_
• x]df]Unf]lag O -PrljO{_
• x]df]Unf]lag l8 -Pr lj8L_
• x]df]Unf]lag n]kf]/
oL x]df]Unf]lagx¿ la=–yfnf;]ldof h;/L g} j+zf0f'ut ¿kn] ;5{g\ .
pbfx/0fsf lglDt s;}n] cfdf afa'af6 k|fKt u/]sf] hLgdWo] Ps
hgfaf6 /fd|f] -gd{n_ / csf]{ hgfaf6 g/fd|f] -Pagd{n_ x]df]Unf]lag
P;=;L=O=jf 8L dWo] s'g} x'G5g\ eg] ltlgx¿nfO{ qmd};+u PraLP;,
PraL;L, PraLO jf PraL8Lsf] jfxs -Sofl/o/_ elgG5 . oL
Sofl/o/x¿sf] aL–yfnf;]ldofsf Sofl/o/x¿sf] klxrfg u/] h;/L
g} k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0faf6 klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
xf]df]hfOuf]6 c;fdfGo x]df]Unf]lag
dflg;x¿n] -P;=l;=O= cyjf 8L_ c;fdfGo x]df]Unf]lag afa'cfdf
dWo] Psaf6 / csf]{ km/s c;fdfGo x]df]Unf]lag -P;=l;=O=8L=_
csf]{ afa' jf cfdfaf6 j+zf0f'ut ¿kn] k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . t/
h;n] afa'cfdf b'j}af6 x]df]Unf]lag P; k|fKt u5{g\ of] SnLlgsn
118
yfnf;]ldof af/]
¿kn] dxTjk"0f{ cj:yf xf] / o;nfO{ x]df]Unf]lag P; sf] nflu
xf]df]hfOuf]; cyjf v'k]{sf]if /QmcNktf -l;Ssn ;]n Plgldof_
elgG5 . x]df]hfOu; x]df]Unf]lag l;=l8= / O= ;Fu s'g} klg
ax';+Vofdf /x]sf /f]ux¿ ;DalGwt gePsf]n] oL x]df]Unf]lagx¿
lSnlgsn ¿kn] dxTjk"0f{ 5}gg\ .
la–yfnf;]ldof;Fu ldl>t c8af·] x]df]Unf]lagx¿
c;fdfGo x]df]Unf]lagx¿af6 x'g] ;aeGbf w]/} kfOg] β yfnf;]ldofsf
of}lus ¿kx¿M
•
Pr= la= P;= . β - yfnf;]ldof /
•
Pr= la= O{= . β - yfnf;]ldof
Pr la P; . Hbs/β yfnf;]ldofM n] yfnf;]ldof d]h/ /
OG6/d]l8ofsf] lSnlgsn cj:yf h:tf]eGbf klg æv'k]{Æ sf]if
/QmcNktf -l;Ssn ;]n l8lhh_sf] h:tf] nIf0f b]vfpF5 .
yfnf;]ldofM of] ;a}eGbf cgf}7f] lsl;dsf] x]dfUnf]lagsf]
ljljlwtf ePsf] / yfnf;]ldofsf] u'0f af]s]sf] blIf0f k"j{ Pl;ofdf
k|rlnt /f]u xf] . o;sf] of}lustfn] klg y'k|} lSnlgsn nIf0fx¿
-k]mgf]6fOksf ljljwtfx¿ / /f]usf] l;ls:ttfsf] ax'¿k_ b]vfpF5 .
la/fdLsf] l;ls:ttf / nIf0fx¿sf] cfwf/df, SnLlgsn ¿kn] βyfnf;]ldof÷HbE nfO{ ltg cj:yfdf ljefhg ul/G5 .
HbE÷β
•
•
•
sd s8f vfnsf] β- yfnf;]ldof÷HbEM blIf0fk"j{ Pl;ofsf
yfnf;]ldofaf6 k|efljt /f]uLx¿dWo] ;/b/ !%Ü /f]uLx¿df
kfOG5 . o;sf /f]uLx¿n] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] SnLlgsn
;d:ofx¿ b]vfpFb}gg\ . pgLx¿df x]dfUnf]lagsf] tx k|lt
8];Lln6/ /ut ( b]lv !@ u|fd x'G5 .
s8f lsl;dsf] β- yfnf;]ldof÷HbEM of] /f]u ePsf clwsf+;
/f]uLx¿n] β- yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf] h:tf] lSnlgsn
nIf0fx¿ b]vfpF5g\ . logLx¿sf] x]dfUnf]lagsf] tx l:y/¿kn]
k|lt8]l;ln6/ ^ b]lv & u|fd x'G5 .
clt s8f vfnsf] β- yfnf;]ldof÷HbE M o;sf /f]uLx¿df
yfnf;]ldof d]h/ /f]uLx¿df h:tf] s8f vfnsf lSnlgsn
nIf0fx¿ kfOG5g\ / x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx k|lt8]l;ln6/ /ut $
b]lv % u|fd;Dd x'G5 . oL la/fdLx¿sf] pkrf/ yfnf;]ldof
d]h/sf /f]uLx¿sf] h:t} u/]/ ug{'k5{ .
119
/ut 6«fG;k\mo'hgM oL cj:yf ePsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ /ut
6«fG;k\mo'hgsf] ;dodf pRr /Qmrfk, hLp y/y/L sfDg], /
dlit:sdf x'g] /Qm>fk h:tf cK7\of/fx¿af6 hf]ufpg /fd|/L
cg'udg ug'{k5{ . pRr /Qmrfksf] sf/0f dl:tisdf /Qm>fj eO{
d[To' x'gaf6 hf]ufpgsf nflu pRr /Qmrfk lgoGq0f ug]{ cf}ifwL
lbg ;lsG5 . s8f vfnsf] Plgldof gePsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ /ut
6«fG;k\mo'hg lbg' x'Fb}g .
α-
yfnf;]ldof
dfgjsf] α- Unf]lag hLgx¿ qmf]df]hd !^ df k|ltlnkL aG5g\
-8'KnLs]6_ / ToxL a:5g\ . Pp6f jf b'j} α- Unf]ljg hLgx¿ ePsf]
l8 Pg P sf] 7"nf] efu ha x/fpF5 α- r]gx¿sf] dfqfdf sld
cfO α- ;+Zn]if0f x'g k'U5 .
olb Pp6f dfq hLg x/fof] eg] o:tf] cj:yf ePsf] JolQmnfO{
df}g -;fOn]G6_ cyjf 6fOk αα/α- sf] afxs elgG5 .
oxL la/fdLdf b'j} hLgx¿ d]l6P eg] o:tf] JolQmnfO{
α-/α- afxs elgG5 .
αα/α cyjf
olb # j6f hLgx¿ d]l6P eg] o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ Hb/H /f]u elgG5
lsgls o:tf] a]nf /utdf β- r]gx¿sf] clwstf /xG5 . of]
cj:yf sd s8f vfnsf] Xofdf]ln6Ls Plgldof ePsf] h:tf] of
:Kn]gf]d]ufnL ePsf] h:tf] x'G5 . s8f vfnsf] Xofdf]ln6Ls ;+s6,
cf}ifwL of ;"Ox¿sf] k|efjn] x'g] u5{ .
olb $ j6} hLgx¿ d]l6P eg] xfO8«f]k kmf]P6\; -Hb af6\;{_ b]vfk5{
of] cj:yf eg]sf] uef{zodf ePsf] e|'0fsf] d[To'sf] ;"rs xf] .
120
yfnf;]ldof af/]
cWofo *
8a
:yflkt pkrf/sf ljlwx¿ /
eljiosf ;Defjgfx¿
x8\8Lsf] dHhf -af]gDof/f]_ sf] k|Tof/f]k0f
-la Pd 6L_
olb x•Lsf] dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ sf] k|Tof/f]k0f ;kmn
eof] eg] o;n] yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf] k"0f{ pkrf/ ug{
;S5 . yfnf;]ldofsf] nflu la Pd 6L ug]{ k4ltsf]
z'¿jft ;g\ !(*! df eof] / clxn];Dd !%))
la/fdLx¿n] o:tf] pkrf/ kfO;s]sf 5g\ .
x8\8Lsf] dHhfsf] k|Tof/f]k0f eg]sf] s]
xf]<
x•L dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ eg]sf] x•Lleq x'g] d'nfod
tGt' xf] h;n] /utdf kfOg] ;Dk"0f{ sf]ifx¿ lgdf{0f
u5{ -x]g'{xf];\ 8a_ . jo:s cj:yfdf of] df;L -Dof/f]_
s/ª\x¿df, 5fltsf] xf8df, vKk/df, lgtDasf] xf8 /
d]¿b08sf] xf8df dfq kfOG5 eg] hGdg] ljlQs} of]
c¿ xf8x¿leq klg kfOG5 . x•Lsf] dHhfdf -af]g
Dof/f]df_ ePsf] :6]dsf]ifx¿af6 /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿,
;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿ / Kn]6\n]6\;x¿ aGb5g\ -x]g'{xf];\
8b_ .
6G;Ln /
P8]gf]O8\;
yfOd;\
lnDkm
g8\;
lkmof]
k]o/sf]
Kofr]h
Pk]l08S;
af]g
Dof/f]
lnDkm
g8\;
lnDkml6s
e];N;
8b
:6]d sf]if
Kn]6n]6\;
Ocf]l;gf]lkmn
Go'6«f]lkmn
d]nf]O8 lk|s;{/
lnDkmf]o8 lk|s;{/
df]gf];fO6
aL ;]n
;xof]uL l6 sf]if
;k|]z/ l6 sf]if
;fO6f]6lS;s l6 sf]if
df:6
Aof;f]lkmn sf]if Dofqmf]k]mu; KnfHdf sf]if
x•Lsf] dHhf -af]gDof/f]_ sf] k|Tof/f]k0f eg]sf] Ps
hgf :j:y JolQmaf6 -h;nfO{ bftf elgG5_ af]g
Dof/f] lems]/ csf]{ -k|fks_ nfO{ lbg' xf] . la/fdLsf]
c:j:y x•Lsf] dHhf -af]gDof/f]_ nfO{ cf}ifwLsf]
k|of]uaf6 of lasL/0fsf] dfWodaf6 klxnf gi6
ul/G5 . o; k|lqmofnfO{ sG8L;lgª elgG5 . cj
:j:Yo dHhf -Dof/f]_ nfO{ bftfsf] lgtDasf] xf8af6
lgsflnG5 / t/n kbfy{ lbP h;/L la/fdLsf] /Qm
121
k|jfxdf o;nfO{ xflnG5 . o;sf] k|s[of /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg h:t}
x'G5 . -x]g'{xf];\ 8c) Psk6s of] dHhf k|fkssf] /Qm k|jfxdf
k'lu;s]kl5 7'nf x•Lx¿tkm{ hfG5 / ToxfF o;n] ;fdfGo / :j:y
/Qmsf]ifx¿ pTkfbg ug{ z'¿ u5{ . x•L—dHhf lng] dfG5]sf]
z/L/df k'lu;s]kl5 /Qmsf]ifx¿ agfpg o;nfO{ @ b]lv # xKtfsf]
;do nfU5 .
o;sf hf]lvdx¿ s] s] x'g\<
of] ljlw cToGt ;kmn x'g ;S5 t/ o;sf cfk\mg} hf]lvd
-cK7\of/fx¿_ klg 5g\ . k|Tof/f]k0f z'¿ ug'{eGbf cufl8 o;sf
vt/fx¿ / kmfObfx¿nfO{ /fd|/L s]nfpg'k5{ . x•L dHhf -af]g
Dof/f]_ k|Tof/f]k0fsf] /fd|f] glthf kfpg la/fdLnfO{ p;sf bfh'efO
of lbbLalxgLn] dHhf -Dof/f]_ bfg ug'{k5{ h;sf] ;a} tGt'x¿ Ps
csf{df ldN5g\ .
o;sf cK7\of/fx¿df ;+qmd0f / /Qm>fj d'Vo x'g\ . of] cj:yf
bftfsf] Dof/f]n] k|fkssf] Dof/f]nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug'{eGbf cufl8
b]vfk5{ . cem csf]{ hl6ntf eg]sf] aflx/L a:t'sf] lj¿4 z/L/sf]
dHhfn] b]vfpg] k|ltlqmof -u|fk\m6 e;]{h xf]:6 l8lhh_ xf] . ha
bftfsf] Dof/f]n] la/fdLsf] z/L/nfO{ ckl/lrt eGg] hfGb5 To;
k5fl8 5fnfdf, cfGb|fdf / sn]hf]df ;d:ofx¿ z'¿ x'G5g\ . oL
;d:ofx¿ ;fdfGo, uDeL/ / 3fts ;d]t x'g ;S5g\ .
ljz]if1x¿sf cg';f/ la Pd 6L ul/Pkl5 yfnf;]ldof;Fu
;DalGwt /f]ux¿ kmnfd tTjsf] ef/ -clwstf_ bL3{ x]kf6fO6L;,
d'6' / cGt>fjL u|GyLsf ;d:ofx¿ ;lhn} ;dfwfg x'G5g\ /
slxn] sfFxL Ifltu|:t c+ux¿ klg hflt x'G5g\ t/ la/fdLx¿nfO{
pgLx¿sf] hLjge/ xf]l;ofl/k"j{s kl/If0f ul//xg' k5{ . la Pd
6L kl5 la/fdLsf] z/L/df k|Tof/f]k0feGbf club]lv y'k|]/ /x]sf]
clws kmnfdtTjnfO{ x6fpg'k5{ . o;nfO{ kmnfd tTj x6fpg]
pkrf/ k4ltaf6 cyjf k|To]s ! b]lv @ xKtfsf] cGt/fndf
;fdfGo 9+un] /ut lems]/ x6fpg klg ;lsG5 . z/L/sf] tf}nsf]
k|lt s]hL ^ ldlnld6/ /ut k|lt !$ lbgsf] cGt/fndf lz/faf6
l;of]n] tfg]/ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
la Pd 6Ln] x•Lsf] dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ nfO{ dfq pkrf/ u5{
eg]/ hfGg' h¿/L 5 . o;sf/0f uef{wfg ug]{ tof/L ul//x]sf
122
yfnf;]ldof af/]
bDkQLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg' k5{ ls olb pgLx¿sf] lhg yfnf;]ldofn]
k|efljt 5 eg] ToxL hLgx¿ ltgLx¿sf gjhft lzz'df
;g]{5g\ .
hf]lvdnfO{ s;/L Go'lgs/0f ug{ ;lsG5<
s_ bftfsf] 5gf}6M hf]lvdsf] dfqfnfO{ sd u/fpg] Pp6f dfq
pkfo eg]sf] la/fdLsf] tGt'sf] k|sf/ / bftfsf] tGt'sf]
k|sf/nfO{ 7\ofSs} ldnfP/ k|Tof/f]k0f ug'{ xf] .
dHhf kfpg] dfG5]sf] dHhf lbg]sf] dHhf -Dof/f]_ ;Fu Pr, Pn P
7\ofSs} ldNg' eg]sf] oL b'j} JolQmx¿ h'DNofxf x'g' xf] . bf];|f] cj:yfsf
Pr Pn P ljz]iftfx¿ /fd|/L ldNg] bfh'efO of lbbLalxgLx¿
x'g\ . bfh'efO lbbLalxgLaf6 klg 7\ofSs} ldNg] x•L dHhf
-af]g Dof/f]_ k|fKt ug]{ ;+efjgf @% k|ltzt dfq x'G5 . kl/jf/sf
;b:oeGbf aflx/sf dfG5]x¿af6 7\ofSs} ldNg] af]g Dof/f] kfpg
Psbd ufx|f] x'G5 .
tGt'sf] k|sf/nfO{ -l6:o' 6fOk_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ lhgnfO{ lnDkmf];fO6
PlG6lhg -Pr Pn P_ elgG5 . logLx¿n] ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿df k|s6
tGt'sf] k|sf/ -l6:o' 6fOk_ nfO{ b]vfpF5g\ . tL cg]s PlG6lhgx¿
dWo] Pr=Pn=P=– P, Pr=Pn=P= – la, Pr Pn P – l; / Pr Pn
P – l8 cf/ x¿n] x•L dHhfsf] k|Tof/f]k0fsf] nflu k|d'v e"ldsf
v]N5g\ . Pr Pn P– P df %( j6f, Pr Pn P– la df !!* j6f,
Pr Pn P – l; df #^ j6f / Pr Pn P– l8 cf/ df !#& j6f
PlG6lhgx¿ x'G5g\ . ;Dk"0f{ z/L/ k|0ffnLdf c¿ cg]s Pr Pn
8c
P hf]8Lx¿ / %)) eGbf al9 lhgx¿ x'G5g\ . logLx¿af6 c/af}+
km/s k|sf/sf Pr=Pn=P= hf]8Lx¿sf]
x8\8L dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ ldnfP/ hfFRg] sfd
;Defjgf x'G5 .
Cross Matching Test
t/ oL lhgx¿ Pscsf{;Fu ;DalGwt
5g\ / hf]8fx¿sf] ¿kdf afa'cfdfaf6
aRrfx¿df cfPsf 5g\ . bfh'efO
lbbLalxgLx¿n] @ hf]8fx¿ dWo]
! hf]8f cfdfafa'af6 k|fKt u5{g .
To;sf/0f logLx¿n] Pp6} hf]8fx¿
k|fKt ug]{ ;Defjgf @%Ü x'G5 .
lbbLbfh' efOalxgL dWo] yfnf;]ldof
bftf
x•L dHhf -af]g
Dof/f]_ sf] pkrf/
k|fks
123
gePsf] Pshgf;Fu tGt'sf] k|sf/ -l6:o' 6fOk_ / lhgx¿ ldNgsf
nflu kl/jf/sf] ;+Vofdf klg e/ k5{ . xf8sf] dHhf k|Tof/f]k0f
ug{ rfxg] /f]uLx¿dWo] cg'dflgt #)Ü /f]uLx¿n] dfq cfk"m;Fu
k"0f{ ¿kn] ldNg] Pr=Pn=P= ePsf bftfx¿ kfpg ;S5g\ .
kl/jf/sf ;b:ob]lv aflx/sf dfG5]x¿;Fu dHhf -Dof/f]_ ldnfpg]
k|oTg ug'{ ufx|f] x'G5 / slxn]sfFxL of] sNkgf eGbf k/sf] x'G5 .
;}4flGts cfFs8fx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ Pshgfsf] Pr Pn k|f]kmfOn
csf]{ JolQm;Fu km/s k5{ / of] c¿ c;DalGwt dfG5]x¿;Fu
c/af}sf] tYofª\sn] km/s k5{ . x•L dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ bfg ug]{
/ lng] dfG5]x¿sf] Dof/f] 7\ofSs} ldNg' cfjZos 5 . Dof/f] ldNof]
eg] dfq k|Tof/f]k0f ;kmn x'g] ;+efjgf a9L x'G5 . To;sf/0f
klxnf] ;d"xsf cfkmGtx¿ / cGo glhssf cfkmGtx¿af6 x•L
dHhf -af]g Dof/f_ bfg lng] ;Defjgf ePg eg] dfq c;DalGwt
dfG5]x¿df vf]Hg' k5{ . cem, af]gDof/f] bfg ug]{ JolQm sDtLdf #
jif{sf] x'g'k5{ . o;f] eof] eg] lnPsf] x•L dHhf /fd|/L l5lKkPsf]
5 eGg] kSsf x'G5 .
xfn}sf jif{x¿df of] af]gDof/f] ldnfpg] k|ljlwdf w]/} k|of;x¿
ePsf 5g\ . af]gDof/f]sf k|sf/x¿ -;d"x_ ldNg] c;+DalGwt
bftfx¿ -Pd=o"=l8=P;=_ af6 Dof/f] lnO{ k|Tof/f]k0f ug]{ s'/fnfO{
hf]8 lbO{ ;+efJo bftfx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ 7"nf] agfpg] k|of;
ePsf] 5 . ljZje/sf x•LdHhfsf bftfx¿ h;n] cfk\mgf] gfd
/ 7]ufgf lbP/ hfFr u/fpg /fhL 5g\ pgLx¿sf] Pr=Pn=P=
ljz]iftfx¿sf] lni6 btf{ u/]/ /fVg] k|rngsf] z'¿cft ePsf] 5 .
o;/L Pr=Pn=P= lni6df /flvPsf bftfx¿;Fu ldNg] k|fksx¿
af]g Dof/f] k|Tof/f]k0fsf] lglDt cfpg] ljlQs} bftfnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{
k|Tof/f]k0f ;DkGg ul/G5 .
c;DalGwt gfdfjnLnfO{ btf{ u/]/ /fVg] wf/0ff klxnf] k6s
;g\ !(*& df z'¿ eof] . o"/f]k / cd]l/sfdf u/]/ clxn];Dd
#% nfv ;+efljt bftfx¿sf] gfdfjnL btf{ eO;s]sf] 5 .
c;DalGwt bftfx¿sf] Dof/f] k|Tof/f]k0f ubf{ x'g] vt/fx¿sf]
af/]df y'k|} cWoogx¿ eO;s]sf 5g\ . cfk\mg} glhssf]
;DalGwtaf6 k|Tof/f]k0f ul/Psf]eGbf of] w]/} hf]lvdk"0f{ x'gfn] of]
vt/fnfO{ 36fpg] lbzffdf y'k|} sfdx¿ x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
124
yfnf;]ldof af/]
v_ k|fks -la/fdL_ sf] 5gf}6M s]xL la/fdLx¿ x•L dHhfsf]
k|Tof/f]k0f -la Pd 6L_ sf nflu hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5g\ . y'k|}
hf]lvdx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ .
•
a9]sf] sn]hf]— @ ;]dLeGbf nfdf]
•
lau|]sf] sn]hf]— lkma|f]l;; cyjf sn]hf]df bfu b]lvg'
•
kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfsf] sd lgoGq0f
oL tYox¿df cfwfl/t /x]/ k|Tof/f]k0f lng] la/fdLx¿nfO{ #
efudf 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . oL k|To]s ;d"xdf ;kmntfsf] b/ klg
km/s km/s 5 . klxnf] ;d"x;Fu Pp6f hf]lvd 5 eg] t]>f]
;d"x;Fu # j6f hf]lvdx¿ 5g\ .
csf]{ :jtGq k|sf/sf] hf]lvd lgDTofpg] tYo la/fdLsf] pd]/ xf] .
clxn];Ddsf glthfx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g ls !% jif{eGbf dflysf
pd]/sf la/fdLx¿df ul/Psf k|Tof/f]k0feGbf tnsf] pd]/df
ul/Psf] k|Tof/f]k0fx¿ a9L ;kmn 5g\ .
tnsf] tflnsf x]g'{xf];\ .
afnaflnsfx¿ -!^ jif{sf_
;d"x !
;d"x @
;d"x #
jo:sx¿ -!*—@@ jif{_
-k];f/f] cg'ej !((%_
;Vof
!@!
@&@
!@%
&)
afFr]sf Ü Oe]G6 lk|m Ü
(%
()
*%
*!
&*
%(
&)
^^
of] k|Tof/f]k0f ;kmn x'gsf] nflu x•Lsf] dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_
k|Tof/f]k0f ul//x]sf] la/fdL !^ jif{ d'lgsf] :j:y sn]hf] ePsf]
kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf w]/} pRr gePsf] / lbbLalxgL bfh'efOaf6
x•Lsf] dHhf lnPsf] x'g'k5{ . dfly b]vfOP h:t} !^ jif{eGbf dfly
ul/Psf k|Tof/f]k0fx¿sf] ;kmntfsf] b/ Tolt /fd|f] 5}g .
7\ofSs ldNg] lsl;dsf] x8\8Lsf] dHhf -af]g
Dof/f]_ k|Tof/f]k0fsf c¿ tl/sfx¿ .
c;DalGwt dfG5]x¿ t/ dHhfsf] k|sf/ ldNg] -Pd l8 P;_,
bfh'efO lbbL alxgL afx]s glhssf kl/jf/ ;b:ox¿, Ps cfk;df
gldNg] afa'cfdf cflbaf6 x•L dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ lnO k|Tof/f]k0f
ul/g] k|s[ofsf] hf]lvdnfO{ 36fpFb} ;kmntfsf] b/df ;'wf/ Nofpg
125
8fS6/x¿ lg/Gt/ k|oTg/t 5g\ . k|Tof/f]k0f k|s[ofsf] hf]lvdnfO{
sd ug]{ csf]{ kIf pkrf/sf] s08L;lgªnfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{ klg xf] .
t/ o;f] ePklg o;sf kl/0ffdx¿ ljljwtfk"0f{ 5g\ . To;sf/0f
hf]lvd / kmfObfsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ Ps Psj6f /f]u / k|Tof/f]k0fsf]
;Gbe{df x]g{' cfjZos 5 .
-tnsf] tflnsf x]g'{xf];\_
a}slNks bftfx¿af6 yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿df ul/Psf] x•L
dHhf k|Tof/f]k0f -lj Pd 6L_ sf] kl/0ffdx¿M
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf @( hgf /f]uLx¿ !! b]lv ## jif{ -dWos
^ jif{_
^ hgf Pr Pn P p:t} ePsf cfkmGtx¿
@ hgf Pr Pn P gldn]sf cfkmGtx¿
!# hgf Pr Pn P gldNg] ;xf]b/x¿
* hgf Pr Pn P gldNg]sf afa'cfdfx¿
c:jLsf/— c;kmn %%Ü -Pr Pn P gldn]sf k|sf/x¿
xf]Ogg\_
•
tLa| lh=eL=Pr=l8= cfO=cfO=eL $&Ü
•
bL3{ lh=eL=Pr=l8= #*Ü
•
afr]sfx¿ -Pkm=o'= &=% jif{_ ^%Ü -@!Ü Oe]G6 lk|m_
•
k|Tof/f]k0faf6 x'g] d[To'b/ #$Ü -%)Ü lh eL Pr l8 #)Ü
;+qmd0f_
-UoflhPe P6 Pn k];f/f] la Pd 6L @)))_
lgisif{
cfk\mgf bfh'efO{ lbbLalxgLaf6 lnPsf] / k"0f{¿kn] ldn]sf] x•LdHhf
-af]g Dof/f]_ k|Tof/f]k0fsf] ;kmntfsf] b/ pRr 5 eg] k|s[ofut
q'6Lx¿sf] sf/0fn] x'g] d[To'b/ /fd|/L 5gf}6 ul/Psf la/fdLx¿df
%Ü eGbf klg sd 5 . k|Tof/f]k0faf6 x'g] hf]lvdx¿ 36fpg]
k|oTg lg/Gt/ hf/L 5 . o:tf] k|oTg /fd|/L gldn]sf ;xf]b/af6
lnPsf] af]g Dof/f] k|Tof/f]k0fn] lgDTofpg] hf]lvdx¿sf] sd ug]{
;Gbe{df klg rln/x]sf] 5 .
126
yfnf;]ldof af/]
;fn -s8{ An8_ sf] /ut k|Tof/f]k0f
of] k|Tof/f]k0f k|ljlwdf Pshgf aRrf olb k|Tof/f]k0f lng]' kg]{
cj:yfdf 5 eg] / pQm aRrfsL cfdf ue{jtL 5g\ eg] pgsf]
ue{df /x]sf] e|'0fsf] Pr Pn P hfFr ul/G5 . olb of] e|'0fsf]
Pr Pn P cl3Nnf] aRrf;Fu ldNof] eg] ue{df /x]sf] jRrf
hlGd;s]kl5 cfdfsf] ;fn gfndf /x]sf] /ut k|Tof/f]k0f ug{
;lsG5 . s8{ -gfnsf]_ /ut elgg] of] /ut :6]d sf]ifsf] cToGt}
/fd|f] >f]t ePsf]n] af]g Dof/f]sf] ;§f of] /ut k|efljt aRrfnfO{
k|Tof/f]k0f ul/lbg] xf] eg] o;n] /Qmsf]ifx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 .
o; k|ljlwdf Pp6f cK7\of/f] /x]sf] 5 Tof] s] eg] ;fn gfnaf6
lemlsg] of] /utdf Go'lSnP6]8 sf]ifsf] ;+Vof k|fkssf] z/L/sf]
s'n ahgsf] >!×!)& k|lt s]hL x'g'k5{ . la=Pd=6L=df h:t} o:tf]
k|Tof/f]k0f lng] la/fdLsf] sn]hf], d'6', kmf]S;f] / d[uf}nfn] k"0f{
¿kdf sfd ul//x]sf] x'g'k5{ .
klxnf] ;kmn s8{ /utsf] k|Tof/f]k0f cfheGbf !) jif{ cufl8
;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . To;a]nf b]lv ljZjdf %)) j6f To;vfn]
k|Tof/f]k0fx¿ ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ . of] k|ljlw
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf s]xL /f]uLx¿nfO{ lgsf] kfg{ ;kmn klg
eO;s]sf] 5 t/ ;kmntfsf] b/nfO{ a9fpg yk cg';Gwfgsf]
cfjZostf 5 .
yfnf;]ldofsf] nflu s8{ -;fngfn_ sf] /ut k|Tof/f]k0f
afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;+Vof
k|Tof/f]k0f ul/Psf]
!)
Ho'Fbf /x]sf
!)
hflt ePsf
$
yfnf;]ldof bf]xf]l/Psf
$
-/f]rf, P6, cn, !((* o"/f]s8{_
o; lsl;dsf] k|Tof/f]k0fsf ;+efljt kmfObfx¿ lgDg 5g\ .
•
;fn gfndf /x]sf] /ut -s8{ /ut_ t'ngfTds ¿kn]
;+qmd0fsf/L ;'Id hLjf0f'x¿af6 d'Qm x'G5 .
•
aflx/L tTjn] z/L/df /x]sf] ;+oGqdf ug]{ x:tIf]kaf6 pTkGg
x'g] k|lts[of -lh=eL=Pr=8L=_ sf] hf]lvd sd x'G5 lsgeg]
127
•
-lh=eL=Pr=8L_ c;/ pTkGg ug]{ 6L= lnDkmf]];fO6\;x¿
o;df k"0f{¿kn] s[ofzLn x'g kfpFb}gg\ -of] s'/f yfnf;]ldof
/f]uLx¿df ;xL x'G5 xF'b}g 6'ª\uf] nfUg afFsL g} 5_
k/Dk/fut la=Pd=6L=df eGbf Pr=Pn=P sf] b'¿:ttf sd
:t/sf] ePklg sfd rN5 .
oL ;DefJo kmfObfx¿nfO{ ;'wfl/Psf kl/0ffdx¿ ;lxt dx;";
ul/Psf] 5÷5}g ;f] k'li6 ug{ kl/0ffdx¿ cem} ck'u 5g\ .
clxn] :jo+;]jsx¿n] bfg u/]sf] /utnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] /ut
a}+sx¿ eP h:t} ;fngfnaf6 lemlsPsf] /ut s8{An8nfO{ ;'/lIft
/fVg s8{ /ut ;+lrt s]Gb|x¿sf] ;+hfn agfpg] sfd e}/x]sf]5 .
