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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Greetings From The Committee..........................................................................................................................1
The Host Universities ................................................................................................................................................2
The Local Organizing Committee ......................................................................................................................3
Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................................................................4
Sponsors ............................................................................................................................................................................5
Keynote ..............................................................................................................................................................................8
Program ..............................................................................................................................................................................9
Program Podium ........................................................................................................................................................ 12
Program Short Courses......................................................................................................................................... 15
Program Posters ........................................................................................................................................................ 19
Podium Abstracts ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
Short Course Abstracts ......................................................................................................................................... 47
Poster Abstracts......................................................................................................................................................... 55
Practical Info ............................................................................................................................................................. 111
Participants List ....................................................................................................................................................... 113
Transportation In Helsinki................................................................................................................................. 120
Emergency Information ....................................................................................................................................... 121
Biomedicum ............................................................................................................................................................... 121
GPEN 2014 Conference Personnel Contact Information ............................................................... 121
GPEN 2014 Hotels ................................................................................................................................................. 121
Production of the GPEN 2014 Conference Book sponsored by Allergan Inc.
GPEN 2014 - Helsinki
GREETINGS FROM THE COMMITTEE
Dear Colleagues,
It is our great pleasure to welcome you here in Helsinki at GPEN 2014. About one year of organizing and planning lies
behind us and finally the 10th biennial meeting of the Globalization of Pharmaceutics Education Network (GPEN) has
arrived. It has been both a demanding and rewarding time and we are grateful to all the people involved in organizing
GPEN 2014 and supporting the event as session chairs, judges, or by provision of guidance.
Over 270 attendees not only means that we repeat to achieve the high attendance of GPEN 2012, but is a clear sign of
the quality and importance of GPEN as an institution. Furthermore, this year we are happy to feature 50 podium
presentations, 108 poster presentations, and 8 short courses with expert speakers from academia and industry alike.
We are very excited to have Professor Jonathan Knowles from the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM,
University of Helsinki) give the keynote lecture on curing serious diseases. In our opinion the wish to reach this aim
and being able to help and serve humanity is one of strongest motivators when being involved with health sciences.
The Organizing Committee wishes great experiences during the scientific sessions, the career center, and the social
events as well as new, interesting, and beneficial contacts to all of you. We also wish all the best to the organizers of the
upcoming GPEN 2016 meeting in Kansas and encourage the doctoral students to seize these chances to organize, to
interact, and to grow beyond the purely day-to-day academic settings whenever possible.
Enjoy your time in Finland and have a great time at GPEN 2014!
On behalf of the Organizing Committee,
Noora Sjöstedt
Co-Chair Student Organizing Committee
University of Helsinki
Björn Peters
Co-Chair Student Organizing Committee
University of Eastern Finland
Prof. Arto Urtti
Co-Chair Organizing Committee
Prof. Paavo Honkakoski
Co-Chair Organizing Committee
1
The Host Universities
THE HOST UNIVERSITIES
The School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland
The mission of the School of Pharmacy is to teach pharmaceutical subjects at
the highest educational level, and to promote scientific drug research and its
application for the benefit of society at large.
The School of Pharmacy at the University of Eastern Finland started in the
present form in 2010, but was originally founded in 1973 in the University
of Kuopio. The staff is about 150, and approximately 700 students aspire
towards Bachelor and Master Degrees in six disciplines of Social Pharmacy,
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biopharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology,
Pharmacology and Toxicology. Clinical Pharmacology is taught mainly for
students of Medicine and Dentistry. We also run the Master's Degree
Programme in General Toxicology and Environmental Health Risk
Assessment. The School has about 100 post-graduate students, who conduct their advanced studies towards the Ph. D.
degree.
The School also houses the Drug Research and Development Centre, which offers a dynamic and flexible model for
industrial collaboration.
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki
The history of the Faculty of Pharmacy began in 1897 when the
Pharmaceutical Institute was founded in Helsinki. Later the Institute was
turned into a Department of Pharmacy. It was first a part of the Faculty of
Medicine and then the Faculty of Science. The Faculty of Pharmacy, situated
on Viikki Campus, was founded in 2004.
The Faculty offers the Bachelor and Master of Science degrees in Pharmacy.
The postgraduate degrees are the Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy and the
Doctor of Philosophy. The Faculty also provides professional postgraduate
education in industrial pharmacy and hospital pharmacy and plays an active
part in the continuing education in the field. The Faculty is also nationally
responsible for the Swedish language Master’s degree programmes in
pharmacy.
The Faculty of Pharmacy staff is about 183, and approximately 950 students, of which 205 are undergraduate and 127
are postgraduate students.
The Faculty complies 3 divisions that are running research in the fields of biopharmaceutics, pharmaceutical biology,
pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical technology, pharmacology, and social pharmacy. Faculty hosts also Centre
for Drug Research (CDR), a multidisciplinary research program that is carrying out research on drug discovery tools
and pharmaceutical nanotechnologies, particularly in relation to natural products and biologicals.
2
THE LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Björn Peters
Noora Sjöstedt
Hristo Zlatev
Astrid Subrizi
Laura Pelkonen
Eva Ramsay
Piia Kokkonen
Otto Kari
Sofia Sousa
Dr. Paul Bromman
Prof. Paavo Honkakoski
Tatu Lajunen
Prof. Arto Urtti
Former members:
Henna Ylikangas
Dr. Pyry Välitälo
3
Acknowledgments
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The GPEN 2014 Local Organizing Committee expresses their upmost gratitude to all who contributed to the successful
organization of the GPEN 2014 meeting. In particular a special thanks to:
4

Professor Ron Borchardt and the GPEN Executive Committee and Board of Directors (Professors Kenneth
Audus, Teruna Siahaan and Per Artursson)

Ms Nancy Helm (University of Kansas)

University of Helsinki staff (Professor Marjo Yliperttula, Ms Pia-Tuulia Sonck and Ms Katri Kiiliäinen)

Special thanks to Dr. Paul Bromann of the University of Helsinki Faculty of Pharmacy, for valuable assistance
in planning and organizing GPEN 2014

University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy staff (Ms Marja Lappalainen)

Professor Jonathan K.C. Knowles (Keynote Speaker)

All judges of oral and poster presentations

All industry observers

All short course coordinators

All session chairs

All faculty and industrial short course invited speakers

All faculty and industrial career center participants

All GPEN 2014 sponsors

GPEN 2012 Organizing Committee (Monash University)
SPONSORS
The GPEN 2014 Local Organizing Committee would like to thank all the meeting sponsors, for their generous
contribution and support in all forms.
5
Sponsors
6
SPONSORS LIST
PLATINUM SPONSORS
BRONZE SPONSORS
Absorption Systems LP
AstraZeneca
FPDP Pharmacy
Charles River
Genentech, Inc.
Eisai, Inc.
Eli Lilly and Company
GOLD SPONSORS
Gilead Sciences, Inc.
AbbVie
GlaxoSmithKline
Janssen Research & Development, A Division of
Johnson & Johnson
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (John Wiley & Sons)
F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG
Orion Corporation
Federation of Finnish Learned Societies
Santen Oy
SILVER SPONSORS
FRIENDS OF GPEN 2014
Allergan Inc.
Admescope Ltd.
Biogen Idec
Biopredic International
Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research
Doctoral Programme in Materials Research and
Nanosciences University of Helsinki
Shionogi and Co., Ltd
Merck & Co.
The Nagai Foundation Tokyo
The Forum for Pharmaceutical and Technology
Innovation, Japan
Pfizer Pharmaceutical Sciences
The Finnish Pharmaceutical Society
UPM
7
Keynote
KEYNOTE
Wednesday, August the 27th 2014
5:00 PM-6:00 PM
Main building of the University of Helsinki
How can we be more successful in creating cures for serious diseases?
Dr. Jonathan K.C. Knowles
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM),
University of Helsinki, Finland
Dr. Knowles attended Magdalen College School in Oxford and received a First Class Honours Degree in Molecular
Genetics from the University of East Anglia in Norwich, England. He received his Ph.D. in Genetics of Mitochondria with
Professor G. H. Beale F.R.S. from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.
Dr. Knowles was Head of Group Research and Member of the Executive Committee at Roche up to the end of 2009. He
was a member of the Genentech Board for the last 12 years and a member of the Chugai Board for seven years. Dr.
Knowles was also the chairman of the Corporate Governance Committee of Genentech. Dr. Knowles focused the
company on key disease biology areas of high medical need and in-depth understanding of molecular pathology of
disease. Under his leadership, the company developed and implemented a strategy of highly effective therapies based
on personalized healthcare and built one of the best pharma pipelines in the sector.
Prior to this he served as Director of the Glaxo Institute in Geneva for 10 years and as head of European Research for
Glaxo Wellcome.
He was for 5 years the Chairman of the Research Directors’ Group of EFPIA (European Federation of Pharmaceutical
Industry Associations) and was the first chairman of the Board of the Innovative Medicines Initiative, a unique publicprivate partnership between 28 Pharmaceutical companies and the European Commission with a budget of more than
2 Billion Euros over five years.
Jonathan Knowles holds a Distinguished Professorship in Personalised medicine at FIMM (Institute for Molecular
Medicine Finland FIMM) at the University of Helsinki, Emeritus Professorship of Translational Medicine at EPFL in
Switzerland, and has been appointed to a Visiting chair at the University of Oxford. In addition, he is a Member of the
European Molecular Biology Organization and a Visiting Fellow of Pembroke College Cambridge. In 2011, Jonathan
Knowles was appointed as a Trustee of Cancer Research UK, one of the world’s leading Cancer Research Organisations.
8
PROGRAM
SCHEDULE OVERVIEW
August 27
Wednesday
August 28
Thursday
August 29
Friday
8 am - 8.10 am
Opening Remarks
Arrival
8.10 am - 12 pm
Podium
Presentations
9 am - 12 pm
Career Center
12 pm - 1.30 pm
Lunch & Poster Session
12 pm - 5 pm
Registration
1.30 pm - 5.20 pm
Podium
Presentations
1.30 pm - 5.20 pm
Career Center
8.30 am - 12 pm
Podium
Presentations
9 am - 12 pm
Career Center
12 pm - 1.30 pm
Lunch & Poster Session
1.30 pm - 5.20 pm
Podium
Presentations
1.30 pm - 5.20
pm
Career Center
5 pm - 6 pm
Keynote
6.30 pm - 8 pm
Welcome
Reception
August 30
Saturday
9 am - 12.30 pm
Short Courses
9 am - 12 pm
Career Center
12.30 pm - 1.30 pm
Lunch
1.30 pm - 5 pm
Short Courses
1.30 pm - 5 pm
Career Center
5 pm - 5.30 pm
Award Ceremony & Conference Closing
6 pm - 9 pm
Social Get-Together
7.30 pm - 11 pm
Conference Banquet
August 31
Sunday
10 am - 6 pm
Optional Social
Activity: Porvoo Day
Trip
Program
Wednesday, August the 27th
Time
Location
12:00 PM Main Building of the
Registration
5:00 PM Main Building of the
Keynote
How can we be more successful in creating cures for serious diseases?
Jonathan Knowles (Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of
Helsinki, Finland)
6:30 PM Helsinki City Hall
Welcome Reception
PROGRAM PODIUM
Thursday, August the 28th, Biomedicum Helsinki
Sponsored by Biogen Idec and Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceutical Inc
Time
8:00 AM
Conference Opening
8:10 AM
S1
Development of Dendrimer Based Drug Delivery System for Anticancer Therapy
8:30 AM
S2
CpG Conjugation to Model Tumour Antigen Ovalbumin Leads to Enhanced CD8+ T-Cell
Proliferation
Kıvılcım Öztürk (Hacettepe University)
Katrin Kramer (University of Otago)
8:50 AM
S3
Quantitative Analysis of In Vivo Fate of Mouse Melanoma B16BL6-Derived Exosomes after
Intravenous Injection into Mice by Development of a Labeling Method for Exosomes
Masaki Morishita (Kyoto University)
9:10 AM
S4
The Insulin Receptor: An Achilles’ Heel for Schistosome Vaccine Development
9:30 AM
S5
Depth Controlled Dermal Immunization of Rats with Inactivated Polio Vaccine by using Hollow
Microneedles
Rachel Stephenson (University of Queensland)
Pim Schipper (Leiden University)
9:50 AM
S6
Challenges of Determining Intrinsic Viscosity in Strongly Interacting Monoclonal Antibody
Solutions
Mariya Pindrus (University of Connecticut)
10:10 AM
Coffee Break, sponsored by Santen Oy
10:40 AM S7
The Use of Human Intestinal Fluids to Study the Solubility/Permeability Interplay: Effect of Food
on Carvedilol Absorption
Jef Stappaerts (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)
11:00 AM S8
Effect of Intestinal Hydrolysis of Olmesartan Medoxomil on its Absorption
11:20 AM S9
Assessment of Vancomycin AUC/MIC and Clinical Outcome in MRSA Patients
Takahiro Yonemitsu (Kumamoto University)
Alexander Voelkner (University of Florida)
11:40 AM S10 Characterization and Application of Highly Stable 2’-F RNA Aptamers Specifically Targeting a
Novel Biomarker of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC)
Sarah E. Claypool (University of North Carolina)
12
12:00 PM
Lunch & Poster Presentations
1:30 PM S11 Development of Controlled-Released Bee Venom Nasal Spray for Immunity Improvement
Cho-A Lee (Chungnam National University)
1:50 PM
S12 Quantitative Evaluation of Intracellular Distribution and Human Placental Transfer of
Doxorubicin and its Liposomal Formulations
Suvi K. Soininen (University of Eastern Finland)
2:10 PM
S13 Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Lipophilic Pt(IV) Derivatives of Oxaliplatin Incorporated in
Nano-Carrier with Distinct Improvement in Anti-Tumor Activity
Aiman Abu-Ammar (Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
2:30 PM
S14 Stable Polymeric Micelles for Tumor-Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Agents
after IV Injection
Yang Shi (Utrecht University)
2:50 PM
S15 Development of 177Lu-Labeled Cathepsin S Cleavable HPMA Copolymers for Targeted Pancreatic
Tumor Imaging and Radiotherapy
Wen Shi (University of Nebraska)
3:10 PM
Coffee Break, sponsored by Orion Corporation
3:40 PM
S16 Prediction of Drug Loading in Single Excipients and Lipid Based Formulations
4:00 PM
S17 Modeling the Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Envelope: A New Approach for Permeability
Investigation of Anti-Infectives
Linda C. Persson (Uppsala University)
Florian Gräf (Saarland University)
4:20 PM
S18 The Dispersion Releaser: An Optimized Tool for Selection of Colloidal Dosage Forms During
Development
Christine Janas (University Frankfurt)
4:40 PM
S19 Film Thickness Distribution Impacts Sunscreen Efficacy
5:00 PM
S20 Cardiotoxicity of Donepezil Due to the Drug-Drug Interaction on the Efflux Transporter in the
Heart
Myriam Sohn (University of Basel)
Ryota Takeuchi (Kanazawa University)
Tali Football Hall (transportation arranged from Biomedicum)
6:00 PM
Social Get Together
Friday, August the 29th , Biomedicum Helsinki
Sponsored by Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Johnson & Johnson and Pfizer Pharmaceutical Sciences
Time
8:30 AM S21 Genetic Variants in Transcription Factors Are Linked to the Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics of Metformin
Srijib Goswami (University of California San Francisco)
8:50 AM S22 Effects of Angiotensin (1-7) Treatment on Diabetic Complications
Anna Papinksa (University of Southern California)
9:10 AM S23 Fluorescent Particles for the Tracking of Metastatic Cells
Athanasia Dasargyri (ETH-Zurich)
9:30 AM S24 Overcoming Trastuzumab Resistance via Pharmacological Inhibition of MEOX1 in Breast Cancer
Stem Cells
Joseph Burnett (University of Michigan)
13
Program
9:50 AM S25 Investigation of the Mechanism of Anti-Tumor Action of Arsenic Trioxide in Ovarian Cancer Cell
Lines
Kamila Katarzyna Kaminska (National University of Singapore)
10:10 AM
Coffee Break, sponsored by AstraZeneca
10:40 AM S26 Quantification of Factors Governing Drug Release Kinetics from Nanoparticles: A Combined
Experimental and Mechanistic Modeling Approach
Kyle D. Fugit (University of Kentucky)
11:00 AM S27 Nanoparticles in Polymer Nanospheres to Stabilize Gelatin without Crosslinkers
Saeed Ahmad Khan (Philipps-University Marburg)
11:20 AM S28 Oligonucleotide Hybridization-Mediated Drug-Free Macromolecular Therapeutics
Te-Wei Chu (University of Utah)
11:40 AM S29 The Influence of Shape on Cellular Uptake and Magnetic Targeting of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
ZhiZhi Sun (University of Manitoba)
12:00 PM
Lunch & Poster Presentations
1:30 PM S30 The Involvement of Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 5 in the Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of
Docosahexaenoic Acid
Yijun Pan (Monash University)
1:50 PM S31 Palbociclib Efficacy in Glioblastoma is Limited by Efflux Pump Activity at the Blood-Brain Barrier
Karen E. Parrish (University of Minnesota)
2:10 PM S32 HepaRG Acellular Matrix for Hepatic Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Liisa Kanninen (University of Helsinki)
2:30 PM S33 Improved Liver Function and Relieved Pruritus after 4-Phenylbutyrate Therapy in a Patient with
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 2
Sotaro Naoi (University of Tokyo)
2:50 PM S34 Constitutive Androstane Receptor Modulates Hepatic Energy Homeostasis with Species Selectivity
Caitlin Lynch (University of Maryland)
3:10 PM
Coffee Break, sponsored by Charles River
3:40 PM S35 The Effect of Route of Administration on the Immunogenicity of Recombinant Murine Growth
Hormone Protein Aggregates
Merry Christie (University of Colorado)
4:00 PM S36 Parathyroid Hormone Coupled to Cell Penetrating Peptides for Oral delivery
Mie Kristensen (University of Copenhagen)
4:20 PM S37 Soluble Antigen Arrays (SAgAs) Mitigate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE)
Sharadvi Thati (University of Kansas)
4:40 PM S38 Liquid Crystalline Nanodispersion as a Topical Delivery System for siRNA: Development,
Characterization and In Vivo Knockdown Study
Livia Vieira Depieri (University of Sao Paulo)
5:00 PM S39 Pharmacological Modulation of Intratesticular Retinoic Acid Concentration and its Therapeutic
Potential
Samuel Arnold (University of Washington)
Vanha Ylioppilastalo / “Old Student house”, Mannerheimintie 3, Helsinki
7:30 PM
14
Conference Banquet
PROGRAM SHORT COURSES
Saturday, August the 30th Biomedicum Helsinki, Short Courses I-IV (9:00 AM - 12:30 PM)
I Targeted Therapeutics: Protein and Peptide Drug Conjugates
Coordinator: Jennifer S. Laurence(University of Kansas)
Time
Lecture Hall 1, sponsored by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
9:00 AM
Introduction to Therapeutic Conjugates
9:10 AM
The Chemistry of Synthesizing Polypeptide Drug Conjugates
Jennifer S. Laurence (University of Kansas)
Teruna J. Siahaan(University of Kansas)
9:45 AM S40 Investigation of the Aqueous- and Solid-State Stability of Oxytocin as a Function of pH
Gemma Nassta (Monash University)
10:05 AM
Chemical Instabilities of Antibody Drug Conjugates
10:40 AM
Coffee Break
11:00 AM
Analysis of Therapeutic Conjugates
Christian Schoneich (University of Kansas)
John Stobaugh (University of Kansas)
11:35 AM S41 Calculating the Mass of Subvisible Particles with Improved Accuracy as Formed from Stressed IgG1
Monoclonal Antibody Solutions Using Microflow Imaging Data
Cavan Kalonia (University of Kansas)
11:55 AM
Physical Stability of Protein Conjugates
12:30 PM
Lunch, sponsored by Merck and Co
Jennifer S. Laurence (University of Kansas)
II Drug Metabolism and Metabolomics
Time
Coordinator: Seppo Auriola (University of Eastern Finland)
Seminar Room 1-2, sponsored by FPDP Pharmacy
9:00 AM
DMPK along the Value Chain in Drug Discovery
9:45 AM
Drug Metabolism Induction and Inhibition Studies in Drug Discovery and Clinical Implications &
Pharmacogenetic Considerations in Drug Metabolism
Tommy Anderson (AstraZeneca)
Tommy Anderson (AstraZeneca)
10:30 AM
Coffee Break
11:00 AM
Case Studies on how to Discover Drug Candidates with Optional Metabolic Properties
11:35 AM
Introduction to Metabolomics
Bianca Liederer (Genentech)
Kati Hanhineva (University of Eastern Finland)
12:10 PM S42 Role of Carrier Mediated Efflux of Nobilin Conjugation Products and Plant Extract of Anthemis
nobilis L. in Nobilin Absorption in the Caco-2 Model
Ursula Thormann (University of Basel)
12:30 PM
15
Program
III Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling in Drug Development and Treatment
Individualization
Coordinator: Catherijne Knibbe (University of Leiden)
Time
Lecture Hall 3, sponsored by FPDP Pharmacy
9:00 AM
Introduction to PK/PD Modelling Concepts
9:30 AM
Modelling & Simulation as a Decision Making Tool in Oncology Drug Development
Pyry Välitalo (University of Leiden)
Coen van Hasselt (University of Leiden)
10:00 AM
Application of Disease System Analysis in the Investigation of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
10:30 AM
Coffee Break
11:00 AM
Population PKPD Modelling to Optimise Dosing in Special Patient Populations
11:45 AM
Time-To-Event Models in Clinical Drug Development
12:15 PM
Plenary Discussion
12:30 PM
Jan Berkhout (University of Leiden)
Catherijne Knibbe (University of Leiden)
Benjamin Weber (Boehringer Ingelheim)
IV Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine
Coordinator: Tim Wiltshire (University of North Carolina)
Time
9:00 AM
Seminar Room 3, sponsored by FPDP Pharmacy
Pharmacogenetics: the Promise, and the Delivery
Tim Wiltshire (University of North Carolina)
9:45 AM
Pharmacogenomics of Transporters
Mikko Niemi (University of Helsinki)
10:25 AM
Coffee Break
10:40 AM
Pharmacogenomics and Drug Metabolism
11:20 AM
Drug Sensitivity Testing and Individualized Systems Medicine to Guide Cancer Treatment
12:00 PM
Discussion and Closing Remarks
12:30 PM
16
Janne Backman (University of Helsinki)
Krister Wennerberg (FIMM)
Tim Wiltshire (University of North Carolina)
Saturday, August the 30th Biomedicum Helsinki, Short Courses V-VIII (1:30 PM - 5:00 PM)
V Nucleic Acid and Gene Delivery
Time
1:30 PM
Coordinator: Yoshinobu Takakura (Kyoto University)
Seminar Room 1-2, sponsored by Federation of Finnish Learned Societies
Overview: Current Status and Future Perspective of Nucleic Acid
Therapeutics
Yoshinobu Takakura (Kyoto University)
2:05 PM
Targeting of Backbone Modified Oligonucleotides by Covalent Conjugation
2:40 PM
Lipoplex-Based Gene Delivery
3:15 PM
Coffee Break, sponsored by The Finnish Pharmaceutical Society
3:45 PM
Polymer and Peptide-Based Gene Delivery Systems
Harri Lönnberg (University of Turku)
Thomas Anchordoquy (University of Colorado)
Enrico Mastrobattista (University of Utrecht)
4:20 PM
S43 Selection of Highly Stable Aptamers from a 2’-Fully Modified RNA Library
4:40 PM
S44 Optimization of DNA Nanostructure for Delivery of Nucleic Acid Drugs to Immune Cells
Adam D. Friedman (University of North Carolina)
Shozo Ohtsuki (Kyoto University)
VI How we Can Deliver Drugs across the Barriers by Transporters
Coordinator: Hiroyuki Kusuhara (University of Tokyo)
Time
Lecture Hall 3, sponsored by Federation of Finnish Learned Societies
1:30 PM
How we Can Deliver Drugs across the Barriers by Transporters
1:50 PM
Proteomic Analysis of Drug Transporters in the Barriers.
2:30 PM
Blood-Ocular Barriers
3:10 PM
3:40 PM
Blood-Brain Barrier Transporters: Challenges and Opportunities for CNS Therapy
4:20 PM
Hiroyuki Kusuhara (University of Tokyo)
Tetsuya Terasaki (Tohoku University)
Arto Urtti (University of Helsinki, University of Eastern Finland)
Björn Bauer (University of Kentucky)
S45 Brain Drug Distribution of a Cassette of Compounds in Alpha-Synuclein Transgenic Mice
Sofia Gustafsson (University of Uppsala)
4:40 PM
S46 Analysis of Secretory Transport of Drugs in the Small Intestine Using the Ussing Chamber Method
Takeshi Nakayama (University of Tokyo)
17
Program
VII Modern Approaches of Nanotechnology
Coordinator: Hamid Ghandehari (University of Utah)
Time
Lecture Hall 1, sponsored by Doctoral Programme in Materials Research and Nanosciences
1:30 PM
Nanotechnology: an Introduction Relevant to Pharmaceutical Sciences
1:40 PM
Cellular Uptake and Subcellular Trafficking of Nanoconstructs
2:10 PM
Hamid Ghandehari (University of Utah)
Sarah Hamm-Alvarez (University of Southern California)
S47 The Effect of Liposomal Components on Pro-Survival Signals within Normal Prostate Cells
Ryan C. Bates (University of Colorado)
2:30 PM
Nanoconstructs in Drug Delivery
3:00 PM
3:30 PM
Theranostic Nanosystems: Opportunities and Challenges
4:00 PM
4:20 PM
Stefano Salmaso (University of Padova)
Andrew MacKay (University of Southern California)
S48 Targeted Liposomal Ultrasound Contrast Agents
Eric Sasko (Marburg University)
Nanotoxicology
Hamid Ghandehari (University of Utah)
VIII New Emerging Cell Models
Coordinator: Marjo Yliperttula (University of Helsinki)
Time
Seminar Room 3, sponsored by UPM
1:30 PM
Opening
1:40 PM
Novel Applications of the Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocyte Model for Transporter Investigations
2:10 PM
New Cell Based Approaches for Better Predictions of Drug Target and Off Target Interactions
Kim Brouwer(The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)
Per Artursson (Uppsala University)
2:40 PM S49 Improvement in Blood-Brain Barrier Tightness through a Direct Contact hCMEC/D3 and Human
Astrocyte Coculture Model
Chris Kulczar (Purdue University)
3:00 PM
3:30 PM S50 All Hepatocytes Are Not Equal: Characterization of Variability in Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes
Magnus Ölander (Uppsala University)
3:50 PM
2D and 3D Cell Biomaterial Culture
Yan-Ru Lou (University of Helsinki)
4:20 PM
Hydrogels and Nanofibrillar Cellulose
4:50 PM
Closing
5:00 PM
Award Ceremony & Conference closing (Lecture Hall 1), sponsored by Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences(John Wiley & Sons)
Markus Nuopponen (UPM)
Sunday, August the 31th Optional Trip to Porvoo
10:00 AM
6:00 PM
18
Depart from Helsinki Harbor, Pier “Linnanlaituri” (in front of the Presidential palace)
Arrival to Helsinki
PROGRAM POSTERS
Thursday, August the 28th , Biomedicum Helsinki
Sponsored by Eisai, Inc. and Eli Lilly and Company
12:00 PM - 1:30 PM
P1
Folic Acid Functionalized Insulin Loaded Stable Chitosan Nanoparticles: Influence on Stability, Cellular
Uptake, Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
Ashish Agrawal (NIPER)
P3
In Silico Prediction of Intravitreal Primary Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Drug Concentrations: Tool for
Ocular Drug Development
Eva M. del Amo (University of Eastern Finland)
P5
Adjuvants Show Dramatically Different Interactions with Model Cell Membranes
Lorena Antúnez (University of Kansas)
P7
Curcumin Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Coated with N-Carboxymethyl Chitosan to Modify Release
P9
Paclitaxel Loaded SLNs Modified with HPCD with Low Renal Toxicity for Enhancing Bioavailability
P11
In Vitro Enzymatic Degradation of Lipidified Apomorphine
P13
Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation with On-Line Detection for Drug Transfer Studies:
Investigating Transfer Kinetics of a Model Drug between Liposomal Bilayers
Jong-Suep Baek (Chungnam National University)
Nrupa Borkar (University of Copenhagen)
Martin Brandl (Southern Denmark University)
P15
Shape-Modified Nanocarriers for Intracellular Drug Delivery
P17
Development of Surface Modified Matrix and Segmented Reservoir Intravaginal Ring Devices for Sustained
Delivery of Hydroxychloroquine
Arianna Castoldi (Saarland University)
Yufei Chen (University of Manitoba)
P19
Evidence for the Functional Dimerization of the Human Bile Acid Transporter ASBT (SLC10A2)
P21
Coupling an Absorption Sink to the In Vitro Lipid Digestion Model Improves Understanding of Drug
Absorption from Lipid-Based Formulations
Paresh Chothe (University of Maryland)
Matthew F. Crum (Monash University)
P23
Preparation and Evaluation of Bioactivated Polyelectrolyte Nanocomplexes for Favoured Cell Migration
P25
Tetraether Lipid-Based Transfection Reagents for the Expression of Luciferase Plasmid (pCMV-luc) in
Various Cell Lines
Tiziana Di Francesco (University of Geneva)
Konrad H. Engelhardt (Phillipps-University Marburg)
P27
Assessment of Antileishmanial Activity of Pyrazinamide by In Vitro Time-Kill Curve Experiments against
Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis
Nivea Falcao (University of Florida)
P29
Formulation of Self-Assembling Polyamino Acid Nanoparticles for Site-Specific Targeting of the Tumor
Microenvironment
Zoë Folchman-Wagner (University of Southern California)
P31
Therapeutic Profile In Vivo of Formulation Containing Ursolic Acid on Experimental Chagas' Disease
P33
Impact of Freeze-Drying Cycle on the Solid-State Properties and Long-Term Protein Stability: The Case of
rhGH
Júnior Furini (University of Sao Paulo)
Pawel Grobelny (University of Connecticut)
19
Program
P35
Exploring Gastrointestinal Drug Behavior of Fenofibrate after Oral Administration in Man: Nano- versus
Microparticles
Bart Hens (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)
P37
Extraction of Archaeal Membrane Lipids from Sulfolobus islandicus
P39
Improvement of Poorly Water-Soluble Albendazole by using Mucosal Adhesion Polymeric Nanoparticles
P41
Solid State Properties of Suberin-Containing Electrospun Polymeric Nanofibers
P43
SIRT3 Inhibitors by Virtual Screening
P45
An Increase in the Natural GDNF Expression Enhances and Protects the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System
P47
Mechanism and Responsible Component of Apple Juice for a Long-Lasting Inhibition of Intestinal
Absorptive Transporter OATP2B1
Sara Munk Jensen (Southern Denmark University)
Bong-Seok Kang (Chungnam National University)
Karin Kogermann (University of Tartu)
Piia Kokkonen (University of Eastern Finland)
Jaakko Kopra (University of Helsinki)
Akira Kubota (Kanazawa University)
P49
Enhanced Generation, Characterisation and Pre-Clinical Evaluation of Co-Stimulatory Molecules Expressing
Oncolytic Adenovirus for Cancer Treatment of Human Patients
Lukasz Kuryk (University of Helsinki)
P51
Controlled Release from Liposomes by Light Activation
P53
Enhanced Physicochemical Properties of Docetaxel-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
P55
Chemoprevention by Curcumin: A Prodrug Hypothesis
P57
Nano Ceramic Assembly for Pulmonary Delivery of Protein and Peptides
P59
Supersaturation of Zafirlukast in Fasted and Fed Intestinal Media Measured In Situ by UV/Vis Fiber-Optic
Probes: Effectiveness of Precipitation Inhibitors
Tatu Lajunen (University of Helsinki)
Sang-Eun Lee (Chungnam National University)
Garvey Liu (University of Minnesota)
Deborah Lowry (Aston University)
Cecilie Maria Madsen (University of Copenhagen)
P61
Transdermal Delivery of Flufenamic Acid from PLGA Nanoparticles by Iontophoresis
P63
Inhibition of Proteolytic Cleavage by inserting the Metal-Bound claMP Tag Adjacent to a Known
Recognition Site
Kristina Malinovskaja (University of Helsinki)
Michaela L. McNiff (University of Kansas)
P65
Development of Hyaluronic Acid based IgG-Loaded dissolving Microneedles for Intradermal Protein
Delivery
Juha Mönkäre (Leiden University)
P67
Analysis of Secretory Transport of Drugs in the Small Intestine Using the Ussing Chamber Method
P69
Microcontainers as an Oral Drug Delivery System
P71
Synthesis and Characterization of Native and PEGylated Poly-L-Lysine Dendrimers
P73
In Vitro Device to Investigate Fate of Macromolecules Following Intravitreal Injection
P75
Effects of Sucrose in Micro- and Pilot Scale Freeze-Drying on Secondary Protein Structures Assessed by
FTIR-ATR
Takeshi Nakayama (University of Tokyo)
Line Hagner Nielsen (University of Copenhagen)
Yewon Joanna Pak (University of Maryland)
Sulabh Patel (F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.)
Björn-Hendrik Peters (University of Eastern Finland)
20
P77
Investigating the Whole Brain Distribution of Macromolecules Administered into the Cerebrospinal Fluid
P79
siRNA Delivery to the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
P81
The Anti-inflammatory Activity of a Lead Fused-Cyclopentenone Phosphonate Compound and its Potential
in the Local Treatment of Experimental Colitis
Michelle E. Pizzo (University of Wisconsin)
Eva Ramsay (University of Helsinki)
Abraham Rubinstein (Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
P83
Effectiveness of Bulb Extracts of Allium Species on Some Selected Plant Pathogenic Fungi
P85
Stereoselective Anticonvulsant and Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Valnoctamide, a CNS-Active Derivative of
Valproic Acid with Low Teratogenic Potential
Sahar Samadi (Phillipps-University Marburg)
Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad (Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
P87
Breast Cancer Tumour Associated Macrophages Modulation by Free or Liposome Encapsulated
Zoledronate
Sofia Sousa (University of Eastern Finland)
P89
Inhalable Nanocomposites for Targeted Pulmonary Delivery and Applications in Lung Cancer Therapy
P91
Effect of the Immunostimulatory Peptide EP67 on Immune Cells Critical for Adaptive Responses
P93
The Advantage of Correlative Microscopy for Macrophage Uptake Studies with Non- Spherical Particles
P95
Effect of Alzheimer’s Disease on the Gene Expression of Drug Transporters and Tight Junction Proteins in
Brain
Nathanael A. Stocke (University of Kentucky)
Shailendra B. Tallapaka (University of Nebraska)
Clemens Tscheka (Phillipps-University Marburg)
Kati-Sisko Vellonen (University of Eastern Finland)
P97
A Novel Assay for Binding Studies of Antibody-Modified Polyplexes for Tumor Targeting
P99
Characterization of Highly Supersaturated Solution of Enzalutamide: A Study of Liquid- Liquid Phase
Separation of A Lipophilic Compound
Doru Vornicescu (Phillipps-University Marburg)
Venecia Wilson (Purdue University)
P101 Investigation of Drug Release from Non-Ionic and Anionic Cellulose Beads
Emrah Yildir (Åbo Akademi University)
P103 Supramolecular Assemblies of Amphiphilic β-Cyclodextrin with Lipids
Leïla Zerkoune (Université Paris-Sud)
P105 Molecular Dynamics Study of Surface Structure of the Drug Delivery Liposome
Aniket Magarkar (University of Helsinki)
P107 Improved Delivery of Valproic Acid into the Brain by LAT1-Targeted Prodrugs
Kristiina Huttunen (University of Eastern Finland)
P109 In Vitro Kidney Model for Drug Transport and Toxicity Testing
Aishwarya Jayagopal (University of California at San Francisco)
Friday, August the 29th, Biomedicum Helsinki
Sponsored by Gilead Sciences Inc. and GlaxoSmithKline
12:00 PM - 1:30 PM
P2
Surface Modifications of Polyethylene Sinter Bodies for Serological Diagnosis of Borreliosis
Mohammed Alasel (Phillipps-University Marburg)
21
Program
P4
Nanotechnology for Neurotrophic Protein Delivery
P6
Enhanced Percutaneous Permeation of Dehydroepiandosterone Loaded Nanocapsules
P8
Tadalafil Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Using Permeability Enhancers for Transdermal Delivery
P10
Reversal of Multidrug Resistance in MCF-7/ADR Cells Using Dual Drug-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles with
Double Targeting
Angelina Angelova (Université Paris-Sud)
Amit Badihi (Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
P12
Alzheimer’s Disease: Receptor-Targeted BACE-1 Inhibition
P14
Evaluation of Oncolytic Adenoviruses as Adjuvants for MHC-I Restricted Peptides for a New Cancer Vaccine
Platform
Davide Brambilla (ETH-Zurich)
Cristian Capasso (University of Helsinki)
P16
Impact of CYP3A5 Genetic Polymorphism on Mechanism-Based Inactivation by Lapatinib
P18
Exploitation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Cytoprotective Properties of Electrophilic Bioactive Compounds
for Potential Application in Cancer Prevention
Eric Chun Yong Chan (National University of Singapore)
Eng-Hui Chew (National University of Singapore)
P20
Predicting Safe and Effective Doses for Children: Integrating Adult Clinical Parameters with In Vitro
Metabolism by Pediatric Tissues and Modeling
Nicole R. Zane (University of North Carolina)
P22
A Molecular Switch Using Genetically Engineered Polymers
P24
Remote Loading of GLP-1s in PLGA Microspheres for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
P26
Optimization of Tumor-Targeted Nanoparticles for Paclitaxel Delivery with Folate-PEG Conjugated
Amphiphilic Cyclodextrins
Jugal Dhandhukia (University of Southern California)
Amy C. Doty (University of Michigan)
Nazlı Erdoğar (Hacettepe University)
P28
Glucuronidation Converts Clopidogrel to a Potent Metabolism-Dependent Inhibitor of CYP2C8
P30
Hydrolysis of DTPA Prodrug by Skin Carboxylesterases in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes
P32
Erythrocytic Stage Targeted Liposome Vaccine Delivery System against Malaria
P34
Multi-Parametric Evaluation of Therapeutic Protein Aggregation
P36
Comparison of Brain and Plasma Levels of R-Flurbiprofen in Rats Following Oral and Intra-Nasal
Administration
Anne M. Filppula (University of Helsinki)
Jing Fu (University of North Carolina)
Ashwini Kumar Giddam (The University of Queensland)
Floriane Groell (University of Geneva)
Paul C. Ho (National University of Singapore)
P38
RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Analysis of Ibuprofen and Pamabrom
P40
Quantitative Analysis and Preformulation of Extracts from Aesculus Hippocastamum
P42
VEGF in Diabetic Retinopathy
P44
Encapsulated Cells for Long-Term Secretion of Soluble VEGF Receptor 1: Material Optimization and
Simulation of Ocular Drug Response
Hye-Suk Jun (Chungnam National University)
Ju-Heon Kim (Chungnam National University)
Emmi Kokki (University of Eastern Finland)
Leena-Stiina Kontturi (University of Helsinki)
22
P46
Lipid-Bound Indocyanine Green Particles Enable High Resolution Near-Infrared Diagnostic Imaging of the
Lymphatic System
John C. Kraft (University of Washington)
P48
Transporter Mediated Permeation of p-Amino Benzoic Acid on Basal Membrane in Caco-2 Cell Monolayer
P50
Oral Delivery of Anticancer Drug: Doxorubicin Complex Lead to Chemotherapy Maintenance at Home with
Low Toxicity
Keisuke Kurokawa (Kumamoto University)
Seho Kweon (Seoul National University)
P52
Technetium-99m labelling of Nanofibrillar Cellulose for Small Animal SPECT/CT
P54
Discovery of Novel Diarylpyrimidines as Potent HIV NNRTIs via a Structure-Guided Core-Refining Approach
P56
Discovery of Piperidine-Linked Pyridine Analogues as Potent Non-Nucleoside HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors
Patrick Laurén (University of Helsinki)
Xiao Li (Shandong University)
Xinyong Liu (Shandong University)
P58
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Small-Molecule Fluorescent Ligands Based on Cyanine 5 for α1Adrenoceptor
Zhao Ma (Shandong University)
P60
An Orally Delivered Bile Acid Based Formulation of Carboplatin for Effective Maintenance Chemotherapy
P62
Temperature-Sensitive Hybrid Hydrogels Charged with PLGA Particle as Parenteral Extended Release System
P64
Design and Therapeutic Use of a Mutant Coiled-Coil Peptide for BCR-ABL Inhibition
P66
Differential Effect of Buffering Agents on the Crystallization of Gemcitabine Hydrochloride in Frozen
Solutions
Foyez Mahmud (Seoul National University)
Pierre Maudens (University of Geneva)
Geoffrey D. Miller (University of Utah)
Bhushan Munjal (NIPER)
P68
Developing Therapeutic Vaccine Formulations for the Treatment of Melanoma
P70
Co-Delivery of Autoantigen and B7 Pathway Modulators for the Treatment of a Murine
Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Silke Neumann (University of Otago)
Laura Northrup (University of Kansas)
P72
Deposition and Stabilisation of Nanosuspensions by Flexographic Printing
P74
Water Vapor Barrier and Mechanical Properties of Lignified Cellulosic Thin Films
P76
Novel Lipopolyplexes for Gene Delivery and Gene knockdown
P78
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccine Based on Polymeric Nanoparticles Containing HPV Synthetic Long Peptide and
Poly IC
Mirja Palo (Åbo Akademi University)
Anna Penkina (University of Tartu)
Shashank Reddy Pinnapireddy (Phillipps-University Marburg)
Sima Rahimian (Utrecht University)
P80
Ocular Melanin Binding: In Vitro Binding Studies Combined to a Pharmacokinetic Model
P82
Label-Free CARS Imaging of Intestinal Epithelial Cells
P84
Influence of the Surface Modifications on the Properties of Nanoparticles (Not presented)
P86
Strategies to Improve the Absorption of Biopharmaceutical Classification (BCS) Class IV Drugs – A Paclitaxel
Case Study
Anna-Kaisa Rimpelä (University of Helsinki)
Jukka Saarinen (University of Helsinki)
Jens Schäfer (Phillipps-University Marburg)
Ramesh Soundararajan (UCL College of Pharmacy)
23
Program
P88
Impact of Human SGLT (SLC5A) Mediated Transport on Apparent Permeability Can Be Studied in the In Vitro
DSMZ -Caco-2 Cell Model
Bente Steffansen (University of Copenhagen)
P90
Oxidative Stress Protection by Exogenous Delivery of rhHsp70 Chaperone to the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
(RPE), a Possible Therapeutic Strategy against RPE Degeneration
Astrid Subrizi (University of Helsinki)
P92
Redispersible Microspheres Composed of Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Application
P94
Hyperspectral Imaging in Quality Control of Inkjet Printed Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
P96
Non-Labeled In Vitro Approaches for Assessment of Targeting and Cell Uptake Efficacy of Liver Targeted
Liposomes
Afra Torge (Phillipps-University Marburg)
Hossein Vakili (Åbo Akademi University)
Tapani Viitala (University of Helsinki)
P98
Investigation of Inkjet Printed Formulations to Improve the Dissolution Rate of Indomethacin
Henrika Wickström (Åbo Akademi University)
P100 Dynamic Combinatorial-Mass Spectrometry Leads to Potent and Selective Inhibition of Nucleic Acid
Demethylase
Esther Woon (National University of Singapore)
P102 TRIM39 is a Novel Regulator of MOAP-1 in Mammalian Cells
Victor C. Yu (National University of Singapore)
P104 Predicting Target-Substrate Interaction Constants by Quantitative Sequence-Kinetic Constant Relationships
for Facilitating Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitor Discovery
Peng Zhang (National University of Singapore)
P106 Studies towards the Use of Immobilized Lipase for In Vitro Lipolysis Experiments
Stephanie Phan (Monash University)
P108 Fogging in Lyophilized Drug Products
Dominique Ditter (F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.)
24
PODIUM ABSTRACTS
S1 Development of Dendrimer Based Drug
Delivery System for Anticancer Therapy
Kıvılcım Öztürka, Mustafa Ulvi Gürbüzb, Metin Tülüb, Sema Çalışa
aHacettepe
bYildiz
University, Turkey
Technical University, Turkey
Objective. The aim of the work is to investigate
efficiency of originally synthesized dendrimers as
drug carrier system.
Methods. In poly(amidoamine) PAMAM dendrimer
synthesis, after the successive alkylations, microwave
assisted amidation were performed within 60–90
minutes. We have conducted amidation step by
refluxing ester terminated half generation and excess
ethylenediamine mixture in the presence of 4-6 mL
methanol at the 120-130 °C. LPR method was used for
purification. To analyze the gemcitabine HCl
quantitatively a RP HPLC method was developed and
validated. Chromatography was carried out on an C18
column (250×4.6 mm;5µ) using a mixture of methanol
and phosphate buffer (40:60) as the mobile phase at a
flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, at 270 nm. Different core types
of dendrimers were used to evaluate encapsulation
efficiency of drug. Encapsulated drug amount for per
molar of dendrimer was analyzed using HPLC.
Results. The reaction progresses were monitored by
ATR spectroscopy to observe disappearance of esteric
peak (1733 cm-1) and appearance amide I and amide II
peaks (1642 cm-1 and 1558 cm-1). The 1H NMR
spectra pattern has changed significantly due to
esterification of amines by appearance of several new
signals. The 13C NMR data also tend to support ester
formation by appearance of several new peaks,
particularly for carboxyl (C=O) chemical shifts at
approximately 174 ppm, typical for ester compounds.
The retention time of the drug was found to be 3.18
min. The method produced linear responses in the
concentration range of 1-100 µg/mL of gemcitabine
HCl. The drug could be loaded at 1:1 and
2:1(drug:dendrimer) molar ratio to ethylenediamine
and poly(ethylene glycol) core PAMAMs respectively.
Conclusions. These results are promising for further in
vitro cell culture and in vivo studies.
antigen needs to be cross-presented to activated
dendritic cells. Dendritic cells cross-present tumour
antigen on MHCI but need to be completely activated
via danger signals to generate a potent CD8+ T-cell
response through co-stimulatory molecules. Linking a
vaccine adjuvant, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)
chemically to a tumour antigen enables endocytosis of
both entities into the same cell. The CpG-ODN - tumour
antigen conjugate activates dendritic cells via the tolllike receptor 9 in the endosome and the tumour antigen
is cross-presented on MHCI.
Methods. The model tumour antigen ovalbumin was
first purified via gel filtration and only the monomer
was used for conjugation. The vaccine adjuvant CpG
ODN was conjugated with a stable bis-arylhydrazone
bond to the model tumour antigen ovalbumin. A molar
ratio of 2.4:1 of CpG ODN to ovalbumin was determined
by UV-absorption of the bis- arylhydrazone bond.
Purification of the conjugates was performed by gel
filtration. Size-exclusion chromatography identified
conjugates with a range modification. Murine bone
marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC) were cultured
for six days and pulsed for 24h with either a conjugate
or a mixture of antigen and adjuvant.
Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester stained CD8+ Tcells were cocultured with stimulated murine BMDCs
for 72h. BMDC activation and T-cell proliferation were
analysed using flow cytometry.
Results. Effective activation of dendritic cells was
shown by the upregulation of activation markers after
stimulation with either the conjugate or the mixture of
CpG ODN and ovalbumin. However the conjugate
activated dendritic cells showed higher CD8+ T- cell
proliferation compared to dendritic cells activated with
the mixture.
Conclusions. Conjugating the vaccine adjuvant CpG
ODN to the model tumour antigen ovalbumin using a
stable bis-arylhydrazone bond leads to a higher
degree of CD8+ T-cell proliferation compared to the
CpG ODN antigen mixture.
