A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF NIGER DELTA
Transcription
A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF NIGER DELTA
A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF NIGER DELTA DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION (NDDC) IN SOCIO - ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CASE OF RIVERS STATE BY AKINTONDE OLUMIDE JUDE PG/M.SC/09/53946 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.SC.) DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES MAY 2012 1 CERTIFICATION PAGE This is to certify that this Research titled “a critical aprraisal of the role of Niger Delta Development Comission (NDDC) in Socio- economic Development : a case of River State” is my original work, carried out by me. This thesis has not been submitted to any University or institution of higher learning for the award of any degree. -----------------------------------Sign. --------------Date AKINTONDE O LUMIDE JUDE PG/M.SC/09/53946 2 APPROVAL PAGE This research work has been read and certified as the original work of Akintonde Olumide Jude, with registration number PG/MSC/09/53946. This has met the requirement of the Institute for Development Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus Enugu, for the award of Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree Development Studies. -----------------------------------Dr. V.A Onodugo Project Supervisor --------------Date -----------------------------------Mr. B.D Umoh Acting Director --------------Date ---------------------------External Examiner --------------Date 3 DEDICATION This Thesis is dedicated to God Almighty who gave me the wisdom, knowledge, understanding, encouragement and ability to carry out this study. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENT My appreciation goes to my project supervisor, Dr. V.A Onodugo, for his immense constructive criticism, inspiring encouragement and useful suggestions in the course of the study. My also gratitude goes to my Lectures, Institute for Development Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu. I say thank you to Mr. and Mrs. Akintonde for their moral, financial and prayer supports. I must not fail to acknowledge Mr. and Mrs Aghachi for their moral and spiritual support. Gratitudes also goes to Joke Vivian David and to my siblings, Tobi Akintonde, Patrick Akintonde, Damilola Akintonde, Praise Akintonde and Mr. and Mrs. Arowolo, for their encouragement during the academic studies. Thanks also go to friends; Ovie Blessed, Moses Johnson, Emmanuel Torvi, Valentine Chukwumaobi, Yague James, Glory Edem, Comfort and well-wishers whose name may not have been mentioned, I thank you all. 5 ABSTRACT Niger Delta Region has assumed considerable attention and importance both nationally and internationally because of its socio-economic challenges and opportunities of rich ecosystem and tremendous natural resources; especially petroleum and gas that abound in the Region. On this ground, Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) was established, and officially inaugurated in 2000 with the vision to “offer a lasting solution to the socio-economic difficulties of the Niger Delta region, and Mission “to facilitate the rapid even and sustainable development of the Region. To appreciate development, a physical manifestation of infrastructure is required. It was discovered in the course of the research that the impact of the projects implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission was not strongly felt by the inhabitants of Rivers State especially in the areas of health, education, employment and skills development. A boost was given to the commission in the areas of road and land reclamation; the overall score of the quality of projects delivered by the commission was less than average. The outcome and impact fell beyond expectation. On the recommendation, the Niger Delta Development commission is to be prone to community driven development rather than commission driven; and adherence to the Nigerian public procurement process of selecting contractors. The Region requires lot more, in terms of basic infrastructure, economic policies and programmes, and environmental management frameworks which sustain economic and social development. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title page i …………………………………………………… Certification page ii …………………………………………………… Dedication iii …………………………………………………… Acknowledgment iv …………………………………………………… Abstract v …………………………………………………… Table of contents vi …………………………………………………… List of tables ix ………………………………………………….... List of figures x …………………………………………………….. List of acronyms xi …………………………………………………….. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….. 1.1 Background to the study 1 1.2 Statement of the problems…………………………………………………….. 2 1.3 Objectives of the study 3 1.4 Statement of the Hypotheses …………………………………………………….. 4 …………………………………………………….. 7 1.5 Research Questions 5 …………………………………………………….. 1.6 Significance of the study 5 …………………………………………………….. 1.7 Scope and delimitation of the study……………………………………………… 6 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 8 2.1 Stakeholder theory………………………………………………………………… 8 2.2 System Theory……………………………………………………………………. 15 2.3 Meaning of Development………………………………………………………… 17 2.4 Meaning of Underdevelopment……………………………………………………. 19 2.5 Economic Development and Economic Growth…………………………………… 19 2.6 Development explained…………………………………………………….19 2.7 Development efforts ……………………………………………………..28 in Indices Nigeria- 2.8 Causes of Underdevelopment………………………………………………….…. 37 2.9 Study 40 2.10 Development Efforts in Niger Delta Region………………………………………. 42 Area………………………………..……………………………………… 8 2.11 The Niger delta Development Commission……………………………………… 44 2.12 The Place of Partners for Sustainable Development Forum…………………….. 59 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 62 3.1 Research design…………………………………………………… …………….. 62 3.2 Sources of data……………………………………………………………………. 62 3.3 Population of the study …………………………………………………………… 63 3.4 Sample size and sampling technique………………………………………………. 63 3.5 3.6 Data Collection Instrument s and Method of Distribution…………………………..63 Method of Data Analysis………………………………………………………….. 64 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTAION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 66 4.2 Sex…………………………………………………………………………………. 67 4.3 Age Distribution……………………………………………………………………. 68 9 4.4 Marital Status………………………………………………………………………… 69 4.5 Educational Background…………………………………………………………. 70 4.6 Awareness of the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission………….. 71 4.7 People‟s agitation after the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission… 72 4.8 Project Implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission ………………. 73-47 4.9 Rating of project implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission …… 76 4.10 Implemented Projects and People‟s Demand……………………………………… 78 4.11 Grading of Niger Delta Development Commission Projects by Categorization…… 79 4.12 Recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission…………………….. 80 4.13Testing of Hypothesis………………………………………………………………... 82 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Summary of Findings………………………………………………………………. 85 5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………… 88 5.3 Recommendations…………………………………………………………………… 88 5.4 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………… 92 10 Appendix ………………………………………………………… 11 LIST OF TABLES Table Page Sex …………………………………………………………………… 67 4.2 Age group…………………………………………………………….. 68 4.3 Marital Status……………………………………………………...…. 69 4.4 Educational Background ……………………………………………. 70 4.5 People‟s awareness about the existence of Niger Delta Development Commission…………………………….…………………….71 4.6 Level of people‟s agitation after the creation of Niger Delta Development Commission…………………………….…………………….72 4.7 People response to projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission in communities……………………………. ….73 4.8 Categorization of projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission…………………………….…………………….74 4.9 People‟s rating of projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission……………………………………………………………….. 76 4.10 Implemented projects meeting peoples demand…………………………… 78 4.12 People‟s prioritization of Niger Delta Development Commission Improvement by projects categorization…………………………............... 79 4.13 Recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission for future projects………………………………………………………… 80 4.1 12 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Sex …………………………………………………………………… 67 4.2 Age group…………………………………………………………….. 68 4.3 Marital Status……………………………………………………...…. 69 4.4 Educational Background ……………………………………………. 70 4.5 People‟s awareness about the existence of Niger Delta Development Commission…………………………….…………………….71 4.6 Level of people‟s agitation after the creation of Niger Delta Development Commission…………………………….…………………….72 4.7 People response to projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission in communities……………………………. ….73 4.8 Categorization of projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission…………………………….…………………….74 4.9 People‟s rating of projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission……………………………………………………………….. 76 4.10 Implemented projects meeting peoples demand…………………………… 78 4.12 People‟s prioritization of Niger Delta Development Commission Improvement by projects categorization…………………………............... 79 4.13 Recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission for future projects………………………………………………………… 80 4.1 13 LIST OF ACRONYMS GDP GNP GNI HDI HDR MDGs MEND NDDB NDDC NDR NDRDMP NEEDS NGO OMPADEC OPEC UNDP Gross Domestic Product Gross National Product Gross National Income Human Development Index Human Development Report Millennium Development Goals Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta Niger Delta Development Board Niger Delta Development Commission Niger Delta Region Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy Non-Governmental Organization Oil Minerals Producing Areas Development Commission Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries United Nations Development Programme CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The paradox of poor development, squalor and abject poverty of the Niger Delta region against the background of its being the main source of the country‟s wealth makes it a political landmine for the new Nigerian democracy. Widespread indignation and unprecedented restiveness have in recent past become the main landmarks of the region. They have contributed to unprecedented tension between the local communities and oil companies on the one hand, and with the state and Federal Government on the other. The result has been a general deterioration of both political and social development in the region. This state of affairs has led to the deep-rooted discontent of communities over their level of severe underdevelopment. 14 However, these minority communities of oil producing areas which received little or no currency from the muti-billion dollar a year industry which lines in the pocket of foreign multinational and corrupt government officials is characterized by dilapidated infrastructure, lack of good highways, environmental problems, conflict and unrest. These problems brought about the demand for their emancipation. The advent of the democratic governance under the leadership of President Olusegun Obasanjo in May 1999 has a new mind-set in handling these situations. The concern to approach the under-development situation of the region led to the establishment of the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) in December, 2000 with the vision to “offer a lasting solution to the socio-economic difficulties of the region, and Mission “to facilitate the rapid ever and sustainable development of the Niger Delta into a region that is economically prosperous, socially stable, ecologically regenerative and politically peaceful” (the NDRDMP: 103). One of the statements made by the Mr. President at the inaugural session of the commission (NDDC) in 2001 was that, “since the inception of our administration in 1999, we have consistently acknowledged the critical essence of the Niger Delta region to the economic well being of Nigeria, and committedly striven to redress the visible underdevelopment and neglect of the past in the region. (the NDRDMP:34). This study seeks to evaluate the activities of the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC). Rivers State being one of the nine (9) states in the region is used as a case study. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS 15 The problems of Niger Delta region has become a concern as the ethnic groups, most notably the Ijaw and the Ogoni established organizations to confront the Nigerian government and multinational oil companies in the region.. Their grievances are justified by the extensive environmental degradation and pollution from oil activities that have operated in the region since the 1950s. However, these minority communities of oil producing areas have received little or no currency from the muti-billion dollar a year industry which lines of the pocket of foreign multinational and corrupt government officials, environmental remediation measures are limited and negligible. The region is highly underdeveloped and is one poor even by Nigerian‟s low standards for quality of life. These are some of the reasons that spurred the Federal Government of Nigeria to action by creation an interventionist (NDDC) to offer a last solution to the aforementioned problems and bring about sustainable development in the region. Inspite of these many questions have been raised over the years why an agency like NDDC was created, among them are: what has been their impact? Will it be able to bring Niger Delta Region to a reasonable destination, what was wrong with the other agencies of development in the region like the Niger Delta Development Board, The Presidential Task Force, the Oil Producing Areas Development Commission (OMPADEC) etc? It is in response of these questions that this study derives its relevance. In particular, it seeks to evaluate how NDDC‟s activities have impacted on the socio-economic development of the Region using Rivers State as a case study. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 16 I. To ascertain the circumstances that led to the formation of the Niger Delta Development Commission. II. To highlight the achievements of the Commission (NDDC) over the past five years . III. To make a critical assessments of the stated achievements viz-a-viz its statutory mandates. IV. To identify the challenges faced by the commission in the discharge of its duties over the years. And V. 1.4 Make necessary suggestions of viable solutions on identified challenges. STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESES The hypotheses drawn are intelligent guesses that will help realize the objectives of the research. They are stated as follows: 1. H1 Niger Delta Development Commission‟s formation has reduced agitations from the people of Niger Delta. Ho The formulation of Niger Delta Development Commission has not reduced agitation by the people of Niger Delta 2. H1 Corruption and influence from power brokers is a major challenge of Niger Delta Development Commission towards the attainment of it objectives. Ho Corruption and influence from power brokers is not a challenge towards 17 the attainment of Niger Delta Development Commission‟s objectives. 3. H1 Niger Delta Development Commission‟s commitments have led to high rate of employment in Niger Delta. Ho The commitments of Niger Delta Development Commission do not have any influence on the rate of employment in Rivers State 4. H1 Water projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission have reduced water related problems in Rivers State. Ho Water projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission has no effect on water related problems 5. H1 Electricity projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission have increased power generation in Rivers State. Ho Electricity projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission do not have any effect on power generation in Rivers State 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The following research questions were developed by the researcher as an off shot of the objectives of this study for the purpose of data collection on the thesis: I. II. III. What let to the formation of the Niger Delta Development commission? What are the achievements of the Niger Delta Development commission? Are the projects implemented goals oriented? 