Volume 2 The meat-eaters take over The animals

While there are over a million animal species in existence today, the fact is that over 800 animal species have become extinct in the last 500 years alone. Of course extinction is a natural
process but scientists tell us that the rate at which animals are becoming extinct is now well
over 1,000 times faster that it should be - because of human beings!
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When an animal species becomes extinct, that animal cannot be found anywhere on the planet.
Dinosaurs are extinct, for example. So is the Baiji River Dolphin that became extinct just a few
years back in China. And many more familiar animals are ‘critically endangered’ and set to follow.
Extinct!
The animals you will never see!
Volume 2
The meat-eaters take over
Approximately 250 of these extinct animals are explored here, within the era of geological time
to which they belonged. Finally we face the dangers to 10 well-known animals who will become
extinct in the next few years because of man’s actions unless something dramatic happens!
Copyright © BrambleKids 2013
Gerry Bailey
Illustrated by Mike Spoor
99.99%
the
dinosaurs
(and other animals) you will never see!
Gerry Bailey
Illustrated
by
Mike
Spoor
1
Contents
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
Long, long ago ...
When did they live?
Triassic Period
Digging and dating
Jurassic Period
More Jurassic Period
Even more Jurassic Period
Bones and fossils
Cretaceous Period
More Cretaceous Period
Even more Cretaceous
Period
How do we know?
The Killers!
Glossary/Index
Index/Credits
Life-size dinosaurs roar from the trees in a dinosaur park.
2
3
SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THAT 99.99% OF ALL THE SPECIES
Long, long ago ...
Not all animals evolve successfully and some may die out.
We say they have become extinct.
Our planet is billions of years old, and for 3.8
billion of them, some kind of life has lived here.
Life started in a very small and simple way, as
microscopic bacteria floating in the sea.
By 400 million years ago, creatures were
beginning to move onto the land. And millions of
years later, extraordinary animals like dinosaurs
and woolly mammoths were walking the planet.
Scientists believe that plants and animals change,
or evolve, over thousands or millions of years.
Hylaeosaurus had a body
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became extinct
around 10,000
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climate and hunting
by humans probably
caused its end.
THAT HAVE EVER LIVED ARE NO LONGER WITH US.
THESE ARE ANIMALS YOU WILL NEVER SEE ...
The dodo lived mostly on
the island of Mauritius.
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landed there.
Their bodies need to
adapt to changes in the
environment. If the climate
changes, they may lose
their food supply. If larger
animals appear, smaller
ones may get hunted and
need to defend themselves.
Maybe we don’t mind. We can get by looking at pictures,
fossils, and skeletons in museums. But what about all those
exciting creatures you never got to see! A plesiosaurus rising
from the sea? Or a hallucigenia walking on its funny stilt
legs? Even a huge woolly mammoth?
Scientists tell us that a quarter of all the mammals
on the planet are in danger of extinction. NOW!
What if elephants became extinct? Or giraffes,
or even lions? Wouldn’t we miss them?
hallucigenia
The sabre-tooth cat
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When did
they live?
Millions of years ago
Holocene Epoch
11,500 to present
Pleistocene Epoch
1.8 million
Sabre-toothed cat, homo erectus
Pliocene Epoch
5 million
Hominids, cattle, sheep
Miocene Epoch
23 million
First hominids, elephants
Oligocene Epoch
36 million
First apes, deer
Eocene Epoch
56 million
First dogs, cats, rabbits, elephants, horses
Paleocene Epoch
65 million
First carnivorous mammals
Cretaceous Period
146 million
.QZ[\ÆW_MZQVOXTIV\[dinosaurs
Jurassic Period
200 million
Conifers, biggest LQVW[I]Z[ÅZ[\JQZL[
Triassic Period
252 million
First dinosaurs, crocodiles, tortoises
Permian Period
299 million
First beetles, mammal-like reptiles
Carboniferous Period
359 million
First ZMX\QTM[LZIOWVÆQM[[MMLNMZV[
Devonian Period
416 million
.QZ[\IUXPQJQIV[QV[MK\[[XQLMZ[JWVaÅ[P
Silurian Period
444 million
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THERE WERE NO LIVING THINGS AT ALL!