S3 Quantitative Analysis of In Vivo Fate of
Mouse
Melanoma
B16BL6-Derived
Exosomes after Intravenous Injection into
S2 CpG Conjugation to Model Tumour
Mice by Development of a Labeling Method
Antigen Ovalbumin Leads to Enhanced
for Exosomes
CD8+ T-Cell Proliferation
Kramer Katrina,b, Young Sarahb, Walker Grega
aUniversity
of Otago, School of Pharmacy, Dunedin, New Zealand
bUniversity of Otago, Department of Pathology, Dunedin, New
Zealand
Objective. Activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells is
crucial to developing an anti-tumour immune
response. In order for T-cell activation to occur, tumour
Masaki Morishitaa, Yuki Takahashia, Takafumi Imaia, Makiya
Nishikawaa, Yoshinobu Takakuraa
aGraduate
Japan
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University,
Objective. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles
secreted from cells. Because exosomes work as a
transporter for nucleic acids and proteins, exosomes
are expected to become a new class of drug delivery
27
Podium Abstracts
system (DDS) for these molecules. The information of
in vivo fate of exogenously-administered exosomes is
essential for the development of exosome-based DDS.
However, in vivo fate of exosomes has been poorly
investigated because of the lack of a method to
quantitatively trace exosomes in vivo. In this study, we
developed a method to label exosomes in order to
analyze in vivo fate of exosomes.
Methods. We designed a fusion protein consisting of
Gaussia luciferase and an exosome-tropic protein,
lactadherin (gLuc-LA), and constructed a plasmid
vector encoding gLuc-LA. B16BL6 murine melanoma
cells were transfected with the plasmid, and exosomes
secreted
from
the
cells
were
collected.
Immunoelectron microscopy was performed using an
anti-gLuc antibody for the detection of gLuc-LA on the
surface of exosomes. After intravenous injection of
gLuc-LA-labeled B16BL6 exosomes into mice, the
distribution of exosomes was evaluated by detecting
the gLuc activity. Macrophage-depleted mice were
prepared by using clodronate-containing liposomes.
Results. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that
gLuc-LA was present on the surface of the exosomes,
indicating the successful labeling of exosomes with
gLuc-LA. Intravenously injected gLuc-LA-labeled
B16BL6 exosomes disappeared quickly from the blood
circulation with a half-life of approximately 2 min. In
vivo imaging demonstrated that gLuc-LA-labeled
B16BL6 exosomes mainly distributed to the lung,
spleen and liver. Moreover, the elimination of gLuc-LAlabeled B16BL6 exosomes from the blood circulation
was markedly delayed in macrophage-depleted mice,
indicating that macrophages significantly contribute to
the in vivo fate of B16BL6 exosomes.
Conclusions. These results indicate that the labeling
method is useful to understand the in vivo fate of
exosomes. The present study also showed that
macrophages play important roles in the clearance of
exosomes.
of glucose daily but may depend on host insulin for its
uptake. Chemotherapy with praziquantel has reduced
morbidity rates but consequences of continuous reinfection in endemic areas remain unchanged. Vaccines
represent the most attractive long-term alternative to
invert this scenario. This project aims to further
develop a safe, stable and more effective subunit
vaccine based on insulin receptors from S. japonicum
(SjIR1 and SjIR2).
Methods. On the basis of sequential analysis, together
with the proteins predicted antigenic structure, nine
peptide analogues from SjIR1 and eleven from SjIR2
were identified and synthesized. The positive control,
from the alpha subunit of the HIR (α655-670), has been
shown to exhibit specific binding activity towards
radioiodinated insulin. Peptide synthesis was achieved
using standard fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl solid
phase peptide synthesis and purified using RP-HPLC. In
vitro human insulin binding studies have been achieved
using Octet RED technology.
Results. Peptide epitopes from SjIR1 and SjIR2 have
been successfully synthesized and screened for human
insulin binding activity. Three insulin binding sites on
SjIR1 have been identified and we found one peptide
(SDYSLIIRHTKLKGIGLWKLKTLNSYPIALIDNPLMC)
with stronger insulin binding ability, compared to the
positive control, which is highly conserved in S.
japonicum, S. mansoni and S. haematobium, but with
low homology with the human IR. Six binding sites
from SjIR2 have also been identified.
Conclusions. This data reinforces our hypothesis that
SjIRs are potential transmission blocking vaccine
candidates against S. japonicum and, being conserved,
may also be suitable as clinical vaccine targets against
African schistosomes, S. mansoni and S. haematobium.
S5 Depth Controlled Dermal Immunization
of Rats with Inactivated Polio Vaccine by
S4 The Insulin Receptor: An Achilles’ Heel
Using Hollow Microneedles
for Schistosome Vaccine Development
Pim Schippera, Koen van der Maadena, Stefan Romeijna, Gideon
Kerstenb, Wim Jiskootb, Joke Bouwstraa
Rachel Stephensona, Hong Youb, Donald McManusb, Istvan Totha,c
aDivision
aSchool
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
bMolecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division,
QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland,
Australia
cSchool of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Queensland, Australia
Objective. Schistosomiasis remains one of the most
insidious tropical parasitic diseases. Bovines are major
animal reservoir hosts for Asiatic Schistosoma
japonicum, responsible for up to 90% of environmental
egg contamination. This feature underpins our efforts
to develop a transmission blocking vaccine against S.
japonicum. Schistosomes consume significant amounts
28
of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for
Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
bInstitute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Bilthoven, the
Netherlands
Objective. 1) Optimize the hollow microneedle
applicator for depth controlled microinjections into
skin. 2) Use the optimized applicator to investigate the
effect of insertion depth and adjuvants on the immune
responses in vivo.
Methods. Hollow microneedles were fabricated by
etching fused silica capillaries (20 µm inner diameter)
with hydrofluoric acid (49%). Previously, an applicator
for hollow microneedles was developed that allows
microinjections at a maximum injection rate of 2
µL/min into skin. To increase the injection rate, the
applicator head was redesigned by replacing Luer Lock
with high-pressure resistant CapTite™ connectors. The
usability of the hollow microneedle/adapted
applicator combination was evaluated by determining
the delivered volume as a function of insertion depth,
injection rate, and delivered volume into rat skin.
Subsequently, the hollow microneedle/applicator
combination was used to immunize rats with a polio
vaccine at different depths (250-550 µm) and
adjuvanted with CpG or Cholera toxin (CT) at an
injection depth of 400 µm.
Results. Adapting the applicator with high-pressure
resistant CapTite™ connectors increased the allowable
injection rate up to 60 µL/min without observable
leakage of the system. During microinjections into rat
skin at different depths (50-900 µm), large volumes
(100 µL), and a high flow speeds (60 µL/min) only
minimal leakage was observed (0.5%, 2% and 4%,
respectively). Polio-specific IgG responses were
dependent on the insertion depth, i.e. superficial
injections resulted in up to two fold increased
responses compared to conventional intramuscular
immunization. Moreover, CpG and CT adjuvanted polio
microinjections led up to 9 and 6 fold, respectively,
increased IgG responses.
Conclusions. The applicator for hollow microneedles
was optimized, which resulted in a 30 fold increased
injection rate with only minimal leakage. Moreover,
this study shows that microneedle-based intradermal
polio vaccination can lead to superior immune
responses compared to conventional intramuscular
immunization.
obtained from Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
measurements on Zetasizer®.
Results. Intrinsic viscosity of the mAbs varied from 5.5
to 6.4 mL/g with changes in pH at intermediate ionic
strength conditions. Intrinsic viscosity varied
significantly from 5.9 to 11.9 mL/g upon changes in
ionic strength from ~0 mM to 150 mM at a given pH,
with highest value observed at ~0 mM and lowest at
150 mM ionic strength conditions. Overall, similar
intrinsic viscosity values (e.g. 5.8 to 5.9 mL/g) were
observed for all mAbs tested at a given solution
condition. Significant non-linearity in intrinsic
viscosity tested at different protein concentrations was
observed at ~0 mM. The cause was investigated by
determining molecular charge and interactions.
Correlation was found between charge and intrinsic
viscosity. The magnitude of interactions was largest at
~0 mM ionic strength (kD on the order of 1000’s
mL/g), and correlated fairly well with intrinsic
viscosity findings. Non-linearity observed in DLS
profiles at ~0 mM was consistent with intrinsic
viscosity data.
Conclusions. Underlying causes of non-ideality at ~0
mM conditions include significant unscreened charge
and strong intermolecular repulsions. Non-ideality
causes numerous assumptions to break down, thus
imposing limitations on experimental techniques, and
posing a concern that high intrinsic viscosity reported
at ~0 mM conditions may be an artifact and not a true
value.
S6 Challenges of Determining Intrinsic
Viscosity in Strongly Interacting Monoclonal
Antibody Solutions
Mariya Pindrusa, Sandeep Yadavb, Steven J. Shireb, Devendra S.
Kaloniaa
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut,
Storrs, CT, USA
bLate State Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San
Francisco, CA, USA
Objective. To determine the effect of pH and ionic
strength on intrinsic viscosity of several monoclonal
antibodies (mAbs), and to investigate the limitations
associated with intrinsic viscosity determination in
strongly interacting systems.
Methods. Online viscosity detector attached to HPLC
(Viscotek®) was used to determine intrinsic viscosity
of three mAbs at pH 4, pH 6 and pH 8, ionic strengths
ranging from ~0 to 150 mM. Molecular charge was
determined from electrophoretic mobility data
obtained on Malvern Zetasizer®. Interaction
parameter, kD, was calculated from diffusion data
29
Podium Abstracts
S7 The Use of Human Intestinal Fluids to
S8
Study the Solubility/Permeability Interplay:
Olmesartan Medoxomil on its Absorption
Effect of Food on Carvedilol Absorption
Takahiro Yonemitsua, Keiichirou Tanakaa, Teruko Imaia
J. Stappaertsa, B. Wuytsa, J. Tackb, P. Annaerta, P. Augustijnsa
aDrug
Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of
Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
bDepartment of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Leuven,
Belgium
Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the
effect of food on the intestinal disposition of carvedilol
by evaluating the solubility of and permeability for
carvedilol in different media, including fasted and fed
state simulated intestinal fluids (FaSSIF and FeSSIF)
and human aspirated intestinal fluids of the fasted and
fed state (FaHIF and FeHIF).
Methods. Carvedilol flux was assessed at a
predetermined concentration (20 µM) in the different
perfusion media using the in situ intestinal perfusion
technique with mesenteric blood sampling in rat. Since
carvedilol is a Biopharmaceutics Classification System
class II compound, the thermodynamic solubility of
carvedilol was determined in biorelevant media
including FaSSIF, FeSSIF and HIF collected in the fasted
and fed state. Finally, to simultaneously evaluate the
effect of food on both solubility and permeability of
carvedilol, intestinal perfusions were performed using
saturated suspensions of carvedilol in the different
perfusion media.
Results. The flux of carvedilol (20 µM) was found to be
significantly higher in fasted state compared to fed
state state conditions, both in simulated (13-fold) and
in aspirated intestinal fluids (24-fold). In contrast, as
compared to FaSSIF and FaHIF, solubility
measurements revealed a significantly higher
solubility in FeSSIF (4.2-fold) and FeHIF (2.6-fold),
respectively. Upon intestinal perfusion with saturated
suspensions of carvedilol, higher flux values in the
fasted state compared to the fed state conditions were
observed both in simulated (3.8-fold) and in aspirated
(12.0-fold) fluids, despite the higher solubility of
carvedilol in the fed state.
Conclusions. For lipophilic compounds such as
carvedilol, fed state conditions generate strong
micellar entrapment, which may limit the bioaccessible
fraction, but improves solubility. Therefore, it is of
utmost importance to consider the effect of food on
both solubility and permeability. The use of human
intestinal fluids in the intestinal perfusion set-up
generates biorelevant experimental conditions,
suitable to study the complex solubility/permeability
interplay.
Effect
aGraduate
Japan
of
Intestinal
Hydrolysis
of
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University,
Objective. Olmesartan medoxomil (OM) is a prodrug of
olmesartan (OL: angiotensin Ⅱ blocker) for improving
bioavailability. Membrane permeability of OL is
improved by conjugation with medoxomil group (logP
of OM: 1.0). However, the bioavailability of OM is
around 20-25% after oral administration in rat and
man. Such low bioavailability of OM is due to not only
its efflux by MRP2 and BCRP, but also intestinal
hydrolysis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the
intestinal hydrolysis of OM on its process of mucosal
membrane transport.
Methods. In vitro hydrolysis of OM was measured in
9000g supernatant (S9) fraction of rat jejunal mucosa.
For in situ single-pass pefusion, rat jejunal loop (10 cm)
and mesenteric vein were simultaneously perfused by
MES buffer (pH 6.3) including 20μM OM at flow rate of
0.2 mL/min and KHBB buffer (pH 7.4) at 2.5 mL/min,
respectively. The steady-state absorption parameters
were calculated from the concentrations of OM and OL
in both perfusates.
Results. The Km, Vmax and CLint (Vmax/Km) for hydrolysis
were calculated 54.8 μM, 3.53 nmol/min/mg protein
and 66.7μl/min/mg protein, respectively. In situ
experiment showed 5.45×10-5 cm/sec of permeability
coefficient that predicted 100% absorption of OM. The
metabolism clearance (28.8×10-3 μL/min) was 6.9 fold
greater than the absorption clearance (4.20×10-3
μL/min). Consequently, 87% of OM taken up into
mucosal cells was hydrolyzed. These data agreed with
the hydrolysis rate (80%) predicted from the
relationship between in situ absorption and in vitro
CLint. Furthermore, OL was transported four times
faster in intestinal lumen than blood vessel. It was
predicted that absorption of OM was 27% based on the
total amount of OM and OL absorbed in blood vessel
Conclusions. The present data suggest that the
intestinal hydrolysis of OM is major reason for its low
bioavailability.
S9 Assessment of Vancomycin AUC/MIC
and Clinical Outcome in MRSA Patients
Alexander Voelknera, Brian McCulloughb, Ken Klinkerb, Hartmut
Derendorfa
aPharmaceutics
bUF
Department, University of Florida, USA
Health Shands Hospital, USA
Objective. Clinical efficacy of vancomycin against
MRSA infections is associated with an AUC/MIC≥400.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship
30
between vancomycin exposure, MIC and clinical
outcome in patients with MRSA bacteremia.
Methods. A retrospective study at an 852-bed
academic hospital was conducted from January 2010 to
June 2011. Patients with MRSA bacteremia were
included for analysis if they were ≥18 years old,
received vancomycin for more than 24 hours and had
at least one steady-state serum trough concentration
measured. Clinical outcome was reported as 30-day
mortality. Susceptibility of MRSA isolates against
vancomycin was determined by Etest.
AUC/MIC ratios were computed based on the AUC and
the infecting pathogen. AUC was calculated from
dividing daily dose by CL; posthoc CL was estimated
using a zero-order infusion, two compartment body
model in NONMEM 7.2.
Statistical analysis was performed in R 3.0.1. ANOVA
and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for continuous data
and categorical data was compared using χ2 or Fisher's
exact test. Logisitc regression was used if data had a
dichotomous outcome.
Results. A total of 136 patients were identified for
analysis and attributable mortality was 11% (overall
mortality 14%). MIC values ≥1.5 mg/L were observed
in 84.6% of the patients. AUC/MIC ratios in nonsurvivors tended to be higher (345 vs. 296), but no
significant difference was found in comparison to
survivors (p=0.6). Patients with acute renal failure
(p=0.007) and elevated APACHEII score (p=0.004)
were more likely to not-survive.
Conclusions. No significant relationship between
vancomycin AUC/MIC and mortality was found.
Predictors associated with a negative clinical outcome
were acute renal failure and the APACHEII score.
for pancreatic cancer.
Methods. The series of unique 2’-F RNA ligands were
identified by cell-SELEX (systematic evolution of
ligands by exponential enrichment) using PDAC and
HPNE (normal pancreas) cell lines. Confocal
microscopy,
immunohistochemisty,
and
flow
cytometry were used for characterization. More than
15 variations of selected aptamer 1502, with 3’ and 5’
modifications, have been chemically synthesized and
are currently being applied translationally.
Results. The optimized 15th round, selected 2’-F RNA
aptamer, 1502, binds to PDAC specifically and
efficiently (125 nM). Preliminary data demonstrates
that 1502 can distinguish pancreatic cancer tissue from
patient-derived xenografts (PDX). This targeting ligand
has functionalized biocompatible poly (lactic-coglycolic) acid nanoparticles, which carry the cytotoxic
molecule, SN-38; enabling PDAC-specific cell killing.
Additionally, a 1502-gold nanoparticle multivalent
technology has been developed, allowing targeted
hyperthermia and selective cell-killing with an
800 nm IR laser.
Conclusions. In summary, we are developing targeting
ligands that are highly specific for PDAC but not normal
pancreas or other cancer cells. These ligands have a
high affinity to bind to PDX tissue samples and are
undergoing further translational applications and
multivalent technology development; currently being
utilized to identify a potentially novel biomarker of
PDAC. This biomarker identification will aid in future
diagnostic tests that are of great need.
S11 Development of Controlled-Released
Bee Venom Nasal Spray for Immunity
S10 Characterization and Application of
Highly
Stable
2’-F
RNA
Aptamers
Specifically Targeting a Novel Biomarker of
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC)
Improvement
Cho-A Leea, Jong-Woon Jeonb, Jin-kyu Parkb, Cheong-Weon Choa
aCollege
of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and
Development, Chungnam National University, South Korea
bWissen Co., Ltd, #410 Bio Venture Town, 461-8, Daejeon 305-811,
South Korea
aThe
Objective. Bee venom is encapsulated and coated
using mucoadhesive polymers with nasal spray for
convenient application and sustained-release.
Objective. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)
is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the United
States, with a 5 year survival of only 6%. This dismal
outlook illustrates an urgent need for isolating and
identifying novel biomarkers specific for PDAC, to
enable the development of targeted therapies and
diagnostic tools. This research aims to develop 2’fluoro RNA aptamers that selectively bind to putative
novel biomarkers on the cell-surface of PDAC cells
without binding to non-pancreatic cancer cells; and
that these aptamers can be targeting ligands for
development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools
Methods. Bee venom-loaded nanoparticle was
prepared by double emulsion evaporation method.
Firstly, bee venom of 15 mg was dissolved in 0.5 ml of
aqueous solution. Simultaneously, PLGA was dissolved
in 5 ml of dichloromethane. The bee venom solution
and PLGA solution were emulsified with homogenizer
at 20000 rpm for 5 min and a probe sonicator at amp.
20% for 2 min in ice bath to obtain w/o emulsion.
Chitosan was dissolved at acetate buffer (pH 4.4) and
then PVA was added into chitosan solution. The
prepared W1/O emulsion was injected into external
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) phase previously prepared by
conducting sonication. The obtained W1/O/W2
Sarah E. Claypoola, Hui Chena, Tracey Mua, Rihe Liua
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The United States of
America
31
Podium Abstracts
emulsion was stirred to evaporate organic solvent at
room temperature overnight. The particle was isolated
by centrifugation and washed with distilled water.
Then the particle was lyophilized During the
preparation of bee venom-loaded nanoparticle, various
preparation procedures were modified to determine
optimal condition. And then, SEM, encapsulation
efficiency, zeta potential, size and PDI were evaluated.
Also, release test was conducted.
Results. Preparation conditions of 20 ml of 0.5% PVA
(23,000D), 0.7% chitosan as external aqueous phase,
100 rpm of evaporation speed and applying 35%
sonicator power during 6 min were represented the
integrity of the nanoparticle morphology, small particle
size and the positive zeta potential.
Conclusions. It was suggested that this bee venomloaded nanoparticle could be prepared by double
emulsion evaporation method and will be evaluated for
immunity improvement through nasal mucosa.
was significantly lower (53–129 -fold) in both of the
cell lines compared to free DOX and L-DOX.
In BT4C and Caki-2 cells, the cellular internalization of
CAELYX® was 26–59 -fold lower at 2µM, and 35–102 fold at 16 µM exposures compared to free DOX and LDOX. Interestingly, at both concentrations all the
internalized DOX, released from CAELYX®, was
localized and accumulated in nuclei.
In human placental perfusions, CAELYX® was not
transferred to the fetal circulation at all, whereas
~12% of free DOX and 6% L-DOX were. The amounts of
DOX in the tissue were 38–70%, 15% and 1% of the
dose in free DOX, L-DOX and CAELYX® perfusions,
respectively.
Conclusions. Cellular uptake of CAELYX® is strongly
reduced due to surface pegylation. This most likely
explains low toxicity and inefficient permeation
through human placenta of CAELYX® compared to free
DOX and L-DOX. In future, longer perfusions will be
performed.
S12 Quantitative Evaluation of Intracellular
Distribution and Human Placental Transfer
S13 Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of
of
Lipophilic Pt(IV) Derivatives of Oxaliplatin
Doxorubicin
and
its
Liposomal
Formulations
Suvi K Soininena, Jenni K Repoc, Vesa Karttunenc, Heta Koivistoa,
Seppo Auriolab, Kirsi H Vähäkangasc, Marika Ruponena.
aUnit
of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health
Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio campus, Finland
bUnit of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of
Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio campus,
Finland
cUnit of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio campus, Finland
Objective. The intracellular target site of an anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) is nucleus. By
encapsulating DOX into pegylated liposomes
(CAELYX®) DOX related side-effects are significantly
diminished. However, little is known about
intracellular distribution and transfer through human
placenta. The aim of this study was to analyze toxicity
and intracellular distribution of DOX formulations in
three cell lines in vitro and to evaluate transfer through
human placenta.
Methods. The toxicity and the cellular and/or nuclear
localization of free DOX, DOX encapsulated into pHsensitive liposomes (L-DOX) and CAELYX® were
analyzed in rat glioma (BT4C), human placental
choriocarcinoma (BeWo) and human kidney clear cell
carcinoma (Caki-2) cell lines. Transfer was studied in
human placental 4h perfusion. Quantification of DOX
was performed by a mass spectrometer.
Results. Free DOX and L-DOX were equally toxic in
BT4C and BeWo cells (IC50 0.35–0.37 and 0.49–0.60
µM, respectively). However, the toxicity of CAELYX®
32
Incorporated in Nano-Carrier with Distinct
Improvement in Anti-Tumor Activity
Aiman Abu-Ammara, Taher Nassara, Dan Gibsona and Simon Benitaa
aThe
Institute for Drug Research of the School of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12065,
Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
Objective. The aim of this study was to synthesize
Pt(IV) lipophilic derivatives of oxaliplatin for improved
drug performance and reduced toxicity in cancer
therapy. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic
advantage of incorporating such compounds in
nanoparticles is being evaluated.
Methods. The Pt(IV) lipophilic derivatives of
oxaliplatin were prepared, characterized and their
biological activity evaluated in selected cancer cell
lines. Nanoparticles (NPs) of OXA-PAL-ACT (OPA) were
developed and physicochemical properties determined
in terms of morphology, zeta potential, drug content,
stability, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and DNA
platination. A preliminary in vivo efficacy study was
carried out using an orthotopic intraperitoneal (i.p.)
model of metastatic ovarian cancer in SCID-bg mice.
Results. OPA was selected as the lead compound of the
synthetic Pt(IV) lipophilic derivatives of oxaliplatin,
chemically identified using 1H-NMR, 195Pt-NMR, HPLC
and elemental analysis. The experimental LogP value of
2.76 confirmed its lipophilic character. OPA NPs were
prepared and characterized by TEM, SEM and AFM.
Their mean diameter ranged between 150 and 230 nm.
High encapsulation yields of OPA were obtained
(>95%), with a drug content in NPs varying from 21.5
to 22.7% w/w. The OPA NPs were successfully
lyophilized and remained stable over 16 weeks at 20°C. Free oxaliplatin, OPA and OPA NPs were
incubated over 120h with SKOV-3 and SKOV-3-luc cell
lines to assess cytotoxicity. OPA and OPA NPs exhibited
pronounced cytotoxic effect compared to oxaliplatin. It
was observed that OPA and OPA NPs exhibited a
greater tumor growth inhibition than oxalipaltin and
respective controls in the metastatic ovarian cancer
mouse model. OPA treatment reduction of average
bioluminescence was significant at weeks 9 and 10
following tumor inoculation.
Conclusions. Potent Pt(IV) derivative of oxaliplatin
was developed and characterized in vitro and in vivo.
The preliminary results showed high potency of OPA
and OPA-NPs over the native molecule. These
encouraging results need to be further confirmed.
S14 Stable Polymeric Micelles for Tumortargeted
Delivery
of
Therapeutic
and
Diagnostic Agents after IV Injection
Yang Shia, Twan Lammersa,b,c, Cornelus F. van Nostruma, Wim E.
Henninka
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
bDepartment of Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), Helmholtz
Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University
Clinic, Aachen, Germany
cDepartment of Controlled Drug Delivery, MIRA Institute for
Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of
Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
Objective. The aim of this study was to develop a π-π
stacking interaction enabled platform technology for
polymeric micelles that can solve problems such as
insufficient stability and premature drug release in the
blood circulation, and apply the technology for imageguided tumor-targeted delivery of chemo and
photodynamic therapeutic agents.
Methods. Amphiphilic PEG-p(HPMAm) based
polymers were synthesized with and without aromatic
repeating units in the polymer chains. For imageguided drug delivery, the polymers were covalently
labeled with a near-infrared probe. An anti-cancer drug
(paclitaxel) or a novel photosensitizer (silicon
phthalocyanine derivative) were physically loaded in
the micelles. In vitro (photo)cytotoxicity studies were
performed using different tumor cells. In vivo blood
circulation kinetics and biodistribution of both the
payloads and the micelles were studied using
conventional HPLC methods and multimodal in vivo
imaging techniques.
Results. The polymeric micelles with aromatic
repeating units showed high loading capacity for the
hydrophobic chemotherapeutic compounds tested and
significantly prolonged circulation time in the blood
stream. The in vivo imaging studies showed that the
payloads and the polymeric micelles well co-localized
in different organs. The drug-loaded micelles also
showed high (photo)cytotoxicity.
Conclusions. The π-π stacking interactions enabled
polymeric micelles to have high drug loading capacity
and prolonged circulation time in vivo for tumortargeted delivery of paclitaxel. This technology has also
been applied for other hydrophobic compounds, like
photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. The
therapeutic efficacy studies of paclitaxel-loaded
micelles on different xenograft tumor models in mice
are currently ongoing.
S15
Development
of
177Lu-labeled
Cathepsin S cleavable HPMA Copolymers
for Targeted Pancreatic Tumor Imaging and
Radiotherapy
Wen Shia,b, Nilesh Wagh a,b, Zhengyuan Zhoua,b, Yinnong Jiaa,b, Susan
K. Brusnahana,b, Jered C. Garrisona,b
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy,
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE 68198, USA.
bCenter for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of
Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha,
NE 68198, United States
Objective. Many current approaches to develop better
diagnostic and therapeutic tools have focused on the
use of nanomaterials. For cancer diagnosis and
therapy, the nanomaterials can passively accumulate in
tumors due to the enhanced permeability and retention
(EPR) effect. However, a major problem of many
nanomaterials-based diagnostics and therapeutics is
their opsonization and then fast uptake by
macrophages (e.g., Kupffer cells) of the mononuclear
phagocyte system (MPS), especially in the liver and
spleen. So far, MPS accumulation remains an important
obstacle in the clinical translation of many
nanomedicines. Here we describe the application of
177Lu labeled HPMA copolymers incorporating
different cathepsin S cleavable linkers (CSLs) for
human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) diagnostic
imaging and radiotherapy. The cleavable copolymers
are expected to enhance the diagnostic and therapeutic
efficacy and reduce the MPS retention and toxicity.
Methods. Three cathepsin S cleavable peptide linkers
with linking groups of different length (0,6 and 13
atoms) were utilized to link DOTA chelated 177Lu to a
Mw 109 kDa HPMA copolymers prepared by RAFT.
These conjugates were evaluated by in vitro cleavage
studies and in vivo biodistribution studies in mouse
xenograft
models
of
human
pancreatic
adenocarcinoma.
Results. In vitro enzymatic studies revealed that the
longest linking group (13 atoms) led to faster cleavage
by cathepsin S. The radiolabeled HPMA copolymers
with CSLs incorporated demonstrated significantly
higher levels of excretion and a significant decrease in
33
Podium Abstracts
long-term hepatic and splenic retention of
radioactivity, relative to the non-cleavable control. In
vivo biodistribution studies showed that the length of
the linking group had minimal impact on the non-target
clearance. However, the HPMA copolymer with CSL
bearing the null (0 atom) linking group demonstrated
significantly higher levels of tumor retention relative to
other CSLs.
Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that the CSLs
can substantially reduce the non-target retention of
radioactivity from 177Lu-labeled HPMA copolymers
thereby increasing their clinical potential.
ethoxylated vehicle, the solubility in other excipients
can be predicted. The concept shows potential to be
extended further to estimation of loading capacity of
complex formulations.
S17 Modeling the Gram Negative Bacterial
Cell
Excipients and Lipid Based Formulations
Linda C. Perssona, Elena Diescha, William N. Charmanb, Christopher J.
H. Porterb and Christel A.S. Bergströma,b
aDepartment
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Sweden
Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
bDrug
Objective. To develop tools that rationalize solubility
measurements in lipid based formulations and hence,
minimize the screening efforts undertaken during the
process of formulation development.
Methods. Thermodynamic solubility was determined
for 30 poorly water-soluble compounds (logP ≥ 2) in
nine commonly used excipients and four lipid based
formulations using a small scale shake-flask method at
37°C. Prior to sampling, the vials (n ≥ 3) were
centrifuged at 37°C, 2800g for 30 minutes. Drug
concentrations were determined by reverse phase
HPLC or UV/FL plate reader. Equilibrium solubility was
determined as the value when the solubility between
two consecutive samples points (24h time difference)
differed less than 10%. Formulation stability and selfemulsification in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid
(pH 6.5, 37°C) was also investigated.
Results. The solvation capacity (mol/mol) of
triglycerides was close to equal (R 2 0.98) and linearly
correlated with the solubility in Capmul and Maisine
35:1 (mixed mono- diglycerides). Strong correlations
were also found between polyethylene glycol 400 and
several ethoxylated surfactants and co-solvents (R2
0.85). Recent literature suggests that solubility in a
formulation can be predicted by summing the amount
possible to dissolve in each of the included excipients.
As a proof of principle 7 of the compounds, including
neutral acidic and basic drugs, were determined for the
solubility in four formulations and the observed
solubility was in good agreement with predicted values
(R2 0.96).
Conclusions. These findings prove that the extensive
screening efforts and the amount of compound needed
in development of lipid based formulations can be
significantly reduced. Through determinations in key
excipients, such as one triglyceride and one
34
A
New
Approach
for
Permeability Investigation of Anti-Infectives
Florian Gräfa, Sarah Gordomb, Claus-Michael Lehra,b
aSaarland
S16 Prediction of Drug Loading in Single
Envelope:
University, Germany
for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS),
bHelmholtz-Institute
Germany
Objective. To develop an artificial model of the Gram
negative bacterial cell envelope that can be used to
investigate
and
quantify
the
permeability
characteristics of anti-infectives or anti-infective
delivery systems.
Methods. Separate models of the various bacterial cell
envelope components will first be created; modelling of
the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane was selected as a
starting point. A permeation barrier consisting of the
three major cytoplasmic membrane lipids of Gram
negative
bacteria
(phosphatidylethanolamine,
phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin) was prepared
according to the methodology of the Phospholipid
Vesicle-Based Permeation Assay (PVPA). In this
respect, liposomes consisting of the above lipid
components were prepared, and coated onto Transwell
filter inserts via repeated centrifugation and drying
steps. The coating process was optimized in order to
ensure that the employed parameters led to the
creation of an artificial layer with stable barrier
function by carrying out simulated transport
experiments. Therefore artificial lipid layers were
incubated with Krebs Ringer Buffer for 5 h at 37°C with
gentle agitation, and the transepithelial electrical
resistance (TEER) of layers was measured at set time
intervals. In a further step the layer integrity was
confirmed using microscopy.
Results. Liposomes of a narrow size distribution were
successfully prepared. An optimized liposome coating
procedure was also established, with the finalized
coating procedure showing stable and reproducible
TEER values during the course of simulated transport
experiments. The artificial membrane was also
confirmed as being intact before as well as after the
exposure to media, as evident from microscopy images.
Conclusions. A stable and reproducible model of the
Gram negative bacterial cytoplasmic membrane was
successfully developed by applying the PVPA and using
bacteria-relevant lipids. First characterization of the
coating layer was initiated. Further characterization of
the developed model and feasibility studies form the
focus of current and future work.
S18 The Dispersion Releaser: An Optimized
Tool for Selection of Colloidal Dosage
Forms During Development
Christine Janasa, Jennifer Dressmana, Matthias Wackera
aInstitute
Germany
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University,
Objective. Drug release testing is a standard procedure
in the in-vitro characterization of new dosage forms
during formulation development. Since colloidal drug
carrier devices demand specific equipment and
expertise for the assessment of release rate, many
efforts have been made to address these issues. One
example is the “Dispersion Releaser”, an adapter for the
USP apparatus 2, which in this work was applied to the
selection
of
photosensitizer-loaded
PLGAnanoparticles for sustained release.
Methods. Temoporfin-loaded PLGA-nanoparticles
were prepared by the diffusion emulsion evaporation
method. Additionally, a polymeric coating agent was
used to optimize surface properties of the generated
particles. Selection of formulation candidates was
conducted by monitoring colloid stability and release
rate in a physiology-based model. Media were
composed of phosphate buffered saline with a pH of 7.4
supplemented with fetal calf serum at 37 °C to simulate
the parenteral route of administration.
Results. Particles ranging in size from 200 to 300 nm
were tested. The zeta potential differs depending on
preparation procedure between -20 and +50 mV.
Colloid stability testing of formulations in release
media revealed only slight changes in particle size and
polydispersity index. A difference in release rate was
observed
for
unmodified
PLGA-nanoparticles
compared to those with a polymeric coating when
analyzed with the Dispersion Releaser technique.
While a burst release from unmodified nanoparticles
was observed, the coating enables release of the drug
in a sustained manner.
Conclusions. Nanoparticles of high stability and with
optimal release rate were selected by using the
Dispersion Releaser technology. A rational formulation
design based on the in vitro release studies was
successfully
implemented
for
formulation
development.
S19 Film Thickness Distribution Impacts
Sunscreen Efficacy
Myriam Sohna,b, Bernd Herzogc, Georgios Imanidisa,b
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056
Basel, Switzerland
bSchool of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences & Arts
Northwestern, Muttenz, Switzerland
cBASF Grenzach-Whylen, Germany
Objective. Sunscreen efficacy depends primarily on
the absorbance properties of UV filters in the product.
However, sun protection factor (SPF) frequently differs
between sunscreens with the same filter composition
depending on the vehicle and application procedure. In
the present work, we tested the hypothesis that
thickness and homogeneity of distribution of sunscreen film are also responsible for and can explain the
measured SPF. We investigated the impact of
application and of vehicle on the film thickness
distribution based on topographical measurements
and extracted quantitative data of the film.
Methods. Epidermal membrane of pig ears was used as
biological substrate since pig skin is recognized to best
simulate human skin. The film thickness distribution
was obtained from the difference of topography before
and after application of 2mg/cm² of sunscreen,
providing a histogram of film thickness frequencies and
the mean thickness, Smean. SPF in vitro was evaluated
in the same samples by UV transmission
measurements. Five sunscreen vehicles, two
35
Podium Abstracts
application pressures and two spreading times were
investigated.
Results. Smean was approximately 2 to 3µm which
was smaller than the theoretical thickness, reflecting
the remaining non-volatile compounds. We showed a
significant influence of vehicle and application
conditions on thickness and distribution of the film.
High pressure, long spreading time and low
formulation viscosity resulted in a smaller Smean. The
same effect of the studied parameters was observed
also for SPF in vitro. Smean correlated positively with
SPF in vitro for all vehicles.
Conclusions. There is a strong influence of application
procedure and vehicle on delivered UV protection of
sunscreens. The differences in the film distribution
provide an explanation of different SPFs observed
between sunscreens containing the same UV filter
composition. Therefore, characterizing the film residue
on skin is fundamental to understand the behavior of
sunscreens and optimize their performance.
S20 Cardiotoxicity of Donepezil Due to the
Drug-Drug
Interaction
on
the
Efflux
Transporter in the Heart
Ryota Takeuchia, and Ikumi Tamaia
aFaculty
of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical,
Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
Objective. When donepezil, used for treatment of
Alzheimers disease, was administered with cilostazol,
an antiplatelet agent, the case of the heart toxicity
presumably due to donepezil was reported. Such a
cardiotoxicity of donepezil might be caused by an
increase of local tissue concentration which cannot be
monitored only from the change in blood
concentration. We have previously shown that
cilostazol is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). In
addition, expression of drug efflux transporters such as
P-gp and BCRP in the heart tissues is reported.
Therefore, we hypothesized that the donepezilcilostazol interaction on the locally expressed
transporter in heart is a cause of the heart toxicity. The
purpose of the present study is to examine such a
possibility of drug-drug interaction that may cause
donepezil toxicity.
Methods. Cultured MDCK cells that are transfected
with P-gp or BCRP gene were used to examine
transport of donepezil by those efflux transporters.
Heart tissue slices from rats were used for donepezil
accumulation study.
Results. The results of donepezil transport in MDCK
cells clearly demonstrated that BCRP accepts donepezil
as a substrate, while it is not a good substrate of P-gp.
Cilostazol inhibited BCRP-mediated donepezil
transport in a concentration-dependent manner with
an IC50 of 60 nM. Obtained IC50 of cilostazol is
36
comparable with clinically achievable plasma free
concentration. Donepezil uptake by heart tissue slices
was increased in the presence of cilostazol and Ko143,
a BCRP inhibitor.
Conclusions. Since donepezil is a good substrate of
BCRP and BCRP is expressed in endothelial cells of
heart, accumulation of donepezil in heart tissue might
be controlled by BCRP, which could be inhibited by
cilostazol clinically. Accordingly, when donepezil is
coadministered with cilostazol, heart toxicity should be
carefully monitored.
S21 Genetic Variants
in
Transcription
Factors are Linked to the Pharmacokinetics
and Pharmacodynamics of Metformin
Srijib Goswamia, Sook Wah Yeea, Sophie Stockera, Jonathan D.
Mosleyb, Michiaki Kuboc, Rich Castroa, Joel A. Mefforda, Christopher
Wena, Xiaomin Lianga, John Wittea, Claire Brettd, Shiro Maedac,
Melissa D. Simpsone, Monique M. Heddersonf, Robert L. Davisg, Dan
M. Rodenb, Kathleen M. Giacominia, Radojka M Savica
aDepartment
of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences,
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
bDepartment of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
cCenter of Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama City, Japan
dDepartment of Anesthesiology, University of California, San
Francisco, California, USA
eMarshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
fKaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research,
Oakland, California, USA
gKaiser Permanente Georgia, Center for Health Research Southeast,
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Objective. Although metformin is the most widely
prescribed drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
(T2D), 35% of patients fail to achieve therapeutic
response. To date, most pharmacogenomic (PGX)
studies have focused on genetic variants in transporter
genes. Here, we investigate the effect of variants in
transcription
factor
genes
on
metformin
pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD).
Methods. Data from 440 T2D patients on metformin
were used to identify SNPs in transcription factors
associated with glycemic response (PD: HbA1c levels).
A PK mechanism was investigated using two
approaches. 1) A multivariate regression analysis in 57
healthy subjects with metformin secretory clearance
(CL) as the outcome. 2) Development of a population
PK model using patient (n=133) and healthy subject
(n=102) data to examine the role of transcription factor
SNPs on metformin PK in relation to ethnicity and
known transporter SNPs.
Results. Our top finding was in SP1, a transcription
factor known to modulate expression levels of
transporters involved in metformin PK. From our
regression analysis, 5 variants in the SP1 region
associated with Hba1c levels (P<0.01) and secretory CL
(P<0.05). Our model validated 1 such variant,
rs784888, on metformin apparent CL. Homozygous
carriers of the minor allele are predicted to have a 24%
reduction in total CL. Independent of PK, SNPs in
PPARA and HNF4A, e.g. rs149711321 (P=1E-05),
associated with metformin PD. In addition to genetics,
African Americans were observed to have a 26%
increase in metformin CL relative to Caucasians.
Conclusions. This is the first PGX study to identify
SNPs in transcription factors as determinants of
variation in metformin PK and PD. The study also
reveals lower metformin exposure levels in African
Americans compared with other races.
caused by increased oxidative stress. Long-term
treatment (12 weeks) reduced glomerular damage in
diabetic animals. Longer treatment also improved
systolic function and contractility of the heart. A(1-7)
reduced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy; suggesting one
possible mechanism of A(1-7) action in the heart.
Together, these results show that A(1-7)
administration improves cardiorenal function in T2D
animals.
S23 Fluorescent Particles for the Tracking of
S22 Effects of Angiotensin (1-7) Treatment
on Diabetic Complications
Anna Papinskaa, Nicholas Mordwinkina,Christopher Meeksa, Sachin
Jadhava, Alick Tana, Maira Sotoa, Theresa Espinozaa, Norma Rodaa,
Jeannette Aranguaa, Tamar Cohena, Kevin Gaffneya, and Kathleen
Rodgersa
aUniversity
of Southern California, USA
Objective. The purpose of this study was to
investigate the effects of Angiotensin (1-7) [A(1-7)]
administration on type 2 diabetes [T2D] related
complications; namely diabetic nephropathy and
cardiomyopathy.
Methods. Leptin receptor knockout mice (db/db) were
treated daily with 500ug/kg/day A(1-7) for 2-16
weeks to assess effects of prolonged treatment. Kidney
function was evaluated by measuring proteinuria,
glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial expansion.
Non-invasive in vivo ultrasound imaging was used to
assess hemodynamics of blood flow through the
kidneys. Possible mechanisms of drug action were
determined by measuring markers of inflammation
and oxidative stress in tissues. Heart function was
evaluated using echocardiography and histological
analysis of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
Results. Glomerular damage was not detected in
kidneys of diabetic animals in the earliest treatment
group. However, at the same time point, A(1-7)
reduced oxidative stress in kidney tissue that had been
damaged by T2D. Levels of inflammatory markers were
reduced in diabetic animals and further decreased with
treatment. After 12 weeks of treatment there was a
significant reduction in proteinuria, glomerular size
and mesangial expansion in diabetic animals.
Mice treated for 16 weeks exhibited improved cardiac
output and shortening fraction compared to nontreated diabetic mice. Treatment also reduced
cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. No changes in the heart
function were detected in db/db mice before 10 weeks
of age.
Conclusions. Our results suggest that oxidative stress
occurs early in the development of diabetic
nephropathy, even before significant glomerular
damage or inflammation can be detected. In these
animals A(1-7) treatment prevented protein damage
Metastatic Cells
Athanasia Dasargyria, Pablo Hervellaa, Ailsa Christiansena, Steven
Proulxa, Michael Detmara, Jean-Christophe Lerouxa
aDepartment
Switzerland
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich,
Objective. Although both lymphatic and blood vessels
have been shown to play a role in metastatic
dissemination, the relative significance of each vascular
system for the development of distant organ
metastases remains controversial. This project aims to
develop an in vivo fluorescence approach to
characterize the importance of lymphatic metastasis to
cancer dissemination. The experimental strategy
aimed to design fluorescently-labeled, nonbiodegradable polymeric particles able to target
metastatic cells within the lymph node (LN). The
tumor-selective engulfment of labeled particles in the
LNs will allow the tracking of the metastatic cells in vivo
as they traffic to distal organs.
Methods. 1 μm fluorescently-labeled polystyrene
particles were PEGylated and functionalized with
anisamide, a small organic molecule reported to target
the Sigma-1 receptor. The expression of Sigma-1
receptor on cancer cells would thereby enable tumorselective particle uptake.
The in vitro internalization of the functionalized
particles by B16F10 murine melanoma cells was
evaluated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.
Silencing of the Sigma-1 receptor, followed by in vitro
uptake experiments, was performed to assess the
involvement of this receptor in the internalization
process.
Results. The surface functionalization of the particles
was confirmed by the alteration of the surface charge.
Particle uptake studies on B16F10 cells showed
enhanced internalization of the anisamidefunctionalized particles.
Sigma-1 receptor silencing on B16F10 cells did not
alter the uptake of the particles, suggesting that the
internalization is not mediated by this receptor.
Conclusions. Tumor-specific labeling particles were
prepared. Although the role of the Sigma-1 receptor in
the internalization process could not be proven, the
37
Podium Abstracts
tumor selective uptake of particles enables their use in
in vivo tumor cell tracking studies. Sentinel intranodal
particle injection in mice bearing B16F10 tumors, and
subsequent assessment of cells within metastatic sites
will reveal involvement of the sentinel lymph node in
the metastatic process.
Further, expression of MEOX1 in tissue from breast
cancer patients suggests strong support for
development of clinical therapies.
Acknowledgements. This project
supported by Krebsliga Schweiz.
Tumor Action of Arsenic Trioxide in Ovarian
is
financially
S25 Investigation of the Mechanism of AntiCancer Cell Lines
S24 Overcoming Trastuzumab Resistance
Kamila Katarzyna Kaminskaa, John Leow Wee Penga, Pei-Shi Onga,
Eng Hui Chewa
via Pharmacological Inhibition of MEOX1 in
aDepartment
Breast Cancer Stem Cells
Joseph Burnetta, Lichao Suna, Mari Gasparyana, Hasan Korkayaa, Hui
Jianga, Yajing Liua, Max Wichaa, Duxin Suna
aUniversity
of Michigan, United States of America
Objective. Nearly 40% of HER2+ breast cancers harbor
PTEN inactivating mutations, which promote acquired
and de novo resistance to trastuzumab. The purpose of
this study is to identify novel signal transduction
pathways utilized by trastuzumab-resistant breast
cancers which can be exploited for the development of
new therapeutic agents.
Methods. Characterization of trastuzumab-sensitive
and resistant cell lines was carried out using
microscopy, flow cytometry, real time PCR, and ELISA
assays in vitro. MTS proliferation assay was employed
to identify the selectivity of model compound
sulforaphane (SF) in cell lines. Global analysis of mRNA
in cell lines treated with SF was performed using RNA
sequencing. The effect of siRNA on proliferation and
self-renewal in trastuzumab-resistant cell line was
evaluated for candidate genes. Pharmacological
inhibition of target genes were assessed in vivo using
orthotopic tumor xenograft models. A tissue array
containing 75 patients’ tumor samples were utilized to
assess the clinical impact of these findings.
Results. Trastuzumab resistance was generated by
shPTEN and long term culture with trastuzumab
(BT474-PTEN--LTT).
BT474-PTEN--LTT
cells
underwent the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and
reduced ERBB receptor family signaling. While SF had
no effect in parental BT474 up to 50 μM, inhibition of
BT474-PTEN--LTT by SF produced an IC50 of 8.96 μM.
RNA sequencing revealed that SF reduced expression
of 23 genes, preferentially expressed in BT474-PTEN-LTT, greater than 2-fold. MEOX1 was the only gene
tested with siRNA capable of inhibiting proliferation
and self-renewal. In vivo, SF reduced MEOX1
expression, inhibited primary tumor growth, and
reduced CSC frequency. Immunostaining of primary
breast cancers exhibited expression of MEOX1
primarily in triple negative tumors.
Conclusions. MEOX1 is a novel target within
trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer, capable of
regulating bulk proliferation and CSC self-renewal.
38
Singapore
of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore,
Objective. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is currently
approved for treatment of acute promyelocytic
leukemia. There is also potential for ATO to be used for
treatment of several solid tumors including ovarian
cancers. However, while ATO has been shown to induce
cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells, the precise
mechanism remains unclear. In the light that inhibition
of the redox protein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) has
been reported to be inhibited by ATO in breast cancer
cells, we proposed that TrxR targeting was one
underlying mechanism of anti-tumor action of ATO
against ovarian cancer cells.
Methods. MTT cell viability assay was performed to
evaluate the anti-proliferative activity of ATO in SKOV3
and OVCAR3 ovarian carcinoma cells. Biochemical
assays were performed to measure cellular activities of
TrxR, thioredoxin (Trx), glutathione reductase (GR)
and lutathione peroxidase (GPx). Western blotting was
carried out to examine the levels of Trx-apoptosis
signal regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) complexes pulled
down by Trx mmunoprecipitation, as well as the levels
of various cellular proteins.