18 IV. V. Has NDDC able to achieve its mandate? What are the challenges facing development in the region? VI. What are the way forward to the challenges faced by NDDC? 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The problems of the region have become a global concern as the ethnic groups, most notably the Ijaw and the Ogoni established organizations to confront the Nigerian government and multinational oil companies in the region. Their grievances are justified by the extensive environmental degradation, dilapidated infrastructures, and pollution from oil activities that have operated in the region since the 1950s. However, these minority communities of oil producing areas have received little or no currency from the muti-billion dollar a year industry which lines of the pocket of foreign multinational and corrupt government officials. It is the researcher‟s opinion and belief therefore, that the findings and recommendations will: 1. Help private organizations, Community Based Organizations, Faith Based Organizations, and multinational companies to in corporate social responsibility decisions. 2. Assist the Niger Delta Development Commission in detecting deviation from goals and mandate and areas of attention. 3. Influence public opinion, deepen awareness, elicit ownership and generate support in development process 4. Findings and recommendations will assist future research and serve as reference document. 19 5. The knowledge gained from the studies will provide critical input for appropriate programmes and projects. 1.7 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY The research will consider two scopes: scope in terms of time and context. It terms of time, the study will focus on the achievements within the last five years. (2005-2010).In context the areas under focus will be some selected socio-economic development sectors such as Health, Education, Transportation, Water and Electricity in Rivers State. The study therefore, will not be interested in the financial assessments or appraisals as it relate to the budgets that the commission receives or has spent on projects. The justification for this is the bureaucratic process, and high confidentiality placed on budgets and financial documents by institutions in Nigeria. The researcher may encounter the problems stated below in the course of this study. Some of these are:a. The reluctance of the commission and respondent to give information which they regard as their secret and highly confidential. b. Some of the data may not be readily available. c. The time to carry out the study is quite short and insufficient. d. There may be financial challenges in plunging into the selected area understudied. e. Some of the beneficiaries may have very busy schedules which would make it impossible for the researchers to interview them. They may either be too busy to be interviewed or not available. 20 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter synthesized theories to generate a better understanding on the study. The research adopted two theories: Stakeholder and the System theory. The stakeholder theory underscores the importance of stakeholders in development while the system theory creates a better understanding on the importance of a well coordinated system in propelling development. Several literatures have been reviewed to support these. 2.1 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework Stakeholder Theory The NDRDMP defined stakeholders as such politicians, administrators, service providers, investors and consumers, and passive/reactive stakeholders; who experience the 21 outcomes of the other‟ decisions or actions and benefit or suffer as a result. Other definition has a narrower scope that is an individual or group who the organization is dependent on for its continued survival i.e. suppliers, customers, funding agencies. Carroll (1996: 34) suggests a stakeholder is “an individual, or group who can affect or is affected by the action, decisions, policies, practices or goals of the organization. Other literature points out another way to describe stakeholders. Lorca and Garcia-Diez (2004:6) describe two kinds of stakeholders. Voluntary an involuntary. There are voluntary stakeholders in a company e.g, shareholders, employees, customers and suppliers, where the basic principle of stakeholder management is mutual benefit. These stakeholders contribute directly to the operations of the company and expect to receive benefits as a result. Involuntary stakeholders are those who may be negatively affected by the decision. Hence the guiding principle has to be the reduction or avoidance of harm to these stakeholders and/ or the creation of offsetting benefits. The study used stakeholder theory as one of the underpinning construct to assist searching the literature of stakeholder‟s role in socio-economic development. The stakeholder theory is a theory of organizational management and business ethics that addresses morals and values in managing an organization. It was originally detailed by R. Edward Freeman in the book Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. It identifies the groups which are stakeholders of a corporation, and both describes and recommends methods by which management can give due regard to the interests of those groups. Stakeholder management and stakeholder engagement are both highlighted in the stakeholder theory literature as a key to effective decision making. 22 Stakeholder theory categorizes stakeholder management in three ways; as descriptive, instrumental and normative (Donaldoson & Preston 1995:1,6) Hasnas 2008: 115-123). Firstly, descriptive stakeholder management identifies and describes the relationships that the corporation or organization has with groups or persons with whom it interacts. Secondly, instrumental stakeholder management describes the establishing of connections between the practice of stakeholder management and the resulting achievement of corporate performance goals. Thirdly, stakeholders‟ management that is normative focuses on the moral basis for attending to stakeholder issues and emphasis the intrinsic value to the organization when engaging with stakeholders (Donaldson & Preston, 1995:65). The normative stakeholder theory requires an organization to embrace a more ethical, proactive and interactive approach to stakeholder management. Normative asserts that “regardless of whether stakeholder management leads to improved financial performance, managers should manage the business for the benefit of all stakeholders ( Hasanas, 2008: 115).Freeman (2007: 71) suggests that normative theory “assumes that businesses (and public sector organizations) actually do and should create value for customers. Suppliers, employees, communities and financiers (or shareholders).” Stakeholder management emphasizes the importance for decision makers to understand and consider the context by identifying their stakeholders. Golembiewski (2000: 65) suggest the concept of stakeholder identifies criteria for specific individuals an/ or groups as sub environments (in the organization‟s environment) with which the organization must interact to be effective. 23 Stakeholder literature defines stakeholders as either ( e.g shareholders, stockholders, stockholders, suppliers of materials, staff, customers, members of the public) who are directs recipients of service, politician). Freeman (2007:41) describes stakeholders as those who have a “stake” in the actions and identifies two definition for stakeholder 2.1.1 Stakeholders’ interest President Olusegun Obasanjo (NDRDMP 2005: 9) highlighted his views when he mentioned “I do hope that all stakeholders and our dependable development partners will commit to engendering the required synergy to make an unqualified success of the implementation of the Niger Delta Master Plan. Regardless of whether the stakeholder is an individual, group or community, it is important for the organization to understand the various interests and the impacts of their decisions. Golembiewski (2000: 1) describes levels of stakeholders‟ interest as either a casual interest or potential to be affected by the organization‟s actions, or an ownership/governance interests, or a legal claim or a moral claim. Freeman (2007: 49) points out that the interest of each stakeholder group is multifaceted and inherently connected to each other and those stakeholders‟ interest are shared. It does not mean their views are in agreement, but hat each stakeholder has vested interest in seeking a solution. The NDRDMP 2005: 117, emphasized that undertaking the motivation and constraints of people as stakeholders in therefore an essential part of good planning. Another perspective on stakeholder interest is that of Marcoux (2000:124-133) who argues that mangers - stakeholder relation are non fiduciary in character and that “ it is conceptually impossible to place the interest of all stakeholders ahead of each other………… and 24 impossible to serve the interest of all simultaneously….. as there will always be confliction views and interest.” However, Wolfe and Putler (2000:64) suggest identifying what motivates stakeholders will help determine stakeholder group priorities and verify to what degree there are common priorities. 2.1.2 Stakeholders’ Power and Influence The contribution of sponk (SID 2001:93) in the Development Magazine was that progressive advocates of participatory process often aspire to reduce the increasing concentration of power within representative democracies by empowering citizen within the deliberative and implementational stages of policy determination and public service provisioning. Stakeholders power relates to the level of influence the stakeholder has during the decision making process and the final decision. (Mitchell et al. (2007:166-178) describe three characteristics which highlight the power and influence between decision makers and stakeholders. The first characteristics revolve around whether the stakeholders are claimants versus influencers. Claimants are deemed to have less power over decision making than influencers. The second characteristics involves whether there are actual versus potential relationships, that is actual power from current stakeholder which create more pressure on decision makers than “potential” stakeholders and any associated “potentials: relationships. The third characteristic centres on the conflicts and level of power, dependence reciprocity in relationships and is crucial for decision makers to understand. These characteristics highlight the importance of dominance reliance and give and take between the stakeholder and the organization. 25 2.1.3 Stakeholders Engagement Process Stakeholder engagement process can be described as a sub-process within the broader strategic planning and decision making process and key to effective stakeholder management. The levels of participation and relative access to power and influence of various groups within the political system are critical to pattern of development. Political system must be such as affords the various geo-political communities access to decision making. Development requires not only the diversification of the economic base by speeding up the transition from subsistence agriculture to industrialization using all the resources at our disposal but also the creation of an atmosphere of brotherhood and solidarity among the people of the national community. The OECD (2001) argues that engaging with citizens is a core element of good governance and benefits include improving the quality of policy making and increasing accountability and transparency. Gibson et al. (2006: 3, 15) emphasize the benefits for the organization by describing stakeholder engagement as “the confluence of corporate self definition and occasional re-definition, impression management and effective relationship maintenance with important stakeholders.” Du et al (2010:19) believes that corporations can reap multifaceted business returns from Corporate Social Responsibility (CRS) and effective stakeholders‟ engagement. Healy (1997:11) describes stakeholder engagement as an opportunity to share values and build trust, knowledge and intellectual capital. Boother (1999:33) see it as a way to build 26 consensus, learning and shared meaning social learning and agreed shared meaning are important factors in developing long term and more immediate decision across multiple stakeholder groups. Freeman and Reed (2007:55) highlight two approaches for managing stakeholder engagement processes. The first describes a stakeholder strategy process which systematically analyses the relative importance of stakeholder and cooperative potential. The second involves a stakeholder audit which systematically identifies stakeholder and assesses the effectives of current organizational strategies. The first approach looks at the future potentials of stakeholder involvement. Whereas the latter approach identifies the current state of the objectives, both techniques are highlighted in the strategic management as importance to decision making. Rein and Schons (1991: 25) describe another approach of stakeholder input as “the interactions of individuals, interest groups, social movement, and institutions through which problematic situations are converted to policy problems, agendas are set, decisions are make and actions are taken”. Walker et al (2008:645) describe stockholder mapping and visualization as way to alleviate pressure by identifying stakeholder perspectives, the value of the interactions, the level of interaction use to engage and the degree to which stakeholder views can be institutionalized into the final decision. 27 2.2 David Easton System Theory The System theory was developed by David Easton, a Canadian political scientist. Systems theory in political science is a highly abstract, partly holistic view of politics, influenced by cybernetics. The adaptation of system theory to political science was first conceived in 1953. Decisions are not made in isolate. They are made in an environment, triggered by demand and supported by the public or decision makers. It goes into the black box also known as the transformation box where it is processed and come out as output. For better understanding of the research work, David Easton‟s systems Analysis of Political Life has been adopted and fashioned in line with the research. the cohesion and stability of a political system depends critically on the extent to which its constituent units consider that they belong together, on the extent to which the system can be seen to be oriented towards protecting and advancing their individual and collective interest, towards reducing rather than aggravating such inequalities as exist among them. In simple terms, Easton's behavioral approach to politics, proposed that a political system could be seen as a whole (i.e. all part of the system have to function together; greatly simplifying his model as: Step 1. Changes in the social or physical environment surrounding a political system produce "demands" and "supports" for action or the status quo directed as "inputs" towards the system, through political behavior. 