Greenland Ice and Water for Export

Transcription

Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition
Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water
2nd Edition
Inuussutissarsiornermut, Suliffeqarnermut Niuernermullu Naalakkersuisoqarfik
Departementet for Erhverv, Arbejdsmarked og Handel
Ministry of Industry, Labour and Trade
Prepared by NIRAS Greenland A/S (Henrik Mai ed.)
for Government of Greenland © 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2Eqikkaaneq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3Resumé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 Relations to other parts of the project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3 Contents of the catalogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 Greenland - its ice and water resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.1 Greenland’s geography and geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.2 Ice and water resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6 Ice and water products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.1 Bottled water products from glaciers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.2 Ice products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.3 Other glacier water products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7 Glacier sources for ice and water production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.1 Investigated glacier locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.2 Results of analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.3 Extraction of ice from glaciers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.4 Evaluation of glacier sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.4.1 The Sermilik glacier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.4.2 The Nigerlikasik glacier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.4.3 The Narsap Sermia glacier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.5 Further areas of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.5.1 South Greenland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.5.2 Disco Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.6Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8 Conclusion and perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.1 Ice and water from glaciers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
APPENDICES
Datasheets for glacial resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Results of glacier analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Greenland’s transport and communication systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1 SUMMARY
In 2005, the Government of Greenland decided to promote the export of ice
and water from Greenland. A large programme was initiated to investigate the
resources and the markets for water products and to inform potential investors
about the opportunities.
Investigations into the resources were carried out in 2006 and 2008. These
included sampling from glaciers, springs and surface water resources, and the
results were presented in the form of a comprehensive analytical programme for
water and ice samples.
This report summarises the results of the glacier investigations and provides an
overview of the resources considered most feasible for development.
This product catalogue contains a summary of the options for bottled, still water
and ice cube production based on calved ice from glaciers in Greenland. Three
glaciers are presented, namely the Sermilik, Nigerlikasik, and Narsap glaciers.
Analyses of samples taken from the glaciers showed that the water quality is
characterised by a very low content of inorganic components and that it has
no buffer capacity*. Furthermore, the analyses showed an elevated content of
NVOC (Non Volatile Organic Carbon), elevated turbidity and elevated content of
aggressive carbon dioxide resulting in a low pH. In some samples elevated contents of iron and ammonia were observed.
However, the samples taken from ice growlers from the front of one of the
glaciers showed no content of NVOC and lower turbidity. The water is pure and
complies with Greenlandic and EU standards for drinking water, except for the
low pH and, in few samples, elevated iron content. These parameters are not considered to be a problem for the production of bottled Greenland ice cap water of
high quality.
Analyses indicate no penetration of salt into the icebergs.
It is concluded that the quality of the water from melted icebergs from the glaciers is suitable for consumer goods such as bottled water and ice cubes. The
water may also be used as base material for different kinds of beverages or as
admixture in cosmetics and skincare products.
*If a solution has no buffer capacity, addition of a small amount of acid or base will make the solution either acidic or basic. As the pH of drinking
water should be maintained between 7- 8.5 (EU 6.5 -9.5), the absence of buffer capacity means that the pH could easily be disturbed.
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Greenland Ice and Water for Export | Product Catalogue – Ice Cap Water 2nd Edition
The glaciers have a number of features which add value for the customer, e.g.
age, authenticity, untouched by industrial pollution etc. These vary slightly
according to location but are, on the whole, a convincing argument for further
exploitation.
It is preferred that water from glaciers is produced by melting calved ice such as
small icebergs, e.g. on an ice-class fishing trawler with facilities for the hygienic
production of foodstuffs. This method will not have an impact on the glaciers and
their surroundings.
Mining of the ice from the glaciers is not considered sustainable, and it may be
difficult to avoid the occurrence of suspended material from the ice surface in
the melted water.
Under the circumstances, Greenland has an excellent general infrastructure.
The assessment of the overall potential, market surveys and field surveys certainly indicates that the production of water, based on melted water and ice from
glaciers, for the high-end markets in the USA and Japan will be rewarding.
Because of the very unique story about the Greenlandic ice caps and its opportunities, it is important that the consumers can trust that the products they buy
really are from Greenland, and that they contain 100% water from the Greenlandic ice caps.
Therefore, the government of Greenland has developed a mark of origin which
will guaranty these matters.
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2 EQIKKAANEQ
Tekst mangler i manus
6
3 RESUMÉ
Grønlands Hjemmestyre besluttede i 2005 at fremme eksporten af is og vand
fra Grønland. Et stort program blev iværksat for at undersøge ressourcerne og
markedet for vandprodukter og for at informere potentielle investorer om mulighederne.
Undersøgelserne af ressourcerne blev udført i 2006 og 2008. Disse undersøgelser omfattede prøvetagning fra gletsjere, kilder og overfladevand, og resultaterne blev præsenteret i form af et omfattende analyseprogram for is- og vand
prøver.
Denne rapport giver et resumé af resultaterne af de glaciologiske undersøgelser
og giver et overblik over de ressourcer, der forekommer mest fordelagtige for
videre udvikling.
Produktkataloget indeholder en sammenfatning af mulighederne for flaskevand
og isterninger baseret på udnyttelsen af kælvet is fra gletsjere. De tre gletsjere
der præsenteres her, er Sermilik, Nigerlikasik gletsjer og Narsap Sermia.