/fd|f];Fu pkrf/ u/]/ ;fngfnaf6 lemlsPsf] /ut -s8{ /ut_ nfO{
—!(° sf] tfkqmddf @) jif{;Dd /fVg ;lsG5 . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s8{
/utsf] a}+s Go"of]s{ /ut s]Gb| xf] hxfF &))) eGbfa9L gd"gfx¿
;+slnt 5g\ / @)) j6f eGbf al9 k|Tof/f]k0fx¿ ;kmn e};s]sf
5g\ . clxn] Go'of]s{ /ut s]Gb|af6 s8{ /ut lnP/ k|Tof/f]k0f ug{
@*))) cd]l/sL 8n/ -em08} @* nfv g]kfnL ?k}of_ vr{ nfU5 .
a]nfot, O6nL, hd{gL, k|mfG;, a]lNhod, g]8/Nof08, :k]gn] klg
s8{ /ut a}+lsª ;]jfx¿ pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ .
128
yfnf;]ldof af/]
cWofo (
pkrf/sf c¿ tl/sfx¿
kmf]P6n x]df]Unf]lag a9fpg d2t ug]{
j}1flgsx¿n] ;s];Dd z/L/nfO{ s'g} bVvn gul/sg pkrf/
ug]{ ljlw k|of]u u/]/ clxn]sf] pkrf/eGbf ;:tf] / sd hf]lvd
ePsf pkrf/sf tl/sfx¿ kQf nufpg nuftf/ljleGg lsl;dsf
cg';Gwfgx¿ ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;a} gofF tl/sfx¿n] Unf]ljg r]gx¿df
ePsf] c;Gt'ngnfO{ 36fpg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu o:tf cf}ifwLx¿ klg kfOG5g\ h;n] γ—r]gx¿ h:tf c¿
r]gx¿sf] pTkfbgnfO{ a9fpF5g\ . oL r]gx¿ -γ- r]gx¿_ α- r]gx¿;Fu
ldn]kl5 kmf]P6n x]df]Unf]lag -Hb (α2γ2_ agfFp5g\ / :jtGq vfnsf
α- r]gx¿sf] kl/df0fnfO{ 36fpF5g\ . oL cf}ifwLx¿n] x•L dHhf
-af]g Dof/f]_ sf] s[ofsnfknfO{ bjfp5g\ / γ- r]gx¿sf] pTkfbgnfO{
j[l4 u5{g\ . logLx¿ % chfl;6fOl8g, ;fO6f]l;g, c/fljgf];fO8
xfO8«fl] S;o'l/of, Pl/y|fk] f]Pl6g / a'l6l/s Pl;8 8]l/e]l6A;x¿ 5g\ .
% chfl;6fOl8g, ;fO6f]l;g, c/fljgf];fO8 b'jn
} ] yfnf;]ldofsf
/f]uLx¿df ljiffQm c;/x¿ b]vfPsf 5g\ . o;sf/0f oL cf}ifwLx¿ gofF
ePklg logLx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ 5f]8L c¿ sd ljiffQm 8]l/d]l6D;x¿sf]
cWoog cg';Gwfg e}/x]sf] 5 . xfO8«fl] S;o'l/of / Pl/y|fk] f]Pl6g h:tf
cf}ifwLx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 s]xL /fd|f kl/0ffd b]lvPsf] 5 t/ lolgx¿sf]
k|efj yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿dfeGbf yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf
la/fdLx¿df a9L /fd|f] kfOPsf] 5 .
r]gx¿sf] ;+Zn]if0fnfO{ pQ]lht ug]{ e"ldsf v]Ng] a'l6l/s
Pl;8 8]l/d]l6D;sf] sfo{nfO{ cem}klg /fd|f];Fu a'lemPsf] 5}g
t/ ;aeGbf k|efjsf/L a'6f]/]6\; gzfsf] dfWodaf6 k|If]k0f
ul/g] cflh{gfOg a'l6/]6 g} xf] . s]xL la/fdLx¿df o; pkrf/n]
-cf}ifwLsf]_ c¿x¿sf] eGbf /fd|f] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . t/ lsg o:tf]
k|efj k¥of] sf/0f hfGg ;lsPsf] 5}g . clh{gfOg a'l6/]6\; /
xfO8«f]lS;o'l/of ldnfP/ of clh{gfOg a'l6/]6 / Pl/y|f]kf]Pl6g
ldnfP/ cyjf oL ltg}j6f cf}ifwL ;+o'Qm ¿kdf lbOg] pkrf/df
g} ;+efljt eljiosf] k|ult lge{/ ug]{ 5 .
γ-
129
yfnf;]ldof d]h/x¿df of] cf}ifwL k|of]u ug's
{ f] p2]Zo @ j6f
/ut 6«G;k\mo'hgx¿sf] ljrsf] ;dofjlwnfO{ nDAofpg' xf] eg]
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf la/fdLx¿sf ;DaGwdf /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg
;'¿ ug'k{ g]{ cfjZostfnfO{ k5fl8 ;fg'{ / x•L dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_
sf] lj:tf/sf] sf/0fn] x•Ldf x'g] kL8fnfO{ sd ug'{ klg xf] .
hLg pkrf/ ljlw -hLg y]/fkL_
yfnf;]ldofsf] clGtd pkrf/ eg]sf] :j:y lhgx¿nfO{ x•L dHhf
-af]g Dof/f]_sf] :6]d sf]ifx¿df /fVg' xf] . o;/L ul/g] pkrf/nfO{
g} lhg y]/fkL elgG5 . ljut !) jif{b]lv :j:Yo lhgx¿nfO{
/f]uLx¿sf] :6]d sf]ifx¿df xfNg ;lsg] h}ljs k4ltdf 7"nf] k|ult
ePsf] 5 . xfn}sf] jif{x¿df efO/n dfOqmf]clh{ljHd cyjf l/6«f]
efO/;x¿sf] k|of]u klg eljiodf ljZj:t 9+un] ckgfpg ;lsg]
u/L a9]sf] 5 . t/ :j:y lhgx¿sf] k|j]zsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k
pTkfbg ePsf β- r]gx¿ rflxFbf] hlt pRr kl/df0fdf 5g\ /
nfdf] ;do;Dd pRr u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg ;S5 of ;Sb}g eGg]
s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf g} of] pkrf/ k4ltsf] ;d:of xf] .
o;sf] cnfjf efO/;x¿ k|jz
] u/fpg] sfo{ / c¿ lhgaf6 x'g]
;Defljt x:tIf]ksf] ;'/lIftkgsf ljifodf y'k}| rf;f]x¿ p7]sf 5g\ .
/f]kg sfo{ -ODKnfG6];g_ k"j{ Pr= Pn= P= ldnfP/
/f]usf] lgbfg ug]{ ljlw
xfn}sf jif{x¿df /f]k0f sfo{ -ODKnfG6];g_ ug'{eGbf cufl8 g}
hLg;DaGwL /f]usf] lgbfg ul/g] PGD -lk lh 8L_ k|ljlwdfly
a9L Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . o;df Ps hgf /f]u k|efljt
afnssf] Pr=Pn=P nfO{ — Pr=Pn=P= ldnfO;s]/ -Dofr ul/Psf]_
yfnf;]ldof d'Qm kfl/Psf] lgz]lrt c08;Fu ldnfOG5 -Dofr_
/ 7Ls nfu]kl5 dlxnfsf] uef{zodf /flvG5 . o;/L hlGdPsf]
afnsn] p;sf] Pr=Pn=P= ldnfOPsf] bfh'÷lbbLnfO{ b'¿:t ldNg]
x•L dHhf -af]g Dof/f]_ pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] 5 . oL ljlwx¿n]
7"nf] g}lts k|Zg p7fPsf 5g\ tfklg /f]u ljz]s kfg{] lbzfdf gofF
cfzf ag]sf 5g\ . o; eGbf klg a9L oL ljlwx¿ cToGt dxFuf
/ k|ljlws ¿kn] hl6n klg 5g\ t/ h] ePklg oL k|ljlwx¿df
eO/x]sf] k|ult x]bf{ eljiodf of] k|ljlw Jofks k|of]udf cfpg
;Sg]5g\ .
130
yfnf;]ldof af/]
cWofo !)
dgf]j}1flgs k|efjx¿
la/fdL
c¿ bL3{ /f]ux¿df h:t} yfnf;]ldof d]h/ ePsf] /f]uLx¿n] klg
cg]sf}F ;f]rgLo r'gf}ltx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kb{5 . of] /f]un] ubf{ k"/f
ug'{kg]{ cg]s zf/Ll/s cfjZostfx¿ / o:tf] /f]u ePsf b]zsf
dflg;x¿df /f]usf af/]df x'g] r]tgfsf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] of] /f]u
nfu]sf /f]uLx¿ / tLgsf cfdfa'afx¿n] cg]s vfnsf ;+j]ufTds
sl7gfOx¿ em]Ng' kg]{ x'G5 . logLx¿sf] hLjgsf] cg]s v08x¿df
la/fdLx¿n] ;+j]ufTds r'gf}tLx¿ a]xf]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . h:t}M
•
xtf]T;fx • lg/fzf • kL/ • zq'tf • pbfl;gtf
•
lrGtf • d[To'sf] eo • ljZjf;sf] sdL • PSnf]kg
•
l/; • lg/Lxtf • s;}af6 dfof gkfPsf] cg'e"lt
•
cljZjf; • c¿df a9L e/ kg'{k/]sf] xLg efjgf
•
cfTdljZjf;sf] sld / c¿ cg]s lsl;dsf dfgl;s
;d:ofx¿
csf]{tkm{ la/fdLx¿n] ;fx; / r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] cfF6 j[l4
ePsf] klg dx;'; u5{g\ . o; ;+j]un] pgLx¿nfO{ l56f] kl/kSs
agfpg] ;fy} l;h{gzLn cfF6L, w}o{lzn agfpg klg d2t ub{5 .
cleefjs -cfdf–a'afx¿_
la/fdLx¿sf cleefjsx¿n] klg gsf/fTds / ;sf/fTds b'j}
k|sf/sf ;+j]ux¿ cg'ej u5{g\ . logLx¿ cfk\mgf] 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿sf]
:jf:Yo cj:yf k|lt cfk"mnfO{ lhDd]jf/ 7fG5g\ / bf]ifL dx;';
u5{g . s'g} cleefjsx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿df o:tf] /f]u
nfu]sf] yfxf x'gf;fy ;+3ft -ulx/f] rf]6_ x'G5 . /f]usf] af/]df
k6Ss} 1fg gePsf] of t sd hfgsf/L ePsf b]zx¿df of] /f]u
nfu]sf aRrfx¿sf] hLjge/ ug'{kg]{ pkrf/ tyf 3/df ug'{kg]{
ljz]if x]/ljrf/ tyf pkrf/ k|s[ofsf] af/]df pgLx¿ cgle1 tyf
c;dy{ x'G5g\ . slxn]sfFxL aRrfdf x'g] yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] lgbfgn]
131
afa'cfdflarsf] ;DaGwdf tgfj l;h{gf ug]{ / kf/kfr's] ug'{kg]{
l:ylt;Dd k'U5 . k]ml/ s'g} afa'cfdf cfˆgf] la/fdL aRrfsf] /fd|f]
pkrf/ ug{ cfk;df w]/} glhs klg x'G5g\ . yfnf;]ldof ePsf]
aRrfnfO{ w]/} Wofg lbFbf slxn]sfxLF kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:o;+usf]
;DaGwdf lttf]kgf klg cfpF5 – ljz]ifu/L c? aRrfx¿;+u .
la/fdL / ltgsf afa'–cfdfx¿
nuftf/ /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg, ;w}F ug'{kg]{ kmnfd tTj x6fpg]
pkrf/h:tf cToGt si6 ;fWo / nfdf] pkrf/ k4lt ;fdgf
ug'{kg]{ oyfy{sf] cg'e"ltn] la/fdL / cleefjsx¿df s[ofsnfkhGo
;d:ofx¿ cfpg ;S5g\ . yfnf;]ldof / cGo j+zf0f'ut /f]ux¿;Fu
hf]l8Psf] ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fsf] sf/0fn] afa'–cfdfx¿ /f]unfO{
n'sfpg rfxG5g\ . pgLx¿ cfk\mgf cfkmGtx¿ / kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿nfO{ klg of] s'/f eGg rfxb}gg\ . clxn] ljsl;t b]zx¿df
hgr]tgf / lrlsT;lso ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ a9]sf] 5, yfnf;]ldofsf
/f]uLx¿sf] cfo' / hLjg:t/ a9]sf] 5 . oL b]zx¿df ;d]t
la/fdLx¿ / tLgsf cleefjsx¿ cK7\of/f] dx;''; u5{g\ /
of] s'/fnfO{ 5nkmn ug{ rfxFb}gg\ t/ ha pgLx¿n] cfk"mn]
yfnf;]ldof /f]u lnP/ lhGbuLe/ afFRg'k5{ eGg] ;Tosf] cg'e"lt
u5{g\ ta of] ;TonfO{ ;fdgf ug]{ s'/fdf afgL k5{ To;kl5 ;a}
s'/f ;fdfGo x'G5g\ . To;sf/0f ;a} la/fdLx¿ / cleefjsx¿
Ps k6s zf]s ;'tf{ / kL/sf] cj:yfaf6 u'h|G5g\ . To;kl5
lj:tf/} gsf/fTds ;+j]ux¿ sd x'b}hfG5g\ / /f]u / pkrf/nfO{
cfk\mgf] b}lgs hLjgdf ;dfof]hg u5{g\ . o; ljifosf hfgsf/ /
ljz]if1x¿sf] ;xof]u of] a]nfdf cToGt dxTk"0f{ x'G5 .
cNkljsl;t b]zdf of] s'/f ta cem bb{gfs x'G5 ha cleefjs
/ la/fdLn] nfu]sf] /f]u af/] yfxf kfpF5g\ . o;sf] pkrf/ s;/L
x'G5 eGg] klg hfGb5g\ t/ cfk"m;Fu ePsf] ;Lldt >f]t / ;fwgn]
ubf{ pkrf/ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . of] cj:yfn] ubf{ lhGbuLe/ lrGtf,
lg/fzf, kL/, g}/fZotf hGdfpFb5\ . la/fdLx¿ ;dfhb]lv 6f9f
/xg rfxG5g\ . oL b]zdf /f]usf] lgbfg /fd|/L x'Fb}g, sltko
cj:yfdf lgbfg g} x'Fb}g lgbfg ePklg la/fdLx¿sf] /fd|f] pkrf/
g} x'Fb}g .
132
yfnf;]ldof af/]
;"rgf / ;xof]u kfpg'
yfnf;]ldof /f]u nfu]sf] Pp6f jRrfsf] cleefjsn] ;s];Dd
k':tsfnoaf6, OG6/g]6af6 yfnf;]ldof /f]u nfu]sf c¿
aRrfx¿sf cleefjsx¿af6 ;d]t w]/} hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos
5 . /fli6«o yfnf;]ldof ;+3 / yfnf;]ldof cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3
h:tf ;+:yfx¿n] cleefjsx¿nfO{ yfnf;]ldofsf af/]df
cfjZos dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfx¿ pknAw u/fP/ / aRrf afFRg],
/f]u;Fu n8\b} afFRg] s'/fdf ljZjf; / ;fx; lbg ;S5g\ .
of] /f]u, o;sf] pkrf/ / lgoGq0f af/] /fd|f] hfgsf/L kfPsf
cleefjsx¿ of] /f]uaf6 s;/L aRg] eGg] hfGb5g\ / aRrfsf]
pkrf/ af/] /fd|f] x]Ssf /fVg ;S5g\ / pgLx¿n] bf];|f] k|efljt
aRrf hGdfpFb}gg\ . lrlsT;sx¿ g} ;a} cltl/Qm ;"rgfx¿sf
clwsfl/s ;|f]t, ky k|bz{s / cfZjf;g k|bfos JolQmx¿ x'g\ .
g;{x¿sf] e"ldsf klg o;df cToGt dxTjk"0f{ 5 . g;{ / la/fdLsf]
;aGw la/fdL / 8fS6/x¿sf] ;DaGw eGbf leGg x'G5 lsgls
g;{x¿n] la/fdLx¿;Fu nuftf/ nfdf] ;do JotLt u/]sf x'G5g\ .
To;sf/0fn] la/fdLx¿df cfjZos kg]{ x/]s ljlzi6 ;d:ofx¿nfO{
8fS6/n] eGbf klxnf / ;xL 9+un] klxrfg ug{ ;S5g\ . /ut
6«fG;k\mo'hg ug]{ 7fpFdf cgf}krfl/s ¿kn] pkl:yt x'g] la/fdLsf
afa'–cfdf, ;fyL efO{x¿;+usf] clws ;Dks{af6 g;{n] la/fdLsf]
pkrf/sf] ;d:ofsf af/]df w]/} s'/fsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u5{g\ .
To;sf/0f oL dflg;x¿n] k|fo la/fdLx¿n] eGbf klg ;xL ;"rgf
lbg ;S5g\ . oL hfgsf/Lx¿nfO{ lrlsT;s;Dd k'¥ofpg h¿/L
5 tfls pkrf/df cfjZos kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsof];\ .
8fS6/ / g;{x¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ ¿kn] ;/f]sf/ /fVg'kg]{ ljifo
la/fdLx¿sf] /f]usf] pkrf/ k4lt;Fusf] ;dfof]hg xf] . w]/} la/fdL /
cleefjsx¿ yfnf;]ldof d]h/df kmnfd tTjnfO{ x6fpg] pkrf/
ljlw z'¿ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ ;a}eGbf sl7g ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf
lnG5g\ . d'l:snn] lgoldt ug'{kg]{ /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hgdf afgL
k/]kl5 k]m/L kmnfd tTj a9\g] csf]{ ;d:of hlGdg k'U5 . 8fS6/
/ g;{x¿n] of] ;d:of / o;sf] ;dfwfgnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg /
pkrf/nfO{ ;kmn agfpg 7"nf] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .
133
yfnf;]ldof d]h/ ePsf afn, jo:s / j[4x¿
z}zjsfndf lzz'n] klxnf klxnf yfnf;]ldofsf] pkrf/sf] si6
/ cK7\of/f] dx;'; u5{ t/ cfk"mnfO{ s] e}/x]sf] xf] a'em\b}g . of]
a]nf afnsn] cfk"mnfO{ :ofxf/ ;';f/ / pkrf/ ug]{ JolQmdfly
ljZjf; / e/f];f ljsf; u5{Ù o;sf/0f cleefjsx¿n] oyflz3|
aRrfx¿sf] cj:yf oyfy{¿kdf a'em]/ pgLx¿;Fu :jR5 / alnof]
;DaGw lj:tf/ ub{} pkrf/df ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 .
ha aRrf 6's'/ 6's'/ lxF8\g] x'G5g\ pgLx¿ :jtGq¿kn] v]Ng
¿rfpF5g\ / gofF s'/f ug{ rfxG5g\ To;a]nf /f]uL aRrfx¿nfO{
;d:ofx¿ cfOnfU5g\ . of] a]nfdf aRrfn] cfk"mn] ug{ gx'g]
sfdx¿sf] af/]df yfxf kfp5g\ / cfk\mgf] pd]/sf c¿ aRrfx¿n]
ug]{ sfd klg cfk"mn] ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
ha aRrfx¿ :s'n hfg] pd]/sf x'G5g\ ;d:ofx¿ cem hl6n
aG5g\ . pkrf/sf] qmddf x'g] b'Mv, si6 / ;d:ofx¿b]lv afx]s
pgLx¿sf] xf8df cfpg] kl/jt{g, z/L/sf] j[l4 gx'g] ;d:ofn]
ubf{ cfk\mgf ;fyL;+uLx¿eGbf cfk"m cnu ePsf]] dx;'; ub{5g\ .
pkrf/sf] k|s[of l9nf] ;'¿ eP/ cfPsf] o:tf] ;d:ofn] t
afnsx¿sf] ;af]{kl/ :jf:Yosf] cg'e'ltdf g} g/fd|f] c;/ u5{ . o:tf]
cj:yfdf oL /f]uL afnsx¿n] cfk\mgf] /f]usf] af/]df ;f]lw vf]hL
ug{ lgs} hf]8 lbG5g\ . oxfF cleefjs / 8fS6/x¿n] afnsnfO{
p;sf] /f]usf] af/]df ;lj:tf/ atfP/ p;df cfTdljZjf; hufO{
/f]u k|lt ;xh aGgsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .
olb ljz]if u/]/ cleefjsx¿ a9L ;+/If0fsf/L geO{sg /f]uL
aRrfx¿df pkrf/sf] ;jfndf pTkGg x'g] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{
lhTg ;kmn eP eg] aRrf Pp6f cfTdljZjf;L o'jf aGg]
jftfj/0fsf] nflu pa{/ e"ld tof/ x'G5 / Pp6f cfTdljZjf;L
o'jf aG5 .
o'jf cj:yf – ;DejtM ;a}eGbf lkmtnf] / sl7g cj:yf xf] .
of] a]nf o:tf] a]nf xf] ls ha Pp6f /f]uLn] cfk\mgf] efjL hLjg
yfnf;]ldofsf] pkrf/ k4lt;Fu ;fdgf ub}{ ljtfpg' kg]{ eGg]
;Tosf] ;a}eGbf 68\sf/f] 9+un] dx;"; u5{ . la/fdLn] oxLa]nf
efjL lbgx¿df /f]u;Fu d'sfljnf ub}{ hLjg:t/ pRr /fVgsf]
nflu cfjZos ;fx; / w}o{tfsf] klxrfg klg ug'{k5{ .
134
yfnf;]ldof af/]
cem !# jif{b]lv !( jif{;Ddsf cfnf–sfFrf o'jf ju{n] h:t}
yfnf;]ldof /f]u nfu]sf oL pd]/sf /f]uLx¿n] klg o; /f]udf
ckgfpg' kg]{ ky k/x]hsf] lj¿4 ljb|f]x u5{g\ . yfnf;]ldofsf oL
pd]/sf /f]uLx¿ ljz]ift kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ k4lt -lrn]zg
y]/fkL_ lng c:jLsf/ u5{g . la/fdLsf bfh'efO, lbbLalxgL,
afa'cfdf, d]l8sn sd{rf/L, 8fS6/ g;{ / dgf]a}1flgsx¿ ;a}n]
of] pd]/sf yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿nfO{ v'zL / cfTdljZjf;L
agfpFb} pkrf/ k4lt hf/L /fVg d2t ug'{k5{ / pgLx¿nfO{ o:tf]
a]nf 8fS6/x¿sf] ;Nnfx gdfGbf x'g] v/faL / b'Zkl/0ffd af/]
klg /fd|/L ;Demfpg' k5{ . 8fS6/x¿n] of] pd]/sf la/fdLx¿nfO{
yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] pkrf/ k4lt;Fu ;d~h:otf sfod /fv]/
v'zL / ;DkGg hLjg afFr]sf jo:s la/fdLx¿sf] pbfx/0f lbFb}
pT;fx yKg' k5{ .
jo:s cj:yf – jo:s cj:yfdf k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 la/fdLx¿n]
gofF r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{k5{ . jo:s e};s]kl5 la/fdLx¿n]
yk cfTdljZjf; cfh{g ul/;s]sf x'G5g\ / s]6fs]6L x'Fbfsf] h:tf]
xtf]T;flxt x'Fb}gg\ . pgLx¿sf cfdfa'af kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿
h:t} la/fdLx¿ klg a'l4dfg / dha"t alg;s]sf x'G5g\ / gofF
la/fdLx¿ / ltgsf cleefjssf nflu pko'Qm pbfx/0f aGb5g\ .
t/ ha la/fdLx¿n] hLjg k4lt, eljiosf] sfdsf] of]hgf :yfoL
;DaGwsf] ljsf;, pRr lzIff, /f]huf/L / j}aflxs ;DaGw h:tf
s'/fsf] af/]df ;f]Rg' kg]{ / lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'G5 To;a]nfdf hLjgel/
ckgfpg'kg]{ pkrf/ k4lt cToGt lem+emf] nfUbf] aGb5 . o;sf/0f
oL /f]uLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿s} nflu tyf pgLx¿sf cfkmGtsf lglDt
eg]/ pkrf/ k4lt hf/L /fVgsf] lglDt lg/Gt/ pT;flxt u/fpg'
k5{ . olb la/fdLx¿n] cfk"m cfdfa'af aGg g;Sg] cj:yf yfxf
kfP eg] pgLx¿df yk tgfj k}bf x'G5 .
d]l8sn hl6ntfx¿ af/] a9L ;hu / oxL /f]usf sf/0fn] d/]sf
;fyLx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L ePsf /f]uLx¿df of] /f]usf] sf/0fn]
x'g] d[To' lg/fzfsf] k|dv
' >f]t x'G5 . hLjgsf k|To]s cj:yf /
pd]/sf cg]s txx¿df cfpg] km/s km/s r'gf}ltx¿sf] ;fdgf
ug{ yfnf;]ldofsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ kl/jf/, ;fyLefO / d]l8sn
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lg/Gt/ ;xof]u / pT;fxsf] h¿/t x'G5 . To;eGbf
klg a9L cfk\mg} k|of; / hLjgk|ltsf] ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f ;a}eGbf
135
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . Pp6f yfnf;]ldofsf] /f]uL slt cfTdljZjf;L /
kl/kSj 5, Tof] p;n] c¿af6 kfPsf] ;xof]udf e/ kb{5 . t/
la/fdLsf] cfk\mgf] ;s[o ;xeflutf lagf of] n8fOF lhTg ;+ej 5}g
eGg] :jLsf/f]QmL clt cfjZos 5 . k|fKt u/]sf] plrt pkrf/,
;'ne, ;/n / kof{Kt ;xof]u / ;xfg'e"ltn] ubf{ g} w]/} la/fdLx¿
bL3{ /f]u kfn]/ lhGbuL afFRg' kg]{ s7f]/ cj:yf;Fu d'sfljnf ug{
;S5g\, hLjgsf y'k|} dxTjsf+Iff, OR5f / ;kgfx¿nfO{ k"/f ug{
;S5g\ .
b'ef{Uoj;, yfnf;]ldof /f]un] u|:t y'k|} dflg;x¿ ljsf;zLn
b]zdf a:5g\ . tL b]zx¿df /fli6«o :t/sf /f]u lgjf/0f ;+:yfx¿,
cleefjsx¿ / d]l8sn sd{rf/Lx¿n] /f]uLx¿nfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;]jf
;Lldt 5 . oL b]zx¿df >f]t / ;fwgx¿ ;Lldt 5g\ . :jf:Yo
;+/rgf / c¿ :jf:Yo k|fyldstf If]qx¿ ¿U0f cj:yfdf 5g\ .
l6=cfO=Pkm= sf] dxTjk"0f{ sfd /fli6«o :t/sf yfnf;]ldof
;+u7gx¿sf] k|j4{g ug'{Ù o; /f]uaf6 kLl8tx¿sf] b]zsf] /fli6«o
:jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ nuftf/ ;xof]u / pT;fx k|bfg ug'{
xf] . l6=cfO=Pkm= sf] of] ;xof]un] tL b]zsf ;DalGwt :jf:Yo
clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ yfnf;]ldof /f]unfO{ ;dod} pkrf/ ul/Pg eg]
o;n] hg:jf:Yodf kfg]{ vt/gfs gsf/fTds k|efj af/] ;f]Rg /
cfjZos sbd rfNg d2t ug]{ ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .
136
yfnf;]ldof af/]
cWofo !!
cltl/Qm hfgsf/L
hLjgsf] arfO{ / hLjg:t/
!) b]lv @) jif{ otf yfnf;]ldof d]h/ /f]usf] lSnlgsn
Joj:yfkgn] ubf{ o; /f]udf tf]lsPsf] pkrf/ k4lt ckgfpg]
cfly{s x}l;ot ePsf / pkrf/ k4lt;Fu ;fd~h:otf sfod
/fVg] /f]uLx¿sf] hLjgsf] cfo' / u'0f:t/ a9\g] s'/fx¿df gf6sLo
kl/jt{gx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . t/ pko'Qm pkrf/ k4lt k|To]s
/f]uLx¿nfO{ k|fKt x'g;Sg] ;DkGg b]zx¿df ;d]t kmnfd tTj;+u
;DalGwt ;d:of g} yfnf;]ldofsf lj/fdLx¿sf] d[To'sf] Ps k|d'v
sf/0f ag]sf] 5 .
ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b'j} k|sf/sf b]zx¿df 8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdOg
lbP/ ul/g] kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ k4lt;Fusf] ;fd~h:otf
g} /f]uLnfO{ arfpg] Ps ;'lglZrt pkfo xf] . ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿df /f]uLx¿n] 8]:s]l/cf]shfdfOg kfpg g;Sg], kfP klg
lsGg g;Sg] ;d:of k|d'v 5g eg] of] cf}ifwL ;lhn};Fu pknAw
x'g] / la/fdLx¿n] lsGg klg ;Sg] ljsl;t b]zx¿df o; /f]usf]
pkrf/sf] nflu 8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg lng] h:tf] si6bfos / hl6n
pkrf/ k|s[of;Fu bL3{sfn;Dd ;fd~h:otf sfod ug{ g;Sg'
csf]{ k|d'v ;d:of ag]sf] 5 .
yfnf;]ldofsf] la/fdLsf] kmf]6f]
:jLs[lt ;lxt
;g\ !((^ df k|sflzt c= lkuf P6 Pnsf] cg';Gwfg kqn] ;+s]t
u/]sf] 5 ls jif{ el/df @@% eGbf a9L k6s l8=Pkm=cf]= lnPsf
/f]uLx¿ w]/} afFr]sf 5g\ eg] of]eGbf sd k6s l8=Pkm=cf]= lnPsf
la/fdLx¿sf] d[To'b/ a9L 5 . yfn;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿n] kmnfd tTj
x6fpg] pkrf/ -cfO/g lrn];g y]/fkL_ k4lt slxNo} g6'6fOsg
l;kmfl/; ul/P cg';f/ ckgfO/xG5g\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{
/f]uLsf cleefjsx¿, lrlsT;sx¿ / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n]
pgLx¿nfO{ nuftf/ k|]/0ff, ;xof]u ul//xg'kb{5 .
137
n]vs
jif{
la/fdLx¿sf] kof{Kt /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg kfPsf / l8=Pkm=cf]= k|If]k0f
;+Vof
u/fP/ kmnfd tTj x6fPsf la/fdLx¿sf] hLjg arfO
df]8]n P6 Pn
!(*@
(@
h'/nf] P6 Pn
!(*(
!)*&
la|6]Gxfd P6 Pn
!(($
%(
cf]lnleP/L P6 Pn !(($
(&
lucfl8{gf P6 Pn
!((^
**
lkuf P6 Pn
!((^
@%&
af]Ugf{ lkUgf6L P6 !((*
Pn
!!$^
df]8]n P6 Pn
@)))
&(^
8\ofle; P6 Pn
@))!a
!)#
ljz]if1 o'lg6df / ;fdfGo zfvfdf pkrf/ u/fPsf, ;g\
!(^# kl5 hlGdPsf a]nfotsf /f]uLx¿df @% jif{otf
@%Ü afFr]sf 5g\ . o;df xKtfsf] slDtdf klg $ u|fd
eGbf a9L l8=Pkm=cf]= lng]x¿dWo] afFRg]x¿sf] ;+Vof pRr
5.