Ordovician Period
487 million
Nautiloids, brachiopods, graptolites
Follow the colour band on each page
to travel from one Period or Epoch to
another, and see what kind of living
things were alive at the time.
6
Cambrian Period
542 million
.QZ[\Å[Ptrilobites, corals
Precambrian Super Eon
3,800 million
Bacteria. algae
Geological history is divided into lengths
of time known as Eras. These are then
divided into Periods and Epochs. We are
living in the most recent of these Epochs,
the Holocene Epoch.
This coil shows how recently living things
appeared on Earth. For most of the
planet’s 4,600 million years history at
the start of the Precambrian period ...
Paleogene Period
Geological history describes the way
scientists divide up the time that Earth has
existed. It is thought that our planet formed
about 4,600 million years ago.
Neogene Period
Periods and Epochs
Living things
7
TRIASSIC Period
TriASSIC Period
Triassic
The Triassic Period lasted from about
252 million years ago to about 200
million years ago. The first dinosaurs
appeared during the Triassic Period.
Carnivorous mammal-like reptiles
called cynodonts evolved. There were
also many kinds of aquatic reptiles
including tortoises and turtles.
kuehneosaurus
kuehneosaurus
Kuehneosaurus was a small reptile
which had remarkably long ribs
sticking out from the side of its body.
Kuehneosaurus could spread out these
ribs and glide through the air on the
skin stretched between them.
mixosaurus
Mixosaurus was an aquatic reptile.
It had a body like a dolphin, with
flippers instead of legs, and a fishlike tail and fins. Mixosaurus was
about 1.2 metres long. It had a
beak with many small teeth and
fed on fish.
cynognathus
cynognathus
Cynognathus was a mammal-like reptile,
belonging to the cynodont group. Unlike
other reptiles, the body of cynognathus
had hair and whiskers, like a mammal.
Cynognathus had a body like a dog, with
a short tail. It grew to about two metres
long and fed on smaller animals.
plateosaurus
Plateosaurus was a
large dinosaur
which grew to
about eight metres long. Many
well-preserved fossils have been
discovered, mostly in Europe.
Plateosaurus had a long
neck and tail. It also had
large hands with long claws, but like its
relatives, it was probably a herbivore.
plateosaurus
kannemeyeria
saltopus
kannemeyeria
Kannemeyeria was a mammal-like reptile.
Its remains have been found in India and
Africa. Kannemeyeria was about three
metres long and had a fat body, a little like
a hippopotamus. It fed on plants which it
crushed in its horny jaws.
nothosaurus
Nothosaurus was an aquatic reptile.
It was about six metres
long and had a long neck
and tail. Its feet were
probably webbed.
mixosaurus
How big?
nothosaurus
8
saltopus
Saltopus was about
60 centimetres long
and ran about on
its long hind legs.
It probably fed on
smaller reptiles
and invertebrates.
9
Digging and dating
The study of fossils is known as
paleontology. The fossils must
be removed very carefully from
the rocks and then cleaned and
studied in a laboratory. A lot of
information can be learned about
the lives of extinct animals and
plants by studying fossils.
Whole skeletons
Animal skeletons
are often preserved
in rock as fossils.
They are sometimes
carefully removed and
reassembled as skeletons.
Carbon dating
This is the method used to find out
the age of bones and fossils.
It measures the radioactivity - the
way atoms give off radiation - of
a kind of carbon. This carbon is
present in all living things, even
when they are long since dead.
Tools
A paleontologist’s field tools
may include a magnifying lens,
a soft brush, chisels, tweezers
and some palette knives.
10
Storage
Index fossils
Fossils are labelled and
stored on site. This is
important as the bones
may be rebuilt later to
form the animal’s skeleton.
Some kinds of fossil are
always found in rock from a
particular time. This makes
it easy to date all the other
kinds of fossils in that rock.