Results. ATO displayed potent anti-proliferative
activities against SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells.
Furthermore, significant inhibition of TrxR was
observed, whereas activities of other redox enzymes
(Trx, GR and GPx) were less affected in the ATO-treated
cells. In particular, treatment with ATO at 20 μM had
resulted in decrease of TrxR activity by 64% in SKOV3
cells and by 86% in OVCAR3 cells. Furthermore, we
demonstrated that ATO treatment resulted in a
dosedependent decrease in the interaction of ASK1
with Trx, and a dose-dependent activation of ASK1dependent p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling
pathways.
Conclusions. Our study revealed an ATO-induced
attenuation of TrxR activity in ovarian cancer cells,
which suggested that TrxR inhibition played a role in
ATO-induced cell death.
S26 Quantification of Factors Governing
S27 Nanoparticles in Polymer Nanospheres
Drug Release Kinetics from Nanoparticles:
to Stabilize Gelatin without Crosslinkers
A Combined Experimental and Mechanistic
Saeed Ahmad Khana,b, Marc Schneidera
Modeling Approach
Kyle D. Fugita and Bradley D. Andersona
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of
Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
Objective. Advancements in nanoparticle drug
delivery of anticancer agents require mathematical
models capable of predicting in vivo formulation
performance from in vitro characterization studies.
Such models must identify and incorporate the
physicochemical properties of the therapeutic agent
and nanoparticle driving in vivo drug release. This work
identifies the factors governing loading and release of
liposomal formulations of the anticancer agent
topotecan.
Methods. Physicochemical characterization of
topotecan’s ionization equilibrium (i.e. pKa) and its
dimerization
constant
were
determined
spectrometrically while HPLC was used to monitor the
interconversion kinetics of topotcean between it
lactone and carboxylate forms. A non-sink
ultrafiltration method was used to monitor release
kinetics from passively loaded topotecan under various
conditions (e.g. pH). Active loading of topotecan
resulting from a lowered intravesicular pH due to
ammonia transport was also studied by this method.
Release from these actively-loaded formulations was
monitored
by
alterations
in
topotecan’s
interconversion kinetics using the above-mentioned
HPLC method. Mathematical modeling of the data
obtained from these studies provided a mechanistic
analysis of the factors governing topotecan transport in
liposomal formulations.
Results. Based on the results of passive-loading
studies, mechanistic modeling identified three
permeable species in which the zwitterionic lactone
form of topotecan was the most permeable. Ringclosing kinetics of topotecan from its carboxylate to
lactone form were found to affect topotecan release in
the neutral pH region. Further modeling of activelyloaded formulations identified drug self-association
and ion-pairing affected its loading while increasing
levels of extravesicular ammonia accelerated its
release.
Conclusions. This work identifies several of the key
parameters governing topotecan transport in
liposomal
formulations.
This
mechanistic
understanding will provide a rational approach for
optimizing future liposomal formulations of topotecan
and an example for characterizing liposomal
formulations of other drugs.
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, PhilippsUniversity Marburg, Germany
bDepartment of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and
Technology, Pakistan
Objective. One of the most important steps in
preparation of gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) is the
crosslinking step. This step is mandatory to reach
sufficient mechanical properties of the nanoparticle
and for drug release. Crosslinkers connect particular
gelatin chains and hence stabilize the particles. In
addition to crosslinking of gelatin chains, crosslinkers
can react with similar active sites of loaded proteins or
peptides. Hence the particles cannot be used for
encapsulation of protein- and peptide-based drugs.
Therefore, the principal aim of this work was to put
forward an alternative technique for stabilization of
gelatin nanoparticles.
Methods. Our system is based on NiNOS (nanoparticles
in nanospheres) concept. Where gelatin nanoparticles
are entrapped in a pharmaceutical relevant polymer
Eudragit®E 100 (E100), offering a pH-dependent
behavior. We used a unique nanoprecipitationemulsion solvent evaporation technique. Organic
phase of the dissolved E100 containing dispersed GNPs
was emulsified with aqueous phase containing PVA,
followed by homogenization. Evaporation of organic
phase yielded solidified nanospheres with entrapped
GNPs. Gelatin release was used as a parameter to
determine the effective entrapment of GNPs in
nanospheres.
Results. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies
showed that homogenization speed is the size
determining step for nanospheres. Higher speed of
homogenization produced smaller nanoparticles and
vice versa. Nanospheres of 200-300 nm size with
narrow distribution were produced with a
homogenization speed of 15000 rpm. Scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that E100
concentration was critical for morphology of the
nanospheres. Lower E100 concentration showed
spherical pores equal to the size of GNPs (i.e. 90nm) on
the surface of nanospheres. The pores vanished with
increase in E100 concentration, and thus gelatin
entrapment was improved.
Conclusions. It can be concluded that gelatin
nanoparticles can be stabilized by entrapping them in
pH responsive polymer nanospheres. Though the use
of E.100 has limitations in parenteral delivery, we see
its potential for buccal route (work ongoing).
This study is the first of its kind to provide proof of
concept for stabilization of gelatin nanoparticles
without crosslinking.
39
Podium Abstracts
S28 Oligonucleotide Hybridization-Mediated
S29 The Influence of Shape on Cellular
Drug-Free Macromolecular Therapeutics
Uptake and Magnetic Targeting of Iron
Te-Wei Chua, Jiyuan Yanga, Rui Zhanga, Monika Simaa, and Jindřich
Kopečeka,b
Oxide Nanoparticles
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
University of Utah, USA
bDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Utah, USA
Objective. A novel nanomedicine approach is
proposed where hybrid materials are used as “biomimics” to trigger cellular events and result in new
therapeutic effects. We designed a therapeutic
platform that mimics the mechanism of immune
effector cells to crosslink surface receptors of target
cells and induce apoptosis. This platform was tested
against B-cell lymphomas that highly express the CD20
antigen. The therapeutic system is composed of two
nanoconjugates: (1) an anti-CD20 Fab’ linked to a
morpholino oligonucleotide (MORF1), and (2) a linear
polymer (P) of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
(HPMA)
grafted
with
multiple
copies
of
complementary MORF2. The two conjugates selfassemble via MORF1-MORF2 hybridization at the
surface of malignant B-cells, which crosslinks CD20 and
initiates apoptosis. We named the system “drug-free
macromolecular therapeutics” because it contains no
small-molecule cytotoxic compounds.
Methods. Self-assembly of two nanoconjugates (Fab’MORF1, P-MORF2) was characterized in vitro by DLS
and CD spectroscopy. Confocal microscopy was used to
study the cell surface biorecognition. Apoptosis of
malignant B-cell lines was determined by caspase-3,
annexin V, and TUNEL assays. In vivo anticancer
efficacy was evaluated in mice bearing systemic B-cell
lymphomas.
Results. In vitro characterization demonstrated a fast
binding (<10 min) between two conjugates (Tm = 59
°C). Self-assembly of Fab’-MORF1 and P-MORF2
occurred at the surface of B-cells, with subsequent
apoptosis induction. When tested in a mouse model of
human non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the two conjugates
(either administered consecutively or as a premixture)
eradicated cancer cells and produced long-term
survivors. No residual tumors were found in the
surviving mice.
Conclusions. We demonstrated a new paradigm of
therapeutics that is “drug-free” and “immuneindependent”. The proposed two-step (consecutive)
treatment offers the opportunity of pretargeting, e.g.,
the timing of administration of P-MORF2 can be
optimized in individual patients based on the
pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Fab’-MORF1.
This platform can be applied to crosslink any noninternalizing receptor and potentially treat other
diseases.
40
Zhizhi Suna, Matthew Wordenb, James A. Thliverisa, Torsten
Hegmannb, Donald W. Millera
aUniversity
bKent
of Manitoba, Canada
State University, U.S.A.
Objective. Our laboratories are examining iron oxide
nanoparticles (IONPs) as a potential platform for drug
delivery to the brain. While much effort has focused on
grafting ligand onto the IONP surface to enhance
cellular uptake in brain endothelial cells, herein we
report alteration of IONP shape can influence both the
preferential cellular uptake in endothelial cells and the
ability to augment cellular uptake with application of
an external magnetic field.
Methods. Nanosphere and nanoplatelet shaped IONPs
with the same overall size and negative surface charge
were synthesized. Cellular uptake profiles of
nanosphere and nanoplatelet IONPs were compared in
brain and lung endothelial cells, as well as liver,
intestine, and kidney epithelial cells. Quantitative
determination of cellular IONP was performed using
ferrozine assay. Transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) was used to confirm the internalization of
IONPs.
Results. Uptake of nanospheres was minimal in all cells
tested with or without magnetic field exposure. In
contrast, a 3-fold enhancement in internalized
nanoplatelets was observed in endothelial cells
compared to nanospheres. Application of an external
magnetic field increased nanoplatelet uptake in
endothelial cells by 10 fold. The uptake of nanoplatelets
in epithelial cells was 3 times lower than endothelial
cells. TEM confirmed preferential uptake of
nanoplatelets in endothelial cells. No toxicity was
observed in endothelial cells treated with
nanoplatelets.
Conclusions. Nanoplatelets have improved cellular
uptake profiles compared to nanospheres. The
increased cellular uptake of the nanoplatelets was
especially apparent in endothelial cells. The increased
magnetic properties of the nanoplatelets result in
enhanced uptake in the presence of an external
magnetic field. These properties may allow for better
cellular penetration across capillary beds such as the
blood-brain barrier. Support provided by NSERC-CIHR
Collaborative Health Research Project, the Ohio Third
Frontier Program for Ohio Research Scholars, and an
NSERC Student Fellowship.
with a 17.1±2.7% reduction in 14C-DHA uptake in
hCMEC/D3. DHA Kin decreased by 40.0±10.7% in
FABP5 deficient mice. The BBB expression of FABP5
was decreased 18% in APP/PS1 and this was
associated with a 42.1±12.6% reduction in 14C-DHA
BBB transport.
Conclusions. This study has demonstrated that FABP5
binds to DHA and that reduced FABP5 expression in the
BBB occurs in tandem with decreases in DHA uptake
into the brain. The data suggest that the reduced brain
levels of DHA seen in AD may be a result of decreased
FABP5 expression at the BBB.
S31 Palbociclib Efficacy in Glioblastoma is
limited by Efflux Pump Activity at the BloodBrain Barrier
Karen E. Parrisha, Jenny Pokornyb, Rajendar K. Mittapallia, Katrina
Bakkenb, Jann N. Sarkariab, William F. Elmquista
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutics, Brain Barriers Research Center,
University of Minnesota, MN 55455
bRadiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
S30 The Involvement of Fatty Acid-Binding
Protein
5
in
the
Blood-Brain
Barrier
Transport of Docosahexaenoic Acid
Yijun Pana, Christopher JH Portera, Martin J Scanlona, Joseph A
Nicolazzoa
aMonash
Australia
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University,
Objective. To investigate if fatty acid-binding protein 5
(FABP5) mediates docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and
whether the reduced brain levels of DHA observed in
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are associated with
attenuated FABP5 function at the BBB.
Methods. Human FAPB5 was expressed in E.coli and
the binding affinity of DHA for human FABP5 was
assessed using isothermal titration calorimetry. The
uptake of 14C-DHA was measured in human brain
microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) with and
without FABP5 silencing and the BBB transport of 14CDHA assessed in wild-type and FABP5 deficient mice
using a transcardiac perfusion technique. The BBB
transport of 14C-DHA (by transcardiac perfusion) and
FABP5 expression in isolated cerebral microvessels (by
Western blot) was compared between 8 month male
wild-type and APP/PS1 mice (AD model).
Results. DHA bound to human FABP5 with an
equilibrium dissociation constant of 155±8nM (mean ±
SEM, n=15). FABP5 siRNA transfection decreased
FABP5 mRNA by 53.2±5.5%, and this was associated
Objective. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most
common primary brain tumor in adults and has a poor
prognosis. Developing effective therapies for this
disease is hampered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB),
which limits delivery of anti-cancer agents to
infiltrative tumor cells. The cyclin-dependent kinase 4
(Cdk4) pathway is hyperactivated in approximately
75% of GBM in association with homozygous deletion
of p16 (52%) and amplification of Cdk4 (18%) and
Cdk6 (1%). Palbociclib (PD0332991) is a potent
Cdk4/6 inhibitor that has remarkable efficacy in
treating non-brain tumors. The purpose of this study is
to determine the mechanisms limiting efficacy of
palbociclib therapy in an orthotopic xenograft model.
Methods. Brain distribution studies of palbociclib
were conducted in FVB wild-type (WT), and triple
knockout (TKO; Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp1(-/-)) mice following
an oral dose (10, 50, 100 or 150 mg/kg).
Concentrations of palbociclib were determined by LCMS/MS. Survival studies were conducted in patientderived primary GBM22 xenograft model in nude mice.
Results. The brain exposure of palbociclib in TKO mice
following a 10 mg/kg oral dose (AUCbrain-toAUCplasma ratio) was 150-fold higher than WT mice
[WT: .044; TKO: 6.24]. For survival studies, palbociclib
was dosed at either 10 mg/kg/day or 150 mg/kg/day
continuously. Consistent with sub-therapeutic
delivery, palbociclib did not prolong the median
survival of an orthotopic GBM22 xenograft model.
Conversely, treatment of GBM22 xenografts at 150
mg/kg/day grown as flank tumors resulted in a
significant (45 day) survival benefit. Additionally, the
brain concentrations following a 150 mg/kg dose are
comparable to the flank tumor concentrations
following a 10 mg/kg dose [770 ± 230 ng/mL and 730
41
Podium Abstracts
± 510 ng/mL, respectively], and both were subtherapeutic.
Conclusions. These data suggest that the poor brain
delivery of palbociclib may limit clinical efficacy of this
Cdk4/6 inhibitor in the treatment of brain tumors such
as glioblastoma.
differentiation needs to be further optimized to obtain
mature hepatocytes which could be later used in drug
studies.
S33 Improved Liver Function and Relieved
Pruritus after 4-Phenylbutyrate Therapy in a
S32 HepaRG Acellular Matrix for Hepatic
Patient
Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem
Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 2
Cells
Liisa Kanninena, Pauliina Porolaa, Jonanna Niklandera, Melina
Malinena, Anne Corlub, Christiane GuGuen-Guillouzob, Arto Urttia,
Marjo Yliperttulaa, Yan-Ru Loua
aDivision
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research,
Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Helsinki, Finland
bInserm UMR991, Liver Metabolism and cancer, Université de
Rennes 1, France
Objective. Hepatocytes, the main cell type of the liver,
are needed in the drug discovery for prediction of
biotransformation pathways, possible drug-drug
interactions, and hepatotoxicity of drug candidates.
Pluripotent stem cells offer valuable and limitless
supply of hepatic cells with human origin for in vitro
drug studies. In majority of the current differentiation
protocols stem cell fate is guided towards hepatic-like
cells with stepwise growth factor treatment. However,
it is known that not only soluble factors but also cellcell interactions and cell-matrix interactions play
important role in the complex, multistage cell
differentiation process. The objective of our research
was to establish a novel hepatic cell derived acellular
matrix (ACM) which can be used as a culture platform
for human pluripotent stem cell differentiation
towards hepatocytes.
Methods. Human embryonic stem (hES) cells WA07
and human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells
iPS(IMR90)-4 were first differentiated to definitive
endoderm (DE) cells in standard Matrigel culture using
optimized growth factor cocktail. Next, DE cells were
seeded onto human liver progenitor HepaRG cellderived ACM for further hepatic differentiation. After
stepwise growth factor treatment, cells were analyzed
with immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry,
and qPCR. Human primary hepatocytes and HepaRG
cells were used as controls.
Results. DE cells expressed CXCR-4 and HNF3B both
on mRNA and protein level. On day 10 cells were
positive for liver progenitor markers AFP and CK19
and for HNF4A which controls the initiation of
expression of several key hepatic transcription factors.
On the end-point, day 17, cells showed hepatocyte-like
morphology and expressed hepatic markers AAT and
ALB in mRNA level but the expression level was
remarkably lower compared to primary hepatocytes.
Conclusions. HepaRG cell-derived ACM supports
hepatic differentiation of hES and iPS cells. However,
42
with
Progressive
Familial
Sotaro Naoia, Hisamitsu Hayashia, Takeshi Inoueb, Ken Tanikawac,
Koji Igarashid, Hironori Nagasakae, Masayoshi Kagec, Hajime
Takikawaf, Ayano Inuig, Toshiro Nagaib, Hiroyuki Kusuharaa
aThe
University of Tokyo, Japan,
Medical University, Japan,
cKurume University Hospital, Japan,
dTOSOH Corporation, Japan,
eTakarazuka City Hospital, Japan,
fTeikyo University School of Medicine, Japan
bDokkyo
Objective.
Progressive
familial
intrahepatic
cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2) is caused by mutations in
ABCB11 encoding the bile salt export pump (BSEP) that
mediates biliary excretion of bile salts across the
canalicular membrane (CM) of hepatocytes. Currently,
no medical therapy has been established for PFIC2.
Previously, we found that 4-phenylbutyrate (4PB) was
a potential therapeutic agent for PFIC2 patients who
retain transport activity of BSEP. Here, we examined
the effects of 4PB therapy in a patient with PFIC2.
Methods. All encoding exons and flanking areas of
ABCB11 were sequenced. In vitro studies with
HEK293T cells, McA-RH7777 cells, and liver specimens
were performed to characterize the influence of the
identified mutation on BSEP and to examine the
potential of 4PB treatment in the PFIC2 patient. 4PB
was administered orally with gradually increasing
dosage (200, 350, and 500 mg/kg/day) for 6 months,
and biochemical, histological, and clinical data were
collected.
Results. A homozygous c.3692G>A (p.R1231Q)
mutation was identified in ABCB11. In vitro studies
showed that this mutation decreased the cell surface
expression level of BSEP, but not its transport activity,
and that 4PB treatment at a clinically relevant dosage
relieved the decreased expression. In the PFIC2 patient,
4PB therapy at a dosage of 500 mg/kg/day partially
restored BSEP expression and significantly improved
liver tests and pruritus.
Conclusions. 4PB therapy may be a new medication
for PFIC2 patients who retain transport activity of
BSEP per se.
S34
Constitutive
Androstane
Receptor
S35 The Effect of Route of Administration on
Modulates Hepatic Energy Homeostasis
the Immunogenicity of Recombinant Murine
with Species Selectivity
Growth Hormone Protein Aggregates
Caitlin Lyncha, Yongmei Pana, Linhao Lia, Peter W. Swaana, Hongbing
Wanga
Merry Christiea, Raul Torresb, Ross Kedlb, Theodore Randolphc, and
John Carpentera
aUniversity
aUniversity
of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
Objective. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR,
NR1I3), predominantly expressed in the liver, is an
important xenobiotic receptor. Recent studies
revealed that CAR also influences hepatic energy
metabolism and improves diabetes and obesity
conditions in mice. Thus, identification of novel CAR
activators may offer a potential therapeutic avenue for
metabolic disorders.
Methods. Strategies incorporating computationalbased virtual screening with biological approaches
were employed to identify and validate novel human
(h) CAR modulators. Luciferase reporter assays were
performed by transfecting various hCAR expression
and CYP2B6 reporter plasmids into HepG2 cells.
Human primary hepatocytes were utilized to explore
the effects of CAR activation on target gene expression
and hepatic energy homeostasis.
Results. Two novel hCAR activators, UM104 and
UM145, identified through virtual screening were
subjected to biological evaluation of their role in energy
metabolism. In human primary hepatocytes, the mRNA
and protein expression of gluconeogenic enzymes,
glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase were concentration- dependently
repressed by UM104 and UM145. However, only
negligible effects on genes associated with fatty acid
synthesis and lipogenesis were observed. Further
functional assays revealed that hCAR activation
decreased the synthesis of glucose but not triglyceride
in human hepatocytes. In contrast, activation of mouse
(m) CAR significantly repressed the expression of
typical genes associated with gluconeogenesis,
lipogenesis and fatty acid synthesis in mouse primary
hepatocytes, correlating well with previous in vivo
observations in mouse.
Conclusions. This research identified an important
species difference between hCAR and mCAR in energy
metabolism. Unlike that of mCAR, activation of hCAR
selectively
inhibits
gluconeogenesis
without
simultaneous suppressing fatty acid synthesis and
lipogenesis. These findings warrant species specific
caution when exploring CAR as a potential therapeutic
target for metabolic disorders.
of Colorado Denver, USA
Jewish Health and the University of Colorado School of
Medicine, USA
cUniversity of Colorado, USA
bNational
Objective. The aim of the work was to determine the
effect of the route of administration on the
immunogenicity to recombinant murine growth
hormone (rmGH) protein aggregates.
Methods. We created protein aggregates by subjecting
rmGH to freeze-thaw stress and quantified the nanoand micro-sized particles via SEC, particle tracking
analysis, resonant mass measurement and flow
imaging. We also created a population of nano-sized
particles by ultra-centrifuging the freeze-thawed
protein at 110,000g for 1 hour at 4°C. Protein
aggregates were injected on days 2 and 23 into CB6F1
mice via subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and
intravenous (via tail vein) routes. Submandibular
blood draws were performed on days 1, 22 and 36. The
production of anti-rmGH IgG antibody isotypes was
monitored with ELISA to determine immunogenicity.
Results. Compared to the ultra-centrifuged protein,
the freeze-thaw protein injections contained much
higher quantities of micro-sized protein particles. No
major difference in immunogenicity could be
ascertained between the freeze-thaw stressed and
ultra-centrifuged rmGH protein injections. However,
the intravenous route was the most immunogenic of
the three tested; which is surprising considering the
current popular viewpoint in vaccine immunology
dictates the subcutaneous route to be more
immunogenic than intravenous.
Conclusions. Both nano- and micro-sized protein
aggregates have the capacity to elicit and immune
response. The route of administration is a major factor
impacting the immunogenicity of protein aggregates.
Based on the results of this study, protein aggregates
injected via the intravenous route elicit a more
pronounced immune response compared to the
subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes, contrary to
the prevalent beliefs on this issue.
43
Podium Abstracts
S36 Parathyroid Hormone coupled to Cell
S37
Penetrating Peptides for Oral delivery
Mitigate
Mie Kristensena, Jens Berthelsenb, Hanne Mørck Nielsena
Encephalomyelitis (EAE)
aSection
for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy , Faculty of Health
and Medicinal Sciences, University of Copenhagen,
Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
bDepartment of International Health, Immunology and
Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of
Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
Objective. Oral delivery of peptide drugs constitutes a
number of challenges including poor membrane
permeability. To improve this, the use of cell
penetrating peptides (CPPs) is of great interest as they
have shown potential in improving the transepithelial
transport of therapeutic peptides upon coadministration or direct conjugation. Knowledge is
however lacking regarding the effect on the cell
penetrating propensity of the CPP, for which an αhelical content is important, as a result of direct
conjugation.
Hence, the objective is to produce fusion-peptides
comprising the biologically active part of parathyroid
hormone (PTH(1-34)) coupled to different CPPs and
characterize these according to secondary structure
and ability to permeate an intestinal epithelium in vitro.
Methods. PTH(1-34)-CPP fusion-peptides were
expressed in E. coli as inclusion bodies, solubilized and
purified by affinity chromatography and RP-HPLC. The
secondary structure was studied using circular
dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and the delivery
propensity was assessed employing the intestinal
Caco-2 cell line.
Results. PTH(1-34) and different N- or C-terminally
CPP-coupled PTH(1-34) were successfully produced.
CD spectra revealed a disordered secondary structure
in buffer, but in the presence of liposomes the α-helical
content increased in some but not all fusion-peptides.
The specific N- or C-terminal positioning of the CPP was
shown to be important for the transepithelial
permeability, with N-terminal CPP-coupling resulting
in significantly improved transport when compared to
C-terminally CPP-coupled PTH(1-34). However, only
one of the fusion-peptides was able increase the
permeability over Caco-2 cell monolayers when
compared to PTH(1-34) administered alone or coadministered with the CPPs.
Conclusions. Direct coupling of a CPP to a therapeutic
peptide was investigated with respect to overall
secondary structure and permeation across an
intestinal epithelium, showing that both the α-helical
content and the transepithelial permeability were
dependent on the specific CPP sequence and the
specific N- or C-terminal CPP coupling.
44
Soluble
Antigen
Experimental
Arrays
(SAgAs)
Autoimmune
Shara Thatia, Joshua Sestaka, Brittany Hartwellb, Laura Northrupa,
Brad Sullivana, Laird Forresta, Teruna Siahaana, Cory Berklanda,b,c
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas
of Bioengineering, University of Kansas
cDepartment of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of
Kansas
bDepartment
Objective. The aim is to monitor the transport of SAgAs
varying in size and peptide loading to help in
identifying the ideal route of administration, dosing
schedule, dosing amount, and dosing volume.
Methods. The SAgAs were synthesized using oxime
chemistry by conjugating peptides to hyaluronic acid
(HA). SAgAs were purified by dialysis and then
lyophilized. Peptide concentration on HA and relative
molecular weight was determined by HPLC and SEC,
respectively. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in the EAE
mouse model by monitoring animal weight and clinical
score. According to R. O. Weller, et al., MS is initially
thought to be a systemic disease, but in later stages, is
localized in the lymph nodes in the superior half of the
body. In order to test this, the first study involved
finding different routes of administration of SAgAs,
including
subcutaneous,
intramuscular,
and
intraperitoneal injections to mice with EAE. Dosing
schedules, volumes, and amounts were also varied to
find an efficacious treatment method.
Results. Different routes of administration and dosing
schedules showed little to no difference in disease
outcomes. Results suggested a single subcutaneous
dose approaches the clinical efficacy of three doses
(200 nMol PLP). Decreasing the injection volume from
100 uL to 20 uL slightly reduced efficacy.
Conclusions. Varying the injection site does not seem
to affect clinical scores, since the large injection volume
will disperse easily throughout a mouse’s body.
Changing the volume slightly affected efficacy, but the
drainage kinetics should be further studied. Since
hyaluronic acid can be varied in size, SAgA can be
designed to drain to local lymph nodes after a
subcutaneous injection. The next steps will be to
correlate the size of the SAgA, densities of peptides, and
ratio of the two peptides (LABL:PLP) to compare local
(i.e. lymph node) versus systemic administration (i.e.
absorption into blood).
S38 Liquid Crystalline Nanodispersion as a
S39
Topical
Intratesticular Retinoic Acid Concentration
Delivery
System
for
siRNA:
Pharmacological
Modulation
of
Development, Characterization and In Vivo
and its Therapeutic Potential
Knockdown Study
Samuel Arnolda, Travis Kentb, Michael Griswoldb, Cathryn Hogarthb,
Nina Isoherranena
Lívia Vieira Depieria, Lívia N. Borgheti-Cardosoa, Fabiana T. M. C.
Vicentinia, Márcia C. A.Fantinib, M. Vitória L. B. Bentleya
aSchool
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto - University of
Sao Paulo, Brazil
bInstitute of Physics - University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Objective. The goal of this study was the development,
characterization and in vivo TNF-α silencing evaluation
of liquid crystalline nanodispersion (LCN) carrying
siRNA, aiming to introduce gene therapy as a new
approach for the treatment of skin disorders.
Methods. LCN was developed using sonication to
disperse the bulk gel phase composed of
monoolein/oleic acid/polyethyleneimine, in excess
water, containing Poloxamer. It was characterized by
polarized light microscopy and small angle x-ray
diffraction; mean diameter (z), polydispersity (Pdl) and
zeta potential were measured by dynamic light
scattering; LCN cytotoxicity was evaluated in mouse
fibroblast (L929) cell lines by the MTT assay;
complexing
efficiency
was
evaluated
by
electrophoresis; cellular uptake was assessed by flow
cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. In vivo TNF-α
knockdown was evaluated in hairless mouse skin
inflammation model, induced with TPA, through TNF-α
measurements by ELISA, after topical application of
LCN carrying TNF-α siRNA.
Results. LCN was characterized as hexagonal phase
and presented z, PdI and zeta potential of 202.9 (± 5.0)
nm; 0.261 (± 0.018); 1.2 ± 0.7 mV and 215.4 (± 7.9) nm;
0.273 (± 0.021); 0.7 ± 1.0 mV with and without siRNA
at 10 μM, respectively. LNC was effective in complex the
siRNA and presented high cell viability (~92%) and cell
uptake (~90%). TPA induced a significant increase in
TNF-α levels in skin mouse; however, pre-treatment
with the LCN-siRNA TNF-α (10μM), significantly
reduced TNF-α levels (~80%) compared with control
groups.
aUniversity
of Washington, School of Pharmacy, USA
State University, School of Molecular Biosciences, USA
bWashington
Objective. In mice, spermatogenesis requires
intratesticular formation of retinoic acid (RA) by
ALDH1A (1A1-1A3). Inhibition of ALDH1A by WIN
18,446 causes male infertility. The aim of the work was
to determine the effect of WIN 18,446 on mouse tissue
RA concentrations.
Methods. The inhibition of ALDH1A by WIN 18,446
was determined in vitro. Next, mice were treated with
either single dose or multiple daily doses (7 days) of
WIN 18,446. WIN 18,446 pharmacokinetics, RA
concentrations, ALDH1A activity, and ALDH1A protein
expression were quantified in testis, liver, and kidney
as a function of time after WIN administration.
Results. In vitro, WIN 18,446 is a potent reversible
inhibitor of ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3 (IC50= 102 and
187 nM) and it inactivates ALDH1A2 (kinact= 27.8 hr-1
KI=1,468 nM). After a single oral dose to mice, WIN
18,446 had a tmax of 1 hr, Cmax of 1,200 nM, and t1/2 of 3
hr. The tissue RA concentrations decreased > 60%
following this dose of WIN 18,446. While liver and
kidney RA concentrations returned to predose levels
after 24 hours, testis and serum concentrations were
still 75% lower than control. 24 hours after the 7th dose,
the liver and kidney RA concentrations were similar to
control mice, but intratesticular and serum RA were
both decreased 50% demonstrating tissue specific
inhibition of RA synthesis. ALDH1A activity was
decreased (25% of control) in the testis, but not in the
liver and kidney after WIN 18,446 treatment. The
ALDH1A activity is in agreement with ALDH1A2
localization in the testes and inactivation by WIN
18,446.
Conclusions. WIN 18,446 specifically decreases
ALDH1A activity and RA in the testis providing a
unique strategy for male contraception.
Conclusions. LCN is a promising siRNA delivery
system for topical application since presented reduced
particle size, it was able to complex the siRNA,
presented high cell viability and cellularuptake and it
was able to promote TNF-α knockdown in vivo.
Acknowledgements. FAPESP and CNPq, Brazil.
45
Podium Abstracts
46
SHORT COURSE ABSTRACTS
S40 Investigation of the Aqueous- and Solid-
S41 Calculating the Mass of Subvisible
State Stability of Oxytocin as a Function of
Particles
pH
Formed from Stressed IgG1 Monoclonal
Gemma C. Nasstaa, Michelle P. McIntosha, David A.V. Mortona,
Richard J. Prankerda
Antibody Solutions Using Microflow Imaging
aMonash
Australia
Objective. Peptides and proteins containing
disulphide bonds have been shown to undergo
degradation via two consecutive mechanistic steps: (i)
β-elimination, catalysed by hydroxide ions, followed by
(ii) disulphide exchange. As the disulphide bond is
cleaved, generation of free thiols is hypothesised to
result.
As the degradation mechanisms of the disulphide
bond-containing peptide, oxytocin, are currently not
fully understood, the aim of this work was to first
compare oxytocin degradation rates in aqueous
solution at varying pH conditions, and between solid
and aqueous states at a single pH, with heat stress. The
second aim was to probe oxytocin degradation
mechanisms by quantifying free thiols and identifying
the resulting degradation products.
Methods. Solutions of oxytocin, buffered to pH 2, 4 and
8 and a spray-dried powder formulation, buffered to
pH 8 prior to drying, were stored at 4, 40 and 50°C. Free
thiol concentrations were measured periodically with
Ellman’s spectrophotometric assay; the remaining
oxytocin concentrations were determined by HPLC;
and degradation products were identified by mass
spectrometry.
Results. For solution pH values either side of pH 4,
oxytocin degraded faster – the fastest degradation rate
being observed at pH 8. Free thiols were not detected
at pH 2 during the course of the experiment and the
identified degradation products included various
deamidation products. At pH 8, a maximum of 14.6%
free thiols (referred to oxytocin concentration) was
generated by 24 days into the stability study,
suggesting that β-elimination was initiated,
subsequently producing the identified dimers and
trisulphides as degradation products. The solid state
degradation rate was 40 fold lower than that of the
aqueous solution.
Conclusions. The results suggest that oxytocin
solution degradation at basic pH undergoes βelimination, followed by disulphide exchange, whereas
degradation in acidic pH involves acid-catalysed
deamidation. The degradation rate was significantly
reduced when oxytocin was formulated as a solid
product compared to aqueous solutions, due to the vast
reduction of moisture content post spray drying.
with
Improved
Accuracy
as
Data
Cavan Kaloniaa, Ozan Kumrua, Roman Mathaesb, Julia Engertb, Shuxia
Zhouc, C. Russell Middaugha, David B. Volkina
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and
Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS,
USA, 66047
bDepartment of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology &
Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich,
Butenandstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
cJanssen Research & Development, LLC, Horsham, PA, USA, 19044
Objective. One major stability concern with protein
therapeutics is the formation of proteinaceous
subvisible particles (1-100 μm) during manufacturing
and/or storage. Our objective was to develop a
methodology to determine the mass of individual
subvisible particles in solution and the total weight of
these particles in a given volume of a formulation.
Methods. Microflow digital imaging (MFI) was used to
monitor subvisible particles in solution under various
conditions. Two different methodologies were
developed to calculate particle mass using size,
morphology, and transparency data obtained by MFI.
These methodologies were tested using spherical and
non-spherical polystyrene standards and then applied
to subvisible particles of an IgG1. The total calculated
mass of the proteinaceous particles was compared to
the experimentally measured mass of particles in more
extensively aggregated samples.
Results. The calculated mass using the methods
developed showed good agreement with the known
values for the polystyrene standards. For the IgG1 mAb
samples, calculated results were also comparable to the
experimentally measured mass of extensively
aggregated samples. Using the same MFI datasets, we
demonstrate that particle mass calculations using the
assumptions of spherical geometry or particle density
similar to monomeric protein density can be
inaccurate. The calculated particle mass obtained by
applying these assumptions to the extensively
aggregated IgG1 mAb datasets exceeded the
experimentally measured mass by an order of
magnitude.
Conclusions. We demonstrate that the total mass of
protein particles was not only better estimated using
morphology parameters based on actual MFI data (i.e.,
non-spherical particles of varying size and shape) but
also by assuming a particle density less than the
density of monomeric protein.
49
Short Course Abstracts
S42 Role of Carrier Mediated Efflux of
S43 Selection of Highly Stable Aptamers
Nobilin Conjugation Products and Plant
from a 2’-Fully Modified RNA Library
Extract of Anthemis nobilis L. in Nobilin
Adam D. Friedmana,b, Dongwook Kima,b, and Rihe Liua,b
Absorption in the Caco-2 Model
Ursula Thormanna,b, Rahel Hänggia, Georgios Imanidisa,b
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
bInstitute of Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University
of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz,
Switzerland
Objective. The aim of the study was to investigate the
role of bioconversion and carrier mediated efflux of
conjugation products in the intestinal in vitro
absorption of nobilin in the Caco-2 model and to
elucidate the effect of the full plant extract of the
flowers of Anthemis nobilis L. on bioconversion and
efflux.
Methods. Nobilin and its bioconversion products were
determined in permeation experiments in the Caco-2
cell monolayer. Inhibitors of P-gp, BCRP, and MRPs
were used to detect efflux and its association to
bioconversion. The effect of the extract on those
processes was determined. Permeation and
bioconversion parameter values were deduced by
means of kinetic multi-compartment modeling and the
relative fraction absorbed was calculated.
Results. Nobilin exhibited high permeability, low
absorption, and fast bioconversion yielding
conjugation products with glucuronic acid, cysteine,
and glutathione that were substrates of apical MRP2
and basal MRP3 and possibly MRP1and, the
glucuronide and cysteine conjugate, also of P-gp.
Inhibition of carriers led to diminished bioconversion
and improved absorption of nobilin. The extract
increased absorption mainly by directly inhibiting
bioconversion but also by reducing efflux.
Conclusions. The transport - bioconversion interplay
is proposed to be a good possibility to increase
absorption of a compound undergoing extensive
intestinal bioconversion. Plant extracts may increase
absorption by this interplay in addition to inhibition of
metabolic enzymes.
Acknowledgement. This work was sponsored by
Alpinia Laudanum Institute of Phytopharmaceutical
Sciences AG.
50
aDivision
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC
Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, U.S.A.
bCarolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264, U.S.A.
Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the
enhanced nuclease stability of 2’ fully-modified (fm)
RNA aptamers, perform a proof-of-concept fmRNA
aptamer selection against Staphylococcus aureus
Protein A (SpA), and demonstrate fmRNA aptamer
biological relevance by specifically killing S. aureus
cells via fmRNA aptamer-targeted silver nanoparticle
(AgNP) delivery.
Methods. SpA-binding fmRNA aptamers were
identified via in vitro selection against Protein A
immobilized on magnetic sepharose beads. Confocal
microscopy visualized aptamer binding to endogenous
SpA on S. aureus cell surfaces. AgNP-aptamer
functionalization was achieved via docking of aptamers
to a capture ligand, itself functionalized with a
dithiocarbamate for covalent immobilization on AgNP
surfaces. Microbiological techniques were used for
determination of specific S. aureus cell killing. fmRNA
was characterized for nuclease stability via alkaline
hydrolysis and serum incubation studies.
Results. Selected fmRNA aptamers, featuring an
unexpected hydrophobicity, bound SpA with KDs
ranging from 39 nM to 475 nM. Aptamers
demonstrated SpA selectivity versus S.aureus Protein G
(SasG) and P. magnus Protein L (PpL). One of these
aptamers, fmA12, was found capable of binding
endogenously expressed S. aureus SpA. fmA12 was able
to functionalize, stabilize, and deliver aggregationprone silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to S.aureus with
SpA-dependent antimicrobial effects. fmRNA exhibited
superior stability in alkaline conditions (99.25%
survival) and 10% mouse serum (76% survival after 24
h) compared to 2’-partially modified RNA variants.
Conclusions. fmRNA represents a novel aptamer class
with considerable potential to improve the in vivo
applicability of nucleic acid-based affinity molecules.
S44 Optimization of DNA Nanostructure for
S45 Brain Drug Distribution of a Cassette of
Delivery of Nucleic Acid Drugs to Immune
Compounds in Alpha-Synuclein Transgenic
Cells
Mice
Shozo Ohtsukia, Makiya Nishikawaa, Noriyuki Matsuzakia, Kohta
Mohria, Masayuki Endob, Kumi Hidakab, Hiroshi Sugiyamab,c, Yuki
Takahashia and Yoshinobu Takakuraa
Sofia Gustafssona, Veronica Lindströmb, Stina Syvänenb, Martin
Ingelssonb, Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaesa
aGraduate
bDepartment
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University,
Japan
bInstitute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto
University, Japan
cGraduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
Objective. Previous studies have shown that several
DNA nanostructures, including polypod-like structured
DNA and tetrahedral DNA (tetrahedron), are effective
systems to deliver immunostimulatory CpG DNA to
immune cells. In the present study, we aimed to
elucidate the optimal structure of nano-sized DNA
assembly for such delivery.
Methods. Three different nano-sized DNA assemblies,
i.e., tetrapod-like structured DNA (tetrapodna),
tetrahedron and tetragonal DNA (tetragon), were
designed using four 55-mer oligodeoxynucleotides
(ODNs) and compared in terms of physicochemical
property and interaction with immune cells. The
formation of DNA nanostructures were evaluated by
electrophoresis and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
The thermal stability was evaluated by measuring the
melting temperature (Tm). Then, the uptake by mouse
macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells was examined using
DNA nanostructures prepared with Alexa Fluor 488labeled ODN. An immunostimulatory CpG DNA was
linked to these DNA nanostructures. The
immunostimulatory activity of CpG DNA-containing
DNA nanostructures was examined in RAW264.7 cells
by measuring the release of tumor necrosis factor
(TNF)-.
Results. Tetrapodna was obtained with high efficiency
and purity at a wide range of ODN concentrations,
whereas tetrahedron formed oligomers at high ODN
concentrations. The Tm value of tetrapodna was higher
than those of tetrahedron and tetragon, indicating that
tetrapodna is more thermally stable than the others.
Circular dichroism spectral data of all the preparations
were similar to one another and comparable to that of
B-form DNA. Tetrahedron was most efficiently taken
up by RAW264.7 cells compared with the other two.
CpG DNA tetrahedron induced the largest amounts of
TNF-, followed by CpG DNA tetrapodna.
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Sweden
of Public Health / Geriatrics, Sweden
Objective. Pathophysiological impairment of the
neurovascular unit, including the blood-brain barrier
(BBB), is considered both a cause and consequence of
neurodegenerative diseases. Considerable research is
dedicated to delineate whether and how these changes
occur and affect disease. However, little is known about
the impact this might have on systemic drug delivery to
the brain. Hence, the aim of the current study was to
investigate BBB drug transport in healthy animals and
transgenic animals overexpressing human α-synuclein.
Methods. In an in vivo study, wild type C57BL/6 (WT)
and (Thy-1)-h [A30P] α-synuclein transgenic mice
were dosed with a cassette of compounds, including
digoxin, levofloxacin, paliperidone, oxycodone, and
diazepam (1mg/kg, s.c.). The animals were terminated
at 0.5h (ntransgen= 4, nWT = 3), 1h (ntransgen= 5, nWT= 3), or
3h (ntransgen= 5, nWT= 3) after dosage. Blood was
collected through cardiocentesis and brains were
collected following PBS perfusion. In a second pilot
study, brain tissue binding of the cassette compounds
in transgenic (n=6) and WT (n=6) mice was
investigated using equilibrium dialysis (ED). Drug
concentrations were measured in plasma, brain, and
ED brain and buffer samples using LC-MS/MS. The total
brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp) and fraction
of unbound drug in brain (fu,brain) was calculated.
Results. No differences in Kp were observed for any of
the compounds when comparing healthy and
transgenic mice. However, an increased binding in
brain was observed for levofloxacin, paliperidone and
digoxin in transgenic compared to WT animals.
Conclusions. Given an unchanged Kp in combination
with increased brain tissue binding of three of the
investigated compounds, this study indicates changes
in BBB drug transport in an animal model expressing
α-synuclein pathology compared to WT animals.
However, further studies on drug brain and plasma
binding is required in order to fully evaluate possible
changes in brain drug delivery in the current model.
Conclusions. These results indicate that tetrapodna is
the best assembly as delivery vehicles for
immunostimulatory nucleic acid to immune cells,
because it has the highest preparation yield and high
delivery efficiency, and that tetrahedron can be another
useful vehicle if its preparation yield is improved.
51
S46 Analysis of Secretory Transport of
S47 The Effect of Liposomal Components
Drugs in the Small Intestine Using the
on Pro-Survival Signals within Normal
Ussing Chamber Method
Prostate Cells
Takeshi Nakayamaa, Shinya Fukizawaa, Kazuya Maedaa, Takehito
Ohtsubob, Toshio Kumaib, Naoki Matsumotob, Paul A. Dawsonc,
Yuichi Sugiyamad, Hiroyuki Kusuharaa.
Ryan C. Batesa, Jamie L. Betkera, Thomas J. Anchordoquya
aThe
University of Tokyo, Japan
bSt. Marianna University School of Medicine, Japan
cWake Forest University School of Medicine, USA
dRIKEN Innovation Center, Japan
Objective. Recent reports suggest that the excretion
from the blood into the intestinal lumen contributes
partly to the clearance of some drugs, but the
underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. The
aim of this research was to investigate the contribution
of transporters to the secretory transport of drugs in
the small intestine using the Ussing chamber method.
Methods. The secretory (basal-to-apical) transport of
several drugs was measured in tissue sections from
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of mice in an Ussing
chamber. The possible involvement of transporters in
the secretory transport was assessed by observing the
inhibitory effects of several compounds on their
transport. The contribution of P-gp, Bcrp, and Ost/
to intestinal secretion of drugs was investigated in
ileum sections obtained from the corresponding
knockout mice.
Results. The secretory transport of several drugs in the
Ussing chamber was much higher in the ileum sections
compared with the duodenum and jejunum sections.
Their secretory transport in the ileum section was
lower in Mdr1a/1b(–/–)/Bcrp(–/–) mice than that in
wild-type mice. Several compounds (e.g., 200 M
fluvastatin, 100 M apixaban) inhibited the secretory
transport and drug accumulation in the ileum sections,
suggesting the involvement of basal uptake
transporter(s).
By contrast, although Ost/ is
expressed predominantly on the basal side of the ileum
along the small intestine, the secretory transport of
several drugs in the ileum section was not decreased by
knockout of Ost.
Conclusions. The secretory transport of several drugs
was almost selective in the ileum, implying that the
ileum-specific expression of transporters contributes
to the intestinal secretion. In secretory transport, P-gp
and Bcrp contribute to the efflux from intestinal
epithelial cells, whereas Ost/ is not involved in the
basal uptake of drugs. Clarification of the molecular
mechanism underlying the basal transport is under
way.
52
aSkaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
Objective. The aim of this work was to investigate the
exposure of normal prostate cells (WPMY-1)to
phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidic acid (PA)
liposomes by assaying for their impact on pro-survival
phospho-proteins
(i.e.
Akt-Ser473,
Erk1/2Thr202/Tyr204, GSK3β-Ser9). The ability to
characterize differential phospho-protein profiles
elicited by these bioactive lipids allows for
liposome/nanoparticle design to be tailored based on
delivery intent. Pro-survival drugs could be more
effective if the delivery vector itself did not induce an
attenuation of the pro-survival response. In the case of
cancers, choosing among the most attenuating lipids
could enhance a chemotherapeutic effect.
Methods. Phospho-proteins and endosomal trafficking
intensities were collected by imaging with the LI-COR
Odyssey dual-laser infrared imaging system or
PerkinElmer Operetta high content imaging system.
Results. While bioactive lipids, such as PA, display an
increase in pro-survival factors (i.e. Akt-Ser473),
results with exogenously administered PC liposomes
suggest this membrane component causes a significant
decrease within pro-survival phospho-forms for the
cell line tested within this study.
Conclusions. The exposure of WPMY-1 cells to a series
of PC liposome concentrations suggest that while PC
may constitute a large compositional percent of the
plasma membrane, using it in high concentrations
within liposomal/nanoparticle delivery may be
depressing pro-survival factors. In contrast, PA
liposomes were found capable of producing an increase
in the pro-survival profile. This kind of information
could have a dual-impact on designing therapeutic
agents administered via liposomal technology: (1)
Targeting high-content PC liposomes to tumor cells
could aid in sensitizing to chemotherapeutic agents, (2)
Targeting low/no-content PC liposomes with a prosurvival payload to non-cancerous tissues could
prevent a potentially counteracting event (i.e. utilizing
high PA content).
S48
Targeted
Liposomal
Ultrasound
S49 Improvement in Blood-Brain Barrier
Contrast Agents
Tightness through a Direct Contact
Eric Saskoa
hCMEC/D3 and Human Astrocyte
aInstitut
for Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy (IPTB),
University of Marburg, Germany
Coculture Model
Objective. In this study we developed and analyzed
nanoscaled liposomal ultrasound contrast agents
which have stealth abilities. For model studies we
attached Concanavalin A (ConA) to the Liposomes to
give the ability to bind on mannan-coated surfaces.
Chris Kulczara, Sylvia Lefebvrea, Donald Millerb, Gregory Knippa
Methods. The liposomes are composed of 1,2Dipalmitoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholin (DPPC), 1,2dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N(cyanur) and Cholesterol, prepared by lipid film
hydration method. ConA attachment was made via
cyanuric chloride linkage at pH 8.8. Fluorescence was
obtained by the use of 1% (mol) 1-Palmitoyl-2-[6-[7nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl]-snGlycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine.