& j6f ljleGg ljz]if1tf k|fKt s]Gb|x¿df pkrf/
u/fPsfx¿df ;g\ !(^% b]lv !(^( aLrdf hlGdPsfx¿
dWo] !% jif{el/df *$=@Ü afFr] eg] !(&) b]lv !(&$
leq hlGdPsfx¿dWo] !% jif{el/df (^=(Ü afFr] .
!(^# / !(*& sf] aLrdf hlGdPsf la/fdLx¿ dWo]
/fd|/L kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ kfPsfx¿ @% jif{el/df
!))Ü afFr] eg] sdhf]/ tl/sfn] kmnfd tTj x6fP/
pkrf/ kfPsfx¿ dWo] @% jif{df #@Ü dfq afFr] – Pp6}
s]Gb|, ;do ;dodf ljz]if1n] x]g]{ u/]sf lyP .
# j6f ljz]if1tf k|fKt o"lg6x¿df pkrf/ u/fPsfx¿dWo]
!% jif{df /fd|/L kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ kfPsfx¿
(!Ü afFr] eg] /fd|/L gkfPsfx¿ !* Ü afFr] .
!(^# jif{kl5 hlGdPsf / ! j6f ljz]if1tf k|fKt s]Gb|df
pkrf/ u/fO/x]sf] @( jif{ el/df jfFRg] b/ dWod
lsl;dsf] /Xof] .
!(%* / !((# sf] aLrdf hlGdPsf / Pp6f ljz]if1tf
k|fKt s]Gb|df pkrf/ u/fPsf dWo] @% jif{ el/df ^^Ü
afFr] .
!(&) b]lv !(($ sf] aLrdf hlGdPsf / & j6f
ljz]if1tf k|fKt s]Gb|x¿df pkrf/ u/fPsf /f]uLx¿ dWo]
@% jif{el/df *@Ü afFr] .
ljz]if1tf k|fKt / ;fdfGo pkrf/ o'lg6x¿df pkrf/
u/fPsf a]nfotsf /f]uLx¿ dWo] #% jif{sf] pd]/eGbf
cufl8sf /f]uLx¿sf] d[To'b/ %) Ü /x\of] .
a]nfotsf] ljz]if1tf k|fKt o'lg6x¿df pkrf/
u/fPsfx¿ dWo] !(&$ kl5 hlGdPsfx¿ @% jif{el/df
!))Ü afFr] eg] !(%& b]lv !((& leq hlGdPsfx¿ of]
$) jif{ el/df &*Ü afFr] .
(Advances in experimental medicine and Biology volume 509, p125)
138
yfnf;]ldof af/]
dflysf] tflnsfdf lbPsf] tYofª\sx¿n] ljut aL; jif{ el/df
yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf /f]uLx¿df ePsf] cWoogsf] glthfnfO{
b]vfpF5g\ . dflysf] tYofª\s cg';f/ ;g\ !(&$ b]lv l8=Pkm=cf]=sf]
plrt k|of]u x'g yfn]kl5 hlGdPsf /f]uLx¿ h;n] /f]u nfu]sf]
z'¿ b]lv g} pkrf/ kfP / cem} klg /fd|f] pkrf/ kfP/ pkrf/
k4lt;Fu /fd|f] ;fd~h:otf sfod ul//x]sf 5g\ ltgLx¿sf] cfo'
nfdf] / hLjg:t/ pRr b]lvPsf] 5 . w]/} b]zdf yfnf;]ldof
d]h/sf /f]uLx¿sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ cfpg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f
/f]uLx¿n] ;jf]{Qd pkrf/ kfpg ;Sg], ;dlk{t l/km/]G; d]l8sn
s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf g} xf] . b'ef{Uoj;, ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df
a:g] yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿n] k|fKt ug]{ lrlsT;sLo ;]jfnfO{
pRr:t/sf] agfpg cem} klg y'k|} sfdx¿ ug{ afFsL 5 .
ljjfx, kl/jf/ kf]if0f / zf/Ll/s ultljlwx¿ h:tf ;jfnx¿
yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿ / ltgsf cleefjsx¿;Fu w]/} ;/f]sf/
/fVg] ;jfnx¿ x'g\ .
vfgf / yfnf;]ldof
;fdfGot yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿n] s'g} ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] vfgf vfg'
kb}{g t/ kmnfd tTj a9L kfOg] vfgf eg] vfg' x'Fb}g . la/fdLx¿sf]
sn]hf] kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfsf] sf/0f of x]kf6fOl6;sf] ;+qmd0f
x'g;Sg] sf/0fn] ubf{ cTolws sdhf]/ x'g;Sg] x'gfn] pgLx¿n]
dfbs kbfy{ -hfF8 /S;L_ lkpFb} glkpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 . lkpg} k/]
;f¥x} yf]/} lkpg'k5{ -afFsL kf]if0f ;aGwL ljz]if v08df_
v]ns'b / yfnf;]ldof
yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿n] k|fo ;a} v]ns'bx¿df efu lng ;S5g\
t/ s:tf] vfnsf] v]n slt;Dd v]Ng' x'G5 eGg] s'/f pgLx¿sf]
lSnlgsn cj:yf / lrlsT;sx¿n] lbPsf] ;Nnfx cg';f/
x'g'kb{5 .
ljbfsf lbgx¿ / yfnf;]ldof
l6 cfO Pkm n] ;+;f/e/sf d]l8sn ljz]if1 / d]l8sn ;]G6/x¿sf]
Pp6f ;"rL tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . -l6 cfO Pkmsf] j]a;fO6df x]g{ ;lsG5_
tL s]Gb|x¿ / ljz]if1x¿n] yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf la/fdLx¿nfO{
139
kmf]6f] :jLs[lt ;lxt
pkrf/ ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ljbf dgfpg b]z ljb]z 3'Dg] ofqLx¿n]
cfk"mn] ofqf z'¿ ug'{eGbf cufl8 pgLx¿ 3'Dg hfg] 7fpFx¿sf]
glhs /x]sf d]l8sn s]Gb|x¿ sxfF k5{g\ kQf nufpg' k5{ .
la/fdL ofqLx¿n] 3/ 5f]8\g' cl3 g} cfk"m 3'Dg hfg] 7fpFx¿sf]
d]l8sn s]Gbdf /x]sf :yfgLo lkmlhl;ogx¿;Fu ;Dks{ ug'{k5{ .
/f]uL ofqLx¿n] ofqf k"j{ cfk"mnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;a} lsl;dsf
;"O{x¿ / vf]kx¿ 8fS6/;Fu k/fdz{ u/]/ nufpg' k5{ / cfk"m 3'Dg
hfg] 7fpFx¿df JofKt /x]sf ljlzi6 k|sf/sf ;+qmd0fx¿ af/] klg
hfgsf/L /fVg' k5{ . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] j]e;fO6df /x]sf]
'ofqLx¿nfO{ lgb]{zg ;Nnfx' klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . cfˆgf] pkrf/sf
lglDt cfjZos kg]{ cf}ifwLx¿, PlG6jfOl6sx¿ lg;+qmldt ul/Psf
pkrf/sf oGq pks/0fx¿nfO{ xf]l;of/Lk"j{s kf]sf] kfg'{ k5{ /
cfjZos kbf{ t'¿Gt e]l6g] u/]/ cfk"m;Fu af]Sg' k5{ . pRr kxfl8
of lxdfnL If]qx¿lt/ e|d0f ug]{ of]hgf agfO/x]sf /f]uLx¿sf]
x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx ;fdfGo x'g'k5{ / pRr cIff+zx¿df
hfFb}ubf{ prfOsf] xfjfkfgL;Fu cfk"mnfO{ nuftf/ cEo:t
kfb}{ a9L prfOdf hfg'k5{ To;sf/0f yfnf;]ldofsf
/f]uLx¿ e/;s !!,))) lkm6eGbf dflysf] prfOdf
hfg' xF'b}g . olb hfg]xf] eg] ofqf z'¿ ug'{eGbf l7s
cl3 /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg lng' k5{ . c? cj:yfx¿df
yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿ sxfF—sxfF 3'Dg ;S5g\ of ;Sb}g
eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} 5]saf/ 5}g .
ljjfx / kl/jf/
yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿n] lgZro klg ljjfx ug{ / aRrf hGdfpg
;S5g\ . oL /f]uLx¿af6 hGdg] aRrfx¿ :j:y x'G5g\ ls x'Fb}gg\
eGg] s'/f cfk\mgf] hf]8Lsf] yfnf;]ldofsf] cj:yfdf e/ k5{ .
cfk\mgf] >Ldfg of >LdtL :j:y xf] ls q'l6k"0f{ lhgsf] afxs xf]
of yfnf;]ldofsf] /f]uL xf] oL tYox¿n] pgLaf6 hlGdg] aRrf
:j:y /xG5 /xFb}g eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f u5{ . olb yfnf;]ldofsf]
Pp6f /f]uLn] csf]{ cfk"m h:t} /f]uL;+u ljjfx u¥of] eg] hlGdg]
aRrfx¿ yfnf;]ldofsf] /f]uL g} aG5g\ . olb Pp6f la/fdLn]
β- yfnf;]ldofsf] /f]u af]s]sf] JolQm;Fu ljjfx u¥of] eg] %)Ü
aRrfx¿ β- yfnf;]ldofsf] afxs eP/ hlGdg ;S5g\ . %)Ü
140
yfnf;]ldof af/]
aRrfx¿ /f]u k|efljt x'g ;S5g\ . olb Pp6f la/fdLn]
csf]{ :j:y -yfnf;]ldofsf s'g} nIf0f gaf]s]sf]_ JolQm;+u
ljjfx u¥of] eg] pgLx¿sf] aRrf yfnf;]ldofsf] ;+jfxs
dfq x'G5, /f]uL x'Fb}g .
-;f/f+zdf eGbf_ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] pkrf/ k4lt;Fu
;fd~h:otf sfod ug]{ la/fdLx¿n] Pp6f ;fdfGot k"0f{
/ v'zL hLjg afFRg ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fOk|;df
*#Ü yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿n] pRr lzIff k"/f u/]sf 5g\
eg] @%Ü n] ljZj ljBfnox¿af6 :gfts tx pQL0f{ ul/
;s]sf 5g\ . @@Ü la/fdLx¿ ljjflxt 5g\ logLx¿dWo]
&#Ü n] aRrf hGdfPsf 5g\ sltkon] t #, $ hgf hlt
aRrfx¿ hGdfPsf 5g\ .
;fOk|;sf &(Ü yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿ x:tsnf, v]tLkftL,
;/sf/L sfof{nodf ;lrj, lzIf0f, gl;{ª\ d]l8sn /
:jf:Yo;]jf h:tf Joj;fox¿df ;+nUg /xg'sf ;fy} :yfoL
hflu/] klg 5g\ .
cfk\mgf] :j:y aRrf;Fu v]Nb}
yfnf;]ldofsL Ps /f]uL
-kmf]6f] :jLs[lt ;lxt_
141
cWofo !@
Plkl8ldof]nf]hL / yfnf;]ldofsf] /f]syfd
Plkl8ldof]nf]hL M -/f]usf] If]qut lj:tf/_
12a
12b
/f]syfd sfo{qmdsf] :yfkgf
x'g'eGbf cl3 dn]/Lof /f]uaf6
k|efljt b]zx¿
dn]/Lofsf k/hLljx¿
-/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿df kL
kmflN;kf/dsf] 6«f]kmf]hf]O6\;_
z'¿ z'¿df yfnf;]ldof /f]u e"dWo ;fu/Lo If]q j/k/ dfq
l;ldt 5 eGg] ;f]lrGYof] t/ cfh ef]ln of] /f]u ;+;f/sf w]/}
efudf k}mlnPsf] s'/f yfxf e};s]sf] 5 . of] /f]u blIf0f o'/f]k]nL
b]zx¿ kf]r'{un, :k]g, O6nL / u|L;x¿df kfO;lsPsf]] 5 eg] k"j{
;f]leot o'lgog nufot dWo—o"/f]k]nL b]zx¿df klg JofKt 5 .
o;/L g} yfnf;]ldof /f]un] dWok"j{sf] O/fg nufot kfls:tfg,
ef/t, a+unfb]z, yfONof08, dn]l;of, OG8f]g]l;of, blIf0f rLgnfO{
;tfPsf] 5 eg] clk|msfsf] pQ/L t6jtL{ If]qdf a:g] dflg;x¿ /
blIf0f cd]l/sfsf dflg;x¿;Dddf klg of] /f]usf] k|efj b]lvPsf]
5.
h'g h'g b]zx¿df Psk6s dn]l/of dxfdf/Lsf] ¿kdf k}mlnPsf]
lyof] / clxn] klg JofKt 5 ljz]ift tL b]zx¿df yfnf;]ldofsf] k|sf]k
kfOPsf] 5 . -gSzf x]g'{xf];\ 12a_ dn]l/ofsf] ;+qmds k/hLjLnfO{
Pgf]k]mn; eGg] nfdv'§]n] af]S5 . olb of] nfdv'§]n] dflg;nfO{
6f]Sof] eg] of] 6f]sfOaf6 o;sf k/hLjL dflg;sf] z/L/df k|j]z
u5{g\ / /ftf /Qmsf]ifnfO{ cfqmd0f ub{5g\ . -x]g'{xf];\ 12b_ dn]l/of
JofKt ePsf o:tf 7fpFx¿sf dflg;x¿sf] cf0f'j+lzs -h]g]l6s_
lhgdf ;fdfGo -kl/jt{g_ ;dfof]hg cfof] h'g ;dfof]hgn] o:tf]
;dfof]hg gePsf dflg;x¿sf] t'ngfdf cu|udgsf] cj:yfdf
k'¥ofof] . lsgeg] of] h]g]l6s kl/jt{g;Fu;Fu} /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf]
aftfj/0fdf / l:yltdf dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g eof] . of] kl/jt{gn]
dn]l/ofsf k/hLjLx¿nfO{ afFRg / a9\g lbPg . of] kl/jt{gn]
ubf{ β- yfnf;]ldof dfOg/ cyjf β- yfnf;]ldofsf] 6«]6 -nIf0f_
klg b]lvof] .
v'k]{ sf]if /f]u -l;Ssn ;]n l8lhh_ af]Sg] β- yfnf;]ldof x'g ;Sg]
u'0f -6«]6_ ePsfx¿ / a- yfnf;]ldof ePsfx¿ :j:y JolQmx¿
eGbf klg a9L dn]l/ofsf lhjf0f'x¿af6 aRg / ;'/lIft /xg
;S5g\ eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . o:tf] /f]u / nIf0fsf afxsx¿sf]
142
yfnf;]ldof af/]
;+Vof dn]l/of JofKt ePsf] If]qx¿df kof{Kt dfqfdf a9]sf] 5
ha ls :j:y JolQmx¿ eg] dn]l/ofsf] s8f ;+qmd0fsf] sf/0f
d/]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df dn]l/of pGd"ng sfo{qmdn] ubf{
ljZjsf clwsf+z If]qx¿df dn]l/of /f]usf] ;+qmd0fsf] sf/0fn] dg]{
36gfx¿ :jfQ} 36]sf 5g\ eg] yfnf;]ldof nufot x]df]Unf]lagsf]
u8a8Lsf] sf/0fn] nfUg] /f]ux¿;Fu ;fdgf ug]{ ljifo cem} klg
Pp6f r'gf}lt g} ag]sf] 5 .
12c
a;fO{F ;/fO / cGt/hftLo ljjfxsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ yfnf;]ldof /f]u
;+;f/sf ;a} efudf k'lu;s]sf] 5 . yfnf;]ldof
/f]u slxNo} gb]lvPsf] pQ/ o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿df
of] /f]u Pp6f k|d'v ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf]
¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 .
lbPsf] lrqn] -x]g'{xf];\ 12c_ β- yfnf;]ldof /f]uaf6
k|efljt b]zx¿nfO{ b]vfpF5 . /f]u -l;Ssn ;]n
l8lhh_, -HbE) / β- yfnf;]ldof u/]/ x]df]Unf]lagsf]
s8f u8j8Lsf] sf/0fn] x'g] /f]uaf6 ;+;f/sf] %Ü
hg;+Vof u|l;t 5 .
yfnf;]ldof /f]u nfu]/ hGd]sf
aRrfx¿sf] cg'dfg
e/kbf]{ >f]tx¿sf cg';f/ ;+;f/sf] hg;+Vofsf]
!=%Ü cyjf * b]lv ( s/f]8 dfG5]x¿n] βyfnf;]ldof af]s]sf 5g\ . ^) xhf/ aRrfx¿ x/]s
;fn yfnf;]ldof nfu]/ hlGdG5g\ . tL dWo] w]/}
h;f] cNkljsl;t b]zdf a:5g\ . of] tYofª\sn]
6L=cfO=Pkm= yfnf;]ldofsf] lSnlgsn
Joj:yfkgsf] lgb]{lzsfaf6
/f]usf] tNnf] txsf] cfFs8f dfq lbPsf] 5 lsgls
;+;f/sf] ;f¥x} k|efljt If]qsf] ¿kdf cGbfh
ul/Psf 7fpFx¿df a:g] hg;+Vofsf] slt efun] yfnf;]ldof
x'g;Sg] q'6Lk"0f{ lhg kfn]/ a;]sf] 5 < To;sf] oyfy{ tYofª\s
cfpg afFsL g} 5 . l6=cfO=Pkm= sf] /]s8{ cg';f/ yfnf;]ldof /f]u
nfu]sf @ nfv dfG5]x¿ dfq btf{ ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] pkrf/
12d
kfO/fv]sf 5g\ . tLtf] oyfy{ t of] 5 ls ljsf;lzn
b]zx¿df hlGdPsf clwsf+z yfnf;]ldof k|efljt
aRrfx¿sf] d[To' yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] lgbfg geO g}
x'G5 of t cw'/f] lgbfg eP/ x'G5 . sltsf] pkrf/
g} gkfO{ d[To' x'G5 eg] sltsf] cw'/f] pkrf/ eP/
x'G5 .
a]nfot
O6nL
jif{x¿
u|L;
;fOk|;
143
/f]syfd
O6fnL, u|L; / ;fOk|; h:tf b]zx¿n] lbPsf] pbfx/0f cg';f/
yfnf;]ldof /f]uyfd ug{ ;lsg] /f]u xf] . oL b]zx¿ g} ;+;f/sf
o:tf b]zx¿ x'g h;n] of] /f]u lgoGq0fsf] nflu ;kmn /fli6«o
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ / of] /f]uaf6 k|efljt /x]/
hlGdg] aRrfx¿sf] ;+Vofdf s6f}tL ePsf] 5 / sltko 7fpFdf
o:tf aRrfx¿sf] hGd z"Go g} 5 . /f]u /f]syfdsf] s'g} /fli6«o
gLlt gePsf] t/ u'0f:t/o'Qm /f]syfd sfo{qmd
yfnf;]ldof /f]u nfu]/ hGd]sf] aRrfsf] k|ltjif{ nfUg] pkrf/
vr{sf] cfFsng
ePsf] a]nfot h:tf] b]z klg yfnf;]ldofaf6
k|efljt eP/ hGdg] afnsx¿sf] ;+Vof %)Ü
kof{Kt ¿kn] ul/g]
kmnfd tTj x6fpg]
pkrf/ -cfO/g lrn];g_ ;Dd dfq emfg{ ;kmn b]lvG5 -x]g'{;\ 12d_ .
cd]l/sL
8n/
ckof{Kt cfO/g lrn];g
;kmn /f]syfd sfo{qmdsf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿
xhf/df
cfO/g lrn];g/lxt
cj:yf
clxn] c¿ k|efljt b]zx¿df s;/L /f]syfd
sfo{qmdnfO{ ;kmn agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] cfwf/
z'?jftL jif{x¿
ePsf 5g\ h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\ —
(WHO/HGN/WG/00.1 2000)
•
;/sf/sf] rfxgf / k|lta4tf .
•
;fj{hlgs Pjd\ :j:Yo—Joj;foL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdx¿;Fu}
zlQmzfnL :jf:Yo lzIff cleofgsf] ;~rfng .
•
l:qmlgª\u / aRrf hGdg'eGbf cl3 ul/g] /f]usf] lgbfg
sfo{sf] nflu u'0f:t/o'Qm k|of]uzfnfsf] :yfkgf .
•
ue{jtL / h]g]l6s ;]jfx¿sf] k|a4{g .
/f]syfdsf] dxTj
ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf cg';f/ w]/} b]zdf /fli6«o ¿kdf rnfOg]
/f]u /f]syfdsf] sfo{qmddf nfUg] jflif{s vr{ / yfnf;]ldof
/f]uaf6 k|efljt cfdfafa'af6 jif{el/df hlGdg] aRrfnfO{ pkrf/
ubf{ nfUg] vr{ emG8} emG8} a/fa/ x'g cfpF5 . /f]u /f]syfdsf]
jflif{s vr{ l:y/ /xG5 eg] /f]u pkrf/sf] jflif{s vr{ x/]s
jif{ a9\{5 . -lrq A x]g'{xf];\_ o;n] ubf{ /f]syfdsf] sfo{qmdsf]
vr{ k|To]s jif{ a9\5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] b]vfPsf] pkrf/
vr{n] of] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 ls olb yfnf;]ldofaf6 k|efljt
aRrfx¿sf] hGdnfO{ k|efjsf/L /f]syfd sfo{qmd dfkm{t lgoGq0f
ul/Pg eg] w]/} b]zx¿nfO{ yfnf;]ldof /f]u nflu;s]sfx¿nfO{
;fdfGo pkrf/ u/fpg klg d'lZsn kg]{5 . log} sf/0fx¿n]
144
yfnf;]ldof af/]
ubf{ yfnf;]ldof e};s]sf /f]uLx¿sf] pkrf/ vr{ wfGgsf] nflu
/f]syfd sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;~rfng ug{ h¿/L 5 .
yfnf;]ldof s;/L cfdfafa'af6 5f]/f5f]/Ldf ;5{ <
cWofo ! df pNn]v ePh:t} β- yfnf;]ldofsf]
nIf0f -6«\]6_ a+zf0f'ut u'0fsf] P6f]hf]dn l/;]l;e
9fFrf cg';f/ afa'cfdfaf6 5f]/f5f]/Ldf ;5{ .
o; k|lqmofdf aRrf ue{df cfpg] qmddf p;n]
cfdfafa' k|To]saf6 β- Unf]ljg lhg kfpF5 . olb
cfdfafa' b'j};Fu ;fdfGo / :j:y β- Unf]ljg
lhgx¿ 5g eg] aRrfdf klg b'O{ j6f ;fdfGo
β- -Unf]ljg lhgx¿ ;5{g\ -gSzfdf b]vfP h:t}_
:j:y afnaflnsfx¿
healthy
children
cfdfafa' b'j};Fu ;fdfGo / :j:Yo
β- Unf]lag hLgx¿ 5g\
olb afa'cfdf dWo] Pshgf;Fu /f]u k|efljt β- Unf]lag lhg
5 -o;sf] dtna cfdf of a'af β- yfnf;]ldofsf afxs 5g\_
/ Ps hgf;Fu ;fdfGo / :j:y β- Unf]ljg lhg 5 eg] To:tf
cfdfafa'af6 hGd]sf aRrfx¿df cfdfafa'af6 k|efljt hLg u|x0f
ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf %) k|ltzt x'G5 . aRrf yfnf;]ldof ;+jfxs
eP/ hlGdg] ;Defjgf %)Ü, /f]usf] ;+jfxs geO hlGdg] ;+efjgf
%)Ü x'G5 . o:tf ;+jfxsx¿ tn lbOPsf gfdn] lrlgG5g\ .
!_ β- yfnf;]ldof x'g] u'0f -6«]6_ sf afxsx¿ .
@_ β- yfnf;]ldofsf nflu x]6]/f]hfOuf]; JolQmx¿ .
#_ cyjf β- yfnf;]ldof dfOg/ ePsf JolQmx¿ .
yfnf;]ldofsf ;+jfxsx¿sf (Carriers) ljifodf
50%
yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] nIf0f -6«]6_ ePsf
%) healthy
k|ltzt :j:Yo
JolQmx¿nfO{ yfnf;]ldof /f]u nfu]sf] xF'b}g .
pgLx¿df /f]usf] s'g} dfgl;s of ef}lts nIf0f
kfOFb}g . To;sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} pkrf/ tyf
vfgfdf ky k/x]h cfjZostf 5}g . of] cj:yf afa'cfdfdWo]
Pshgf;F
u k|efljtcarries
β Unf]ljg hLg 5,
of the
parents
%) k|ltzt la6fyn 6]«6
p β yfnf;]ldofsf] jfxs xf]
nfdf] ;do;Dd uDeL/ g} xF'b}g / jf:tjdf
yfnf;]ldof x'g ;Sg] u'0fx¿ af]s]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] olb
/f]usf] nflu ljlzi6 ¿kn] ghrfP;Dd s]xL klg yfxf xF'b}g t/
s]xL JolQmx¿n] ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] Plgldofsf] cg'ej ug{ ;S5g\ .
kmnfd tTjsf] sdLsf] sf/0fn] ePsf] Plgldof eg]/ unt lgbfg
145
x'g klg ;S5 t/ /fd|f];Fu ul/Psf] k|of]uzfnf hfFraf6 ;fdfGo
Plgldof xf] ls eo+s/ yfnf;]ldof x'g] nIf0f xf] ;f]sf] lgbfg
x'g ;S5 . yfnf;]ldofsf ;+jfxs dlxnfx¿df ue{jtL ePsf]
cj:yfdf dWod vfnsf] Plgldof x'g ;S5, To;nfO{ 7Ls ug{
ue{jtL /xg] ;doel/sf] nflu kmnfd tTj a9fpg] vfg]s'/fx¿
/ cf}ifwL lbg ;lsG5 .
cfk"mdf yfnf;]ldof x'g ;Sg] u'0f ljBdfg 5—5}g
eg]/ hfGg lsg cfjZos 5 <
yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] u'0fsf] afxs x'g'n] :jf:Yodf s'g}
g/fd|f] c;/ kb}{g . olb Pp6f of] u'0fsf] afxsn] csf]{
u'0fsf] afxsaf6 ;Gtfg hGdfof] eg] $ hgfdWo] !
hgfdf of] u'0f ;g]{ cyjf hlGdPsf] aRrfx¿dWo] @%Ü
nfO{ yfnf;]ldof d]h/ x'g] ;+efjgf x'G5 . gSzfn]
%) k|ltzt a]6fyn 6]«6
b]vfpF5 ls olb cfdfafa' b'j}n] of] u'0f af]s]sf 5g\
eg] k|To]s ue{df aRrfdf yfnf;]ldof d]h/ x'g] ;Defjgf $ df
! cyjf @%Ü x'G5 . To:t} @ df ! cyjf %)Ü ;Defjgf aRrf
yfnf;]ldofsf] ;+jfxs -6«]6 jf Sofl/o/_ x'g] x'G5 eg] $ df ! jf
@%Ü ;Defjgf :j:Yo -;+jfxs klg gePsf]_ x'g] x'G5 .
25%
@% k|lwith
tzt
thalassaemia
yfnf;]ldof
afa'cfdf b'j}n] β- yfnf;]ldof
x'g;Sg] u'0f af]s]sf 5g\
25%
@% k|ltzt
:j:Yo
healthy
c¿ c;fdfGo x]df]Unf]lagx¿ / x]df]Unf]lagsf
u8a8Lx¿
c¿ w]/} k|sf/sf c:jefljs lsl;dsf k|f}9 x]df]Unf]lagx¿ klg
b]lvPsf 5g\ . oL x]df]Unf]lagx¿ c¿ eGbf ;+/rgfdf klg cnu
5g\ / logLx¿sf] lSnlgsn kl/0ffd klg km/s b]lvG5 . oL
c:jefljs x]df]Unf]lagx¿nfO{ ;+/rgfut x]df]Unf]lag e]bsx¿
-:6«sr/ x]df]Unf]lag Eof/LcfG6_ eg]/ lrlgG5 . oL e]bsx¿df
d'Vo u/]/ x]df]Unf]lag -HbS_, x]df]Unf]lag O -HbE_, x]df]Unf]lag
;L -HbC_, x]df]Unf]lag l8 -HbD_ / x]df]Unf]lag n]kf]/ -Hb_
kb{5g\ . logLx¿ β- yfnf;]ldofdf j0f{g u/] h;/L g} cfdfafa'af6
5f]/f5f]/Ldf ;b{5g\ t/ -Hb_ n]kf]/ / -HbS_ j+zf0f'ut ¿kn] k|fKt
ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] lSnlgsn cj:yf eg] ljlzi6 lsl;dn] dxTjk"0f{
x'G5 . Hb -n]kf]/_ yfnf;]ldof d]h/eGbf klg β- yfnf;]ldof
d]h/;Fu ldN5 eg] -HbS_ sf] sf/0fn] v'k]{sf]if /f]u -l;sn ;]n
146
yfnf;]ldof af/]
l8lhh_ nfU5 . of] x]df]Unf]lagsf] sf/0fn] x'g] s8f cj:yf xf] .
of] (HbS) lSnlgsn kl/0ffddf / cfjZos lrlsT;sLo ;Gbe{df
β yfnf;]ldof d]h/eGbf km/s 5 . cfdfafa'af6 cfpg] c?
x]df]Unf]lag;Fu ;Da4 u'0fx¿ -6«]6x¿_ HbC, HbD, HbE sf] s'g}
/f]u;Fu ;DaGw 5}g t/ slxn]sfxLF oL x]df]Unf]lag e]bsx¿ β
yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] u'0f -6«]6_ ;Fu ldNg hfG5g\ / lSnlgsn
lx;fan] dxTjk"0f{ vfnsf] /utsf] u8a8L k}bf u/fpF5g\ .
-HbE_ β — yfn;]ldof
25% with
HbE/βHbE/‚-
blIf0f Pl;ofdf a:g] sDaf]l8ofnL, leotgfdL, yfO a+zh
ePsf dflg;x¿df kfOg] -HbE_ Pp6f ;f/} k|rlnt
c:jfefljs / c;fdfGo k|sf/sf] x]df]Unf]lag xf] . olb
Pp6f cleefjs;Fu β- yfnf;]ldof x'g ;Sg] u'0f 5 /
csf]{ cleefj;Fu HbE x'g;Sg] u'0f -6«]6_ 5 eg] k|To]s tL
ue{af6 hlGdg] afns HbE/ β-yfnf;]ldof nfu]/ hlGdg]
;Defjgf @%Ü /xG5 .