28 Step 2, these demands and supporting groups stimulate competition in a system, leading to decisions or "outputs" directed at some aspect of the surrounding social or physical environment. Step 3, after a decision or output is made (e.g., a specific policy), it interacts with its environment, and if it produces change in the environment, there are "outcomes." Step 4, when a new policy interacts with its environment, outcomes may generate new demands or supports and groups in support or against the policy ("feedback") or a new policy on some related matter. Step 5, feedback leads back to Step 1, it's a never ending story. If the system functions as described, then we have a "stable system that leads to sustainable development". If the system breaks down, then we have a "dysfunctional system that leads to underdevelopment and impoverishment ". Easton aspired to make politics a science; this is, working with highly abstract models that described the regularities of patterns and processes in political life in general. Environment Environment Fig 2.2 Demand Support Transformation or black box Policy/Decisions Actions Feedback loop Environment Environment Easton David (1965) A systems Analysis of Political Life New York U.S s 32 Environment Environment 29 As have been described above, the environment makes up the political, social and economic environment of the region. The demand and support come from the same environment by the people. Clement Isong‟s (1985:3) view to this is that, to achieve development for the people there is the need for a high degree of social mobilization and psychological involvement by all sections of the population in a first state of development planning. The transformation or black box in this context can be referred to Several Government levels, various institutions that transform the demand and the support from the people into outputs and outcomes. If there if a proper support from the people in the environment, then we have a stable polity and sustainable development. If otherwise then the system breaks down and causes continuous underdevelopment and impoverishment. 2.3 Development The concept of development has been defined differently by many people, it is important that we have a working definition for the purpose of this study. Traditionally, development has been defined by the capacity of a national economy to generate and sustain an annual increase in its Gross National Income (GNI) at rate of 5% to 7% or more. The experience of the 1950s and 1960s, when many developing nations did reach their economic growth targets but the levels of living of the masses of people remained for the most part unchanged, signals that something was very wrong with the narrow definition of development. The concept was redefined to mean the reduction or elimination of poverty, inequality, and unemployment within the context of a growing economy (Todaro & Smith 2009:15). 30 In support of Todaro‟s redefinition of the concept (Development) Walter Rodney defined it as a many sided process: at the level of the individual, it implies increased skill and capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self discipline, responsibility and material well being. Some of these are virtually moral categories and are more difficult to evaluate (Rodney 1973:1). Sometimes, development may be a bit difficult when measuring in numbers of infrastructure that is why Caplan opined that development may not necessarily be measured in numbers of hotels, by how many bottles of Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola that are consumed, or how many cars are owned by rich people. Development to him is real progress meaning Health and Wellbeing of all, education for all, fair reward for labour, improvement not only of the standard of living but the quality of life (Caplan Pat 1994:1). To United Nations (UNDP: HDI Report 1996), human development is measured by life expectancy, adult literacy, access to all three levels of education, as well as people‟s average income which is necessary condition of their freedom of choice. In a broader sense the notion of human development incorporates all aspects of individual‟s well being from their health status to their economic and political freedom. Chamber‟s renounced contribution to development concept made him raised a question that, if development means change, questions arise about what is good, and what sort of change matters. Answer can be personally defined and redefined. According to him is not by listing policies and actions to make the world a better place, especially for the poor, the argument of this does not go far enough. There is a critical missing link we need add the personal dimension. This implies stepping back and engaging in critical self examination. To do better, we have to examine not just the normally defined agenda of 31 development “out there” but our self, how our ideas are formed, how we think, how we change, and what we do and do not do. 2.4 Underdevelopment Just as development does not have a definite definition so also is underdevelopment. Obviously underdevelopment is not absence of development, because every people have developed in one way or another and to a greater or less extent (Rodney 1973:18). To Rodney, underdevelopment makes sense only as a means of comparing levels of development. His explanation was that every society have developed in one way or the other even thought it may be uneven because some have advanced further by producing more and becoming wealthier than others. To Todaro and Smith (2009:15), it is an economic situation in which there are persistent lower level of living in conjunction with absolute poverty, low income per capita, low rates of economic growth, low consumption levels, poor health services, high death rates, high birth rates, dependence on foreign economies, and limited freedom to choose among activities that satisfy human wants. 2.5 Economic Development and Economic Growth A clearer picture of the distinction between economic development and economic growth was made by United Nation‟s Human Development Index Report when its stated that human development is the end- economic growth a means (HDI Report 1996:1) 2.6 Development Indices Human capital (Health, education and skills), energy and transportation are vital to economic growth and development. Health, Education and skills on one hand are closely related, good health has a better return for education because it is an important factor in 32 school attendance on thee other note education capital is a relying factor for improved in health investment because many health programmes rely on basic skills often learned at school including personal hygiene and sanitation. Energy and transportation are also ingredient for growth and development. Energy encourages industrialization and transportation is a means for transporting goods and people from a place to the destination where they are needed. 2.6.1 Transportation and Development Transport refers to the activity that facilitates physical movement of goods as well as individuals from one place to another. In business, it is considered as an auxiliary to trade, that means, it supports trade and industry in carrying raw materials to the place of production and distributing finished products for consumption. Generally, transporters carry raw material, finished products, passangers, etc. from one place to another. So it removes the distance barrier. Now-a-days goods produced at one place are readily available at distant places. People move freely throughout the world because of transport. It is associated with every step of our life. Without transport, we, as well as business units cannot move a singe step. Importance of Transport Followings are the benefits of transportation: Transportation makes available raw materials to manufacturers or producers: Transport makes it possible to carry raw materials from places where they are available, to places where they can be processed and assembled into finished goods Transportation makes available goods to customers: Transport makes possible movement of goods from one place to another with great ease and speed. Thus, consumers spread in 33 different parts of the country have the benefit of consuming goods produced at distant places. It enhances standard of living: Easy means of transport facilitates large-scale production at low costs. It gives consumers the choice to make use of different quantities of goods at different prices. So it raises the standard of living of the people. It helps during emergencies and natural calamities: In times of national crisis, due to war or internal disturbance, transport helps in quick movement of troops and the supplies needed in the operation. It helps in creating of employment: Transport provides employment opportunity to individuals as drivers, conductors, pilots, cabin crew, captain of the ship, etc. who are directly engaged in transport business. It also provides employment to people indirectly in the industries producing various means of transport and other transport equipments. People can also provide repairing and maintenance services by opening service centres at convenient locations. It allows labour mobility: Transport helps a lot in providing mobility to workers. You may be aware that people from our country go to foreign countries to work in different industries and factories. Foreigners also come to the country to work. In Nigeria, people also move from one part to another in search of work. Similarly, it is not always possible to have workers near the factory. Most industries have their own transport system to bring the workers from where they reside to the place of work. It brings nations together: Transport facilitates movement of people from one country to another. It helps in exchange of cultures, views and practices between the people of different countries. This brings about greater understanding among people and awareness 34 about different countries. Thus, it helps to promote a feeling of international brotherhood. 2.6.2 Education and Development Education in a broad sense is a process by which an individual acquires the physical and social capabilities demand by the society in which he/she is born into to function. (Uwadia Orobosa 2010: www.education_and_national.html.) According to him just as a diseased mind is handicapped in the coordination and direction of bodily activities, therefore, the single most significant complex of social control tools for national development is found in the education system be it formal or informal. Education is the process of learning and knowing, which is not restricted to our school text-books. It is a holistic process and continues through our life. Even the regular happenings and events around us educate us, in one or the other way. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the existence of human beings is fruitless without education. An educated person has the ability to change the world, as he/she is brimming with confidence and assured of making the right moves. Importance of Education Education makes Better Citizens:- Education makes a worthy contribution to our lives, by making us responsible citizens. We get to know our history and culture through education and imbibe those values. Education opens our mind and expands our horizon. It enables us to understand our duties as a citizen and encourages us to follow them. There is no denying the fact that an educated person is a better citizen. (Uwadia Orobosa 2010: www.education_and_national.html.) 35 More Education Improves National and State Economy:- Education is futuristic in character, in so far that it ensures that the one who receives good education gets a secure future. Our productivity is increased by acquiring new skills and talents through education. We find ourselves in the most competitive jobs, courtesy the right training and education. The unemployment rate for individuals with a four year college degree is 5% lower than those with a high school diploma.2The importance of education is evident by the dizzy heights we achieve in life. Nearly 75% of countries with the greatest increase in the percentage of young people with college degrees also showed higher incomes and lower unemployment. Education opens New Vistas:- The significance of education, for a great part, lies in its ability to open new vistas for us. It expands our outlook and teaches us to be tolerant towards other views. An educated person will find it easier to understand a different point of view than the one who is uneducated. Education broadens our mental landscape and is the way forward to greater enlightenment - the ultimate goal of every human in life. It is a promoter of peace and reducer of conflict. (Uwadia Orobosa 2010: www.education_and_national.html.) Education spreads Awareness:- Awareness is a virtue in itself, given that the lack of awareness is lamented everywhere. Increasing spending on education balances economic inequalities and reduces poverty.Education spreads awareness, informing us about our rights and the services that we can access. On the most basic notes, it teaches us to differentiate between right and wrong. For most part of our lives, we falter in dichotomizing right and wrong, but the right education gives us the right answers. (Uwadia Orobosa 2010: www.education_and_national.html.) 36 Education Increases Civic Participation:- At every age, those with more education are more likely to vote. In the 2008 presidential election, among individuals between 25 and 44 years of age who voted, there was a 32% gap between college graduates and high school graduatesDecision making is an integral part of our life and development of any nation. Those with more education are more likely to volunteer.7 43% of adults with a bachelor‟s degree volunteered a median of 54 hours between September 2008 and September 2009We have to take decisions throughout our lives and sometimes, decision making can be a very tough and challenging process. It can leave us perplexed and often wondering, as to what is the right choice. Education is significant, because it enable us to take the right decisions and prevents losses. (Uwadia Orobosa 2010: www.education_and_national.html.) Bolsters Confidence:- An educated person is a confident person. Education fosters a positive outlook and allows us to believe in ourselves. Self-belief is the most wanted trait in a human being and education leads us towards relying on ourselves, making us believe that we are ready to take on the world. Education Lowers Health Care Costs:- People with more education are more likely to be in good health than people of similar age . 2.6.3 Energy and Development Without the judicial use of energy, man‟s effort to delivery socially and survive the mutaion of his environment could have been nera impossible. Energy has provided man with the ability to acqure food, increase his comfort and improve his quality life. It has supported the technology and Iron and steel fabrication. It has involved the rise of the 37 railroads, the introduction of new hybrid grains, the manufacture, transportation and use of fertilizer and pesticides; along with extensive irrigation system (Ikoku 1985: 241) According to a study UN, world energy supplies 1976, indications show that for complete for complete plants, the cost of installed kilowatt is 2 to 3 times and more from hydroelectricity that from a conventional thermal plant. Importance of Energy Household incomes:-The persistent high levels of unemployment are just one indirect outcome from the poor quality of energy supplies. The economic health of many households is also severely constrained by the need of businesses catering to the domestic market to pass along their higher costs, in the form of increased retail prices of consumer goods and services. This is another indirect impact of energy on households Enabling enterprise development, utilizing locally available resources, and creating jobs. Generating light to permit income generation beyond daylight. Powering machinery to increase productivity. Providing light for reading or studying beyond daylight. Creating a more child-friendly environment (access to clean water, sanitation, lighting, and space heating/cooling), which can improve attendance in school and reduce drop-out rates. Enabling access to media and communications that increase educational opportunities. Reducing space Lighting streets to improve women‟s safety. Providing lighting for home study and the possibility of holding evening classes Providing access to better medical facilities for maternal care. 38 Allowing for medicine refrigeration, equipment sterilization, and safe disposal by incineration. Enabling access to the latest medicines/expertise through renewable energy based telemedicine systems. Boosting agricultural productivity, increasing quality instead of quantity of cultivated land. Reducing deforestation for traditional fuels, reducing erosion and desertification. 