Size
and
zetapotential measurements were done by photon
correlation spectroscopy (PCS) using a Malvern
Nanosizer. Echogenicity was measured in an in vitro
model composed of an agar-gel body with a tube in the
middle to simulate a human blood vessel. By using a
pump and a waterbath we created a constant current
flow at 37°C with a pressure similar to the pressure to
be found in the human blood system. A 2.5 MHz phased
array ultrasonic probe and a sonographic unit were
used to obtain pictures and videos of the model in
greyscale. Mannan was coated on glass slides.
Results. Liposome size ranged from 70-130 nm with a
zeta potential of -29 mV. The Liposomes show good
echogenicity and long term stability under simple
storage conditions (dispersed in water or buffer at
4°C). Fluorescence-marked Liposomes linked to ConA
were able to attach to mannan-coated surfaces.
Conclusions. The possibility of attaching antibodies to
stealth-liposomes that show good ultrasonic contrast
offers a vast variety of new ways of diagnostic imaging.
You could attach antibodies against specific cancer
surface proteins or for example arteriosclerotic
plaques.
aDepartment
of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN
bDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, CAN
Objective. As the number of NCEs targeted to the CNS
increases, a better in vitro blood-brain barrier model is
needed for more accurate high-throughput screening.
Currently, much of the screening is performed across
several different brain microvessel endothelial cell
(BMEC) line monolayers which, while differing in
tightness, are leaky in comparison to in vivo conditions.
However, investigation of the neurovascular unit
shows that BMEC direct contact with astrocytes may
play an important role in forming a tighter blood-brain
barrier (BBB). Here we look to determine if direct cellcell contact improves BBB characteristics utilizing
hCMEC/D3 cell co-culture on a monolayer of human
astrocytes.
Methods. Human Astrocytes (ScienCell, Carlsbad, CA)
were plated on poly-L-lysine coated Transwell inserts.
Two days post seeding, hCMEC/D3 cells (courtesy of
Dr. Couraud, Institut Cochin, Paris, France) were plated
in direct contact above the human astrocytes.
Transport studies were conducted seven days post
hCMEC/D3 seeding. C14-labelled paracellular markers
of various sizes, such as Urea, Mannitol, Inulin, and
PEG-5000, were used to determine leakiness of tight
junctions.
Results. When co-culturing the hCMEC/D3 on human
astrocyte monolayers, a significant decrease in
apparent permeability of paracellular markers was
observed independent of culture conditions
comparative to either human astrocytes or hCMEC/D3
cells alone. In addition, transcellular routes of
permeation including influx and efflux were unaffected.
Conclusions. The study indicates that direct contact
between hCMEC/D3 cells and human astrocytes may
serve as a more physiologically-relevant in vitro cell
culture model for future high-throughput screening of
CNS-targeted molecules.
53
S50
All
Hepatocytes
Characterization
of
Are
Not
Variability
Equal:
in
Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes
Magnus Ölandera, Andrea Treyera, Fabienne Gaugaza, Erica Wonga,
Per Arturssona
aDepartment
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Sweden
Objective. Primary human hepatocytes are widely
used for studying hepatic metabolism and toxicity in
vitro. Cryopreservation is a useful tool for alleviating
the problem of fresh liver tissue scarcity.
Unfortunately, hepatocyte quality after thawing is
unpredictable, and a fraction of the cell batches do not
adhere to collagen-coated surfaces, limiting their use.
The objective of this study is to identify parameters
that explain this batch-to-batch variability.
Methods. From our bank of 40 cryopreserved
hepatocyte batches, 14 were selected, representative of
plateable and non-plateable cells, respectively.
Viability after thawing, along with mechanism of cell
death (apoptosis or necrosis) and cell size distribution,
is determined with image cytometry. Plateability is
assessed by the degree of confluency after culturing
cells on collagen-coated plates. In addition, functional
54
analysis of important CYP450 enzymes and drug
transporters is ongoing. Finally, global proteomic
analysis and determination of the fraction of
contaminating non-parenchymal cells via flow
cytometry has been initiated.
Results. Hepatocyte isolations resulted in viable cell
yields averaging 14×106 cells/g of tissue, with no
statistically significant difference between plateable
and non-plateable batches. Preliminary data indicates
no significant difference in viability between the two
groups (85% and 92%, respectively), but more detailed
elucidation of cell death, as well as analysis of the
presence of non-parenchymal cells, is in progress.
Proteomic analysis and functional studies of drugmetabolizing enzymes and transporters are ongoing
and will be presented.
Conclusions. Cryopreserved human hepatocyte
batches show marked variability in plateability, which
cannot be explained by differences in yield from
isolation or cell viability. Therefore, deeper analysis of
cell health and function is necessary, to shed more light
on the underlying reasons for this unpredictable
behavior.
POSTER ABSTRACTS
P1 Folic Acid Functionalized Insulin Loaded
P2 Surface Modifications of Polyethylene
Stable Chitosan Nanoparticles: Influence
Sinter Bodies for Serological Diagnosis of
on Stability, Cellular Uptake,
Borreliosis
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
Mohammed Alasela, Nina Dassingera, Doru Vornicescua, Michael
Keusgena
Ashish Agrawala, and Sanyog Jaina
aCentre
for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Dept. of Pharmaceutics,
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
(NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
Objective. The aim of the present work was to develop
and characterize folic acid functionalized stable
chitosan nanoparticles (FA-Ch-NPs) for oral insulin
delivery.
Methods. Different process variables were critically
optimized and their effect on formulation parameters
viz. particle size, PDI, zeta potential and entrapment
efficiency was measured. Surface morphology was
examined by using SEM and TEM. Chemical and
conformational stability of the entrapped insulin was
examined by gel electrophoresis and CD spectroscopy,
respectively. Cellular uptake was determined in Caco-2
cell lines and ex vivo intestinal sections. Finally, in vivo
glucose lowering effect and pharmacokinetic efficacy
was determined in STZ induced diabetic rats.
Results. Extensive optimization resulted in the
formation of particles with size of 284±3 nm, PDI of
0.236±0.005, ZP of 8.9±0.3 mV and EE of 89.5±0.9 %.
Morphological evaluation revealed the formation of
almost spherical particles. Entrapped insulin was
stable chemically as well as conformationally
throughout the process and the nanoparticles
exhibited excellent stability in simulated biological
fluids. Chitosan nanoparticles revealed controlled
release of insulin over the period of 24 h following the
higuchi model of drug release. Cellular uptake studies
in Caco-2 cell lines demonstrated 2.98 fold higher
uptake of folic acid functionalized nanoparticles (FACh-NPs) in comparison with plain Ch-NPs.
Furthermore, remarkably higher uptake was observed
in ex vivo intestinal uptake studies. In vivo studies
demonstrated 2.13 fold cumulative hypoglycemia and
21.8±2.4% relative bioavailability in comparison with
subcutaneously administered insulin solution.
Conclusively, the proposed strategy is expected to be a
cost effective and easy to scalable strategy for oral
insulin delivery.
Conclusions. FA-Ch-NPs demonstrated excellent
stability in simulated biological fluids and maintenance
of blood glucose level for extended period of time. Cost
effectiveness, single step development and negligible
regulatory hurdles can make the proposed formulation
a clinical reality.
aInstitute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University,
Marburg, Germany
Objective. For the immobilization of biomolecules on
solid polymer surfaces, the functionalization of these
materials is necessary. One of the methods in
photochemistry is by ultraviolet light (UV) to activate
chemical bounds. This technique can be applied to
polyethylene polymers, which later were utilized in
serological diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis disease.
Methods. Allyl alcohol was utilized as a monomer to
introduce hydroxyl groups on the surface of 3Dpolyethylene sinter bodies. Using UV photografting
technique, allyl alcohol could be polymerized on the
surface providing active hydroxyl groups that can be
linked via (3-aminopropyl) triethoxy silane (APTES) to
polysaccharides like mannan. In the next step, a fusion
protein consisting of the lectin binding domain ConA
and a Borrelia surface antigen has been immobilized by
self-organization.
Results. Functionalization of the 3D-polyethylene
surface has been performed utilizing the radical
reaction of allyl alcohol with the polymer after
exposure to UV light in the presence of an initiator
(benzophenone). Surface modification has been
confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
measurements. After surface modification, the
hydroxyl groups were linked to self assembled
monolayers of (3-aminopropyl) triethoxy silane
(APTES) to provide the surface with amine groups. For
amine coupling reaction, mannan was first activated
using N,N-disuccinimidyl carbonate (DSC) followed by
covalent immobilization via amide bounds. Using a
fusion protein with one lectin (Concanavalin A; ConA)
part and another antigen (lyme antigen) part,
serological diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis was possible.
Conclusions. Functionalization of the 3D-polyethylene
has been successfully achieved using photografting
technique. The final coating by the polysaccharide
mannan allows fixation of genetically designed fusion
proteins with a ConA moiety by self-organization. The
latter step is a rather smooth procedure, which does
not influence the biological functionality of the fusion
protein in a negative manner.
57
Poster Abstracts
P3 In Silico Prediction of Intravitreal
Primary Pharmacokinetic Parameters and
Drug Concentrations: Tool for Ocular Drug
Development
Eva M. del Amoa,b, Kati-Sisko Vellonenb, Heidi Kidrona, and Arto
Urttia,b
aCentre
for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences,
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
bSchool of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Objective. To build computational models to predict
the intravitreal volume of distribution (Vss) and
clearance (CL) of new drug candidates and estimate the
drug vitreous concentrations when administrated
alone or in a drug delivery system.
Methods. Pharmacokinetic (PK) calculation of Vss and
CL from a curated database of intravitreal studies in
rabbit eye. Multivariate analysis to build the Vss and CL
in silico models. PK simulations to predict drug
concentrations in vitreous with the computational
models. PK simulations when the drug is loaded in
ocular delivery systems of first and zero order release.
Results. A simple and straightforward model for
intravitreal CL was obtained with a Q2 value of 0.62,
predicting the internal and external test set within a
mean fold error of 1.33. The relevant descriptors were
logD7.4 and hydrogen bond donor capacity. In 80% of
the compounds intravitreal Vss was between 1.18 ml
and 2.28 ml. The implementation of the predicted
parameters into STELLA models yielded good
estimates of vitreous drug concentrations. Moreover,
predicted CL is useful in the PK design of drug delivery
systems.
Conclusions. The present work offers useful in silico
tools to investigate a priori the intravitreal PK profiles
after injection of drug candidates or the delivery
systems.
P4 Nanotechnology for Neurotrophic Protein
Delivery
Angelina Angelovaa, Borislav Angelovb, Markus Drechslerc and
Sylviane Lesieura
aUniversité
Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR8612 Institut Galien Paris-Sud, F92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
b Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the
Czech Republic, CZ-16206 Prague, Czech Republic
CLaboratory
for Soft Matter Electron Microscopy, Bayreuth Institute
of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, D-95440
Bayreuth, Germany
Objective. The purpose of our study is to design and
structurally characterize liquid crystalline lipid
nanoparticles suitable for delivery of neurotrophin
BDNF molecules. Nanoparticles serve as reservoirs for
controlled drug release and may influence the
58
bioavailability of the administered protein. The
nanoparticulate systems for neurotrophic factor
delivery are expected to solve some of the challenges in
neurodegenerative disease treatment.
Methods. The therapeutic use of neurotrophins is
restrained by their fragility and rapid degradation in
biological media after exogenous administration.
Therefore, neurotrophin encapsulation in nano-sized
vector systems was undertaken. The resulting
nanoscale organizations were revealed by cryogenic
transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and Xray structural analysis (SAXS) in order to evaluate the
ability of the investigated lipid particles for protein
upload.
Results. We prepared nanoparticles from liquid
crystalline self-assembled mixtures of nonlamellar
lipids and neurotrophin BDNF. The nanoparticles were
functionalized by a PEGylated amphiphilic derivative.
The performed cryo-TEM and SAXS investigations
established
the
formation
of
BDNF-loaded
nanocarriers with multicompartment liquid crystalline
organization. The interaction of the novel lipid
nanocarriers
with
a
differentiated
human
neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line (a cellular model of
neurodegeneration) was evidenced by confocal
fluorescence microscopy imaging.
Conclusions. The obtained multicompartment liquid
crystalline nanoparticles, encapsulating neurotrophic
protein, may be anticipated to show therapeutic
potential in repairing damaged neurons by regulation
of the neuronal survival and plasticity.
P5 Adjuvants Show Dramatically Different
Interactions with Model Cell Membranes
Lorena Antúneza, Prajna Dharb, Cory Berklanda
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of
Kansas, Lawrence, KS
bDepartment of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The
University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
Objective. Vaccines commonly contain antigens
adsorbed to an adjuvant to enhance the immune
response. Despite their prevalence, we do not fully
understand how adjuvants stimulate immune cells. It is
thought that receptors on antigen-presenting cells
(APCs) recognize adjuvant-adsorbed antigen and both
are phagocytized. However, a new theory suggests
some adjuvants, specifically aluminum adjuvants,
strongly interact with lipids within the cell membrane,
especially those within lipid rafts. This adjuvant-lipid
interaction disrupts the membrane, allowing antigen to
enter the cell without the adjuvant. Understanding the
interaction between adjuvants and APC membranes
could help explain how adjuvants potentiate immune
responses and could improve vaccine formulations.
This work aims to characterize the interaction of bare
and ovalbumin (OVA)-loaded Alhydrogel® and MF59
with cell membranes using representative lipid
monolayers.
Methods. Alhydrogel® and MF59 were tested bare or
with adsorbed OVA. Monolayers representing the bulk
cell membrane contained equal parts DOPC and DPPC
and monolayers representing lipid rafts contained
equal parts DOPC, cholesterol, and sphingomyelin.
Surface pressure was measured to monitor lipidadjuvant interactions. Lipid domains were stained to
observe their density and morphology in the presence
of the different adjuvants.
Results. Alhydrogel® reduced the domain density and
size while MF59 stabilized the monolayer and
increased the domain size. Adsorption of OVA to
Alhydrogel® reduced the surface pressure faster and
depleted the monolayer more than the bare adjuvant.
OVA-loaded MF59 reduced the surface pressure
compared to MF59 alone, but remained constant over
time.
Conclusions. The significant depletion of the
monolayer by OVA-loaded Alhydrogel® indicates that
it could directly disrupt the cell membrane. Conversely,
the sustained interaction of MF59 with the monolayer
implies it may have stable contact with cell
membranes. The different behaviors of these adjuvants
with model cell membranes suggest different
mechanisms of antigen delivery, which may affect
subsequent immune response.
P6 Enhanced Percutaneous Permeation of
Dehydroepiandosterone
Loaded
Nanocapsules
Amit Badihia, Nir Debottona, Marina Frušić-Zlotkina, Yoram Sorokaa,
Rami Neumanb and Simon Benitaa
aInstitute
for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of
Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120,
Israel
bDepartment of Cosmetic Surgery, Hadassah Hospital Ein Kerem,
Jerusalem 91120, Israel
Objective. In this study, we designed adequate DHEA
preparations, in an attempt to enable local delivery of
the active ingredient to the viable skin layers. In
addition, the potential efficiency of DHEA NCs on
dermal collagen synthesis was evaluated.
Methods. The Various PLGA nanocarriers were
prepared using the solvent displacement method. The
nanocarriers were characterized by size and zeta
potential measurements and their morphological
evaluation was assessed by TEM and Cryo-TEM. The
physical state of the entrapped drug in the nanocarrier
matrix was carried out using DSC. Site-localization
experiments were performed on excised pig skin in
Franz diffusion cells and collagen synthesis was
evaluated upon human skin culture.
Results. Cryo-TEM observations and thermal analysis
indicated that DHEA was successfully incorporated
within a stable NCs based delivery system. Moreover,
higher [3H]-DHEA levels were recorded in the viable
skin layers following different incubation periods of
NCs on excised pig skin specimens as compared to
DHEA oil solution (free molecules). Furthermore,
significantly higher (4 fold) transdermal flux values
were observed for the DHEA NCs as compared to the
values elicited by the oil control solution. Finally,
collagen synthesis in human skin organ culture,
assessed by the incorporation of [3H]-proline, was up
to 50% higher for DHEA NCs 48 h post topical
application than for the untreated specimens.
Conclusions. These results suggest that poly lactic-coglycolic acid (PLGA) based NCs have promising
potential to be used topically for various skin disorders.
P7
Curcumin
Nanoparticles
Loaded
Solid
Lipid
Coated
with
N-
Carboxymethyl Chitosan to Modify Release
Jong-Suep Baeka and Cheong-Weon Choa
aCollege
of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305764, South Korea
Objective. Curcumin (CUR) has been reported to
exhibit potent in vitro anticancer effects in a surfeit of
human cancer cell lines and majorly in the
carcinogenesis of GIT, in animals. However, its poor
59
Poster Abstracts
solubility, bioavailability and stability limit its in vivo
clinical efficacy for the cancer treatment. Solid lipid
nanoparticles (SLNs) are promising delivery systems
for the enhancement of solubility and bioavailability of
hydrophobic drugs. However, initial burst release of
drug from SLNs in acidic environment such as gastric
milieu limits its usage as oral delivery system.
Methods. We prepared CUR-loaded SLNs coated with
N-carboxymethyl chitosan (NCC) to protect the rapid
release of CUR in acidic environment and enhance the
bioavailability. These SLNs were characterized by
determining particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation
efficiency and polydispersity index. Furthermore, in
vitro drug release was studied in simulated gastric and
intestinal fluids.
Results. CUR-loaded SLNs coated with NCC exhibited
245.1 ± 5.4 nm of particle size, -10.4 ± 3.9 mV of zeta
potential and 78.5 ± 3.1% of encapsulation efficiency.
SEM images revealed a spherical architecture and
correlated with the particle size results. The
cumulative released % of CUR from CUR-loaded SLNs
and CUR-loaded SLNs coated with NCC was conducted
using a modified Franz diffusion cell. CUR-loaded SLNs
exhibited 40.4 ± 5.4% release of CUR in 2 h in SGF.
However, the release of CUR from SLN in SIF has shown
controlled and sustained release of CUR from the SLN.
Conclusions. Based on these results, it can be
concluded that this nanoparticles can be used to
protect burst release in acidic environment and
improve therapeutic efficacy of the drugs.
P8 Tadalafil Loaded Nanostructured Lipid
Carriers Using Permeability Enhancers for
Transdermal Delivery
aCollege
Objective. The aim of this work was to investigate the
transdermal nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs)
loaded with tadalafil (TAD), a practically insoluble
selective phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor in
order to improve the solubility and skin permeability.
Methods. TAD-loaded NLC was prepared with glyceryl
monostearate (GMS) as a solid lipid, oleic acid as a
liquid lipid and Tween 80 as a surfactant. It was
characterized
by
determining
particle size,
polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation
efficiency and TEM. In vitro skin permeation studies
were carried out using Franz diffusion cells. Finally, the
gel containing TAD-loaded NLCs was prepared.
Results. GMS and oleic acid were selected as solid and
liquid lipid phase, because it allowed the highest
solubility of TAD among tested lipids. For preparing
NLCs, the lipid ratio was significant factor influencing
on mean particle size, followed by the emulsifier
60
concentration. The optimized NLC formulation showed
190.6 ± 5.1 nm of particle size and 89.6 ± 2.8 % of
encapsulation efficiency. The TEM image of optimized
NLC formulation showed typical spherical shapes. The
increase of TAD skin permeability was occurred from
all NLC formulations. Among them, TAD-loaded NLCs
with limonene and ethanol as skin permeation
enhancers exhibited the highest flux (about 4.8 folds)
compared to saturated TAD solution. Furthermore,
NLC gel with selected permeation enhancers exhibited
tolerated toxicity in HaCaT cell line. In cellular uptake
study, NLCs and NLC incorporated gel showed
increasing tendency according time. However, NLC
incorporated gel exhibited lower cellular uptake than
that of NLCs only.
Conclusions. These results suggest that the NLC with
limonene and ethanol as skin permeation enhancers
could be a promising transdermal delivery carrier for
TAD.
P9 Paclitaxel Loaded SLNs Modified with
HPCD
with
Low
Renal
Toxicity
for
Enhancing Bioavailability
aCollege
Objective. This study was to evaluate the potential of
solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of paclitaxel (PTX)
modified with a 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin
(HPCD) system to enhance cellular accumulation of
PTX into breast cancer cells via intravenous
administration.
Methods. PTX-loaded SLNs (PS) or PS modified with
HPCD (PSC) was prepared by hot-melted sonication.
The anticancer activity of the PSC was evaluated in
MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells. Confocal microscopy was
carried out to visualize the used to quantify cellular
uptake. The pharmacokinetic study of PTX in PSC after
intravenous administration and xenograft study were
performed in rats. Also, the toxicity on kidney was
determined by measuring size of kidney and creatinine
level in plasma.
Results. PSC was successfully prepared by hot-melted
sonication method with smaller size compared to PS.
PSC exhibited higher anticancer activity and cellular
uptake than that of PTX solution in MCF-7 cells.
Furthermore, PSC showed not only higher
bioavailability in rats after intravenous administration
but also no significant difference of kidney toxicity
compared PS or PTX solution. In xenograft study, the
tumor volume in rat treated with PSC was smaller than
those in rat treated with Taxol, indicated the PSC have
better antitumor efficacy.
Conclusions. Based on these results, PSC could be a
potentially useful delivery system for PTX with low
toxicity on kidney in breast cancer cells.
P11 In Vitro Enzymatic Degradation of
P10 Reversal of Multidrug Resistance in
MCF-7/ADR Cells Using Dual Drug-Loaded
Solid
Lipid
Nanoparticles
with
Double
Targeting
aCollege
Objective. Paclitaxel is used in the treatment of many
types of cancer, but its intracellular uptake into
multidrug resistant cells (MCF-7/ADR) is restricted by
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux. Curcumin has known to
inhibit p-gp efflux pump. However, a potential drugdrug interaction exists between paclitaxel and
curcumin. This study reports the preparation of
multifunctional solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)
encapsulated anticancer agent paclitaxel and p-gp
inhibitor verapamil, intended for dual targeting of the
drug to the tumor sites via a conjugation of folate and
hyaluronic acid along with a reduced side effects.
Methods. Dual drug-loaded with dual targeting moiety
SLNs (DD-SLNs) were prepared using solvent
emulsification and evaporation method. Paclitaxel and
curcumin were selected as drugs to incorporate in SLN.
Specific amounts of curcumin and 2-hydroxypropyl-ßcyclodextrin (HPCD) were mixed to obtain inclusion
complexes, resulting in faster release than that of
paclitaxel. These NPs were characterized for particle
size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro
drug release, cytotoxicity, and cell uptake in breast
cancer cell lines. To compare cytotoxicity, MTT assay
was conducted using multidrug-resistant MCF-7/ADR
cell line.
Results. After coated with hyaluronic acid and folic
acid, particle size of SLNs (175.2 ± 14.2 nm) increased
compared to non-coated SLNs (103.5 ± 4.1 nm). In vitro
cytotoxic study, dual drug-loaded SLNs (DD-SLNs)
exhibited significant higher cytotoxicity than those of
non-coated SLNs.
Conclusions. Based on these results, it can be
concluded that this novel nanoparticles were
successfully prepared and strong cytotoxicity on
multidrug resistance cell line MCF-7/ADR.
Lipidified Apomorphine
Nrupa Borkara, Boyang Lia, René Holmb, Anders Håkanssonb, Anette
Müllertza,c , Mingshi Yanga and Huiling Mua
aUniversity of
Copenhagen, Denmark
Lundbeck A/S, Denmark
cBioneer: FARMA, Denmark
bH.
Objective. To overcome hepatic first-pass metabolism
of apomorphine, a possible strategy may be to develop
a lipid-based oral delivery system containing lipophilic
prodrugs of apomorphine. Potentially, this may
stimulate the lymphatic drug transport and thereby,
avoid the hepatic first- pass metabolism. The aim of
this study was to synthesize and purify lipophilic
diesters of apomorphine and to investigate in vitro
enzymatic degradation of the apomorphine diesters in
simulated intestinal fluids by incorporating them into
self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS).
Methods. Apomorphine diesters were synthesized by
treating apomorphine HCl with an excess of acid
chloride upon heating for 6h. The crude product was
purified by column chromatography and the purity
was assessed by LC-MS and NMR.
Various compositions of SNEDDS preconcentrates
were prepared by mixing oil (soybean oil, miglyol
812N or castor oil), co-surfactant (maisine 35-1),
surfactant (cremophor-RH 40) and co- solvent
(ethanol) in the incubator at 37°C for 12h. Miscible
systems were used for further experiments.
The in vitro enzymatic diester degradation
experiments were performed using aqueous medium
containing bile salts, phospholipids, sodium chloride
and maleate (pH 6.5). The degradation was initiated
by addition of pancreatin with stirring at 37°C.
Samples were collected before addition of enzyme,
and 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min after; and further
degradation of diester in samples was inhibited with an
immediate dilution in organic solvent. The amount of
diester was quantified by HPLC.
Results. About 78 %-100 % of the diester remained
undegraded after 30 min when incorporated into
SNEDDS, while the diester was fully degraded after
10 min when it was not administered with SNEDDS.
Conclusions. SNEDDS reduced enzymatic degradation
of apomorphine diesters to a large extent in the
presence of pancreatin. Thus, the apomorphine diester
incorporated into SNEDDS may have a potential to be
transported via lymphatic drug transport.
61
Poster Abstracts
P12
Alzheimer’s
Disease:
Receptor-
P13
Asymmetrical
Flow
Field-Flow
Targeted BACE-1 Inhibition
Fractionation with On-Line Detection for
Davide Brambillaa*, Jong-Ah Kima*, Roxane Porcheta & JeanChristophe Lerouxa
Drug
aDepartment
Switzerland
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich,
Objective. Despite the strong scientific effort,
Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of
dementia, remains a major challenge of medicine.
Various studies highlighted a pivotal role for Aβ
peptide aggregates in triggering the disease. Aβ
originates from the cleavage of the amyloid precursor
protein (APP) by the enzymatic action of the βsecretase (BACE1) a multi-functional enzyme.
Accordingly, inhibition of BACE1 is considered a
promising therapeutic strategy. Recent findings
indicate that APP is endocytosed from the neuronal
surface together with BACE1 via the LRP1 receptor
and that most of the Aβ-producing cleavage takes place
within the endosomal compartment (at acidic pH).
Our goal is to test a new drug targeting strategy by
coupling a Secretase Inhibitor (SI) to the Angiopep-2
(ANG), a peptide currently in clinical trial for its ability
to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and be
internalized within neuronal cells via LRP1.
The resulting molecule bears two functional features:
(a) transport of the SI across the BBB, and (b) LRP1
recognition, triggering the internalization of the SI,
leading to its co-localization with BACE1 within the
endosomes.
Methods. The influence of the ANG moiety on the
activity of the inhibitor on BACE1 was tested by FRET.
The ability of ANG to transport the inhibitor into the
endosomes of human neuronal cells and the
implication of LRP1 in the internalization was assessed
by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.
Results. The presence of ANG molecule only slightly
modifies the inhibitory activity of the inhibitor on
purified BACE1. On the contrary, it drastically
increases the SI’s internalization within human
neurons, leading to clear endosomal localization.
Conclusions. The coupling of ANG can increase the
specific endosomal localization of secretase inhibitors
within human neuronal cells, possibly sparing other
essential activities of BACE1.
Acknowledgements. D.B. and J-A.K. acknowledge
support from the ETH Zurich Fellowship. This work
is financially supported by Carigest.
Transfer
Studies:
Investigating
Transfer Kinetics of a Model Drug between
Liposomal Bilayers
Askell Hinnaa, Stefan Hupfeldb, Judith Kuntschea and Martin Brandla
aDepartment
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Southern Denmark, Campusvej55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
bAker BioPharma AS, Fjordallèen 16, N-0115 Oslo, Norway
Objective. To develop an in vitro method for prediction
of premature loss of lipophilic/amphiphilic drug
compounds from liposomal drug carriers via transfer
to biological sinks upon intravenous administration.
Here we report further refinement of a drug
transfer assay, where liposomes are employed as a sink
and its application to determine transfer kinetics of a
lipophilic model drug, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4hydroxyphenyl) 21H, 23h-porphine (p-THPP).
Methods. Small (mean diameter ~70 nm) p-THPPloaded donor liposomes (DL) were incubated with
large (mean diameter ~270 nm) drug-free acceptor
liposomes (AL) at a total lipid concentration of 45
mg/mL with lipid mass ratio 1: 0.8 (DL: AL) at 37°C.
Samples were taken at intervals for up to 48 h.
Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) was
employed to separate donor- from acceptor-liposomes,
and fractions were collected. p-THPP in both liposome
types was quantified by on-line UV/VIS extinction
measurements at 519 nm, under correction for
turbidity using drug-free liposomes (blank).
Methanolic solutions (1:10 v/v) of the collected
fractions were analyzed offline by HPLC to validate online quantification.
Results. The amount of p-THPP in both donor- and
acceptor liposomes could be determined by on-line
UV/VIS extinction measurements at all time-points up
to 48 h with unprecedented precision. The
contribution of turbidity to the overall measured
UV/VIS extinction of DL and AL were as small as ≤ 6%
and 53% respectively at equilibrium. In consequence,
on-line quantification of model drug was found
reproducible (rel SD ≤ 5%), and in general in good
agreement with off-line analysis by HPLC (no
significant difference in DL fraction, ≤ 10% difference
in AL fraction). The relative amount of p-THPP was
plotted, and the transfer kinetics analyzed. Rate
constants were ~0.0023 min-1 with half-lifes of ~300
min.
Conclusions. Our refined method was found suited to
determine transfer kinetics of the model drug p-THPP
between liposomal bilayers.
62
P14 Evaluation of Oncolytic Adenoviruses
P15
as Adjuvants for MHC-I Restricted Peptides
Intracellular Drug Delivery
for a New Cancer Vaccine Platform
Arianna Castoldia,b, Petra Derschc, Sarah Gordona,b, Claus-Michael
Lehra,b
Cristian Capassoa, Mariangela Garofaloa, Mari Hirvinena, Lukasz
Kuryka, Dmitry Romanyuka, Maxim Antopolskya, Arto Urttib and
Vincenzo Cerulloa
aImmunoViroTherapy
Lab, Centre for Drug Research (CDR) and
Division of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Helsinki, Finland Europe
bDrug delivery Group, Centre for Drug Research (CDR) and Division
of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Faculty of Pharmacy University of
Helsinki, Finland Europe
Objective. The aim of this study is to evaluate the
immunostimulating potential of MHC-I tumorrestricted peptides co-delivered with oncolytic
adenoviruses (OAds).
Methods. MHC-I restricted peptides have been
engineered in order to establish electrostatic
interactions with the negative surface of OAds. We
studied the resulting complexes by analyzing their
electric charge (zeta potential) and aggregation profile
(dynamic light scattering), and using surface plasmon
resonance (SPR). Afterwards, we used different
human-derived tumor cell lines to perform
transduction and cell viability (MTS) assays. The
uptake from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) has been
evaluated by flow cytometer analysis. Then, we
assessed cross presentation of SIINFEKL peptide ex
vivo by pulsing splenocytes with the peptide and virus
and then we analyzed the amount of peptide presented
on MHC-I by flow cytometer.
Results. The analysis of the electric charge revealed
that complexes formed using high amount of peptides
are stable and positively charged (+20 mV). SPR
analysis confirmed the interactions between positive
peptides and the negative viral capsid. In addition, no
significant aggregation has been observed in these
conditions. Moreover, the biological activity
(infectivity and tumor killing efficacy) of coated OAds
is similar to naked OAds. Flow cytometer analysis
revealed that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are able
to uptake the complex and that the presence of OAds is
able to enhance the ex vivo cross-presentation of
SIINFEKL peptide on MHC-I.
Conclusions. Our study clearly shows that the viral
capsid can be used as scaffold to deliver
immunogenic peptides without hindering the biology
of oncolytic viruses. In addition, we report that APCs
can uptake the complex in vitro. Finally, pulsing
splenocytes ex vivo with peptide in presence of OAds
seems to enhance the cross-presentation mechanism
suggesting that our system might represent an
important tool to develop more sophisticated cancer
vaccine approaches.
Shape-Modified
Nanocarriers
for
aHelmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS),
Germany
bSaarland University, Germany
cHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Germany
Objective. To develop a polymeric nanocarrier that
exhibits a non-spherical shape, and to investigate the
impact and possible applications of such a nanocarrier
in the field of drug delivery.
Methods. Poly(D,L lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)
spherical nanoparticles were first prepared using a
double
emulsion/solvent
diffusion
method.
Nanoparticles were characterized in terms of colloidal
properties and imaged by scanning electron
microscopy. Aspherical nanoparticles were then
created by applying a distinct thermomechanical
stimulus to the spherical nanoparticles, causing a
modification of the primary shape (J.A. Champion et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2007, 104, 602-9).This
procedure was optimized, and produced aspherical
particles were characterized with respect to their
colloidal properties.
To investigate the feasibility of coupling a targeting
moiety to the surface of produced particles, bovine
serum albumin as a model protein was covalently
conjugated to the surface of both spherical and
aspherical nanoparticles. The efficiency of conjugation
was calculated by quantifying the amount of bound
protein, using the bicinchoninic acid assay.
Results. An optimized method for obtaining aspherical
PLGA nanoparticles by applying a thermomechanical
stimulus to spherical nanoparticles was successfully
established. The change in particle shape was clearly
evident from scanning electron microscopy images
which demonstrated the presence of rod-shaped
particles, and a correlation between the parameters of
the applied stimulus and the resulting nanoparticle
shape modification was established using different
analytical techniques. The effect between the external
conditions of both aspherical particle preparation and
treatment and particle shape recovery was established.
Furthermore, bovine serum albumin could be
successfully coupled to the surface of both spherical
and aspherical nanoparticles.
Conclusions. An optimized procedure for preparing a
polymeric nanocarrier exhibiting a rod-shape was
successfully developed. Current and future work
focuses on drug loading of rod-shaped nanoparticles, as
well as surface functionalization with specific targeting
moieties followed by investigation of cellular uptake
properties.
63
Poster Abstracts
P16
Impact
Polymorphism
of
CYP3A5
on
Genetic
Mechanism-Based
Inactivation by Lapatinib
Eric Chun Yong
Chooa
aDepartment
Chana,
James Chun Yip
Matrix
and
Segmented
Reservoir
Intravaginal Ring Devices for Sustained
Chana
and Devester Yun Ming
Singapore
Objective. Mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of
CYP450 enzymes results in irreversible loss of enzyme
activity, increasing the risk of DDIs. Lapatinib, a dual
tyrosine kinase inhibitor, exhibits idiosyncratic
hepatotoxicity. Primarily metabolized by CYP3A4/5,
lapatinib is oxidized to a reactive quinoneimine
intermediate suggested to cause MBI of CYP3A5.
CYP3A5 is polymorphically expressed, where *1/*1
carriers possess CYP3A5 levels up to 50% of total
CYP3A content, while *3/*3 carriers have negligible
CYP3A5. This study aims to explore the impact of
CYP3A5 polymorphism on individual susceptibility to
lapatinib-induced CYP3A4/5 inactivation.
Methods. In vitro inactivation of CYP3A4/5 by
lapatinib was investigated in a panel of 12 CYP3A5genotyped, single donor human liver microsomes
(HLM). Lapatinib (0-75 µM) was pre-incubated with
0.6 mg/mL HLM for 0-30 minutes and residual enzyme
activity determined using testosterone as the probe
substrate to obtain the inactivation kinetics parameter
kinact/KI. Reactive metabolite trapping studies using
glutathione (GSH) as a trapping agent were performed
in the same panel of HLM to determine the extent of
quinoneimine formation.
Results. A two-fold higher kinact/KI ratio suggested
higher potency of inactivation within CYP3A5 *1/*1
versus *3/*3 carriers (6.88 ± 2.09 and 3.57 ± 1.92
min -1 mM-1 respectively). Mean peak area ratios of
lapatinib-derived GSH adduct were also two-fold
higher in *1/*1 versus *3/*3 carriers (2.97 ± 1.11 and
1.27 ± 1.55 respectively, p>0.05). Both these
parameters correlated positively with testosterone 6βhydroxylation activity, confirming that these
observations were mediated primarily by CYP3A4/5.
Although not statistically significant, the results
suggested that CYP3A5 *1/*1 carriers generate
elevated levels of reactive metabolite and may
experience a greater magnitude of lapatinib-induced
inactivation.
Conclusions. This is the first attempt to elucidate the
influence of CYP450 polymorphisms on modulating
the susceptibility of an individual to CYP450
inactivation.
Our
results
highlight
the
multidimensional impact of CYP450 polymorphisms
beyond affecting the clinical efficacy of xenobiotics.
64
P17 Development of Surface Modified
Delivery of Hydroxychloroquine
Yufei Chena, Yannick Traorea, Amanda Lia, Emmanuel A. Hoa
aLaboratory for
Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Faculty of
Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Canada
Objective. The goal of this study was to develop novel
intravaginal ring (IVR) drug delivery systems for the
controlled, sustained (>14 days) release of
hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as a novel strategy for the
prevention of HIV-1 infection within the female genital
tract. HCQ has been reported to present anti-HIV
activity and anti-inflammatory properties.
Methods. The polyether urethane matrix and
reservoir IVR segments were fabricated by hot- melt
injection molding. Matrix segments were either noncoated or coated with 10% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
or 5% poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Both matrix and
reservoir segments were loaded with equivalent
amounts of HCQ for release studies at 37°C in pH 4
release medium. HCQ was quantitated using reversedphase high performance liquid chromatography.
Accelerated stability studies were conducted at room
temperature (RT) or at 40°C/75% relative humidity
(RH) in an environmental chamber. In vitro cell
viability and proinflammatory cytokine production of
vaginal and ectocervical epithelial cells were evaluated
by incubating the cells with IVR elution medium up to
30 days.
Results. Burst release of 41.08 ± 2.24% during the
first 24h was observed in the non-coated matrix IVR
segments, followed by decreasing release rate for 18
days. The burst effect was significantly (P<0.05)
attenuated using PVP and PVA coating (34.63 ±
2.39% and 25.36 ± 2.62%, respectively). HCQ
reservoir segments exhibited a near zero-order release
profile with no burst release and average release rate
of 195.59 ± 24.96 µg (4.67 ± 0.59%) per day. HCQ
within both systems was stable under elevated
conditions. No cellular cytotoxicity or significant proinflammatory cytokine production was observed.
Conclusions. This is the first study to fabricate and
characterize surface modified matrix IVRs and
segmented reservoir IVRs for the controlled, sustained
release of HCQ over 14 days. Both systems
demonstrated to be non-cytotoxic and may be a
suitable platform for the prevention of HIV-1
transmission.
P18 Exploitation of the Anti-Inflammatory
P19
and
Dimerization of the Human Bile Acid
Cytoprotective
Electrophilic
Bioactive
Properties
of
Compounds
for
Potential Application in Cancer Prevention
Shridhivya A. Reddya, Amrita A. Naglea, Fei-Fei Gana, Truong-Minh
Dangb, Siew-Cheng Wongb, Eng-Hui Chewa
aDepartment
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of
Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of
Singapore
bSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science,
Technology and Research (ASTAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Biopolis,
Singapore 138648
Objective. Induction of the cytoprotective phase 2
enzymes through transcription factor Nrf2 is regarded
as a cancer preventive strategy. Given the association
of chronic inflammation with carcinogenesis,
compounds
eliciting
anti-inflammatory
and
cytoprotective effects are promising candidates for
chemoprevention. This study aimed to investigate the
anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities of
several structurally diversified compounds that
contain a Michael acceptor or isothiocyanate moiety as
electrophilic centres.
Methods. Compounds were assessed for their antiinflammatory properties in LPS-induced mouse
macrophage RAW264.7 cells and human monocytes
isolated from donors. To assess the cytoprotective
properties of these compounds, their ability to induce
antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated gene
expression was assessed in HEK293 cells using the ARE
luciferase reporter gene assay.
Results. The expression of inflammatory mediators
including iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were
suppressed by the compounds. The NF-κB pathway
was a molecular target, with cysteines in IKKβ found to
be targeted by the compounds. Compounds identified
to possess anti-inflammatory effects concomitantly
produced induction of ARE transcription. The
compounds showed induction of Nrf2 and phase 2
enzyme levels in Keap1+/+ MEFs that was abrogated in
Keap1-/- MEFs, underscoring the role of Keap1 in
mediating these effects. Cysteines in Keap1 were
indeed found to be targeted by the molecules.
Conclusions. This study had examined the antiinflammatory and phase 2 enzyme inducing activities
of electrophilic bioactive compounds, which may be
further exploited as agents in cancer prevention.
Evidence
for
the
Functional
Transporter ASBT (SLC10A2)
Paresh Chothea, Robyn Moorea and Peter Swaana
aUniversity of
Maryland, USA
Objective. ASBT (SLC10A2) is not only important for
bile acid reclamation but also for cholesterol
homeostasis which makes ASBT an excellent
pharmacological target for the treatment of
hypercholesterolemia. Previously, our lab has
developed a seven transmembrane domain (7 TMD)
model to understand ASBT topology. Although it is
believed that ASBT acquires both monomer and
dimeric forms there is no direct biochemical evidence
in support of homodimerization of ASBT.
Methods. COS-1 cells were used for the transient
transfection of WT and cysteineless ASBT. HA and
Flag tags were introduced at C-terminal of WT and
cysteineless ASBT by inverted PCR mutagenesis.
Chemical cross-linking of WT ASBT was performed
using two thiol-cleavable, lipophilic and bifunctional
cross-linkers DSP and DTSSP. To study ASBT
dimerization, immunoprecipitation experiments were
carried out using HA and Flag tagged WT and
cysteineless ASBT. Functional dimerization of ASBT
was analyzed by co-expressing WT and cysteineless
ASBT in COS-1 cells followed by [3H]-TCA uptake and
surface biotinylation. Saturation studies were
performed to determine the effect of nonfunctional
cysteineless ASBT on kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax)
of WT ASBT.
Results. Chemical cross-linking with DSP and DTSSP
showed that ASBT exists in both monomeric and
dimeric forms and to some extent as higher order
oligomeric forms. Immunoprecipitation experiments
demonstrated physical interaction between HA and
Flag tagged WT ASBT and Cysless ASBT suggesting that
physical interaction between ASBT molecules does not
require endogenous cysteines. Furthermore, coexpression of WT and Cysless ASBT revealed that WT
ASBT dimerized with cysteineless ASBT in the
membrane and cysless ASBT revealed a dominant
negative effect on WT ASBT function which is further
corroborated by kinetic analyses.
Conclusions. ASBT adapts a functional dimeric
structure.
65
Poster Abstracts
P20 Predicting Safe and Effective Doses for
P21 Coupling an Absorption Sink to the In
Children:
Vitro
Integrating
Adult
Clinical
Lipid
Digestion
Model
Improves
Parameters with In Vitro Metabolism by
Understanding of Drug Absorption from
Pediatric Tissues and Modeling
Lipid-Based Formulations
Nicole R Zanea, Souzan Yannia, Dhiren R Thakkera
Matthew F. Cruma, Hywel D. Williamsa, Colin W. Poutona and
Christopher J.H. Portera
aDivision
of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC
Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599.
Objective. Voriconazole, a first-line antifungal, is
cleared via oxidative metabolism. In children, clearance
is 3-fold higher and oral bioavailability (F)
approximately one-half compared to adults. In vitro
metabolism of voriconazole was investigated to
elucidate the molecular basis of these differences, and
a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model
was developed to predict safe and effective pediatric
doses.
Methods. In vitro metabolism studies were conducted
with adult and pediatric hepatic microsomes and singly
expressed enzymes. An adult PBPK model (Simcyp;
version 12.1) was developed based on hepatic in vitro
metabolism data, and validated against adult clinical
data. The adult model was modified by including
pediatric hepatic in vitro metabolism data to develop a
pediatric PBPK model.
Results. Voriconazole was metabolized by pediatric
liver microsomes ~3-fold faster than by adult liver
microsomes, reflecting higher clearance in children.
Contribution of CYP3A4 toward metabolism was lower
and that of CYP2C19 and flavin monooxygenase (FMO)
was greater in children compared to adults. PBPK
models accurately predicted adult and pediatric
clearance of 2.4 and 5.0 mL/min/kg, respectively, and
F of 83% in adults, but over-predicted the F in children
by 2-fold. The over-prediction of F in children
suggested intestinal first-pass intestinal metabolism,
which was not considered in developing the model.
Conclusions. The greater contribution of CYP2C19 and
FMO in children toward voriconazole metabolism may
explain higher clearance since activity/expression of
these enzymes is higher in children. PBPK models
developed based on hepatic metabolism can predict in
vivo clearance in children and adults. Failure of the
pediatric model, but not of the adult model, to predict F
suggested intestinal first-pass metabolism of
voriconazole in children but not in adults. These
studies show the value of in vitro metabolism and PBPK
modeling studies in predicting PK parameters, and
therefore predicting safe and effective doses in
children.
66
aMonash
Melbourne, Australia
Objective. One of the limitations to the more
widespread use of lipid-based formulations in oral
drug delivery is incomplete understanding of the drug
properties that are most critical to in vivo performance.
Here an in vitro model that incorporates both simulated
lipid digestion and lipid/drug absorption was
developed. Using this digestion-absorption model, the
impact of drug formulation on formulation digestion,
drug solubilisation and drug permeability was
assessed in vivo.
Methods. An established in vitro model was used to
simulate intestinal digestion. The addition of the
absorptive sink was achieved using an isolated
perfused rat jejunum. A peristaltic pump was used to
connect the two systems, and digesting lipid
formulations were continually perfused from the in
vitro digestion apparatus through the jejunum.
Results. A range of lipid-based formulations,
incorporating the model poorly water-soluble drug
fenofibrate, were characterised by in vitro digestion. In
general formulations containing higher quantities of
co-solvent and surfactant (e.g. Lipid Formulation
Classification Scheme (LFCS) Type IV formulation)
resulted in higher supersaturation and more rapid
drug precipitation when compared to those with
proportionally higher quantities of lipid (e.g. LFCS
Type IIIA formulation). In contrast, when the same
formulations were examined using the coupled
digestion-absorption model, drug flux into the
mesenteric vein was similar regardless of formulation.
Conclusions. This work demonstrates the potential of
a combined in vitro digestion and in situ permeability
model to improve understanding of drug absorption
from digesting lipid-based formulations in vivo. The
data suggest that simple in vitro lipid digestion models
may overestimate the potential for drug precipitation
since they lack an absorption sink.
P22 A Molecular Switch Using Genetically
P23
Preparation
and
Evaluation
of
Engineered Polymers
Bioactivated
Jugal Dhandhukiaa, Isaac Weitzhandlerb, Wan Wanga, John Andrew
MacKaya,c
Nanocomplexes for Favoured Cell Migration
Polyelectrolyte
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
bDepartment of Chemical Engineering
cDepartment of Biomedical Engineering
University of Southern California, USA
Tiziana Di Francescoa, Annasara Hanssona, Olivier Jordana and Gerrit
Borcharda
Objective. Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are
environmentally responsive polymers that undergo
phase separation in response to increased
temperature, ionic strength and pH. What has been
lacking is a strategy to design ELPs to respond to
specific substrates. To address this deficiency, the aim
was to investigate the hypothesis that ELP fusion
proteins exhibit switchable solubility upon binding of
specific small ligand molecules.
Objective. We aimed at creating polyelectrolyte
nanocomplexes (PECs) linked to the tripeptide RGD, in
order to favour wound healing when this process is
impaired.
aDepartment
Methods. FKBP-ELP fusion constructs were genetically
engineered and purified from E.coli. The sensitivity and
stoichiometry of FKBP-ELP fusion proteins toward a
small ligand molecule called CID (chemical inducer of
dimerization) was tested by determining optical
density profiles of fusion polymers using UV-Vis
spectrometry. The reversible switching was further
evaluated by determining the turbidity profiles of
FKBP-ELP fusion polymers at a fixed temperature in
presence of CID and the Rapamycin respectively. The
binding affinity of CID towards FKBP-ELP was
determined using Biolayer Interferometry. A
mathematical model describing the mechanism of CID
induced switching behavior of fusion protein was also
developed.