@%
k|ltzt
25%
yfnf;]
ldof @% k|ltzt HbE
HbE
6]«6
thalassaemia
trait
Pp6f cleefjsn] a]6f
yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] u'0f
af]S5 / csf]{n] HbE
x'g;Sg] u'0f af]S5
@% k|ltzt
a]6fyn 6]«6
@% k|ltzt
:j:y
HbE/ β-yfnf;]ldof
/f]udf β yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofdf h:tf]
sd s8f vfn] Plgldofdf x'g] h:tf] nIf0fx¿ kfOG5g\ . t/
pgLx¿sf] cj:yf yfnf;]ldof d]h/sf] h:tf] cToGt uDeL/
k|s[ltsf] x'g ;S5 . HbE / β - yfnf;]ldofsf lSnlgsn kl/0ffdx¿
/ o;sf] d]l8sn x]/ljrf/ af/] o;} lstfadf n]lvPsf] 5 .
x]df]Unf]lag n]kf]/ / β yfnf;]ldof
x]df]Unf]lag n]kf]/÷β—yfnf;]ldof;Fu ldNg k'Uof] eg] β yfnf;]ldof
d]h/ b]vfkg]{ lsl;dsf s8f lSnlgsn cj:yf b]lvG5 . dfly
pNn]v ul/P h:tf] HbE/β yfnf;]ldof j+zf0f'ut ¿kdf ;/] h;/L
g} of] klg ;Gtfgx¿df ;5{ .
HbS / β
yfnf;]ldof
olb Pp6f cleefjs;Fu β- yfnf;]ldof x'g] u'0f /
csf]{;Fu -Pr= lj P;_ HbS x'g] u'0f -6«]6_ 5 eg] k|To]s
ue{af6 hlGdg] aRrfdf Pr lj P; β- yfnf;]ldof
x'g] ;Defjgf @%Ü /xG5 of $ hgf aRrf hlGdP
eg] ! hgfnfO{ x'G5 . of] /f]u clk|msfnL / e"—dWo
25% with
@%25%
k|ltzt
HbS/βHbS/‚HbS
6]«6
yfnf;]
ldof @% k|ltztHbS
thalassaemia
trait
Pp6f cleefjsn] a]6f yfnf;]ldof
x'g;Sg] u'0f af]S5 eg] csf]{
cleefjsn] HbS x'g;Sg] u'0f
af]S5
@% k|ltzt
a]6fyn 6«]6
@% k|ltzt
:j:y
147
;fu/Lo j+zh x'g] dfG5]x¿df a9L kfOPsf] 5 . β- lhgn] pTkfbg
ug]{ ;fdfGo β- x]df]Unf]lagsf] dfqf cg';f/ of] /f]usf] l;ls:ttf
km/s k5{ . olb β- lhgn] β- Unf]ljg g} pTkfbg u/]gg\ eg] of]
/f]usf] cj:yf 7\ofSs} v'k]{ sf]if /f]u -l;sn ;]n l8lhh_ h:tf]
x'G5 . t/ β- hLgn] s]xL β- Unf]ljg pTkfbg u¥of] eg] l;ls:ttf
sd x'G5 . of] lstfadf lbOPsf] hfgsf/L of] cj:yfnfO{ /fd|/L
a'em\g kof{Kt 5}g . yk hfgsf/Lsf] nflu WHO sf] j]a;fO6 x]g{
;lsG5 .
x]df]Unf]lag e]bsx¿sf c¿ ;lDdngx¿ a+zf0f'ut ¿kn] o;/L
klg cfpg ;S5g\ . h:t} δβ / HB n]kf]/ / HbO Arab/β b'j}
yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8of;Fu ldN5g clg HbS/HbC, HbS/HbD
kGhfj / HbS/HbO c/j ;a} l;ls:ttfsf] ljleGg ¿k ePsf
v'k]{sf]if /f]u -l;Ssn ;]n l8lhh\_ ;Fu ldN5g\ .
a-
yfnf;]ldof
;fdfGo cNkm
Unf]aLg hLgx¿,
qmf]df]hf]dx¿ !^
qmf]df]hf]d ToxL
qmf]df]hf]ddf cNkmf
yfnf;]ldof dfOg/
qmf]df]hf]d, ljk/Lt
qmf]df]hf]dx¿df cNkmf
yfnf;]ldof
;'z'Kt jfxs
yfnf;]ldof β- yfnf;]ldofeGbf w]/} km/s 5 . of] lstfadf
ePsf] hfgsf/L α- yfnf;]ldof ePsf JolQmx¿sf] nflu kof{Kt
5}g . pgLx¿n] ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] j]e ;fO6 x]g{ ;S5g\ .
t/ o;sf] Olkl8ldof]nf]hLsf] af/]df s]xL cfwf/e"t hfgsf/Lx¿
/ j+zf0f'ut ¿kn] ;g{ ;Sg] tl/sfx¿sf] af/]df oxfF lbOPsf] 5 .
a-
ljZje/df sl/j @^ s/f]8 dflg;x¿ α- yfnf;]ldofsf afxsx¿
5g\ . logLx¿ dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L /f]uL ef/t, blIf0f k"jL{ Pl;of
/ clk|msfdf 5g eg] e"dWo;fu/Lo If]qdf clt sd /f]uL 5g\ .
pQ/L o'/f]kdf oL /f]uLx¿sf] ;+Vof nueu z'Gok|fo 5 .
148
yfnf;]ldof af/]
Unf]ljgsf] t'ngfdf α- Unf]ljg $ j6f hLgx¿n] ag]sf]
x'G5 . qmf]df]hd !^ sf] k|To]s TofGb|fdf @ j6f hLg
/xG5g\ .
β
(i)
alpha
thalassaemia
(i)
cNkmf yfnf;]
ldof dfOg/
minor
;fdfGob]lv s8f lsl;dsf] /utsf] u8a8Lx¿ k}bf ug{sf]
Both
carry
b'j}nparents
] yfnf;]ldof
dfOg/
nflu a- yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] u'0f -6«]6_ x¿ ljleGg 9+un] cfdfafa'
af]salpha
]sf 5g\ thalassaemia
h;df k|To]s afa'minor
cfdfsf
which the two abnormal genes
;lDdlnt x'G5g\ . x]df]Unf]lag jf6{;sf] xfO8«f]k k]mfP6]N; b'O{j6f c:jefljs hLgx¿ ljk/Lt
qmf]df]hf]ddf /x]sf 5g\
l;G8«f]d -bf]>f] gSzf_ Pp6f cToGt s8f α- yfnf;]ldof (ii)
alpha
xf] . of] a- yfnf;]ldofsf] xf]df]hfOuf]; cj:yf xf]Ù o;df (ii)
thalyn
trait6]«6
cNkmf
(cis type)
rf/ j6} Unf]lag hLjx¿n] sfd ul/x]sf x'Fb}gg\ / αr]gx¿ pTkfbg x'Fb}gg\ . o;n] ubf{ s8f Plgldof x'G5
/ e'|0fsf] d[To' ;d]t x'G5 . SnLlgsn glthfdf Ps¿ktf
B b'
thj}n] cNkmf
t
hxfO8«
d f]K;
;fdfGol
geP klg HbH /f]u ePsf JolQmx¿df -x]g'{xf];\ gSzf #_ yfnf;]cfdfafa'
ldof dfOg/ af]s]sf] 5g\ x]df]Unf]lag
k]m6N; cNkmf
/ ToxL qmf]df]hf]ddf b'O{j6f
yn d]h/
clwsf+zsf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'G5 .
c:jefljs cNkmf Unf]lag
(cis type)
/f]usf] s8f ¿k HbH xfO8«f]k kmf]P6]n xf] t/ of]
cToGt lj/n} dfq x'G5 .
HbH
yfnf;]ldofsf] lSnlgsn ;Gbe{df αyfnf;]ldofsf] dxTj .
hLgx¿ /x]sf 5g\
(iii)
(iii)
normal
;fdfGo
haemox]dglobin
f]Unf]lag
alphayn
cNkmf
thal
;'z'Kt
silent
carrier
jfxs
β-
xf]df]hfOuf]; β yfnf;]ldofsf /f]uLx¿nfO{ α- yfnf;]ldof
x'g ;Sg] u'0f -6«]6_ sf] pkl:ylt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 lsgls
o;n] α r]gx¿ / β r]gx¿sf] aLrsf] c;Gt'ngnfO{ sd
ulb{g ;S5 / β- yfnf;]ldofsf] SnLlgsn glthf ;fdfGo
s8f x'g k'U5 .
One parent
Pp6f
has alpha
cleefjs;F
u
thalassaemia
cNkmf yfnf;]
h ldof
dfOg/ 5 / ToxL
qmf]df]hf]ddf
b'O{j6f c;fdfGo
Unf]lag hLgx¿
5g\ .
& the
other
csf]
{ cleefjs
;'parent
z'Kt the
/f]usilent
sf]
has
jfxs xf] . Pp6f
qmf]df]hf]ddf
c;fdfGo cNkmf
Unf]lag hLg 5 .
alpha
cNkmf
yn
thal
6]«6
trait
x]haemodf]Unf]lag
globin
H /f]u
H disease
cfk"m afxs eP gePsf] kQf nufpg
cg'j+zLo ;/;Nnfx -sfplG;ln·_
;fdfGot, k|of]uzfnfsf] hfFrx¿af6 Pshgf dflg;n] yfnf;]ldof
x'g ;Sg] u'0fx¿ af]s]sf] 5 5}g eGg] kQf nfU5 . k|of]uzfnfsf
hfFrx¿ ug{ eGbf cufl8 ;Dej ePsf 7fpFx¿df dflg;x¿n]
cg'a+lzs ;/;Nnfx -h]g]6Ls sfpG;Llnª_ lng' Psbd h¿/L
x'G5 . of] ;/;Nnfxdf pgLx¿nfO{ lsg hfFr ug'{ k5{ / hfFraf6
k|fKt glthfsf] cy{ pgLx¿sf] lglDt s] x'g ;S5 eGg] af/]df
;"rgf, lgb]{zg / ;Nnfx lbg'kb{5 . cGoyf of] ;Nnfx / ;"rgf
Pp6f c;n :jf:Yo lzIff sfo{qmdn] klg k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . Pp6f
149
α2b2
a2δ2
α 2γ 2
Hb A
Hb A2
Hb F
h]g]l6s ;Nnfxsf/ ljz]if 9+un] tflnd k|fKt JolQm x'g'k5{ h;n]
o;sf] /f]syfdaf/] dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿df ;Nnfx lbg ;S5 / /f]usf]
af/]df lgDg ;Nnfx / ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 .
•
sxfF hFrfpg],
•
k|fKt kl/0ffdx¿sf] JofVof ljZn]if0f s;/L ug]{ .
•
yfnf;]ldofdf x'g;Sg] u'0fx¿ cfk"mdf x'g' eg]sf] s] xf]<
yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] afa'cfdfx¿ h;n] aRrf hGdfpg]
tof/L ul/x]sf 5g\ pgLx¿sf] nflu cfjZos ljsNkx¿
atfpg] / ue{wf/0f ul/;s]/ vt/fdf /x]sf hf]8Lx¿sf nflu
pkfox¿ ;'emfpg] .
•
yfnf;]ldof d]h/ / cGo x]df]Unf]lag u8j8Lsf] sf/0f
of h]g]6Ls sf/0fn] x'g] /f]ux¿sf] k|s[lt / pkrf/af/]
atfpg] .
•
Pshgf ;Nnfxsf/n] /f]usf ;+jfxs JolQm jf bDktLnfO{
cfjZos ;"rgfx¿ lbg'k5{ / ca s;/L cufl8 hfg'k5{
eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ lhDdf pgLx¿nfO{ g} 5f]l8lbg' k5{ . t/
k|fo slxn]sfxL ;Nnfxsf/x¿n] lbPsf] ;Nnfx / hf]lvddf
k/]sf hf]8Lx¿n] lnPsf] lg0f{ox¿df wfld{s / ;fF:s[lts
ljZjf;x¿n] klg 7'nf] k|efj kf5{ . l6 cfO Pkmsf]
"Prevention of Thalassaemias and other Haemoglobin
disorders" Volume I eGg] k|sfzgsf] v08 ! n] o; /f]usf]
af/]df s'zn hfgsf/L lbg ;S5 .
yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] u'0fx¿ af]s]sf] 5 5}g kQf
nufpg] k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f
β-
of] /f]u kQf nufpgsf] nflu ul/g] hfFrx¿df ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{
;Eefljt 9+un] ul/g] /utsf] k"0f{ u0fgf (CBC) d'Vo xf] . o;df
x]df]Unf]lagsf] tx gflkG5 / /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] gfkf];Fu ;alGwlt
logsf] ;+Vof / 3gTj gflkG5 . o; gfknfO{ lgDg /Qmsf]if 3gTj
-Pd=l;=eL=_ / lgDg /Qmsf]if x]df]Unf]lag -Pd=l;=Pr=_ eg]/
hflgG5 .
Pp6f jo:s JolQmdf Go"gtd /Qmsf]if 3gTj &% eGbf tn
uof] eg] To:tf] cj:yf of] /f]usf] u'0f af]s]sf] cj:yfsf] ;"rs
klg x'g;S5 . t/ of] cj:yf slxn]sfFxL /utdf kmnfd tTjsf]
150
yfnf;]ldof af/]
Go"gtfsf] sf/0fn] klg x'G5 . c¿ hfFrx¿ u/]kl5 s] ;d:of xf]
kQf nfU5 . Go"gtd /Qmsf]ifsf] 3gTj aRrfx¿df sd b]lvg
;S5 / of] pd]/lkR5] km/s k5{ . /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ klg
;"Idbz{s oGqdf /fv]/ ltgLx¿sf] cfsf/ / agfj6 hfFlrG5 .
yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] u'0f af]s]sf dfG5]sf /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ kx]Fnf]
kxF]nf] /ªsf x'G5g / logLx¿sf] cfsf/ Psgf; x'Fb}g . -x]g'{xf];\
12f_ o; cj:yfnfO{ kf]Ols6f];fO6f]l;; elgG5 . o;sf] t'ngfdf
;fdfGo / :j:y /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ /ªdf uf9f /ftf], uf]nf uf]nf /
yf]/} sf]lk|Psf] cfsf/df b]lvG5g\ . -x]g'{xf];\ 12e_
yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] u'0f gaf]s]sf JolQmx¿ / β yfnf;]ldof dfOg/
x'g;Sg] u'0f af]s]sf JolQmx¿df ;dfg ¿kn] kfOg] x]df6f]nf]lhsn u'0f
-Eofn'_
u'0f gaf]Sg] -;fdfGo_
β yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] u'0f af]Sg]
Hb:
HCT:
MCV
MCH:
MCHC:
RDW-CV:
13.5 g/dl
42%
88.8 FL
28.5 pg
32.1 g/dl
13.1 %
Hb:
HCT:
MCV:
MCH:
MCHC:
RDW-CV:
A2:
14.2 g/dl
42.5 %
61.2 FL
20.5 pg
33.4 g/dl
15.9 %
5.3 %
c¿ yk k|of]uzfnfsf hfFrx¿ -/utsf] k"/f kmnfd tTjnfO{
cfk"m;Fu afw]/ /fVg] Ifdtf -TIBC / k]ml/l6g_ n] kmnfd tTjsf]
sldnfO{ b]vfpFb}g . olb /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] Go"g 3gTjsf] tx w]/}
tn b]lvof] eg] yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] u'0fsf] pkl:ylt 5 5}g
/ s:tf] k|sf/sf] 5 oL tYox¿ kQf nufpg yk k|of]uzfnf
hfFr ug'{k5{ . β- 6«]6sf] pkl:ylt lgwf{/0f ug{ ul/g] hfFrsf]
k|s[ofnfO{ x]df]Unf]lag On]S6«f]kmf]l/l;; elgG5 . o; k|s[ofn] HBa
/ HbA2 sf] ;+VofTds dfkg u5{ . oL dfkgx¿ Ps jo:s
JolQmsf] x]df]Unf]lagdf /x]sf qmdz pRr / Go'g efux¿ x'g\ .
On]S6«f]kmf]/]l;; elgg] of] hfFraf6 kmf]P6n x]df]Unf]lag h:tf
Pshgf jo:s JolQmsf] /utdf ;fdfGo ¿kn] pkl:yt /xg]
x]df]Unf]lagsf] klg hfFr x'G5 . s]xL xb;Dd oL pNn]lvt hfFrx¿
Pp6f JolQm yfnf;]ldof x'g ;Sg] u'0f afxs xf] ls xf]Og kQf
nufpg kof{Kt 5g\ .
α- yfnf;]ldof
x'g ;Sg] u'0f -6«]6_ eP gePsf] s'/f 36fpg] / cnu
ug]{ -PS:Sn'hg / l88S;g_ k|s[ofaf6 klg kQf nfU5 . /Qmsf]ifsf]
151
B
yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] u'0fsf] pkl:yltsf] ¿kx¿
Plgldof
dfOqmf];fO6f]l;;
HbA2
HbF
>3.5%
1-5%
Snfl;sn
0-+
(MCV<75 fl)
+
βσ
0-+
+
<3.5%
5-10%
Lepore
0-+
+
<3.5%
1-5%
<3.5%
<2%
0
0
;'z'Kt afxs
-;Dd]ngsf] sfo{kqaf6, Pd P gf] !$, !((^_
12e
yfnf;]ldof x'g;Sg] u'0f
gaf]s]sf] dflg;sf]
/utsf] lkmNd -;fdfGo_
12f
aL6f yfnf;]ldof af]s]sf]
dflg;sf] /utsf] lkmNd
cGo
5-10% Lepore Hb
Go"gtd 3gTj (MCV) sf] tx tn ePsfx¿ -kmnfd tTjsf]
sdLsf] sf/0fn] xf]Og_, Ps ;fdfGo x]df]Unf]lag On]S6«f]kmf]/]l;;
ubf{ klg β- yfnf;]ldofsf] u'0f kQf nfu]g eg] / hfFr ul/Psf
JolQmx¿ vf; hghflt ;d"xsf] a+zh klg x'g\ eg] pgLx¿
α- yfnf;]ldofsf ;+jfxs x'g;Sg] u'0f ePsf JolQm x'g eGg
;lsG5 . s'g} s'g} kl/l:yltx¿df β- cyjf α- yfnf;]ldofx¿sf]
u'0f pkl:yt 5 5}g lgwf{/0f ug{ l8= Pg= P= hfFr ug{ ;lsG5 .
h]g]l6s hfFr ug]{ oL tl/sfx¿ yfnf;]ldofsf] lgbfgsf] nflu w]/}
k|of]u x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .
/ut s;n] k/LIf0f u/fpg'k5{ <
of] /f]u ;+;f/sf] h'g ;'s} efudf klg b]lvg ;S5 eGg] s'/fnfO{
Wofgdf /fvL, yfnf;]ldof /f]syfdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbgsf] nflu
yfnf;]ldof x'g ;Sg] u'0f pkl:yt 5 ls 5}g kQf nufpg /ut
:qmLlgª ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ ;DalGwt b]zsf] /f]usf] lgoGq0fsf] /fli6«o
sfo{qmddf ;d]6\g' k5{ .
of] hfFr e/;s ;fgf] pd]/sf] JolQmdf To;df klg ljz]if u/L
ljjfx ug'{ / ue{wf/0f ug'{ cufl8 g} u¥of] eg] o;n] ;DalGwt
JolQmx¿nfO{ y'k|} ljsNkx¿ lbg ;S5 . sd;]sd klg /utsf]
:qmLlgª ug'{kg]{ cj:yfx¿ oL x'g\–
s_ ha s'g} JolQmsf] cfkmGt yfnf;]ldof x'g ;Sg] u'0f af]s]sf]
s'/f yfxf ePsf] of /f]u nflu;s]sf] 5 eg],
v_ yfnf;]ldofsf] b/ pRr /x]sf] b]zx¿af6 cfPsf] 5 eg],
152
yfnf;]ldof af/]
;xuf]qtf -k'Vof}{nL ;DaGw_
;xuf]qtf eg]sf] Pp6} lsl;dsf] /ut ePsf -/Qm;+aGw leqsf_
cfkmGtx¿ sf] ;d"x xf] . oL cfkmGtx¿sf] aLrdf x'g] ljjfxnfO{
;xuf]qLx¿sf] ljjfx elgG5 . ;+;f/sf y'k|} efux¿df o:tf]
ljjfxnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbOPsf] 5 / k|of]udf 5 . gftf hlt w]/}
glhs x'G5, Tolt g} w]/} o:tf afa'cfdfaf6 hGd]sf aRrfx¿df
sGh]G;n u8a8Lsf] sf/0fn] yfnf;]ldof h:tf] /f]u nfUg] vt/f
/xG5 .
c;DalGwt hf]8Laf6 hGdg] aRrf :jf:y x'g] ;Defjgf (*Ü
/xG5 . dfdf, k'mk"sf 5f]/f5f]/L aLr ljjfx eO{ hGdg] aRrf
:j:y /xg] ;Defjgf (^Ü / cfk\mgf cfdfafa'x¿ / xh'/ cfdf
xh'/a'afx¿ glhs /x]sf cfkmGtx¿ aLr ljjfx eO{ hlGdg]
aRrf :j:y /xg] ;Defjgf ($Ü dfq /xG5 .
o;/L g} hlt 6f9fsf] dfG5]l;t ;Dks{ u/L aRrf hGdfof]
yfnf;]ldof /f]uaf6 k|efljt aRrf hGdfpg] ;Defjgf Tolt
g} 6f9f efU5 . c;DaGwLt cleefjsaf6 hGd]sf !))) hgf
aRrfx¿dWo] ´08} @—# hgf aRrfx¿ k|efljt kfOPsf] 5 .
glhssf cfkmGtx¿sf] ;dfud eO{ hGd]sf !))) hgf aRrfx¿
dWo] @ b]lv @) hgf aRrfx¿df j+zf0f'ut ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g\ .
afa'cfdfx¿sf] /Qm ;DaGw hlt glhssf] /x\of] Tolt g} a9L
;d:ofx¿ x'G5g\ .
hf]lvddf /x]sf hf]8Lx¿sf nflu pknAw
ljsNkx¿
afa'cfdfsf] hfFrM B- yfnf;]ldof x'g ;Sg] u'0f af]s]sL Ps hgf
dlxnf aRrf hGdfpg vf]lh/x]sL l5g\ cyjf ue{jtL eO;s]sL
l5g\ eg] p;sf] nf]Ug]n] klg pm;Fu yfnf;]ldof x'g ;Sg] u'0f
ljBdfg 5 5}g kQf nufpg t'¿Gt} hfFr u/fpg'k5{ . olb b'j}
cfdfafa';Fu o:tf] u'0f pkl:yt 5 eg] pgLx¿n] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf]
af/]df ;f]Rg ;S5g\ . olb ue{jtL eO;s]sf] eP ue{df /x]sf]
e|'0fdf yfnf;]ldof 5 5}g kQf nufpg hfFr u/fpg ;S5g\ / olb
aRrf yfnf;]ldof k|efljt /x]5 eg] ue{ t'xfpg ;S5g\ . ue{sf]
aRrfnfO{ hGd lbg] of t'xfpg] eGg] lg0f{o ug{ ;S5g\ . o;/L
153
vt/fdf /x]sf hf]8Lx¿nfO{ pknAw c¿ ljsNkx¿df 5'l§P/
a:g], c¿sf] aRrf NofP/ kfNg], c¿ cfdfafa'af6 /h / jLo{
lnP/ 6]i6 6\o'j aRrf hGdfpg] d'Vo x'g\ . sltko cfdfafa'x¿,
wfld{s ljZjf;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ aRrfsf] cj:yf kQf nufpg
;Sb}gg\ / ue{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5g\ .
yfnf;]ldofsf] nflu e|'0fsf] k/LIf0f
e|'0fdf yfnf;]ldof ljBdfg 5 5}g hfFRg] . ue{d} /x]sf aRrfdf
yfnf;]ldof 5 5}g eg]/ hfFRg] # j6f hfFrx¿ 5g\ .
!_ PGdLcf];]G6]l;;
of] hfFr ue{sf] bf]>f] txsf] cj:yf cyjf !* b]lv @@ xKtfsf]
aLrdf ul/G5 . o;df cN6«f;fp08 u/L hfFlrG5 . Pshgf tflnd
k|fKt ue{ ljz]if1n] cfdfsf] tNn]f k]6df ;f¥x} kftnf] tf/ 3';f5{g\
/ o;sf] dfWodaf6 @÷# rDrf Pldgf]O6Ls t/n kbfy{ aflx/
tfG5g\ . ue{df /x]sf] lzz'af6 lemlsPsf] of] t/nkbfy{nfO{
k|of]uzfnfdf hfFlrG5 / e|'0f cj:yfsf] aRrfdf yfnf;]ldof 5,
5}g lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
of] hfFr ue{jtL cfdfsf] :jf:Yo ;fx|} /fd|f] 5 / pgL vt/fd'Qm
5g\ eg] dfq ug'{k5{ . slxn]sfxLF of] hfFrsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ s]xL
lbg of s]xL xKtfkl5 ue{ t'lxg ;S5 .
@_ sf]8f]{;]G6]l;;M
cN6«f;fp08n] lbPsf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ Pp6f dl;gf] tf/nfO{ cfdfsf]
k]6df 3';f/]/ e|'0f hf]l8P/ /x]sf] gfledf k'¥ofOG5 . of] l;of]sf]
dfWodaf6 @ b]lv # ldlnln6/ /ut lgl:sG5 / k|of]uzfnfdf
kmf]P6n /utnfO{ 5'6\ofOG5 . olb o:tf] /ut lgsfNg] k|fljlws
l;4 5g\ eg] k|foh;f] klxnf] k|of;df g} ztk|ltzt kmf]P6n /ut
tfGg ;S5g\ . z'4 kmf]P6n /ut tfGg c;kmn x'g] sf/0fx¿df
;fgf] pd]/sf] ue{wf/0f, !* xKtfeGbf slnnf] ue{ cfdfsf] df]6f]kg
/ cufl8 a;]sf] ;fn cflb kb{5g\ . oL dWo] ;fgf] pd]/df x'g]
ue{wf/0f g} sf8f]{;]G;]l;; hfFrdf b]lvg] cK7\of/f]x¿sf] k|d'v
sf/0f xf] .
h]n On]S6«f]kmf]/f]l;;sf] k|of]uaf6 Unf]ljg r]gnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] k|s[of
g} of] lsl;dsf] k|of]uzfnf hfFr ljlwdf ;d:of v'6\ofpg] k|d'v
154
yfnf;]ldof af/]
ljlw xf] . cf0fljs ljlwaf6 klxnf] cj:yfdf g} ljlzi6 9+un] ul/g]
hfFrsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ sf]]8f]{;]G6]l;; ljlw x/fO;s]sf] 5 . of] ljlw
hf]lvddf /x]sf bDktLx¿ h;sf] klxnfsf] l/kf]6{ x/fO;s]sf] 5,
l;=le=P;= -CVS) sf] hfFrn] s]xL ;+s]t ub}{g / ue{ /x]sf] l/kf]6{
l9nf] u/L u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq ul/G5 .
#_ sf]l/cf]lgs len; :ofDklnª (CVS)
l;leP; hfFr PDgLcf];]G6]l;; eGbf s]xL cufl8 cyjf ue{ /x]sf]
!) b]lv !! xKtfsf] ljrdf ul/G5 . o; hfFrdf cN6«f;fp08sf]
;xf/f lnb} ue{/f]u ljz]if1n] sf]l/cf]lgs lemNnL ;]nsf] ;fgf]
gd"gf tfG5g\ of] sf]ifdf e|'0fdf /xg] h]g]l6s ;"rgf ;'/lIft /x]sf]
x'G5 . o;af6 g} kl5 uP/ ;fn aG5 . of] gd'gf lngsf] nflu
oft dl;gf] tf/nfO{ cfdfsf] k]6df 3';fl/G5 -6«fG;PG8f]ldg/_
oft of]gLaf6 ;fgf] Sofy]6/ 3';fl/G5 -6«fG;;le{sn_ . To;kl5
o;/L tflgPsf] sf]if ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
PlDgcf];]G6]l;; h:tf] (CVS) ljlwn] cfdfnfO{ vf;} vt/f x'Fb}g .
tfklg aRrf t'lxg] lemgf] ;Defjgf eg] /xG5 . olb ue{ t'lxof]
eg] klg o;sf] sf/0f CVS ljlwn] g} ePsf] xf] eg]/ eGg
uf¥xf] x'G5 lsgls w]/} ue{x¿ ue{fj:yfsf] !@ xKtfsf] jl/kl/
t'lxG5g\ .
olb of] hfFr (CVS) uef{cj:yfsf] cl3Nnf] r/0fdf g} of clGtd
k6s /h:jnf ePsf] ldltn] * xKtf el/df g} ul/of] eg] ue{df
/x]sf] lzz'sf] z/L/sf c+ux¿df rf]6 nfUg] / c+ue+u x'g] vt/f
/xG5 t/ olb /h:jnf ePsf] ldltn] ( xKtfdf of] hfFr (CVS)
ul/of] eg] o:tf] c+ue+u x'g] s'g} yk vt/fx¿ ePsf] k|df0f 5}g .
oL sf/0fn] ubf{ klg of] hfFr (CVS) uef{wf/0fsf] !) xKtfsf]
z'¿cftdf g} ug{] ul/G5 .
h]g]l6s hfFrn] s;/L sfd u5{ <
PDgf]cf];]G6]l;; / l; le P; (CVS) b'j} hfFrx¿ l8 Pg P hfFrdf
cfwfl/t 5g\ of] hfFrn] cfdfa'afdf pkl:yt c0f'jf+lzs -h]g]l6s_
c;fdfGokg -lhg ;+/rgf kl/jt{g_ sf] cj:yfnfO{ klxrfg ug]{
jf 5'6\ofpg] u5{ . of] j+zf0f'ut /f]usf] lgbfg ug]{ ;a}eGbf /fd|f]
tl/sf xf] . of] hfFrdf klg w]/} sd g} ePklg c¿ hfFrx¿df
h:t} uNtL x'g] ;Dejgf /xG5 .