2.6.4 Water and Development No coherent development strategy can exist if it is at the cost of negating the fundamental human rights such as the right of water (Molyneux and Lazar 2003:8-9). Water is a Social Good There is no single, universally accepted definition of social goods and services. One widely used definition is that social goods are those that have significant “spillover” benefits or costs. Literacy is a social good, for example, because it benefits not just literate individuals but also makes possible a higher level of civilization for all members of a society. Widespread availability of clean and affordable water is a social good under this definition because such availability improves both individual and social well-being. Improvements in water quality for one individual means better water quality for all individuals who share that water-supply system. But social goods can have private good characteristics as well: more water for one individual can mean less water for other individuals who share a water-supply system. Access to clean water is fundamental to survival and critical for reducing the prevalence of many water-related diseases (UN 1997). 39 Water has Moral, Cultural, and Religious Dimensions Water has more than economic and ecological importance; it has cultural or symbolic importance as well. It figures prominently in religious rituals such as baptism and ritual bathing, and in the national identities of many native peoples (Graz 1998). Water is fundamental for life and wealth. The human right to water is indispensable for leading a helathy life in human dignity is a prerequsite fo the ralization of all the human rights Kuntalal (2008:5). Much of what we make of watr belongs to the domain of human culture. The sybolism of water lies in peace, life and regeneation, its significance expressed in spiritual, religious or social rituals imbuting its and its users with meaning and value: water is alwaysa metaphor of social, economic and political relatiohship in a barometer of the extent to which identity, power and resources are shared. (Strang, 2004:21). Importance of water Water is vital for human survival, health and dignity and fundamental resource for hauman development. Today mroe that two billion people are affected by water shortages in over 40 countries. Tranboundary watershed managment dirictly influences human welfare of large population of the world. There are an estimated 263 major rivers and it is estmated that 46 percent of the world‟s territory are located in international watershed basins ( Conca 2006:94) 40 2.7 DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS IN NIGERIA There are several reasons why development plan is been undertaken. Michael Todaro and Stephen Smith (2009:533) contributed to the rationale for development planning in developing countries by stating four reasons as follows: Market failure: it is asserted that the permeation of market imperfections and operating in the developing countries is in the high side. Commodity and factors markets are often badly organized. Resource Mobilization and Allocation: Developing economies cannot afford to waste very limited financial and skilled human resources on unproductive venture. Foreign Aids: The formulation of detailed development plans has often been necessary condition for the reception of bilateral and multi-lateral aids. Attitudinal or Psychological impact: it is often assumed that a detailed statement of national economic and social objectives in the form of specific development plan can have important attitudinal or psychological impact on diverse and often fragmented population. It makes government rely on people for eliminating poverty, promoting good health and education. It helps mobilizing support of diverse tribes and building national integrating in the reason for pursuing the same goals. The following development efforts have been made in Nigeria since independence. 2.7.1 Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria (1945-1956) The history of conscious planning for development in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial days. To be specific, it has its origin in 1946 when the colonial government introduced what it tagged “Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria”. This was under the Colonial Development and Welfare Fund. Under this historic Development 41 Plan, a total planned expenditure of an equivalent of N110 million for a period of ten years was earmarked for the period starting from April 1, 1946 to March 31, 1956 (Ogunjimi, 1997:97). Analyzing the focus of the ten-year. An important conclusion which one can draw from the analysis of the Colonial Development Plan for Nigeria was that the plan was meant to serve the interest of the colonial masters rather than that of the colony (i.e. Nigeria). 2.6.2 Five-year Development Plan for Nigeria (1955-1960) The Ten year foreign-centered development plan, however, did not run its full term because, by 1950, the inappropriateness of charting development over a period as long as ten years in a country experiencing rapid structural changes had become evident. Consequently, a decision was taken to break the plan period into two five-year subperiods and to formulate a new plan for the sub-period 1950-1956. However, the introduction of a federal system of government affected this revision as each of the regional governments became autonomous and adopted different economic policies. The consequence of this, as can be noted from the work of Olaniyi (1998:106), the launching of a five-year development plan for the period 1955-1960 to be implemented by the Federal Government for itself. The plans reviewed above constitute the pre-independence development plans. Whatever their weakness, the fact remains that they constitute the beginning of the practice of development planning in Nigeria. 42 2.6.3 Post Independent Plans Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has formulated and launched other development plans, which, of course, were more comprehensive than the pre-independence plans. They were comprehensive because such plans were conceived and formulated within the framework of improved system of national accounts. Besides, they covered the operations of both the public and private sectors of the economy; and, more importantly, they had their projects related to a number of well-articulated overall economic targets. Therefore, between 1960 and 1985, there were four development plans in Nigeria which were referred to as the First, Second, Third and Fourth National Development Plans. Each of these development plans had its own focus and well-articulated objectives which had far-reaching effects on the nation‟s developmental aspirations. 2.6.4 The First National Development Plan (1962-1968) The First National Development Plan was launched in April 1962 and was to cover a period of six years (1962-68). Under this plan, a total investment expenditure of about N2.132 billion was proposed. Out of this, public-sector investment was expected to be about N1.352 billion, while the remaining investment expenditure of N780 million was to be undertaken by the private sector. The full implementation of this development plan was however interrupted by two major political events, namely, the military intervention in 1966 and the 1967-70 civil war. Consequently, the period of the plan was extended to March 31, 1970. These major interruptions notwithstanding, both the Federal Government and regional governments recorded a number of landmark achievements during the development plan period. During the crisis period, the Federal Government alone successfully executed projects like the Oil Refinery in Port Harcourt, the Paper 43 Mill, the Sugar Mill and the Niger Dam (in Jebba and Bacita respectively), the Niger Bridge, and ports‟ extension, while it also constructed a number of trunks „A‟ roads. It is interesting to note that it was also during this period that the first-generation universities were established: Ibadan and Lagos by the Federal Government, Ahamdu Bello University by the Northern Nigerian Government , University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) by the Eastern Nigerian Government and the University of Ife (now known as the Obafemi Awolo University) by the Western Nigerian Government. The federal and regional governments were able to achieve this much in spite of the crisis because, during the period, the annual capital budgets operated within the development plan framework. They were employed as the main instrument of control and allocation of development resources (Ogunjimi, 1997:98). This was in itself made possible by the existence of a development plan which provided guidelines for meaningful and cocoordinated development during the plan period despite two political crises. 2.6.5 Second National Development Plan in (1970-1975) General Yakubu Gowon launched the Second National Development Plan in 1970 on behalf of the Federal Government and the government of the then twelve states of the federation. It was launched shortly after the end of the war. Because it was a post-war development plan, its focus was on the reconstruction of a war-battered economy and the promotion of economic and social development in the new Nigeria. What this means, according to Olaniyi (1988:107), is that the philosophy of the plan was consequently influenced by the exigencies of the war, which include the building of a united, strong 44 and self-reliant nation; a great and dynamic economy; a just egalitarian society; a land of bright and full opportunities for all citizens; and a free and democratic society. Like the First National Development Plan, the Second National Development Plan also recorded a number of major projects, which were successfully executed by both the federal and state governments. Such projects include the successful construction of many federal roads; the successful take-off of the National Youth Service Corps scheme; the introduction of federal scholarship and loan schemes for Nigerian students, etc. 2.6.6 Third National Development Plan (1975-1980) General Gowon also launched the Third National Development Plan on behalf of all governments in the country. The plan covered a five-year period from April 1975 to March 1980. Ayinla (1998:86) describes this plan as a watershed in the evolution of economic planning in Nigeria. It was a unique development plan because, apart from its huge initial investment of about N30 billion (which was later revised to N43.3 billion), extensive consultations with the private sector of the economy were made in the course of its preparation. The cardinal objectives of this plan were also part of its uniqueness. Such objectives include increase in per capital income during the plan period; more even distribution of income; reduction inn the level of unemployment; diversification of the economy; balanced development; and indigenization of economic activities. As laudable as the objectives of this development plan were, the implementation was adversely affected by the change of government in July 1975, barely three months after the plan was launched. In particular, the change of government led to a reappraisal of some of the cardinal 45 objectives as contained in the plan. Here, more emphasis was placed on those projects which were thought to have direct effects on the living standard of the common man. Sectors that were thus given priority included agriculture, water supply, housing and health (Olaniyi, 1998:108). 2.6.7 The Fourth National Development Plan (1981-1985) The Fourth National Development Plan, (1981-85) was launched by President Shehu Shagari in 1981 on behalf of the Federal Government and the governments of the then nineteen states of the federal. This was the first plan to be formulated by a democratically elected government under a new constitution based on the presidential system of government. As observed by Ogunjimi (1997:100), the plan was intended to further the process of establishing a solid base for the long-term economic and social development of Nigeria. Unlike the previous development plans, the fourth plan was the first in which the local governments were made to participate at two levels. One, they participated at the level of preparation, and two, they were allowed to have their own separate programmes under the plan. The capital investment target was N82.2 billion shared between the public and private sectors with the former putting in about N70.5 billion, while the latter put in the balance of N11.7 billion. The Fourth Development Plan was a gain affected by the change of government in 1983 and by yet another change in 1985. These two changes seriously disrupted the implementation of the programmes of the plan and, consequently, the performance of the economy during the fourth plan period was generally poor. Whatever the case (success or failure), it is interesting to note that between 1945 and 1986, the concept of development 46 planning was common: planning for social and economic development in Nigeria. Beyond the end of this period, this concept gradually faded away and has now become a thing of the past. 2.6.8 The Journey towards New Development Strategies in Nigeria It is important to note the real journey towards neglecting the tradition of development planning in Nigeria started with the Babangida administration. In response to the problems encountered during the Fourth Development Plan period, the Babangida administration suspended in October 1988 the idea of a five-year development plan, which had hitherto almost become well-established traditions. At the end Fourth Development Plan in December 1985, a one-year economic emergency programme was instituted in 1986 probably to solve some obvious economic problems left behind by the Shagari administration. Interestingly, this was later absorbed by an economic policy christened the Structural Adjustment Programme (SPA). According to the apologist of SAP, the programme was introduced in 1986 for the economy to have a foundation before any meaningful planning could be done. The Babaginda administration then believed that because the economy was largely indebted, the basis for planning was eroded. The government therefore wanted to do away with the already practiced medium-term planning and consequently introduced a perspective known as rolling plan. Based on this, the government decided on a 20-year perspective plan for the period 1989-2008. According to the philosophy of this rolling plan, the first phase of the perspective plan would constitute the Fifth National Development Plan. With this structural change of policy, the five-year planning model 47 was replaced with a three-year rolling plan to be operated along with a 12 to 20 year perspective plan and the normal operational annual budgets. This plan became operational with the 1989 budget and it provided the foundation for the three-year rolling plan (1989-90-91). In order to effectively executive this programme, some fundamental reforms was the merging of budgetary and planning functions with the sole objective of minimizing conflict between the two (Ogunjimi, 1997:101; Ayinla, 1998:23; Ilesanmi, 2000:6). According to the architects of this rolling plan programme, it was considered to be more suitable for an economy facing uncertainty and rapid change. The rolling plan was meant to be revised at the each end of each year, at which point estimates, targets and project were added for an additional year. What this means is that planner revised the 1990-92 three-year rolling plan at the end of 1990, issuing a new plan for 1991-93. In effect, a plan is renewed at the end of each year, but the number of years remains the same as the plan rolls forward. According to Ihonvbere (1991), the objectives of the rolling plan were to reduce inflation and exchange rate instability, maintain infrastructure, achieve agricultural self-sufficiency, and reduce the burden of structural adjustment on the most vulnerable groups. In the same way that the tradition of five-year development plan was jettisoned by the Babangida administration, the idea of rolling plan was also shelved in 1996 by General Sani Abacha for Vision 2010, which was launched on September 18, 1996. The programme was to systematically improve the quality of life of Nigerians in fourteen years (Ogunjimi, 1997:107). Although not directly related to the transition programme, 48 the work of Vision 2010, a 250-member committee of private-sector representatives, government ministries, academics, journalists, traditional rulers, trade union leaders and foreign businessmen, among others, inaugurated by General Abacha on November 27, 1996, was similarly intended to move the country forward. The committee was chaired by Chief Ernest Shonekan, who headed a short-lived Interim National Government in 1993 before Abacha seized power (Jukwey, 1996). Vision 2010 submitted its final report to General Abacha on September 30, 1997. The committee reportedly recommended “large-scale deregulation of the Nigerian economy”, the release of political detainees and rigorous compliance with the transition programme (Jukwey). In his October 1, 1997 National Day address, Abacha promised to introduce the measures required to begin the programme‟s implementation immediately, in the firm belief that successive administrations will carry it to a successful conclusion with the support of Nigerian people and friends of the nation (National Day Address, 1997). The fears of Vission 2010 members that their recommendations would not be implemented were justified. Funds for the capital projects budgeted for the first half of 1997 were only released in September, bringing investment in infrastructure and the economy in general to a virtual halt. Massive lay-off of federal and states‟ employees throughout the country had caused significant hardship. Pervasive of “failed bank” and “failed contract” tribunals, which seemed to have been designed to target potential opposition supporters rather than crack down on “illegal deals”? 