Results. Stoichiometric addition of CID produced a
decrease in transition temperature of FKBP-ELP fusion
polymer indicating dimerization mediated increase in
local length of appended ELPs. This observation was
further confirmed by determining increase in optical
density of fusion polymer at a fixed physiological
temperature
in
addition
of
stoichiometric
concentration of CID. The optical density returned to
baseline levels in real time on stoichiometric addition
of Rapamycin. This dimerization mediated reversible
ELP phase separation was validated by a two-step
mathematical model that successfully correlated the
drop in transition temperatures observed on UV-Vis
spectrometry with the hypothesized increase in ELP
length produced by the CID.
Conclusions. Binding of small ligand molecules to
FKBP-ELP successfully demonstrated reversible
polypeptide switch. Due to the adaptability and
specificity of this strategy, these fusion protein
polymers may be evaluated for diverse applications in
the detection of multimeric target substrates and
treatment of specific diseases.
aSchool
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University
of Lausanne, Switzerland
Methods. PECs were obtained in aqueous medium
through coacervation, using chondroitin sulfate as a
negatively charged polymer and RGD-carboxymethylN,N,N-trimethylchitosan (RGD-CM-TMC) as positively
charged polymer. The latter was obtained by a threestep synthesis starting from commercially available
chitosan.
PECs were characterized with different techniques
such as dynamic light scattering, scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and electrophoretic mobility. The
assays were carried out to determine the size, shape,
charge, aggregation tendency, stability, storage and
reproducibility of preparations. Moreover, interactions
between skin cells (HaCat) and PECs were investigated
in vitro using the Cell Proliferation Kit II®(XTT).
Finally, the ability of the PECs to induce adhesion was
investigated through the incubation of the
nanoparticles with human dermal fibroblasts (HDF).
Results. Positively charged PECs showed a size in the
200 to 300 nm range, with no significant variations
before and after centrifugation as well as before and
after freeze-drying. The round shape of RGD-CM-TMC
PECs was confirmed by SEM analysis.
After the contact of PECs with saline, PBS or
physiological media, swelling was observed. The
nanoparticles' stability in these media is nevertheless
suggested, since swollen size remains constant over 1
day.
The XTT assay shows a cell viability of 90% after
incubation with PECs at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml,
hence the toxic effect can be excluded. Furthermore,
PECs showed adhesion to HFD cells confirming their
bioactivity.
Conclusions. We were able to create several batches of
stable, storable and non-toxic nanoparticles, which
could represent the basis for further applications in
order to promote wound healing.
67
Poster Abstracts
P24 Remote Loading of GLP-1s in PLGA
P25 Tetraether Lipid-Based Transfection
Microspheres for Treatment of Type 2
Reagents for the Expression of Luciferase
Diabetes
Plasmid (pCMV-luc) in Various Cell Lines
Amy C. Dotya,c, David G. Weinsteina,c, Anna S. Schwendemanb,c,
Steven P. Schwendemana,c
Konrad H. Engelhardta, Udo Bakowskya
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan,
United States of America
bDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, United
States of America
cThe Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, United States of
America
Objective. The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
peptide agonist liraglutide has become an important
treatment option for management of type 2 diabetes.
Due to its poor bioavailability, solution dosage forms of
liraglutide must be administered by injection once-aday. Based on our group’s recent discovery that
peptides can rapidly partition in low molecular weight
acid-end-group poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) for
later controlled release, we sought to test a remote
loading strategy for liraglutide. We demonstrate rapid
microencapsulation of liraglutide at high loading and
encapsulation efficiency in PLGA microspheres from
aqueous solution for later controlled release.
Methods. Free acid terminated PLGA 50/50 (i.v.=0.34
dL/g) was used as received or suspended in 1M MgCl2
and shaken for 24 h at 25°C before washing with
ddH2O and drying. Porous microspheres with or
without suspended MgCO3 were prepared from
untreated and MgCl2-treated PLGA using water-in-oilin-water double emulsion solvent evaporation
methods. Prepared microspheres were incubated in 1.0
mg/mL liraglutide aqueous solution for 24 h at 37°C.
Loading was determined by loss of peptide from the
loading solution, measured by ultra-performance
liquid chromatography (UPLC) with UV detection. In
vitro release was measured in HEPES buffered saline
pH 7.4 at 37°C and peptide was measured by UPLC at
215nm.
Results. Treatment of PLGA with MgCl2 increased
liraglutide loading from 1.8 ± 0.1% w/w to 6.5 ± 0.1%
w/w (mean ± SEM n=3). Incorporation of MgCO3
further increased liraglutide loading to 9.6 ± 0.9% w/w
(98 ± 1% encapsulation efficiency). Following low
initial burst in the first week, peptide was released in a
slow and continuous fashion for over 10 weeks.
Conclusions. Treatment of PLGA with MgCl2 improved
loading and encapsulation efficiency of liraglutide. The
aqueous-based loading strategy resulted in negligible
initial burst of the GLP-1 agonist liraglutide, followed
by sustained and long-term peptide release in vitro.
68
aInstitute
of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, PhilippsUniversity Marburg, Germany
Objective. In this study, liposomal transfection
reagents composed of various tetraether and
conventional lipids were investigated. In contrast to
monopolar lipids, archaeal tetraether lipids are
equipped with C40, saturated methyl-branched
biphytanyl chains, linked at both ends to polar head
groups. Their unique structure makes them suitable for
the oral delivery of sensitive substances like peptides
and nucleic acids.
Methods. By using Soxhlet-apparatus, crude lipids
with sugar headgroups were extracted from the freeze
dried biomass of the Archaeal Sulfolobus
acidocaldarius. Acid hydrolysis and subsequent
purification steps resulted in pure GDNT (Glycerol
Dialkyl Nonitol Tetraether) and GDGT (Glycerol Dialkyl
Glycerol tetraether).
Preparation of liposomes was performed by using the
thin-film hydration method. Tetraether lipids were
mixed with conventional lipids like DPPC, EPC,
Cholesterol, and DOTAP. The entrapment of pCMV-luc
was checked by gel-retardation and EtBr exclusion
assay.
Transfection reagents were characterized using AFM,
Cryo-SEM and Zetasizer. Transfection efficiency was
studied in A549, EA.hy926 and SKOV-3 cell lines.
Results. The yield of extracted crude lipid, hydrolyzed
GDNT and GDGT was 6%, 1-2% and 0.5-1%,
respectively.
Transfection reagents with up to 20 mol%, tetraether
lipids could be prepared. Sizes of empty liposomes
were in a range of 150 – 200 nm and zeta-potential was
around +50 mV, depending on lipid composition. Sizes
of lipoplexes increased to 250-400 nm and zeta
potential drops to +10- 20 mV.
AFM and Cryo-SEM studies showed round shaped
vesicles, with higher diameter compared with Zetasizer
measurements.
Transfection efficiency increased with higher DOTAP
content and was lower by adding conventional lipids
like DPPC.
Conclusions. Stable liposomal transfection reagents
with various amounts and types of purified archaeal
tetraether lipids, could be prepared. They all showed
good transfection efficiency in different cell lines,
making them suitable as novel drug delivery systems.
P26
Optimization
of
Tumor-Targeted
P27 Assessment of Antileishmanial Activity
Nanoparticles for Paclitaxel Delivery with
of Pyrazinamide by In Vitro Time-Kill Curve
Folate-PEG
Experiments
Conjugated
Amphiphilic
against
Leishmania
Cyclodextrins
(Leishmania) amazonensis
Nazlı Erdoğara, Levent Önera, Güneş Esendağlıb, Thorbjorn T.
Nielsenc, Erem Bilensoya
Nivea Falcaoa, Sebastian Moralesa, Cordula Heinrichsa, Kenneth
Hernandeza, Peter Kimaa, Sherwin Sya, Hartmut Derendorfa
aHacettepe
aUniversity
University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of
Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Sıhhiye-Ankara, Turkey
bHacettepe University, Cancer Institute, Department of Basic
Oncology, 06100 Sıhhiye-Ankara, Turkey
cUniversity of Aalborg, Faculty of Engineering and Science,
Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental
Engineering, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
Objective. The aim of the work was to develop and
characterize paclitaxel loaded and actively targeted
nanoparticles using a new folate-PEG-conjugated
amphiphilic cyclodextrin derivative via factorial
design. As a result of factorial design data, formulation
that gave the desired characteristics was analysed in
terms of anticancer efficacy in cell culture studies.
Methods. A new folated conjugated CD was
characterized with H-NMR spectroscopy for structure
and purity. Nanoparticles were prepared by the
nanoprecipitation method with folate-conjugated
cyclodextrin (X1) and Pluronic F68 as surfactant (X2).
The formulations were determined in terms of particle
size (Y1), polydispersity index (Y2), zeta potential (Y3),
encapsulation efficiency (Y4) and the amount of
paclitaxel entrapped in the nanoparticles (Y5). Sufaceresponse plots were drawn for these variables and in
vitro release studies were performed for optimum
formulations using the dialysis bag technique. Cell
culture studies on folate positive MDA-MB-231 and
MCF-7 cells were performed for anticancer efficacy of
nanoparticles.
Results. It was found that nanoparticle size and drug
loading were largely governed by cyclodextrin
concentration in organic phase and that it was possible
to obtain nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm without
using surfactants. General size range for nanoparticles
were between 80 to 100 nm with low PI values (<0.2).
Zeta potential of nanoparticles were close to neutral (4 mV) independent of formulation variables. This
charge was a direct result of folate-PEG conjugated
amphiphilic CD derivative. Paclitaxel displayed a high
affinity to folate targeted cyclodextrin nanoparticles
with loading capacity of more than 65%. MDA-MB-231
cell line and MCF 7 cell lines were used in cytotoxicity
assays in order to discriminate the nanoparticles
affinity towards folate receptors.
of Florida, United States
Objective. This study was designed to investigate the
effect of PZA on parasitic killing by time-kill curve tests
conducted with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis
specimen.
Methods. Promastigotes of Leishmania (L.)
amazonensis on the stationary phase were cultured in
Schneider supplemented with 20% heat-inactivated
fetal bovine serum. 10 μg/mL of gentamicin was added
and the parasite growth stimulation, performed at 23
°C. 5.2 x 107 cell forming units (CFU) per mL of
promastigotes from axenic culture were seeded in each
well of a 24-well plate. Wells were treated in triplicate
with Schneider supplemented as a control or 1.9, 3.9,
7.8, 15.6, 31.25, 62.5, 125 μg/ml of PZA. Parasites for
each well were counted every 48 hours for 10 days
using a hemocytometer and microscope.
Results. In order to evaluate the PZA activity over time,
studies made by Mendez et al (2009) demonstrated a
decrease in cell proliferation of promastigotes of
Leishmania
(Leishmania)
major
after
48h.
Comparatively, in our study the effect of PZA was
determined using promastigotes of Leishmania
(Leishmania) amazonensis. Our results displayed a
decrease in promastigotes only after 192h. No
significant
differences
among
the
tested
concentrations were seen. The biggest difference in
CFU/mL between control and PZA was observed at 192
h and amount of promastigotes decreased at day 10 in
both control and PZA group.
Conclusions. Resistances could explain the differences
demonstrated in our infection model. In summary, the
data provided the grounds for further testing of PZA as
a promising alternative therapy. Additionally,
pharmacological and toxicological tests should be
conducted to research the effects of PZA in other
Leishmania infection models.
Conclusions. Folate conjugation of amphiphilic
cyclodextrins that are able to form nanoparticulate
carriers spontaneously can be a promising alternative
for tumor targeted delivery of insoluble anticancer
drugs such as paclitaxel.
69
Poster Abstracts
P28 Glucuronidation Converts Clopidogrel
to a Potent Metabolism-Dependent Inhibitor
of CYP2C8
Aleksi Tornioa,b, Anne M. Filppulaa, Ollipekka Kailaria,, Mikko
Neuvonena, Tommi H. Nyrönenc, Tuija Tapaninena,b, Pertti J.
Neuvonena,b, Mikko Niemia,b, Janne T. Backmana,b
aUniversity
of Helsinki, Department of Clinical Pharmacology,
Helsinki, Finland
bHUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
cUniversity of Helsinki, Center for Drug Research, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland
Objective. This study aimed to examine the effect of
clopidogrel on the CYP2C8 and OATP1B1 substrate
repaglinide in humans, and explore the inhibition
mechanism of clopidogrel on CYP2C8 in vitro.
Methods. Nine healthy volunteers received clopidogrel
for three days (300 mg on day 1, followed by 75 mg
daily) or placebo in a cross-over study. Repaglinide was
administered 1 h after intake of clopidogrel on days 1
and 3, and after placebo. The inhibitory effects of
clopidogrel and its metabolites 2-oxoclopidogrel,
clopidogrel carboxylic acid, and clopidogrel acyl-β-Dglucuronide on CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 were studied in
human liver microsomes. Based on the obtained data
and
literature,
a
physiologically-based
pharmacokinetic model was constructed within
Simcyp to elucidate the importance of different
mechanisms in the clopidogrel-repaglinide interaction.
Results. In humans, the AUC0-∞ of repaglinide was
increased 5.1- and 3.9-fold compared to control on
days 1 and 3 of the clopidogrel treatment, respectively
(P<0.001). The inhibition of CYP2C8 activity by
clopidogrel acyl-β-D-glucuronide was NADPH-,
preincubation time- and concentration-dependent, and
the inhibitory effect could not be reversed by
competitive inhibition or by dialysis. The CYP2C8inactivation variables KI and kinact of clopidogrel acyl-βD-glucuronide were 9.90 μM and 0.047 1/min. A
physiologically-based
pharmacokinetic
model
estimated that the clopidogrel-repaglinide interaction
is mainly explained by mechanism-based inactivation
of CYP2C8 by clopidogrel acyl-β-D-glucuronide and
partially by OATP1B1 inhibition.
Conclusions. Clopidogrel markedly increases the
plasma concentrations of repaglinide. This finding
together with the in vitro data and physiologicallybased pharmacokinetic simulations indicate that
clopidogrel is a strong inhibitor of CYP2C8 due to its
acyl-β-D-glucuronide, which is a mechanism-based
inactivator of CYP2C8. According to the simulations,
inhibition of OATP1B1 also contributes to the
interaction at high clopidogrel doses. Clopidogrel use
with repaglinide is best avoided, and care is warranted
when clopidogrel is used concomitantly with CYP2C8
70
and OATP1B1 substrates.
P29
Formulation
of
Self-Assembling
Polyamino Acid Nanoparticles for SiteSpecific
Targeting
of
the
Tumor
Microenvironment
Zoë Folchman-Wagnera, Wei-Chiang Shena, Jennica L. Zaroa
aUniversity
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Objective. The aim of this work was to produce selfassembling, stabilized polyamino acid nanoparticles
formulated and characterized for pH-dependent drug
release in the mildly acidic tumor microenvironment.
This
mildly
acidic
(pH
6.5-7.0)
tumor
microenvironment has been well characterized, but
has not been fully exploited in therapeutic targeting
due largely to the difficulty of designing optimal drug
carriers for the mildly acidic pH range.
Methods. The nanoparticles were characterized for
size stability, and pH-sensitivity using dynamic light
scattering analysis in aqueous solution. The drug
(daunomycin) loading efficiency was measured by
fluorescent and absorbance spectrophotometry.
Results.
Precise
control
over
nanoparticle
characteristics was obtained by altering the ratio of
charged polyamino acid components, as well as
concentration of stabilizing agents. The nanoparticles
had a reproducible and narrow size distribution (70 ±
3 nm), and were stable in aqueous solution for up to 72
hours at room temperature. Furthermore, the
nanoparticles were capable of encapsulating the
hydrophobic drug daunomycin, while maintaining
their size and stability.
Conclusion. The nanoparticles described in this work
consist of small, pH-sensitive peptide sequences that
self-assemble to form stable and reproducible
particles. This process enables a modular design, in
which components could be modified individually or as
a whole. The nanoparticles described in this work have
potential as a breakthrough technology, and can be
utilized in several different areas in the exploitation of
the acidic microenvironments in diagnosis and
treatment of disease.
P30 Hydrolysis of DTPA Prodrug by Skin
P31 Therapeutic Profile In Vivo of
Carboxylesterases in Human Epidermal
Formulation Containing Ursolic Acid on
Keratinocytes
Experimental Chagas' Disease
Jing Fua and Michael Jaya
Júnior Furinia, Juliana Barcellosa, Juliana Marchettia, Cristiana
Gonçaleza, Sérgio Albuquerquea
aDivision
of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599
Purpose. The pentaethyl ester prodrug of the chelating
agent diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA),
referred to as C2E5, effectively decorporates
transuranic radionuclides after transdermal delivery,
an attractive route of administration for treating
contaminated pediatric populations. Carboxylesterases
(CESs) are important contributors to the metabolic
pathways of xenobiotics, including prodrugs. Previous
studies in our laboratory using human liver S9
fractions demonstrated that CESs play an important
role in the hydrolysis of C2E5. The objective of the
current work is to assess expression of CESs isoforms
and enzymatic activity in human skin cell lines to
determine if CESs in skin are responsible for C2E5
metabolism.
Methods. S9 fractions of an immortal human
keratinocyte (HaCaT), human epidermal keratinocytes
adult (HEKa) and human epidermal keratinocytes
neonatal (HEKn) were collected. The gene and protein
expression levels of CESs were evaluated by RT-PCR
and Western blotting, respectively. The substrates pnitrophenyl acetate and 4-nitrophenyl valerate were
used to establish esterase activity in these samples. In
vitro metabolism was measured by incubating [14C]C2E5 with keratinocytes S9 fractions for 120 min at
37ºC, centrifuging and collecting the supernatants, and
analyzing them by HPLC using a Flow Scintillation
Analyzer.
Results. RT-PCR analysis revealed various levels of
esterase expression in human skin samples. Western
blotting analysis revealed CESs expression in human
keratinocytes. Functional studies also showed that skin
S9 fractions possessed certain CES activity by pnitrophenyl acetate and 4-nitrophenyl valerate assay.
Hydrolysis of C2E5 was detected and several deesterified metabolites of C2E5 were produced.
aSchool
of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto – USP, Brazil
Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in
vivo therapeutic action of ursolic acid and a derivative
microencapsulated on blood trypomastigotes forms, as
well as evaluating the survival of treated animals.
Methods. To perform our experiments, was used 24
male mice, divided into 3 groups and inoculated
intraperitoneally with 1x104 trypomastigotes forms of
Trypanosoma cruzi CL Brener strain.
The drugs used in the trials were the Ursolic Acid (UA),
previously active against this disease and its derivative
Microencapsulated(ME) (8Polaxamer 470 : 1Sodium
caprate : 1Ursolic Acid), thus containing 10% of active
ingredient.
These groups of animals were treated for 20 days with
UA–20mg/kg, ME–20mg/kg, respectively and the third
group was untreated(UT). During this period, the blood
trypomastigotes forms were counted by the method of
Brenner. Furthermore, for 40 days the animals'
survival was observed.
Results. After analyzing the results, we found that the
concentration of blood trypomastigotes forms was
decreased in animals that were given the test drugs.
The UT group showed, after 15 days, an average of
2.5x106 parasites/mL, whereas the groups treated with
UA and ME had the same period, 7.1x105 and 9.0 x 105
parasites/mL, respectively. Moreover, survival of
treated animals was increased by 80% when compared
to untreated group.
Conclusions. These results indicate high trypanocidal
activity of UA, and indicate that pharmacotechnical
modifications potentiated the desired effect and this is,
therefore, a good strategy against Chagas´ disease. It
also shows that ME formulation, increased the survival
of treated animals as well as the UA, although with only
10% of the active ingredient, which creates good
prospects for clinical testing.
Conclusion. Topical application of C2E5 can result in
the systemic delivery of metabolites capable of
chelating transuranic radionuclides in contaminated
individuals. Understanding the metabolic mechanism
of this DTPA prodrug in skin is critical in predicting its
application in transdermal delivery in both pediatric
and adult population following a nuclear terrorism
event. The results of this study will aid in the selection
of a safe recommended dose for potential human
clinical trials.
71
Poster Abstracts
P32 Erythrocytic Stage Targeted Liposome
P33 Impact of Freeze-drying Cycle on the
Vaccine Delivery System against Malaria
Solid-State
Ashwini Kumar Giddama, Mehfuz Zamanb, Jennifer M Reimanb,
Mariusz Skwarczynskia, Michael F Goodb, and Istvan Totha,c
Protein Stability: The Case of rhGH
aThe
University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences, Australia
bGriffith University, Institute for Glycomics, Australia
cThe University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Australia
Objective. The aim of the work was to investigate the
applicability of mannosylated liposomes for the
targeted delivery of attenuated blood stage whole
malaria parasites to antigen presenting cells (APCs) to
evoke a potent and long lasting immune response.
Methods. Various alkyne modified lipid core peptides
(LCPs) were synthesized using standard solid phase
peptide synthesis. LCPs were conjugated to mannose
azide by alkyne-azide “click” reaction to produce
mannosylated LCPs (MLCPs) with one or four mannose
units. Liposomes encapsulating attenuated whole
malaria parasites were formulated with or without
MLCP in the formulation using lipid dehydrationrehydration method. Particle size of liposome
formulations was determined using master sizer. Invitro uptake and maturation marker expression studies
were performed using APCs derived from mice spleen.
Mice were immunized subcutaneously with liposome
formulations and challenged with parasites.
Results. MLCPs varying in spacer lengths, lipid
anchors, and mannose units were synthesized.
Mannosylation
of
liposomes
and
parasite
encapsulation was confirmed by confocal imaging and
quantitatively determined by flow cytometer. The
average particle sizes of all liposome formulations
were found to be in the range of 10-12 µm. All MLCPliposome vaccine formulations were taken-up
efficiently by APCs when compared with the normal
liposome vaccine formulation, and also enhanced the
expressions of CD86 and MHC-II maturation markers
significantly. After 2nd boost MLCP-liposomes
generated enhanced levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell
response compared to positive control.
Conclusions. Enhanced uptake by APCs was achieved
with liposomes formulated with MLCPs when
compared to normal liposomes. MLCP-liposomes also
generated higher CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response
compared to positive control.
Properties
and
Long-Term
Pawel Grobelnya, Yemin Xub, Alexander von Allmenc, Korben
Knudsonc, John F. Carpenterd, Theodore W. Randolphb, Michael J.
Pikala
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy,
University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
bCenter for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of
Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Campus Box 596, Boulder,
Colorado 80309
cCenter for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Campus Box
596, Boulder, Colorado 80309
dCenter for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz
Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
Objective. The study was designed to investigate a
correlation between the stability of a model protein recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH)
formulations and: (i) global dynamics, (ii) free volume,
(iii) specific surface area (SSA), and (v) surface protein
fraction.
Methods. Various freeze-dried formulations of rhGH
were prepared using excipient combination of
hydroxyethyl starch (HES), sucrose and trehalose in 2
mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. The total
excipient concentration in each formulation was kept
constant at 5% (w/v). The formulations were
lyophilized using five different cycles, specifically (i)
standard lyophilization, (ii) pre-drying annealing
lyophilization,
(iii)
post-drying
annealing
lyophilization, (iv) N2-immersion lyophilization and
(v) N2-droplet-freezing lyophilization.
Results. All the lyophilization cycles yielded glassy
solids with different solid-state characteristics. The
density value of HES (1.4761 g/cm3) was significantly
lower when compared to the disaccharides. Densities
of freeze-dried formulations containing sucrose and
trehalose were essentially the same, 1.5113 g/cm3 and
1.5055 g/cm3, respectively regardless of freeze-drying
cycle used. Post-drying annealing resulted in
significantly improved stability of rhGH formulation
with sucrose. For annealed formulations the stability
increased in the order of HES < trehalose < sucrose,
while Tg decreases in the same order. Regardless of the
type of excipients used, samples prepared by two rapid
freezing, liquid N2 treatment methods showed the
highest amounts of protein on their surfaces, as a result
of both larger SSAs and higher surface N percentages.
Conclusions. Monitoring the true density as well as the
amount of protein on the solid-air interface can be
utilized as a simple and quick predictor of stability.
72
P34
Multi-Parametric
Evaluation
of
P35
Exploring
Therapeutic Protein Aggregation
Behavior
of
Floriane Groella, Olivier Jordana and Gerrit Borcharda
Administration
Gastrointestinal
Fenofibrate
in
Man:
Drug
after
Nano-
Oral
versus
aSchool
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University
of Lausanne, Switzerland
Microparticles
Objective. During the last 30 years the
biopharmaceutical industry has grown exponentially,
now reaching 140 FDA approved recombinant
proteins. However, therapeutic proteins may induce
anti-drug antibodies after a few weeks of treatment.
Stability problems and aggregate formation are
thought to play a major role in this unwanted
immunogenicity. Using interferon-α2b (IFNα2b) as a
relevant example, we aimed to study its stability under
various conditions and to decipher the role of
therapeutic protein aggregates in the induction of
immunogenicity.
Bart Hensa, Joachim Brouwersa, Maura Corsettib, Patrick Augustijnsa
Methods. Recombinant human IFNα2b gene was
expressed in an E.coli BL21(DE3)pLysS-pET28b(+)
system. Purification of the protein was done by IMAC
and a bioactivity assay was performed with A549 cells
infected with vesicular stomatitis virus. The protein
structure was characterized in its native state as well
as after forced aggregation by circular dichroism (CD),
fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light
scattering (DLS). Aggregation was induced by stirring,
metal-catalyzed oxidation, pH modification, thermal
stress and freeze-thawing cycles.
Results. Protein secondary-structure analysis by CD
confirmed its high helical content. After forced
degradation we observed a variation in the minimum
ellipticity at 220 nm, reflecting structural denaturation
of the protein. The two tryptophan residues in IFNα2b
allowed us to monitor its structural modifications
according to the stress applied. Maximum fluorescence
emission shifted by 10 nm under thermal stress
application, suggesting an increase in the environment
polarity or a change in the protein folding. Anisotropy
reveals the protein trend to form aggregates after
denaturation. With DLS, we were able to estimate the
size and subpopulations of aggregates generated. With
native protein radii at around 5 nm, thermal stress for
example led to big aggregates of up to 2 μm.
Conclusions. Stability studies revealed different
aggregation patterns as a result of the stress treatment
applied. Combined orthogonal methods gave us a more
precise knowledge of the nature of the aggregates.
aDrug
Delivery & Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders
(TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
bTranslational
Objective. The purpose of this study was to explore the
intraluminal behavior of fenofibrate in man after oral
intake of (i) Lipanthyl ® (microparticles) or (ii)
Lipanthyl Nano® (nanoparticles).
Methods. In a cross-over study, five healthy volunteers
(3 men, 2 women; aged between 22-25 years) received
a single oral dose of fenofibrate, either as
microparticles (200 mg, 1 capsule of Lipanthyl®) or
nanoparticles (145 mg, 1 tablet of Lipanthyl Nano®),
together with 250 ml of water. Duodenal fluids were
collected to determine intestinal concentration-time
profiles of fenofibrate. In addition, blood samples were
taken to assess the systemic exposure of fenofibric acid
(active metabolite). In addition to fasting conditions,
fed conditions were explored by coadministering
fenofibrate with a liquid meal (400 ml of Ensure Plus®).
Results. For both formulations and in both nutritional
states, no fenofibrate could be detected in the stomach,
indicating poor dissolution in the absence of bile salts.
In the duodenum, nanoparticles resulted in a 2.5-fold
higher dose-corrected exposure to fenofibrate as
compared to microparticles. Neither of the
formulations induced fenofibrate supersaturation. Also
the systemic exposure of fenofibric acid was
significantly higher for the nanoparticles (AUC0-8h:
31.65 µg.h/ml versus 13.56 µg.h/ml for the
microparticles). Compared to the fasted state, fed
conditions resulted in a 10-fold increase in duodenal
exposure for the nanoparticles. In addition, both
formulations showed an increase in mean duodenal
Cmax. However, this 10-fold increase was not
accompanied with a significant increase in systemic
exposure of fenofibric acid, suggesting a relative
reduction in bio-accessible dose in fed state conditions
due to micellar/vesicular entrapment.
Conclusions. This study demonstrates for the first
time the intraluminal behavior of micro- and
nanoparticles of fenofibrate in man. These in vivo
results will serve as unique reference data for
validation and/or optimization of different in vitro/in
silico tools.
73
Poster Abstracts
P36 Comparison of Brain and Plasma
P37 Extraction of Archaeal Membrane
Levels of R-Flurbiprofen in Rats Following
Lipids from Sulfolobus islandicus
Oral and Intra-Nasal Administration
Sara Munk Jensena,b, Alexander H. Treuscha, Christer S. Ejsingc and
Martin Brandlb
Si Min Au Yeonga, Paul C. Hoa
aDepartment
Singapore
Objective. R-flurbiprofen is a compound from the class
of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),
but has minimal effects on cyclooxygenase (COX),
contributing to its low toxicity. R-flurbiprofen has been
associated with reduced amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in
Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it was shown in
Phase III clinical trial to give no significant
improvement in functionalities in AD patients. A
possible reason for the lack of clinical effect could be
due to its low brain penetration. In this study,
comparison between plasma and brain levels of Rflurbiprofen following 30 mg/kg oral and 3 mg/kg
intra-nasal (IN) administration to male SpragueDawley rats was performed.
Methods. An appropriate volume of the Rflurbiprofen-HPβCD solution was administered orally
to 3 male Sprague-Dawley rats at 30 mg/kg, intranasally to another 3 male Sprague-Dawley rats at 3
mg/kg. Blood samples were collected via jugular vein
cannulation at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours after
administration of R-flurbiprofen and stored at -20°C
until analysis by HPLC.
Results. Very low brain level of R-flurbiprofen was
observed as expected, with an average of 1.3% brainto-plasma ratio obtained after both routes of
administration. There was no significant difference in
the ratios obtained from the respective route of
administration. Even with the highest dose in humans
(800 mg BD), which corresponds to a plasma
concentration of approximately 185 µM, the amount in
the brain as calculated using the ratio obtained would
still much lower than the in-vitro tested therapeutic
concentration of IC50 ≈ 300 µM for AD. Though there
was no significant improvement in brain penetration
by IN administration, it was however found that IN
administration resulted in much higher systemic
exposure of the drug after dose normalization.
Conclusions. The finding indicated that IN
administration could be applied to deliver lipophilic
drugs with low oral bioavailability but with higher
potency.
74
aDepartment
of Biology and Nordic Center for Earth Evolution
(NordCEE), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
bDepartment of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
cDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of
Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
Objective. Archaea species live in extreme
environments such as low pH, high salinity and high
temperatures. Their membrane lipids show an unusual
structure in order to survive at these conditions: there
are ether linkages between the glycerol and carbon
chains, as compared to the ester linkages of
conventional phospholipids.
Oral drug delivery of macromolecules has been
achieved by using liposome formulations although the
stability of conventional liposomal in the GI-tract is
poor. A proof of concept study has shown that these
special tetraether lipids (TEL) can be used for
improving the stability of the liposomes (Parmentier et
al. 2011, Int J Pharm 415(1-2): 150-157). With the
intention of formulating liposomes with tetraether
lipids a high yield extraction method is required. The
aim of this study is to investigate different extraction
methods for gaining high and reproducible amounts of
tetraether lipids from archaea.
Methods. Sulfolobus islandicus was cultivated in 1.5 L
DMSZ medium typically for 5 days. Extraction of the
lipids was divided into a cell disruption step, extraction
of the lipids by phase separation and analysis by
shotgun lipidomics. Two different cell disruption
methods were applied: probe sonication and dual
asymmetric centrifugation (DAC). Subsequent the
extraction of lipids followed a modified Bligh and Dyer
protocol.
Results. The extraction methods were compared with
respect to their yield of lipids and composition of the
lipids in the extract as well as in terms of
straightforwardness and time consumption. Our
results indicate an increase in TEL-yield when using
DAC as compared with probe sonication. Further the
DAC-method is less time consuming, and thus
promising of producing high amounts of TEL for future
liposomal formulations.
Conclusions. An efficient extraction protocol for
obtaining TEL from archaea-species was established.
for IBF and PAMB of 0.9999 and 0.9998, respectively.
The concentration range of IBF and PAMB was 1252000 μg/ml and 63-100 μg/ml respectively. Intraday
and interday precision were checked and less than 1%
of RSD. Accuracy of all methods was determined by
recovery studies and showed recovery between 98 to
100%.
Conclusions. The proposed method can be used for the
analysis of fixed dose combination tablet of IBF and
PAMB.
P39 Improvement of Poorly Water-Soluble
Albendazole by Using Mucosal Adhesion
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Bong-Seok Kanga, Sang-Eun Leea, Choon-Lian Nga, Cheong-Weon
Choa, Jeong-Sook Parka
aCollege
of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305764, Korea
Objective. The purpose of this study was to develop
oral dosage formulation of albendazole by using
mucosal adhesion polymeric particles.
P38 RP-HPLC Method Development and
Validation for Simultaneous Analysis of
Ibuprofen and Pamabrom
Hye-Suk Juna, Cheong-Weon Choa
aCollege
Objective. A simple, selective, rapid, precise and
economical reversed-phase high performance liquid
chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed
for simultaneous analysis of ibuprofen (IBF) and
pamabrom (PAMB) from in bulk and drug product.
Methods. The HPLC condition was on a C18 (250 x 4.6
mm, 5 μm) column with a mobile phase consisting of a
mixture of water and acetonitrile (40:60). The
retention time of IBF and PAMB was 2.6 and 8.0 min,
respectively. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/ min. The elute
was monitored at 254nm using a UV detector. The
developed method was validated in terms of linearity,
precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit
of quantitation (LOQ). The method was validated
according to the ICH guidelines.
Results. The linear regression showed a good linear
relationship with a correlation coefficient (R2) value
Methods. In order to improve the solubility of
albendazole,
mucosal
adhesion
polymeric
nanoparticles (CS-PLGA NPs) were developed.
Nanoparticles with PLGA: Poloxamer188 (ratio 50:50)
were prepared by using modified solvent diffusion
technique. PLGA and poloxamer188 were dissolved in
acetone. Albendazole was mixed in organic solution by
voltex agitation. Then, the obtained emulsion was
poured into ethanol under moderate magnetic stirring,
leading to immediate polymer precipitation in the form
of nanoparticles. The formulations were diluted with
water and the stirring was maintained for another 10
min. Then, the solvent was evaporated under 75℃. The
CS coated PLGA NPs were suspended in chitosan in
acetic acid solution under magnetic stirring for
overnight at room temperature. Formulation of an
albendazole inclusion complex was characterized using
various techniques, including XRD, FT-IR, DSC, and
SEM. Physicochemical properties including particle
size, zeta potential, stability, encapsulation efficiency,
drug loading efficiency, and in vitro release were
investigated. Cytotoxicity of each formulation was
measured by MTT assay.
Result. The results of XRD, FT-IR, and SEM showed the
formation of albendazole-loaded nanoparticles. DSC
results showed a thermal stability. The particle size
was found to be approximately 300 nm, and zeta
potential was -25 mV. The stability was maintained for
4 weeks. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading
efficiency was 50-60% and 10%, respectively. In vitro
release studies showed sustained–release of
albendazole. The CS-PLGA NPs formulation showed no
cytotoxicity.
75
Poster Abstracts
Conclusion. From the results, the CS-PLGA NPs could
enhance the absorption of poorly water-soluble
albendazole.
nanofibers containing a novel ingredient suberin
(SUB), polyvinylpyrrolidone K90 (PVP), and
chloramphenicol (CAP).
P40
Methods. SUB:PVP in two different weight ratios (1:4
and 1:7) and in addition 5 mg of CAP were dissolved in
5 ml ethanol. Reference formulations containing PVP,
SUB:PVP (1:4 and 1:7) and PVP+CAP were prepared by
dissolving the solids in 5 ml of ethanol.
Quantitative
Analysis
and
Preformulation of Extracts from Aesculus
Hippocastamum
Ju-Heon Kima, Jong-Suep Baeka, Hye-Suk Juna, Cho-A Leea and
Cheong-Weon Choa
aCollege
Objective. The aim of this study is to figure out the
physicochemical characteristics of extracts of Aesculus
hippocastanum.
Methods. The physicochemical characteristics such as
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size and
zeta potential were conducted. Also, fourier-transform
infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was conducted. The
characteristics of powder such as angle of repose, bulk
density and tapped density were measured. Cell
viability study using MTT assay was conducted in Caco2 cells. One hundred µl of cell culture medium
containing 5x104 cells was seeded in each well in a 96well plate and incubated for 24 hr and 48 hr. The
confluent wells were treated with various
concentrations of extracts of Aesculus hippocastanum
(1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ng/mL).
Results. The particle size was 324 ± 18.9 nm with 0.31
± 0.02 of PDI and zeta potential was -27.0 mV. Angle of
repose average was 47.5 ± 3.2 meaning poor
flowability. Carr’s index and Hausner ratio were
calculated with bulk density and tapped density with
0.42 and 1.75, respectively, suggested that this extract
had an approximately non-flow characteristics. From
cell viability study using MTT assay, we confirmed that
the extracts don’t have cytotoxicity at various
concentration of extracts. The morphology of extracts
showed the irregular shape.
Conclusions. Based on powder characteristics, it was
proposed that the extracts of Aesculus hippocastanum
should be formulated by using appropriate
pharmaceutical excipients.
P41 Solid State Properties of SuberinContaining
Electrospun
Polymeric
Nanofibers
Karin Kogermanna, Liisi Rammoa, Ivo Laidmäea, Kalle Kirsimäea,
Natasa Skalko-Basnetb, Jyrki Heinämäkia, Peep Veskia
aUniversity
bUiT,
of Tartu, Estonia
The artic University of Norway, Tromsø
Objective. The aim of the present study was to
investigate the solid state properties of electrospun
76
The
nanofibers
were
prepared
with
the
electrospinning equipment. Needle distance from the
collector was set to 6 cm. The applied voltage between
the needle tip and collector was 9.0 kV and injection
rate was 2 ml/h.
The solid state properties of the samples were studied
by XRPD. All samples were analyzed immediately after
preparation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was
used for investigating the morphology of the
nanofibers. Additionally, SUB:PVP+CAP containing
formulations were analyzed after a short-term storage
at ambient conditions.
Results. After electrospinning, initially crystalline SUB
and CAP were transferred to amorphous state. A shortterm storage at ambient conditions did not influence
the solid state properties of the nanofibers. SEM
revealed circular gross-section of the nanofibers with
an average diameter ranging from approximately 300
to 500 nm. All electrospun samples exhibited a white
color.
Conclusions. Electrospinning is a suitable technique to
prepare amorphous SUB and CAP in a mixture with
PVP. Amorphisation, however, was found to be only
temporary. The nanofibers containing SUB:PVP in ratio
1:4 were selected for further studies.
Acknowledgements. Jaan Aruväli is acknowledged for
performing the XRPD measurements. This study is part
of the targeted financing project no SF0180042s09 and
ETF grant project no 7980. The European Social Fund’s
Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme
DoRa, and The Estonian Ministry of Education and
Research are acknowledged for funding.
P42 VEGF in Diabetic Retinopathy
Emmi Kokkia, Laura Alasaarelaa, Venla Olssona, Tommi Karttunenb,
Kati Kinnunenb,c, Seppo Ylä-Herttualaa,d
aDepartment
of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I.
Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern
Finland, Finland
bDepartment of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
cOphthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine,
University of Eastern Finland, Finland
dGene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in
mouse model demonstrating diabetic retinopathy
related alterations in the retina.
Methods. Retina alterations were induced to
transgenic mice by subretinal injection with
adenovirus vector expressing Cre-gene (AdCre).
Transgenic mice carry in their genome a loxP-STOP
which can be excised using AdCre gene transfer leading
to strong human VEGF-A165 expression.
The effect of VEGF in mouse retina was studied by
optical coherence tomography before and after AdCre
gene transfer at different time points.
For
histopathological studies serial sections were cut and
used for hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistological
stainings to study tissue vascularization.
Results. OCT imaging shows intraretinal proliferation
in mouse eye. Alterations are located at the site of
subretinal injections.
Conclusions. The mouse model expressing human
VEGF-A after AdCre induction, is suitable to study new
treatments for human diabetic retinopathy.
P43 SIRT3 Inhibitors by Virtual Screening
Piia Kokkonena, Tarja Kokkolaa, Elina Jarhoa, Antti Posoa, Maija
Lahtela-Kakkonena
aSchool
of Pharmacy, Department of Health Sciences, University of
Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Objective. The aim of the work is to identify novel
inhibitors for epigenetic histone deacetylase enzyme,
SIRT3. There are not many published inhibitors
available for SIRT3 or other sirtuins, even though this
NAD+ dependent enzyme family offers unique
possibilities to target the epigenetic regulation. SIRT3
is the most effective mitochondrial deacetylase enzyme
which defends the mitochondrial DNA from oxidative
damage. SIRT3 inhibition could be useful in the
treatment of node positive breast cancer.
can inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation.
P44 Encapsulated Cells for Long-term
Secretion of Soluble VEGF Receptor 1:
Material Optimization and Simulation of
Ocular Drug Response
Leena-Stiina Kontturia , Estelle C Collinb, Lasse Murtomäkic, Abhay S
Panditb, Marjo Yliperttulaa, Arto Urttia
aUniversity
of Helsinki, Finland
University of Ireland, Ireland
cAalto University, Finland
bNational
Objective. Therapies with vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF) inhibiting factors are effective treatment
options for retinal neovascular diseases, but these
proteins can only be delivered as intravitreal
injections. The objective of this study was to investigate
cell encapsulation as a delivery system for prolonged
anti-VEGF treatment of retinal neovascularization.
Genetically engineered ARPE-19 cells secreting soluble
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1
(sVEGFR1) were encapsulated in a collagen/hyaluronic
acid (HA) hydrogel. The matrix composition and cell
density were optimized, and long-term cell viability
and protein secretion measurements were performed.
To simulate the ocular response after intravitreal
sVEGFR1
delivery,
a
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model
was developed.
Methods. The structure of SIRT3 is known and it can
be used in structure-based virtual screening. In virtual
screening the molecules from a database are combined
with the drug target structure in order to check if they
can bind to it. This method is fast and cheap and
reduces the amount of compounds in in vitro studies.
Methods. The encapsulation material was type I
collagen cross-linked with poly(ethylene glycol) ether
tetrasuccinimidyl glutarate (4SPEG) and supplemented
with HA. Viability of the encapsulated cells was studied
using alamarBlue metabolic test and LIVE/DEAD
staining with confocal imaging. Secretion of the
sVEGFR1 protein was measured using ELISA method.
PK/PD modeling and simulations were done with
Matlab software.
In this study, the 16 million drug-like compounds
containing ZINC database was virtual screened with
the SIRT3 structure and six hit compounds were tested
with a fluorogenic assay. Two of these compounds
inhibited more than 50% of SIRT3 activity. The active
inhibitor structures were then used as queries in
similarity searches from the ZINC database, resulting in
more structures to be tested in vitro. The most potent
inhibitors were also subjected to breast cancer cell
proliferation tests.
Results. The system suitable for long-term protein
delivery was 20 million cells/ml encapsulated in 5
mg/ml collagen cross-linked with 1 mM 4SPEG without
HA. The cells remained viable and secreted sVEGFR1 at
a constant rate for at least 50 days. Based on PK/PD
modeling, delivery of sVEGFR1 from this cell
encapsulation system leads to only modest VEGF
inhibition, but improvements of the protein structure
and/or secretion rate result in a strong and prolonged
therapeutic effect.
Results. Four out of the 36 tested compounds could
inhibit more than 50% of SIRT3 activity. The inhibitors
contain chemical structures not present in previously
published sirtuin inhibitors. The inhibitors also
restrain breast cancer cell proliferation.
Conclusions. The collagen/(HA)/4SPEG hydrogel is a
suitable encapsulation matrix for sVEGFR1 ARPE-19
cells; the material supported the survival and protein
secretion of the encapsulated cells for prolonged
periods. The developed PK/PD model can be used to
guide the design of intravitreal delivery systems before
in vivo experiments. The anti-angiogenic protein
delivery by encapsulated cells may offer a potential
Conclusions. The virtual screening found SIRT3
inhibitors containing novel chemical structures which
77
Poster Abstracts
alternative for the treatment of neovascular retinal
diseases.
P46
P45 An Increase in the Natural GDNF
Infrared
Expression Enhances and Protects the
Lymphatic System
Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System
Jaakko Kopraa, Jaan-Olle Andressoob, Carolina Vileniusb, Jelena
Mijatovica, Nita Pulkkinena, T. Petteri Piepponena, Mart Saarmab
aDivision
of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of
Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
bInstitute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki,
Finland
Objective. Glial cell line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
(GDNF) protects and promotes the survival of
dopamine (DA) neurons, when administered to cell
cultures in vitro or to neurotoxin based in vivo models
of Parkinson’s disease. Despite this well established
role for exogenous GDNF, the exact role of endogenous,
physiological GDNF remains largely unknown, mainly
due to the lack of proper animal models. For studying
the role of endogenous GDNF in the development and
function of nigrostriatal DA system, we created a
knock-in, hypermorphic mouse model, where natural
GDNF expression is increased, but still under control of
native promoter and enhancers.
Methods. GDNF mRNA levels were measured with
qPCR. We immunostained mouse brain sections from
substantia nigra (SN) for DAergic markers TH and
VMAT2 to stereologically estimate the number of
labeled cells. We collected striatal tissue and
microdialysis samples for HPLC DA measurements. We
lesioned SN with unilateral injection of proteasome
inhibitor lactacystin. We also studied performance in
accelerating rotarod and corridor tests and measured
responses to amphetamine stimulation.
Results. Heterozygous (hetz) and homozygous
(homoz) hypermorphic mice have 30% and 70%
increased brain GDNF mRNA levels. Hypermorphic
mice had a 15% increase in SN DA cell number in the
age groups of 7,5 days, 3-4 months and 17 months.
Similarly striatal tissue DA levels were increased 20%
in the same age groups. Consequently amphetamineinduced locomotor activity and striatal DA response
were augmented by about 30%. The young Hetz mice
demonstrated enhanced motor performance, whereas
the old (15-17 m) improved motor learning in
accelerating rotarod test. Finally, we saw a protection
from lactacystin-induced toxicity.
Conclusions. In conclusion, our results demonstrate
that already a modest increase in the natural GDNF
expression functionally enhances and protects the
nigrostriatal DAergic system with persistent changes
until old age.
78
Lipid-Bound
Indocyanine
Green
Particles Enable High Resolution NearDiagnostic
Imaging
of
the
John C. Krafta, Rodney J. Y. Hoa
aUniversity
of Washington, United States
Objective. Indocyanine green (ICG), the only nearinfrared (NIR) fluorophore approved for human use, is
unstable and its fluorescence decays readily in solution.
To overcome these limitations, ICG-lipid interactions
were elucidated to develop ICG-lipid nanoparticles
(LNPs) that stabilize ICG, increase its NIR fluorescence
intensity, and enhance image resolution of the
lymphatic system.
Methods. ICG-LNPs and liposomes without ICG were
prepared by mixing lipids [DSPC:DSPE-mPEG2000 (9:1
m/m)] and ICG in organic solvent, drying under
vacuum, and rehydrating in buffer. Particle size was
reduced by sonication. Fluorescence and photon
correlation spectroscopy were used to measure
changes in particle size and fluorescence. Mice were
given the free or LNP form of ICG (1 nmol ICG/mouse).
NIR imaging was performed with an IVIS Lumina II.
Results. Maximal fluorescence intensity was detected
at a lipid:ICG molar ratio of 250:1 (4.5 times that of free
ICG). The fluorescence of ICG bound to LNPs was
detectable at 1.5 cm (0.5 for free ICG) tissue depth;
resistance to light and improved storage stability were
observed. Compared to those treated with free ICG,
mice subcutaneously administered with ICG-LNPs
exhibited higher fluorescence intensity, NIR image
resolution, and enhanced resolution of lymph nodes
and lymphatic vessels.