155
xfd|f] lghL ljz]iftfx¿sf nflu lhDd]jf/ xfdLn] cfdfa'afaf6
a+zf0f'ut ¿kn] lnPsf lhgx¿ x]df]Unf]lag ;d]t l8 Pg P n]
ag]sf x'G5g\ . z/L/sf k|To]s c+ux¿ nufot aRrfnfO{ a]/]/
a;]sf] ;fnn] ;d]t Pp6f JolQmsf] l8=Pg=P=sf] ;du| gd"gf
af]S5 . l;=lj=P;= hfFrdf k|of]uzfnf a}1flgsx¿n] sf]/f]cf]lgs
lemNnLaf6 lnPsf] sf]ifsf] l8=Pg=P=df lglxt x]df]Unf]lag lhgsf]
/fd|f] cWoog u5{g\ / ca hlGdg] aRrf :j:y x'G5 cyjf
yfnf;]ldof x'g ;Sg] u'0f af]s]sf] x'G5 of yfnf;]ldof d]h/ g}
eP/ hlGdG5 eGg] s'/f kQf nufpF5g\ . of] gd"gfsf] cWoog k"/f
ug{ em08} ! xKtf nfU5 .
ue{ t'xfpg'
olb k|of]uzfnf hfFrn] aRrf /f]uaf6 k|efljt ePsf] b]vfof] eg]
cfdfafa'n] ue{ t'xfpg] lg0f{o lng ;S5g\ . of] ;Gbe{df h]g]l6s
;Nnfxsf/ / ue{ /f]u ljz]if1sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . oxL a]nf
bDktLx¿n] ue{sf] aRrf hGdfpg] / p;nfO{ lhGbuLe/L pkrf/
ug]{ lg0f{o klg lng ;S5g\ . olb ue{ t'xfpg] g} lg0f{o lng] xf]
eg] uef{j:yfsf] ;dosf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ b'O{ r/0fdf t'xfpg
;lsG5 .
klxnf] r/0fdf ue{ t'xfpg'
dlxnfsf] ue{ a;]sf] !$ xKtf k'Ug' cufj} klxnf] r/0fd} ue{
t'xfpg] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . bDktLx¿nfO{ ue{ t'xfpFbf klg bf];|f]
aRrf hGdfpg] Ifdtfdf s'g} sdL gcfpg] s'/fdf ljZj:t kfg'{
k5{ . t/ vt/fdf /x]sf hf]8Lsf] k|To]s ue{df cfPsf] aRrf
/f]uaf6 k|efljt x'g;S5 eGg] s'/f klg /fd|f];Fu ;Demfpg'k5{ .
olb cfdfa'afx¿n] ca ue{df cfpg] aRrf /f]uaf6 k|efljt x'G5
ls xF'b}g eg]/ hfGg rfx] eg] lzz' hlGdg' eGbf cufl8 ul/g] /f]u
lgbfgsf] k|s[of k'gM ckgfpg' k5{ eg]/ ;'emfj lbg'k5{ .
l9nf] u/L ue{ t'xfpg'
!$ xKtfeGbf a9Lsf] ue{ t'xfpgsf] nflu ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{
;'Ts]/L Joyf nfUg] cf}ifwL -k|f]:6fUnf08Lg_ uef{zodf lbOG5 . of]
k|s[ofdf 306f}+;Dd Joyf nfUg], k|lqmofx¿ w]/} emGeml6nf ePsf]
x'Fbf uef{j:yfsf] cl3Nnf] r/0fdf ue{kft u/fpg'eGbf sl7g /
156
yfnf;]ldof af/]
si6k"0f{ x'G5 . o:tf] ePklg o; sfo{n] dlxnfsf] csf]{ ue{
af]Sg;Sg] Ifdtfdf eg] s'g} c;/ kfb}{g .
c¿ tl/sfx¿
aRrf hGdg' eGbf cufl8 g} ul/g] /f]usf] lgbfg / ue{kft
u/fpg] ljlw ljjfbf:kb 5g\ . ue{df ePsf] jRrf yfnf;]ldof
/f]u x'g] u'0f ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] hfg]/ dfq /f]usf] lgoGq0f
x'Fb}g . ue{l:yt lzz'sf] /f]u lgbfg / ue{ktg ljgf ul/g] s'g}
klg :qmLlgª ;kmn / k|efjsf/L x'Fb}g . cfdfsf] /utdf /x]sf]
kmf]P6nsf]ifx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ h:tf /f]syfdsf cg]s ljlwx¿
ljsf; e}/x]sf 5g\ t/ oL ljlwx¿sf cfk\mgf ;Ldfx¿ 5g\ / xfn
k|of]udf /x]sf] ue{l:yt lzz'sf] /f]u lgbfg k|s[of h:tf] of] Tolt
k|efjsf/L 5}g . csf]{ k|d'v k|s[of -PGD_ cyjf k"j{ k|Tof/f]k0f
h]g]l6s lgbfg -lk| 6fG:KnfG6];g 8fOUgf]l;;_ xf] . of] ljlwdf
yfnf;]ldof x'g ;Sg] u'0f af]s]sL cfdfaf6 l8=Pg=P k|ljlw k|of]u
u/L :j:y c08 lemlsG5 . afa'af6 ;d]t :j:y jLo{ lnO{ o;nfO{
uef{zo aflx/ g} lgz]lrt ul/G5 . of] lgz]lrt c08nfO{ cfdfsf]
kf7]3/df /flvG5 . ue{ t'xfpg dg gug]{ dflg;x¿sf] nflu of]
ljlw /fd|f] 5 olb k|ljlw sd hl6n / :j:y ;d]t eP o;sf]
k|of]un] Jofkstf kfpg] lyof] .
157
zAb–cy{ ;+u|x
cu|fg'nf];fO6–
PSo"6—
P8\;–
cNa'dLg–
cN8f]:6]/f]g–
Pnf]ODo'g–
Plgldof–
PgfDg]li6s–
PgflkmNofS;L;–
PG6LjfO6Ls–
PG6La8L–
PG6LhLg–
PG6Llx:6fdfOg–
PG6Lcf]S;L8G6–
PG6LkfO/]l6s–
PG6Ll/6«f]efO/n–
PG6LefO/n–
158
;fO6f]KnfHdLs u|fg'n; -bfgfx¿_ gePsf] ;]tf ;Qmsf]ifx¿ -x]g'{xf];\
u|fg'nf];fO6_
-tLa|_ 5f]6f] ;dodf g} l;ls:t -;f¥x}_ agfpg] la/fdL qmf]lgs;Fu
t'ngf ug'{xf];\_
-PSjfo8{ ODo"gf] l8lkm;]G;L efO/;_ efO/;sf] pkl:yltn] ubf{ z/L/sf]
k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf gi6 x'g], of] /f]u PrcfOeLsf] ;+qmd0fsf] sf/0fn]
x'G5 . /ut / of}g ;DaGwaf6 ;5{ .
/utsf] KnfHdf, df+zk]zL, c08fsf] ;]tf] efu, b"wdf kfOg] k|f]l6gx¿sf]
k|sf/x¿dWo]sf] ;fdfGo k|f]l6g .
z/L/df g'g / kfgLsf] ;Gt'ngnfO{ ;'rf¿ ug]{ :6]/f]O8 xdf]{g .
z/L/df aflx/af6 k:g] kbfy{ lj¿4 pTkfbg x'g] PG6Laf]l8hÙ pbfx/0fsf]
nflu /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg lng' .
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿, x]df]Unf]lag cyjf s'n /utsf] u'0f 36\g] of sld x'g]
Pp6f cj:yf .
klxnf] k6ssf] PG6La8Lh z/L/sf] ;]/ddf klxrfg x'g ;s]sf]
v08df ODo'gf]h]lgs kbfy{sf] lj¿4df bf];|f] k6s PG6Lal8hsf] tLa|
pTkfbg .
k|f]l6g jf cf}ifwLx¿ k|ltsf] clt pRr ;+a]bgzLntf h;sf] sf/0fn]
Plglkmnofs6Ls ;+3ft x'g ;S5 .
;'Idbz{s oGqn] dfq b]Vg ;Sg] cToGt ;fgf ;fgf hLjf0f'af6
;]ld;]Gy]l6s lnP/ of pTkfbg u/]/ agfOPsf] kbfy{ of] 3f]ndf 3'Ng
-ldl;g_ ;S5 / ;;fgf lhjf0f'x¿nfO{ dfg{ -bafpg_ ;S5 .
z/L/sf] k|lt/Iff k|To'Q/sf] Pp6f efusf] ¿kdf PG6LhLg lj¿4 ;s[o
x'g] k|f]l6g .
k|lt/Iff k|ltpQ/nfO{ pQ]lht ug{ ;Sg] kbfy{ .
Pnlh{s k|lts[ofsf] pkrf/df k|of]u x'g] of}lusx¿ dWo] Ps of}lus .
ljleGg kbfy{ -kx]+nf kmnk"mn, le6fldg ;L, cNkmf – 6f]sf]k]m/f]n cflb_
h;sf] cs;L8];gn] jf logLx¿;+usf] cS;Lhgsf] k|ltlqmofn] lk|m
¥ofl8sn -zl//sf lglDt v/fa tTj_ n] zl//df k'¥ofpg] xfgLaf6
hf]ufpF5 .
Hj/f] /f]Sg], x6fpg] of sd ug]{ .
l/6«f]efO/;x¿sf] lj¿4 lgb]{lzt, logLx¿sf] k|efj / sd ug{] .
efO/;sf] lj?4 k|efjsf/L;+u sfd ug]{, lgb]{lzt x'g] .
yfnf;]ldof af/]
Pl/b\dLof–
cf6{/L–
cl;D6f]Dofl6s–
c6f]hd–
AofS6]l/od–
jfon–
jfon/L–
jfoK;L–
/Qm ;d"x–
/ut KnfHdf–
/utsf k|sf/–
x•Lsf] dHhf
-af]gDof/f]_–
af]efOg :kf]uLkme{
OG;]kmfnf]KofyL–
Soflkn/L–
sfaf]{xfO6«]8–
d'6'sf] w8\gsf] nosf] ;do of zlQmdf kl/jt{g
cfpg' .
df+;k]zLsf] leQf ePsf d'6'af6 z/L/el/ /ut k'¥ofpg]
/QmgnLx¿ .
/f]usf] s'g} klg ;+s]t b]vf gkg]{ cj:yf .
of}g qmf]df]hf]db]lv afx]ssf c¿ qmf]df]hdx¿
JoS6]l/ofsf] k|f]sfof]l6{e ;d"x dWo] kg]{ s'g} ljlzi6
Go'lSno; gePsf] Pssf]ifLo uf]nfsf/, rqmsf/ of
/8 h:tf] cfsf/sf] ;"Idbz{s oGqn] dfq b]Vg ;lsg]
hLj . of] hLj ;d"xdf j:5 / /f]u nufpg ;Ifd
x'G5 .
sn]hf]n] pTkfbg ug]{ kx]+nf] cyjf xl/of] t/n kbfy{,
h'g 8'8]gddf k:5 / af];f]sf] cjzf]if0f ug{ d2t
u5{ .
jfon;Fu ;alGwt
hLljt z/L/af6 lgsflng] tGt', sf]if of t/n kbfy{ /
o;sf] hfFr k|lqmof
vf; lsl;dsf] PG6LhLgsf] pkl:yltsf] of cefjsf]
cfwf/df /utnfO{ $ ;d"xnfO{ afl8g], P, aL, PaL /
cf] -/utsf k|sf/x¿ x]g'{xf];\_ /utsf] :t/ .
kfgL of 3'lnPsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf k|f]l6g, On]S6«f]nfO6\;,
;'u/, lnkL8\;, cGt/bxg k|lqmofaf6 lg:s]sf] ljsf/,
Pldgf] Pl;8, xdf]{g, le6fldg h:tf tTjx¿ ePsf]
k'm;|f] kx]+nf] /ª\usf] k"0f{ /utsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ efu .
/Qm ;d"x x]g'{xf];\
x•Lsf] vf]qmf] efu leq kfOg] sg]sl6e tGt' of] @ ¿kdf
kfOG5 . nfdf] nfdf] vfnsf] x•L leq kfOg] af];f]sf]if
ePsf] ;]tf] of kx]nf] b]lvg] kbfy{ / csf]{ /ftf] dHhf
h;df ;Dk"0f{ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ / u|fg'nf];fO6\;x¿
aGb5g\ . d]¿b08 leq kfOg] kbfy{ .
vfgfaf6 ;a} lk|cf]gaf6 x'g;Sg] a'4f ufOj:t'x¿sf]
OG;]k\mofnf]KofyL s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnLdf nfUg] j[l4o'Qm
3fts /f]u of] e]F8f afv|fsf] Srapie ;Fu ldN5 .
-o;nfO{ ax'nf ufO{sf] /f]u eg]/ klg hflgG5_
;aeGbf ;fgf /QmgnLx¿ -/Qmsf]ifLo_
xl/of] af]6lj¿jfx¿af6 algg] ;'u/ :6fr{ / ;]n'n'h
ePsf] sfj{g, xfO8«f]hg / clS;hgsf ljleGg
of}lusx¿ .
159
sfj{g 8fOcS;fO8–
;]n -sf]if_–
lrn]l6Ë Ph]G6–
lrn]l6Ë y]/fkL–
qmf]df]hf]d–
qmf]lgs -bL3{/f]u_–
l;/f]l;;–
;fO6«]6–
sf]u'n];g–
sf]u'nf]KofyL–
sGh]lg6n–
sG6\ofldg]6–
sGeNhg–
s'n]sf] Plgldof–
qm'hk]ml86 Hofsf]j
/f]u–
l;cfgf]l;;–
160
kz'sf] Zjf;k|Zjf; / xl/of ;fukft kbfy{sf] Iflt,
bxgsf] k|s[ofdf aGg] u¥xf}+ /ª\uxLg UofF; .
hLjgsf] cfwf/e"t sfo{x¿sf] nflu lhDd]jf/ :jtGq
¿kn] sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd lhpFbf] j:t'sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf]
;+/rgf .
w]/} of}lusx¿ dWo] Ps of}lus hf] wft';Fu ldn]/
lrn]6/ agfpF5 . of] lrlsT;fdf wft'sf] -d]6nsf]_
ljiffQmtf pkrf/ ug{ k|of]u x'G5 .
lrn]l6ª Ph]G6sf] k|of]un] z/L/df pTkGg wft';Fu
afFw]/ ldnfpg] k|s[of h;n] ubf{ wft' tTjn] ef}lts
s[ofsnfk of ljiffQm c;/ u'dfpF5 . wft' tTj lbzf
lk;fa kl;gfsf] dfWodaf6 aflx/ hfG5 .
wfuf] h:tf] b]lvg] sf]ifsf] Go'SnLdf /xg] ;+/rgfx¿
h;n] hLgsf] ¿kdf a+zf0f'ut ;"rgf af]S5g / ;Dk"0f{
sf]ifLo s[ofsnfkx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f u5{g\ .
jLrdf b]vf kb}{ l;ls:t agfpFb} n}hfg] bL3{ lsl;dsf]
lj/fd -PSo"6sf] 7Ls pN6f]_
sn]hf]nfO{ c;/ k'¥ofpg] cg]sf} bL3{ cj:yfx¿
dWo] lkma|f]l;; eO{ sn]hf]sf] ;+/rgfdf Jofks ¿kn]
Iflt k'u]sf] cj:yf . -nfdf] ;do /S;L ;]jg u/]sf]
dflg;sf] cyjf x]kf6fOl6; ePsf] sn]hf] h:tf]_
;fOl6«s Pl;8sf] nj0f tTj .
jfSnf] h]nLh:tf] Rofn Rofn] cj:yf aGg] k|s[of of
/ut hDg] k|s[of
/ut hDg] k|s[ofdf c;/ ug]{ /f]u .
hGdFbf g} cfPsf], e|'0fsf] kf7]3/df ljsf; x'g] k|s[of
of lnPsf] /f]u t/ hLgaf6 ;/]/ cfPsf] a+zf0f'ut eg]
xf]Og .
;Dks{sf] dfWodaf6 bfu nufpg', d}Nofpg' of ;+qmd0f
ug'{
c;fdfGo, c:jfefljs / pu| ¿kn] df+;k]zLx¿
cfk;]cfk v'Drg] /f]u .
-yfnf;]ldof x]g'{xf];\_
lk|cgsf] sf/0fn] x'g] lbdfusf tGt'x¿df Kjfn
kg]{, a]nfeGbf cufl8 g} x'g] dfgl;s c;Gt'ng /
df+;k]zLsf] ;+of]hgdf ;d:of b]vf kg]{ cj:yf ePsf]
lj/n} x'g] j[l4jw{s 3fts OG;]k\mofn]KofyL .
/utn] cfk"lt{ ug]{ clS;hgsf] dfqfdf ;d:of
cfO{ 5fnf lgnf] of kx]Fnf] x'g] ;d:of -k/Dk/fut
ljZjf;cg';f/ af]S;Ln] r';]sf]_
yfnf;]ldof af/]
;fO6f]KnfHd–
8]k]ml/k|f]g–
8]S;L/fOaf]Go'lns
Pl;8–
8]:k]m/n–
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOg—
8fOa]l6h d]ln6\;—
8fOUgf]l;;—
8fO:6f]n—
l8=cfO=l;—
8fo'/]l6s—
l8 Pg=P=—
8fO:KgLof—
On]S6«f]kmf]/l;;–
ODaf]nfOh—
ODaf]lnHd—
ODa|Lof]—
OG8f]qmfOg—
Go'lSno/ lemNnLeGbf aflx/ /xg] h}ljs / ch}ljs
kbfy{x¿ h;df lemNnLn] afFw]sf chf{g]nx¿
dfO6f]sf]lG8«of / Snf]/f]Knf:6 klg k5{g .
vfOg] kmnfd tTj x6fpg] cf}ifwLsf] Jofkfl/s gfd
h;nfO{ Pkf]6]S; eGg] cf}ifwL sDkgLn] ahf/df
NofPsf] 5 .
-l8 Pg P_ j+zf0f'ut u'0fsf cf0fljs cfwf/sf ¿kdf
/x]sf ljleGg Go"SnLs Pl;8x¿ h;sf] ;+/rgf hf]/
x]lnS;af6 ag]sf] b]lvG5 .
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOgsf], Jofkfl/s gfd h;nfO{ gf]efl6{;
kmdf{ eGg] cf}ifwL lgdf{tf sDkgLn] ahf/df NofPsf]
5.
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] cf}ifwL
j+zf0f'ut / jftfj/0fLo sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ sfaf]{xfO8«]8
cGt/bxg k|s[ofdf b]vf kg]{ u8a8L . o;df OG;'lng
eGg] xdf]{gsf] pTkfbg sd x'G5 / la/fdLnfO{ a9L
lkzfj nfUg], /utdf / lk;fjdf a9L lrgL b]lvg],
/ ef]s ltvf{ a9L nfUg] / ahg 36\g] nIf0fx¿
b]lvG5g\ .
nIf0f / ;+s]tx¿sf] cfwf/df /f]usf] klxrfg ug]{
ljlw
d'6'sf] sf]7f /utn] el/Psf] ;dodf x'g] d'6'sf]
df+;k]zLsf] noa4tfsf] ;':ttf
l8l;ldg]6]8 OG6«fdf:s'n/ sf]u'nf]KofyL -gzf leq
/ut afSnf] aGg], hDg] ;d:of_
d'qaw{s cf}ifwL
-l8cS;L/fOaf] Go'lSns Pl;8 v08 x]g'{xf];\_
;f; k]mg{ cK7\of/f] x'g] ;d:of .
t/n tTj dfk{mt rnfodfg cfGtl/s ljB'tLo zlQmsf]
k|jfxaf6 lgnlDat tTj
leq c8\lsg', ufl8g' / cj/f]w l;h{gf ug'{
/utdf xfjfsf kmf]sfx¿ / c;fdfGo kbfy{x¿ k;]/
/Qm zL/fx¿df x'g] cs:dft cj/f]w
ue{wf/0fsf] ;dob]lv * xKtf;Ddsf] kf7]3/df /x]sf]
dfgjfs[lt .
cGt>fjL u|GyLx¿ h;n] cfGtl/s ¿kdf xdf]{gx¿sf]
>fj u/fpF5g\ / /utaf6 oL xdf]{gx¿ z/L/el/
k|jflxt x'G5g .
161
OGhfOd—
Pl/y|f]8df{—
Pl/y|f]Anfi6—
Pl/y|f]Anf:6f]l;;
kmf]P6]n—
Pl/y|f];fO6\;—
Pl/y|f]kf]Ol6g—
PS:6«fef:s'n/—
k\mof6 -af];f]_—
k]mla|n—
k]ml/l6g—
lkma|gf]lhg—
lkma|f]l;;—
kmf]P6n—
x]df]Unf]lag—
kmf]P6;—
kmf]lns Pl;8—
162
hl6n lsl;dsf] k|f]l6g h;n] z/L/sf] tfkqmddf /x]/
z/L/leq ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] hLj /;folgs k|lts[ofnfO{
pQ]lht kf5{ .
5fnfsf] /ftf] kg .
/ftf] /Ësf], x•Ldf kfOg]] dHhfsf] sf]if h;n]
x]df]Unf]lagnfO{ ;+Zn]lift u5{ / /ftf] /Qmsf]ifsf]
lgdf0f{df ;+of]hgsf/L e"ldsf v]N5 . lj:tfl/t ¿kdf
/ftf /Qmsf]ifsf] k'vf{ .
e|'0fsf] Xofdf]ln6Ls /f]u of] gofF hlGdg] aRrfdf
hlG8; Pl/y|f]Anfi6;\sf] k|jfx dfWodaf6 b]lvG5 .
o:tf] cj:yf ha Rh ;sf/fTds ePsf] e|'0fsf]
PG6LhLg lj¿4 cfdfsf] Rh gsf/fTds ePsf] z/L/n]
PG6La8L pTkfbg u5{ / o;/L pTkflbt PG6Lj8Ln]
;fn klg l5rf]n]/ Pl/y|f];fO6\; /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿
df/]kl5 of] cj:yf b]vf k5{ .
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ .
ljz]ifu/L d[uf}{nfdf ag]/ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] lgdf{0f
k|s[ofnfO{ k|]/0ff lbg] xdf]{gn kbfy{ .
/QmgnL (Vessel) df geO{ cGoq x'g]
P8Lkf]h df+;k]zLsf] y'k|f] agfpg] t}nLo j:t', zlQm
lbg] vfB kbfy{dWo] Ps k|d'v vfB .
Hj/f] .
kmnfd tTjsf] ;~rodf ;lqmo /xg] kmnfd tTj
g} af]s]sf] lqm:6nfOg -kf/bzL{_ k|f]l6g hf] sn]hf] /
lkmof]df k|z:tdfqfdf kfOG5 .
sn]hf]df pTkfbg eO{ /]zfbf/ k|f]l6gdf kl/jt{g x'g]
KnfHdf k|f]l6g, lkma|Lg, h;n] /ut hDg] k|s[ofsf] nflu
d2t u5{ .
/]zfbf/ tGt'sf] j[l4n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ Ps k|s[of .
-kmf]P6; x]g'{xf];_
of] Pp6f /Qm tGt' xf] h;df @ j6f cNkmf r]gx¿ /
b'O{j6f ufdf r]gx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . of] ev{/} hGd]sf]
afnsx¿sf] /utdf Psbd w]/} x'G5 / yfnf;]ldof
h:tf] Plgldofdf logsf] ;+Vof a9]sf] x'g;S5 .
ue{wf/0fsf] # dlxgfsf] cjlwb]lv ghlGdpGh]n
;Ddsf] dfgjfs[lt .
s'kf]if0f cyjf sd kf]if0f tTjsf] sf/0fn] x'g] Plgldofsf]
pkrf/df k|of]u ul/g] le6fldg 'B' sDKn]S; dWo]sf]
Pp6f lqmi6nfOg le6fldg .
yfnf;]ldof af/]
:jtGq -lk|m_
¥ofl8sn—
km+u;—
un Anf8/
-lkQy}nL_—
un :6f]g
-lkQ kTy/_—
ufdf Unf]ljlng—
hLg—
h]gf]6fOk—
Unf]ljg—
Un'sf]h—
;f¥x} w]/} k|ltlqmofTds k/df0f'x¿ cyjf c0f'sf
6'qmfx¿ .
-ax'rg kmGhfO_ k/hLjL ;d"xdf kg]{ Pssf]ifLo hLjf0f'
pTkfbg ug]{ Pp6f hLjf0f' .
sn]hf]sf] 5]pdf /x]sf] sn]hf]n] pTkfbg u/]sf] lkQ
hDdf x'g] df+;k]zLo y}nL .
lkQ y}nLdf hDdf x'g] s8f 7f]; kbfy{ o;nfO{
ljlncf/L SofNs'n';/ sf]n]lny klg elgG5 .
PG6Lj8L k|z:t ePsf] /utsf] k|f]l6g v08 .
j+zf0f'ut u'0f ;fg]{ IfdtfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ u'0f ePsf]
cf/ Pg P / l8 Pg Pdf kfOg] lqmofTds o'lg6 .
Pshgf JolQm jf ;d"xsf] h]g]l6s ;+/rgf -agfj6_sf]
Ps efu cyjf ;Dk"0f{ efu .
x]dfUnf]lag eGg] k|f]l6gaf6 x]d x6fpFbf k|fKt x'g
cfpg] /+ulxg k|f]l6g .
PN8LxfOl8s sf]af]{lgn ;d"xsf] lrgL, k|fs[lts j:t'df
klg Jofks ¿kn] kfOg] Pp6f u'lnof], /ª\uxLg
3'ngzLn 8]:6«f]/f]6]6f]/L ¿k, k|s[ltdf :jfefljs ¿kdf
k|fKt 5 / of] hgfj/ jf dflg;sf] z/L/df kfO{g]
sfaf]{xfO8«]8df ;dflji6 x'G5 .
u|fk\m6sf] lj¿4
xf]:6 /f]u (GVDH)— bfg ug]{ JolQmsf] T sf]ifx¿n] kfpg] JolQmsf]
sf]ifx¿nfO{ cfqmd0f ubf{ pTkGg x'g] Ps cj:yf .
u|fd g]u]l6e—
u|fd :6]g ubf{ v]/L gb]lvg] KofhL /ªsf] JofS6]l/ofsf]
;d"x .
u|fd kf]lhl6e—
u|fd :6]g ubf{ b]lvg] KofhL /ªsf] JofS6]l/ofsf]
;d"x .
u|fg'nf];fO6\;—
;fO6f]KnfHdLs u|ofg'Pn -bfgfbf/_ j:t'x¿;Fu /x]sf]
ax';+/rgfut Go"lSnP/ ;]tf /Qm sf]ifx¿ -af;f]lkmn,
cfl;gf]lkmn cyjf Go'6«f]lkmn_ -u|fg'nf];fO6\; x]g'{xf];\_
u6—
kfrggnL, cfGb|f cfdf;o;Fu ;DalGwt efux¿ .
Xofd—
Xofdf]Unf]lag / dfof]Unf]lagdf x'g] uf9f /ftf] /ªsf]
/ftf] kmnfd tTj
x]df]6f]kf]Ol;;—
/ut of /Qmsf]if lgdf{0f k|lqmof
x]df]Unf]lag
cNkmf, lj6f, ufdf, 8]N6f elgg] $ j6f kf]lnk]K6fO8
ePsf] clS;hgnfO{ kmf]S;f]af6 tGt' tGt' / sf]if
sf]if;Dd k'¥ofpg] /ftf] /Qmsf]ifsf] kmnfd tTj kfOg]
efu (Hb)
163
x\ofdf]nfOl;;—
x\ofdf]/]h—
x]kf6fOl6;—
x]kf6fOl6; 'A'—
x]kf6fOl6; 'B'—
x]kf6fOl6; 'C'—
x]6]/f]hfOuf]6—
x]6]/f]hfOuf];—
Pr cfO eL—
xf]df]nf]u;—
xf]df]hfOuf]6—
xf]df]hfOuf;—
xdf]{g—
xfO8«f]k kmf]P6]n;—
xfOk/sfnldof—
xfOk/kf]6fl;ldof–
164
x\ofdf]Unf]lag pTkfbg ub}{ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿ 6'qmg]
k|s[of .
clgolGqt 9+usf] clt w]/} /Qm>fj .
sn]hf]sf] hngsf] sf/0fn] lrlgg] of lglZrt ug]{ Ps
k|sf/sf] /f]u .
/ut ;]/ddf ga:g] cf/ Pg P ePsf] efO/;sf] sf/0fn]
x'g] tLa| t/ sd xflgsf/s /f]u xf] h'g ;+qmd0fhGo
lbzfaf6 x'g] kfgL / vfg]s'/fsf] k|b"if0fsf] sf/0f ;g]{
u5{ .
/utsf] ;]/d -t/n kbfy{df_ /xg] hf]/ TofGb|f ePsf]
l8 Pg P efO/;sf] sf/0f x'g] 3fts lsl;dsf]
x]kf6fOl6; . of] ;+qmldt /ut / z/L/df kfOg] t/n
kbfy{ -jLo{_ / /h cflbsf] sf/0faf6 ;b{5 . To;sf/0f
o;nfO{ ;+qmds x]kf6fOl6; klg elgG5 .
Psn /]zfo'Qm cf/ Pg P ePsf] efO/;sf] sf/0fn]
x'g] of] x]kf6fOl6; cj}wflgs nfu"kbfy{sf] ;"O{, /ut
6«fG;k\mo'hg, ;+qmldt /ut;Fusf] ;Dks{ / /uthGo
kbfy{af6 ;5{ . k|fo h;f] bL3{ lsl;dsf] ;+qmd0f
x'G5 .
s'g} /f]u nfUg ;Sg] u'0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ @ j6f km/s
km/s Pn]n]; ePsf] JolQm
qmf]df]hdx¿df Ps} cj:yfdf /xg] km/s u'0f af]Sg]
hLgx¿ .
-x\o'dg ODo'gf]l8lkm;]G;L efO/;_ dfgjsf]
/f]u k|lt/f]wf/fTds Ifdtf gi6 ug]{ efO/; dfgjsf]
k|lt/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ cfqmd0f u/L P8\; nufpg ;Sg]
l/6«f]efO/;x¿ .
;fk]If ¿kdf pxL cj:yf, u'0f / ;+/rgf ePsf] .
j+zf0f'ut u'0fnfO{ lgolGqt ug]{ h;df @ j6f p:t}
Plnn;x¿ x'G5g\ .
qmf]df]hdx¿df Ps} cj:yf /xg] / Pp6} u'0f af]Sg]
hLgx¿ .
z/L/df ePsf] t/n kbfy{df k|jflxt x'g], sf]ifåf/f
pTkflbt z/L/df ljz]if k|efj sfod /fVg] tTj .
e|'0fdf cTolws ¿kn] t/n kbfy{ hDdf x'g] uDeL/ /
lj:tfl/t /f]u .
/utdf cToGt pRr dfqfdf c;fdfGo ¿kn] y'lk|Psf]
kf]6fl;odsf] pkl:ylt o;nfO{ xfOk/kf]6fl;ldof klg
elgG5 .
-x]g'{xf];\ xfOk/ sfnfldof_
yfnf;]ldof af/]
sf]l6{sf]:6]/f]O8—
ljz]if u/L hng sd ug{ k|of]u x'g] Pl8«gn s6]S;
:6]/f]O8\;dWo] Ps :6f]/f]O8 .
xfOk/6]G;g—
c;fdfGo ¿kn] x'g] pRr /Qmrfk
xfOkf]Sofnf;]dLof— /utdf SoflN;odsf] sdL ePsf] cj:yf .
xfOkf]uf]gfl8hd—
of}g u|GyLx¿sf] lqmofTds c;Ifdtf .
xfOkf]Kof/fyfO/f]l8hd— z/L/df Kof/fyfO8 xdf]{gsf] sld .
xfOkf]6]G;g—
c;fdfGo ¿kn] Go"g /Qmrfk .
xfOkf]yfnfd;—
hLjGt c6f]gf]lds /]u'nf]6/L s]Gb|x¿ ;d]t ;dfj]z
ePsf] 8fOG;]k\mofngsf] Aof;n efu .
xfOkf]ydL{of—
z/L/sf] tfkqmd 36\g] ;d:of -#^=^° eGbf tn_ .
xfOkf]yfO/f]l8Hd—
36\g] cGt/bxg k|s[of / z/L/sf] hfFu/df sdL
cfpg] h:tf /f]ux¿n] ;+s]t ug]{ yfO/fO8 u|GyLsf]
s[ofsnfkdf dGbL cfpg] k|lqmof .
ODo'g k|0ffnL—
aflx/L txsf] cfqmd0faf6 z/L/sf] /Iff ug]{ k|0ffnL .