49 2.8 CAUSES OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Mokwgo Okoye (1985:69) exclaimed that what we have to show for three decade of development for roads, brides, flyers, dames, airports and telecommunications have been awarded over the years which have not always been properly executed. Mokwgo Okoye (1985:64) made his concern known by saying in spite of our professed commitment to plans to achieve “a just and egalitarian society, a strong, self reliant nation, full and bright opportunities of all” “a repaid increase in the steward of living of the average Nigerian”, the gulf separating the rich and the poor is wandering; our attitude to work and public property has not improve. It has properly worsened and racketeering has grown educational tours and other manpower development projects for the benefits of our public officials and we can seem to be more depended on external forces. Lin chun (2007:13) raised an important point when he mentioned that the issue is not whether econosmic in developing countries is justifiable which cannot be seriously disputed especially in the light of past colonial exploitation and destruction, and indeed the present global order as well in which their underprivileged position has not been altered, but what king of development – whether it benefits the many or the few, whether it enhances freedom and if any organic social tissue of a moral economy and it natural environment is been scarified in the process. From our discussion on the history of development plans in Nigeria, it can be seen that the military intervention in 1966 and its subsequent prolonged rule in Nigeria become the genesis of truncating the process of adhering to national development planning as a strategy for economic and social development (Fika, 2004). What the nation has inherited 50 in the absence of well-articulated development plans are budget frauds, road contract scandals, oil scams and unchallenged or unchecked high level of financial corruption at all level government in Nigeria. It is, however, imperative to note here that since the recommencement of democratic government on May 29, 1999; the administration of President Olusegun Obasanjo has begun a series of bold economic and political reforms to put the country back on a sound economic and political footing. Differences in plans and their implementation:- Ukwu. I. Ukwu (1985:116) in the same vein noticed that looking at public sector programme we can read in the development plans since 1947, a history of misplaced priorities and missed opportunity. Ukwu. I. Ukwu (1985:116) acknowledged that although Nigeria can be said to have 30 years experience of development planning has nerve been informed by any articulated vision of society. Insufficient and unreliable Data:- often times data that are required for development planning and policies are not found documented. Unanticipated Economic disturbance, external and internal: - Ukwu. I. Ukwu (1985:124) researched that the problem of managing government operations has many dimensions. At the highest level the roles have to be assigned to the various units in the system of performance monitored, directed and coordinated. Institutional weaknesses:-Taking the country as a whole the main problem in official policies on development derives from the uncertainty as to what role to accord to traditional authorities, elites, voluntary organizations and individuals; how to organize, integrate, and direct the total fund. 51 Lack of political will:- According to Travis D. kiessen ( 2008:9) in his research on collective management strategy and elite resistance he said in the in the current practice in Cochabamba, Bolivia local politicians award their supporters within public companies by allowing them to illegally exploit public companies and protecting them from any illegal consequences Mokwgo Okoye (1985:65),in his view mentioned that, perhaps the main reason for our poor performance so far is our mediocre and selfish leadership couple with lack of psychological mobilization. Ukwu. I. Ukwu (1985:114) lamented that we are currently counting some of the cost of the greed, corruption and sheer incompetence of our public management. 52 2.10 DEVELOPMENT EFFORT IN NIGER DELTA The Niger Delta Region has witnessed several development attempts for many decades but the most legacy of these schemes did not result into development. Of these efforts are: 2.10.1 The Niger Delta Development Board The unique characteristics in Niger Delta spur the Sir Henrry Willinks commission recommendation of 1958 that the Federal government of Nigeria deserves to give the region a special attention. In response, the Federal government established the NDDB in 1960 to manage the development challenges of the region. The areas was defined as Yenagoa province, Degema province, Ogoni Vision of PorHarcourt and wester Ijaw division of Delta province. The Board (NDDB) existed for seven (7) years and mad little achievement in the region before the Military coup in 166 and the outbreak of civil war in 1967.After the war the Federal government did no review the Board rather the money accruing from oil in the region was used to fund the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction programme in various parts of the country. 2.10.2 The Presidential Task Force The persistence agitation for a renewed development strategy in the region gave birth to the presidential Task Force (1.5% committee) in 1980. the administration in government of the country therefore allocated 1.5% of the Federal accounts to the committee to be dedication on the development of the region. Although the PTF existed until 1985/1993, nothing much was achieved except few projects that had little impact on the welfare of the oil producing communities in the region. 53 2.10.3 The Oil Producing Areas Development Commissionn (OMPADEC) The growing restiveness in the region prompted Baganda Administration to establish the OMPADEC IN 1992. Three percent (3%) of the federal oil revenue was allocated to commission to address the development challenges of the region. Due to lack of focus, inadequate and irregular funding, official proficiency, corruption and excessive political interference, lack of transparency and accountability and high overhead expenditure, the commission could not achieve much. The commission completed several projects many were abandoned. Between 1992 and 1999 it was wounded up. 2.11 The Niger Delta Development Commission The failure of the development aforementioned agencies let to the establishment of the Niger Delta Development Commission. The commission is an interventionist agency established by the former President of Nigeria, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo. His administration recognized the neglect of Niger Delta Region when he stated that “since the inception of our administration in 1999, we have consistently acknowledged the critical essence of Niger Delta to economic wellbeing of Nigeria, and committedly striven to redress the visible underdevelopment and neglect of the past in the region”. (NDRDMP 2005:9) In an attempt to find solution to the hitches the previous development strategies has cause Nigeria and the region in particular, NDDC was officially inaugurated on December 21, 2000 by President Olusegun Obasanjo to a solution to the conundrum in the region. Considering the failure of similar past agencies, the NDDC adopted a two-pronged approach in driving its policies and strategies. One of it first achievement was the 54 facilitation of the development of the Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan to serve as a long-term pathway and harmonization framework for different intervening agencies and tiers of government . 55 2.11.1 MANAGEMENT OF NIGER DELTA DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION In the head office of the Commission, the following Directorates exist: a. The Directorate of Administration and Human Resources. b. The Directorate of Community and Rural Development; c. The Directorate of Utilities Infrastructural Development and Waterways; d. The Directorate of Environmental Protection and Control; e. The Directorate of Finance and Supply; f. The Directorate of Agriculture and Fisheries; g. The Directorate of Planning, Research, Statistics and Management Information System; h. The Directorate of Legal Services i. The Directorate of Education, Health and Social Services; j. The Directorate of Commercial and Industrial Development, k. The Directorate of Projects Monitoring and Supervision. 56 Advisory Committee”) consist of- (a) The Governors of the member States of the Commission land (b) Two other persons as may be determined, from time to time, by the President, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The Management Committee consists of a Chairman who shall be the Managing Director, two Executive Directors, the Directors responsible for the Directorates established under Section 9 of this Act and such number of other members as may be determined from time to time by the Board. 2.11.2 FUNCTIONS AND MANDATE OF NIGER DELTA DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION The functions: (a) Formulate policies and guidelines for the development of the Niger Delta, area; (b) Conceive, plan and implement, in accordance with the set rules and regulations, projects and programmes for the sustainable development of the Niger-Delta area in the field of transportation including roads, jetties and waterways, health, education, employment, industrialization, agriculture and fisheries, housing, land urban development, water supply, electricity and telecommunications; (c) Cause the Niger-Delta area to be surveyed in order to ascertain measures which are necessary to promote in physical and socioeconomic development; 57 (d) Prepare master plans and schemes designed to promote the physical development of the Niger-Delta area and the estimates of the costs of implementing such master plans and schemes; (e) Implement all the measures approved for the development of the Niger-Delta area by the Federal Government and the member States of the Commission. (f) Identify factors inhibiting the development of the Niger-Delta area and assist the member States in the formulation and implementation of policies to ensure sound and efficient management of the resources of the Niger-Delta area; (g) Assess and report on any project being funded or carried out in the Niger-Delta area by oil and gas producing companies and any other company including nongovernmental organizations land ensure that funds released for such projects are properly utilized; (h) Tackle ecological and environmental problems that arise from the exploration of oil mineral in the Niger-Delta area and advise the Federal Government and the member States on the prevention and control of oil spillages, gas flaring and environmental pollution; (i) Liaise with the various oil mineral and gas prospecting and producing companies on all matters of pollution prevention and control; (j) Executive such other works and perform such other functions which, in the opinion of the Commission, are required for the sustainable development of the Niger-Delta area and its peoples; 58 2.11.3 Mandate of the Niger Delta Development Commission Formulation of policies and guidelines for the development of the Niger Delta area. Conception, planning and implementation, in accordance with set rules and regulations, of projects and programs for sustainable development of the Niger Delta area in the field of transportation including roads, jetties and waterways, health, employment, industrialization, agriculture and fisheries, housing and urban development, water supply, electricity and telecommunications. Surveying the Niger Delta in order to ascertain measures necessary to promote its physical and socio-economic development. Preparing master plans and schemes designed to promote the physical development of the Niger Delta region and the estimation of the member states of the Commission. Implementation of all the measures approved for the development of the Niger Delta region by the Federal Government and the states of the Commission. Identify factors inhibiting the development of the Niger Delta region and assisting the member states in the formulation and implementation of policies to ensure sound and efficient management of the resources of the Niger Delta region. Assessing and reporting on any project being funded or carried out in the region by oil and gas companies and any other company, including non- 59 governmental organizations, as well as ensuring that funds released for such projects are properly utilized. Tackling ecological and environmental problems that arise from the exploration of oil mineral in the Niger Delta region and advising the Federal Government and the member states on the prevention and control of oil spillages, gas flaring and environmental pollution. Liaising with the various oil mineral and gas prospecting and producing companies on all matters of pollution, prevention and control. Executing such other works and performing such other functions, which in the option of the Commission are required for the sustainable development of the Niger Delta region and its people. 60 2.11.4 Achievements of Niger Delta Development Commission As part of our Human Resource Development Initiative, NDDC is has embarked upon development in difference sectors in Rivers State e.g embarking on a Local Post Graduate Scholarship Scheme to equip Niger Deltans with relevant trainings and skills for effective participation in the local content programme of the current administration as well as complete globally in various professional fields.. The Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) has awarded over 70 mega projects worth over N250 billion in the past two years to boost regional development and generate thousands of employment opportunities for the people of the Niger Delta region (http://www.nddc.gov.ng). Speaking at the 44th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Association of Law Teachers in Port Harcourt (July 19, 2011), the Managing Director/CEO of the Commission, said the projects, ranging from roads and bridge construction to shore protection and hospitals, are part of the Commission‟s strategy to build both the region and its people. He disclosed that over 1000 minor infrastructural projects targeted at addressing various developmental challenges have also been undertaken and are at various stages of completion. 