Analyserne af prøverne, der er taget fra gletsjerne, viser, at vandets kvalitet er
karakteriseret af et meget lavt indhold af uorganiske komponenter, og at vandet
ikke har nogen bufferkapacitet*. Desuden viste analyserne et forhøjet indhold af
NVOC (Non Volatile Organic Carbon = ikke flygtige organiske kulstofforbindelser), forhøjet turbiditet (uklarhed) og forhøjet indhold af aggressivt kuldioxid,
der medfører en lav pH værdi. I nogle prøver blev der observeret et forhøjet indhold af jern og ammonium ioner.
Prøver fra isskosser, der er opfisket ved fronten af én af gletsjerne, viste derimod intet indhold af NVOC og turbiditeten var lavere. Vandet er rent og opfylder Grønlands og EU’s krav til kvalitet for drikkevand, med undtagelse af et
lavt pH-niveau og et forhøjet indhold af jern i nogle få prøver. Disse parametre
betragtes ikke som et problem for produktion af flaskevand af høj kvalitet fra
Grønlands indlandsis.
Analyserne viste ingen indtrængning af salt i isskosserne fra det omgivende
vand.
Konklusionen er, at kvaliteten af vandet fra smeltede isskosser fra gletsjere er
velegnet til fremstilling af flaskevand og isterninger. Vandet kan også benyttes
som råvare for forskellige drikkevare, fx øl og spiritus, og som tilsætning til kosmetik og hudplejeprodukter.
Hvis en opløsning ikke har nogen bufferkapacitet, vil en tilsætning af små mængder syre eller base ændre pH-værdien og gøre opløsningen enten
*
sur eller basisk. Da pH-værdien for drikkevand bør være bør være mellem 7-8,5 (EU 6,5-9,5), vil manglen på bufferkapacitet betyde at pH-værdien let vil kunne forrykkes.
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Vandet fra gletsjerne har flere egenskaber, som giver forbrugerne en forhøjet
værdi af produkterne, fx alder, oprindelse, uberørt af industriel forurening osv.
Disse værdier kan variere afhængigt af lokalitet, men er generelt et overbevisende argument for en fortsat udnyttelse af vand fra indlandsisen.
Det foretrækkes at vand fra gletsjerne produceres ved smeltning af kælvet is,
dvs. mindre isfjelde og isskosser, for eksempel fra en isforstærket fisketrawler
med faciliteter for hygiejnisk produktion af fødevarer. Denne metode vil ikke
have en negativ indflydelse på selve gletsjeren og dens omgivelser.
Udgravning af is fra gletsjerne betragtes ikke som bæredygtigt, og det vil være
vanskeligt at undgå suspenderet materiale i vandet fra gletsjernes overflade og
omgivelser.
En generel vurdering af mulighederne, baseret på markedsundersøgelser og
feltundersøgelser af ressourcerne, viser, at produktionen ad vand baseret på
smeltet vand fra gletsjere til de eksklusive markeder, fx USA og Japan, vil være
indbringende.
På grund af indlandsisens unikke historie og muligheder er det vigtigt, at forbrugerne kan stole på, at de produkter de køber, har sin oprindelse i Grønland, og at
de indeholder 100% vand fra indlandsisen.
Derfor har Grønlands Selvstyre fået udarbejdet et oprindelsesmærke, der garanterer disse forhold.
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4 INTRODUCTION
4.1 Background
The history, purity and pristine quality of Greenland’s ice and water are expected
to provide a good basis for marketing.
In 2005, the government of Greenland decided to promote the export of ice
and water from Greenland. A large programme was initiated to investigate the
resources and the markets for water products and to inform potential investors
about the opportunities.
On this basis, the Greenland Government requested a survey and identification
of the glaciers most suitable for the extraction and processing of ice and water,
surface water for bulk export and potential springs for the production of bottled
water.
40 of Greenland’s approximately 5,000 glaciers were investigated and analysed
and the ensuing research resulted in the selection of three glaciers for closer
scrutiny and consideration as the location for the production of bottled water
from the Greenland ice caps. The glaciers were investigated in 2006 and 2008
and the findings and the results of the water quality analyses are presented in
this product catalogue.
In 2006, five lakes and rivers suitable for extraction of bulk water and eight
springs were investigated. The results of the bulk water investigation and water
quality analyses are presented at www. businessingreenland.gl
Legal preparationsOn 1 July 2001, the ”Exports of Ice and Water Act” came into force [1]. The objective of this act is to promote the commercial exploitation of Greenland’s ice and
water resources and all forms of export of ice and water are targeted.
The Act forms a legislative framework. Licences and approvals are adapted to
the specific circumstances of the project on the basis of a model licence and
a model approval containing all terms, including provisions for royalties. The
licence system corresponds to the system applicable in the field of mineral
resources as the field of ice and water resources also requires considerable venture capital and a high degree of professionalism in all of its activities and international distribution channels.
The Act allows for the stipulation of detailed rules stating quality categories for
Greenlandic ice and water licensed as commercial goods for export.
9
The Ice and Water Act is administered according to a one-door principle in the
Greenland Government, implying that applicants can submit applications to only
one authority in the Greenland Government.
4.2 Relations to other parts of the project
The ”Greenland Ice and Water for Export” project was initiated by the government
of Greenland in the autumn of 2005 based on a strategy for the export of ice and
water from Greenland [2]. A new strategy is formulated in 2015 and runs until 2019.