ODo'gf]Unf]a'nLg—
PlG6j8L -5f]6f]df lg_
Og le6«f]—
hLpFbf] z/L/b]lv aflx/ jf ck|fs[lts, s[ltd
jftfj/0fdf .
OGk]mS6 —
la/fd of /f]u nufpg] lsl;dsf lhjf0f'x¿af6 k|b'lift
ug'{ -h:t}M AofS6]l/of_
OGk\mnfd];g—
rf]6 k|ltsf] k|lt pQ/, of] cj:yf s'g} c+u of tGt'sf]
/ftf]kg, tftf]kg, b'vfO, ;'hg eO s'g} sfd ug{
g;Sg] cj:yfdf x'G5 .
OG6/k]m/g—
efO/; AofS6]l/of / s[ltd 9+un] agfPsf efO/;
cfqmd0f ug]{ cf}ifwL;Fusf] ;Dks{sf] sf/0fn] sf]ifx¿n]
pTkfbg u/]sf efO/; lj/f]lw c0f'x¿ .
OG6«fef:s'n/—
/QmgnLdf of /QmgnLleq .
OG6«fe]g;—
lz/fdf, lz/fleq -gzfleq_ .
cfO/g—
kmnfd tTj, cfb| lsl;dsf] xfjfsf] ;Dks{df cfpFbf
lvof nfUg] ux|f} df8\g ;lsg] lsl;dsf] r'DasLo u'0f
ePsf], l;Ne/—;]tf] wft'hGo tTj h;n] z/L/sf] clt
dxTjk"0f{ h}ljs k|lqmof -z/L/df clS;hgsf] k|;f/0f_
nfO{ ;xof]u u5{ .
hlG8;—
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] cTolws 6'6\g] qmd of lkQsf]
c;fdfGo pTkfbg / ljt/0fsf] sf/0fn] 5fnf, tGt' /
z/L/sf] t/n kbfy{df b]lvg] kx]+nf]kg
ls8\gL -d'uf}nf_—
:kfOgn -d]¿b08_ sf] b'j} k§L x'g] l;dLsf] cfsf/df
@ j6f c+ux¿ h;n] cGt/ bxg k|s[ofaf6 pTkflbt
ljsf/ j:t'x¿nfO{ z/L/af6 aflx/ k7fpF5 .
No'sf];fO6—
;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿
165
lne/ -sn]hf]_—
nDa/—
nË -kmf]S;f]_—
lnDkmf];fO6—
DofUg]l6s l/;f]gG;
Od]lhª -MRI_—
dn]l/of—
d]lgghfOl6;—
dfOqmf]j—
efOqmf]cuf{lgHd—
dfO6f]sf]lG8«og—
Do'6]zg—
dfof]sfl8{og—
Go'/f]nf]hL—
Go'lSno;—
cf]l8df—
cf]:6«f]lhg—
166
z/L/df x'g] u|GyLx¿Wo] ;aeGbf 7"nf] u|GyL h;n] lkQ
agfpg], o;n] cfk"maf6 eP/ axg] / /utdf ePsf
tTjx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ sfd u5{ .
z/L/sf] k6'sf afFWg]efu tNnf] sDd/;Fu ;DalGwt .
z/L/sf] yf]/fS;sf] kl5Nnf] efudf /x]sf] @ j6f
v08df afFl8Psf] xfjf leq tfGbf k'mlng] c+u h;n]
:jf; k|Zjf; s[of u/fpF5 .
;fdfGo dfgj z/L/df x'g] ;]tf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] @)—
#)Ü efu cf]u6\g], lnDkm sf]ifx¿ / k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL
lgdf{0f ug]{ :6]d sf]ifx¿af6 pTkGg x'g] /Ëlxg
sf]ifx¿
z/L/df ePsf c0f'x¿sf] r'DasLo k|ltWjlg gfKgsf]
lglDt /]l8of]wdL{ t/ªx¿ k|of]u u/]/ cfGtl/s tGt'x¿sf]
laDa sDKo'6/df x]g{ ldNg] lsl;dsf] z/L/nfO{ 3fp
rf]6 gnufOsg /f]usf] lgbfg ug{ ldNg] k|ljlw .
;+qmldt JolQm of hgfj/nfO{ 6f]Sg] nfdv'§]sf]
6f]sfOaf6 ;/]/ k/lhjLx¿n] /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿df
lasf/ NofO{ x'g] ltj| of bL3{ /f]u
efO/;sf] ;+qmd0faf6 x'g] lj/fd of Hj/f], 6fpsf] b'vfO{,
afGtf of 3fF6L c/l/g] nIf0fx¿ b]lvg] JofS6]l/ofx¿sf]
sf/0faf6 x'g] Hofg hfg;Sg] vfnsf] lj/fd .
;"Idbz{soGqsf] ;xfotfn] dfq b]Vg ;lsg] ls6f0f'
-hLjf0f'_x¿ ljz]ifu/L /f]u lgDTofpg] lsl;dsf
JofS6]l/ofx¿ .
;"Idbz{s oGqn] dfq b]Vg ;lsg] of To;af6 klg
b]Vg] g;lsg] ;"Id hLjf0f'x¿ .
-ax'jrgdf dfO6f]sf]lG8«of_ sf]ifLo Zjf;k|Zjf;sf]
dfWodaf6 sf]ifx¿sf] nflu cfjZos zlQm pTkfbg
ug]{ ;+/rgf .
hLgsf] ;+/rgf kl/jt{g .
d'6'sf] leQfdf /x]sf] dWo df+;k]zLo kq .
:gfo' k|0ffnLsf] cWoog ug]{ zf:q .
-ax'jrgdf Go'SnL_ sf]ifx¿sf] sfo{sf] nflu clt
cfjZos vf; lemNnLleq /x]sf] Go'lSno/ :ofk -t/n
kbfy{_ n] afFlwPsf] Go"lSno/ k|f]l6gn] e/k"/ ;~hfn
ePsf] o'sfof]{6\;sf] sf]ifLo cuf{g]n .
t/nkbfy{sf] cTolws ¿kdf hDdf x'g] k|s[of .
cf]o:6«; j9fP/ dlxnfx¿sf of}ghGo ljz]iftfx¿sf]
ljsf;nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ Ps lsl;dsf] of}g xdf]{g .
yfnf;]ldof af/]
cf]/n—
chf{lgHd—
d'vaf6 lnOg]Ù d'v;Fu ;DalGwt .
leGgfleGg} sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Ifd t/ Ps csf{sf] e/df
dfq ug{ ;Sg] Pp6f lhpFbf] a:t'sf c+ux¿ .
cuf{gf]d]ufnL—
c+ux¿ c:jfefljs ¿kn] 7"nf] x'g] -cfsf/ a9\g]_
k|s[of . -sn]hf], lkmof]_
cf]:6Lof]kf]/f]l;;—
x•Lx¿ sdhf]/ aGg], Kjfn kg]{, x•Lsf vfnL efux¿
a9\g] t/ 3gTj 36\g], lvOg] h:tf ;d:of b]lvg]
x•Lsf] /f]u .
cf]e/L—
dlxnf k|hgg\ u|GyLÙ o;sf]] hf]8L ;+Vof x'G5 .
clS;hg—
jfo'd08nsf] @!Ü efu cf]u6\g] /ªxLg, :jfbxLg /
uGwxLg Uof; .
clS;h]g]6—
clS;hgsf] cfk"lt{ ug'{ .
Kofglqmofh—
OG;'lng / Un'sfuf]g h:tf xdf]{gx¿ / kfrg /;
pTkfbg ug]{ 8'8]gd;Fu hf]l8Psf] cfdf;o k5fl8
/x]sf] 7"nf] u|GyL .
Kofl;6f]k]lgof—
/utdf /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿, ;]tf/Qmsf]ifx¿ Kn]6\n];df
x'g] c:jefljs lsl;dsf] sdL .
Kof/f;fO6 -k/hLjL_— s'g} csf]{ hLjdf cfl>t /xL cf>o lbg] lhjf0f'af6
kmfObf lnFb} cf>o bftfnfO{ g} dfg{;Dd ;Sg]
hLjf0f' .
Kof/fyfO/fO8 u|GyL— 3fF6Lsf] yfO/fO8 u|GyLsf] 5]pd} /x]sf] rf/ j6f ;;fgf
u|GyLx¿dWo] kOf/fyfO/f8 xdf]{g pTkfbg ug]{ u|GyL .
Kofyf]lhg—
/f]u pTkfbg ug]{ ls6f0f'x¿ h:t} efO/;, AofS6]l/of
Kofyf]nf]hL—
/f]ux¿sf cfwf/e"t k|s[ltx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] pTkfbg
ug]{ ;+/rgfTds / k|fs[lts kl/jt{gx¿sf] cWoog
k]lG;lng—
ljleGg lsl;dsf] JofS6]l/ofsf] lj¿4 zlQmzfnL k|efj
kfg]{ sd ljiffn' PlG6jfof]l6s Pl;8sf] ld;fj6 .
k]l/sfl8l6h—
k]l/sfl8{odsf] hng
kl/]sfl8{od—
7"nf /QmgnLx¿ / d'6'nfO{ 9fSg] sf]lgsn cfsf/sf]
y}nL .
k]mgf]6fOk—
jftfj/0f / h]gf]6fOklarsf] cGt/s[ofsf] sf/0f
pTkfbg x'g] hLgsf] b]lvg] lsl;dsf u'0fx¿
kmf]:kmf]/;—
;+o'Qm ¿kdf P n] a'´fOg], Jofks¿kn] b]lvg] c—
wft'hGo dlN6Eofn]G6 tTj .
lk6\o'6/L u|GyL—
dlitissf] OGkmlG8a'nd;Fu hf]l8P/ /x]sf] ;fgf]
c08fsf/ /ftf] v}/f] gf8L, ljlzi6 cGt>fjL u|GyL
KnfHdf—
/utsf], b"wsf] jf lnDkmsf] t/nefu h;nfO{ t}l/P/
/x]sf] kbfy{af6 cnu ug{ ;lsG5 .
167
Kn]6\n]6\;—
x•Lsf] dHhfsf]af6 /utdf cfpg] l8S; h:tf] b]lvg]
;aeGbf ;fgf] sf]ifx¿
lgdf]lgof—
;+qmd0fsf] sf/0fn] x'g] kmf]S;f]sf] /f]u .
kf]lndf]lk{mHd—
ljleGg ¿kx¿ wf/0f ug{ ;Ifd
lk|cg—
:gfo' k|0ffnLsf] ljleGg vfnsf ;+qmd0fsf/L /f]ux¿
k}bf u/fpg] 7flgPsf] k|f]l6g kfl6{sN; .
k|f]h]:6]/f]g—
ue{wf/0fsf lglDt jftfj/0f agfpg OG8f]d]l6«od
-c08f cf]yfg]{_ nfO{ tof/ kfg]{ tyf ljsl;t eO/x]sf]
e|'0fnfO{ ;fn dfk{mt t'x'gaf6 /f]Sg] sfd ug]{ …sk{;
n'6]odÚ, dlxnf :6]/f]O8 of}g xd{gsf] tTj .
k|f]Ugf]l;;—
/f]uaf6 afFRg] cyjf lgsf] x'g] ;Defjgf .
k|f]kmLNofS6Ls—
/f]usf] /f]sfj6 ug]{ cyjf eufpg] .
k|f]l6g—
nfdf] r]gdf hf]l8P/ /x]sf ;of}F xhf/ Pldgf] Pl;8x¿
ldn]/ ag]sf 7"nf c0f'x¿ .
l/k|mfS6f]/L—
pTk|]/0ff / pkrf/k|lt qmdz c;+j]bgzLn / k|lt/f]wL
/]gn—
d[uf}nf;Fu ;DalGwt .
/]:6«LS;g OGhfOd—
c0f'x¿ leqsf] vf; 7fpFx¿df l8 Pg P nfO{
v08 v08df k'm6fpg] y'k|} lsl;dsf OGhfOd dWo]
Ps h;nfO{ cf0fljs ljZn]if0fdf cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf w]/}
k|of]u ul/G5 .
l/6«f]efO/;—
RNA ePsf] efO/;sf] To:tf] ;d"x -pbfx/0fsf] nflu
Pr cfO eL_ h;n] sf]ifx¿nfO{ ;+qmd0f u/L RNA
af6 DNA agfpg] u5{ .
l/jfle/Lg—
s[ltd k|sf/sf] efO/; dfg{ k|of]u x'g] cf}ifwL .
/fOaf]Go'lSns Pl;8— cf/ Pg P
;nfOg—
g'ghGo t/n kbfy{
uf}0f Pd]gf]l/of—
klxnf /h:jnf ePsf dlxnfx¿df /h:jnf /f]lsg]
/f]u .
;]K;L;—
JofS6]l/ofsf] k}mnfj6sf] sf/0f pTkGg x'g] ljiffQm
cj:yf .
;]/d—
hDgsf] nflu kfk|f aGg] k|s[ofdf hDg] tTjx¿nfO{
x6fO;s]kl5 klg /ut KnfHdfaf6 afFsL /xg] :ki6
kx]nf] t/n, /ut afSnf] eO of hld;s]kl5 afFsL /xg]
Pp6f hgfj/sf] kfgLhGo t/n efu . o;nfO{ /ut
;]/d klg elgG5 .
;fOg—
;fdfGo cGj]ifs of lj/fdL cfk}mn] cGj]if0f k/LIf0f
u/]/ geO{ Pp6f lkmlhl;ogn] k/LIf0f u/]/ tf]s]sf]
/f]usf] j:t'ut k|df0f .
:KnLg -lkmof]_—
nfDkmf];fO6\;sf] pTkfbg, /utsf] ;~ro / 5gfO ug]{
/ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿nfO{ 6'6fpg] k]6df /x]sf] c+u .
168
yfnf;]ldof af/]
:k]gf]d]ufnL
-lkmof] a9\g'_–
:6]d sf]if—
lkmof]sf] c:jfefljs ¿kdf x'g] cfsf/ j[l4 .
y'k|} km/s km/s k|sf/sf sf]ifx¿ hGdfpg ;Sg] t/
s'g} vf; lsl;dsf] sf]ifdf gkg]{ sf]if -x•L dHhfdf
/xg] x\ofdf6f]kf]Ol6s :6]d sf]if_
:6'n -lb;f_—
u'åf/af6 lg:sfzg x'g] z/L/sf] ljsf/o'Qm kbfy{
:6«]k6f]sf]s;—
dflg; / 3/kfn'jf hgfj/x¿nfO{ /f]u nufpg ;Sg]
JofS6]l/ofsf hLjx¿ .
;As6flgo;—
5fnfd'lg, 5fnf tlNt/ .
l;DK6d -nIf0f_—
zf/Ll/s ¿kdf u8a8L k}bf ePsf] ;+s]t ug]{
cj:yfnfO{ lj/fdL cfk}mn] yfxf kfPsf], ladf/sf]
dgf]ut k|df0fx¿, c:j:Yotfsf zf/Ll/s nIf0fx¿ .
l;Gy]l;; -;+Zn]if0f_— c+ux¿ ldn]/ k"0f{ aGg] k|s[of of s'g} j:t'x¿ k'm6]/,
6'6]/ clg ldn]/ csf]{ j:t' aGg] k|s[of .
l;lkmlnh—
k|foh;f] of}g c+ux¿df x'g] ;¿jf /f]u, /ftf] w;f]{
b]lvg], gb'Vg] glrnfpg], k}mlnFb} hfg] lsl;dsf] 3fp .
l;:6f]n—
d'6'n] /ut kDd ug{sf] lglDt v'lDrPsf] cj:yf .
6\oflssfl8{of—
;fk]If ¿kn] d'6' l56f], l56f] w8\sg' .
6]:6Lh—
hf]8f bfgfsf ¿kdf /x]sf k'¿if k|hgg\ u|GyL .
6]:6f]:6]/f]g—
k'¿ifx¿sf] uf}0f, of}g ljz]iftfx¿sf nflu lhDd]jf/
6]:6Lhn] pTkfbg ug]{ of}g xdf]{g .
y|f]Daf];fO6—
Kn]Kn]6\; x]g'{xf];\ .
y|f]Daf]lkmlnof—
/QmgnLx¿df /ut hDg] /f]u y|f]Daf]l;; j+zf0f'ut
¿kn] of kl5 k|fKt u/]/ k|j[Q /xg] cj:yf .
y|f]DA;—
/utsf gnLx¿leq /ut hdL ToxL 7fpFdf 6fFl;P/
/lx/xg] cj:yf ODaf]n;;Fu t'ngf ug'{xf]; .
yfO/fO8 Unf08—
yf]/fS;sf] cufl8sf] e]G6«n efudf of 3fF6Lsf]
cufl8sf] cfwf/ efudf /x]sf] yfO/f]lS;g /
l6«cf]8f]yfO/f]gfOgh:tf xdf]{gx¿ pTkfbg ug]{ 7"nf]
cGt>fjL u|GyL .
l6:o'—
cGt/sf]ifLo kbfy{åf/f s'g} k|f0fL jf lj¿jfsf] w]/}
dWo] Ps ;+/rgfut kbfy{ lgdf{0f ug]{ vf; lsl;dsf
sf]ifx¿sf] ;d"x .
TRALI—
6«fG;k\mo'hg l/n]6]8 PSo'6 nª OGHo'/L -/ut
6«fG;k\mo'hg ubf{ x'g ;Sg] ltj| vfnsf] kmf]S;f]sf]
rf]6_
6«fG;ô'hg—
gzfaf6 z/L/df /ut lbg] sfd
cN;/—
;txsf] tGt'sf] Ifo eP/ of kLk b]lvg] u/L Do's;
lemNnL of 5fnf lrl/g], k'm6\g] k|s[of .
169
o"l/of—
k|f]l6gsf] 6'lqmg] k|s[ofsf] clGtd pTkfbgsf] ¿kdf
/x]sf] :tgwf/Lx¿sf] d'qsf] d'Vo 7f]; efu .
o"l/s Pl;8—
z/L/sf sf]ifx¿df Go"lSns Pl;8 6'6]/ pTkfbg x'g]
lasf/ a:t', o;sf] s]xL efu Go'lSns Pl;8 k|r'/
ePsf vfgfx¿ -sn]hf] d[uf}nf_ krfpg] qmddf klg
lg:sG5, k|foh;f] pTkflbt o"l/s Pl;8 ls8\gLdf
hfG5 / lk;fasf] ¿kdf aflx/ afpF5 .
o"l/g -d"q_—
d[uf}nfn] lj;h{g ug]{ o"l/of, o"l/s Pl;8, lqm6LgfOg,
g"g lkud]G6 ePsf] ljsf/o'Qm j:t' .
o'l6{sfl/of—
w]/} lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s u8a8L, uf]ndfnx¿, PnhL{
ljz]if
EoflS;g—
vf; /f]ux¿sf] lj¿4 k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL a9fpg jf
;s[o kfg{ z/L/df ;"Osf] dfWodaf6 3';fOg] Ho"Fbf /
d[t ;"Id lhjf0f'x¿ /fv]/ tof/ ul/Psf] kbfy{ .
eNe—
d'6' of lz/fdf ePsf] v'Ng], aGb x'g] / /f]lsFb} ug]{ t/n
kbfy{nfO{ aUg, ;"rf¿ ug{ of lgoGq0f ug{ ;Ifd Ps
;+/rgf .
e]g -lz/f_—
/Qmsf]lzsfx¿af6 d'6'tkm{ /ut af]s]/ n}hfg] /Qm
gnL .
efO/n x]kf6fOl6;— x]kf6fOl6; 'A' h:tf] /f]u nufpg] efO/; .
efO/;—
dflg;df ;f¥x} ;fdfGo cyjf cGoTg} h6Ln ;+qmd0f
u/fpg ;Sg] c0f'x¿ ePsf ;"Idbz{soGqn] dfq b]Vg
;lsg] ;+qmd0fsf/L lhjf0f'x¿sf] Pp6f 7'nf] ;d"x .
le6fldg l8—
/f;folgs ¿kn] :6]/f]O8;Fu ;DalGwt x•L / bfFtsf]
;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfjZos lrNnf]df 3'Ng ;Sg]
le6fldg dWo] Ps
lhGs—
af]6lj¿jf / k|f0fLx¿sf] nflu cfjZos ;"Id kf]if0f
tTj – lgnf], ;]tf] /+usf] vlgh kbfy{ (Zn)
hfOuf]6 —
z'qmsL6n] c08nfO{ lgz]lrt u/]kl5 pTkfbg x'g]
sf]if .
-Dofl/cfd j]A:6/ d]l8sn 8]:s l8S;g/Ldf kfOg] kl/efiffx¿df cfwfl/t,
Dofl/cfd j]A:6/ :k|LªlkmN8 Pd P, !((^_
170
yfnf;]ldof af/]
pkof]uL hfgsf/L
vfgkfg clg yfnf;]ldof
vfgfaf6 x'g] kmnfd tTjsf] cjzf]if0fnfO{ 36fpg]
yfnf;]ldof /f]udf x'g] kmnfd tTjsf] clwstf /ut 6«fG:k\mo'hgsf]
sf/0fn] x'G5 t/ la/fdLn] vfPsf] vfgfaf6 z/L/n] cjzf]if0f ug]{
kmnfd tTj klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 . vfgfaf6 xfd|f] z/L/df ;fgf]
dfqfdf kmnfd tTj cjzf]lift x'G5 . olb /utdf x]df]Unf]lagsf]
tx sd 5 eg] cjzf]lift kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf pRr x'G5 .
yfnf;]ldof d]h/ / yfnf;]]dLof OG6/d]l8of ePsf lgoldt /ut
6«fG:k\mo'hg gul//x]sf /f]uLx¿n] pgLx¿sf] ef]hgnfO{ ;dfof]hg
ug'{k5{ tfls pgLx¿sf] vfgfdf kfOg] hDdf kmnfd tTj klg sd
gxf];\ / of] vfPkl5 z/L/df kmnfd tTjx¿ clws klg gxf];\ .
ef]hgdf hDdf @ vfnsf kmnfd tTj kfOG5g\ . Pp6f /ftf]
df;'df x'g] -ld6 cfO/g_ / csf]{ df;'b]lv jfx]s cGo ef]hgdf
kfOg] kmnfd tTj -gg—ld6 cfO/g_ .
df;'df kfOg] kmnfd tTj -ld6 cfO/g_
s'v'/fsf] uf9f /ftf] df;', e]F8f, ufO{uf]¿ / ;'Fu'/sf] /ftf] df;' / ;d'b|df
kfOg] ;fl8{g, sdNh, l;kLls/fx¿ cfbLsf] df;'df kmnfd tTj
k|z:t kfOG5 . sn]hf] df;'df kfOg] kmnfd tTj dWo]sf] ;a}eGbf
/fd|f] >f]t xf] . oL vfg]s'/fx¿nfO{ 36fP/ k|f]l6gnfO{ e6\df;af6
kfOg] k|f]l6gn] k|lt:yfkg ug{ klg ;lsG5 t/ vfgfaf6 s'v'/fsf]
df;', c¿ df;' / df5f x6fOxfNg' Tolt a'l4dfgL xf]Og lsgeg]
oL vfg]s'/fx¿n] cfjZos cToGt dxTjk"0f{ kf]if0ftTjx¿ cfk"lt{
u5{g\ ljz]if u/]/ aRrfx¿sf lglDt . s'v/' fsf] /ftf] df;'eGbf ;]tf]
df;' vfg' /fd|f] x'G5 lsgeg] o;df kmnfd tTj sd x'G5 .
vfgf;Fu /ftf] df;' vfOof] eg] nueu #% k|ltzt kmnfd tTj
xfd|f] z/L/df cjzf]lift x'G5 . b"w / b"waf6 ag]sf kl/sf/x¿
vfgfdf vfOof] eg] o;/L cjzf]lift x'g] kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf
!) b]lv $) k|ltzt;Dd x'G5 . b"w, bxL, rLh / lqmddf kfOg]
171
SofN;Lodn] df;'af6 kfOg] kmnfd tTjsf] cjzf]if0fnfO{ 36fpg
d2t u5{ .
df;' ePsf] vfg]s'/f vfFbfsf] ;dodf Ps Unf; b"w lkpg' cyjf
ksfpFbf g} b"wsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;]tf] rLh h:tf] ;zdf
kf:tfsf] 7"nf] 6'qmf, of df};fsf / Sofg]nf]gL;Fu w]/} rLhnfO{
:kf3]6L af]nf]UgfOh ld;fP/ b"w of bxL k|of]u ub}{ /; agfpg'
/fd|f] ljsNk x'G5 .
Pslbgdf Ps lkG6 b"w lkpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . ljz]if u/L o;n]
cf]:6Lcf]kf]/f]l;; x'gaf6 /f]Sg d2t u5{ . olb tkfO{+ cfk\mgf]
jhgaf/] lrlGtt x'g'x'G5 eg] cfwf 5fnL ôfFlsPsf] jf
5fnL k'/} kmflnPsf] b"w lkpg' 5fnL gkmflnPsf] k"0f{ b"w
lkpg' hlQs} kmfObfhgs x'G5 .
df;'b]lv jfx]s c¿ vfg]s'/fdf kfOg] kmnfd tTj
-gg ld6 cfO/g_
df;'b]lv jfx]ssf c¿ vfg]s'/fdf kfOg] kmnfd tTj h:t} c08f,
rsn]6, cGg, ;fu;AhL, kmnk"mn, t¿n, l;dL / bfndf k|z:t
dfqfdf kfOG5 . o"=s]=df laxfgsf] vfhf;Fu vfOg] cGgx¿, ux'Fsf]
;]tf] lk7f]df / /f]6Ldf w]/} kmnfd tTj ;+/If0f ul/Psf] x'G5 t/
of] cj:yf c¿ w]/} b]zx¿df gx'g ;S5 .
xfd|f] z/L/n] cjzf]if0f ug]{ kmnfd tTj dWo] df;'b]lvjfx]s cGo
vfg]s'/fdf kfOg] kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf sd x'G5 . t/ of] cj:yf
s:tfs:tf vfg]s'/fx¿ ldnfP/ vfOPsf] 5 To;sf] cfwf/df @)
u'0ffn] km/s kg{ ;S5 . kmnfd tTjsf] z/L/df x'g] cjzf]if0fnfO{
36fpg] vfg]s'/fx¿ !_ cGg @_ b"w / b"whGo kl/sf/x¿ x'g\
eg] z/L/df kmnfd tTjsf] cjzf]if0fnfO{ a9fP/ d2t ug{]
vfg]s'/fx¿df !_ le6fldg l; kfOg] ;fukft / kmnk"mnx¿ @_
df5f, df;', vk6] df5f, s'v'/fsf] kl/sf/ #_ crf/, :6«fp6,
e6\df;sf] ;;, leg]u/ / /S;L d'Vo x'g\ .
df;'b]lv jfx]s cGo vfg]s'/fx¿df kfOg] kmnfd tTj vfgaf6
aRg Psbd ufx|f] 5 lsgls of] k|foh;f] ;a} vfg]s'/fdf kfOG5 .
t/, kmnfd tTjsf] cjzf]if0f z/L/df a9fpg] vfg]s'/fx¿ 36fO{
172
yfnf;]ldof af/]
o;sf] cjzf]if0f 36fpg] vfg]s'/fx¿nfO{ ef]hgdf a9fP/ of]
;d:ofaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .
df;'b]lv jfx]s cGo vfg]s'/fx¿df kfOg] kmnfd
tTjsf] cjzf]if0f 36fpg] vfg]s'/fx¿
!= cGgx¿–
uFx'sf] rf]s/, ds}, cf]6, rfdn, e6\df;n] xfd|f] z/L/df cjzf]lift
x'g] kmnfd tTjsf] dfqfnfO{ 36fpF5g\ / le6fldg ;L sf] lj¿4
h'´\5g\ . le6fldg ;L k|z:t dfqfdf ePsf vfg]s'/fx¿n] kmnfd
tTjsf] cjzf]if0fnfO{ a9fpF5g\ . xfd|f] vfg]s'/fdf cGgnfO{ k|z:t
dfqfdf ;dfj]z ug'{ /fd|f] xf] t/ of];Fu s'g}klg k|sf/sf] le6fldg
;L ePsf] vfg]s'/f vfg' x'Fb}g -h:t} cf]/]Gh h";_ . cGg / b"wnfO{
ldnfP/ vfg' /fd|f] x'G5 -pbfx/0fsf] nflu lrh, :ofG8ljr, k|m]Gr
6f]:6, Dofs/f]gL, cGgx¿ / b"w_ . o"=s]=df k"0f{ cGgb]lv afx]s
cGo lsl;dsf] ux'Fsf] lk7f]df kmnfd tTj ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{
sfg"gn] g} lglb{i6 u/]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f oxfF cGgdf kmnfd tTjsf]
;+/If0f :jtM:k"mt{ x'G5 . To;sf/0f kmnfd tTj ;+/If0f gul/Psf]
k"0f{ cGg -s]xL gx6fOPsf], gld;fOPsf]_ lk7f] / o;sf] /f]6L vfg'
/fd|f] x'G5 . cfk"mnfO{ dgkg]{ Kofs]6sf] vfg]s'/f vfg'cl3 o;sf]
kf]sfdf n]lvPsf] hfgsf/L /fd|/L k9\g'k5{ . kmnfd tTj ;+/If0f
gul/Psf vfg]s'/fx¿df vf]n] ksfP/ vfg] ul/Psf] cf]6 -ux'F, hf}
cflbsf kl/sf/x¿_ klg xf] / :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt k;ndf a]Rg
/flvPsf] vfg]s'/fx¿ lsGg' cl3 vfg]s'/fsf] kf]sfdf 6fFl;Psf
sfuhx¿df x]/]/ pQm vfg]s'/fx¿df kmnfd tTj ;+/lIft 5}g
eg]/ 9'Ss x'g'k5{ . t/ c¿ b]zx¿df cGgdf kmnfd tTj ;+/lIft
ug]{ rng gx'g klg ;S5 .
e6df;df kfOg] k|f]6Lgn] klg xfd|f] z/L/df cjzf]if0f x'g] kmnfd
tTjsf] dfqfnfO{ 36fpg d2t u5{ . e6\df;af6 y'k|} kl/sf/x¿
-:kfu]6L af]nf]UgfOh, :6Lo' / Sof;/f]N;_ agfpg ;lsG5 / :jfb
a9fpgsf] nflu d;nf xfNg ;lsG5 .
@= lrof, skmL / d;nfx¿–
lrof, skmL / s]xL d;nfx¿ -h:t} cf]/]Uofgf]_ n] kmnfd tTjsf]
cjzf]if0fnfO{ 36fpF5g\ . vfgf;Fu lrof cyjf slkm k|z:t
dfqfdf lkpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . o;nfO{ b"w /fv]/ lkpg' t c´ pQd
173
x'G5 . lrof PG6LcS;L8]G6sf] nflu /fd|f] >f]t dflgG5 .