61 Projects Implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State Road projects S/N 1 Description Extension of works on farm road/igbokwe close. Location Mgbouba 2 Construction of of wosu/wogozo avenue. Rumuokurushi 3 Construction of Heineken lokpobiri street off Sani Abacha road,GRA phase 3, Port Harcourt. Heineken Lokpobiri street, off abacha road 4 Emergency rehabilitation of Ahoda Mbiama road. Ahoada Mbiama 5 Construction of Omoku- egbada- uju wara ohuzaobosima road/ bridge. Construction of Elimgbu-Rumuehara-RumunduruEliozu road with sour to Eneka Construction of road/drains at Ogele street off road behind shell R.A. Port Harcourt Construction of Elekahia link/internal road Port harcourt omoku- Egbada- Uju wara Ohuza- Obosima Elimgbu-RumueharaRumunduru-Eliozu - Eliozu Ogele street off road behind shell R.A Elekahia Construction of link road through Uyo street (Rumuomasi) to stadium road Port harcourt Construction of Salem close with spur through express road, Rumuodamaya, Port Harcourt Rumuomasi 6 7 8 9 10 Rumuodamaya Status on-going completed but not commissionable completed but not commissionable on-going not mobilized to site on-going completed and commissionable completed and commissionable completed and commissionable Completed and Commissionable Shore protection project 1 Sand filling and shore protection of Ogu town Ogu town 2 Contract for the shore protection project Kula 62 On-going Yet Mobilized to site 3 contract for the shore protection project Souk On-Going 4 5 contract for the shore protection project award of contract for the Abonnema/Krakrama reclamation project Buguma Abonnema / Krakrama On-going Stalled 6 award of contract for the kalaibiama shore protection and Kalaibiama reclamation project Terminated Canalization projects S/N 1 2 Description Location Status contract for the canalization project award of contract for the Ngo-Ikuru town canalization project Omoku Ngo-Ikuru Stalled Stalled Solar powered water projects S/N 1 Location Rumuolumeni 2 Description Solar powered water project for rivers state college of education Contract for the solar powered water project Ndoni On-going 3 4 Contract for the solar powered water project Contract for the solar powered water project Alakahia Omoikpiriku Community On-going On-going 5 Contract for the solar powered water project Yeghe 6 7 Contract for the solar powered water project Contract for the solar powered water project Aluu Akabuka 8 9 Contract for the solar powered water project Contract for the solar powered water project Ngo Sii 63 Status Not mobilized to site Completed and Commissionable On-going Completed and Commissionable On-going Commissioned 10 Contract for the solar powered water project Obioha Commissioned Building projects S/N 1 Location Port Harcourt Status On-going Port Harcourt On-going port Harcourt On-going Ogbogu On-going Elekahia On-going Description location Status Installation of 1 no. 300kva/0.415kv transformer for Omoikpiriku community, Elele in Ikwerre lga now relocated to Akabuka in rivers state Installation of 1 no.500kva,11/0.415kv transformer for Owohorun Obuchi,phase 3 & 4 communities Elele On-going Owohorun Obuchi On-going 3 Electrification of six communities in Emohua Emohua and others On-going 4 Award of contract for the electrification of Umuojuloke town extension of 33kv/415v line and town power distribution Umuojuloke 2 3 4 5 Description Renovation / rehabilitation of amenity ward at military hospital, port Harcourt Renovation / rehabilitation of office block, old block, adult Ward and children ward at military hospital port Harcourt. Re-modeling and construction of modern mortuary block at military block, at military hospital, port Harcourt Construction of one (1no.) main block of NDDC model standard cottage hospital / comprehensive health centre Renovation of classroom blocks and construction of access road to community primary school ii at Elekahia Electrification projects S/N 1 2 64 Completed and commissionable 5 Award of contract for the supply of fubreglass crossarms, General silicon insulators and automatic splicing kits for nddc electrical projects. 6 Award of contract for the supply of concrete poles for NDDC electricity projects General Not mobilized to site 7 Award of contract for the supply of concrete poles for NDDC electricity projects General Not mobilized to site 8 Award of contract for the electrification of Okehi – Ndashi Okehi – Ndashi 9 Aw#ard of contract for the Egwi-Ulakwo-Akukabi-Okehi Egwi-Ulakwo-Akukabi electricity project Award of contract for the electrification of Egwi-Odufor Egwi-Odufor - Umuoye – Umuoye 10 Completed but not commissionable On-going On-going On-going Water projects S/N 1 location Ugwrere 3 Description Water distribution mains from Uegwere water station to Kono Gbam, Norkuri & Kereke Bonue ( additional works due to Vandalization) Award of contract for the completion of queens town water rehabilitation project Award of contract for the Terabor water project 4 Award of contract for the Bolo water project Bolo 2 65 Queens Town Terabor status On-going Completed and commissionable Not mobilized to site On-going 5 Award of contract for the Aggah water project Aggah On-going 6 Omoku On-going 7 Award of contract for the Omoku municipal water project Award of contract for the Nonwa water project Nonwa On-going 8 Award of contract for the Onne water supply project Onne On-going 9 Award of contract for the Kono water project Kono On-going 10 Award of contract for the Peterside town water Peterside Town project Bridge projects s/n Description Location Ibaa Bridge / Drainage Ibaa 1 On-going status Completed and commissionable Jetties and Canalisation Projects S/N Description Location 1 Award of contract for the construction of landing jetty at Ground and bonny Georgekiri 2 Award of contract for the construction of landing jetty at Ataba ataba Award of contract for the construction of light craft jetty Kaa at Kaa Completion of concrete jetty, waiting shed and access Angulama road. 3 4 66 status Completed and commissionable Commissioned Commissioned On-going 5 Completion of reinforcement concrete retaining wall embankment and jetty at Krakrama. Krakrama On-going 6 Construction of landing jetty Usuokun Completed and commissionable Adapted from http: www.nddc.gov.ng 67 2.11.5 Challenges faced by the Niger Delta Development Commission A decade ago, the Presidency established the Niger Delta Development Commission, as an interventionist agency to help give the oil-rich Niger Delta region a facelift. Although, so far, the commission has recorded giant strides, it faces hurdles in putting smiles on the faces of the people. Before the Niger Delta Development Commission, NDDC, came on board, there had been attempts at tackling the peculiar challenges of the Niger Delta region. Interventionist agencies had been put in place by government after government. But for reasons bordering on too much bureaucracy, among others, the agencies did not succeed in achieving the aims for which they were set up. (Adejumo 2010: http://thecapitolmagazine.com/?p=116). When the Niger Delta Development Commission came, the first hurdle it faced was that of cynicism. Many just saw it as another white elephant agenda from the Federal Government to deceive the Niger Delta people. Many saw in it a place to come for free meal. Largely, this perception has not fully given way. Despite efforts of the management of the commission to prove that it is not out to give free meal, some still look forward to it to give out money for work not done. . People are more interested in collecting money to share and not how such money can be collectively earned. They don‟t care if this money needs to be invested. A contractor moves into a particular community but the people will not allow him to work until he pays them certain amount of money because they do not see the project as theirs, they see it as NDDC project ( Adejumo 2010: http://thecapitolmagazine.com/?p=116). 68 There is also the challenge of over-expectations. : “Also there is this other side in which everybody wants NDDC to do everything. When there is no water, they think it is the NDDC that should be called upon and so on and so forth. So, at the end of the day, you start to ask what all the other bodies and government agencies do because NDDC is an interventionist body. The NDDC receives just about seven percent of money that comes to the region while the various governments and parastatals and agencies receive about 93 per cent, but everyone still thinks the NDDC should do everything there.” One other stumbling block is that of government not keeping to the dictates of the NDDC Act regarding contributions to its coffers. As at today, based on the 15 percent prescribed by the Act, the Federal Government is owing the Commission about half a trillion naira. Imagine what development such resources would have brought to the people of the region ( Adejumo 2010: http://thecapitolmagazine.com/?p=116). Project monitoring is another bottleneck the commission is tackling. As a result of the mentality that the commission is out to give free meal, some people given jobs to do usually deliver sub-standard jobs. The Commission also faces the headache of working in a difficult terrain in terms of nature of soil and water. The nature of the soil in most areas of the region is such that excavations have to be done before roads are built. This means the commission has to spend more. This nature of land also affects water projects. 69 2.12 PARTNERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (PSD) FORUM NDDC started implementation of its integrated strategy for regional development by setting up the rational partners for sustainable development (PSD) forum; aiming to promote collaborative action and positive relationship between all regional stakeholders (NDRDMP implementation Guide: 2005:32) Before the ministry (Niger Delta Affairs) came on board, the NDDC had already set up a clearing house called the Partners for Sustainable Development [PSD] Forum. This important organ brings together representatives of federal and state governments of oilbearing states, youth and women leaders, traditional rulers as well as the organized private sector, civil society, the mass media and international development agencies such as the UNDP and the World Bank. Its main function is to ensure that the developmental activities in the Niger Delta by all stakeholders are synchronized. This important organ is all that the ministry needs to key into the development programmes of the region ( Ifeatu AgbuNews Nigerian Master Web daily news 09/08/11) 2.12.1 Membership of the PSD Forum It is necessary to identify the active stakeholders that have a role to play in the process of charge envisage in the plan in line with the dynamic planning principles, and the recipient stakeholders who experience the current conditions and will experience the impacts of change. At the civil society level members are: Civic Society Orginizations Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) 70 Oil Producers Trade Sections (OPTS) At the state levels members are government ministries such as: Ministry of Environment Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Rural Development At the national level members are: 2.12.2 National Planning Commission Role of the Partners for Sustainable Development (PSD) Forum The Niger Delta Regional Master Plan (NDRMP) is an integrated development plan. To ensure sustainable development of the Niger Delta Region, there is recognition of the integration and cooperation and to a large extent decision or action taken by active stakeholders. The best way to ensure active implementation of the plan therefore is by consulting with various stakeholders (active and recipient) to understand their motive and constraints, and also involving them in the plan implementation. Partners for sustainable development were to be created at Regional, State and Local levels to help drive implementation of the regional development plans at the three levels and different organizations. One of the first assignments of the Regional PSD which commenced in 2005 was to define arrears of intervention where projects could start. This produced the result of Quick Impact Projects which were incorporated in the implantation programmes. The cross section of the PSD also take part in workshops where they engage in working through the projects development matrix: at the workshop there are discussions about criteria for budget allocation and for project selection setting priorities between 71 programmes, projects on the composite list. This helps to prevent project duplication by stakeholders. 72 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This non-scientific research is a historical study on the achievements of the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) in Rivers State. The study made a survey on the activities of NDDC in the State. Questionnaires were administered to all beneficiaries of projects been implemented by NDDC in the areas of Health, Education, Water, Transportation, Energy and Power. A semi structure interview was used to generate information from key informants who had good knowledge of implemented projects and their impacts. 3.1 Research Design The survey is inclined on historical and descriptive method. Questionnaire and observation instruments were used for data collection. The questionnaires were designed and developed in line with the objectives of the study. They were designed in such a way that the respondents would answer "yes" or "No" or “no response” except where they were required to make suggestions or comments. The personal interview was face to face. The audience were stakeholders in state: selected Community Development Committee (CDC) representatives, Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Private Companies, Traditional institution, members of the Media, Staff of NDDC and other interested stakeholders. 3.2 Study Area The Niger Delta, the delta of the Niger River in Nigeria, is a densely populated region. The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate. The Region, as now defined 73 officially by the Nigerian government, extends over about 70,000 km² and makes up 7.5% of Nigeria‟s land mass. Historically and cartographically, it consists of present day Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers States. In 2000, however, Obansanjo's regime included Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo and Ondo States in the region. Some 31 million people of more than 40 ethnic groups including the Efik, Ibibio, Annang, Oron, Ijaw, Itsekiri, Igbo, Isoko, Urhobo, Yoruba, and Kalabari, are among the inhabitants in the Niger Delta, speaking about 250 different dialects. The delta is an oil-rich region, and has been the centre of international controversy over devastating pollution, kleptocracy and human rights violations. Rivers State is one of the nine (9) Niger Delta states of the thirty six (36) states in Nigeria. Its capital is Port Harcourt. It is bounded on the South by the Atlantic Ocean, to the North by Imo, Abia and Anambra States, to the East by Akwa Ibom State and to the West by Bayelsa and Delta states. Rivers state is home to a variety of ethnic groups, including Abua, Andoni, Ekpeye, Engenni, Etche, lbani, lkwerre, Kalabari, Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni, Okrika and Ogoni. The inland part of Rivers state consists of tropical rainforest; towards the coast the typical Niger Delta environment features many mangrove swamps. Rivers state, named after the many rivers that border its territory, was part of the Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 till 1893, when it became part of the Niger Coast Protectorate. In 1900 the region was merged with the chartered territories of the Royal Niger Company to form the colony of Sothern Nigeria. The state was formed in 1967 with the split of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. Until 1996 the state contained the area which is now in the Bayelsa State. 