The project includes the following subprojects:
■Investigation of resources for ice and water from glaciers and water from
springs and lakes. The field investigations were carried out by:
– Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), investigations of
three glaciers in 2006 [3]
– Rambøll Danmark A/S, investigation of spring and surface water resources
in 2006 [4]
– NIRAS Greenland A/S, investigation of ice growlers in front of one glacier in
2008 [5]
■Market survey, carried out by NIRAS Consultants A/S in 2007-2008 [6]
■Investor survey, carried out by NIRAS and Greenland Mining Services
■
Certification and quality proposal, carried out by DNV Industry in 2007-2008 [7]
■Development and registration of origin label for Greenland glacier water, conducted by NIRAS Consultants A/S in 2008
■International classification of Greenland glacier water, carried out by DNV
Industry in 2008
■Development of a database containing the results of the field investigations
■The reports can be downloaded from www. businessingreenland.gl.
4.3 Contents of the catalogue
This product catalogue summarises the field investigations carried out in 2006
and 2008. In chapter 5, the background for the ice and water resources is described. Chapter 6 provides an overview of different products based on ice and
water resources.
In chapter 7, the sources for the production of ice and water from glaciers are
described based on the field investigation and sampling from glaciers and ice
growlers. The results of the water quality analyses and proposals for the extraction of glacier ice are presented.
Further areas of interest for production of ice and water form ice are described
briefly.
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Photo: NIRAS
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5 GREENLAND
- ITS ICE AND WATER RESOURCES
This chapter provides a short introduction to Greenland’s geography and geology
and describes the ice and water resources suitable for the production of ice and
water products. A short description of the infrastructure and logistics is included
in Appendix C.
5.1 Greenland’s geography and geology
Greenland (In Greenlandic: Kalaallit Nunaat, meaning ”Land of the Kalaallit
(Greenlanders)”) is a self-governing country located between the Arctic and
Atlantic Oceans.
GeographyThough geographically and ethnically an arctic island nation associated with the
continent of North America, Greenland has close political and historical ties to
Europe, specifically Iceland, Norway and Denmark.
Following a referendum, Greenland was granted Self Rule in 2009, making it an
equal member of the Danish Realm (or ”Rigsfællesskabet”).
Please see www.nanoq.gl
Greenland has a population of 56,282462 (January 2014), 88% of which is born
in Greenland, and it is made up of Kalaallit Inuit and Scandinavian Europeans.
Most towns and settlements are situated along the west coast, with a few small
towns to the east and northwest.
The country is divided into four municipalities with a total of 17 towns. The capital is Nuuk with 16,818 inhabitants. The other municipalities have between 7,000
and 10,000 inhabitants.
The north-eastern part of Greenland does not belong to any municipality but is
the site of the world’s largest national park, the Northeast Greenland National
Park.
Beside the 17 towns, the municipalities include a large number of settlements
with between 20 and 500 inhabitants. These settlements are called ”Nunaqarfik”
in Greenlandic and ”bygd” in Danish. Smaller settlements include farms, especial
in the south, and hunting and weather stations.
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Greenland Geography. Google © 2014
Geology
The geological development of Greenland spans over four billion years, from the
earliest Archaean era to the Quaternary period. Greenland is the largest island
in the world with a total area of 2,166,000 km2, 82% of which is covered by the
Greenland ice sheet. The adjacent offshore shelf areas, underlain by continental
crust, have an area of approx. 825,000 km2.
During the Quaternary, Greenland was almost completely covered by an ice
sheet, and the present ice sheet is a relic of the Pleistocene ice ages. Vast
amounts of glacially eroded detritus were deposited on the coastal shelves off
the shores of Greenland [8].
13
West Greenland with the location of investigated glaciers. Google © 2014
5.2 Ice and water resources
Precipitation and snow Recorded precipitation in Greenland generally diminishes with increasing latitude and distance from the coast. There is great seasonal variation, particularly
in the South.
The topography and varying altitudes also play a role, as precipitation is heavier
on the wind side of the mountains and more sparse on the lee side. The lower the
temperature, the lower the moisture content of the air, which also leads to a reduction in potential precipitation.
In the south to south-east, annual precipitation may range from 800 mm to
2,500 mm along the coasts but will be less close to the Greenland ice sheet.
In the northern parts of Greenland the level ranges from 125 mm to 250 mm and
‘arctic deserts’ occur where evaporation during the summer exceeds precipitation. At Kangerlussuaq, annual precipitation is a mere 149 mm.
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Towards the north, there is already snow cover in September and it usually disappears in June to July. Some locations even have snow cover in June and July.
The snow depth is greatest in southern Greenland, on average one to two metres
through the winter months and sometimes up to six metres.
The snow cover in southern Greenland may temporarily disappear completely
during periods with warm Foehn winds.
The Greenland ice sheetThe glaciers of Greenland are a relic of the Pleistocene ice ages, consisting of
the large continental ice sheet (the inland ice cap) and local ice caps and glaciers.
The ice sheet covers an area of approx. 1,736,000 km2 and reaches an altitude
of 3,230 m with a maximum thickness of approx. 3,400 m. The local ice caps and
glaciers cover around 49,000 km2.