Conclusions. ICG-bound LNPs exhibited nearly 100%
incorporation and improved ICG image resolution in
lymph nodes and vessels. The enhanced fluorescence
intensity and extended image analysis time may allow
detection of lymphatic abnormalities due to vessel
restrictions, nodule growths, or obstructions.
Acknowledgements. Supported by
AI77390, RR00166, and RR025014.
NIH
grants
Responsible
P48 Transporter Mediated Permeation of p-
Component of Apple Juice for a Long-
Amino Benzoic Acid on Basal Membrane in
Lasting Inhibition of Intestinal Absorptive
Caco-2 Cell Monolayer
Transporter OATP2B1
Keisuke Kurokawaa, Keiichiro Tanakaa, Teruko Imaia
P47
Mechanism
and
Akira Kubotaa, Yukiko Murataa, Takanori Moria, Keisuke Sekiyaa,
Kyoko Gotoa, Takeo Nakanishia, and Ikumi Tamaia
aFaculty
of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical,
Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
Objective. Apple juice (AJ) decreases drug absorption
by inhibiting intestinal uptake transporter OATP2B1.
We have also shown that AJ causes a long-lasting
inhibition of OATP2B1, while mechanism and
responsible compound are unclear. The aim of the
present study is to clarify the mechanism and the
compound responsible for a long-lasting inhibitory
effect of AJ on OATP2B1.
Methods. AJ was applied to a HP-20 column and
fractionated with water and various concentrations of
methanol.
After
separating
AJ
components
chromatographically, the responsible compound was
identified by NMR and LC-MS/MS analysis. AJ and AJ
component effects were studied in HEK293 cells stably
expressing OATP2B1 or fusion protein of OATP2B1
with EGFP.
Results. By exposing OATP2B1-expressing cells to AJ
prior to uptake measurement, significant reduction of
OATP2B1 activity was observed and the uptake activity
was recovered gradually within about 12 hrs.
Membrane surface expression of OATP2B1 protein was
decreased by exposing to AJ. In addition, intracellular
signals of OATP2B1-EGFP fusion protein was increased
by exposing the cells with AJ. These results suggest that
a long-lasting inhibition of AJ is caused by
internalization of OATP2B1.To identify responsible
component of a long-lasting effect of AJ, AJ was isolated
by applied to a HP-20 column and fractionated on the
basis of difference in the lipophilicity and reversed
phase-HPLC method. The isolated compound exhibited
a long-lasting effect on OATP2B1 at the concentration
in AJ.
Conclusions. It was suggested that AJ may inhibit
OATP2B1 activity by decreasing membrane surface
expression of OATP2B1, which leads to a long-lasting
inhibition. Furthermore, we succeeded to identify a
responsible compound in AJ for such a long-lasting
effect. Although other components may also have a
similar inhibitory activity on OATP2B1, it was
demonstrated
that
OATP2B1-mediated
drug
absorption might be lowered by taking with AJ by both
of simultaneous and long-lasting inhibition.
aSchool
of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University
Objective. Previously, we have studied about
relationship between intestinal absorption and
hydrolysis of p-amino benzoic acid (PABA) derivatives
using in situ single-pass perfusion of rat jejunum. The
intestinal hydrolysis causes decrease of transport of
not only PABA derivatives but also their metabolite,
PABA. In case of procaine, it was slowly hydrolyzed to
PABA, and PABA formed in mucosal cell was
predominantly transported into mesenteric vein.
Therefore, both procaine and PABA was absorbed into
vein, resulting in superior absorption. In contrast,
butyl-PABA was fastly hydrolyzed in mucosal cells.
Therefore, only 18.5% of butyl-PABA was transported
into vein and a large number of PABA was mainly
transported into luminal side rather than vein due to
passive diffusion. These data indicated that PABA was
transported by certain transporter on basal membrane
at low concentration. In this study, we investigated the
transport and hydrolysis of PABA derivatives in Caco-2
cell monolayer. Furthermore, the transport of PABA
was fully studied.
Methods. In vitro hydrolysis rate of butyl-PABA and
ethyl-PABA was determined in 9000g supernatant (S9)
of Caco-2 cell. Transport experiment was performed by
Transwell® which was cultured 3~4 weeks after
seeded with Caco-2 cell. PABA derivatives and [3H]PABA were used as a substrate.
Results. Hydrolysis clearance of ethyl-PABA was
greater than that of butyl-PABA. These hydrolysis was
inhibited by diisopropylfluorophospate and bis-pnitrophenylphosphate, indicating the major enzyme is
carboxylesterase. PABA derivatives were hydrolyzed
during transport across Caco-2 cell monolayer. PABA
formed in Caco-2 cell was transported into both AP and
BL sides. In transport experiment of [3H]PABA,
apical(AP) to BL side transport was larger than
opposite direction.
Conclusions. PABA derivatives are hydrolyzed during
transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers and PABA
formed in the cells is transported by certain
transporter on basal membrane.
79
Poster Abstracts
P49
Enhanced
Generation,
P50 Oral Delivery of Anticancer Drug:
Characterisation and Pre-Clinical Evaluation
Doxorubicin
of Co-Stimulatory Molecules Expressing
Chemotherapy Maintenance at Home with
Oncolytic Adenovirus for Cancer Treatment
Low Toxicity
of Human Patients
Seho Kweona, Youngro Byuna
Lukasz Kuryka, b, Lotta Vassilevb, Tuuli Rankib, Sari Pesonenb, Antti
Vuolantob, MariangelamGarofaloa, Mari Hirvinena, Cristian Capassoa,
Dima Romanyuka and Vincenzo Cerulloa
aLaboratory
of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical
Biosciences & CDR, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki,
Finland
bOncos Therapeutics Ltd., Finland
Objective. Our aim was to i) engineer, characterize and
produce oncolytic adenoviruses (oADV) coding for
molecules exhibiting antineoplastic and co-stimulatory
properties against cancer ii) evaluate toxicity and
efficacy of our viruses.
Methods. Viruses were generated and amplified with
adenovirus preparation techniques. Optimization
studies on production process of viruses were
performed in T-175 flask and subsequently up-scaled
with multilayer flasks. Cell density at the time of
infection, harvesting time, multiplicity of infection and
harvesting method were optimized. The virus titering
was based on spectrophotometric measurement. The
potency assessment was based on i) the infectious titer
measured with either tissue culture infectious dose or
immunocytochemistry assay, and ii) assessment of the
functionality and quantity of the co-stimulatory
molecules expressed by viruses. The verification of the
virus identity was done by i) restriction enzyme assay
to show the genomic integrity and ii) PCR
demonstrating the presence of the modifications in the
genome. Antineoplastic properties were evaluated by
in vitro and in vivo studies.
Results. We have constructed a double targeted,
chimeric oncolytic adenoviruses, expressing a costimulatory molecules (CD40L, GM-CSF). ONCOS-102 is
an engineered adenovirus (Ad5/3) that codes for
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
(GM-CSF). GM- CSF mediates anti-tumour effects by
mobilizing and maturing dendritic cells as well as
increasing the activity of cytotoxic T cells. In turn
ONCOS-401 is a modified adenovirus (Ad5/3) that
codes for the CD40 ligand (CD40L). CD40L serves as a
local co-stimulatory signal greatly enhancing cytotoxic
immune activities, inducing direct tumor cell apoptosis
(programmed cell death) and down-regulating
immunosuppressive T-cells recruited by cancer cells.
Our viruses have been safely used in animal studies
showing safety and antitumor efficacy.
Conclusions. We have generated oncolytic
adenoviruses coding biologically active co- stimulatory
molecules with antineoplastic properties and tested
their efficacy and toxicity in vitro and in vivo.
80
Complex
Lead
to
aDepartment
of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science,
WCU, Seoul National University, Korea
Objective. Although most of the anticancer drugs are
only available through parenteral route and it shows
several disadvantages such as low patient’s
compliance, higher costs and side effects. Doxorubicin
(DOX) is a p-gp mediated anthracyclin drug and shows
oral bioavailability below 5% due to rapidly efflux from
intestinal cells and also metabolized in the liver. But
negatively charged deoxycholic acid (DOCA), is
secreted from the bile duct and re-absorbed through
apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter on
intestine, can form physicochemical complex with
positive charge of DOX.
Methods. DOX complex was confirmed by differential
scanning calorimetry. Permeability and absorption
experiments were conducted using caco-2 cell line in
vitro. DOX complex administered per oral to SD rat for
pharmacokinetic study and C3H and Balb/c Nu/Nu
mouse for therapeutic effects in vivo. Histological and
hematological toxicities also were evaluated in same
model.
Results. The formation of DOX complex is reversibly
dependent on pH and buffer concentration, showing
absorption via ASBT. Oral bioavailability of the DOX
complex was showing ~30% which was 6 times higher
than that of doxorubicin. 5 mg/kg dose of oral DOX
complex group had therapeutic effect as much as 1
mg/kg doxorubicin IV group. Toxicities of DOX complex
on intestine and liver were not observed and there
were no difference with control group. Furthermore,
since low doses of doxorubicin complex lead tumor cell
to delay or arrest on cell cycle, co-administration with
chk1 inhibitor (MK-8776) result in apoptosis or mitotic
catastrophe on tumor cells. 1.25 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg
dose of DOX complex increased their antitumor effects
with chk1 inhibitor.
Conclusions. DOX/DOCA complex with chk1 inhibitor
make anticancer drug less toxic and more convenient
for patients, leading oral chemotherapy at home.
P51 Controlled Release from Liposomes by
Light Activation
Tatu Lajunena, Timo Laaksonena, Tapani Viitalaa, Arto Urttiab
aUniversity
bUniversity
of Eastern Finland, Finland
Objective. This study aimed at controlled light
triggered drug release from liposomal drug carriers.
Liposomal structure enables targeted delivery to
specific cell type and light activation allows place and
time controlled release of the contents from the drug
carrier. This method should enhance the treatment of
difficult diseases in the eye, skin and gastro-intestinal
tract with reduced side effects.
Methods. The drug is encapsulated inside liposomes
with targeting ligands on the lipid surface. The
liposomes also include gold nanoparticles that emit
heat due to a plasmon resonance phenomenon when
irradiated with light of specific wavelength. The
temperature in the liposomes rises above the
phospholipid transition temperature and drug is
released due to the increased fluidity of the lipid
bilayer. By focusing the light on the diseased tissue at
specified time, control over the treatment schedule can
be achieved. Liposomes with pH sensitivity were also
investigated for increased drug release within the cells
after endocytosis and reduced drug release outside the
cells.
The liposomes were produced with reverse
evaporation method with a model drug (calcein) and
gold nanoparticles within the aqueous core. Gold
nanoparticles with different sizes and shapes were
utilized to absorb light at various wavelengths and
convert it into heat. Light activation was done with a
LED light source with selectable wavelength combined
to a plate handling robot system for repeatable
experiments. The release of calcein was detected with
fluorescent methods. The change in bilayer structure
was measured with Langmuir/BAM measurements.
The images of the liposomes were captured with CryoTEM equipment.
Results. Temperature and pH sensitive liposome
formulations were developed. Up to 75% of the
contents were released during 30 minutes of light
activation compared to less than 20% of the control
samples.
Methods. A stannous chloride reduction method was
used and optimized with 99mTc to label NFC for imaging
purposes. Study compounds 123I-NaI, 123I-β-CIT and
human serum albumin were mixed with the hydrogel
and injected subcutaneously into 20 female BALB/c
inbred mice. The release and distribution of study
compounds were examined with a multimodality
imaging device SPECT/CT. The drug release profiles
were simulated by 1-compartmental Deconvolution
and Loo-Riegelman pharmacokinetic models.
Results. The optimized 99mTc-NFC labeling was fast
and reliable with well over 95 % labeling efficiency.
The NFC hydrogel remained intact at the injection site
during the 24 hour study. Study compounds were more
concentrated at the injection site when administered
with the NFC hydrogel compared with control saline
and study compound mixtures. The NFC hydrogel
reduced the elimination rate of a large compound,
technetium-99m-labelled human serum albumin by 2
folds, but did not alter the release rate of the smaller
compounds.
Conclusions. We have demonstrated a reliable and
efficient method of 99mTc-NFC labeling that is easily
prepared and administered. NFC did not disintegrate or
migrate during the study despite the activity of the
study animals while awake between image
acquisitions. Potential local delivery or long-term
controlled release treating chronic diseases, especially
in areas accessible with injections such as the skin,
could be possible with injectable wood pulp NFC
hydrogels.
P53 Enhanced Physicochemical Properties
of
Docetaxel-Loaded
Solid
Lipid
Nanoparticles
Conclusions. This formulation is an attractive option
for targeted delivery and controlled release.
Sang-Eun Leea, Bong-Seok Kanga, Choon-Lian Nga, Cheong-Weon
Choa, Jeong-Sook Parka
P52
Objective. The aim of this study was to develop an
efficient intravenous formulation from the study of
physicochemical optimization of docetaxel-loaded
solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN).
Technetium-99m
Labelling
of
Nanofibrillar Cellulose for Small Animal
SPECT/CT
Lauréna,
Loua,
Patrick
Yan-Ru
Mari
Bergströmb, Marjo Yliperttulaa
Rakib,
Arto
Urttib,
Kim
aDivision
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy,
bCentre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of
Helsinki, Finland
Objective. Investigate the properties of plant-derived
nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) hydrogel as an injectable
platform for drug release. Evaluate NFC as a potential
biomedical device and labeling properties.
aCollege
of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305764, Korea
Methods. SLN were prepared by modified solventevaporation method. To optimize process, the thermal
behavior of lipids was studied. Docetaxel-loaded SLN
(DSLN) were composed of stearyl amine, egg
phosphatidyl choline, polysorbate 80, and docetaxel.
To study the physicochemical characterization of
DSLN, particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta
potentials were measured. The stability of DSLN was
investigated for 2 months at 4°C. The morphology of
DSLN was observed by using TEM. In vitro drug release,
cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake were determined.
Results. From the DSC thermograms of stearyl amine,
it is proved that the preparation temperature is a
81
Poster Abstracts
critical parameter to prepare reproducibly DSLN in our
experimental condition. The particle size and
polydispersity index of DSL were about 200nm and 0.2,
respectively. TEM images confirmed the results of DLS
data and showed that most of DSLN had an identicalsized and spherical form. Docetaxel was incorporated
in SLN with above 90% encapsulation efficiency. When
stored at 4°C, DSLN were maintained stable for 2
months. In vitro drug release showed sustained-release
pattern. MTT assay and cellular uptake results
indicated that DSLN had better efficiency with low
cytotoxicity.
Conclusions. From the results, the DSLN can be a
promising and efficient formulation of docetaxel for
intravenous administration.
P54 Discovery of Novel Diarylpyrimidines as
Potent HIV NNRTIs via a Structure-Guided
Core-Refining Approach
Xiao Lia Wenmin Chena, Ye Tiana, Huiqing Liub, Peng Zhana, Erik De
Clercqc, Christophe Pannecouquec, Jan Balzarinic, and Xinyong Liua
aDepartment
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical
Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan,
Shandong, P.R.China
bInstitute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong
University, 44, West Culture Road,250012, Jinan, Shandong,
P.R.China
cRega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven,
Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
Objective. The aim of the work is to further explore
untapped chemical space in NNIBP and obtain more
potent back-up series of DAPY derivatives.
Methods. Guided by crystal structures of HIV-1
RT/DAPY complex and molecular modeling studies,
new DAPY analogues were designed and synthesized in
which the positions of nitrogen atoms in the central
pyrimidine ring were changed, and nitro, amino and
other nitrogen-containing groups were introduced at
the primary position. Meanwhile, the two phenyl rings
in the left and right wings and the NH linker were
maintained in view of their paramount importance in
parent drugs. Thus, this study will highlight the
synthesis, biological evaluation of novel DAPY
derivatives, and also, SARs will be discussed according
to the antiviral activity and molecular docking results.
Results. 16 compounds significantly inhibited HIV-1
IIIB replication with EC50 values lower than 66 nM.
Particularly, compound 7a was the most potent
inhibitor against HIV-1 wild-type and double RT
mutant HIV-1 strain K103N/Y181C, with an EC50 value
of 2.5 nM (SI = 13740) and 0.33 μM (SI = 107),
respectively compound 8c was found to show
moderate anti-HIV-2 potency (EC50 = 5.57 μM).
Preliminary structure-activity relationships (SARs)
and molecular modeling of these new analogues were
also discussed in detail.
82
Conclusions. Through structure-guided core-refining
and side-chain optimization of the approved drug
TMC125, a series of novel DAPY derivatives were
designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral
activity. A brief discussion of the SARs expatiated that
the nature of the substituent on left ring of the central
pyrimidine ring had a significant impact on the
antiviral activity. Meanwhile, molecular docking
results were used to rationalize these biological data,
which will be beneficial to further design more potent
anti-HIV-1 agents.
P55 Chemoprevention by Curcumin: A
Prodrug Hypothesis
Garvey Liua, Jayanth Panyama
aUniversity
of Minnesota – Twin Cities, U.S.A.
Objective. Curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenol,
has demonstrated anti-cancer and anti- inflammatory
potential in epidemiological studies. However,
curcumin has poor bioavailability (<1%) due to low
absorption and rapid metabolism. We propose a
prodrug hypothesis to explain this paradox: the
inactive glucuronide metabolites are naturally
occurring prodrugs of curcumin that are selectively
activated only in the tumor site to generate the active
parent compound. Previous studies have shown that
some tumors overexpress β-glucuronidase, an enzyme
that hydrolyzes the glycosidic bond of glucuronides.
Thus, the glucuronide metabolites likely generate the
active agent ‘on demand’ at the required sites of action.
Methods. To test the prodrug hypothesis, we
determined the correlation between β- glucuronidase
expression and activity in different tumor types with
the in vivo chemopreventive efficacy of curcumin. βglucuronidase activity was determined in mammary
tumor tissues with HER-2+ (BALB-neuT, TuBo) and
triple negative (4T1, MDA-MB-231) phenotypes.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies on primary
human breast tumor tissue and Western blotting with
BALB-neuT mammary tumor tissue were conducted to
measure
β-glucuronidase
expression.
Chemopreventive potential of curcumin was evaluated
in BALB/c mice bearing orthotopic JC (triple negative
subtype) tumors.
Results. β-glucuronidase activity assays showed that
the highest enzyme activity was in HER-2+ tumors.
Similarly, IHC studies revealed β-glucuronidase
expression levels to be highest in HER-2+ breast cancer
compared to other subtypes. Normal and benign stages
of tumor showed the lowest levels of β-glucuronidase
while the invasive/metastatic stage showed the highest
levels. Significant tumor growth inhibition was
observed in BALB/c mice bearing JC tumors when
dosed with an oral curcumin SMEDDS (selfmicroemulsifying drug delivery system) formulation.
Conclusions. Our results convincingly demonstrate
the presence of β-glucuronidase in mammary tumors
and point to a potential mechanism of action for natural
chemopreventives such as curcumin that have poor
oral bioavailability but have potent chemopreventive
activity after oral administration.
toxic HIV-1 NNRTIs. The design, synthesis, anti-HIV
evaluation, preliminary structure-activity relationship
and molecular simulation of novel piperidine-linked
pyridine analogues are represented.
P57 Nano Ceramic Assembly for Pulmonary
P56 Discovery of Piperidine-Linked Pyridine
Delivery of Protein and Peptides
Analogues as Potent Non-Nucleoside HIV-1
Deborah Lowrya, Fadi A. Abdulrazzaqa, Lindsay J. Marshalla,
Mandeep Marwaha and Yvonne Perriea
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Xinyong Liua, Xuwang Chena, Yuanyuan Lia, Shufang Dinga, Jan
Balzarinib, Christophe Pannecouqueb, Erik De Clercqb, Huiqing Liuc
aDepartment
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key laboratory of Chemical
Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan,
Shandong, P.R.China
bInstitute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong
University, 44, West Culture Road,250012, Jinan, Shandong,
P.R.China
cRega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven,
Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
Objective. The aim of the work was to discover more
active and less toxic HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitors based on our previous efforts.
Methods. Encouraged by our previous results and
continued to pursue our studies, we undertook a new
round of structural modification of diarylpyrimidine
and piperidine-substituted triazine derivatives, in
which, the crucial N atom in center cycle were retained
to build hydrogen bond interactions with amino acid
residues inside the binding pocket of HIV-1 NNRT. In
addition, polar hydrophilic substituents and
heterocycle were introduced to the right wing that is
oriented directly into the exterior water through a
rather small opening window in the protein/solvent
interface. Herein, we detailedly report the synthesis,
anti-HIV evaluation, preliminary structure–activity
relationship (SAR) and molecular modeling of the
newly designed piperidine-linked amino-triazine
analogs.
Results. A series of piperidine-linked pyridine
analogues were designed and synthesized. The title
compounds were evaluated for activity against wildtype and resistant mutant strains of HIV-1 as well as
HIV-2 in MT-4 cells. Excitingly, the highly potent
compound BD-c1 (EC50 = 10 nM, CC50 ≥ 146 µM, SI ≥
14126) displayed lower cytotoxicity and higher
selectivity than etravirine (EC50 = 2.2 nM, CC50 = 28 µM,
SI = 12884) against wild-type HIV-1. Compound BD-e2
(EC50 = 5.1 nM) showed better antiviral efficacy than
the four reference drugs nevirapine, delavirdine,
efavirenz and zidovudine against wild-type HIV-1.
Many compounds were also active against the
frequently observed drug-resistant double mutant
HIV-1 (K103N+Y181C) strain.
aAston
University, UK
Objective. The aim of the present research is to
investigate the release properties of aquasomes in a
DPI formulation.
Methods. 100 mg of hydroxyapatite was added to 10
mL of 0.15 M solution of trehalose under stirring at 4oC
for 1.5 hours. The sample was then centrifuged, washed
and freeze-dried. 15 mL of BSA (1 mg/mL) was added
to the freeze-dried sample under stirring for 1.5 hours
at 4oC. The sample was then centrifuged, washed and
freeze-dried. The aerosolisation properties of BSA
loaded aquasomes were investigated using a NGI. A
quantity of 20 mg in a size 3 capsule was introduced to
the 1-7 stages of the impactor (flow rate 60 L/min). The
samples were redistributed in 10 mL of simulated lung
fluid and placed in a shaking water bath at 37oC and
100 rpm. A quantity of 0.3 mL was taken for analysis at
hourly time points up to 6 hours.
Results. The aquasomes had an average size of 1.5 ±
0.96 μm. Zeta potential values were calculated after the
coating (trehalose, -11.6 ± 1) and loading (BSA, -1 ± 0.5)
stages to ensure the aquasomes consisted of the three
layers. The deposition of BSA loaded DPI aquasomes at
each stage of the NGI at the time of manufacturing and
after 6 months at 250C/60% RH (n = 3) were
investigated. Approximately 70% of the delivered dose
was found to have a cut-off diameter of 2.82 μm. In vitro
release testing found that BSA release is controlled
over the 6 hour time period.
Conclusions. Aquasomes with an aerodynamic
diameter of 0.94 μm released 430 μg of BSA. This is
very encouraging for potential protein/peptide
delivery using aquasomes via the pulmonary route. Cell
culture studies will be performed to complement the
study using human bronchial epithelial cell lines.
Conclusions. A series of piperidine-linked pyridine
analogues were designed and synthesized to continue
our research into the discovery of more active and less
83
Poster Abstracts
P58 Design, Synthesis and Biological
P59 Supersaturation of Zafirlukast in Fasted
Evaluation of Small-Molecule Fluorescent
and Fed Intestinal Media Measured In Situ
Ligands Based on Cyanine 5 for α1-
by UV/Vis Fiber-Optic Probes: Effectiveness
Adrenoceptor
of Precipitation Inhibitors
Zhao Maa, Lupei Du a, Minyong Lia
Cecilie Maria Madsena, Anette Müllertza and Thomas Radesa
aDepartment
aUniversity
of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical
Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan,
Shandong 250012, China
Objective. Within the large family of G-protein
coupled receptors (GPCRs), α1-adrenergic receptors
(ARs) mediate many crucial physiological effects in
human body. Our current understanding of the
molecular pharmacology of the α1-AR is mainly
dependent on the use of radioligand binding
techniques and GFP-based fluorescent techniques, but
these methods are limited, as they are unsafe and
laborious procedures. Small-molecule fluorescent
ligands are powerful tools to study GPCRs since they
can be employed in various experiments to understand
receptor structure and function. In this current
research, a series of small molecules based on cyanine
5(Cy5) are designed and synthesized to study α1-ARs.
Methods. Two pharmacophores of α1-AR antagonists,
quinazoline and phenylpiperazine, are conjugated to
cyanine 5 by click reactions. The radioligand binding
assay is used to determine the affinity for receptors.
MTT assay is used to the cytotoxicity. Absorbance and
fluorescence spectra are recorded by microplate
reader, and fluorescence imaging is performed using
the Zeiss fluorescence microscope.
Results. Nine compounds are designed and
synthesized, and all of them show high affinity for α1adrenoceptor. Their largest emission peaks are at
about 660nm. Especially, the fluorescence of
compound Q4, which shows highest affinity for α1-AR,
changes according its surroundings and its
fluorescence is quenched greatly in 50mM PBS. This
environment-sensitive property makes Q4 a good
candidate in receptor- or cell- based drug screening
and fluorescence imaging of intact cells.
Conclusions. We designed and synthesized nine
compounds based on Cy5 to develop fluorescent
ligands for α1-AR. From them, Q4 drew a lot of
attention for its environment- sensitive property. Q4
shows huge potential in the study of α1-AR.
of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
Department of Pharmacy, Denmark.
Objective. The aim of this study was to examine the
effectiveness of precipitation inhibitors (PI) on the
supersaturation of Zafirlukast in vitro and compare
these results with in vivo behavior.
Zafirlukast (ZA) is a leukotriene antagonist marketed
for treatment of asthma (Accolate®). Oral
administration of ZA with food can reduce the
bioavailability by 40%. ZA is poorly water soluble, and
formulated in its amorphous form (aZA).
aZA has a solubility and dissolution advantage
compared to the crystalline hydrate form. It has been
shown that aZA will supersaturate upon dissolution
with respect to its crystalline form, and thus in theory
the bioavailability of ZA increases upon amorphisation.
However, due to the unstable nature of a
supersaturated system, ZA precipitates as the hydrate
form and the concentration decreases accordingly. The
precipitation can be inhibited, and the supersaturation
period prolonged by addition of polymers such as
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
(HPMC)
and
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). HPMC and PVP are
excipients in Accolate®.
Methods. The level and duration of supersaturation
was examined by powder-dissolution with in situ
measurements of absorbance with an UV/Vis probe in
simulated intestinal media in vitro. Preliminary studies
suggested the method to be beneficial as a screening
tool, but not as a precise prediction tool for in vivo
behavior.
Results. A prolonged duration of supersaturation of
aZA was demonstrated in presence of HPMC and PVP
(w/w, aZA:PI, 1:1) in vitro. PVP also raised the level of
supersaturation. The duration of supersaturation was
shorter in fed than in fasted state simulated intestinal
media. The effectiveness of the precipitation inhibitors
was lowered in fed state intestinal medium in vitro.
These results are in accordance with the observed in
vivo behavior of ZA.
Conclusions. This study indicates that dissolution
experiments in vitro can be used to examine
supersaturation, effectiveness of PI and potential food
effects on these.
84
P60 An Orally Delivered Bile Acid Based
P61 Transdermal Delivery of Flufenamic
Formulation of Carboplatin for Effective
Acid
Maintenance Chemotherapy
Iontophoresis
Foyez Mahmuda, Youngro Byuna
K. Malinovskajaa, H. Laboutab, M. Schneiderc, T. Laaksonend, J.
Hirvonena
aDepartment
of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical
Sciences, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul
151-742, South Korea
Objective. At present, mostly the anticancer drugs are
given parenterally, showed drug concentration above
the maximum tolerable concentration (MTC) and then
rapidly eliminate from the plasma causing enhanced
side effects. In contrast, oral maintenance therapy may
increase therapeutic efficacy by increasing the
exposure time to cancer cells and also reduce the side
effects by maintaining the drug concentration below
MTC level. Carboplatin is a member of platinum family
and active against various cancer types. However, a
major limitation of carboplatin is the poor oral
bioavailability which imposes IV administration. In this
context, we have developed a physical complex
between carboplatin with deoxycholic acid (DOCA)
that can increase the lipophilicity of drug formulation
and may facilitate the uptake in GI tracts through bile
acid transporters.
Methods. The pharmacokinetics studies of
carboplatin/DOCA (mole ratio 1:2) were done in SD
rats and analyzed by ICP-MS. The pharmacodynamics
studies were evaluated in SCC7 and A549 tumor
bearing mice models. Apoptosis in tumor and GI tracts
were assessed by TUNEL and H&E staining. Three
weeks toxicity studies have been conducted in C3H
mice model following 10 mg/kg/daily oral dose.
Results. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed the
complex formation due to disappearance of crystalline
peaks from carboplatin. The results indicated that
orally administered complex was effectively absorbed
into SD rats and the oral bioavailability was found 25%
compared to IV group. In antitumor study, low dose
continuous oral therapy showed the substantial tumor
inhibition in mice and also increase the number of
TUNEL positive cells in SCC7 and A549 tumor section.
The three weeks toxicity studies of 10 mg/kg oral dose
did not produce any abnormalities in hematological
and serological parameters in C3H mice having intact
morphology of GI tracts.
Conclusions. Our studies offer safe and effective oral
maintenance chemotherapy of carboplatin for cancer
patients at home.
from
PLGA
Nanoparticles
by
aDivision
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University
bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Canada
cInstitute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Philipps
University of Marburg, Germany
dDivision of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research,
influence of the combination of nanoencapsulation and
iontophoresis on the permeation of the lipophilic
model drug flufenamic acid (FFA) across skin using
poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) as carrier polymer.
Methods. Nanoparticles from PLGA labelled with
fluoresceinamine (FA-PLGA) loaded with FFA were
prepared using solvent extraction method. The
particles were characterized by encapsulation
efficiency, size, ζ-potential and morphology using
Zetasizer and SEM. The stability of nanoparticles was
as evaluated as a change in hydrodynamic diameter
and PDI after 8 h of iontophoresis or 24 h contact with
buffer/skin. In vitro permeation studies were
performed in Franz diffusion cells at 32°C across
human epidermis and full-thickness porcine skin. FFA
was iontophoresed from the cathode with either 100%
constant current, 75%on/25% off pulsed current or
50%+:50%- alternating current (current density 0.5
mA/cm2; frequency 500 Hz). The penetration depth of
nanoparticles in skin was evaluated by confocal LSM.
Results. FFA was loaded into spherical FA-PLGA
nanoparticles with an average diameter of 174.2 nm, ζpotential of -8.5 mV and drug loading of 5.6 w/w%.
Particles showed no changes in stability after 8 h of any
iontophoretic treatment and 24 h of contact with
human epidermis or full-thickness porcine skin. About
50% of the total drug amount was gradually released
from nanoparticles in 24 hours and the application of
iontophoretic current had no effect on the release.
Transdermal fluxes from nanoparticle formulation
remained lower compared to respective solution due to
limited release of drug. From nanoparticle formulation
pulsed current profile resulted in comparable or higher
flux compared to constant current profile.
Conclusions. Charged PLGA nanoparticles can be
successfully used in combination with iontophoresis
for the controlled delivery of therapeutic agents across
the skin. Pulsed current can be applied to increase
transdermal
permeation
of
drugs
from
nanoencapsulated formulations.
85
Poster Abstracts
P62
Temperature-Sensitive
Hybrid
P63 Inhibition of Proteolytic Cleavage by
Inserting
Parenteral Extended Release System
Adjacent to a Known Recognition Site
P. Maudensa, O. Jordana, and E. Allémanna
Michaela L. McNiffa, Brittney J. Millsb, Jennifer S. Laurencea
aSchool
aDepartment
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of
Lausanne, Switzerland
Objective. To develop and evaluate chitosanhyaluronate hybrid thermosetting hydrogels charged
with microparticles.
Methods. Thermosensitive solutions were formulated
with chitosan-hyaluronate and a gelling agent.
Drug-loaded PLGA particles were dispersed into the
thermosensitive solutions. They were prepared
according to a process involving the emulsification of
an intrinsically fluorescent drug, followed by solvent
evaporation, washing, and freeze-drying. Particle size
measurements were performed using laser-light
diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy was
performed in order to determine the surface
characteristics of the particles/hydrogels.
Stability of hydrogel solutions were determined by
formulation appearance at 4 ºC and at room
temperature over time. Stability of particle distribution
inside the hybrid gel was investigated using a confocal
scanning light microscope.
The injectability of the systems was investigated with a
1-mL syringe fitted with 18G to 29G needles. The
injection force was assessed using a texture analyser.
The gelation point was determined at 37ºC into a vial
filled with PBS at pH 7.4. Viscosity and elasticity were
investigated by dynamic rheometry as a function of
temperature.
Results. Varying the chitosan and hyaluronate
concentration as well as the concentration of the
gelling-agent, various gelation times and stabilities
could be observed. Rheology and texture analysis
confirmed the sol-gel transition at body temperature
and the ease of injectability, respectively. Chitosanhyaluronate hybrid hydrogels carrying drug-loaded
microparticles could be a promising temperaturedependent parenteral drug delivery system.
Conclusions. Chitosan-Hyaluronate hydrogels is an
attractive system for PLGA particle drug delivery and
tissue engineering that combine biodegradability,
biocompatibility and the ability to form in situ gel-like
implants.
the
Metal-Bound
claMP Tag
Hydrogels Charged with PLGA Particle as
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas,
United States
bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Kansas, United States
Objective. The idea of chemically conjugating a small
drug molecule to a targeting moiety such as an
antibody has provided opportunity to mitigate the toxic
effects associated with anticancer treatments. A new
approach to conjugation involves the discovery of a
novel tripeptide with metal binding capabilities. The
claMP Tag is composed of the amino acid sequence
asparagine-cysteine-cysteine (NCC) and can be
genetically engineered into a protein. Recombinant
proteins are often expressed with encoded tags to
facilitate folding, solubility, and/or purification. Once
produced, it is desirable to remove these tags using a
protease such as thrombin or Factor Xa. The influence
on the rate and fidelity of cleavage by the enzyme of
placing the claMP Tag next to the proteolytic cleavage
sites is explored here using different proteins.
Methods. The process of inline conjugation of the
claMP tag was accomplished through genetic
engineering and standard bimolecular techniques.
Several proteins were used as model systems.
Recombinant protein was expressed and purified using
chromatography. Factor Xa was used to cleave the tag
adjacent to the claMP site and samples for SDS-PAGE
were collected over time. A typhoon imager was used
for densitometry analysis.
Results. Through densitometry analysis, the claMP tag
was determined to affect the cleaving efficiency of
Factor Xa.
Conclusions. The investigation of the influence of the
claMP tag on the cleavage site provides insight into the
surrounding environment. The way the tag binds metal
creates a square planar geometry allowing for a
possible steric effect occluding the cleavage site. Also,
the tag carries a 2- charge, which may exhibit
electrostatic effects.
P64 Design and Therapeutic Use of a
Mutant Coiled-Coil Peptide for BCR-ABL
Inhibition
Geoffrey D. Millera and Carol S. Lima
aUniversity
of Utah, Department of Pharmaceutics and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Objective. The aim of this work was to design a peptide
capable of inhibiting BCR-ABL oligomerization that
could be used as a therapeutic in CML and Ph+ ALL.
86
Methods. The oncoprotein tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL is
the causative agent and driving force of chronic
myeloid leukemia (CML). In order to activate signaling
characteristic of this disease, BCR-ABL must homooligomerize via an N-terminal coiled-coil domain.
Using rational design and computational modeling, we
have designed a construct (termed CCmut3) capable of
inhibiting BCR-ABL oligomerization, which is based on
the structure of the endogenous BCR-ABL coiled-coil
(CC) domain.
This modified α-helical construct
includes mutations into the endogenous CC domain
(C38A, K39E, S41R, L45D, E48R, Q60E) that lead to
non-self-recognizing properties of the construct,
favoring hetero-oligomerization between CCmut3 and
BCR-ABL while disfavoring homo-oligomerization
between two CCmut3 molecules.
Results. Delivering this CCmut3 construct as a gene, we
have shown that CCmut3 favors hetero-oligomerization
with and co-localizes with BCR-ABL. Next, we have
demonstrated the capability of CCmut3 to inhibit BCRABL auto-phosphorylation and downstream signaling
as well as reduce proliferation, oncogenic potential,
and induce apoptosis in CML cells. In addition,
combining CCmut3 with the most recently FDA-approved
tyrosine kinase inhibitor, ponatinib, allows a dose
reduction of ponatinib and shows increased
therapeutic efficacy in vitro. Finally, CCmut3, both alone
and in combination with ponatinib, showed similar
anti-proliferative and apoptotic results when tested on
CML cells containing BCR-ABL with the elusive kinase
domain mutation T315I.
Conclusions. CCmut3 has shown promising in vitro
results that could potentially lead to its use as an
effective therapeutic either alone or in combination for
CML or Ph+ ALL. A safe, effective involving the addition
of a hydrocarbon backbone (staple) to the peptide, is
currently under development.
P65 Development of Hyaluronic Acid Based
IgG-Loaded Dissolving Microneedles for
Intradermal Protein Delivery
Mönkärea,
Juha
M. Reza
Joke A. Bouwstraa
Nejadnika,
Khalil
Baccouchea,
onto a PDMS mold to create microneedles and by using
vacuum and centrifugation efficient distribution of the
solution into the microholes was ensured.
Subsequently, the solution was dried overnight at 37°C
before peeling off the obtained microneedle array from
the mold. Microneedles were analyzed with light,
fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. Ex vivo
human skin was used to study the skin penetration of
microneedles by trypan blue staining and the
dissolution of microneedles in the skin by measuring
microneedle length after the application.
Results. IgG-loaded (at least up to 10% (w/w))
microneedles were successfully produced and the
hyaluronic acid concentration of 5 % (w/v) was found
to be optimal for the preparation. Microneedles were
sharp and their length was on average over 290 µm that
corresponded well the length of the microneedles (300
µm) of the original master array. Skin penetration
studies showed that microneedles were able to
penetrate the stratum corneum of the ex vivo human
skin and reach the epidermis. After the penetration into
the skin, microneedles started to dissolve immediately
and after 10 min they were nearly completely
dissolved.
Conclusions. IgG-loaded dissolving microneedles for
intradermal delivery were prepared successfully from
hyaluronic acid. Microneedles penetrated human skin,
and after their penetration they dissolved quickly in the
skin.
Acknowledgments. The research leading to these
results has received support from the Innovative
Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant
agreement n° 115363 resources of which are
composed of financial contribution from the European
Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/20072013) and EFPIA companies’ in kind contribution. Dr.
Conor O’Mahony (Tyndall National Institute, University
College Cork, Ireland) is acknowledged for providing
master microneedle arrays for the preparation of
PDMS molds.
P66 Differential Effect of Buffering Agents
Wim
Jiskoota,
aDrug
Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug
Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Objective. Dissolving microneedles were developed
for intradermal protein delivery, based on hyaluronic
acid and using immunoglobulin G (IgG) as a model
protein. Hyaluronic acid was chosen since it is a
biocompatible,
FDA-approved
polyanionic
polysaccharide that is naturally present in the skin.
Methods. Hyaluronic acid (Mw 150 kDa) was dissolved
at different concentrations in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0,
10 mM). In the case of IgG loaded microneedles, IgG
was added (2-10 % (w/w) of total mass of hyaluronic
acid). The hyaluronic acid/IgG solution was applied
on
the
Crystallization
of
Gemcitabine
Hydrochloride in Frozen Solutions
Bhushan Munjala, Mehulkumar Patela, Arvind K Bansala
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate
the differential effect of buffering agents on the
crystallization of a model drug, gemcitabine
hydrochloride (GHCl) in frozen solutions.
Methods. Four buffering agents, viz. citric acid (CA),
malic acid (MA), succinic acid (SA) and tartaric acid
(TA) were selected. Aqueous GHCl solutions (30
mg/mL) containing various buffering agent
87
Poster Abstracts
concentrations (25 – 200 mM) were frozen in situ in
DSC and XRD and analyzed during the cooling and
heating runs. Onset of GHCl crystallization during
heating run in DSC was measured to compare the
differential effect of buffering agents. Tg’, unfrozen
water content in the freeze concentrate and
crystallization propensity of the buffering agents was
also determined for mechanistic understanding of the
underlying effects. Solutions containing GHCl (30
mg/mL) and buffering agents (100 mM) were freeze
dried and examined for cake integrity.
Results. CA and MA inhibited while SA facilitated
crystallization of GHCl even at 25 mM concentration.
Increasing the concentration enhanced their effect.
However, TA inhibited GHCl crystallization at
concentrations < 100 mM and facilitated it at
concentrations ≥ 100 mM. Lyophilization of GHCl with
either SA or TA yielded elegant cakes, while CA and MA
caused collapse. Tg’ failed to explain the inhibitory
effects of CA, MA and TA as all buffering agents lowered
the Tg’ of the system. Differential effect of buffering
agents on GHCl crystallization could be explained by
consideration of two opposing factors: (i) their own
crystallization tendency and (ii) unfrozen water
content in the freeze concentrate.
Conclusions. It was established that API crystallization
in frozen solution is affected by the type and
concentration of the buffering agents
Results. The secretory transport of several drugs in the
Ussing chamber was much higher in the ileum sections
compared with the duodenum and jejunum sections.
Their secretory transport in the ileum section was
lower in Mdr1a/1b(–/–)/Bcrp(–/–) mice than that in
wild-type mice. Several compounds (e.g., 200 M
fluvastatin, 100 M apixaban) inhibited the secretory
transport and drug accumulation in the ileum sections,
suggesting the involvement of basal uptake
transporter(s). By contrast, although Ost/ is
expressed predominantly on the basal side of the ileum
along the small intestine, the secretory transport of
several drugs in the ileum section was not decreased by
knockout of Ost.
Conclusions. The secretory transport of several drugs
was almost selective in the ileum, implying that the
ileum-specific expression of transporters contributes
to the intestinal secretion. In secretory transport, P-gp
and Bcrp contribute to the efflux from intestinal
epithelial cells, whereas Ost/ is not involved in the
basal uptake of drugs. Clarification of the molecular
mechanism underlying the basal transport is under
way.
P68
Developing
Formulations
for
Therapeutic
the
Vaccine
Treatment
of
Melanoma
P67 Analysis of Secretory Transport of
Drugs in the Small Intestine Using the
Ussing Chamber Method
Takeshi Nakayamaa, Shinya Fukizawaa, Kazuya Maedaa, Takehito
Ohtsubob, Toshio Kumaib, Naoki Matsumotob, Paul A. Dawsonc,
Yuichi Sugiyamad, Hiroyuki Kusuharaa.
aThe
University of Tokyo, Japan
Marianna University School of Medicine, Japan
cWake Forest University School of Medicine, USA
dRIKEN Innovation Center, Japan
bSt.
Objective. Recent reports suggest that the excretion
from the blood into the intestinal lumen contributes
partly to the clearance of some drugs, but the
underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. The
aim of this research was to investigate the contribution
of transporters to the secretory transport of drugs in
the small intestine using the Ussing chamber method.
Methods. The secretory (basal-to-apical) transport of
several drugs was measured in tissue sections from
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of mice in an Ussing
chamber. The possible involvement of transporters in
the secretory transport was assessed by observing the
inhibitory effects of several compounds on their
transport. The contribution of P-gp, Bcrp, and Ost/
to intestinal secretion of drugs was investigated in
ileum sections obtained from the corresponding
knockout mice.
88
Silke Neumanna, Roslyn Kempb, Rod Dunbarc, Thomas Radesd, Sarah
Hooka
aSchool
of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago,
Dunedin, New Zealand
cSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland,
New Zealand
dDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
bDepartment
Objective. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as inhibitors
of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are considered promising
candidates to enhance therapeutic cancer vaccination.
The beneficial effects of these drugs rely on the
inhibition of immune-suppressive cell populations,
such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), in
the tumour microenvironment. MDSCs suppress
desired T-cell responses and thereby limit the efficacy
of cancer vaccines. Here we investigated the effect of
licofelone, a dual COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor,
to improve anti-tumour responses in vivo when
administered in combination with a cancer vaccine.
Methods. Melanoma-bearing mice were intravenously
injected on day 6 with a long peptide vaccine,
formulated into cationic liposomes containing the
adjuvant α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and either
licofelone or celecoxib. Simultaneously, mice received
subcutaneous injections of either licofelone or
celecoxib formulated into cationic liposomes every
other day for 14 days after tumour implantation.
Changes in body weight and tumour size were recorded
and mice were culled when the tumours exceeded a
size of 200 mm2.
amorphous furosemide salt filled into capsules and
coated with Eudragit® L100.
Results. Immunisation with the long peptide vaccine in
combination with licofelone significantly prolonged
survival in melanoma-bearing mice whereas treatment
with licofelone in cationic liposomes only did not
improve anti-tumour effects as compared to the
control group. In contrast, combination of celecoxib
and the long peptide vaccine did not prolong survival
as compared to the vaccine group.
Conclusions. Microcontainers show considerable
potential as a future oral drug delivery system.
Conclusions. These results suggest that the dual COX2/5-LO inhibitor licofelone is a powerful tool to
improve therapeutic vaccination strategies in
melanoma.
P69 Microcontainers as an Oral Drug
Delivery System
Line Hagner Nielsena,b, Stephan Sylvest Kellerb, Jette Jacobsena,
Thomas Radesa, Anja BoisenbAnette Müllertza,c
aDepartment
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
bDepartment of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of
Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
cBioneer:FARMA, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and
Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate
microcontainers in vitro and in vivo as an innovative
oral drug delivery system for the poorly water-soluble
drug, furosemide.
Methods. Microcontainers, with an inner diameter of
223 µm, were fabricated in SU-8 through two steps of
photolithography. The microcontainers were filled
with amorphous sodium salt of furosemide (prepared
by spray drying). Subsequently, a 10 µm layer of
Eudragit® L100 was spray coated on the cavity of the
drug-filled microcontainers. The release of the drug
from the microcontainers was evaluated in a
biorelevant gastric medium (pH 1.6) and a biorelevant
intestinal medium at pH 6.5. The intestinal
permeability of the amorphous furosemide salt loaded
into the microcontainers was evaluated using a Caco-2
cell model. Furthermore, drug-filled and Eudragitcoated microcontainers were dosed orally to rats and
blood samples were taken over 24 h.
Results. The release experiments revealed that the
Eudragit® layer prevented drug release in the gastric
medium, while an immediate release of the amorphous
furosemide salt was seen in the intestinal medium. The
Caco-2 cell studies showed a fast permeability of the
amorphous furosemide salt with no significant
differences between the microcontainers (Papp 1.79·105 ±0.068·10-5 cm/s, mean±SD, n=11) and powder of
amorphous furosemide salt (Papp 1.62·10-5±1.04·10-5
cm/s, mean±SD, n=11). The rat study demonstrated
that the amorphous furosemide salt dosed in
microcontainers showed an oral relative bioavailability
of 220.2±43.2% (mean±SEM, n=6) compared to
P70 Co-Delivery of Autoantigen and B7
Pathway Modulators for the Treatment of a
Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Laura Northrupa, Joshua Sestaka, Bradley Sullivana, Sharadvi Thatia,
Teruna Siahaana, Charlotte Vinesb, and Cory Berklanda
aThe
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
bUniversity
Objective. Peptides targeting the B7 immune signaling
pathway were co-delivered with autoantigen using a
novel soluble antigen array (SAgA) for the therapeutic
treatment of a murine model of multiple sclerosis.