74 Map of Rivers State Source: Google gps The economic activities of Rivers state includes manufacturing such as food processing, car assembly, manufacture of paper products, paints, petroleum products refinery and road construction, metal works and cement making, enamelware, bicycles, furniture, and soap making. Services include legal services, hospitality, medical, Educational and engineering services. Extractive industries also exist such as mining of coal, tin and petroleum, oil and gas liquefaction. Also agricultural and agro based businesses exist in the city some of which are logging and timber processing, tobacco processing and cigarette making, plastic molding and the 75 manufacture of rubber based products like tyres, bands and tube and glass making. Imports are mainly automobiles, electronics, textiles and processed food. Sometimes rice, Electricity and supply is still poor but on going projects in the state are aimed at improving infrastructure in the nearest possible time. Crime rate in Rivers state is one of the highest. 3.3 Sources of Data Data were sourced through primary and secondary sources. The primary sources were the people of Rivers state on whom the projects implemented have impacted, and NDDC staff. Other primary source was through observation. We can always appreciate development if we measure it empirically. Observation was used to assess the achievements of the Niger Delta Development commission in Rivers State. Data was also sourced through secondary sources. Some of the achievements that have been documented were assessed. These were published and unpublished documents. These included minutes of meetings, reports, magazines; journals on NDDC implemented project, Niger Delta Regional Master Plan and websites of difference stakeholders. 3.4 Population of The study The population of the study was the people of Rivers State that have been affected positively or negatively by NDDC‟s activities. They included NDDC staff, Community Development Committees (CDCs), the women groups, the youths, the infants, the educationist, farmers, health beneficiaries the private and multi-national companies. 3.5 Sample size and Sampling Technique One hundred and fifty (150) respondents were sampled to represent the population of Rivers State. For the purpose of good representation, the state was stratified into two: 76 urban and rural communities. Purposeful sampling method was used to represent health, education, energy, water and transport beneficiaries of these two groups. On the groups, respondents were sampled randomly. Questionnaires were administered to the respondents while NDDC staff were interviewed. 3.6 Data Collection Instrument s and Method of Distribution Questionnaire, semi-structured interview and observation were the instruments for data collection. Questionnaires were administered to the selected population using purposeful and random sampling. Observation was made on infrastructures and empirical development made by the Niger Development Commission. The questionnaires were designed and developed in line with the objectives of the study. They were designed in such a way that the respondents would answer "yes" or "No" or “no response” except where they were required to make suggestions or comments. The personal interview was a face to face. The audience was stakeholders in the state: selected Community Development Committee (CDC) representatives, Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Private Companies, Traditional institution, members of the Media, Staff of NDDC and other interested stakeholders. 3.7 Method of Data Analysis Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analyses were employed. They included charts, tables, histograms, percentages and ratios. Some qualitative data were transformed into quantitative for the purpose of easy identification, assessment and measurement. Direct reporting was used for other qualitative responses and reports. 77 CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS Introduction This chapter presents the data generated from the two hundred respondents that were examined. Questionnaires, systematic observation, and semi-structured interviews were used for data gathering across the selected communities in Rivers State. Twenty questionnaires were not returned, the analysis will therefore be made on two hundred returned questionnaires. Data generated were presented using tables, charts, histograms and percentages. Some qualitative data were transformed into quantitative for the purpose of easy identification, assessment and measurement. Some qualitative data were directly reported and some were grouped for easy representation. The analysis is divided into two sections; section A presented the information on respondents bio data and section B focused on the socio economic impacts of the projects implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State. 78 SECTION A: Bio-Data Characteristics of the Respondents 6. Sex Table 4.1 Sex distribution of the respondents Response Score % Male 110 55% Female 90 45% Total 200 100% Source: field survey Figure 4.1 the sex distribution of the respondents 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 110 Male 90 Female Source: Adapted from table 4.1 The data in Table 4.1 and Fig 4.1 shows the sex mix of the sample size. Out of the total number of respondents; male accounted for 55% while female accounted for 45 %. The data were generated from beneficiaries of projects implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission in their communities. 79 7. Age Group Table 4.2 Age group of the respondents Age Group Score % 21-30 78 39% 31-40 90 45% 41-50 24 12% 51 and Above 8 4% 200 100% Total Source: field survey Figure 4.2: Age group of the respondents 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 78 90 24 21-30 31-40 41-50 8 51 and Above Source: Adapted from table 4.2 From the two hundred respondents, majority of them were between ages 21-30 and 31 – 40. They accounted for 39% and 45 % respectively. Others were between ages 41-50 and 51 above who accounted for 12% and 4% respectively. These groups represented respondents who gave constructed responses and recommendations in the data generated. 80 8. Marital Status Table 4.3 Marital Status of respondents Marital Status Score Single 92 Married 96 Separated 2 Divorced 2 Widowed 8 200 Total % 46% 48% 1% 1% 4% 100% Source: field survey Figure 4.3 Marital Status of the Respondents 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 92 96 20 2 0 Single Married Separated 2 Divorced 8 Widowed Source: Adapted from table 4.3 The data generated presented 46 % to be single, 48 % to be married, 1 % to be separated, 1% to be divorced and 4% to be widow. Most respondents were single and married; other few ones are divorced, separated and widowed. 81 9. Educational Qualification Table 4.4 Educational Qualification Educational Background Score First School Leaver 11 WASC/O' Level 46 NCE/OND/ A' Level 29 HND 23 B.Sc 49 M.Sc 15 P.hd 11 Others 16 Total 200 % 5% 23% 14% 11% 25% 8% 6% 8% 100% Source: Field Survey Figure 4.4 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Educational Qualification 11 46 29 23 49 15 11 16 Source: Adapted from table 4.4 Level of education, enlightenment and exposure helps respondents give meaningful contributions towards a research. This section presents the qualification of the respondents. Out of the two hundred respondents, 5 % had primary school leaving certificates, 23 % had WASC/ O‟ Level certificates, 11 % had HND, 14 % had NCE/OND/ A‟ Levels, 25 % had B.Sc, 8% has M.Sc, 6 % had P.hd while the remaining 8% had other qualifications which were not specified. 82 SECTION B: Socio-economic Data 10. Are you aware about the existence of Niger Delta Development Commission? Table 4.5 People’s awareness about the existence of the Niger Delta Development Commission Response Score % Yes 182 91% No 18 9% Total 200 100% Source: Field Survey Figure 4.5 People’s awareness about the existence of Niger DeltaDevelopment Commission No 9% Yes 91% Source: Adapted from table 4.5 Awareness about the existence of the Niger Delta Development Commission by the people is a base for this study. Table 4.5 and figure 4.5 above shows that majority of the respondents are aware of the existence of the Niger Delta Development Commission. 91% of the people responded positive to be aware while 9% have not heard about its existence. From the data generated, it can be deduced therefore, that the Niger Delta Development Commission is well known by majority of people in Rivers State. 83 11. Has the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission reduced agitation by the people? Table 4.6 Level of people’s agitation after the creation of Niger Delta Development Commission Response Score % Yes 93 46% No 79 40% I don‟t know 28 14% Total 200 100% Source: Field Survey Figure 4.6 Level of People’s agitation after the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission I don’t know 14% Yes 46% No 40% Source: Adapted from table 4.6 During the survey, the respondents were asked if the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission has reduced the agitation by the people of Niger Delta., the response of the people for yes or no are nor far apart. 46% agreed that the creation has reduced the agitation by the people while 40% disagreed to that effect. Very few were indifference to this question, they were 14 %. From the above result, it can be deduced that the tension for that the federal government neglecting the region has reduced through the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission but other agitations has posted some questions if the commission has met its mandate. 84 12. Has Niger Delta Development Commission carried out any project in your community? Table 4.7 People’s response to Niger Delta Development Commission implemented project communities Response Score % Yes 84 42% No 36 18% No idea 80 40% Total 200 100% Source: Field Survey Figure 4.7 People’s response to Niger Delta Development Commission implemented project in communities Yes 42% No idea 40% No 18% Source: Adapted from table 4.7 Majority of the people who were aware about the existence of the Niger Delta Development Commission agreed that the commission has carried out some projects in their communities. 42% confirmed that the commission has carried out some projects in their communities while 18% said the commission has not implemented any project in their communities. Other who were indifferent to this question were 40%. Table 4.7 an4.7 and figure above has shown the response from people about the projects implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State. 85 8. Categories of Projects Implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission in communities Table 4.8 Categorization of projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission in communities Response Score % Electricity 35 17 Water Road Construction, bridges and drainages 35 17 40 20 Education Shore protection and Reclamation projects 20 10 10 5 Transformer 10 5 Transportation 35 18 Health Center Skills Development and Training 5 5 10 3 Total 200 100 Source: Field Survey Figure 4.8 Categorization of projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission in communities Transportation 18% Health Center Skills 3% Development and Training Electricity 5% 17% Transformer 5% Shore protection and Reclamation projects Education 5% 10% Water 17% Road Construction 20% Source: Adapted from table 4.8 Table 4.8 and figure 4.8 above show various projects carried out by the Niger Delta Development Commission in various communities in as Rivers State. 86 These projects are Road construction, construction of bridge and erosion drainages, provision of electricity transformers, drilling of boreholes, Shore protection, solar power projects, construction of jetties, rehabilitation of schools, and provision of vehicles for transport. The report shows that little attention has been given to health by the Commission in the State. The few communities the specific project like show protection accounted for other low score because of the peculiarities about their environments. 87 9. Rating of Projects Implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission Table 4. Rating of Projects Implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission (overall) Response Score % Best 24 13% Good 32 17% Moderately good 80 42% Poor 42 22% Worst 12 6% Total 200 100% Source: Field Survey Figure 4.9 Rating of Projects Implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission Poor 22% Worst 6% Best 13% Good 17% Moderately good 42% Source: Adapted from table 4.9 From figure 4.9 and table 4.9 above, the respondents‟ rating of the projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission were recorded.42 % responded that the qualities of projects has been moderately good, 22% and 6% were recorded been poor and worst respectively. Other respondents said the projects are good and best. They accounted for 17% and 13 respectively. 88 From the data generated, it can be deduced that the projects implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission have been moderately good and some poor. Few has been best and good, 89 10. Implemented projects meeting people’s demand Table 4.9 Implemented projects meeting people’s demand Response Score % Yes 72 36% No 68 34% I don‟t Know 60 30% Total 200 100% Source: Field Survey Figure 4.10 Implemented Projects Meeting People’s demand Yes 36% I don’t Know 30% No 34% Source: Adapted from table 4.10 Out of the total number of respondents 36% agreed that the project implemented have met their demand. 34% responded negatively that the projects have not met their demand. Only few were indifferent. The gaps between the positive and negative responses were close in range. This means that the impact of the projects initiated by the commission (NDDC) in Rivers State is not generated felt by the people. 90 11. Respondent’s Assessment Grading of Niger Delta Development Commission’s by projects Categorization Re s po ns e s Project Total Response Education Health 80 102 20 20 20 20 10 0 8 0 62 58 200 200 Water 94 22 14 12 0 58 200 Road 80 20 12 12 0 76 200 Electricity Transportation 112 94 20 12 6 12 6 8 0 4 56 70 200 200 Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 Source: Field Survey 6 1 Highest Score Lowest Score Legend Figure 4.11 Respondent’s Assessment Grading of Niger Delta Development Commission’s by projects Categorization 120 100 80 Group 1 60 Group 2 40 Group 3 20 Group 4 0 Group 5 Group 6 Source: Adapted from table 4.11 On this section, the data generated was to rate the projects initiated by Niger Delta Development Commission in their order performance using 6 as the highest score and 1 as the lowest grade. From table 4.11 and figure 4.11 above, majority of the people rated the projects initiated by the commission to be grade 1. Which is the lowest grade The other data were scattered across other grade such as 5,4,3,2 and 1 as shown above. 91 12. People’s recommendation on Niger Delta Development Commission’s projects by prioritization Re s po ns e s Project Total Response Education Health 20 32 6 6 6 4 4 4 6 8 158 146 200 200 Water 40 8 10 6 0 136 200 Road 36 4 8 5 10 137 200 Electricity Transportation 24 26 10 8 4 8 4 10 10 40 148 108 200 200 Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 Source: Field Survey Figure 4.12 People’s recommendation on Niger Delta Development Commission’s projects by prioritization 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Source: Adapted from table 4.12 The people of Rivers Stat were asked to prioritize the projects in the order they want the Niger Delta Development Commission to make improvements using 6 as the highest grade in the recommendation and 1 as the lowest. Majority (above 60%) of the respondents wants them to improve on all the projects as stated above. Other recommendations were scattered across the grades as stated above. 92 13. Future recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission Table 4.13 People’s future recommendation of NDDC Response Score % Yes 104 52% No 54 27% I don‟t know 42 21% Total 200 100% Source: Field Survey Figure 4.13 Future recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission I don’t know 21% Yes 52% No 27% Source: Adapted from table 4.13 From table 4.13 and figure 4.13 above, 52% of the respondents would recommend that the Niger Delta Development Commission carry out future projects in their communities while 27 would not recommend the commission for future projects. Only 21% were indifferent in their response. 