The volume of the inland ice has been estimated at 2,600,000 km2, based on ice
thickness measurements by airborne radio-echo sounding. A rough estimate of
the volume of local ice caps and glaciers is 20,000 km2 [9].
The temperature of the ice ranges between -32° C and 0° C; with increasing
depth, temperatures generally increase due to geothermal heat flux and internal
heating caused by ice deformation. In some locations, the temperature at the
base of the ice sheet may reach melting point.
Glaciers
Glaciers are large, slow-moving rivers of ice, formed from compacted layers of
snow that slowly deform and flow in response to gravity. Glacier ice is the largest
reservoir of fresh water on earth, and second only to oceans as the largest reservoir of total water.
The front of the glacier, the glacier tongue, either rests on the land or floats on
the water. If the tongue is floating, the edge will break off (calving) as the glacier
moves forward.
Run-off from glaciers Water from precipitation and melt water from the glaciers collects in lakes in the ice-free area between the coast and the ice sheet
and, from here, it runs into the fiords or the sea.
The run-off from some of these high-lying lakes provides opportunities for hydropower. At present, five hydroelectric power stations are in operation.
The water from the glaciers and the ice sheet is often brownish to greenish in
colour due to the content of sediment from the moraines along the ice or from
the bottom of the glaciers. During the summer, blue lakes of pure water are
formed on the ice sheet. The water runs in small rivers along the ice until it disappears through crevasses (moulins) and follows tunnels in the ice or between
the ice and the subsurface. When it leaves the front of the ice it is, in most cases,
”polluted” with sediment.
15
Ice-dammed lakes, which form along the glacier tongues, are a special phenomenon. The lakes are filled with melt water while the outlets are dammed by the
glaciers. When the water level is high enough to counterbalance the weight of
the glacier, the lake will empty below the glacier and run out at the glacier front.
This may happen every year or with intervals of up to ten years. When it happens,
there may be severe flooding in the area below the glacier or heavy turbulence
and increased calving if the glacier front reaches a lake or fiord.
The effect of
The warmer climate in Greenland give rise to a larger melting of the front of the
global warming ice sheet, resulting in an retreat of many glaciers, see Appendix A, and an reduction of the thickness in the border areas, especially in the South-West Greenland.
On the other hand, the climate change results in an increased precipitation on the
middle of the ice sheet making up for the loss at the edge. However, it may have
an influence of the production of ice bergs in certain areas.
Water supplyAlmost all of the water supplies in Greenland come from surface water. Groundwater may exist in significant quantities below the permafrost, however, extraction is extremely expensive.
The surface water for the water supply is collected in dams and treated in order
to comply with the quality standards of Greenland’s legislation [13], which is
comparable with the EU Potable Water Quality Act [15].
Glaciers for ice Generally, glacier ice from ice caps is a clean, natural product. This does not mean
and water productionthat the ice does not contain very small concentrations of fine terrestrial dust
and meteoric particles deposited from the atmosphere. Furthermore, it is possible to detect ashes, soot and charcoal that have been carried to the ice by the
wind although the particles may be regarded as predominantly sterile material.
The melting at the edge of the ice results in concentration of the impurities on
the surface and certain areas of the ice sheet surface may appear dirty. However, due to the fact that the ice is impermeable, pollution of the surface only
has a limited impact on the quality of the ice. Special geological conditions exist whereby inclusions may be found in the ice which reduce the quality locally.
These conditions occur in connection with 1) crevasses (blue bands), 2) dead-ice
and 3) shear planes in the ice. When extracting the ice, it is important to avoid
the blue bands because the quality and age of blue band ice is uncertain owing to
water seeping from the surface [3:11].
The occurrence of mid moraines on the ice surface indicates that basal material,
picked up from the geological substratum, has reached the glacier surface. Generally, extraction of the deepest and most marginal parts of the ice is not recommended due to the fact that this ice was close to the subjacent bedrock when
floating and may even contain high concentrations of matter that could be harmful to the environment such as silt, sand and gravel and, in some areas, clay and
minerals with unfavourable properties such as high levels of radioactivity. Based
16
on the geological conditions, assessment of the surface is recommended prior to
extraction. This assessment may minimise the risk of extracting “dead” ice that
has been in contact with the substratum, or ice with many blue bands [3:12].
The above mentioned consideration about the content of solid matters in the ice
is important when the exploitation is based on mining of ice from the glaciers.
When using calved ice, the ice growlers can be selected to avoid great content of
impurities, blue bands etc.
Age of the glacier iceThe origin and – in particular – the age of the ice may be the most essential sales
parameters for bottled water originating from Greenland’s ice sheet.
The ice can be dated by applying the C14 method to particles in the ice. However,
the method is very expensive and large volumes of ice, completely free of pollution by modern C14, are required. Instead, model studies are often used – the
more comprehensive the study, the more accurate the results [10].
Calved ice in front of a glacier with a dirty ice growler. 17
Photo: NIRAS
6 ICE AND WATER PRODUCTS
The ice and water products are divided into:
■ pure bottled still water from glaciers
■ bottled water from glacier with gas and/or flavour additives
■ ice products from glaciers
■ other uses of glacier water, e.g. basis for alcoholic beverages and admixture in
cosmetics and skin care products.
Three glaciers were investigated as a source for ice and bottled water, see chapter 7.
The following sections discuss a variety of classifications of bottled water and
a proposal for a new ”Greenland Ice Cap Water” logo. Besides, ice products, bulk
water production and other products are described briefly.