11
JURASSIC Period
JURASSIC Period
Jurassic
rhamphorhynchus
The Jurassic Period lasted from about 200 million years
ago to 146 million years ago. The dinosaurs ruled the
land during this period. Many of the dinosaurs grew to
an enormous size. The first true bird - archaeopteryx evolved, and many kinds of crocodile developed.
rhamphorhynchus
Rhamphorhynchus was one of the earliest of
the flying reptiles, or pterosaurs. It lived in
Africa and Europe. It was about 20 centimetres
long and, unlike the later pterosaurs, it had a
long tail with a kite-like sail at the tip to
help it steer.
plesiosaurus
plesiosaurus
Plesiosaurus was a water-based
reptile. It was about five
metres long, and its body shape was good for
swimming in water. It had paddle-like limbs
and a long neck. Its jaws had sharp teeth,
and it fed on fish.
megalosaurus
lufengosaurus
lufengosaurus
Lufengosaurus was a dinosaur
from China. It belonged to the
prosauropod group. It grew to
about six metres in length and
had a long tail and neck.
megalosaurus
Megalosaurus belonged to the carnosaur
group and was a fierce predator. In 1824,
it was the first dinosaur to be named.
It grew to about nine metres in length.
12
ornitholestes
Ornitholestes was a small
dinosaur. It belonged to the
coelurosaur group. Ornitholestes
was about two metres long and
ran well on its long hind legs.
It fed on small animals.
ornitholestes
kentrosaurus
How big?
kentrosaurus
Kentrosaurus probably used its jaws to bite
off plant food. It swallowed food quickly
and this was left to ferment in its large
stomach. It defended itself with rows of
spikes and plates on its tail and back.
13
JURASSIC Period
JURASSIC Period
More Jurassic
metriorhynchus
Metriorhynchus was crocodilian.
It grew to about three metres
long. Unlike living crocodiles,
it spent all or nearly all its life
in the sea. It had a fish-like
tail to help it swim.
It fed on fish and
cephalopods.
lesothosaurus
Lesothosaurus was a small
dinosaur, only about 90
centimetres long, and looked
like a long-legged lizard.
Lesothosaurus lived in dry,
desert areas in southern Africa.
It was a herbivore.
pterodactylus
lesothosaurus
metriorhynchus
How big?
pterodactylus
Pterodactylus was another flying
reptile and member of the pterosaur
group. It reached about 30
centimetres in length
and had a long, horny beak.
Pterodactylus flew well, with its
pointed, leathery wings moving in an
active, flapping motion. It probably
fed mainly on fish.
scelidosaurus
Scelidosaurus was about four
metres long and was covered
with armour plates for
protection. It also had several
rows of cone-shaped body
studs along its back.
scelidosaurus
ophthalmosaurus
ophthalmosaurus
Ophthalmosaurus was an aquatic reptile
that belonged to the ichthyosaur group.
It was about 3.5 metres long and swam like
a large fast fish. Ophthalmosaurus had large
eyes to see its prey more easily
14
protosuchus
Protosuchus was crocodilian.
It grew to a length of about
one metre. It had a shorter
snout than modern crocodiles
and spent less time in the
water. Protosuchus probably
ate small mammals as well
as fish.
protosuchus
15
JURASSIC Period
JURASSIC Period
cryptocleidus
Cryptocleidus was a marine reptile
which was about three metres in
length, with a long neck and tail,
and four paddle-like feet. It swam
swiftly in search of fish in the sea.
Even more Jurassic
cryptocleidus
archaeopteryx
brachiosaurus
Brachiosaurus was one of
the largest dinosaurs known,
growing to more than 22 metres
long from head to tail and
weighing up to 102 tonnes.
It had a massive body, with a long
tail and neck. It probably fed
mostly on leaves, grazing on soft
water plants in the swamps and
estuaries. It may have stretched its
neck to feed on leaves at the top
of trees, like a giraffe.
archaeopteryx
Archaeopteryx is the earliest known
bird. It was discovered in Germany.
As an early bird, Archaeopteryx had many
reptile features such as bony teeth, a bony
tail, and claws on its wings. But it also had
feathered wings and probably flew quite
well over short distances.
brachiosaurus
belemnite
A belemnite is one
of a group of extinct
sea molluscs. They are
related to the squids,
cuttlefish and octopuses
of today. They had a
squid-shaped body, with
tentacles on the head.
ichthyosaurus
ichthyosaurus
Ichthyosaurus grew
to about two metres
long and swam fast in
search of fish.
dimorphodon
dimorphodon
Dimorphodon was a flying reptile, or
pterosaur. It was about one metre long
and had a large head and wings like
those of a bat. Dimorphodon probably
flew over the coast feeding on fish.
