- Rototest Research Institute
Transcription
- Rototest Research Institute
Tuning theory, Part 3 RRI The intercooler’s to be or not to be? Is it really necessary to change the intercooler (or charge air cooler) only because you want to charge a little more? There isn’t exactly a lot of space in the front. RRI mounts a larger cooler and analyses the results. And how do you actually estimate the cooling ability? BY GUNNAR LJUNGSTEDT, BILSPORT (TEXT & PHOTO) Rototest Research Institute (TESTS, FACTS & GRAPHS) Bilsport March 2006 (In English September 2008) • www.rri.se Tuning theory, Part 3 Tuning theory, Part 3/5 2006 Imprint: Tuning theory, Part 3/5 March 2006 • This article is prior published in the Swedish car magazine BILSPORT nr 6, 2006 Text and photo by Gunnar Ljungstedt Publisher: Förlags AB Albinsson & Sjöberg Box 529 371 23 Karlskrona www.bilsport.se • Vehicle tests, technical facts and graphs by Rototest Research Institute, www.rri.se Originally published in Swedish • Stainless steel, sport exhaust system and new catalyser from Ferrita Sweden AB, www.ferrita.com • New intercooler from Setrab AB, www.setrab.com • Engine tuning calibration, Turbo Center Stockholm AB, Claus Aichberger, www.turbocenter.se Reader Questions and comments: Please write to [email protected], open to December 2009. Free non-commercial downloads Except otherwise indicated elsewhere on this web server, any person is hereby authorised to view, copy, download, store, print or distribute anything on this site or obtained through it, but subject to the following conditions: The document may be used for informational purposes only. The document may only be used for non commercial, non profit purposes. The document may not be altered in any way, and must be complete. The document may not be copied to, or made available through, a web site. All other use is strictly prohibited. Rototest Research Institute 2008, www.rri, translation of Bilsport article from 2006 © Copyrights Bilsport 2006 & Rototest Research Institute 2008 2/10 Bilsport March 2006 (In English September 2008) • www.rri.se Tuning theory, Part 3 CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER. The dynamometer is bolted on to the drive wheel with an adapter plate directly on the bolt circle. One for each drive wheel, so a 4WD car requires four machines and will hang entirely on the machines. Since the dynamometer supports the car’s weight, the suspension can move and function as normal. In the previous featured aricle we changed the exhaust system and the catalyst in our Volkswagen Passat 1.8T 2003, and Rototest Research Institute’s (RRI’s) measurements showed that there is now room for further modifications. This time we take on the intercooler that was like a restriction even when the car was in its original state. The original intercooler is of course a compromise. There is very little room in the front and the production cost must be held down to a minimum. Besides, the 150 HP Passat was never produced as a racehorse, so there was no reason to oversize the cooler. But now we want more 3/10 power. First of all it must be clear what the intercooler is good for, and to understand that we must know about the loads that the engine is subjected to, both mechanically and thermally. Higher density The design limits these loads wich are connected to the demand of desired lifetime. Charge air cooling is a way to reduce the load on a supercharged engine. The efficiency and the size are as mentioned above a compromise by the car manufacturer, so therefore there is a lot to do if one is willing to invest a neat amount of money. Interesting performance characteristics are for example pressure loss, efficiency and cooling capacity. Generally you want the perassure loss to be kept to a minimum. By rule of thumb, says Jonny Färnlund, our guide at RRI, a welldimensioned cooler should not have more than 0.1 bar pressure loss at any time of operation. The primary task of the intercooler is to cool the air after the turbo charger, before it enters the engine. This is to reduce the air temperature and achieve a larger margin to knocking. This in turn creates room for more charging pressure and increase of power. – The side effect of reducing the temperature is a reduction of cylinder pressure, Jonny points out. Then you reduce the engine’s mechanical stress. Increases with the flow How efficiently it cools the air is calculated using Formula 1. The efficiency is influenced by the surrounding air-velocity. The size and location of the intercooler also have an impact on the amount of power it is capable to cool off. A small cooler, or a location that restricts the cooling flow, results in a limitation of the cooling ability. We calculate the cooling power using Formula 2. With a well-functioning Bilsport March 2006 (In English September 2008) • www.rri.se Tuning theory, Part 3 η ܶ − ܶ ூ ܶ − ܶ௨௧ Formula 1 ܲ Formula 2 = ܥ ∙∙ ∆் ሶ ܶ = temp in to the intercooler ܶ = temp out of the intercooler ܶ = temp of the cooling air ܶ = temp in to the intercooler ܶ = temp out of the intercooler ܶ = temp of the cooling air intercooler, the cooled off effect should increase continiously with the air mass flow untill it reaches max flow. The unwelcome consequence here is that the heat we cool away has been produced by the expensive petrol we cursed when we paid for it with hard-earned money. Accordingly, we flush money straight down the toilet. Sometimes it's hard to be a car driver. Theory can be destroyed If the engine has no problem with knocking, the intercooler