6.1 Bottled water products from glaciers
Existing classificationsBottled water can be classified as ”natural mineral water”, ”spring water” or ”bottled drinking water”. These classifications are governed by different regulations
on the various different markets, e.g. European Communities (Natural Mineral
Waters, Spring Waters and Other Waters in Bottles or Containers) Regulations
2007 [11] and the Danish Bottled Water Act [12]. With regard to water quality,
national regulations must apply, e.g. the Greenland Drinking Water Act [13], the
Danish Drinking Water Act [14], the EU Council Directive 98/83/EC [15] or other
national or international regulations in force on the export market.
The terms ”natural mineral water” and ”spring water” are reserved for underground water sources or natural springs and the classifications cannot be used
for water that originates from melted glacier ice. Permissible treatments are
restricted to the following for natural mineral water and spring water: removal
of unstable components such as iron and compounds with sulphur content, ozone
treatment as justified by the content of iron, manganese, sulphur and arsenic
compounds, physical partial or full decarbonisation and recarbonisation following a set of described procedures.
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Super premium bottled water brands
Most nations or markets have regulations on water quality and water definitions, including Japan, the EU and the USA. The purpose of these regulations is
to ensure safe drinking water (both tap water and bottled water) and to avoid
misinformation. In this way, customers can be sure that the mineral water they
purchase is not only safe but differs from regular tap water. Different nations
have different regulations and different definitions.
Classification of There are no specific definitions for water from glaciers on the markets of inteGreenland Ice Cap Water rest. Water and ice from glaciers differ from other water products, as there are
no established standards and no clear definitions. For this reason, a new definition
and a set of requirements specific to water from glaciers would be an advantage.
Due to the fact that it would be a time-consuming affair to change or adjust the
various different nations’ regulations, Greenland Government has developed a
new logo, which certifies that the ice and water producer comply with a set of
regulations and requirements for extraction method, traceability and sustainability in accordance with the ”Exports of Ice and Water Act”. This, together with
national regulations for potable water quality, will protect ”Greenland Ice Cap
Water” as a high quality product.
Exploitation licencePreserving the perception of Greenland as a pristine environment with unique
nature, natural resources and culture is important in order to maintain a
high-quality image across markets around the world. For this purpose, the ”Exports of Ice and Water Act” contains a set of requirements for obtaining licences
for exploiting ice and water for export [16]. The conditions for award of an exploitation licence relate to the ability and professionalism of the applicant, environmental protection, local employment, quality of the product, traceability, etc.
19
A proposal for ”Certification and quality guide for Greenland ice and water
resources” has been prepared in order to ensure sustainable exploitation of
Greenland’s ice and water resources - from environmental, cultural and economic
viewpoints. The full certification scheme proposes a set of actions related to the
environment and social responsibility which are considered of importance in relation to marketing and compliance with consumer demands. It should therefore
be regarded as a competitive necessity in the bottled water business.
For more inspiration see www. businessingreenland.gl
Photo: NIRAS
6.2 Ice products
Potential ice products from glaciers or calved ice are packed ice cubes, bulk ice
for export or similar products.
The same criteria apply to the quality of ice products as to potable water and the
same regulations for licensing, as mentioned above, will be in force.
6.3 Other glacier water products
Greenland ice cap water may also be used for bottled water with flavour additives and as the primary ingredient in beverages, admixture in cosmetics, skincare products etc. based on the purity, natural qualities and history of the water.
The water is already used for beer production in and outside Greenland and in
vodka products in Canada. The potential for creating a unique product by adding
Greenland ice cap water is almost endless.
20
7 GLACIER SOURCES FOR ICE
AND WATER PRODUCTION
Three glaciers were selected for investigation. They were investigated by GEUS
[3] in 2006 and samples from the edge of the glaciers were collected and analysed. In 2008 samples were collected from ice growlers in front of one of the
three glaciers, Narsap Sermia [5].
The results of the sampling and analysis of the water are presented in the following sections. Detailed information about the glaciers is provided in Appendix A
and the results of the analyses are listed in Appendix B.
The methods for extracting ice from the glaciers are discussed in section 7.3.
7.1 Investigated glacier locations
During 2005 and 2006, GEUS investigated several glaciers in western and southern Greenland for the potential to extract freshwater for bottled water export.
Glacier ice sampling at Narsap Sermia from the 2006 investigation. © GEUS 2007
During the summer of 2006 field investigations were carried out and ice samples
were collected from three glaciers (Narsap Sermia, Nigerlikasik and Sermilik),
which all met the criteria for the selection of glaciers (age of the ice, purity of the
ice with regard to sediment content, accessibility of the glaciers, etc.)
21
Besides the collection of ice samples for analysis, field work included the collection of information on topography, morphology and geology of the landscape in
front of the glaciers, the glacier morphology etc., in order to verify and supplement interpretations of aerial photos and satellite images.
The physical conditions were described on location and documented with photos
and videos. The findings are reported in the GEUS report 2007/14 [3].
In 2008 supplementary investigations were carried out by NIRAS Greenland at
Narsap Sermia. Samples were taken from three ice growlers fished out of the
water in front of the glacier. The ice growlers, which were approx. 1 m3 in size,
were cut into two sections with an electric chain saw, and samples were taken
from the surface and at depths of 1/3 and 2/3 to the centre of the ice growler.