#= b"waf6 ag]sf kl/sf/x¿
b"w, rLh / bxLx¿n] klg z/L/df cjzf]if0f x'g] kmnfdsf] dfqfnfO{
36fpF5g\ . cf]i6Lcf]kf]/f]l;; -x•L sdhf]/ aGg] / efFlrg]_ af6
aRg cfjZos kg]{ SoflN;odsf] nflu klg xfd|+f] vfgfdf b"wsf]
kl/sf/ a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . 5fnL sf6]/ lrNnf] 36fO;s]sf] b"w
/ lrhx¿df SoflN;od e/k"/ x'G5 / jhg a9\g glbgsf] nflu
klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . slDtdf klg lbgdf Ps lkG6 b"w
lkpg' k5{ .
df;'b]lv afx]s cGo vfg]s'/fx¿af6 kfOg] kmnfd tTjsf]
cjzf]if0fnfO{ a9fpg] vfg]s'/fx¿
u}/ df;'hGo vfB kbfy{ h;n] kmnfd tTjsf]
cjzf]if0f a9fpF5
!= le6fldg ;L
le6fldg ;L kmnk"mn, kmnk"mnsf] /; / ;fukftdf k|z:t kfOG5
To;sf/0f ljxfgsf] vfgf;Fu vfOg] 6f]:6;Fu kmnk"mnsf] /; lkpg]
afgL 5f]8\g'k5{ . o;sf] abnf Ps sk lrof of slkm /fd|f] x'G5
lsgeg] o;n] kmnfd cjzf]if0fnfO{ 36fpF5 . slxn]sfFxL ! lunf;
b"w /fd|f] x'G5 . lao/n] kmnfd tTjsf] cjzf]if0fnfO{ a9fpg] x'gfn]
vfgf;Fu ;Fw} ljo/ vfg' xflgsf/s 5 t/ slxn]sfFxL ljo/ dfq
s]xL abfdx¿sf] ;fydf vfg ;lsG5 . kmnk"mn / kmnk"mnsf]
/; PG6LcS;L8]G6sf] /fd|f] >f]t x'gfn] kmnk"mn dfq vfg' /fd|f]
x'G5 . pdfn]sf]÷pl;g]sf] vfg]s'/fdf le6fldg ;L sd x'g] x'gfn]
pl;g]sf] vfg]s'/f vfg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
@= df;', s'v'/fsf] df;', df5f / ;d'Gb|df kfOg] hgfj/ /
jg:kltaf6 ag]sf] vfgf
df;', s'v'/fsf] df;', df5f / cGo ;d'b|L vfgfx¿ cfk}mdf k|z:t
kmnfd tTj kfOg] dfq geO{ logLx¿n] df;'b]lv jfx]s cGo
vfg]s'/faf6 k|fKt x'g] kmnfd tTjnfO{ klg cjzf]if0f x'g d2t
u5{g\ . oL vfg]s'/fx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf] ef]hgaf6 k"/} x6fpg' klg Tolt
a'l4dfgL x'Fb}g lsgls oL vfg]s'/fx¿ aRrfx¿ / a"9fa"9Lx¿nfO{
geO{ gx'g] kf]ifs tTjx¿ x'g\ .
174
yfnf;]ldof af/]
#= crf/, ;p/qmfp6, e6\df;, leg]u/, /S;L / ;;
;p/qmfp6, crf/ agfOPsf] Kofh, ufh/, ;nud / vld/
pAhfOPsf] e6df; -pbfx/0f ld;f], e6\df; ;;_ n] kmnfd
tTjsf] cjzf]if0f k|lqmofnfO{ a9fpF5g\ . ha crf/ agfOPsf
;fu;AhLx¿ / oL vfg]s'/fx¿ vfgf;Fu vfOG5 ta kmnfd tTjsf]
c´ a9L dfqf cjzf]if0f x'g k'U5 . ;d'b|sf] 5]pdf knfpg] xl/of]
´f/ ld;fOPsf] vfg]s'/fx¿df klg of] tTj Psbd a9L x'G5 .
;fdfGo ¿kdf kmnfd tTj sd ePsf vfg]s'/fx¿df cGg -ds},
s]xL klg gkmfn]sf] ux"Fsf] lk7f], l;dL_, hldg d'gL kmNg] ;AhL, df5f
le6fldg ;L k|z:t kfOg] vfg]s'/fx¿ x'g\ . dWod :t/sf kmnfd
tTj kfOg] vfg]s'/fx¿df s]xL cGgx¿, s]xL hldg d'lg kmNg]
kmn / s]xL le6fldg ;L kfOg] df;'klg k5{g\ . Psbd w]/} kmnfd
tTj kfOg] vfg]s'/fdf 7"nf] dfqfsf] df;', s'v'/fsf] df;' / df5f
k5{g\ . le6fldg ;L k|z:t ¿kdf kfpg] cldnf kmnk"mnx¿ / s]xL
;fu;AhLx¿ klg x'g\ . z/L/n] lnPsf] kmnfd tTj 36fpg] b"wsf
kl/sf/x¿, cGgx¿, u]8fu'8Lx¿, lrof, slkmh:tf vfg]s'/fx¿
nuftf/ ¿kdf lnP/ kmnfd tTj pRrdfqfdf /x]sf] ef]hgaf6
k|fKt x'g] kmnfd tTjsf] cjzf]if0fnfO{ 36fpg ;lsG5 .
vfg]s'/fx¿df PG6LclS;8]G6
s'g}klg ef]hgdf PG6LclS;8]G6 x'g' h¿/L x'G5 lsgls gfdn] g}
;Í]t u5{ls o;n] z/L/nfO{ x'g] cS;L8]l6e Ifltaf6 arfpF5 .
clS;8]l6e Ifltaf6 z/L/nfO{ arfpg] qmddf ltgLx¿n] sf]/f]g/L
d'6' /f]u / SofG;/af6 arfpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{g\ .
yfnf;]ldof /f]udf kmnfd tTj z/L/df y'k|g] ;d:of x'g] x'gfn]
clS;8]G6n] k'¥ofpg] Iflt -clS;8]l6e Iflt_ Pp6f 7"nf] vt/fsf]
¿kdf /xG5 . o; n]vdf clS;8]G6sf] o:tf] c;/sf] lj¿2 sfd ug]{
$ j6f k|dv
' PG6LclS;8]G6sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/g]5 . ltlgx¿ x'g–\
le6fldg O{, le6fldg ;L, sof/f]6gf]O8\; tyf ˆnfaf]gf]O8;\ .
!= le6fldg O{
le6fldg O{ ef]hgdf kfOg] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ PG6LclS;8]G6
xf] . w]/} cWoogx¿af6 of] kfOPsf] 5– yfnf;]ldof /f]u ePsf
/f]uLx¿df /f]u gePsf dflg;x¿sf] t'ngfdf /utdf le6fldg
175
O{ sf] tx w]/} sd x'G5 . yfnf;]ldof /f]u nfu]sf la/fdLx¿n]
oft vfg]s'/fdf le6fldg O{ sd lnPsf] sf/0fn] of pgLx¿nfO{
of] le6fldgsf] cfjZostf a9L ePsf] sf/0fn] o:tf] x'G5 .
w]/} cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ ls le6fldg O{ cltl/Qm ¿kdf
lbPsf] v08df k]ml/ /utdf of] le6fldgsf] tx /fd|f];Fu a9\5 .
8fS6/x¿ of ef]hg ljz]if1x¿ h;n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] eP tfklg
le6fldgsf] cltl/Qm cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ s[lqd ¿kdf agfOPsf]
le6fldgeGbf k|fs[lts vfg]s'/fdf kfOg] le6fldg dfk{mt cfk"lt{
ug'{ g} /fd|f] x'G5 .
le6fldg O{ lrNnf]df 3'Ng] le6fldg xf] . o;sf] cy{ of] lrNnf]sf]
dfqf pRr ePsf vfg]s'/fx¿df kfOG5 . le6fldg O sf /fd|f
>f]tx¿df ag:ktL t]nx¿ -cf]lne, ;"o{d"vL, kfd / e6\df;_
cflb x'g\ . oLdWo]df cf]lnjsf] t]n ;a}eGbf /fd|f] dflgG5 lsgls
o;df d'6' /f]u lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg] u'0f klg 5 . cf]lnj t]n
k|z:t k|of]u ul/g] u|L;, kf]r'{un, :k]g, O6nL h:tf e"–dWo
;fu/Lo b]zx¿df pQ/L o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf d'6' /f]u
sd kfOPsf] 5 . t/ vfg]s'/f e'6\bf o;df ePsf] le6fldg O{
gi6 x'G5, o;y{ o;sf] le6fldg O{nfO{ hf]ufpgsf] nflu vfg]s'/f
kfSg nfu]kl5 dfq xfNg' of vfgf kfls;s]kl5 t]ndf df]Ng' /fd|f]
x'G5 . sfutLsf] /;;Fu ld;fOPsf] cf]lne t]n k|of]u u¥of] eg]
df5f, s'v/fsf] df;', pl;g]sf] ;fu ;AhL / ;nfb Hofb} :jflbnf]
x'G5 . vfg]s'/f df]Ng' dfq 5 eg] k|fs[lts lsl;dsf] cf]lne
t]nsf] k|of]un] ltVv/ vfnsf] :jfb lbG5 . olb of] t]n k|of]u
u/]/ vfg]s'/f ksfpg' 5 eg] k|zf]wg ul/Psf] cf]lne t]n k|of]u
ug'{k5{ . l3pdf klg le6fldg O{ kfOG5 t/ cf]lne t]nsf] c¿
klg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL kmfObfx¿ x'g] sf/0fn] cf]lne t]nsf] k|of]u
/fd|f] x'G5 .
le6fldg O{ sf c¿ >f]tx¿ b"waf6 ag]sf kl/sf/x¿, cGg,
abfd, 5f]s/fx¿, c08f / df;' x'g\ . b"waf6 ag]sf kl/sf/x¿
vfgfdf kfg'{ lgs} /fd|f] x'G5 lsgls logn] le6fldg O{ lbg'sf]
;fy} vfgfaf6 z/L/df cjzf]if0f x'g] kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf
36fpg], SoflN;od k|z:t kfOg] x'gfn] x•L sdhf]/ x'g] /f]u
cf]:6Lcf]kf]/f]l;;af6 arfpg] sfd klg ub{5 . vfgf ksfpFbf
176
yfnf;]ldof af/]
b"wsf] k|of]u ug]{ of vfgf;Fu Ps Unf; b"w klg vfg ;lsG5 .
5fnL sf6]sf] b"wdf SofN;Lod pxL dfqfdf /x]klg le6fldg O{ sf]
dfqf eg] sd x'G5 .
@= le6fldg ;L
le6fldg ;L n] df;'b]lv afx]g cGo ef]hgaf6 k|fKt x'g] kmnfd
tTjsf] cjzf]if0fnfO{ a9fpF5 . le6fldg ;L Pp6f ultnf]
PG6LclS;8]G6 xf] t/ klg le6fldg ;L kfOg] y'k|} vfg]s'/fx¿
c¿ vfg]s'/fx¿ h;df u}/ df;'hGo kmnfd tTj al9 x'G5 ;Fu
ld;fP/ vfgfn] df;'afx]s cGo vfg]s'/fx¿af6 x'g] kmnfd tTjsf]
cjzf]if0f a9\5 . To;sf/0f o;nfO{ l;ldt dfqfdf lng'k5{ . of]
;fjwfgL yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8of ePsfx¿ / slxn]sfFxL dfq
/ut 6«fG:k\mo'hg u/fpg]x¿sf] ;jfndf t c´ dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
of] ;D´g h¿/L 5 ls df;'afx]s cGo ef]hgdf kfOg] kmnfd
tTj c08f, rsn]6, cGgx¿, ;fu;AhL, kmnk"mn, hldgd'lg kmNg]
kmn, l;dL / bfnx¿df k|z:t dfqfdf kfOG5 . o'=s]=df ljxfgLsf]
vfgfdf k|of]u x'g] cGg, /f]6L agfpg] ux"Fsf] lk7f] cflb k|foM h;f]
vfg]s'/fx¿df kmnfd tTj yk ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] cEof; c¿
b]zx¿df gx'g ;S5 .
le6fldg ;L ljz]if u/L kmnk"mn, kmnk"mnsf] /; / ;fukftdf
kfOG5 . vfgf vfO;s]kl5 of vfgf cfg'cl3 Ps b'O{j6f kmnk"mn
vfg' of Ps b'O{ Unf; /; vfg' /fd|f] x'G5 . vfgf vfg] ljlQs} of
vfgf;Fu slxNo} vfg' x'Fb}g . :jf:Yo ljz]if1x¿n] lbgdf sd;]sd
vfg]s'/fsf] % efusf] Ps efudf kmnk"mn vfg'kg]{ s'/f l;kmfl/;
u5{g\ . of] Ps efu eGg'sf] dtna, kmnk"mnsf] h'; ! Unf;,
;'Gtnf, :ofp, gf:kftL, s]/f, c+u'/sf] cfwf ´'Kkf], Pp6f uf]ne]F8f,
ufh/, k|m]Gr l;dL, ;nfbh:tf vfg]s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ .
le6fldg ;L kfgLdf 3'Ng] le6fldg xf] . To;sf/0f o;nfO{ pl;Gof]
eg] le6fldg kfgLdf uP/ gi6 x'G5 . t/ xNsf ¿kn] afkm lbgfn]
le6fldgsf] ;+/If0f g} x'G5 . kfs]sf] ;fu;AhLdf cf]lne t]n /
sfutL ld;fP/ vfgfn] t Pp6f xNsf vfgfsf] g} sfd u5{ .
le6fldg O{ / l; n] ;Fu;Fu} x'Fbf w]/} /fd|f sfdx¿ u5{g\ To;sf/0f
cfk\mgf] ;fu;AhLdf cf]lne t]n k|of]u u/]/ vfg' w]/} /fd|f] x'G5 .
177
#= Sof/f]6]gf]O8\;
So/f]6]gf]O8\;sf] htftt} kfOg] >f]tx¿df ufh/, kFx]n]f km;L{,
ds}, uf]ne]F8f, d]jf, ;'Gtnf, sfnf]–xl/of] ;fukftx¿ x'g= . oL
;a} vfg]s'/fx¿df le6fldg ;L kof{Kt kfOg] x'gfn] dfly elgP
h:t} ;fjwfgL h¿/L x'G5 . olb ef]hgdf af];f] of t]n w]/}
5 eg] z/L/n] ef]hgaf6 cjzf]if0f ug]{ Sof/f]6]gf]O8\;sf] dfqf
pRr x'G5 To;sf/0f cf]lne t]n ld;fpg g5f]8\g'xf];\ . pRr
tfkqmddf Sof/f]6]gf]O8\; gi6 x'G5 To;sf/0f vfg]s'/fnfO{ dGb
cfFrdf ksfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 / ;s];Dd sd ksfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
$= k\mnfaf]gf]O8\;
oL tTjx¿ lrof, /ftf] /S;L, kmnk"mn / ;fukftdf kfOG5g\ .
vfgf;Fu ! Unf; /]8 jfOg slt /fd|f] cj;/ xf]nf Û olb rf]vf]lgtf]
a:g' kg]{ a]nf xf] eg] vfgf;Fu Ps Unf; lrof vfg' /fd|f] . b"w
xfn]sf] lrof /fd|f] PG6LcS;L8]G6 dfq geP/ o;n] vfg]s'/faf6
z/L/n] cjzf]if0f ug]{ kmnfd tTjnfO{ klg 36fpF5 . Pslbgdf
y'k|} Unf; lrof vfg' /fd|f] x'G5 . z/L/df kfgLsf] ;Gt'ng agfO{
/fVg lbge/df * Unf; t/n kbfy{ lkpg' Psbd h¿/L x'G5 .
;f/f+z
178
•
le6fldg O{ ljz]if u/L ;"o{d"vL t]n, cf]lne t]nh:tf ag:klt
t]ndf k|z:t dfqfdf kfOG5 . oldWo] cf]lne t]n /fd|f] 5
lsgls o;n] d'6'sf] /f]udf klg kmfObf u5{ . o;nfO{ vfgf
kfSg nfu]kl5, kfls;s]kl5 of sfFrf] vfg]s'/fdf xfNg' /fd|f]
x'G5 lsgls of] t]n ttfpgfn] le6fldg gi6 x'G5 .
•
le6fldg ;L kmnk"mn / ;fu;AhLdf k|z:t kfOG5 .
oL ef]hgx¿nfO{ c¿ u}/ df;'hGo kmnfd tTj a9L x'g]
vfg]s'/fx¿;Fu ld;fP/ gvfg' /fd|f] x'G5 / of] ljz]ifu/L nuftf/
/ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg glnO{/x]sf yfnf;]ldof OG6/d]l8ofsf
/f]uLx¿sf] nflu xflgsf/s x'G5 . ;fukft / kmnk"mnnfO{
vfgf vfg'cl3 of kl5 vfg' /fd|+f] x'G5 . ;fu;AhLdf cf]lne
t]n yKg'xf];\ lsgls le6fldg ;L / O{ n] ;Fu;Fu} /fd|f] sfd
ug{ ;S5g\ .
•
Sof/f]6]gf]O8\; ufFh/, kx]Fnf] km;L{, ds}, uf]n]e]F8f, d]jf, ;'Gtnf
/ uf9f xl/of] ;fukftdf kfOG5 . oL vfg]s'/fx¿df le6fldg
yfnf;]ldof af/]
;L k|z:t kfOg] x'gfn] dflysf] ;fjwfgL h¿/L 5 . k]ml/ klg
cf]lne t]n k|of]u ug{ ge'nf}F .
•
lrof / /ftf] /S;Ldf k\mnfef]gf]O8\; kfOG5 / logLx¿
PG6LcS;L8\]G6 klg x'g\ . c´ ykdf lrofn] kmnfd tTjsf]
cjzf]if0fnfO{ klg 36fpF5 .
of] n]vnfO{ n]vssf] cg'dlt lnP/ of] lstfadf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
xf] .
8f= 8f]gf lxN6L–6]Nkm/
k|d'v ef]hg ljz]if1
aRrfx¿sf] nflu u|]6 cf]/d08 ;]G6 c:ktfn
n08g .
179
n] d'6'df ePsf] kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf
gfK5 .
T2*
tGt'x¿df hDdf ePsf] kmnfd tTjsf] dfqfnfO{ T2* n] k|ltljlDjt
u/L ;doj4 9Ën] gfK5 . T2* sf] gfknfO{ :t/Lo lsl;dsf]
r'DasLo k|ltWjlg ljDj gfKg] -MRI_ d]l;gdf cfpg] k|ltljDj
-gSzf_ sf] cfwf/df gflkG5 . Pd=cf/=cfO+ d]l;gn] z/L/sf
tGt'x¿sf] ljDj ptfg{ zlQmzfnL r'Das / /]l8of]wdL{ t/Ësf]
k|of]u u5{ . Pd=cf/=cfO{= d]l;gn] z/L/sf] r'DjsLo u'0fx¿sf]
km/ssf] / ljljwtfsf] klxrfg u/L oL km/sx¿nfO{ gSzfdf
kl/0ft u5{ / oL gSzfx¿sf] cWoog u/]/ lkmhLl;ogx¿n] /f]u
kQf nufpF5g\ . kmnfd tTjsf] clwstfn] tGt'x¿sf] r'DasLo
u'0fx¿df kl/jt{g NofpF5 . o;n] ubf{ T2* u'0f -dxTj_nfO{
c´ ;fgf] agfpF5 . d'6'sf] T2* sf] gfk dxTjk"0f{ 5 lsg eg]
sfl8{ofs T2* Eofn' @) ldln;]s]08eGbf tn ePsf la/fdLx¿nfO{
-ldln;]s]08 eg]sf] ;]s]08sf] !))) efusf] ! efu xf]_ T2* Eofn'
@) ldln;]s]08eGbf a9L ePsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ eGbf kmnfd tTj
clws eO{ x'g] d'6'sf] ;d:of al9 x'G5 .
T2* hfFr
ug{ Pp6f aGb MRI dl;gdf $% ldg]6 ;do nfU5 .
la/fdLnfO{ Pp6f u2f ePsf] 6]andf ;'tfOG5 / 5ftLdf @ j6f
ljB'tLo lzzfx¿ /fvL x[bo ult gflkG5 . la/fdLnfO{ dfOqmf]kmf]g
ePsf] x]8;]6 klg nufpg lbOG5 h;n] ubf{ p;n] k|fljlws;Fu
s'/f ug{ ;sf];\ . la/fdL ;'t]sf] 6]annfO{ lj:tf/} 7]lnG5 tfls
la/fdLsf] k"/} z/L/ MRI dl;gsf] ;'¿Ëleq k;f];\ . MRI dl;g
;'¿Ë ePsf] 7"nf] 8'gf]6 h:tf] b]lvG5 . MRI dl;gn] :Sofg
ul//x]sf] ;dodf la/fdL lgZrn eO{ /xg'k5{ . k|fljlwsn] lbPsf]
lgb]{zgd'tfljs gfKg] p2]Zosf] nflu s]xL ;do ;f; /f]Sg'kg]{
x'G5 . dl;gn] gfkx¿ lnO/x]sf] a]nf 7"nf]7"nf] lqmªlqmª / 8ª8ª
ug]{ cfjfh lgsfN5 . la/fdLx¿n] nufPsf] x]8;]6n] sfgnfO{ of]
cfjfhaf6 ;'/lIft /fV5 . of] hfFr kL8f/lxt / rf]6k6s gnfpg]
lsl;dsf] 5 .
c´ a9L MRI dl;gn] T2* sf] gfk lnO/x]sf] a]nf w8\lsO{ /x]sf]
d'6'sf] klg k|ltljDj ptfg]{ ePsf]n] d'6'sf] sfo{nfO{ klg cfFsng
ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
180
yfnf;]ldof af/]
dl;gn] lnPsf] d'6'sf] sfo{sf] gfk ;doa4 9Ën]
ul/g] d'6'sf] cN6«f;fp08sf] hfFreGbf w]/} e/kbf]{ x'G5 . /utnfO{
kmf]S;f]lt/ /ut kDk ug]{ bfFof e]G6«Lsn elgg] d'6'sf] bflxg]
sf]7fsf] cfsf/ / sfo{ hfFr ug{ klg MRI ;Ifd 5 . yfnf;]ldofsf
/f]uLx¿nfO{ kf]NDo'g/L xfOk/ 6]G;g -kf]NDo'g/L gnLsf] sf/0fn]
x'g] pRr /Qmrfk_ x'G5 / o;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ d'6'sf] bfFof sf]7f
:jefljs ¿kn] 7"nf] x'G5 / /ut kDk ug{;Sg] Ifdtfdf sld
cfpF5 .
MRI
;DalGwt ;a} j}1flgsx¿ lSnlgsn k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt oL dflysf
;a} hfgsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|lqmofdf 5g\ . TIF, NIH /
U.S.A. n] oL k|oTgx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ .
181
k\mnf] rf6{
A
yfnf;]ldof
Joj:yfkg
d]h/sf
la/fdLx¿sf]
/ut lbg] pkrf/ z'¿ ug'{ cl3 k|of]uzfnfaf6
ul/g] /f]usf] lgbfgsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ cfjZos
pkrf/x¿ kl/eflift ug]{
k"/f /ut sfpG6 (FBC)
x]df]Unf]lag / On]S6«f]kmf]/l;;
xfO kkm{d]G; lnlSj8 qmf]df6f]u|fkmL (HPLC)
cf0fljs cWoog (α-β- lhg ;+/rgf kl/jt{g
klxrfg ug{ (XMN1 sf] pkl:ylt kQf nufpg]_
/ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg z'¿ ug'{ cl3 k|of]uzfnf /
lSnlgsn If]q -qmfO6Pl/of_sf] kl/efiff Hb sf]
tx & u|fd— 8];Lln6/ eGbf tn -b'O{ k6s b'O{
xKtfeGbf a9Lsf] km/sdf hfFRbf_
tnsf lSnlgsn cj:yfx¿ (Hb & u|fd÷ k|lt 8] ln
eGbf a9L ePklg_
• cg'xf/sf] kl/jt{g
• Go"g j[l4
• x•Lx¿ 6'6\g], k'm6\g]
Psk6s /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg ug]{ lg0f{o lnO ;s]kl5
tnsf s'/f ug'{ k5{
lj:tfl/t k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f
h]gf]6fOk /Qm ;d"x, ;]/d k]ml/l6g tx sn]hf]sf]
sfo{sf] hfFr -LFT_ k'/f lhg /;fog cj:yf, HBB,
HCV / CMV cj:yfsf] ;]/f]nf]hL
;]/f]nf]hL gsf/fTds b]lvof] eg]
vf]k
HBV
sf] lj¿4
HBV / HCV / cyjf HIV ;]/f]nf]hL ;sf/fTds
b]lvof] eg] ljz]if lsl;dsf] hfFrsf] nflu tof/L
182
B
yfnf;]ldof d]h/ ePsf la/fdLx¿sf]
Joj:yfkg
β
/ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg pkrf/ ljlw
/utsf] nflu
•
:jo ;]jL / k};f ltg{ gkg]{ bftfaf6 ;+sng
•
HBV, HCV, HIV / le/+uLsf] l:qmlgª\u u/]/ x]g{]
•
/ftf] /Qmsf]ifnfO{ Kofs;]n agfpg]
•
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿sf] u'0fnfO{ sfod /fVg] kf]if0f
tTj /ut ghDg d2t ug]{ tTj /fVg]
•
/ut lkmN6/ ug]{ -ljz]if u/L ;+ro ÷ e08f/0f
ug'{ cl3 / w'nfO ug]{
la/fdLx¿sf] nflu
s_ k|To]s k6s 6«fG;k\mo'hg ug'{ cl3 gofF
PlG6a8Lsf] hfFr
v_ cfjZos dfqfsf] u0fgf cfjZos
u_ !)÷!% ldlnln6/ /ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿÷k|lts]hL
z/L/sf] tf}nsf] cfwf/df lbg]
3_ #÷$ 306f nufP/ lbg]
ª_ d'6'sf] ;d:of ePsf /f]uLx¿nfO{ @ b]lv %
ldlnln6/ k|lt s]hL z/L/sf] tf}n÷306f
nufP/ lbg]
sf] tx !)=% ÷ k|lt 8];Lln6/ -/ut
6«fG;k\mo'hg cufl8_
HB sf] tx k|lt 8];Lln6/ !% u|fd;Dd -/ut
6«fG;k\mo'hg k5fl8
HB
/ut 6«fG;k\mo'hgsf] sf/0f pTkGg hl6ntfx¿sf]
cg'udg ug]{ /]s8{ /fVg] / pkrf/ ug]{
/ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg pkrf/ k4ltsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf]
d'Nofª\sg
lkmof] /fd|f] /x]sf la/fdLx¿df HB sf] 36fO !
xKtfdf
! u|fd ÷ k|lt 8];L ln6/ eGbf a9L x'g'x'Fb}g
lkmof] ;Nolqmof u/]/ x6fPsf /f]uLx¿df k|lt xKtf
!=% u|fd k|lt8];L ln6/ eGbf 36\g' x'Fb}g
yfnf;]ldof af/]
C
yfnf;]ldof d]h/ ePsf la/fdLx¿sf]
Joj:yfkg
β
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ cfO/g lrn];g
• !) b]lv @) k6s;Dd /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg ul/
;s]kl5 cyjf
• k]ml/l6gsf] tx !))) u|fd k|lt ln6/ eGbfdfly
cyjf
• sn]hf]df kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf —#=@ ldlnu|fd
k|lt u|fd 8«fO{ j]6df cyjf
• pd]/ # jif{ jf ;f] a/fa/ ePdf
D
•
•
•
k|of]u ug'{ cl3 %)) u|fd l8:s]l/cf]sGhfdfOgsf]
3f]nnfO{ o;sf] !)Ü 3f]ndf ldnfpg]
•
le6fldg C lbg]
aRrfx¿nfO{ —%) mg/day
k|f}9x¿nfO{ —@)) mg/day
pkrf//t lkmlhl;ogn] l;kmfl/;
u/] adf]lhd l8Pkmcf]
• 5fnfd'lgaf6 lbOg] * b]lv !@
306f nufP/, ! xKtfdf ^ lbg
;Dd cyjf
• gzfaf6 lbOg] -IV_ * b]lv !@
306f nufP/ ^ lbgeGbf al9
! xKtfdf cyjf
• gzfaf6 @$ 306f nufP/
k|If]k0f ug]{ cyjf
• cGoyf
&% ldlnu|fd
k|lts]hL ;a}lt/
l;kmfl/; ul/G5
L1 ;Fu ;DalGwt
ljiffQmtfsf]
cg'udg ug]{
• ! b]lv @
xKtf;Dd
;]tfsf]if
u0fgf
• sn]hf]sf]
sfo{sf] hfFr
• hLÍsf] txsf]
gfk lng] sfd
5fnfsf] ;d:of — la/fdLnfO{ ;'O xfGg] 7fpF
k]mg]{ ;Nnfx
s8f PnhL{— l8Pkm cf] lbg aGb . c;+j]bgzLn
-l8;]G;L6fO;g_ u/fpg] ljz]if pkrf/ h¿/L
dfqf;Fu ;DalGwt hl6ntfsf] cg'udg
;'gfOdf ;d:of -c6f] ljiffQmtf_ jif]{gL cl8of]
d]l6«_ b]Vgdf ;d:of -cf]So'n/ ljiffQmtf_
kmG8f]:sf]kL, On]S6«f] /]l6gf] u|fkmL— jif]{gL ;':t
j[l4 / x•Ldf kl/jt{g -rf6{ G 1 df lbP h:t}
cg'udg ug]{_
kmnfd tTj x6fpg] pkrf/ z'¿
aRrfx¿sf] nfluM @)–$)mg/kg hxfF L 1 sf]
k|f}9x¿sf] nfluM #)–%)mg/kg k|of]u x'G5 Toxf
l8:s]l/cf]hfdfOg;Fu
;DalGwt
gsf/fTds k|efj — k|lts[of /
hl6ntfx¿sf] cg'udg
Uof]6«f]OG;]:6fOgn nIf0fx¿ k]6 b'Vg' kvfnf rNg'
Hj/f] ÷ lSnlgsn z+sf
ofl;{lgof
→ l8Pkmcf] lng aGb
k|of]uzfnf kl/If0f
/ut / lbzfsf] sNr/
;]/f]nf]hL
k]6sf] — cN6«f;fp08
↓
PG6LafOl6s lbP/ pkrf/
lSnlgsn nIf0fx¿ k'/} x/fPkl5
l8=Pkm=cf]= pkrf/ z'¿
k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg
k||To]s # dlxgfdf ;]/d k]ml/l6g tx hfFr
•
@$ 306fdf ul/Psf] lk;fjsf] kmnfd tTj
•
lne/ jfof]K;Låf/f sn]hf]df /x]sf] kmnfd
tTjsf] y'k|fOsf] hfFr jf SQUID cyjf MRI
af6 hfFr
•
sn]hf] sfo{ -LF_ hfFr
uef{j:yfM ha lglZrt x'G5, l8Pkmcf] /f]Sg' k5{ .
•
183
E
lkmof] a9\g] ;d:of ePsf /f]uLx¿sf]
Joj:yfkg
ha tnsf qmfO6]l/ofx¿ k'/f x'G5g\ ta lkmof]
lgsfNg] s'/f ljrf/l0fo x'G5 .