How big?
belemnite
diplodocus
16
17
diplodocus
Diplodocus was a herbivorous
dinosaur. It was up to 27
metres long.
Bones and fossils
A fossil is an organism, or just the shape of it, that
has been preserved in rocks. Scientists can learn
about extinct animals by studying fossils. A fossil
may be a preserved bone, a whole skeleton or a
footprint. The study of fossils is called paleontology.
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are often found.
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a velociraptor.
Moulds
These dinosaur footprints
were originally pressed
into soft mud. The shape
became a kind of mould
that hardened and is still
visible today.
A plant fossil.
Whole dinosaur skeletons are found trapped
in soft rocks.
Caught in amber
The fossil of a
horseshoe crab of the
Jurassic period.
Fish fossil
Fish and other sea animals,
as well as land animals,
can be preserved as fossils.
This fish fossil from the
Cretaceous period is 120
million years old.
Amber is prehistoric tree
resin. It fossilises into fairly
soft rock. The resin sometimes
traps small animals, including
insects, and leaves. Most amber
is no older than 70 million
years old, so dinosaurs aren’t
found in it. This chunk of
amber contains a flying reptile
called an archaeopteryx.
Trilobite
Fossilisation
The hard outer skeleton,
called an exoskeleton, of
a trilobite contains a hard
material called calcite. Calcite
doesn’t decay easily, so parts
of animals containing calcite
are often found as fossils.
About 4,000 species of
trilobite have been found.
Fossilisation happens over many years.
The most common fossils are the hard
parts of animals, usually their skeleton
or bones. Over time, sand or mud covers
the skeleton. Minerals that turn them
into a kind of rock slowly fill the bones.
This rock is the same shape as the
original bone. They become the fossils
that are found millions of years later.
18
18
Whole skulls are
unearthed like this
smilodon one.
19
19
CRETACEOUS Period
CRETACEOUS Period
Cretaceous
How big?
The Cretaceous Period lasted from about 144 million years ago
to about 65 million years ago. Many huge dinosaurs and flying
reptiles lived in the Cretaceous Period. Placental mammals first
appeared at this time. At the end of the Cretaceous Period, the
dinosaurs became extinct. Scientists are not sure why this
happened. Mammals and plants started to evolve into many
different forms.
segnosaurus
segnosaurus
Segnosaurus was a carnivorous dinosaur.
Skeletons of segnosaurus have been found in
Mongolia. They may have had an amphibian lifestyle
- living in and out of water - and fed on fish.
struthiomimus
stegoceras
stegoceras
Stegoceras was a herbivorous
dinosaur. It reached about
2.5 metres in length. Its fossils
come from North America.
stegosaurus
Stegosaurus was about nine metres
long and had a hump-shaped body,
with large, bony plates along its back.
It also had spines on its tail
for defence. The plates on
its back may have been for
protection, or to control its
body temperature.
struthiomimus
Struthiomimus was a
bird-like dinosaur.
It was about four
metres long, with
long back legs and
small front legs.
stegosaurus
triceratops
Triceratops is the most familiar of the
horned dinosaurs. It was very large about nine metres long. It had a heavy,
beak-like mouth and three sharp spikes
on its head. A stiff frill protected its
neck. About 20 different species of
triceratops have been discovered.
triceratops
20
silvisaurus
Silvisaurus was a kind of reptile called
a nodosaurid. This meant that it was a
lumpy, or nodular, reptile. Silvisaurus
grew to about 2.5 metres long.
21
silvisaurus
CRETACEOUS Period
CRETACEOUS Period
More Cretaceous
How big?
styracosaurus
Styracosaurus was a horned
dinosaur. It was about six metres
long and was a heavily built
herbivore. Styracosaurus had a
horn on its nose and a neck frill
with six long spines sticking out
from it.
styracosaurus
spinosaurus
Spinosaurus was a carnivorous
dinosaur that lived in Africa.