Samples were also taken from the centre of the ice growler for comprehensive
chemical and bacteriological analyses.
Cutting of an ice growler for sampling at various depths during the 2008 investigation of Narsap Sermia.
Photo: NIRAS
The purpose of the sampling was to measure any penetration of salt from the sea
water and to evaluate the quality for drinking water production.
Thorough precautions were taken to avoid contamination of the samples. The
boat’s engine was stopped at least one hour before sampling, and for the bacteri22
ological samples, protective clothing, masks, sterile gloves and containers were
used.
The investigation and findings are described in NIRAS’ report of September
2008 [5].
7.2 Results of analyses
Reference is made to Appendix B.
General water qualityBoth the results from the 2006 investigation of three glaciers and the 2008 investigation of ice growlers demonstrate that the water quality is characterised
by a very low content of inorganic components and has no buffer capacity. The
water quality is generally acceptable as drinking water, but water quality parameters such as conductivity and hydrogen carbonate are low, while the parameter
for aggressive carbon dioxide is elevated.
Solids and turbidityThe analytical results for the ice samples from 2006 showed a high content of
total solids and non-volatile organic carbon (NVOC) and a high turbidity, which
presumably is attributable to the shallow depth and location of sample collection
on the glacier. The total solids and NVOC were not exceeded for the 2008 samples, but the turbidity was slightly elevated above the quality criteria, although
much lower than for the 2006 samples.
Heavy metals, PAH, PCB, The 2006 investigation demonstrated that glacier ice samples had no content
PCP, pesticides etc. of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polycyclic biphenyls
(PCB) or pesticides except for a low level of 4-nitrophenol in many of the samples, which was attributed to contamination from the plastic bags used for
storage of the ice sampling [3:104]. Since no anthropogenic (man-made) contamination was present in the 2006 samples, the 2008 samples were not analysed for
these micro-contaminants.
Metals and inorganic ionsThe ice samples from both 2006 and 2008 had an iron content close to the
recommended level for drinking water of 0.2 mg/l Fe and, in one sample, the
level was slightly exceeded. An elevated level of iron in drinking water does not
present a health problem, but is usually undesirable due to the possibility of precipitation and discolouration of the water. The World Health Organisation has no
recommended value for iron in drinking water [1].
With the exception of the samples from Sermilik, the ammonia content of the
2006 samples exceeded the drinking water quality criterion. The same elevated
content was not found in the 2008 samples.
MicrobiologyThe microbiological quality of the ice samples was generally very good and well
below microbiological quality criteria for colony counts and pathogenic bacteria.
One sample from 2008 did, however, show an aberrant result of 1 germ count for
23
Clostridium perfringens, but it was assessed that this was an unlikely result as
no other bacterial contamination was found in the sample or in any of the other
samples. The 2006 samples showed higher colony counts than the 2008 samples
but were still well below EU standard values for the quality of drinking water.
Sea water penetrationThe field and laboratory results for the ice growlers in front of Narsap Sermia in
2008 showed that no sea water had penetrated the sampled ice growlers.
Conclusions
The results of all analyses demonstrated that the water quality complies with
Greenlandic, Danish and EU standards for drinking water. However, there is an
enhanced level of turbidity and content of iron and ammonia in some samples.
The low level of conductivity and elevated level of aggressive CO2 is not considered to be a problem for the production of bottled ice cap water.
7.3 Extraction of ice from glaciers
Production of glacier ice involves the establishment of lines of communication
and transport to and from the extraction sites. Land-based as well as vessel-based extraction and processing units can be considered; vessel-based processing has the added advantage of being able to tap the water directly into the
bottle as it melts.
Sterile sampling from ice growler. 24
Photo: NIRAS
In the case of ice production, e.g. ice cubes for drinks (“whisky on 50,000 year old
rocks”), either calving ice or mining directly from the glacier may be considered.
The two methods have different connotations from the point of view of branding,
and the challenges connected with the establishment of processing facilities
may be different.
As most glaciers are receding at a specific rate, it is important to consider for
how long the glacier will be accessible from the processing facilities and whether
there is a risk of re-advancement of the glaciers, which may cover the facilities.
Commercial production of water from the glaciers will require consistency of
quality and other parameters, such as origin and “age”, for the produced water.
It is almost certain that the ice growlers in the inner part of the basin in front of
Narsap Sermia originate from the same glacier and are not mixed with growlers
from other glaciers.
The methods used for sampling, i.e. fishing up of small growlers with nets and
cranes, will not be viable for commercial, large-scale production. Large fishing
trawlers could be used as these have facilities for the hygienic treatment of
foodstuffs. Both bottling on board and the export of the ice for bottling later are
feasible options.
Fishing of ice growlers at Narsap Sermia for sampling.
25
Photo: NIRAS
The utilisation of calved ice from glaciers, as described, will be the most sustainable way of exploiting glacier ice and there will be no impact on the glacier itself.
Alternative methods for the extraction or mining of ice directly from the glacier
will affect the surrounding land due to the need for infrastructure and heavy vehicle traffic. Furthermore, it would be necessary to remove the upper part of the
ice, which often contains higher contents of solids and NVOC. This method is not
considered environmentally sustainable and will have an impact on the glacier.