93 4.13 TESTING OF THE HYPOTHESES Having given a careful analysis of the responses, the hypothesis formulated in chapter one will now be tested and the result discussed. Statistical method of Chi-square will be used to test all the hypotheses. Formula: X² = (O - E)² Where E O is the Observed Frequency in each category E is Expected Frequency in the corresponding category is the sum of df is the “degree of freedom” ( n-1) X² is Chi Square Ho is Null hypothesis H¹ is Alternative hypothesis Hypothesis 1 : The creation of Niger Delta Development Commission has reduced the agitation by the people of Niger Delta Region Category O E (O - E) (O - E)² (O - E)² E Yes 46 33.3 12.7 161.29 4.8 No 40 33.3 6.7 44.89 1.34 I don‟t know 14 33.3 -19.3 372.43 11.2 17.34 Computer Value : X² =17.34 Degree of freedom: ki = 3 – 1 = 2 Level of confidence: 95% or 0.05 Table value: 5.99 94 Decision Rule Reject: Ho if X² (computed value) is greater than table value. Accept: Ho if X² (computer value) i less than table value. Final decision: the final decision is that, creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission has reduced agitations by the Niger Deltan people for participating in their own development. Hypothesis 2: Water projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission have reduced water related problems in Rivers State. Category (Grade) O E (O - E) (O - E)² (O - E)² E 1 47 16.7 30.3 918.09 54.96 2 11 16.7 -5.7 32.49 1.95 3 7 16.7 -9.7 94.09 5.63 4 6 16.7 -10.7 114.49 6.9 5 0 16.7 -16.7 278.89 16.7 6 29 16.7 12.3 151.29 9.06 95.2 Computer Value: X² = 95.2 Degree of freedom: ki = 6 – 1 = 5 Level of confidence: 95% or 0.05 Table value: 11.07 Decision Rule Reject: Ho if X² is (computed value) is greater than table value. Accept: Ho if X² is (computer value) i less than table value. Final decision: since the table value of 11.07 is less than the computer value of 95.2 the final decision is that, Ho is accepted. The water projects implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State have not solved water related problems. 95 Hypothesis 3: Electricity projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission have increased power generation in Rivers State. Category (Grade) O E (O - E) (O - E)² (O - E)² E 1 56 16.7 39.3 1544.49 92.5 2 10 16.7 -6.7 44.89 2.7 3 3 16.7 -13.7 187.69 11.24 4 3 16.7 -13.7 187.69 11.24 5 0 16.7 -16.7 278.89 16.7 6 28 16.7 11.3 127.69 7.66 142.04 Computer Value: X² = 142.04 Degree of freedom: ki = 6 – 1 = 5 Level of confidence: 95% or 0.05 Table value: 11.07 Decision Rule Reject: Ho if X² is (computed value) is greater than table value. Accept: Ho if X² is (computer value) i less than table value. Final decision: since the table value of 11.07 is less than the computer value of 142.04 the final decision is that, Ho is accepted. The electricity projects implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State have not increased power generation in Rivers State 96 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY CONCLUSIONN AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The crisis in the Niger Delta is strongly linked to the absence of physical development and the inadequate access to resources. Although the Federal Government created Niger Delta Development Commission to serve as interventionist agency to respond to the needs of the Region, a lot more, in terms of basic infrastructure, economic policies, programmes and environmental management frameworks which will sustain economic and social development in the region need to improved. After data collection, the study rigorous analysis and summarized the findings in accordance with these objectives of the study: ascertain the circumstances that led to the formation of the Niger Delta Development Commission., highlight the achievements of the Commission (NDDC) over the past five years, make a critical assessments of the stated achievements viz-a-viz its statutory mandates, identify the challenges faced by the commission in the discharge of its duties over the years and; make necessary suggestions of viable solutions on identified challenges. Findings It was discovered that creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission has reduced agitations by the Niger Deltan for participating in their own development. That the creation of Niger Delta Development Commission has reduced the tension from the people about being neglected by the government. Although other agitations arose as a result of inefficiencies of the Commission. In the course to test the above hypothesis it was discovered that the water projects implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State have not 97 solved water related problems. Water projects like the borehole, pipe born water solar water lack maintenance. The rate of sustainability of the projects is low. Most of the solar water system lack maintenance and operators. Several of these have let to water problems. Long trek to stream has let to low school attendance. The electricity projects implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State have not increased power generation in Rivers State. Several electricity project have been installed by the Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State but most of the transformers are either not functioning or in bad state. The low in power supply in Rivers state has slow down manufacture and the activities around manufacturing industries. Quality education to boost the human capital required to develop the Region and transform its problematic social relations and structures is still very low. Also, the state of educational and healthcare infrastructure required by the Region is far from satisfactory. Many communities, especially those in coastal parts, far away from capitals, lack basic educational facilities even within primary schools and primary healthcare centres. This situation has given rise to high school drop-out rates, high death rates, disturbing infant and maternal mortality, illiteracy, non applicable learning, low performance at WAEC/JAMB and growth in delinquent behaviour by youth in the region. 5.2 CONCLUSION In conclusion, it is clear that though governments, since 1958, have set up very high powered committees to look into the problems of the Niger, they have suffered the same fate: non implementation. In cases where some of the recommendations have been considered at all, they have been taken out of context and implemented piecemeal or without the required enthusiasm, consistency and monitoring. Some of the reports were 98 not even touched at all; no White Paper was issued, and no follow-up implementation and monitoring mechanisms were set up by Government. This meant that the will and required enthusiasm to set in motion processes for a developed, peaceful and progressive Niger Delta were absent. It will not be out of place to state categorically that the current quagmire which the people of the Niger Delta Region find themselves and the country is entangled, characterized by violence, kidnappings, oil theft, illegal bunkering, political uncertainty, economic dislocation, divestment, and inter-and intra-community suspicion and conflicts is the result of non-implementation of the recommendations of various reports on the Niger Delta. Insensitivity, neglect and at times, marginalization of already powerless and devastated communities have made it possible for political opportunists, bad leaders, corruption, waste, institution al decay and in efficiency to thrive. 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The Federal government should create and external check agency that will be involved directly on the project implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission. The agency should be equipped with well qualified, disciplined monitoring and evaluation professionals. The commission should be responsible for submitting periodic reports to the check agency these agencies should involved communities‟ representatives, government officials, international donors and other stakeholders in the region. 2. The federal government should pay up the money owned so that the commission will be given a plain ground to play their impact. Federal government withholding some funds form the commission may hider the progress of the commission. 99 3. Sustainability of a project will be assured if the projects are people‟s driven. All projects initiators should encourage participation of the people from initiation to monitoring and evaluation of projects. All contractors should be pre-qualified before the contract is awarded and the check agency should always use a standard to assess qualifications, and implemented projects. Other recommendations have been summarized in the context of the scope of the study and stated as follows: Environmental 4. The sustainable utilization of the resources of the Niger Delta holds the key to the successful re-integration of the Region into a productive national economy. For sustainable development to take place the various environmental failings of the past years must be successfully addressed and this involves the strategic and urgent restoration, rehabilitation and remediation of several degraded and threatened sites. 5. Decree No. 86 of 1992 should be strictly and faithfully enforced and complied with especially as it relates to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 6. Niger Delta Development Commission, Governments and stakeholders at all levels should intervene and ensure the preservation and sustainability of the environment as a major part of the development agenda for the Region. This calls for a comprehensive review of laws, putting in place environmental remediation programmes that are labour-intensive and create employment opportunities for community members in ways that are economically viable and can lead to responsible corporate practices and enforceable environmental standards. Economic 7. Rebuilding the Niger Delta into a prosperous Region requires that we grow the economy of the Region and create jobs that pay good wages. It is also important to 100 move away from oil dependency and its conflicts towards the provision of infrastructure which will propel growth as well as address poverty reducing economic policies and programmes. 8. To diversify the Region's economy, there is need for it to regain her pride of place as a major producer of agricultural produce without ignoring the multiple industrial potentials associated with petrochemicals and gas. Also, there is need to get private sector investments back into the Region and stimulate economic growth through the re-envisioning of the service sector. 9. The Niger Delta Development Commission should work out schemes to support the provision of implements to small-scale farmers and fisher-persons in riverine and coastal communities as a means of addressing unemployment and reducing poverty; Stimulate micro- and small-scale enterprises or development schemes that address the needs of women engaged in small agro-related businesses; Health and Education 10. Health problems in the Niger Delta are closely linked to environmental challenges. Data available on water-related diseases, water supply and waste management practices illustrate that water contamination and associated diseases area common problem throughout the Region. 11. The schools and centres should be well–equipped; Establish in every ward, a functional primary health centre assisted by Niger Delta Development Commission; Provide free medical care for pregnant women, children under five years, adults above 65 years and the physically challenged; Assisted to put in place a programme backed by incentives that propel qualified science teachers to seek deployment to rural areas in the Region; Provide scholarship from primary to higher education. 101 12. Establish mobile clinics, equipped and staffed. Build and equip testing centres for addressing preventable diseases such as yellow fever, TB,HIV/AIDS and malaria; Provide free anti-malaria treated mosquito net; and make anti-malaria drugs freely available to all malaria patients in the Region; Power and Energy 13. Explore and utilize hydro, gas, solar or wind energy sources to provide more power and explore alternative sources of energy for electricity projects.. General 14. Develop strategies for effective and appropriate partnership based on community engagement mechanism to ensure wide participation in development process, and in particular ensure that community and Rural Development Directorate 15. Correlates the commission‟s strategies on project development and safety imperative of the community, ensuring they are compatible 16. Develop blue prints for partnership initiatives for reflect the commission‟s mandate as entrenched in the Niger Delta Region Development Master Plan. 17. Develop strategies to enhance trust and confidence in the Commission 18. Design appropriate remedial actions to be taken to satisfy relevant stakeholders in the case of impacted properties by development interventions 19. Develop guiding principles for relationship management between NDDC, contractors and communities. 20. 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NDDC, Nigeria United Nations Development Report 1996 Caplan (1994), the meaning of Development the example of Mafia Island: a lecture given at the Goldsmith College, University of London. Unoanwanaile Mbiakudi Okon (2009), “the Niger delta development commission‟s approach to infrastructure and socio-economic development of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria”. A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. 106 APPENDIX I Institute For Development Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus April, 2011. Dear Sir/Madam, QUESTIONNAIRE I am a student of University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus under-going M.Sc program in the Institute For Development Studies. This research is an academic exercise. The attached questionnaire is aimed at aiding a research study being carried out on " a critical aprraisal of the role of Niger Delta Development commission (NDDC) in socioEconomic development: a case of Port Harcourt local government areas of River State. You are requested to study the questionnaire and supply the information required. You are assured of confidential treatment of any information given and no name is required on the form. Thanks for your co-operation in advance. Yours faithfully, Akintonde Olumide Jude 107 QUESTIONNAIRE ON A PROJECT TOPIC: “A CRITICAL APRRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF NIGER DELTA DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION (NDDC) IN SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CASE OF RIVERS STATE Please Mark ( x )in the appropriate box; and fill in the blank space that corresponds with your response. PART ONE 1. SEX: Male { } Female 2. AGE: 21 – 30 31 – 40 41 - 50 51 and above { { { { { } } } } } 3. MARITAL STATUS: Single { Married Separated Divorced Widowed } { { { { } } } } 4. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: First School Leaving Certificate WASC/GCE "0" Level NCE/OND/GCE "A" level HND B.Sc M.Sc P.hd Others { } { { } } { { { { { } } } } } 108 PART TWO 5. Have you heard about the Niger Delta Development Commission? Yes { } No { } 6. Has the creation of NDDC reduced the agitation by the people of Niger Delta Region? Yes { } No { } I don‟t know { } 7. Has Niger Delta Development Commission carried out any project in your community? Yes No No Idea { { { } } } 8. If yes please mention few ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9. How can you rate the quality of the project implemented in your community? Best Good Moderately good Poor Worst 10. Did the projects carried out by NDDC meet peoples‟ demand? Yes { No { I don‟t know { } } } 109 11. Please rate NDDC role in the order of their performance below using 6 as the highest and 1 and the lowest point. Education Health Water Road Electricity Transportation { { { { { { } } } } } } 12. In what areas will you want them to improve upon, using 6 as the highest and 1 as the lowest? Education Health { Water Road Electricity { Transportation { } { { } { } } } } 11. Will you recommend that Niger Delta Development Commission to carry out other projects in the future? a. Yes b. No c. I don‟t know { { { } } } 110