It had a sail-like spine of skin
sticking up on its back. It was
huge - about 17 metres long
- and had powerful jaws with
long, sharp teeth. Its favourite
food was fish which it could
sense moving in the shallows
and grab in its jaws.
spinosaurus
troodon
troodon
Troodon was one of the fiercest pack hunters,
although it was only about the size of a large
dog. It had very acute hearing and could see in
the dark. It hunted at night, stalking its prey and
grabbing it with sharp claws and powerful jaws.
tyrannosaurus
tyrannosaurus
Tyrannosaurus is one of the most famous of
all dinosaurs. Its fossils come from North
America. Tyrannosaurus was one of the
largest of the meat-eating carnosaurs, and
measured up to about 12 metres long. It had
a very large head with long, sharp teeth.
22
And spinosaurus was
massive - half as big
again as T Rex!
ornithomimus
ornithomimus
Ornithomimus was a little like an ostrich in
shape and grew to about four metres long.
It had a horny beak, like a bird’s, and probably
ate leaves, fruit and small animals. Strong back
legs allowed it to chase after its animal prey,
catching it with its hands.
tylosaurus
Tylosaurus was an aquatic reptile. It is related
to the monitor lizards of today. Tylosaurus was
about six metres long, with paddle-like limbs.
It hunted other animals in shallow seas.
23
tylosaurus
CRETACEOUS Period
CRETACEOUS Period
Even more Cretaceous
parasaurolophus
Parasaurolophus was a duck-billed dinosaur.
It grew to about 10 metres and had a long,
powerful tail. Its strangest feature was the long,
backward-curving, bony crest on its head.
This crest contained hollow tubes which joined
with the nose. It may have been
used to make loud,
booming noises.
How big?
pteranodon
Pteranodon was the best known
of the flying reptiles, or pterosaurs.
It had bat-like
wings made of
stretched skin
and these stretched to about seven
metres across. It probably had a
slow, flapping and gliding flight.
Pteranodon had a long beak with a
bony projection sticking backwards
from its head.
pteranodon
quetzalcoatlus
Quetzalcoatlus was
a flying reptile, or
pterosaur. It was the
largest flying animal
ever to have lived.
Its wingspan was
at least 11 metres.
Fossils have been
found in Texas, USA.
saltasaurus
parasaurolophus
pentaceratops
Pentaceratops was a dinosaur that had a heavy
body with a large frill covering its neck. It had
three long horns on its head. Pentaceratops used
its horns to defend itself against carnivorous
dinosaurs. It also had a spike sticking out from
each cheek.
pentaceratops
quetzalcoatlus
mosasaurus
saltasaurus
Saltasaurus was about 12
metres long. It had a long tail
which may have supported
its body on its back legs as it
reached up to eat. It had bony
plates on its back that offered
protection against predators.
24
velociraptor
Velociraptor was about two metres long and
had sharp, curved claws on its hind feet.
mosasaurus
Mosasaurus was an aquatic
reptile. It was very large reaching 15 metres long - and
had powerful jaws with sharp
teeth. These were so strong they
could even crush the shells of
ammonites. It had a long tail
and its limbs were paddles.
velociraptor
25
How do we know?
How do we know exactly which bones
go where? Well, it’s a painstaking job.
But paleontologists know that all
vertebrate animals have a common
skeletal plan. So that’s a start. The skull
of the dinosaur can also give a clue as
to what it is, as each group has its own
kind. Teeth might indicate its diet.
The bones are carefully examined
so that each part of the tail, for
QV[\IVKMÅ\[_Q\P\PMXIZ\IJW^M
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model from a similar bone on the
dinosaur or from a bone from a
similar dinosaur.
The hip bones can be constructed
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tiny, has to be cleaned and
described, then made ready
to be reassembled. Bones are
sorted and labelled.
The skeleton is built around a
frame called an armature that
holds it together.
26
27
The Killers!
WE HAVE HUGE SIZE AND HUGE TEETH
tyrannosaurus rex
Tyrannosaurus rex was a killing machine
with its five to eight-tonne bulk and huge head
studded with numerous, sharp teeth.
giganotosaurus
Giganotosaurus was an eight-tonne, threefingered predator and was over 14 metres
long with a skull almost two metres long.
kronosaurus
The marine reptile, kronosaurus, was much
bigger than a modern Great White shark, and
it had much bigger teeth. It probably even ate any
dinosaur that ventured close to the water’s edge.
allosaurus
Allosaurus was a deadlier
predator than tyrannosaurus rex.