7.4 Evaluation of glacier sites
Reference is made to datasheets for each glacier site in Appendix A, GEUS’ report from investigations in 2006 [3] and NIRAS’ investigation report from 2008
[5].
7.4.1 The Sermilik glacier
Re. [3:73]
Panorama of the front of the Sermilik glacier (2006).
Photo: GEUS
General descriptionThe glacier has a relatively short tongue, ending inside the fiord. Since 1985, it
has receded considerably and, today, the glacier tongue has almost disappeared.
Since 2007 the front of the glacier has receded 1.5 km.
The remaining glacier banks relatively steeply against the inland ice.
The water in front of the glacier is filled with calved ice.
Comments and conclusionExtraction of ice growlers should be possible in front of the glacier. There is
probably no risk of mixing with ice from other glaciers.
It may be difficult to establish land-based facilities close to the glacier sides
within the areas that, until recently, were covered with ice. An advance of the
glacier front in the future could endanger such facilities.
There is no infrastructure in the area and the sailing distance to the nearest
town, Qaqortoq, is 115 km.
26
7.4.2 The Nigerlikasik glacier
Re. [3: 62]
Nigerlikasik Glacier seen from a distance. The glacier is calving in the right of the photo. The rest of the rock rests
on the rocks that have recently been exposed (2006). Photo: GEUS
General descriptionThe glacier has a relatively short and very steep tongue, feeding into the fiord of
the same name. The glacier front is stable and it would be relatively easy to establish land-based facilities on the north side of the glacier. Since 2007 the front
of the glacier has receded 0.2-1.0 km, and it is almost all resting on rock.
There is no or only a little calved ice in front of the glacier but navigation close to
the glacier appears to be difficult due to sedimentation and moraine deposits in
the innermost part of the fjord.
Comments and conclusionExtraction of ice from the water in front of the glacier may not be possible as no
calving takes place.
There is no infrastructure in the area, but this may be established near the glacier front. The sailing distance to the nearest town, Paamiut, is 48 km.
27
7.4.3 The Narsap Sermia glacier
Re. [3:50], [5]
Photo: GEUS
Narsap Sermia in July 2008 with open water. General description
Photo: NIRAS
The glacier has a relatively short tongue reaching the inner part of the Nuup Kangerlua fiord. Since 2006 the glacier front has retreated 3-4.5 km, but the front is
still floating.
In most years, there is a high concentration of ice in front of the glacier and this
prevents access to the front through the fiord. However, the 2008 investigation
showed little ice concentration and the water was easily navigable with ice-class
vessels.
Comments and conclusion The investigations in 2008 demonstrated that it is possible to extract ice growlers from the water in front of the glacier.
There are also good opportunities for the establishment of land-based facilities
on the south side of the glacier. However, if the glacier recedes another six to
seven kilometres, it may be difficult to reach the side of the glacier. Along the
28
glacier sides, there are several ice dammed lakes which may break at intervals of
several years. If this happens, augmented water levels may occur in some places
along the water front.
There is no infrastructure in the area and the distance to the nearest town, Nuuk,
is 115 km by boat.
7.5 Further areas of interest
There are several areas along the south-west cost where calving from glaciers
is high which makes them suitable for extraction of growlers in front of the glaciers.
Estimated maximum (dark blue) and minimum (light blue) calved ice production from West Greenland glaciers.
Source: (Weidick et al. 2007) [18]
29
7.5.1 South Greenland
Along the fjord Ikersuaq (Bredefjord) and at the bottom of Tunulliarfik (Eriksfjord) there are a number of glaciers with high production of calving ice, but no
sampling have taken place from these glaciers. It may be difficult to determine
the origin of the ice growlers as most of the fjord areas contain ice from more
than one glacier.
7.5.2 Disco Bay
Productive glaciers in South Greenland. Source: NunaGis
The Disco Bay with the Greenland Ice Sheet and Sermeq Kujalleq to the left. Source: NunaGis
30
The glacier Sermeq Kujalleq in the Ilulissat Icefjord is (Kangia) one of the world’s
most productive glaciers, around 46 cubic kilometres of ice every year3.
The glacier front has retreated significantly since 2000, but the front is still
floating producing very large icebergs. The icebergs move out in the 1000 m deep
Icefjord and during 12 to 15 month they reach a moraine deposit at the mouth of
the fjord, the Icefjord Bank, where they run aground. From this position the large
icebergs disintegrate into smaller icebergs and ice growlers, which float into the
Disco Bay.
The glacier front has receded during the last centuries. Source: GEUS
The Icefjord is a UNESCO World Heritage area, and it is not allowed to extract ice
from the Icefjord itself. However, ice growlers can be extracted from the whole
Disco Bay area.
7.6 Conclusion
The three glacier locations described above are evaluated and the various different factors (quality, capacity, infrastructure, logistics and environment and
nature) rated on a scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best). The ratings for the different
glaciers and for each factor can be found on appendix A. Each rating is multiplied
by a weight: quality (5), capacity (5), infrastructure (4), logistics (4), environment
and nature (2) and the results are then added, providing the final results presented in the table below.
31
Name
Location
Rating
Sermilik
Qaqortoq
54
Nigerlikasik
Paamiut
70
Narsap Sermia
Nuuk
79
The rating in the table can only be used for a relatively assessment of the glaciers, the water quality, the infrastructure etc. A high rating means that the glacier site is more feasible for a glacier water production compared to sites with
lower rating.