•
•
•
RBC 3gTjsf] !=%
Hb sf] pko'Qm tx
u'0ffeGbf a9L j[l4 jf
sfod /fVg k|ltjif{ @))
b]lv @@) ldln ln z/L/sf] tf}n s]hLeGbf a9L
RBC sf] cfjZostf x'g' jf
lkmof]sf] cfsf/ ^ ;]dL eGbf a9L x'g'
lkmof] zNolqmof u/]/ x6fpg' cl3
• pd]/sf] /fd|f] Vofn -la/fdL ^ jif{eGbf dflysf]
x'g' h¿/L_
• pko'Qm vf]ksf] z'¿cft
lgdf]sf]Ssn, x\ofdf]lkmn;, d]lgGhf]sf]Ssn
-lkmof] x6fpg'eGbf @ xKtf cufl8_
vf]k of]hgf k'/f
!
pko'Qm / klxnfg}
z'¿ ul/Psf] /ut
6«fG;k\mo'hgn] lkmof]
lemSg' kg]{ ;d:of l56f]
of l9nf] kfg{ d2t ug{
;S5 .
k]G;Llng cyjf
c¿ a}slNks
PG6LjfO6Ls
rnfpg z'¿
Kn]6\n]6\;sf]
cg'udg P:kL/Lg
lbg] cflb Kn]6\n]6\
;x¿ *),)),)))
So'ljs ldnL eP
lkmlhl;ogx¿n] la/fdLnfO{ lkmof] x6fPkl5
x'g] uDeL/ ;+qmd0fsf] pRr hf]lvd x'g] s'/f
k9fpg'k5{ . olb s]xL sf/0f Hj/f]sf] nIf0f b]lvof]
eg] t'¿Gt d]l8sn ;Nnfx lng] s'/f eGg]_
184
F
jif]{gL d'6'sf] k"/f hfFr -cfFsng_
cK7\of/fx¿ b]lvPsf] a]nf w]/} k6s cyjf ha
pkrf/ ul//x]sf] lkmlhl;ogn] cfjZos
7fG5g\ To; ;dodf .
•
•
•
•
•
On]S6«f]sfl8{of]u|fd
(ECG)
Jofofd ;Fu;Fu}
d''6'sf] no -tfn_sf] c;fdfGokg klxrfg ug{
ldNg] u/L @$ 306] O=l;=hL+_
Osf]sfl8{of]u|fd— d'6'sf] sf]7fx¿sf] cfsf/
gfKb} o;sf] k|To]s efun] slt sfd ul//x]sf
5}g x]g]{ -la/fdLn] cf/fd u/]sf] a]nf / s;/t
u/]sf] a]nf_
Pp6f /]l8of]O;f]6f]lks hfFr xf] h;n]
d'6'sf] sfo{sf] af/]df cltl/Qm hfgsf/L lbG5 .
MUGA
DofUg]l6s l/;f]gG; Od]hLË (MRI) d'6'df
ePsf] kmnfd tTjsf] dfqf gfKg k|of]u x'G5
-ce}m d'Nofª\sgsf] qmddf_
yfnf;]ldof af/]
G
yfnf;]ldof d]h/ ePsf /f]uLx¿df
b]lvPsf] of}g tyf x•Lx¿sf] ;d:of
j[l4sf] nfluM
prfO{ gfKg] -p7]sf] a]nf, a;]sf] a]nf_ jif{sf] $
k6s
of}g ljsf;
s_ TANNAR — !) jif{b]lv ^ dlxg] .
v_ FSH, LN -xdf]{g_ ^ dlxg] .
u_ cf]:6«fl8cf]n, 6]:6f]:6]/f]g -xdf]{gx¿_ ^ dlxg]
dw'd]x
s_ k|To]s k6s hfFbf /ut / lk;fjdf Un'sf]hsf]
gfk lng] .
v_ Un'sf]hnfO{ ;xg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] (GTI)
hfFr aif]{ lkR5] .
xfOkf]yfO/f]Ol8Hd
T4 TSH -hfFr_ ^ dlxg]
xfOkf]Kof/fyfO/f]Ol8Hd
s_ Ca, Po4 -# dlxg]_
v_ PTH / le6fldg l8, olb SoflN;odsf] tx
sd 5 eg]
x•L
s_ x•Lsf] pd]/ -3'F8f / gf8Lsf] PS; /]_
pkrf/sf] z'¿df !.@ jflif{s_ / aRrf
a9'Gh]n;Dd
v_ DEXA :Sofg cf]l:6of]kf]/f]l;; 5 5}g x]g{ cf7
jif{sf] pd]/ b]lv jflif{s ¿kdf
u_ :kfOgsf] PS; /] aRrf a9'Gh]n jflif{s ¿kdf
H
l8=Pkm=cf]= pkrf/sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf]
cg'udg
;]/d k]ml/l6g !))) eGbfsd nuftf/ ¿kn]
sn]hf]df /x]sf] μg/l jf 8«fO
lng] olb
j]6 lnFbf #=@—& y]/fk]l6s ;+st]
ldlnu|fd÷k|=
)=)@% eGbf
kmnfd tTj
u|fd ;Dd
sd k'Uof]
eg]dfq 36fpg]
sn]hf]df /x]sf] 8«fOj]6df #=@
l8=Pkm=cf]=
kmnfd tTj
ldln u|fd eGbf /f]Sg ;lsG5
sd
/ ^ dlxgfkl5
k'gd{"Nofª\sg
;]/d k]ml/l6g @))) μg/ln= dfqf jf cfj[lQ
sn]hf]df kmnfd eGbf a9L
a9fpg]
tTj
8«fOj]6df &—!%
ld=u|f÷k|=u|fd
;]/d k]ml/l6g ;Fw}el/ slxNo}
gzfaf6 @$
g36L @%))
306] l8=Pkm=cf]=
μg . ln= eGbf
3f]nsf] k|If]k0f
a9L .
cyjf @$ 306]
5fnfd'gLaf6
sn]hf]df kmnfd !% ld=u|f eGbf ul/g] nuftf/sf]
tTj
a9L -8«fOj]6df_ k|If]k0f, k]ml/l6g
/ LIC sf]
tx 36fpg
k|efjsf/L
x'g;S5 .
l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] clwstd dfqfeGbf a9L s'g}
xfntdf klg a9fpg' x'Fb}g .
-æyfnf;]ldofsf] pkrf/df jt{dfg /0fgLlt /
wf/0ffx¿Æ 8f= h] kf]6{/af6_
185
I
x]kf6fOl6; l; efO/;af6 x'g] ;+qmd0f
k|of]uzfnf cfFsng HCV, lj¿4 HCV sf
PG6Lal8hsf] klxrfg
ha
ha
lj¿4 HCV gsf/fTds
lj¿4 HCV ;sf/fTds
jif}{ lkR5] u/fpg]
HCV RNA tkm{ hfg]
HCV - RNA - g]u]l6e
sn]hf]df ePsf] ;]/dsf] txsf] sfo{sf] hfFr
(ALT)- ;fdfGo /]Gh
HCV-RNA cg'udg ^ dlxg] .
HCV-RNA - g]u]l6e
HCV-RNA - sf] lgl/If0f
ALT sf] j[l4
ug]{ #÷# dlxgfdf
{
HCV- RNA- ;sf/fTds
efO/nsf] ef/Lkgsf] Psfu|tf slt 5 ;+Vof
k|fKt ug]{ cyjf h]gf]6fOlkªdf hfg]
pkrf/ / o;sf] ;do cjlw efO/n ef/Lkg / h]gf]6fOkdf
e/ k5{ . lx:6f]nf]hL / sn]hf]sf] kmnfd tTjsf] dfqfsf] nflu
pkrf/ yfNg'eGbf cl3 lne/ afoK;L cfjZos x'g;S5
klxnf] nfOg pkrf/ l/slDagfG6 -l/afle/Lg;Fu;Fu}—
OG6/k]m/]g cyjf k]uLn]6]8 OG6/k]m/]n .
yfnf;]ldof d]h/df l/jfld/Lg;Fu ;DaGwLt
Xofdf]nfOl;;sf] sf/0fn] Pp6} dfq OG6/k]m/g lbP/
ul/g] pkrf/nfO{ 8f= x¿n] dg k/fpF5g\ lsgls o;f] ubf{
nuftf/ /ut 6«fG;k\mo'hg / ;3g lsl;dsf] kmnfd tTj
x6fpg] pkrf/ ug{kg]{ afWotfaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .
pkrf/sf] ;dodf— cg'udg ug'{kg]{
FBC @ xKtfdf, AST, ALT @ xKtfdf, yfO/fO8sf] sfo{
k/LIf0f # dlxgfdf
HCV–RNA -kl/df0ffTds_ !@ xKtf / # dlxgfdf .
ha pkrf/sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ gsf/fTds
u'0ffTds gfk (NQ measurement) l;kmfl/; ul/G5 .
pkrf/ /f]Sg] lg0f{odf pkrf/sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] of
ck|efjsfl/tfsf] eljiojf0fL klxnf # dlxgf el/df 36\g]
efO/n nf]8 -ef/Lkg_ df e/ k5{ . pkrf/ ug]{ lg0f{o
ug{sf] nflu x]kf6f]nf]lh:6sf] ;Nnfx clgjfo{ 5 .
186
J
x]kf6fOl6; la, (HBV) efO/;af6 x'g]
;+qmd0fsf] cg'udg .
Psk6s yfnf;]ldof /f]usf] lgbfg kSsf
eO;s]kl5 ;a} la/fdLx¿sf] k/LIf0f ug]{
bL3{ HBV
gsf/fTds ;]/fnf]hLsf]
afxsx¿
HBV ;]/f]nf]hL pkl:yltn]
ljutdf kSsf
¿kn] HBV
;+qmd0f ePsf]
b]vfPsf] . #.# dlxgfdf SALT /
HBV-DNA ;sf/fTds
kfOof] / SALT a9]sf]
kfOof] eg]
HBV vf]k lbg]
vf]ksf] pkrf/ ug]{ ljrf/ ug]{
k|lt/Iffk|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf pkrf/ yfNg' eGbf
ljsf;sf]
5}g .
cl3 lx:6f]nf]hL /
nflu HBV
sn]hf]df ePsf] kmnfd
PG6Lal8hsf]
tTj hfFRg jfoK;L ug{
k/LIf0f ug]{
cfjZos
a- l/slDaofG6 IFN,
aif{ jif{ lbgdf jif{ lbgdf nflde'l8g cyjf oL
b]vfpg] b'j};Fu} . c¿ kfOg]
b]vfpg]
cf}ifwLx¿ Adefovir
k/LIf0f Entecavir
pkrf/sf] a]nf cg'udg ug]{
HVC-DNA
SALT
eAg anti HBE
# dlxg]
pkrf/ ug]{ lg0f{o, pkrf/sf] k|sf/, / slt k6s
cg'udg hfFr ug]{ To;sf] af/]df yfnf;]ldof
d]h/sf] pkrf/ ul//x]sf] lkmlhl;og x]kf6f]nf]lhi6
/ Uof6«f]OG6]/f]nf]lhi6n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf lg0f{o lng'
kb{5 .
yfnf;]ldof af/]
lstfadf k|of]u ePsf ;+lIfKt ¿kx¿, OsfO / gfkx¿
k|of]u ePsf OsfOx¿
/utsf] 3gTjM
ldlnln6/ (ml) ln6/sf] xhf/
efusf] ! efu
x]df]Unf]lagM
u|fd k|lt 8]l;ln6/ (G/dl)
8];Lln6/— ! ln6/sf] ;o
efusf] ! efu
tf}nM
lsnf]u|fd -s]hL_ w]/} h;f]
cf}ifwLx¿sf] dfqf ldlnu| f D;
(mg) (DFO, L1)
! u|fdM
!))) u|fdsf] Ps efu
k]ml/l6gM
dfOqmf]u|fd (g/l) k|lt !),)))
u|fdsf] Ps u|fd
;femf ;+lIfKt ¿k
B—13:
kf/ef] efO/; aL–!(
EBV:
PK:6Lg afg efO/;
8]:k]ml/cf]ShfdfOgM DFO
kmnfd tTjM
Fe
x]kf6fOl6; la
efO/;M
HBV
x]kf6fOl6; l;
efO/;M
HCV
x\o'dg
ODo'gf]l8lkm;]G;L
efO/;M
HIV
;]/d PnfgfOg
Pldgf]6«fG;km/]hM
sALT - lne/
kmª\;g
k/LIf0f
;]/d P:kf/]6]6
Pldgf]6«fG;km/]h
x]df]Unf]lagM
sAST - lne/
HAV:
x]kf6fOl6; P efO/;
/ftf /Qmsf]ifx¿M
RBC
MRI:
DofUg]6Ls l/;f]gG; Od]h
kmª\;g 6]i6
Hb
187
Crosswords - brain teasers
FALLEN PHRASES
I
T
A
P I
D T
N
S
H
H
R
R
E
H
E
A
O
A
L
E
N
U
R
A
S
T
I
O
C
S
P
E
G S E D M G
S T A E H I
E H T T A S
E
H N D
A G I
S E E
E I L
T
N
S
D
E
I
F
R
A
C
S O
E N
R N M
DIRECTIONS
Each letter appears in the same column, but below where it should be. Put the
letter back in the grid and rebuild the phrase.
195.
See the solution on page 138.
188
yfnf;]ldof af/]

T
R
E
A
T
M
E
N
T
H
N
T
H
O
H
S
M
A
N
S
R
S
I
X
A
L
Y
H
P
A
N
A
L
F
A
S
I
T
I
E
U
R
T
I
C
A
R
I
A
E
E
M
I
N
I
M
U
M
B
R
M
D
O
N
A
T
I
O
N
M
S
I
S
Y
L
A
N
A
O
O
O
F
O
S
A
R
N
T
A
A
G
H
I
T
L
I
A
C
L
C
ACTIVITY
ANTICOAGULANT
DEFORMITY
EFFECTIVENESS
FILTRATION
HAEMOGLOBIN
INTERNATIONAL
MATCHING
PATIENT
SEROCONVERT
TREATMENT
L
I
O
I
T
I
C
T
Y
T
I
L
A
U
Q
N
Y
I
G
O
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
P
H
O
R
E
S
I
S
T
S
A
O
N
C
T
M
O
L
P
M
A
T
C
H
I
N
G
O
E
N
I
M
V
U
R
D
A
O
B
P
H
L
R
I
R
F
M
L
R
O
M
E
E
L
A
T
E
N
U
A
E
Y
I
M
E
E
S
A
N
I
E
A
R
A
T
S
N
Y
N
T
T
I
T
P
G
M
I
B
A
S
A
H
T
R
I
Y
Y
I
V
I
T
C
A
A
I
B
S
O
T
U
S
N
N
ANALYSIS
CENTRIFUGATION
DIAGNOSIS
ELECTROPHORESIS
HAEMATOCRIT
IMPAIRMENT
LABORATORY
MINIMUM
QUALITY
THALASSAEMIA
URTICARIA
S
O
R
S
C
M
B
T
T
L
I
M
O
O
R
I
F
S
A
E
E
N
A
G
R
T
I
Q
O
D
R
E
L
N
A
O
S
A
I
I
G
R
N
O
O
E
L
V
Y
L
M
N
I
G
T
N
N
L
N
T
E
F
F
E
C
T
I
V
E
N
E
S
S
A
O
A
A
A
I
A
U
E
S
R
N
R
T
U
A
L
N
O
M
I
R
L
R
H
S
P
D
B
F
E
U
T
Y
A
N
E
T
F
E
D
Y
A
T
T
R
T
L
L
U
S
T
O
N
O
I
T
A
G
U
F
I
R
T
N
E
C
A
T
N
A
L
U
G
A
O
C
I
T
N
A
A
E
P
E
Y
S
ANAPHYLAXIS
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
DONATION
EMBOLISM
HAEMATOPOESIS
INCOMPATIBILITY
MANNITOL
MOLECULAR
REGIMEN
TRANSFUSIONS
YERSINIA
DIRECTIONS
Find the hidden words in any direction (horizontal, vertical, diagonal, forwards,
backwords). After all of the words are found, the letters that are not used reveal a
hidden message.
195.
189

CUM
AC
LAS
DY
TE
BO
IN
MIA
RON
TO
CA
SAE
USE
THE
THA
SI
ULA
DIRECTIONS
Unscramble the tiles to reveal a message.
196.
190
yfnf;]ldof af/]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
196.
191


1a
1a.
1b.
2a.
2b.
2c.
3a.
3b.
4a.
4b.
4c.
4d.
4e.
5a.
5b.
5c.
6a.
6b.
6c.
6d.
6e.
6f.
7a.
7b.
7c.
8a.
8b.
8c.
8d.
9a.
1b.
2a.
2b.
2c.
2d.
3a.
3b.
4a.
4b.
4c.
4d.
5a.
5b.
5c.
5d.
5e.
6a.
6b.
6c.
7a.
7b.
7c.
7d.
8a.
8b.
8c.
8d.
9a.
9b.
9c.
9d.
10a.
10b.
11a.
11b.
11c.
12a.
12b.
12c.
13a.
13b.
13c.
14a.
14b.
14c.
15a.
15b.
16a.
16b.
16c.
17a.
17b.
17c.
18a.
18b.
18c.
18d.
18e.
19a.
19b.
19c.
20a.
20b.
20c.
20d.
20e.
192
Increase in the numbers of white blood cells without
cyto plasmic granules
One of the senses (verb)
Eye without.....a centre
Product of the kidney
A note appended to a letter after the signature
(postscript)
A playing card
A very usefull medicine for the heartburn
Increase in the number of WBC
Of the mouth
You can “surf” when you go there
A serious disease that weakens the immunity of the
patient
The most famous lady worldwide
In terms of
And so on
The two ends of ... a key
Pneumonic
Tennis ... need these
Letters found in the word synovium
Cannot do
Process of getting older
Visited very often by Schumacher
A burden for the organism undergoing haemodialysis
Jean d’ ..., a French hero
With no clothes on
Shell prize
The human body burns glucose to produce it
Pronoun objective case of “He”
French for mine
Acid found in urine and increased in patients with gout
Similar cousonants
Volleyball term
Found in ... West
Bones (Latin, unfinished)
A group of physiologically or anatomically related
organs
Infection of the lungs
Acute febrile highly contagious viral disease
The first name of the first man on the moon
Workplace of a nurse
Hello
“n” shaped tube running from the liquid in a vessel to
a lower level outside the vessel so that liquid runs
through the tube
Year (Abbreviation)
The three letters used to denote blood groups
Pele’s T-Shirt number
Treats mania
Protein functioning in the storage of iron
More but ... less
Man is a member of this kingdom
Having the same relative stracture, position or value
“Expanded gas shock”, shock absorbed
Bruce...., Martial art athlete and actor
The position of something
Unspecialised cell that gives rise to differentiated cells
Heart chambers (genitive)
Formation of frost on a surface
Turn around and around (past)
Abreviation for Duodenal Uleer
Symbol of the chemical element tin.
Same as 12b horizontally
Musical note
Sensory layer of the eye possesing rods and cones
Synonym to therefore
Brandname for desferrioxamine
..... Angeles, state of U.S.A.
Function word to indicate an alternative
Chemical element Zn
....Tze Tung. Chinese hero
Very small and....incomplete
9b.
9c.
10a.
10b.
10c.
10d.
11a.
11b.
12a.
12b.
13a.
13b.
13c.
13d.
14a.
14b.
14c.
15a.
15b.
15c.
15d.
16a.
16b.
16c.
16d.
16e.
17a.
17b.
17c.
18a.
18b.
18c.
19a.
19b.
19c.
19d.
19e.
20a.
20b.
Third singular of “to be”
Measures to prevent a disease
Genetic constitution of an individual
Loud breathing noises while sleeping
Advantage
A group of RNA viruses (HIV is a member)
Aggregate of cells having a similar structure
Automobile association
Acronym for Taylor
Not down
Metric unit of length equal to 100 meters
Dynamite
Cellular organelle possesing DNA
Index of Medieval Medical Images
Suffix for verbs
Upper jespiratory injection
Postal code for Tennessee
E.U ancestor
Occupational therapy
University of Louisiana
Prefix denoting the menstrual period
Antiarrythmic and topical anaesthetic
Prefix meaning again
The edges ... of air
Position of a switch
Have youngs (used of animals, past)
Sick
The upper part of the body
The smallest stractural unit of living matter able to
function indepentently
“The ...., of the Rings”, a hollywood movie
A developing human
Effectiveness index
The first half of ...an engine
Deep red iron-containing substance in Hb and
Myoglobin
A famous wizard
The body excluding head, neck and limbs
Condition marked by an increase in fibrous tissue
Lock’s best friend
New..., a state of USA (missing the last letter)
Found on the store-button of the calculator
Incompatibility of these blood group between
mother and foetus causes hydrops foetalis and
erythroblastosis
Electrically charged atoms
Electric current that flows in one direction steadily
The maximum production possible
...... Fridays (American Restaurant)
A pronoun
Secretely collecting classified information
A small drink
Numerical
Information system Medical
Sexually Transmitted Disease
A consouant
Extraterestrial
Osman....Pasha, Turkish general
The fourth note of the diatonic scale
Mouthlike opening in a bodily organ (latin)
English National Opera
Male or Female given name
Emergency alert system
Natural qualities or talents
A person who doesn’t say the truth
Reacting with a base produces salt
Functional unit of DNA that controls the expression
of traits
Slang for “them”
inside
adjective
Sit again
abnormal enlargement of the spleen
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
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
20
22
18
19
46
47
21
23
24
25
26
28
27
29
31
30
33
32
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
49
48
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
60
193
ACROSS
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
11.
14.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.
30.
31.
34.
35.
36.
39.
41.
43.
44.
45.
48.
50.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
the cardiovascular system
polymorphonuclear
HIV is one (plural)
group of tissues working together
substance found in blood and
used to diagnose certain disease
the product of the nephron
encloses the brain
the body defence system
...anaemia, thalassaemia major
attacked by HIV
they are made of aminoacids
abbreviation for erythrocyte
“No blood” in medical terms
staphylococcus is one, here many
platelett
the main organs of human
pulmonary system
the blood pump
the smallest vessell
takes place mainly in stomach
DNA functional units
monocyte
cell-free blood
mulfunction , disease
not local, not belonging here
surrounds the nucleus
glucose belongs to their category
made up of vertebrae
produces urine
harbours the DNA
long, thin bones that form the thorax
granulocyte
the main blood protein
in homazygous form is called cooley’s
any fluid turns in that after extensive
heating
DOWN
1.
4.
8.
9.
10.
12.
13.
16.
18.
20.
21.
22.
24.
26.
28.
29.
32.
33.
37.
38.
40.
42.
46.
47.
49.
51.
52.
53.
produces blood cells (2 words)
vital for human life
one type of blood gouping
supply of food
a clotting protein
the largest tissue in human body
the smallest unit of human body
white blood cell
thrush is caused by these
thyroxine is one
their survival harms other organisms
group of cells cooperating
scientific term for the species of man
DNA is this kind of material
one becomes after adolesence
fascilitates body reactions
efferent vessel
large, main
hellenic for sea
heart aets like one
red blood cell
afferent vessel
the headquarters of TIF are on this
island
triglycerides belongs to this category
....anaemia, thalassaemia
white cells staining purplish
white cells staining reddish
group of organs
197.
194
195
FALLEN PHRASES
Thalassaemia is an inherited genetic disease passed from
parent to children through the genes.
HIDDEN MESSAGE
Regular blood transfusions greatly contribute to the quality and length of life
of thalassaemia patients.
ACTIVITY
ANALYSIS
ANAPHYLAXIS
ANTICOAGULANT
CENTRIFUGATION
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
DEFORMITY
DIAGNOSIS
DONATION
EFFECTIVENESS
ELECTROPHORESIS
EMBOLISM
FILTRATION
HAEMATOCRIT
HAEMATOPOESIS
HAEMOGLOBIN
IMPAIRMENT
INCOMPATIBILITY
INTERNATIONAL
LABORATORY
MANNITOL
MATCHING
MINIMUM
MOLECULAR
PATIENT
QUALITY
REGIMEN
SEROCONVERT
THALASSAEMIA
TRANSFUSIONS
TREATMENT
URTICARIA
YERSINIA
(Over, Down, Direction)
(12, 10, N)
(4, 18, N)
(2, 12, N)
(20, 14, N)
(19, 20, N)
(5, 18, NE)
(18, 1, SW)
(18, 14, W)
(4, 2, S)
(16, 1, S)
(7, 1,S)
(10, 13, E)
(5, 2, E)
(1, 10, E)
(1, 13, NE)
(11, 19, W)
(9, 11, E)
(4, 7, E)
(5, 16, E)
(9, 15, E)
(8, 3, SE)
(8, 7, S)
(3, 12, S)
(4, 1, E)
(17, 20, W)
(6, 15, N)
(9, 12, E)
(1, 20, E)
(18, 18, W)
(18, 17, W)
(1, 1, S)
(3, 1, S)
(20, 19, W)

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LETTER TILES
Thalassaemia causes iron to accumulate in the body
CROSSWORD ONE
E
2
G
A
1
2
1
3
A
N
O
4
Y
S
6
T
I
5
P
7
N
P
11
S
O
10
R
R
9
E
P
8
3
R
E
T
R
O
V
I
R
U
S
P
S
18
I
I
17
G
X
16
N
A
15
I
L
14
R
Y
13
S
O
H
12
E
R
19
20
196
L
O
R
T
I
S
S
U
E
S
4
A
E
A
A
O
V
T
L
R
S
U
P
R
H
M
S
T
N
T
S
5
N
U
C
L
E
U
S
L
I
M
M
I
R
I
A
T
E
N
I
S
6
U
R
I
L
T
N
S
E
C
M
O
T
R
U
L
T
7
L
I
D
O
C
A
I
N
C
A
8
O
N
D
N
C
B
R
E
D
A
L
A
I
N
R
M
L
L
R
O
A
N
E
E
M
M
L
M
H
E
A
D
A
R
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C
E
L
L
C
L
O
R
D
A
A
L
L
F
O
E
T
U
S
R
Y
E
E
I
C
E
N
G
D
A
A
H
A
E
M
E
R
U
O
Z
T
R
U
N
K
E
N
Y
D
A
F
I
B
R
O
S
I
S
O
I
O
R
K
E
Y
E
A
Y
N
A
L
I
O
R
L
E
A
N
O
N
S
T
O
E
Y
E
R
H
E
S
U
S
O
I
O
N
S
N
D
C
I
T
C
A
P
A
C
I
T
Y
U
I
O
T
G
I
S
H
E
C
S
P
Y
I
N
G
C
M
T
S
I
P
O
I
O
O
S
I
S
M
S
S
T
D
N
E
N
M
E
T
I
H
O
N
U
R
I
I
F
A
H
S
O
S
S
I
U
M
E
E
N
O
O
N
S
R
C
L
E
O
E
A
S
S
E
N
D
O
W
M
E
N
T
N
S
L
I
A
R
O
A
C
I
D
E
G
E
N
E
M
A
N
E
R
E
S
I
T
G
E
N
S
P
L
E
N
M O
S
I
N
A
A
T
M
E
G
A
L
Y
197
CROSSWORD TWO
1
B
2 I R C U L A T O R Y
C
3 O
4 L Y M O R P H O N U C L E A R
N
P
5V I R U S E S
X
M
Y
6 R G A N
A
O
8
9
E
M7 A R K E R
N
11
R
H 10
F
U R I N E
12
O
13
E
I
C
B
R
14
15
S K U L L
W
S
B
I M M U N E
16
L
U R
L
O
S
17 O O L E Y S
19
I
C
F
LY M P H O C Y T E
H 18
N
D
U
M U
20
R 21
P R O T E I N S
H
G
N G
O A
O
22
E
I
T
23
C R
R
T
N
Y
M
I
A
24
O
T
S
S
H
25
A N A E M I A
S
U
E
U
T
M
29
26
27 A C T E R I 28
A
E
G B
E
31
0H R O M B O C Y T E
D
L U N G S
N
33
32
A
Z
U
N
M
34 E A R T
35
C A P I L L A R Y
H
T
M
T
T
J
36
38
39 E N 40
D I G E S 37
T I O N
P
G
E S
R
U
C
R
R
H
Y
41 O N O C Y T E
42
M
A
V
P
P L A S M A
43
T
E
H
A
I
44
45 O R E I G N
F
D I S O R D E R
46
47
O
S
C
F
50 A R 51
48 Y T O P L A S M
C
C
B O H Y D R A T 52
E S
Y
A
P
O
T
T
S
R
S
S
K I D N E Y
53
54
O
U
S
E
P
S
N
Y
55
N U C L E U S
H
O
I
P
T
B S
57 R A N U L O C Y T E
L
H
G
S
M
58
A L B U M I N
L
T H A L A S S A E M I A
49
M
E
D
P I N
T
E
56
R I
R
E
N
E
A S
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WHO Headquarters
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200
yfnf;]ldof af/]
AMERICAS
WHO Regional Office
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Tel: + 13018273518 / Fax: + 13018273533
202
yfnf;]ldof af/]
International Consortium
for Blood Safety (ICBS)
Dr Mohamed El-Nageh, Executive Director, New York
Blood center, 310E 67th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
Tel: +12125703319 / Fax: +12125703320
International Federation of
Blood Donor Organizations (FIODS)
Mr Niels Mikkelsen, Secretary General, Bloddonorerne
Denmark, Vesterbrogade 191, 1800 Frederiksberg, Denmark
Tel: + 4570137014 / Fax: + 4570127010
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and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCRCS)
Mr Peter Carolan, Senior Officer,
Case Postale 372, 1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland
Tel: + 41227304222
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Dr Paul Strengers, Secretary General,
PO Box 9190, NL 1006 AD Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
Tel: 31205123212 / Fax: 31205123560
203
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204
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Victor A Hoffbrand and Beatrix Wonke "Long-term Deferiprone
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1b.
Lisa J Anderson, Beatrix Wonke, Emma prescot, Sally Holdan,
J. Malcolm Walker, Duddley J. Pennell "Comparison pf effects
of oral deferiprone and subcutaneous desferrioxamine on
myocardia iron concentrations and ventricular function
in beta thalassaemia" The Lancet vol 360. August 17, 2002.
2.
Grady Rw, Berdoukas Va, Giardina Pj, "Iron Chelators:
combined therapy could be a better approach
Blood 1998; suppl. 1. P + 2:16b
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Cohen AR, Galanello R, Piga A, Di Palma A, Vullo C, Tricta F,
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study." Br. J. Haematol 2000; 108, 305-312.
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Olivieri NF, Brittenham GM, Mc Laren CE, Templeton DM,
Cameron RG KA, "Long-term safety and effectiveness
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Ian R. Wanless, George Sweeney, Amar P. Dhillon, Maria Guido,
Antonio Piga, Renzo Galanello, M. Rita Gamberini, Elias Schwarz
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2002. Volume 100, number 5 pages 1566 - 1569.
6.
A.V. Hoffbrand, A. Cohen, C. Hersko Role of Deferiprone
in Chelation Therapy for transfusional iron overload"
Blood March 13, 2003
7.
Review John B Porter "Practical Management of Iron
Chelation" British Journal of Haematology 2001, 115, 239-252
8.
Lancet 2003; 361:1597 - 1602
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