Methods. The B7 signaling pathway was targeted using
adaptations of SAgA technology achieved by covalently
linking B7-binding peptides and disease causing
autoantigen (proteolipid peptide; PLP) to hyaluronic
acid (HA). Three independent B7-targeted SAgAs were
created containing peptides to either inhibit or
potentially stimulate the B7 signaling pathway. The
SAgAs were then characterized by high performance
liquid
chromatography,
gel
permeation
chromatography, and microflow imaging. Through the
use of a murine model of multiple sclerosis,
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE),
the B7-targeted SAgAs were tested for their ability to
suppress disease symptoms. Following the study,
primary splenocytes were isolated from EAE mice
treated with B7-targeted SAgA and their cytokine
profiles were investigated in response to restimulation with autoantigen.
Results. Surprisingly, all SAgAs were found to suppress
EAE disease symptoms. Altered pro-inflammatory
cytokine expression was observed in primary
splenocytes isolated from SAgA-treated mice,
indicating that SAgAs with different B7-binding
peptides may suppress EAE through different
immunological mechanisms.
Conclusions. This study demonstrates that SAgAs can
successfully suppress a murine model of multiple
sclerosis, EAE, through co-delivery of autoantigen and
peptides targeting with the B7 signaling pathway.
89
Poster Abstracts
P71 Synthesis and Characterization of
P72
Native
Nanosuspensions by Flexographic Printing
and
PEGylated
Poly-L-Lysine
Dendrimers
Yewon Joanna Paka, Peter Swaana
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Nanomedicine
and Cellular Delivery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201,
USA
Objective. Recent exploration of dendrimers has
shown that this "tree-like" polymer can be used as a
drug delivery system for improved targeting to solid
tumors. Commercially available poly (amidoamine)
(PAMAM) dendrimers have the potential to cause
toxicity in vivo due to non-biodegradability at sites of
accumulation. Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) dendrimers are
another class of dendrimers that possess a
biodegradable structure. However, since PLL
dendrimers are cytotoxic due to cationic surface
charges, potential advancement of PEGylated PLL
dendrimers were investigated. PEGylation of
dendrimers improves retention in the blood circulation
without causing toxicity to healthy cells while
maintaining the ability to deliver chemotherapeutic
drugs to a targeted internalization pathway in human
breast cancer cells.
Methods. PLL dendrimers were synthesized through a
controlled, step-wise synthesis, which included the
addition of lysine groups by protecting and
deprotecting BOC groups on the surface of the
dendrimer. BOC-protected lysine was added in a
repeated manner until the Generation 3 PLL dendrimer
was synthesized. The product was PEGylated using
polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2000 in order to mask the
charges on the outer surface of the dendrimer. Both the
PLL dendrimer and PEGylated PLL dendrimer were
characterized using NMR, mass spectrometry, and size
exclusion chromatography. In order to assess
cytotoxicity of the PLL dendrimer and PEGylated PLL
dendrimer, MCF-7 cells were used. MCF-7 cells were
treated with varying concentrations of the dendrimers,
and the IC50 for both dendrimers was measured using a
WST-1 cell viability assay.
Results. Successful synthesis of PLL dendrimers and
PEGylated PLL dendrimers was confirmed using NMR
and mass spectrometry. The polydispersity of the two
compounds showed that both dendrimers were
monodisperse with polydispersity index of 1.03 and
1.04. Compared to PLL dendrimers, PEGylated PLL
dendrimers show higher cell viability of almost 100%
cell viability even at high concentration.
Conclusions. PEGylated PLL dendrimers can be used
as an effective chemotherapeutic delivery system with
no inherent cell cytotoxicity.
90
Deposition
and
Stabilisation
of
Mirja Paloa,b, Ruzica Kolakovica, Timo Laaksonenc, Daniela Forsa
Anni Määttänena, Natalja Geninaa, Jouko Peltonena, Niklas Sandlera
aÅbo
Akademi University, Finland,
of Tartu, Estonia
cUniversity of Helsinki, Finland
bUniversity
Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the
use of flexographic printing as a deposition technique
to stabilize nanosuspensions.
Methods.
Aqueous
nanosuspensions
with
indomethacin (IND) and itraconzole (ITR) were made
by ball-milling (Pulverisette 7 Premium, Fritsch GmbH,
Germany). Poloxamer 407 (60 wt% of the drug
amount) was used as a stabilizer.
The nanosuspensions were printed on 3 different
substrates – polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film,
Easybake® rice sheet and Blue Dragon® rice paper. A
laboratory scale printability tester (IGT Global
Standard Tester 2, IGT Testing system, The
Netherlands) was used to prepare formulations with
the size of 0.5 cm2.
The printed formulations were characterized with Xray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). Content analysis and dissolution
studies for IND and ITR were performed with UV/Vis
spectrophotometer and high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC), respectively.
Results. Nanosuspensions with IND (145.1 mg/ml)
and ITR (112.2 mg/ml) were successfully produced by
wet ball-milling. At least partially crystalline APIs were
identified in printed formulations with XRD.
Nanosuspensions were evenly distributed on the
substrates after the printing. The SEM images of the
flexographically fabricated samples did not reveal any
agglomeration of the nanosuspensions.
The dissolution rate of the APIs from nanosuspensions
and the printed samples increased compared to the
dissolution rate from the raw drug substance. Printed
formulations of IND and ITR on edible substrates
(Easybake® rice sheet and Blue Dragon® rice paper)
showed slower dissolution profiles compared to the
samples printed on PET film.
Conclusions. Samples from nanosuspensions were
successfully produced by flexographic printing. The
printed formulations contained solid particles from
nanosuspensions
without
any
observed
agglomeration. In addition, the dissolution rate of the
drug from the printed formulations increased
compared to the pure API. The results indicate that the
approach taken can be considered as a promising
fabrication method for nanoparticulate systems.
P73 In Vitro Device to Investigate Fate of
Macromolecules
Following
Intravitreal
Injection
Sulabh Patela, Jan Olaf Strackea, Ulrike Altenburgera, HannsChristain Mahlera, Joerg Huwylerb, Dhananjay Jerea
aPharmaceutical
Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical
Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Basel,
Switzerland.
bDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Objective. Intravitreal drug delivery is critical for the
treatment of posterior segment ocular diseases such as
wet-AMD, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic edema etc.
Following intravitreal injections, drug distribution in
the back of the eye tissues is mainly influenced by
physicochemical parameters of the therapeutic agent
and formulation components, and their interactions
with the components of vitreous humor (VH). Not
much attention has been paid to investigate these
interactions, primarily due to unavailability of a
reliable and representative in vitro model for the in vivo
conditions. In a current set of studies, we were able to
establish a novel in vitro non-cell based model to mimic
intraocular conditions. This new tool enables us to
study the fate of formulation components following
intravitreal injection.
Methods. A customized multi-chamber device
designed for controlled diffusion to mimic intraocular
conditions like VH gel diffusion, and systemic clearance
(choroidal blood flow). Diffusion control membrane
cut-off was optimized to achieve desired flux, and
permeability.
Results. The optimal device showed the desired
retention and diffusion profile, which mimic
intraocular flux, stability and permeability.
Conclusions. The in vitro model can act as a cost
effective high throughput alternative to study in vivo
fate of macromolecules and/or excipients following
intravitreal injection.
P74 Water Vapor Barrier and Mechanical
Properties of Lignified Cellulosic Thin Films
Anna Penkinaa, Anirudra Parajulib, Sara Fontiveros Martinc, Osmo
Antikainenb, Maija Hakolab, Sirpa Vuorinenb, Timo Repob, Jouko
Yliruusib, Peep Veskia, Karin Kogermanna and Jyrki Heinämäkia
aUniversity
of Tartu, Estonia
cComplutense University of Madrid, Spain
bUniversity
Objective. To investigate the film formation of
externally
lignified
aqueous
hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose (HPMC) and evaluate the effect of
lignin on water vapor permeation (WVP) and
mechanical stress-strain properties of films.
Methods. Industrial softwood kraft lignin (Indulin AT)
and catalytic pretreated softwood lignin (CPSL) were
used for lignifying HPMC films plasticized with
polyethylene glycol (PEG 400). Free films were
prepared by a casting/solvent evaporation method.
The WVP of films was determined using the thin films
(150-200 m) cut to a suitable size, fixed onto the
anhydrous calcium chloride (CaCl2) containing glass
vials and immediately tightly sealed with a thin elastic
band and Parafilm M barrier film. The glass vials were
held at 23 ± 2C and 80 ± 2% RH, and the increase in
weight was measured at regular intervals.
The mechanical properties of the plasticized and
lignified free films were studied by using a Lloyd LRX
materials tester. Tensile strength, elongation (strain) at
break, modulus of elasticity (Young´s modulus) and
work done were calculated from the stress-strain
curve. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of the films
was determined by using a differential scanning
calorimeter (DSC).
Results. The type and amount of lignin affected the
WVP and mechanical stress-strain properties of HPMC
films but did not change the thermal properties (Tg 97118C) of the films. The lignified HPMC films containing
Indulin AT were mechanically stronger, tougher and
more elongated than the respective films containing
CPSL or the reference non-lignified films.
Conclusions. External lignification of cellulosic thin
films improves water vapor barrier and mechanical
properties of films.
Acknowledgements. This study is part of the targeted
financing project no SF0180042s09 and ETF grant
project no 7980. The work is also supported by the
European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and
Internationalization Programme DoRa and the
Estonian Ministry of Education and Research.
P75 Effects of Sucrose in Micro- and Pilot
Scale Freeze-Drying on Secondary Protein
Structures Assessed by FTIR-ATR
Björn-Hendrik Petersa, Ferdinand Molnára, Jarkko Ketolainena
aSchool
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
Objective. Microscale freeze-drying offers strongly
needed short process cycles for early stage formulation
development. To investigate scale dependent effects of
sucrose as a stabilizing agent, secondary structures of
lysozyme formulations were assessed in comparison to
common vial freeze-drying at pilot scale equipment.
Methods. The model formulations consisted of 1%
lysozyme (Dalian Greensnow Egg Products, China)
with sucrose (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) concentrations of
0%, 0.5%, and 1% (all w/w), respectively. All
formulations were prepared with Milli-Q-Water (EMD
91
Poster Abstracts
Millipore, USA). Microscale freeze-drying was
performed on a THMS350V heating stage (Linkam
Scientific, UK). For pilot scale freeze-drying a Lyostar II
system (SP Scientific, USA) was utilized. Sample spectra
were collected using a Nicolet 8700 FT-IR
spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and
consist of 256 scans at a resolution of 2 cm-1. Principle
component analysis (PCA) of smoothed 2nd derivative
amide I spectra was performed utilizing SIMCA-P+
(Umetrics AB, Sweden).
Results. A sucrose concentration dependent shift from
β-sheet (peaks at 1641.15 cm-1, 1630.55 cm-1) and βturn (peak at 1689.36 cm-1) structures to α-helices
(peaks at 1653.69 cm-1, 1652.72 cm-1) was observed.
Furthermore, reduced variation between micro- and
pilot scale samples at increased sucrose content was
indicated. Smaller differences between sample bottom
and top were seen with increasing excipient content
especially for pilot scale samples. Annealed samples
revealed an overall high similarity to samples of the
same formulation prepared by the regular freezedrying cycle although a tendency to increased variation
at the bottom part of annealed samples was noticed.
Conclusions. The results of the lysozyme model
formulations indicate that stabilization efforts
undertaken in the microscale environment could be
transferred to pilot scale vial freeze-drying.
mediated knockdown in various cell lines. Toxicity of
the complexes was assessed by the MTT assay.
Results. The Lipopolyplexes intended for the gene
delivery and knockdown were in the size range of 205
± 5 nm and had a zeta potential of 5 mV. The results
from the Gel-Retardation assay have shown that the
complexes were stable and disintegrated in the
presence of Heparin concentrations slightly higher
than that present in the human body. Transfection
efficiency reported by the reporter gene assay was
around 450,000 RLU’s (Relative Luminescence Units).
The toxicity of the Lipopolyplexes was found to be
lower in comparison with other transfection reagents
used.
Conclusions. Lipopolyplexes are seen to be by far
more viable transfection agents with a better toxicity
profile than that of PEI and cationic Lipoplexes. Apart
from a better toxicity profile they also happen to have
an increased transfection efficiency which can partly be
attributed to their relatively low toxicity and are also
stable over a longer period of time.
P77
Investigating
Distribution
of
the
Whole
Brain
Macromolecules
Administered into the Cerebrospinal Fluid
Michelle E. Pizzoa,b, Daniel J. Wolaka, Robert G Thornea,b,c,d,e
P76 Novel Lipopolyplexes for Gene Delivery
and Gene knockdown
Shashank Reddy Pinnapireddya, Udo Bakowskya
aInstitute
for Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Philipps
University - Marburg, Germany.
Objective. The aim of this study was to formulate
polymer and nucleic acid complexes which were
further encapsulated in a lipid layer to form unique
nanostructures called Lipopolyplexes. Lipopolyplexes
are nanostructures intended for transfection i.e.
delivery of nucleic acids coding either for specific
reporter genes such as GFP (Green Fluorescence
protein) or mediating knockdown. In the current study
the in-vitro efficiency of PEI (Polyethylenimine) based
polymers and lipid combinations of DOPE (1, 2dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), DPPC
(1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and
Cholesterol was investigated.
Methods. The Lipopolyplexes in this study were
analysed for their physical characteristics, complex
stability, transfection efficiency and toxicity. The
characterisation of the lipid nanostructures for this
study was done by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy
and Laser Doppler Micro-electrophoresis. Complex
stability was performed by Gel-Retardation assay and
Heparin Competition Assay. Transfection efficiency of
the Lipopolyplexes was evaluated using Luciferase
reporter gene assay, GFP expression and siRNA
92
aDivision
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of WisconsinMadison School of Pharmacy, USA
bClinical Neuroengineering Training Program,
cNeuroscience Training Program,
dCellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Training Program, &
the
eInstitute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Objective. The aim of this work is to investigate the
whole brain distribution and mechanisms of
distribution of potentially therapeutic macromolecules
administered into the cerebrospinal fluid.
Methods. Fluorescently labeled macromolecules of
various sizes were infused into the cisterna magna of
anesthetized rats for approximately one hour. Ex vivo
fluorescence was used to determine distribution in the
whole brain and in slices. Intensity profiles normal to
the brain surface were used to estimate effective
diffusion coefficients (D*) for each molecule in brain
and were compared to measurements using integrative
optical imaging (IOI), a highly validated method for
determining D* in brain tissue after intraparenchymal
pressure injection.
Results. The olfactory bulbs and perivascular space
(PVS) of large caliber surface arteries showed high
fluorescence for all molecules. However, smaller
molecules (3 kDa dextran, 50 kDa antibody fragment)
showed diffuse signal around vessels, while larger
molecules (e.g., 150 kDa antibody) appeared confined
to the PVS. Slices showed apparent diffusion across the
brain surface and PVS signal even in deep brain
regions. Diffusion analysis of surface slice data yielded
D* estimates similar to IOI values for smaller molecules,
but larger molecules diffused more slowly than
expected from IOI values.
Conclusions. Diffusion into the brain varied between
areas, possibly due to regional differences in barrier
properties of the pia mater and glia limitans at the
brain surface. Our diffusion analysis of slice data
suggests that larger molecules may be more hindered
by these barriers than small molecules. Our results also
confirm that fast, convective flow within the PVS plays
a significant role in whole brain distribution. Larger
molecules appeared more confined to the PVS,
suggesting size selectivity of the interface between the
PVS and adjacent parenchyma. Our findings suggest a
complex combination of diffusive and convective
transport determines macromolecule distribution in
the brain following central input.
P78 Therapeutic Cancer Vaccine Based on
Polymeric Nanoparticles Containing HPV
Synthetic Long Peptide and Poly IC
Rahimiana,
Fransenb,
Kleinovinkb,
Sima
Marieke F.
Jan Willem
Jonathan Riis Christensena, Maryam Amidia, Ferry Ossendorpb and
Wim E. Henninka
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands
bDepartment of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden
University Medical Center, The Netherlands
Objective. The aim of current study is to design a
cancer vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV)associated
cancer
by
using
polylactide-cohydroxymethylglycolide (pLHMGA) nanoparticles
(NPs) containing a synthetic long peptide (SLP) derived
from HPV16 oncoprotein and a TLR3 ligand (poly IC),
as an adjuvant.
Methods. HPV SLP ± poly IC loaded NPs were prepared
by double emulsion solvent evaporation technique.
Particle size and morphology were characterized by
DLS and TEM. Loading efficiency of HPV SLP and Poly
IC were measured by HPLC and Quantifluor RNA assay,
respectively. The therapeutic efficacy of NP vaccine
was evaluated in tumor bearing mice. Upon
vaccinations, the level of HPV specific CD8+ T cells in
the systemic circulation was determined using
tetramer staining assay and the tumor size was
monitored in time.
Results. NPs were spherical with a size ranging from
400-500 nm. Loading efficiency of HPV SLP and poly IC
in the nanoparticles was around 50%. HPV SLP + poly
IC NPs and HPV SLP NPs + soluble poly IC substantially
suppressed the tumor growth in mice. HPV specific
CD8+ T cells were readily detectable in mice
immunized with any combination of HPV NP and poly
IC, regardless of poly IC being in the same particle (coencapsulated) or in soluble form, while HPV SLP in
soluble form or in IFA ± Poly IC exhibited significantly
lower levels of CD8+ T cells.
Conclusions. HPV SLP nanoparticles could enhance
the tumor specific T-cell response when combined with
poly-IC, as compared to soluble SLP + poly IC. Tumor
growth was significantly suppressed using NPs + poly
IC. This suggests that pLHMGA nanoparticles are
suitable candidates as cancer vaccines.
Acknowledgement. This research was performed
within the framework of Cancer Vaccine Tracking
project (#03O-302), center for translational molecular
medicine (CTMM).
P79 siRNA Delivery to the Retinal Pigment
Epithelium
Eva Ramsaya, Sarah Hehirb, Sander Groenenb, Timo Stukenkemperb,
Sanjay Sarkhela, Marika Ruponenc, Neil Cameronb and Arto Urtti a,c
aCentre
for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland
of Chemistry, Durham University, UK
cSchool of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
bDepartment
Objective. Inhibition of IL-6 secretion, by small
interfering RNA (siRNA) seems as a promising strategy
for the treatment of inflammation related retinal
diseases. However, drug delivery systems are needed
to improve poor biopharmaceutical properties of
siRNA. A novel block copolymer, based on poly(benzyll-glutamate) and poly-l-lysine (PLE30-b-PK30) was
studied for siRNA delivery to the retinal pigment
epithelium (RPE).
Methods. Polyplexes of PLE30-b-PK30 and siRNA were
formed at varying charge ratio (N/P) and siRNA
binding was determined by an agarose electrophoresis
gel. The size and zeta potential of the polyplexes were
measured by DLS and zetasizer, respectively. The IL-6
silencing effect was studied by exposing ARPE-19 cells
for polyplexes for 4-5 hours and IL-6 concentrations
were measured after further incubation of 24-72 hours
by an ELISA kit. The cytotoxicity of the polyplexes was
analyzed by the MTT assay. The cellular uptake
efficiency of the polyplexes, using fluorescently
labelled siRNA, was studied after a 4 hour exposure by
employing flow cytometer analysis. Lipofectamine was
used as a control carrier.
Results. For transfection studies polyplexes of charge
ratio 6/1-9/1, resulting positive surface charge and a
mean size of around 50 nm were used. After 48-72
hours the polyplexes silenced IL-6 expression up to
30% in comparison to 50% silencing effect of
Lipofectamine. The polyplexes did not cause cell death
and they were found to be taken up by the cells
efficiently.
Conclusions. The PLE30-b-PK30 block copolymer seems
as a promising carrier for siRNA and for the delivery to
the RPE. Further modifications of the carrier are
needed, in order to improve the siRNA delivery
93
Poster Abstracts
properties.
P80 Ocular Melanin Binding: In Vitro Binding
Studies Combined to a Pharmacokinetic
Model
Anna-Kaisa Rimpeläa, Heidi Kidrona, Arto Urttia
aCentre
for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences,
Objective. As melanin binding affects a drug’s
pharmacokinetics and effect in ocular tissues, it should
be considered in ocular drug delivery. The aim was to
study melanin binding of drugs in vitro and cellular
kinetics of the drugs in pigmented retinal pigment
epithelial (RPE) cells. A kinetic model of melanin
binding and cellular kinetics was built to get a better
understanding of pigment binding in cellular drug
delivery.
Methods. The in vitro melanin binding of drugs was
studied using isolated melanin from porcine RPE and
choroid. The studies were done at pH 7.4 and pH 5 to
mimic the acidic environment of the cellular
melanosomes. The compounds chosen for the study;
nadolol,
timolol,
chloroquine,
methotrexate,
carboxydichlorofluorescein
(CDCF)
and
dexamethasone, are small molecules with diverse
physicochemical
properties
(octanol/water
partitioning coefficient (logP), pKa, acid/base status).
Primary porcine RPE cells were used to study the
amount of uptake of the set of compounds. The kinetic
model was constructed and simulated with STELLA ®
software.
Results. All the basic compounds bound to melanin in
vitro. The acidic compounds did not seem to bind at pH
7.4 but did bind at pH 5. Chloroquine, as expected,
showed the highest binding levels. The cellular uptake
of chloroquine was significant, at least partly due to
melanin binding, whereas the other compounds were
taken into the cells to a much smaller extent. The
kinetic simulations with the binding parameters
resulted in a good match with the experimental results
of the cell study.
Conclusions. The results of the in vitro studies and the
simulation model give a good idea of the importance of
melanin binding in ocular drug delivery. The model can
be used in the future as a base for more comprehensive
models of the effect of melanin binding on ocular
pharmacokinetics.
94
P81 The Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Lead
Fused-Cyclopentenone
Phosphonate
Compound and its Potential in the Local
Treatment of Experimental Colitis
Dorit Moradova, Helena Shifrina, Efrat Harela, Mirela NadlerMilbauera, Morris Srebnika and Abraham Rubinsteina
aThe
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, School of
Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem
91120, Israel
Purpose. To screen a series of previously reported
fused-cyclopentenone phosphonates in order to
identify a lead compound and to explore its possible
mode of action.
Methods. The ability of the compounds to reduce
secreted TNFα levels by LPS-activated mouse
peritoneal macrophages, as well as their cytotoxicity
(MTT) in increasing concentrations was compared. A
lead compound, namely, diethyl 3-nonyl-5-oxo3,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta
[c]furan-4ylphosphonate ("P-5") was identified. P-5 effect on IL6, INFγ, MCP-1, IL-1α, MIP-1α and RANTES levels was
tested in vitro, followed by an in vivo analysis in a
colitis-induced rat model. Inflammation severity
quantification was assessed macroscopically and by
measuring tissue MPO and iNOS activity and TNFα and
IL-1β levels. The levels of p38, IκBα and ERK and their
phosphorylation products p-p38, p-ERK was compared
by Western blot.
Results. The longer the aliphatic side chains on the
furan ring of the tested fused-cyclopentenone
phosphonates, the better their anti-TNFα activity. P-5
reduced TNFα, IL-6, IL-1α, INFγ, MCP-1, MIP-1α and
RANTES in LPS-activated macrophages. Moreover, it
was effective in the local treatment of experimental
colitis in the rat, where it inhibited mucosal MPO
activity, reduced expression of iNOS and decreased
mucosal levels of TNFα and IL-1β.
Conclusions. Although not having an inhibitory effect
on human recombinant TACE, P-5 could be used for the
spatial therapy of IBD (e.g. by colon-specific drug
platforms). Its mode of action involves MAPKs through
the ERK pathway but not through p38 and with no
effect on IκBα, probably, with no effect on the
expression of the NF-κB transcription factor.
P82 Label-free CARS Imaging of Intestinal
Epithelial Cells
Jukka Saarinena, Antti Isomäkib, Erkan Sözeria, Hélder Santosa, Clare
J Strachana
aDivision
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
bBiomedicum Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Helsinki, Finland
Objective. To investigate the potential of CARS
microscopy for live imaging of cells that are used to
mimic the intestinal epithelium.
Methods. Human adenocarcinoma Caco-2 and HT-29
cells were cultured in 25 cm2 culture flasks. The
medium used was high glucose Dulbecco’s Modified
Eagle Medium (DMEM) with 10% of heat inactivated
fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin and streptomycin, 1%
non-essential aminoacids and 1% L-glutamine.
For imaging cells were seeded on collagen-coated PTFE
Transwell® inserts with a density of 20000 cells / 0.33
cm2 per insert.
Cells were imaged using a Leica TCS SP8 CARS
microscope. It consists of a Leica DMI inverted
microscope with two forward- and two epi-directed
PMT detectors and a picoEMERALD solid-state-laser
light source (APE GmbH). A heating chamber with
controlled temperature and CO2 was also integrated
into the system. PTFE Transwell® inserts were placed
on a coverslip while imaging using an HCX IR APO L
25/0.95 W water immersion microscope objective.
CARS signals between 2700 and 3000 cm-1 were
recorded.
Results. Structures in both Caco-2 and HT-29 cells
were visible. The strongest signal at 2860 cm-1,
representing CH2 stretching, revealed lipid droplets
and cell membranes in both cell types. The lipid droplet
size and distribution were different between cell types.
Conclusions. CARS microscopy is well suitable for
label-free live imaging of cell cultures used to mimic the
intestinal epithelium, which could in the future be
extended to label-free in situ imaging for studying cellnanoparticle interactions.
P83 Effectiveness of Bulb Extracts of Allium
Species
on
Some
Selected
Plant
Pathogenic Fungi
Sahar Samadia, Michael Keusgena
aInstitute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-Universität
Marburg, Germany
Objective. Allium volatile compounds like allicin,
further thiosulphinates and their transformation
products of selected species from Southwest and
Middel Asia were subjects of this investigation.
Antifungal activities (MIC) of A. ampeloprasum L.,
A. atroviolaceum Boiss., A. cepa L., A. cepa L. var.
aggregatum G. Don, A. darwasicum Regel,
A. hollandicum R.M.Fritsch, A. jesdianum Boiss. & Buhse,
A. jesdianum Boiss. & Buhse subsp. angustitepalum
(Wendelbo) F.O.Khass. & R.M.Fritsch, A. karataviense
Regel, A. macleanii Baker, A. moly L., A. nevskianum
Vved., A. oschaninii B.Fedtsch., A. rosenorum
R.M.Fritsch, A. rotundum L., A. sativum L.,
A. scorzonerifolium Redouté, A. stipitatum Regel,
A. talassicum Regel and miconazole (positive control)
on Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium digitatum,
P. italicum and Mucor hiemalis were investigated.
Methods. Dilution series of ethyl acetate extracts
obtained from Allium bulbs were tested on all the above
mentioned
fungi
using
PDA
micro-dilution
susceptibility testing method, disk diffusion method
and double-dish chamber.
Results. Extracts of A. stpitatum showed the highest
antimicrobial effect against all the tested fungi (MIC ≥
0.53g/ml; related to the fresh bulb weight) followed by
A. sativum (MIC ≥ 0,54g/ml), A. ampeloprasum (MIC ≥
0,85g/ml) and then A. karataviense (MIC ≥ 1,53g/ml).
The MIC of miconazole as a control was ≥0.27mg/ml.
From the fungal point of view, P. italicum showed the
highest susceptibility, while M. hiemalis and A. flavus
demonstrated more resistancy towards Allium extracts
and miconazole.
Conclusions. The results indicate that extractions of
Allium spp. have antifungal activity and might be
promising, at least, in ‘biological’ treatment of fungalassociated plant diseases. Raw extracts were
investigated. Identification of active substances is
ongoing.
P84 Influence of the Surface Modifications
on the Properties of Nanoparticles
Jens Schäfera, Udo Bakowskya.
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Philipps
University Marburg, Germany
Objective. The modification of carrier systems with
polyethylene glycol chains is a well-known tool to
protect them from macrophages. This so called
“stealth”-effect as a surface modification is one
example for changing the surface properties of
nanoparticles or other systems. Additionally the
modification of the surface with cationic molecules can
change the surface charge for optimizing the
complexation properties for nucleic acid (NA) whereas
functionalizing of the systems can be achieved with
proteins or sugars
Therefore, we focus on the development of new drug
delivery systems with surface modifications and the
characterization of nanoscaled systems.
Methods. Biodegradable PLGA/chitosan nanoparticles
were prepared by a emulsion- diffusion–evaporation
technique and modified with different lipid
95
Poster Abstracts
compositions. The particles were physicochemical
characterized with DLS, LDA and AFM and tested invitro.
Results. Surface modification of biodegradable
particles with different lipid compositions change the
properties like zeta potential as well as the lipophilic
behavior of the developed systems. Depending on the
surface modifications, these systems showed new
qualities compared to the parent system.
Conclusions. The modification of biodegradable
nanoparticles or other system with lipids can help us to
identify the needed surface properties for specific drug
delivery systems.
P85 Stereoselective Anticonvulsant and
Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Valnoctamide,
a CNS-Active Derivative of Valproic Acid
with Low Teratogenic Potential
Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmada, Naama Hena, Boris Yagena, John H.
McDonoughb, Richard H. Finnellc, Bogdan J. Wlodarczykc , Meir
Bialerc
aSchool
of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Israel.
bPharmacology Branch, Research Division, US Army Medical
Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Maryland, USA.
c Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research
Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
Objective. Valnoctamide-(VCD), a CNS-active chiral
constitutional isomer of valpromide (VPD), the
corresponding amide of valproic acid (VPA), exhibits
stereoselective pharmacokinetics-(PK) in animals and
humans. The current study comparatively evaluated
the pharmacodynamics (PD; anticonvulsant activity
and teratogenicity) and PK of VCD four individual
stereoisomers.
Methods. The anticonvulsant activity of VCD
individual stereoisomers was evaluated in several
rodent anticonvulsant models including: maximal
electroshock, 6Hz psychomotor, subcutaneous
metrazol and the pilocarpine and soman-induced
status epilepticus (SE). The PK-PD relationship of VCD
stereoisomers
was
evaluated
following
ip
administration-(70mg/kg) to rats.
Results. VCD had a stereoselective PK with (2S,3S)VCD exhibiting the lowest clearance and consequently,
a twice-higher plasma exposure than all other
stereoisomers.
However,
there
was
less
stereoselectivity in VCD anticonvulsant activity and
each stereoisomer had similar ED50 values in most
models. Nevertheless, in the MES (Rat-ip) model,
2R,3S)-VCD and (2R,3R)-VCD (ED50= 43 mg/kg) were
found to be more active than the other two
stereoisomers and the racemate (ED50= 55-73
mg/kg). In the scMet (Rat-po) model, (2R,3S)-VCD
was the most active compound (ED50= 11 mg/kg)
96
compared to the other three individual stereoisomers
and the racemate. VCD stereoisomers (258 or 389
mg/kg) did not cause NTD. These doses are 3-12 times
higher than VCD-anticonvulsant-ED50 values.
Conclusions. VCD displayed stereoselective PK that
did not lead to significant stereoselective activity in
various anticonvulsant rodent models. If VCD exerted
its broad-spectrum anticonvulsant activity using a
single mechanism of action (MOA) it is likely that
it would exhibit a stereoselective PD. The fact that
there was no significant difference between racemicVCD and its individual stereoisomers, suggests that
VCD's anticonvulsant activity is due to multiple MOA.
P86 Strategies to Improve the Absorption of
Biopharmaceutical
Classification
(BCS)
Class IV Drugs – A Paclitaxel Case Study
Ramesh Soundararajana, Kenji Sasakia, Andreas
Schatzleina,b, Ijeoma Uchegbua,b.
aUCL
School of Pharmacy, United Kingdom
United Kingdom
bNanomerics,
Objective. To examine the effect of both drug
dissolution and the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump
on the oral pharmacokinetics of a hydrophobic drug.
Methods. The poorly aqueous soluble model drug,
paclitaxel,
was
encapsulated
within
N-(2phenoxyacetamide)-6-O-glycolchitosan
(GCPh)
nanoparticles. Male MF1 mice (22-35g) were
administered paclitaxel formulations, at low
(6.66mgkg-1, 10 mgkg-1) and/ or high doses (20 mgkg1) by oral gavage either in the form of high dissolving
formulations (GCPh paclitaxel nanoparticles or Taxol)
or as poorly dissolving formulations (paclitaxel fine
nanocrystals, paclitaxel large nanocrystals or paclitaxel
solid dispersion formulations). Paclitaxel was
administered in the absence or presence of the P-gp
efflux pump inhibitor verapamil (40mgkg-1). Plasma
samples were analysed for paclitaxel content by high
performance liquid chromatography.
Results. Our results show a dose-dependent
saturation of the P-gp pump by paclitaxel from Taxol,
while the absorption from low doses of Taxol were
influenced by verapamil, absorption from high doses of
Taxol were unaffected by verapamil. With the
paclitaxel nanocrystals and solid dispersion
formulations there were low levels of absorption in the
presence and absence of verapamil indicating that a
low level of in vivo dissolution is the major factor
hindering the oral absorption of BCS Class IV P-gp
substrates such as Paclitaxel. Drug absorption from
GCPh nanoparticles was not affected by verapamil at
any dose, suggesting that alternative pathways of
absorption exist when paclitaxel is formulated as GCPh
micelles.
Conclusions. Paclitaxel’s oral absorption is hampered
to a greater extent by its poor in vivo dissolution than
by the activity of the P-gp efflux pump and with suitable
dissolution enhancers, the P-gp efflux pump may be
saturated with a high dose of the drug, leading to
favourable absorption kinetics. Additionally a chitosan
based nanoparticle is also able to promote paclitaxel
absorption by using alternative uptake mechanisms
that bypass the P-gp pump.
P87 Breast Cancer Tumour Associated
Macrophages
Modulation
by
Free
or
Liposome Encapsulated Zoledronate
Sofia Sousaa, Seppo Auriolaa, Jukka Mönkkönena, Jorma Määttäa,b
aSchool
of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland, Finland
of Biomedicine University of Turku, Finland
bInstitute
Objective. The current study aimed to target breast
cancer (BC) tumour associated macrophages (TAM)
with free and liposome encapsulated zoledronate
(respectively ZOL and ZOL-LIP), in order to modulate
their polarization status.
Methods. The in vitro polarization of J774 murine
macrophages was done upon culture in 4T1 breast
cancer cell-conditioned medium (4T1CM) and
stimulation with LPS and ZOL or ZOL-LIP were tested
prior to LPS stimulus. At the cell culture assay
endpoints key macrophage M1/M2 polarization
markers were analysed by qPCR, multiplex ELISA,
zymography and Griess assay.
Results. In this setting 4T1CM reduced the proinflammatory activation of macrophages and increased
the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). A
non-cytotoxic dose ZOL-LIP enhanced the expression
of iNOS, a marker of M1 activation, without diminishing
the expression of M2-type markers.
Conclusions. Bone is a common site of BC metastasis,
mostly because of the vicious cycle between osteoclasts
and circulating BC cells which promotes osteolysis and
tumour growth. Therefore, anti-resorptives like the
bisphosphonate ZOL, have been used to manage BC
bone metastasis. According with the tumour type, 550% of the tumour mass consists of TAM and increased
intratumoral macrophage density correlates with poor
prognosis. The majority of TAMs resemble
macrophages of the M2 polarization state, generally
assisting survival and progression of the tumour cells
and suppressing adaptive immune responses. The
classically activated M1 macrophages lead to
inflammation. Without malignant mutations and being
genetically stable, TAMs are less likely to develop drug
resistance and are therefore good therapeutic targets.
using ZOL and ZOL-LIP in a neoadjuvant context.
P88 Impact of Human SGLT (SLC5A)
mediated
Transport
on
Apparent
Permeability Can Be Studied in the In Vitro
DSMZ -Caco-2 Cell Model
Bente Steffansena, Abel Malek Laghmocha, Carsten Uhd Nielsena
aDrug
Transporters in ADME, Faculty of Health and Medical
Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Objective. The aim was to investigate expression and
function of sodium glucose transporter(s) (SGLT) in
Caco-2 cells obtained from two different cell banks.
Methods. In Caco-2 cells obtained from DSMZ and
ATCC, influx of 1.6 or 3.2 μM [14C] methyl-α-Dglucopyranoside ([14C]α-MDG) was studied with or
without Na+ and 0.1mM phlorizin (SGLT1 inhibitor) at
pH 7.4. In DSMZ, concentration dependent influx and
bidirectional transepithelial transport of α-MDG was
also studied. All studies were made on confluent cells
grown for 19-21 days at either the bottom of plastic
wells or on TranswelTM polycarbonate filter inserts.
SGLT expression was investigated using RT-PCR.
mRNA isolated from DSMZ cells, using specific primers
towards SGLT1, SGLT2, and GAPDH.
Results. Influx of the SGLT substrate α-MDG was
sodium-dependent and phlorizin-inhibitable and >100
times higher in Caco-2 cells obtained from DSMZ than
ATCC, i.e. 1.48·10-10mol·cm-2·min-1 and 1.07·10-12,
respectively.
Concentration-dependent
SGLTmediated α-MDG influx in Caco-2 cells from DSMZ was
characterized by an apparent Km–value of
1.8±0.16mM with a Vmax of 1.4±0.46nmol·cm-2·min-1.
The transepithelial transport of α-MDG was highly
polarized with apparent A-B and B-A permeabilities
of 1.5·10-5±8.1·10-7 and 1.7·10-7±1.5·10-8cm·s-1,
respectively. In presence of 1mM phlorizin, the A-B
permeability of α-MDG was reduced to 3.2·107±2.9·10-8cm·s-1. SGLT1/2 were both expressed at the
mRNA level in Caco-2 cells from DSMZ.
Conclusions.
For
studying
SGLT-mediated
transepithelial transport and influx of drug candidates
Caco-2 cells obtained from DSMZ seems to provide a
good in vitro model for intestinal transport.
We propose that ZOL-LIP may be suitable for altering
the activation status of TAM, favouring cytotoxic
immune responses. Studies with the orthotopic
4T1.luc2 Balb/c mouse model are being conducted,
97
Poster Abstracts
P89 Inhalable Nanocomposites for Targeted
The Doctoral Programme
in Materials Research
and
Nanosciences
(MATRENA) offers a highlevel
PhD
student
education at the University
of Helsinki one of the
leading research
Pulmonary Delivery and Applications in
Lung Cancer Therapy
Nathanael A. Stockea , Heidi M. Mansourb, Susanne M. Arnolda, Dr.
Meenakshi Upretia, J. Zach Hilta
aUniversity of
bUniversity of
Kentucky, United States of America
Arizona, United States of America
Objective. The aim of this work is to develop a more
effective treatment modality for non-small cell lung
cancer patients by physically targeting the treatment to
the lungs by pulmonary delivery through inhalation of
dry powder nanocomposites. Here we report the
synthesis of novel nanocomponents, formulation of
aerodynamically adequate dry powder composites,
physicochemical characterization of the materials, and
in vitro cell studies for preliminary proof- of-concept.
Methods. Iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles
(MNPs) were synthesized through aqueous coprecipitation of ferric and ferrous iron salts at a 2:1
molar ratio. Hydrogel nanoparticles were synthesize
via thermally initiated radical polymerization in the
presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and
imbibed with cisplatin (CDDP) in an acetic acid buffer
at a pH of 4.0. Spray- drying was used to formulate dry
powders containing mixtures of these nanomaterials,
and free CDDP, with the excipient D-mannitol. A
thorough
physicochemical characterization of
incorporated nanocomponents as well as resulting dry
powder composites was carried out using a variety of
techniques. Cascade impactor studies with the Next
Generation Impactor (NGI) were carried out on
powders in order to examine their aerosol
performance and in vitro cell studies were used to
examine cytotoxic profiles of formulated materials on
representative human lung cancer cell lines.
Results. MNPs were successfully synthesized with a
hydrodynamic diameter of ~145 nm and HNPs were
synthesized within a range of 50-150 nm (depending
on SDS concentration). These nanocomponents were
incorporated into dry powder composites through
spray drying and showed excellent aerosol
performance. In vitro cell studies showed limited
toxicity of nanocomponents as well as retained
cytotoxicity of CDDP.
Conclusions. These results highlight the potential of
inhalable nanocomposites as an improved treatment
modality in lung cancer therapy.
universities in the world. It is a joint programme of
the Department of Physics, Department of
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Helsinki
Institute of Physics.
MATRENA represents the PhD student education in
materials
physics,
materials
chemistry,
pharmaceutical
chemistry,
nanosciences,
molecular spectroscopy, biophysics, medical
physics, computational physics and computational
chemistry. Within these fields, MATRENA is formed
by several world-class research groups with major
activities and project funding in these fields.
MATRENA was formed in 2013, and its activities
start officially on 1.1.2014.
More about MATRENA from
www.helsinki.fi/matrena
P90
Oxidative
Stress
Protection
by
Exogenous Delivery of rhHsp70 Chaperone
to the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE), a
Possible Therapeutic Strategy Against RPE
Degeneration
Astrid Subrizia, Elisa Toropainenb, Eva Ramsaya, Anu J. Airaksinenc,
Kai Kaarnirantab.d, and Arto Urttia,e
aCentre
for Drug Research, University of Helsinki, Finland
University of Eastern Finland, Finland
c Laboratory of Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
dDepartment of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
eSchool of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
bInstitute of Clinical Medicine,
Objective. To measure the cytoprotective effects of
recombinant human Heat shock protein 70 kDa
(rhHsp70) against oxidative stress and study its
cellular uptake, intracellular and intraocular
distribution in the retinal pigment epithelium.
Methods. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells
(ARPE-19) were pre-treated with rhHsp70 for 24 h and
48 h before being exposed to 1.25 mM hydrogen
peroxide. Non-treated cells served as control. We
analyzed interleukin 6 secretion, cell viability, and
cytolysis. Uptake and intracellular distribution of
fluorescently labeled rhHsp70 were investigated with
flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, respectively.
Ocular distribution of radioactively labeled rhHsp70
98
was followed ex vivo in porcine eyes by micro
SPECT/CT.
Results. After exposure to hydrogen peroxide, IL-6
secretion decreased by 36-39% when ARPE-19 cells
were pre-treated with rhHsp70. Cell viability
increased by 16-32%, and cell lysis, measured by the
release of lactate dehydrogenase, decreased by 3343%. ARPE-19 cells endocytosed rhHsp70 added to the
culture medium and the protein was localized in late
endosomes and lysosomes. Following intravitreal
injection into isolated porcine eyes, we found 20%
rhHsp70 in the RPE.
Conclusions. Recombinant hHsp70 protein offers
protection against oxidative stress. RPE cells take up
the exogenously delivered rhHsp70 and localize it in
late endosomes and lysosomes. This work provides
the basis for a therapeutic strategy to target aggregateassociated neurodegeneration in AMD.
P91
Effect
of
the
Immunostimulatory
Peptide EP67 on Immune Cells Critical for
Adaptive Responses
Shailendra B. Tallapakaa, Vamsi K. Karuturia, Pravin Yeapuria, Sam
D. Sandersona, Joseph A. Vetroa,*
aDepartment
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska
Medical Center, U.S.A
Objective. EP67, a novel immunostimulatory peptide
derived from human complement component C5a,
generates long-term humoral and cell-mediated
immune responses against several immunogens but its
mechanism of action is incompletely understood. Thus,
the objective of this study is to more fully understand
the effect EP67 on critical immune cells that are
present and/or recruited to the immunization site.
Methods. Immature dendritic cells (iDC), proinflammatory (Mϕ-1) and anti-inflammatory (Mϕ-2)
macrophages were generated by culturing human
monocytes for 7 days in the presence of GM- CSF/IL-4,
GM-CSF, or M-CSF respectively. The effect of EP67 on
the activation/maturation and differentiation of these
cells was determined by comparing the expression of
activation/maturation cell surface markers by flow
cytometry and the levels of chemokines and cytokines
in cell culture supernatants by multiplex assay. The
effect of EP67 on monocyte apoptosis/necrosis was
also determined by comparing FITC-Annexin
V/propidium iodide staining by flow cytometry.
Results. Compared to untreated and inactive
scrambled EP67 (scEP67), EP67 did not change the
expression of activation/maturation markers on iDCs,
Mϕ-1, or Mϕ-2 macrophages. In contrast, EP67
induced higher levels of several immune cell
chemoattractants and pro-inflammatory cytokines by
iDCs and monocytes but had no effect on Mϕ-1 or Mϕ2 macrophages. EP67 also increased the survival of
monocytes, accelerated the differentiation of
monocytes into iDCs and Mϕ-1. Mϕ-2 macrophages
generated in the presence of EP67, compared to
untreated and scEP67, expressed higher levels of
CD163 (scavenger receptor) and CCR7 (lymph node
homing marker) suggesting an increased potential for
antigen clearance/transport to lymph nodes.
Conclusions. These results suggest that EP67
initiates adaptive immune responses by initially
stimulating iDCs present at the immunization site to
induce the release of chemokines/cytokines that
recruit PMNs, monocytes, macrophages, and additional
DC, leading to the formation of an immunostimulatory
microenvironment that amplifies immune responses
against the immunogen.
P92 Redispersible Microspheres Composed
of Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Application
Afra Torgea, Julia Rinasa, Marc Schneidera
aPharmaceutics
Germany
and Biopharmacy, Philipps University Marburg,
Objective. The inhalative antibiotic treatment of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis
patients is still limited by the barrier formed by
mucus and bacterial biofilm. With the use of
nanoparticles a better penetration into these barriers
and a higher effectiveness of the antibiotics is expected.
Easy application of the nanoparticles via dry powder
inhaler is envisaged by embedding nanoparticles into
redispersible microparticles for controlled deposition.
Methods. PLGA was used as biodegradable and
biocompatible material for the nanoparticles, which
were prepared by single emulsion method. For
fluorescence detection they were labelled with
Coumarin-6.
Prior
to
spray
drying,
the
nanosuspension was added to a mannitol solution
containing Rhodamine-B. By spray drying (Nano B-90
spray dryer) with different parameters, the PLGA
nanoparticles were successfully embedded in a
mannitol matrix, forming microspheres. By SEM and
CLSM imaging the morphology of those particles and
the distribution of the nanoparticles within the
microparticles was analyzed. Redispersibility of the
microspheres was investigated by SEM imaging after
exposure to 100 % relative humidity and 37 °C,
simulating conditions in human lung.
Results. The spray dried microspheres exhibited
smooth surfaces and homogeneously distributed
nanoparticles. Furthermore, the particles turned out to
be hollow or at least not completely filled. The
microparticles were shown to disintegrate in
nanoparticles when exposed to 100 % relative
humidity.
Conclusions. By spray drying, nanoparticles can be
embedded in microspheres, which can easily
disintegrate in nanoparticles again in lung conditions.
99
Poster Abstracts
By encapsulation of antibiotics into the nanoparticles,
these microspheres might be used as a drug delivery
system
improving
inhalative
treatment
of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of cystic fibrosis
patients.
studies, combining the advantages of FLM and SEM.
Identical cells are analyzed, increasing the security of
the findings. In conventional approaches different
populations of cells are statistically compared.
Acknowledgements. The BMBF is thanked for
funding the FiDel-project (Fibrose Delivery, FKZ:
13N12530).
P94
Hyperspectral Imaging
in
Quality
Control of Inkjet Printed Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms
P93
The
Advantage
of
Correlative
Microscopy for Macrophage Uptake Studies
with Non- Spherical Particles
Clemens Tschekaa, Marius Hittingera, Claus-Michael Lehr b , Nicole
Daumb, Marc Schneidera
aPharmaceutics
and Biopharmacy, Philipps University Marburg,
Germany.
bHelmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS),
Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Germany
Objective. Phagocytosis is a vital mechanism for
clearance of foreign material and senescent cells from
the body; their geometry influences the mode of
internalization and the residence time. Precise
analytical techniques are required in order to gain a
sound understanding of phagocytosis. Drug carrier
systems face phagocytosis as a clearance mechanism;
macrophage uptake is the most relevant mechanism in
the deep lung, for instance. Usually different
populations of macrophages need to be used for
qualitative and quantitative analysis, because
different techniques are applied. Correlative light and
electron microscopy (CLEM) synergistically combines
fluorescence light microscopy (FLM) and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) on the very same position
of the sample to analyze identical cells, both
qualitatively and quantitatively. We applied cylindrical
particles that have the dimension to proceed to the
deep lung and quantified the macrophage uptake. The
cylindrical particles serve as a model for a fibrous drug
delivery system.