Fossils of this fierce, strong-jawed,
three-tonne theropod have been
found in western USA.
Curved KTI_[NWZZQXXQVOprey.
Tyrannosaurus
rex had 60 teeth,
(humans have 32)
some as long as 23
centimetres.
I HAVE SWORD-LIKE CLAWS
utahraptor
Utahraptor weighed almost
a tonne. It had single curved
claws like a sharp knife.
I HAVE CROCODILE RAZOR-SHARP TEETH
excalibosaurus
This ichthyosaur, the ‘fish lizard’, was
like a swordfish, only a lot bigger.
Its long, pointed, tooth-studded
snout speared prehistoric fish
for dinner.
sarcosuchus
Sarcosuchus was about
twice as long and ten times
as heavy as the largest
crocodiles living today.
28
I HAVE A CLEVER BRAIN AND HUNT IN PACKS
troodon
Troodon weighed about the same as a full-grown
human and it didn’t have particularly sharp teeth.
But it did have a big brain, and it hunted at night
successfully in packs.
29
Glossary
alga (plural algae)
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but most algae can only be seen using a
microscope. Algae appeared very early on - as
long ago as the Precambrian period.
amphibious
Amphibious describes an animal that lives
UW[\TaQVIVLW]\WN_I\MZ5IVaXZMPQ[\WZQK
IVQUIT[_MZMIUXPQJQW][
amphibian
An amphibian is a vertebrate animal that lives
VMIZ_I\MZIVLWN\MVTIa[Q\[MOO[QV_I\MZ
carbon dating
Carbon dating measures the radioactivity of a
SQVLWNKIZJWV_PQKPQ[QV[QLMITTTQ^QVO\PQVO[
from the moment they are born. The age of
a fossil can be measured using carbon dating.
carnivorous
Carnivorous describes animals that eat
other animals.
dinosaur
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evolution
Evolution describes the gradual changes that
take pace in the bodies of animals and plants.
These may happen over thousands, even
millions of years. Changes occur as living
things adapt to changes on the planet, and
_PMZMILIX\I\QWVQ[]V[]KKM[[N]T\PM[XMKQM[
becomes extinct.
fossil
A fossil is the sign of an extinct organism that
has been preserved in rocks. A fossil can be a
footprint or a preserved bone.
herbivore
A herbivore is a plant-eating animal.
geological time
Eons are the largest divisions of geological
time. Eons are divided into eras, and eras into
periods. Periods are then divided into epochs.
invertebrate
)VQV^MZ\MJZI\MQ[IUIVaKMTTMLIVQUIT_Q\P
VWJIKSJWVM;XWVOM[IVLRMTTaÅ[PIZMOWWL
examples of invertebrates. Trilobites are
extinct vertebrates.
paleontology
)XITMWV\WTWOQ[\Q[I[KQMV\Q[\_PW[\]LQM[
fossils. Most fossils must be carefully dug out
of rock.
predator
A predator is an animal that hunts and feeds
WVW\PMZIVQUIT[8ZMLI\WZ[PI^MMNÅKQMV\
P]V\QVOJWLQM[_Q\P[PIZXKTI_[IVL\MM\P
They can often move very fast.
prehistoric
8ZMPQ[\WZQKQ[I_WZL\WLM[KZQJM\PQVO[
that happened before history began to be
ZMKWZLML<PMÅZ[\ZMKWZL[_MZMUILM
about 40,000 years ago,
so everything before
that time - and the
plants and animals
that lived then - are
described as prehistoric.