does not automatically render higher power. – Theory can easily be destroyed in practice, Jonny emphasizes. No theory is worth anything unless you give it practical space. If you tune, good cooling will distance you from the risks of knocking. Sometimes you hear that a larger volume in the intake part, which includes the intercooler, should have a negative influence on the throttle response in the engine. This is true, but in practice there is no noticeable difference. If we take into account that a fast engine easily swallows a couple of hundred litres of air per second, a volume difference in the system of 4/10 COLLECTOR. There is a lot of data that has to be taken care of. Besides the parameters that are accounted for in the articles series, large amounts of surplus data are collected. Can be useful on unexpected occasions, so you can go back and analyze. RRI collects numbers. range. However you might see that the larger mass in a big cooler still renders a better initial cooling. On the strip, the accumulated cold of the material is used at the start. In the intercooler test, we used a standard 400x302x45 Standard elements mm aluminum intercooler Due to the low mass flow at element, tanks and low revs, the profit of connections from Setrab. efficiant cooler will not be Now we have changed shown untill a bit up in the some litres is not that relevant any more. If we put the cooler in the luggage compartment, then we could see a difference, but then it’s a question of quite considerable volumes also. exhaust system and intercooler, and learned from the results. In the next featured aricle, it’s time to investigate the benefits of mapping. Remember that we run with original turbo charger, air mass meter and injectors, which we found to be a limitation already in the original car. But maybe there is still hope. [] “– Theory can easily be destroyed in practice.” Bilsport March 2006 (In English September 2008) • www.rri.se Tuning theory, Part 3 accelerate by 500 rpm/s. We discussed in the previous issue why the torque looks different As usual, the analysis of the than in the steady-state curve RRI measurement results starts with a glance upon the curves Perceived as gain in Fig.1. Now we begin to have Jonny, who was certain that enough curves to compare someone would give him a with each other. The grey lines hard time about his statement represent the standard that the volume of the configuration; the blue lines intercooler not influencing the were achiveved when a larger throttle response would not exhaust system with race come true, now exhales. No catalyst had been added, and deifference is seen inte the the red curves were achieved trottle response. with the current setup, having – Didn’t I say so? added a more efficient The torque, on the other hand, intercooler. is decreced in the beginning. But we still have not re- Why? The answer is probably mapped the car! that we have changed the The torque curve looks a little hardware to such an extent dubious. At one point, at 4000 that the information the rpm, there is a torque peak. control system depends on, The intercooler could not not is being interpreted possible do this by it self. The properly anymore. Thus, we reason the original map is not are getting to the point where working is rather a question of the mapping becomes a changed conditions. That does necessity. not mean that there is a safety The torque bump at 4000 rpm risk, but some intervention in also is a product of this. When the control box would be of the car is driven with this great value. configuration it would be Then we have a look at the perceived as stronger and sweep in fig. 2, where the more alert because of this engine has been made to ”defect”, just due to the Measurements and results torque having been outrageously low before. – The human body is easily deceived, says Jonny. Having paid a lot of money it is even easier deceived! Double cooling capacity But the intercooler was no bad investment. It creates the conditions for the continued tuning. The reasong why we don’t see a bigger difference in Fig. 2 is that the pressure drop over the original cooler was reasonable good. However, it would be surprising if the new cooler would not be better regarding it’s size. And as expected, in Fig.3 and Fig.4 it’s obvious that the new cooler is far superior the old one The biggest difference is the cooling performance as seen in (Fig. 2). The cooling flow from the fan in front of the car is the same as in earlier measurements, corresponding approximately 80 km/h on the highway, but the new cooler gets rid of almost twice the amount of heat compared tp the old one, and has a good efficiency. [] Conclusions Exactly as in the case with the exhaust system it can be said that it is not possible to consider only the change of the intercooler. In any case not in the actual case where the pressure loss was small in the original cooler. On the other hand, the improved cooling performance is needed when we are about to increase the boost. Another reason can of course be the right look, which is important enough in some circles. [] ” The human body is easily deceived” QUICK MOUNTING. The cooler that RRI tested was built from Setrab’s standard parts. The tube connection has 50 mm dia. and the cooler weighs 3.77 kg. The mounting looks a little weird but was made that way for simplicity reasons. The cooler will fit inside the front, although with some additional work. 5/10 Bilsport March 2006 (In English September 2008) • www.rri.se Tuning theory, Part 3 Fig. 1 Power and Torque with big intercooler It is obvious the ECU is having a hard time now. At 3000 rpm there is a decrease in power where as at 4000 rpm the increase is substantial. 