Methods. Cylindrical particles composed of 500 nm
silica beads (blue fluorescence) were interconnected
with agarose, conserving the shape of the template
pores (2x10 µm). Track- etched membranes with
their homogeneous, cylindrical pore in high abundance
serve as templates. The system Shuttle & FindTM by Carl
ZeissTM was used for correlative microscopy.
Results. The shape dependent uptake mechanism of
cylindrical particles by macrophages could be
confirmed; solely uptake from the pointy side could be
observed. CLEM has proven to be a precise and fast
technique for the analysis of particulate uptake. In
comparison to the techniques on which it is based
(SEM and FLM) a considerable time-dependent
misinterpretation could be corrected.
Conclusions. CLEM represents a valuable addition to
the toolbox of analytical techniques used for uptake
100
Hossein Vakilia, Ruzica Kolakovica, Natalja Geninaa, Niklas Sandlera,
Mathieu Marmionb, Harri Salob
aPharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Department of
Åbo Akademi University, Finland
bSpecim Spectral Imaging Ltd., Oulu, Finland
Biosciences,
dosing accuracy of inkjet printing in deposition of a
pharmaceutical ink solution as a function of number of
printed layers and further to investigate NIR
hyperspectral imaging method in quality control of
such printed dosage forms.
Methods. Inkjet printing: A Canon iP3600 printer
cartridge was modified by replacing the commercial
ink with a solution of anhydrous theophylline in
glycerol:water:ethanol
(10:45:45 vol%).
Dose
escalation samples were prepared printing 1-32 layers
on top of a planar paper susbtrate. Assay by UV
spectrophotometry: All measurements were performed
at 213 nm wavelength using a Cary 50 UV-Vis
Spectrophotometer (Varian Medical Systems, Inc.,
Palo Alto, California, USA). NIR Hyperspectral Imaging
Measurements: All the measurements were performed
using a SisuCHEMA hyperspectral imaging instrument
(SPECIM, Spectral Imaging Ltd., Oulu, Finland).
Results. The data indicated the ability of inkjet
printing to deposit precise doses of 7.52 µg cm-2 of API
onto the paper substrate under each printing pass.
The predicted API content of by NIR hyperspectral
imaging method resulted in less than 5% error of
prediction as compared to the real content measured
by UV spectrophotometry for samples with higher than
5 passes under the print head (35 µg cm-2) and less
than 15% error of prediction for samples with
lower API content. The larger error was a result from
the background noise from the substrate.
Conclusions. From a drug manufacturing perspective
the flexible and continuous manufacturing process of
inkjet printing opens up interesting possibilities for
accurate dosing of API for individualized therapeutic
needs of patients such as in pediatrics and
geriatrics. It was also shown that NIR hyperspectral
imaging can be used as a rapid and non-destructive
method to quantify the drug content and spatial
distribution of the API on planar printed samples.
P95 Effect of Alzheimer’s Disease on the
P96
Gene Expression of Drug Transporters and
Formulations to Improve the Dissolution
Tight Junction Proteins in Brain
Rate of Indomethacin
Kati-Sisko Vellonena, Katja Kanninenb, Anthony R. Whitec, Tarja
Malmb, Jari Koistinahob, Marika Ruponena
Henrika Wickströma, Ruzica Kolakovica, Anni Määttänenc, Kristian
Gunneliusc, Petri Ihalainenc, Natalja Geninaa Korbinian Löbmannb,
Thomas Radesb, Niklas Sandlera
aSchool
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of
Eastern Finland, Kuopio Finland
bA.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern
Finland, Kuopio, Finland
cDepartment of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville,
Victoria, Australia
Objective. The proper functioning of the capillary
endothelium of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is
essential for maintaining brain homeostasis and
protection against penetration of harmful agents. In
neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s
disease (AD) the tightness and expression of
transporters on the BBB may be impaired and thus
alter the access of compounds to the brain. The aim of
this study was to quantify the expression of genes that
are important in brain pharmacokinetics in transgenic
mouse models of AD.
Methods. Gene expression of 20 drug transporters and
four tight junction proteins was measured by RT-qPCR
in brain tissues (hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum)
of aged APP/PS1, ApdE9 and Tg2675 mice (12-16
months) and in brain microvessels isolated from 3-10
week old APdE9 mice and their wild type (wt) controls.
Results. The differences in mRNA expression of drug
transporters and tight junction proteins between AD
samples and wt controls were minor in the brain
tissues. However, the preliminary results from isolated
brain microvessels showed that expression of influx
transporters Slc22a8 and Slco1a4, efflux transporters
Abcb1a, Abcc4 and Abcg2, and tight junction proteins
Ocln and Cldn5 were over 2-fold lower in AD mice in
comparison to wt controls. Interestingly, the same
reduction was seen also for endothelial cell marker
Pecam1, which expression in AD samples was only a
third of the control. There were also evident differences
(>2-fold) in the expression levels of various
transporters and tight junction proteins between brain
regions of healthy mice.
Conclusions. The brain microvessels of very young AD
mice have deviations in the gene expression pattern of
drug transporters and tight junction proteins. Reduced
expression of these proteins may alter the passage of
drugs into the AD brain. Further studies are needed to
confirm the changes both at protein and functional
level.
Investigation
of
Inkjet
Printed
aPharmaceutical
Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University,
Finland,
bDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
c Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Finland
Objective. One purpose of this study was to investigate
inkjet-printing behavior of different indomethacin
(IMC) formulations. The main aim was to investigate
the potential to create co- amorphous systems using
inkjet technology as a means to increase the
dissolution rate of the poorly soluble model drug.
Methods. A piezoelectric inkjet printer (PixDro LP 50)
was used to print 1x1 cm2 squares onto a paper
substrate with the inks containing IMC and other
formulation components such as l- arginine or
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Dissolution properties
and the dose accuracy were studied. IR spectroscopic
analysis and scanning electron microscopy imaging
were also done to identify the solid state of the drug.
Results. It was possible to identify optimal parameters
for printing that affected the droplet formation and the
printing quality to allow high dose accuracy. Increased
dissolution rates were found for all printed samples as
compared to the dissolution rate of the raw material.
However, it still remained unclear if the increased drug
release was due to the even and spatially accurately
separated distribution of the drug substance on the
substrate alone, the conversion of crystalline IMC to
the amorphous counterpart or interactions between
components of the printed system. The drug was
identified in all the samples by spectroscopic methods
but the accurate determination of solid state form of
the drug was not possible due to the interference
with the spectra of the substrate.
Conclusions. Formulations containing the poorly
soluble drug IMC were successfully prepared and
distributed on a substrate by the piezoelectric inkjet
printing technology. The printed drug formulations
showed high content uniformity and increased drug
dissolution rates. The approach taken is promising in
formulation of poorly soluble drugs. Further studies
are needed to understand the properties and the
interactions between the components of the printed
system.
101
Poster Abstracts
P97 Non-labeled In Vitro Approaches for
P98
Assessment of Targeting and Cell Uptake
Supersaturated Solution of Enzalutamide: A
Efficacy of Liver targeted Liposomes
Study of Liquid- Liquid Phase Separation of
Tapani Viitalaa, Mohammed Aburaiaa,b, Alma Kartal-Hodzica, Timo
Oksanena, Marjo Yliperttulaa
A Lipophilic Compound
aUniversity
of Helsinki, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of
Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Centre for Drug Research, Helsinki,
Finland
bAl-Azhar University, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Department of
Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Cairo, Egypt
Objective. The aim of the work was to utilize two
surface-sensitive label-free techniques in combination
with cell model membranes and cell monolayers for
developing new in vitro methods for assessing the
targetability and cell uptake efficacy of silymarin
loaded liver targeted liposomes.
Methods. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)
technique was used to study cell surface interactions
between silymarin loaded liposomes with both
synthetic supported lipid bilayer membrane models
and lipid bilayers containing a mixture of synthetic
lipids and extracted HepG2 cell membranes. The
surface plasmon resonance technique (SPR) in
combination with living cell sensing was used for
studying the real-time interaction and cell uptake
kinetics of silymarin loaded liposomes by intact HepG2
cells.
Results. QCM measurements revealed that the
targeting formulations adsorbed to a larger extent to
the biomimetic membrane models containing either a
terminal lactosyl group or the extracted HepG2 cell
membrane when compared to the non-targeted
formulations. The real-time SPR responses measured
during the interaction of liposome formulations with
HepG2 cell monolayers could be fitted to a kinetic
model describing the cell uptake of the liposome
formulations. Both the QCM and SPR results correlated
well with in vitro cell uptake studies performed in well
plates. The in vitro cell uptake, QCM and SPR studies
allowed us to choose the most promising candidate as
a liver targeting liposome for a pilot in vivo
pharmacokinetic study, which showed that the most
promising candidate formulation was removed from
blood circulation within 4 hrs while the reference
formulation remained in plasma for up to 48 hrs.
Conclusions. Our results demonstrates that the
developed QCM and SPR based in vitro approaches are
promising tools for assessing targeting and cell uptake
efficacy during the development of NP based drug
delivery systems, as well as for screening of the most
promising candidates for in vivo studies.
102
Characterization
of
Highly
Venecia Wilsona, Kevin J. Edgarb, Lynne S. Taylora
aPurdue
University, United States of America
Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States of
bVirginia
America
Objective. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS) is a
phenomenon that is observed when a highly
supersaturated solution forms aggregates of a drugrich phase in a drug-lean phase when a certain
concentration is exceeded. Addition of more drug will
not result in higher concentration of free drug, but
rather facilitate the formation of more drug-rich
aggregates. The objective of this study was to
characterize the phase behavior of a highly lipophilic
drug ,enzalutamide, and investigate the use of additives
to inhibit the crystallization from supersaturated
solutions.
Methods. The theoretical amorphous solubility was
estimated using the Hoffman equation, the melting
properties of the drug, and the crystalline solubility.
The crystalline solubility was determined using high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC.) The
concentration where drug-rich aggregates form was
investigated using fluorescence, ultraviolet (UV)
spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
Crystallization induction time experiments were
performed using UV spectroscopy.
Results. The amorphous solubility of enzalutamide
was estimated to be around 25 times higher than the
crystal solubility. The concentration where drug-rich
aggregates were formed was found to be in close
agreement with the estimated amorphous solubility
value. In the absence of additives, enzalutamide was
observed to crystallize within about 10 minutes.
Cellulose derivatives were found to be effective
crystallization inhibitors.
Conclusions. The phase behavior of highly
supersaturated enzalutamide solutions was found to
be complex. At moderate supersaturations, only
crystallization
occurred,
while
at
higher
supersaturations, beyond the amorphous solubility,
the system first formed drug-rich aggregates through
the process of liquid liquid phase separation and then
crystallized. Polymers were found to influence the
kinetics of the crystallization process.
P99
Dynamic
Combinatorial-Mass
P100 A Novel Assay for Binding Studies of
Spectrometry Leads to Potent and Selective
Antibody-Modified Polyplexes for Tumor
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Demethylase
Targeting
Esther Woona, Joel Tohb, Lingyi Suna, Lisa Laua, Joanne Lowa, Colin
Tanga, Yong-gui Gaob
Doru Vornicescua, Sabrina Höbelb, Achim Aigner b , Michael
Keusgena
aDepartment of Pharmacy,
National University of Singapore, 18
Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
bInstitute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive,
138673,Singapore
a Institute
Objective. N-Methylation of DNA/RNA is of significant
biological and clinical interest, and can be found in the
genomes of diverse organisms. Some of these
modifications are damaging lesions which can lead to
mutations, others are enzyme catalyzed, and have
critical roles in cell biology. N-methylation of nucleic
acid can be directly reversed by the AlkB subfamily of
enzymes, of which the Escherichia coli AlkB is the first
to be identified. Nine human homologues (ALKBH1-8
and FTO) have since been reported, many of which
employed Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) to bring
about demethylation of N-methylated DNA/RNA
substrates.
Objective. The present work deals with the delivery
of nucleic acids for tumor-specific gene therapy
approaches. The specific binding of cetuximabmodified
PEG-PEI
(polyethylene
glycolpolyethyleneimine) complexes, which can be loaded
with nucleic acids, to the epidermal growth factor
receptor (EGFR) is characterized by Surface Plasmon
Resonance (SPR).
Despite some physiological connections with these
nucleic acid demethylases, notably for FTO, which is
unequivocally linked to obesity, their regulatory roles
remain unclear. We are therefore interested in the
development of small molecule probes that target their
catalytic domains to enable mechanistic and functional
studies.
Methods. We applied a combined approach employing
dynamic combinatorial chemistry and non-denaturing
ESI-mass spectrometry (DCMS), which led to the
identification of inhibitors that are selective for specific
AlkB subfamilies. The compounds were then evaluated
using thermal shift binding assays, biochemical assays,
and crystallographic analyses.
Results. Our DCMS approach led to the rapid
identification of several selective compounds with
IC50s in the low micromolar range, hence
demonstrating that subfamily selective inhibition of
the AlkB enzymes is possible. Some of these inhibitor
were also shown to be selective over other Fe(II)-and
2OG-dependent oxygenases. This work further
validates the use of the DCMS method for rapid lead
generation, where good correlation between ESI-MSbased binding results, IC50 values, and thermal shift
assays were observed.
Conclusions. The combined results, including
crystallographic analyses, should provide a basis for
the development of potent and selective probe against
other nucleic acid demethylases, suitable for use as
functional probes and, in the longer term, possibly for
clinical use.
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University
Marburg, Germany
bRudolf-Boehm-Institute
for Pharmacology and Toxicology,
University of Leipzig, Germany
Methods. Nanoparticles obtained by chemical
coupling of EGFR specific antibody cetuximab to the
low molecular weight PEI via PEG-spacer in order to
reduce non-specific interactions and subsequent
complexation with small interfering RNA (siRNA)
provide the basis for the setup of the novel SPR assay.
SPR measurements to evaluate the binding specificity
of the cetuximab-modified polymers to an
immobilized EGFR-Fc fusion protein were performed.
Furthermore, the formed complex/polyplex mediating
the cellular uptake, allows PEI/nucleic acid complexes
to interact with RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex)
which enables gene knock-out or gene silencing RNA
interference (RNAi). Confocal microscopy studies on
complexed fluorescently labeled siRNA were
performed to confirm the binding of the whole
complex to the immobilized receptor.
Results. First, the binding of the cetuximab-modified
polymer to an immobilized EGFR-Fc fusion protein
was investigated. The immobilization of this fusion
protein was performed on a hydrophobic C18functionalized gold surface loaded with Protein A.
Trastuzumab-modified PEI was chosen as negative
control. Free Fc binding sites were blocked by
subsequent addition of human IgG. No specific binding
of PEI as well as modified PEI-PEG on a Protein A
sensor surface was observed. Furthermore, confocal
microscopy of the SPR prism clearly revealed a
fluorescence signal in the case of the polyplexes
containing labelled siRNA.
Conclusions. The specific binding of cetuximabmodified PEG-PEI as well as cetuximabmodified
PEI/siRNA to immobilized EGFR factor was
successfully characterized by SPR. It could be
demonstrated that SPR is a suitable tool for studying
the binding of nanoparticles intended for tumorspecific gene therapy approaches.
103
Poster Abstracts
P101 Investigation of Drug Release from
P102 TRIM39 is a Novel Regulator of
Non-Ionic and Anionic Cellulose Beads
MOAP-1 in Mammalian Cells
Emrah Yildira, Ruzica Kolakovica, Jani Tryggb, Pedro Fardimb, Niklas
Sandlera
Victor C. Yua, Ran Taoa, Chong Teik Tana, Yu-Chin Sua, Ang-Yu Liua
and Xiaohong Zhanga
aPharmaceutical
aDepartment of Pharmacy,
Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biosciences,
Åbo Akademi University, Biocity, 3rd floor, Artillerigatan 6, FI20520 Finland
bLaboratory of Fibre and Cellulose Technology, Åbo Akademi
University, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500 Finland
Objective. The project aim was to investigate the
ability of new type of porous cellulose beads (CBs)
to entrap and release active pharmaceutical
ingredients (APIs) and as such be used as spherical
matrix systems for controlled drug delivery. The more
specific objective was to investigate the effect of
preparation conditions and properties of CBs on
release of freely and poorly water soluble drugs.
Methods. Two types of CBs were tested as potential
drug carriers – nonionic and anionic CBs. Ranitidine
hydrochloride and quinine sulfate were used as
positively charged model APIs for drug loading of
anionic CBs while piroxicam and griseofulvin were
used as poorly water soluble model APIs for loading of
nonionic CBs. The drug loading was performed by
immersing swollen CBs in a solution of drug in suitable
solvent followed by drying at the room temperature.
The morphology of empty and drug
loaded CBs, and distribution of APIs within the beads
was examined using FE-SEM. The solid-state
characterization of was performed by FTIR. Content
analysis and in vitro drug release studies of loaded CBs
were carried out with UV/Vis Spectroscopy and
suitable mathematical models were investigated to
explain drug release kinetics.
Results. FE-SEM imaging analysis showed that the
drug was located on the surface and also evenly
distributed inside of the porous CBs. Solid-state
characterization and SEM analysis indicated that
griseofulvin and piroxicam existed in crystalline form.
The in vitro drug release studies showed that anionic
charged CBs were able to entrap higher amount of drug
than nonionic ones and that release profiles were
affected by the charge of the beads.
Conclusions. This study shows that porous CBs
produced by precipitation of dissolved cellulose can
be successfully used as drug carriers. Tailoring their
properties (e.g. charge) it is possible to incorporate
drugs with different physicochemical properties
(charge, water solubility) and achieve controlled drug
delivery.
104
Singapore, Singapore
Faculty of Science, National University of
Objective. MOAP1, first isolated in a screen for Baxassociating proteins, interacts with Bax upon apoptotic
induction. It plays an effector role in mediating Bax
function in the mitochondria. MOAP1 is a short-lived
protein (t1/2 ≈ 25min) that is degraded by the
ubiquitin-proteosome system, but is stabilized by
apoptotic signals. The aim of this study is to identify
regulator of protein stability of MOAP1 using the yeast
two hybrid screen.
Methods. hMOAP-1 was cloned in-frame with the Gal4 DNA binding domain in pAS2 (HA) vector and used
to screen a yeast two hybrid library derived from adult
human brain (CLONTECH, USA). Four independent
clones encoding TRIM39 were identified as binding
partner of MOAP-1 from the screen. Screening and
subsequent protein-protein interactions were carried
out in yeast Y190 reporter strain.
Results. TRIM39 was isolated as a binding partner
of MOAP1 and it belongs to a family of proteins,
characterized by a Tripartite Motif (TRIM), consisting
of a RING domain, a B-box and a coiled coil domain. The
presence of the RING domain makes TRIM39 a possible
candidate for an E3 ligase, since a subset of E3 ligases
contains the RING domain. TRIM39 co-localizes well
with MOAP1 in the cytosol. Surprisingly, in contrast
to degrading MOAP1 as an E3 ligase would, transient
co-expression of TRIM39 confers stability to MOAP1.
TRIM39 interacts with the centre portion of MOAP1
which is required for interacting with the ubiquitinproteosome system. Moreover, TRIM39 inhibits the
ubiquitination of MOAP1, which could then result in
reduced degradation of MOAP1. Furthermore, elevated
levels of TRIM39 sensitize cells to apoptosis induced by
staurosporine and etoposide.
Conclusions. Our data suggests that TRIM39 could
regulate the function of MOAP1 in apoptosis by
enhancing its stability.
P103
Supramolecular
Assemblies
of
P104
Predicting
Amphiphilic β-Cyclodextrin with Lipids
Interaction
Leïla Zerkounea, Angelina Angelovaa, Luc Choisnardb, Annabelle
Gèzeb, Denis Wouessidjeweb and Sylviane Lesieura
Sequence-Kinetic Constant Relationships
aUniversité
Paris-Sud, IGPS, UMR CNRS 8612, 92290 ChâtenayMalabry, France
bUniversité Joseph Fourier, DPM, UMR CNRS 5063, 38000 Grenoble,
France
Objective. The aim of the present work was to prepare
and
characterize
self-assembled
nano-objects
incorporating a novel, water-insoluble β-cyclodextrin
derivative (βCD-C10), which possesses multiple (n=78) hydrophobic chains (C10) in the presence of two
different classes of lipids.
Methods. In the first time, a nonionic surfactant, like
polyoxyethylene oleyl ether (Brij 98) was used to form
PEGylated nanoparticles of an amphiphilic CD
derivative. These nano-objects are prepared by
hydration of a lyophilized film of βCD-C10 by micellar
solution of brij 98. Quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS)
and microscopy were employed for nanoparticles
characterization. The inclusion complexation between
a model drug compound and βCD-C10 incorporated in
nanostructured assemblies was also investigated by
fluorescence microscopy.
Then, the ability of βCD-C10 to form mixed structures
with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) has been
studied. Miscibility of the two amphiphiles is examined
in fully hydrated mixtures by differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction at small and
wide angles.
Results. The results obtained by the different
experiments showed that the interaction between βCDC10 and surfactant micelles leads to formation of mixed
dispersed objects of nanometer sizes. The analysis of
the fluorescence spectroscopy results gives evidence
for the incorporation of the studied model drug in more
hydrophobic environment provided by the cavities or
hydrophobic chains of the amphiphilic CD-C10. The
physical-chemical characterization of DMPC/βCD-C10
systems demonstrates that the β-cyclodextrin
derivative is partially miscible to the phospholipids.
Conclusions. Further to the nanoprecipitation method
for fabrication of nanoparticles from hydrophobic
cyclodextrin derivatives, this work demonstrates that
novel cyclodextrin materials can be prepared by selfassembly and hydration of mixed lyophilized films
using PEGylating surfactants as stabilizers of the
generated dispersed nanoparticles. The formation of a
βCD-C10/DMPC mixed lamellar phase occurs until at
βCD-C10 molar ratios close to 4 mol% permitting by
dispersal to obtain supramolecular assemblies under
form liposomes.
Constants
Target-Substrate
by
Quantitative
for Facilitating Protein-Protein Interaction
Inhibitor Discovery
Zhang Penga, Chen Yuzonga
aBioInformatics
& Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy,
National University of Singapore
Objective. Drug potency highly depends on the
competitive advantages over the substrates of drug
targets, but in some cases it is less clear about what
potencies are needed to ensure the drug competitive.
An example is the therapeutic intervention through
disrupting protein-protein interactions, suggesting
the significance of binding affinity between protein
and its substrate. Therefore, there is a need to predict
protein-protein interaction kinetic constants so as to
determine the needed potency for drugs against
specific protein-protein interactions.
This work aims to provide a proof of concept study on
Quantitative Sequence-Kinetic Constant Relationship
(QSKR) through profiling the protein feature from
primary sequence, without adopting 3D structure.
Methods. We collected a highly diverse interaction
kinetics dataset (867 Kd data, 112 Koff data, 127 Kon
data), and PROFEAT protein features were generated
to represent the interacting protein pairs. The three
sets of kinetic data were modeled using ε-SVR method
with parameter optimization, and ten-fold-crossvalidation was applied for performance evaluation.
Maximum-Relevance-Minimum-Redundancy (mRMR)
algorithm was adopted for feature selection, and new
ε-SVR models were constructed based on the highly
ranked features.
Results. Being the very first such QSKR study, we
achieved (R2train =0.9821; R2test =0.4925) for Kd dataset,
(R2train =0.9501; R2test =0.4598) for Koff dataset, and
(R2train =0.9797; R2test =0.5561) for Kon dataset. mRMR
feature selection had reduced half of the data
dimensions, giving a comparably good predictive
performance.
Conclusions. As a proof of concept, we had break
through some limitations in current protein-proteininteraction kinetics research: 1) no PDB structure was
used; 2) no commercial software was employed; 3)
highly diverse kinetic dataset was collected; 4) SVR
algorithm was first-time applied for QKSR.
This study demonstrated a general quantitative
relationship between the features retrieved from
protein primary sequences and the interaction
kinetics constants, thus the prediction of the
binding constants may help efficient selection of
105
Poster Abstracts
bioactive compound with sufficient potency.
P105 Molecular Dynamics Study of Surface
Structure of the Drug Delivery Liposome
Aniket Magarkara, Esra Karakasa, Tomasz Rogb, Alex Bunkera
aCentre
for Drug Research University of Helsinki, Finland
bTampere Institute of Technology, Tampere, Finland
Objective. Surface charge of the DDL is one of the
important properties responsible for its interactions
with the proteins in bloodstream. The aim of this work
was to investigate the surface charge of drug delivery
liposome by molecular dynamics simulations.
Methods. We used all atom molecular dynamics
simulations
investigate
the
interactions
of
DSPC/Cholesterol liposome membrane bilayer and
synthetic lipid formulated bilayer with Na+, K+, Ca2+
ions at physiological concentration. We varied the
concentration of cholesterol in DSPC liposome to
understand its effect of surface charge of liposome as
well. The computational simulations were performed
in parallel with in vitro ζ potential measurements,
which is the indicative of surface charge.
Results. With our MD simulation studies we show that,
the presence of cholesterol results in a decrease in Na+
binding for the typical neutral (zwitterionic)
phospholipid membranes (DSPC and POPC). The ζpotential measurements carried out in parallel with
our simulations showed decrease in its surface charge
with increase in its cholesterol content. While
cholesterol has been shown to alter several properties
of the phospholipid membrane, this specific effect of
altering the membrane charge is novel and has both
biological and pharmaceutical relevance.
In the case of liposomes formulated with synthetic
lipids CPe, when their physicochemical properties
were compared to the PC formulated ones, CPe
formulated liposomes differed in their surface charge
and release profile of the encapsulated molecules. This
difference in electrostatic potential of the PC and CPe
formulated membrane bilayer is due difference in the
membrane-cation interactions.
Conclusions. The computational modeling and in vitro
experiments showed that, effective surface charge of
the liposome is altered due to formulation component,
cholesterol. Also in the case of synthetic lipid
formulated liposome, the surface charge is markedly
different when compared to its natural analogues due
difference in the interactions with the salt ions present
in the blood stream.
106
P106
Studies
towards
the
Use
of
Immobilized Lipase for In Vitro Lipolysis
Experiments
Stephanie Phana, Stefan Salentiniga, Adrian Hawley b, Ben J. Boyda
aMonash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash, 381 Royal
Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
bSAXS/WAXS beamline, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd,
Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
Objective. In vitro lipolysis experiments are used to
examine drug disposition, solubilisation and
precipitation during digestion of lipid-based drug
formulations. The current method from a structural
and analytical perspective utilizes porcine pancreatic
extract, however there are many proteins in the extract
which contribute to high background scattering when
using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and dynamic
light scattering (DLS) to understand the structural
evolution in these systems. These may obscure
scattering from colloidal species produced on
digestion, and complicate resolution of structures that
are present. Thus the aim of this work was to
investigate the possibility of using an immobilized
lipase, to improve the current method for studying
structures during in vitro lipolysis.
Methods. Immobilised lipase was a recombinant
enzyme from lipase B from Candida antartctica
covalently bound to macroporous polyacrylate resin.
An in vitro digestion model was used for lipolysis
experiments: lipids were added to simulated intestinal
fluid at pH 6.5 in the thermostatted digestion vessel
controlled to 37 °C. Lipase was added to initiate
digestion and the liberation of fatty acid was titrated
with NaOH to maintain the system at constant pH. SAXS
and cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy were
used to determine colloidal structure.
Results. After background subtraction, SAXS
measurements showed that a dispersion of the
immobilized lipase compared to the porcine pancreatic
lipase in digestion buffer had significantly lower
background scattering. Digestion of a medium chain
triglyceride using both lipases resulted in the
production of a lamellar phase, indicating that
structure formation was not affected by the lipase used,
and the former showed reduced background
scattering. However longer digestion time was
required at the same activity to achieve the same extent
of digestion.
Conclusions. Immobilised lipase is suitable for use in
vitro lipolysis experiments, and the background is
reduced with immobilized lipase, rendering it a better
lipase for structural resolution during lipolysis.
P107 Improved Delivery of Valproic Acid into
P108 Fogging in Lyophilized Drug Products
the Brain by LAT1-Targeted Prodrugs
Dominique Dittera,b,c, Holger Röhla, Michael Adlera, Hanns-Christian
Mahlera,c
Kristiina M. Huttunena, Lauri Peuraa, Monika Vernerovaa, Mikko
Gynthera, Jarkko Rautioa
aSchool
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of
Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
Objective. Most brain disorders and diseases lack
effective drug therapies, mainly due to inability of
drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). L-type
amino acid transporter (LAT1) is selectively expressed
at the BBB carrying large, neutral amino acids as well
as amino acidmimetic drugs and prodrugs into the
brain. In the present study, four prodrugs of valproic
acid, in which non-natural amino acids were attached
as promoieties via hydrolysable ester and amide bonds,
were designed, synthesized and evaluated as LAT1targeted prodrugs to improve the transport of valproic
acid into the brain.
Methods. Hydrolysis rates of the prodrugs were
determined in rat and human liver S9 fractions and
plasma as well as in 10% rat brain homogenate. The
affinity of prodrugs to bind to LAT1 was evaluated with
the in situ rat brain perfusion technique as competitive
binding of [14C]-L-leucine. Furthermore, the brain
uptake of amide prodrugs was studied in vivo in rats
after intravenous bolus injection (IV).
Results. The ester prodrugs were bioconverted to
valproic acid more efficiently in rat-based media
relative to humans, while the corresponding amide
prodrugs showed remarkably higher stability. LAT1mediated brain uptake of [14C]-L-leucine was inhibited
by 90-95% in the presence of the prodrugs. After IV
administration, the amide prodrugs were able to cross
the BBB and remained a longer period of time in the
brain than valproic acid itself. Therefore, the
brain:plasma ratios of the prodrugs were significantly
higher (0.08-0.19) than with valproic acid (0.05).
Conclusions. Decreased uptake of [14C]-L-leucine
indicates that the prodrugs have high affinity for LAT1.
Furthermore, the amide prodrugs were transported
into the brain more efficiently than valproic acid after
IV administration. Although the corresponding ester
prodrugs are too unstable to be studied in rats they
may serve as potential LAT1-targeted prodrugs for
humans, according to the in vitro bioconversion rates.
aLate
Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development,
Pharmaceutical Technical Development Biologics Europe, F.
Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
bDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical
Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
cInstitute of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Frankfurt,
Frankfurt/Main, Germany
Objective. Vial fogging is a phenomenon observed
after lyophilization due to drug product solution
creeping upwards along the inner vial surface, being
a cosmetic product defect. The main factor to control
fogging is primarily the inner vial surface
hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. The usage of vials with
a hydrophobic surface offers a solution for fogging.
However, surface hydrophobicity may also possibly be
modified due to processing, such as the lyophilization
process itself. The purpose of this work was to
investigate the influence of the lyophilization process
parameters on the extent of fogging.
Methods. A protein formulation containing a
monoclonal antibody (mAb) was freeze-dried in both
hydrophilic vials (untreated) and hydrophobic vials
(hydrophobic coating). Vials were washed and
depyrogenized in-house prior to filling and freezedrying. In addition, a fluorescein dye test was
performed to verify the fogging effect on the raw
material.
Results. Lyophilization process parameters had a
minor impact on the extent of fogging. Nevertheless,
fogging could not be eliminated by optimizing
lyophilization process parameters. The usage of
hydrophobic vials, however, showed reproducible
results resulting in no fogging at all.
Conclusions. Fogging can be avoided when using vials
with a hydrophobic coating, where the variations of the
lyophilization process play a minor role.
107
Poster Abstracts
P109 In Vitro Kidney Model for Drug
Transport and Toxicity Testing
Aishwarya Jayagopala, Peter Solera, Nicholas Ferrellb, Paul
Brakemanc, Deanna Kroetza, William Fissellb, Shuvo Roya
aBioengineering
& Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF
Vanderbilt Univ.
cPediatrics, UCSF
bNephrology,
Background. Active transport by the renal proximal
tubules plays a significant role in human drug
disposition and is therefore important to model when
developing drugs. However, current in vitro drug
testing methods generally fail to mimic important
physiological cues such as shear stress across the
tubular cells. Here, design for a scaled microfluidic in
vitro model that can accurately reflect the filtration
functionality, cellular environment and active
transport capacity of the human kidney is proposed.
Preliminary results on the effect of shear stress on
MDCK cells transfected with organic cation
transporters are presented.
Methods. The proposed kidney model dimensions
were selected based on physiological parameters and
functionality of available materials. The device will be
108
composed of silicon nanopore and porous polymer
membranes as well as proximal tubule cells integrated
into a polydimethylsiloxane scaffold.
Preliminary shear stress experiments were performed
in an existing parallel plate bioreactor. MDCK cells
transfected with a pair of uptake and efflux
transporters (hOCT2/hMATE1) were grown on under
static conditions until confluence and then placed in the
bioreactor.
Then,
uptake
of
4-(4dimethylamino)styryl-N-methylpyridinium (ASP+), a
fluorescent OCT2/MATE1 substrate, by cells under
shear stress was measured for 1 hour with or without
pretreatment (30 minutes) with Imipramine, an
OCT2/MATE1 inhibitor.
Results. Cells cultured under shear stress showed an
increase in ASP+ uptake when compared to cells
cultured under static conditions.
Conclusions. These preliminary results indicate that
shear stress induces uptake of the cationic active
transport substrate ASP+ when compared to static
growth conditions.
Poster Abstracts
109
Poster Abstracts
110
PRACTICAL INFO
PARTICIPANTS LIST
University participants list
Name
Email
Affliation
Abu-Ammar Aiman
[email protected]
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Agrawal Ashish
[email protected]
NIPER
Alasel Mohammed
[email protected]
Philipps-University Marburg
Albuquerque Sergio
[email protected]
University of Sao Paulo
Anchordoquy Tom
[email protected]
University of Colorado
Angelova Angelina
[email protected]
Université Paris-Sud
Antunez Lorena
[email protected]
University of Kansas
Arnold Samuel
[email protected]
University of Washington
Artursson Per
[email protected]
Uppsala University
Audus Kenneth
[email protected]
Augustijns Patrick
[email protected]
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Auriola Seppo
[email protected]
Badihi Amit
[email protected]
Baek Jongsuep
[email protected]
Chungnam National University
Bates Ryan
[email protected]
Bauer Bjoern
[email protected]
University of Kentucky
Bauer-Brandl Annette
[email protected]
Southern Denmark University
Bentley Maria Vitoria
[email protected]
Bergström Christel
[email protected]
Uppsala University
Berkhout Jan
[email protected]
Leiden University
Bogner Robin
[email protected]
University of Connecticut
Borchard Gerrit
[email protected]
University of Geneva
Borchardt Ronald
[email protected]
Borkar Nrupa
[email protected]
University of Copenhagen
Born Gerlinde
[email protected]
University of Frankfurt
Boyd Ben
[email protected]
Monash University
Brambilla Davide
[email protected]
ETH-Zürich
Brandl Martin
[email protected]
Brodin Birger
[email protected]
Bromann Paul
[email protected]
Brouwer Kim
[email protected]
University of North Carolina
Bunker Alex
[email protected]
Burnett Joseph
[email protected]
University of Michigan
Byun Youngro
[email protected]
Seoul National University
Capasso Cristian
[email protected]
Casteleijn Marco
[email protected]
Castoldi Arianna
[email protected]
Saarland University
Chadwick Keith
[email protected]
Purdue University
Chan Eric Chun Yong
[email protected]
Chen Yufei
[email protected]
University of Manitoba
Chew Eng-Hui
[email protected]
Cho Cheong-Weon
[email protected]
Chothe Paresh
[email protected]
University of Maryland
113
Practical info
University participants list (cont.)
Name
Email
Affliation
Christie Merry
[email protected]
Chu Te-Wei
[email protected]
University of Utah
Claypool Sarah
[email protected]
Crum Matt
[email protected]
Monash University
Dasargyri Athanasia
[email protected]
ETH-Zürich
del Amo Eva
[email protected]
Deng Feng
[email protected]
Depieri Livia
[email protected]
Derendorf Hartmut
[email protected]
University of Florida
Dhandhukia Jugal
[email protected]
University of Southern California
Di Francesco Tiziana
[email protected]
Doty Amy
[email protected]
Engelhardt Konrad
[email protected] Philipps-University Marburg
Erdoğar Nazlı
[email protected]
Hacettepe University
Falcao Nivea Maria
[email protected]
Filppula Anne
[email protected]
Friedman Adam
[email protected]
Fu Jing
[email protected]
Fugit Kyle
[email protected]
Furini Júnior
[email protected]
Gürsoy Reyhan Neslihan
[email protected]
Garrison Jered
[email protected]
University of Nebraska
Ghandehari Hamid
[email protected]
University of Utah
Giddam Ashwini Kumar
[email protected]
University of Queensland
Gonzalez Daniel
[email protected]
Gordon Sarah
[email protected]
Saarland University
Goswami Srijib
[email protected]
University of California at San Francisco
Gräf Florian
[email protected]
Saarland University
Grobelny Pawel
[email protected]
Groell Floriane
[email protected]
Gustafsson Sofia
[email protected]
Uppsala University
Gynther Mikko
[email protected]
Hamm-Alvarez Sarah
[email protected]
Hansmann Simone
[email protected]
Hasselt Coen
[email protected]
Leiden University
Heinämäki Jyrki
[email protected]
University of Tartu
Helm Nancy
[email protected]
Hens Bart
[email protected]
Hinna Askell
[email protected]
Ho Paul
[email protected]
Huttunen Kristiina
[email protected]
Ilina Polina
[email protected]
Imai Teruko
[email protected]
Kumamoto University
Imanidis Georgios
[email protected]
University of Basel
Isoherranen Nina
[email protected]
Janas Christine
[email protected]
Jayagopal Aishwarya
[email protected]
114
Name
Email
Affliation
Jensen Sara
[email protected]
Jiskoot Wim
[email protected]
Leiden University
Jorgensen Lene
[email protected]
Jun Hye-suk
[email protected]
Kärkkäinen Jussi
[email protected]
Kalonia Cavan
[email protected]
Kalonia Devendra
[email protected]
Kaminska Kamila
[email protected]
Kang Bong-Seok
[email protected]
Kanninen Liisa
[email protected]
Kari Otto
[email protected]
Kartal-Hodzic Alma
[email protected]
Keusgen Michael
[email protected]
Khan Saeed
[email protected]
Kidron Heidi
[email protected]
Kim JuHeon
[email protected]
Knibbe Catherijne
[email protected]
Leiden University
Knipp Gregory
[email protected]
Purdue University
Kogermann Karin
[email protected]
University of Tartu
Kok Robbert
[email protected]
Utrecht University
Kokki Emmi
[email protected]
Kokkonen Piia
[email protected]
Kontturi Leena-Stiina
[email protected]
Kopra Jaakko
[email protected]
Kraft Jake
[email protected]
Kramer Katrin
[email protected]
University of Otago
Krise Jeffrey
[email protected]
Kristensen Mie
[email protected]
Kroetz Deanna
[email protected]
Kubota Akira
[email protected]
Kanazawa University
Kulczar Christopher
[email protected]
Purdue University
Kurokawa Keisuke
[email protected]
Kumamoto University
Kuryk Lukasz
[email protected]
Kusuhara Hiroyuki
[email protected]
University of Tokyo
Kweon Se ho
[email protected]
Lajunen Tatu
[email protected]
Lauren Patrick
[email protected]
Laurence Jennifer
[email protected]
Lee Cho-A
[email protected]
Lee Sang-Eun
[email protected]
Lehtinen Julia
[email protected]
Li Xiao
[email protected]
Shandong University
Liu Garvey
[email protected]
University of Minnesota
Liu Xinyong
[email protected]
Shandong University
Lopalco Antonio
[email protected]
Lou Yan-Ru
[email protected]
115
Practical info
Name
Email
Affliation
Lowry Deborah
[email protected]
Aston University
Luciani Paola
[email protected]
ETH-Zürich
Lynch Caitlin
[email protected]
Mönkäre Juha
[email protected]
Leiden University
Mackay J. Andrew
[email protected]
Madsen Cecilie Maria
[email protected]
Magarkar Aniket
[email protected]
Mahmud K. A. Foyez
[email protected]
Malinen Melina
[email protected]
Malinovskaja Kristina
[email protected]
Marwah Mandeep
[email protected]
Aston University
Mastrobattista Enrico
[email protected]
Utrecht University
Maudens Pierre
[email protected]
McNiff Michaela
[email protected]
Mihajlica Nebojsa
[email protected]
Uppsala University
Miller Geoffrey
[email protected]
University of Utah
Miller Donald
[email protected]
Morin Emmanuelle
[email protected]
Morishita Masaki
[email protected]
Kyoto University
Munjal Bhushan
[email protected]
NIPER
Munson Eric
[email protected]
Nakanishi Takeo
[email protected]
Kanazawa University
Nakayama Takeshi
[email protected]
University of Tokyo
Naoi Sotaro
[email protected]
University of Tokyo
Nassta Gemma
[email protected]
Monash University
Neumann Silke
[email protected]
University of Otago
Nicolazzo Joseph
[email protected]
Monash University
Nielsen Carsten
[email protected]
Nielsen Line Hagner
[email protected]
Northrup Laura
[email protected]
Ohtsuki Shozo
[email protected]
Kyoto University
Ohura Kayoko
[email protected]
Kumamoto University
Ölander Magnus
[email protected]
Uppsala University
Öztürk Kıvılcım
[email protected]
Pace Samantha
[email protected]
Pak Yewon
[email protected]
Palo Mirja
[email protected]
Åbo Akademi University
Pan Yyijun
[email protected]
Monash University
Papinska Anna
[email protected]
Park Jeong-Sook
[email protected]
Parrish Karen
[email protected]
University of Minnesota
Paukkonen Heli
[email protected]
Pelkonen Laura
[email protected]
Penkina Anna
[email protected]
University of Tartu
Persson Linda
[email protected]
Uppsala University
Peters Björn
[email protected]
Phan Stephanie
[email protected]
Monash University
116
Name
Email
Affliation
Pikal Michael
[email protected]
Pindrus Mariya
[email protected]
Pinnapireddy Shashank Reddy
[email protected]
Pizzo Michelle
[email protected]
University of Wisconsin
Podracka Lucia
[email protected]
Rahimian Sima
[email protected]
Utrecht University
Ramsay Eva
[email protected]
Rautio Jarkko
[email protected]
Reinisalo Mika
[email protected]
Richardson Dominique
[email protected]
Rimpelä Anna-Kaisa
[email protected]
Rubinstein Abraham
[email protected]
Ruponen Marika
[email protected]
Saarinen Jukka
[email protected]
Salim Mohsin
[email protected]
Samadi Sahar
[email protected]
Sandler Niklas
[email protected]
Sasko Eric
[email protected]
Schäfer Jens
[email protected]
Schipper Pim
[email protected]
Leiden University
Schoneich Christian
[email protected]
Schwendeman Steven
[email protected]
Shekh Ahmad Tawfeeq
[email protected]
Shi Wen
[email protected]
Shi Yang
[email protected]
Utrecht University
Siahaan Teruna
[email protected]
Sisco Jay
[email protected]
Sjöstedt Noora
[email protected]
Sohn Myriam
[email protected]
University of Basel
Soininen Suvi
[email protected]
Soundararajan Ramesh
[email protected]
UCL College of Pharmacy
Sousa Sofia
[email protected]
Stappaerts Jef
[email protected]
Steffansen Bente
[email protected]
Stephenson rachel
[email protected]
Stobaugh John
[email protected]
Stocke Nathanael
[email protected]
Strachan Clare
[email protected]
Subrizi Astrid
[email protected]
Sun Zhizhi
[email protected]
Swaan Peter
[email protected]
Takakura Yoshinobu
[email protected]
Kyoto University
Takeuchi Ryota
[email protected]
Kanazawa University
Tallapaka Shailendra
[email protected]
Thakker Dhiren
[email protected]
Thati Sharadvi
[email protected]
117
Practical info
Name
Email
Affliation
Thormann Ursula
[email protected]
University of Basel
Torge Afra
[email protected]
Toth Istvan
[email protected]
Tscheka Clemens
[email protected]
Tuominen Raimo
[email protected]
Urtti Arto
[email protected]
Välitalo Pyry
[email protected]
Leiden University
Vakili Hossein
[email protected]
Vellonen Kati-Sisko
[email protected]
Viitala Tapa1ni
[email protected]
Voelkner Alexander
[email protected]
Vornicescu Doru
[email protected]
Wacker Matthias
[email protected]
Wagner Zoe
[email protected]
Walker Greg
[email protected]
University of Otago
Wickström Henrika
[email protected]
Williams Desmond
[email protected]
Adelaide University
Wilson Venecia
[email protected]
Purdue University
Wiltshire Tim
[email protected]
Wissel Gloria
[email protected]
Woon Esther
[email protected]
Xiong May
[email protected]
University of Wisconsin
Yildir Emrah
[email protected]
Ylikangas Henna
[email protected]
Yliperttula Marjo
[email protected]
Yonemitsu Takahiro
[email protected]
Kumamoto University
Yu Victor
[email protected]
Zane Nicole
[email protected]
Zerkoune Leïla
[email protected]
Université Paris-Sud
Zhai Guangxi
[email protected]
Shandong University
Zhang Peng
[email protected]
Zhao Ma
[email protected]
Shandong University
Zlatev Hristo
[email protected]
118
Industrial participants list
Name
Email
Affliation
Andersson Tommy
[email protected]
AstraZeneca
Berndl Gunther
[email protected]
AbbVie
Borchardt Thomas
[email protected]
AbbVie
Brewster Marcus
[email protected]
Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Johnson & Johnson
Chakravarty Paroma
[email protected]
Genentech, Inc.
Charlton Stuart
[email protected]
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
Davies Nigel
[email protected]
AstraZeneca
Ditter Dominique
[email protected]
Liederer Bianca
[email protected]
Genentech, Inc.
Oliyai Reza
[email protected]
Gilead Sciences, Inc.
Patel Sulabh
[email protected]
Koskinen Mikko
[email protected]
Orion Corporation
Rowland Martin
[email protected]
Pfizer Pharmaceutical Sciences
Weber Benjamin
[email protected]
Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc.
119
Practical info
TRANSPORTATION IN HELSINKI
The travel card in your conference package can be used on the bus, tram, train within Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa,
Kaunianen and the Suomenlinna ferry from the 27th to the 30th of August.
Otherwise, single tickets cost 3 euro (valid for 1 hour) or 8 euro (valid for 1 day).
For more information on timetables and routes, please see the Helsinki Region Transportation website:
http://www.reittiopas.fi/en/index.php
For a taxi (cab) please call +350 0100 0700 or ask the reception of your hotel to order one.
120
EMERGENCY INFORMATION
The emergency number in Finland is 112
BIOMEDICUM
Biomedicum Helsinki 1
Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
P.O.Box 63, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
P.O.Box 700, FI-00029 HUS, Finland
Tel: +358 294 1911 / +358 9 4711
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Lecture Hall 1
Lecture Hall 2
Lecture Hall 3
Seminar room 1-2
Seminar room 3
Meeting room 1
Meeting room 4
Meeting room 8-9
Meeting room 10
Meeting room 11
Meeting room 12
Courtyard B1
Courtyard B2
Courtyard C1
Courtyard C2
GPEN 2014 CONFERENCE PERSONNEL CONTACT INFORMATION
Noora Sjöstedt (Co-Chair Student Organizing Committee)
Tel: +358 50-4480817
Email: [email protected]
Arto Urtti (Co-Chair Organizing Committee)
Tel: +358 40-5402279
Email: [email protected]
GPEN 2014 HOTELS
Radisson Blu Royal Hotel
Runeberginkatu 2, 00100 Helsinki
Tel: +358 20 1234 701
Fax: +358 20 1234 702
Original Sokos Hotel Helsinki
Kluuvikatu 8, 00100 Helsinki
Tel: +358 20 1234 601
Fax: +358 9 176 014
Radisson Blu Plaza Hotel
Mikonkatu 23, 00100 Helsinki
Tel: +358 20 1234 703
Fax: +358 20 1234 704
Original Sokos Hotel Vaakuna
Kaivokatu 3, 00100 Helsinki
Tel: +358 20 1234 601
Fax: +358 9 176 014
121
GPEN 2016
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