30
Index
algae 7
allosaurus 28, 31
amber 19
IUUWVQ\M[
amphibious 21
IY]I\QKZMX\QTM !
archaeopteryx 12, 16, 19, 31
IZUW]Z
bacteria 4
*IQRQZQ^MZLWTXPQV
JMIS belemnite 16, 31
bone 10, 11, 19, 26, 27
brachiopod 7
brachiosaurus 16, 31
calcite 18
Cambrian Period 6
carbon dating 11
Carboniferous Period 6
carnivorous 8
carnosaur 12
cephalopod 14
KTI_!!
climate 4
coelurosaur 13
Cretaceous Period 6
KZWKWLQTM[
cryptocleidus 17
cynodont 8
cynognathus 8
defence 21
Devonian Period 6
dimorphodon 17
dinosaur 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 16,
19, 20, 22, 24
diplodocus 17
dodo 4
dolphin 8
MTMXPIV\
environment 4
Eocene Epoch 6
eurypterid 7
M^WT^MM^WT]\QWV
excalibosaurus 28
exoskeleton 18
M`\QVK\ Å[P footprint 18
NW[[QT! !
22
frill 24
giganotosaurus 28
graptolite 7
PITT]KQOMVQI
herbivore 9, 14, 17, 20, 22
Holocene Epoch 6
hominid 7
homo erectus 7
horn 22
horseshoe crab 19
hylaeosaurus 4
ichthyosaur 14, 28
ichthyosaurus 17
index fossil 11
invertebrate 9
RI_!
Jurassic Period 2, 6, 12
kannemeyeria 9
kentrosaurus 13
kronosaurus 28
31
kuehneosaurus 8
lesothosaurus 14
lizard 14, 26, 28
lufengosaurus 12
mammal 7, 8, 9
megalosaurus 12
metriorhynchus 14
Miocene Epoch 6
mixosaurus 8
mollusc 16
UW[I[I]Z][
mould 18
U][M]U
nautiloid 7
nodosaurid 21
nothosaurus 9
Oligocene Epoch 6
ophthalmosaurus 14
Ordovician Period 6
organism 18
ornitholestes 13
ornithomimus 23
Paleocene Epoch 6
paleontology 10, 11
parasaurolophus 24
pentaceratops 24
Permian Period 6
plateosaurus 9
XTI\M
Pleistocene Epoch 6
XTM[QW[I]Z][
Pliocene Epoch 6
Precambrian Super Eon 6
predator 12, 28
prey 4, 14, 22, 23, 29
continued p32
Index cont:
prosauropod 12
XZW\W[]KP][
X\MZIVWLWV
X\MZWLIK\aT][
X\MZW[I]Z
Y]IOOI
Y]M\bITKWI\T][
radioactivity 11
ZMX\QTM !
resin 19
rhamphorhynchus 13
rib 8
sabre-tooth cat 4, 7
saltasaurus 24
saltopus 9
sarcosuchus 28
[KMTQLW[I]Z][
segnosaurus 21
Silurian Period 6
silvisaurus 21
[SMTM\WV !
skull 18
spike 4, 13, 20
spinosaurus 23
stegoceras 20
stegosaurus 21
struthiomimus 20
styracosaurus 22
[_IUX
teeth 26
tortoise 7, 8
Triassic Period 6
triceratops 20
trilobite 7
troodon 22, 29
turtle 8
Photo Credits
tylosaurus 23
tyrannosaurus 22, 28
utahraptor 29
^MTWKQZIX\WZ ?M[\MZV*TIKS:PQVW
_WWTTaUIUUW\P
All photos are Shutterstock
M`KMX\_PMZM[\I\ML"
p4 top- Nicolas Primola;
bottom left- Marek Szumlas;
JW\\WUUQLLTM.TaQVO8]NÅV#
bottom right- Ozja
P10/11- Rich Koele
P10 top- xxxxx;
bottom- Duard van der Westhuizen
P11 top- chromographs;
middle-Zoltan Pataki;
bottom- Mirka Moksha
P18 top- Matt Martyniuk;
middle a- Alberto Tirado;
middle b- Peter Hulla;
middle c- mikeledray; bottom- vichie81
P18/19- MarcelClemens
P 19 top left- zens;
top right – Stephen Coburn;
middle- Vladimir Sazonov;
bottom- Styve Reineck
P26/27- Jaroslav Moravcik
P26 top- Frederick R. Matzen;
bottom- chromographs
P27 left- Timothy R. Nichols;
right- Natursports
P29 top- Zlajs;
JW\\WUTMN\5QKPIMT+/ZIa#
bottom right- Lori Skelton
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32