6/10 Bilsport March 2006 (In English September 2008) 200 • www.rri.se Tuning theory, Part 3 Fig. 2 Performance during acceleration Same behaviour as with steady state tests. Less performance at low rpm with a big increase at 4000 rpm. 7/10 Bilsport March 2006 (In English September 2008) 200 • www.rri.se Tuning theory, Part 3 Fig. 3 Pressure loss of intercooler The standard intercooler has a low pressure loss and the new intercooler is just improving a bit. 8/10 Bilsport March 2006 (In English September 2008) 200 • www.rri.se Tuning theory, Part 3 Fig. 4 Intercooler performance The cooling performance is not very good on the original intercooler. The new one is good in this aspect. 9/10 Bilsport March 2006 (In English September 2008) 200 • www.rri.se Tuning theory, Part 3 Chassis dynamometer – that’s how it works To test the engine in an engine dyno is both reliable and repeatable, provided the stand is properly calibrated. But it is hard work and quite expensive. The alternative is often to drive on a rolling road. Unfortunately, t’s not very accurate. Friction losses in the form of wheel slippage increase with the power and the repeatability is questionable. – Ordinary rolls are more a loading method than a measuring instrument, says Jonny at Rototest. The dyno RRI uses is a ROTOTEST VPA-R chassis dynamometer that is almost painfully simple in its basics but considerably more advanced under the surface. – After all, it was not that easy to invent the wheel either, Jonny counters. With the spreading of the computers it was possible to develop our system. The simple part is the mechanics; the electronics and software are more advanced. A tolerance of one percent The principle is to bolt the dynamometer directly on to the car’s wheel hubs, via an adapter. The car is supported by the dyno units. The suspension works normally during the driving and there is no tendency for the car to break away. The force goes into the floor instead. The safety factor compared to when using rollers with cars howling, strapped down, which want nothing rather than drive right through the wall, is not even comparable. The braking power is 10/10 generated hydraulically but the measurement itself is done separately. – If you measured the oil pressure, you would get a hum, no more. – The precision in the rototest dynamometer, is like in a very good engine dyno, says Jonny. And it states a tolerance within one percent of measured value. Not many test systems can match that. Besides power and torque it is possible to measure fuel consumption, exhaust data and other useful things in the laboratory at RRI. Something that car makers, tuning companies and racing teams all have understood and profited from. Different measuring methods Portable equipment is an advantage. It’s only a matter of taking apart the hydraulic couplings and transport the units containing oil. Convinient, for example for Shell, who have machinery touring round the world to present the new V-Power gasoline. With custom made software, overtaking is simulated in front of the audience. Sound hoods covering the machines, make them so quiet that the people in the last row will hear the knocking when the throttle is hit and lower grade fuel used. Measurements with the chassis dynamometer can be done in two different ways. The first is as a sweep over the whole revs range, in which the angular acceleration (rpm/s) can be determined (with the help of the hydralics). The second is steady state, in which the engine is held at predetermined load points The formula for power calculation? Power (kW) = torque (Nm) x revs (rpm) / 9549 The correction factor we get by calculating (990 / air 1,2 pressure) x ((inlet 0,6 temperature + 273) / 298) The correction factor multiplied by the measured Forget the 25 percent value renders the normalized losses result. In our series we always state 1 kW equals 1.36 metric HP or the results at the drive 1.34 Imperial HP (often used in wheels; because that’s the England and the US) [] power we can use to accelerate the car. If you still want to calculate the engine power, it will be an estimation, since we do not know the exact losses in the transmission. RRI usually estimate seven to ten percent loss in a manual gearbox. Others will use considerably more. – If you take 200 HP, 20 of these become heat in the gear box, Jonny explains. It cannot be much more before the gearbox gets overheated. Forget figures like 25 percent. Considering what amount of heat that would generate, you will quickly realize that it gets quite hot. Also the inlet temperature, air temperature and air pressure are measured for the ISO correction. Normally aspirated engines are usually corrected to normal state in order for measurements made at different conditions to be comparable. – Generally, corrections are reasonably right but never exact, Jonny says. All engines are more or less individual. straight up to maximum revs. The revs and the torque are measured. Out of this, the power is then calculated and corrected to ISO standard according to the air density. The power is stated in kW or HP at the drive wheels. “Portable equipment is an advantage” Counting the horses Normal conditions are an airpressure of 990 mbar when water partial pressure deducted, and at 25 degrees Celsius (298 grader Kelvin). Bilsport March 2006 (In English September 2008) • www.rri.se