Different levels of iron and ammonia are considered random variations, as different levels were found in the three growlers from the same glacier. A more comprehensive sampling programme is required to evaluate these components.
Narsap Sermia is considered to be the most feasible of the investigated glaciers
as it enables the extraction of calved ice. Extraction of calved ice is less feasible
from Nigerlikasik. The remote location and long distance to the nearest town
gives Sermilik a low rating for infrastructure and logistics.
There are a number of other glaciers, which can be used for extraction of ice
growlers. The areas of most interest are in South Greenland and Disco Bay.
32
8 CONCLUSION AND
PERSPECTIVES
The objective of this catalogue is to provide an overview of the potential for
commercial exploitation of Greenland’s ice and water resources.
The resources described include ice from three glaciers. Sources such as bulk
water, springs and underground water are not included in this catalogue. Please
see www. businessingreenland.gl for more details about the investigations and
analyses of other glaciers nor included in this catalogue.
The results are based on investigations, sampling and analyses which took place
in 2006-2008.
8.1 Ice and water from glaciers
The investigations demonstrated that it is possible to extract ice growlers from
the sea in front of a glacier and that the water quality of the melted water or ice
is suitable for consumer goods such as bottled water or ice cubes.
Beside the three investigated glaciers there are more than ten glaciers of interest between South Greenland and Disco Bay.
Water quality
The melted water from ice growlers is clean and of good quality compared to
regulations for tab water. The water contains few but harmless impurities, i.e.
elevated turbidity, compared to criteria for water from waterworks.
In general the water quality is characterised by a very low content of inorganic
components with no buffer capacity and elevated content of aggressive carbon
dioxide. Some samples contained iron, and water quality parameters such as
conductivity and hydrogen carbonate are too low for drinking water from waterworks. No samples indicated bacteriological contamination.
None of the above mentioned exceeded water quality parameters are considered
a problem for production of high quality bottled water.
Water samples from the glaciers indicate higher values for turbidity, non-volatile
organic carbon (NVOC), and in some samples ammonium and phosphor. This is ascribed to the sampling method, where dust from the surface cannot be avoided.
Sea water penetrationThe results of the analysis showed that there is no penetration of salt in the
growlers, except in the few outermost centimetres. The salinity of the water in
front of the glacier at the time of sampling was rather low, 6-12 ‰. However,
salinity may increase during winter when no melting from the glacier takes place,
but it is not considered that this will have an influence on salt penetration in the
ice growlers.
33
Other parameters Commercial production of ice cap water will require consistency of quality and
other parameters, such as origin and “age”, for the produced water. It is almost
certain that the ice growlers in the inner part of the basin in front of Narsap Sermia originate from the same glacier and are not mixed with growlers from other
glaciers.
Extraction of calved iceThe methods used for sampling, i.e. fishing up of small growlers with nets and
cranes, will not be viable for commercial, large-scale production. Large fishing
trawlers could be used as these have facilities for the hygienic treatment of
foodstuffs. Both bottling on board and the export of the ice for bottling later are
feasible options.
The method described will be the most sustainable way of exploiting glacier ice,
and there will be no impact on the glacier itself.
Mining of ice Alternative methods for the extraction or mining of ice from the glacier will affect the surrounding land due to the need for infrastructure and heavy vehicle
traffic. Furthermore, it would be necessary to remove the upper part of the ice,
which often contains higher contents of solids and organics. This method is not
considered environmentally sustainable and will have an impact on the glacier.
Products from glaciersSmall icebergs are an excellent source for the commercial production of pure,
premium Greenland ice cap bottled water. The sustainability of the process is ensured by only extracting water from already calved ice as this will have no impact
on the glaciers themselves.
The water may also be used as a pure, raw material for the production of different kinds of beverage as well as admixtures in cosmetics and skincare products
based on the water’s age and origin.
34
REFERENCES 1The Home Rule Parliament Act No 7 of May 31st 2001 on the exploitation
of ice and water for exploitation (The Ice and Water Exportation Act)
2 Statement regarding the government of Greenland’s strategy for exporting
ice and water. FM 2004/22. The Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum.
March 2004.
3GEUS: Greenland Ice as resource for freshwater export. Investigation of
four glaciers from the Greenland Inland Ice. Field Work and Analysis.
GEUS Report 2007/14
4Rambøll: Greenland Ice and Water. Exploration of water resources
(option 1). Virum October 2007
5NIRAS Greenland: Greenland ice and water for export, Sampling of glacier
ice at Narsap Sermia. Nuuk September 2008
6NIRAS Consultants: Export of Greenland ice and water, Market survey.
Aarhus May 2008
7DNV Industry: Greenland ice and water for export, Certification and Quality
proposal. Høvik June 2008
8http://www.geus.dk/program-areas/raw-materials-greenl-map/greenland/
gr-map/anhstart-uk.htm. 4.11.2007
9Anker Weidick: Greenland. Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the World. U.S.
Geological professional paper 1386-C. Washington 1995
10 C. E. Bøggild: Personal communication 2007
11European Communities (Natural Mineral Waters, Spring Waters and Other
Waters in Bottles or Containers) Regulations 2007 (S.I. No. 225 of 2007)
and amendments (S.I. No. 686 of 2007)
12 Bekendtgørelse om naturligt mineralvand, kildevand og emballeret drikkevand of 10 December, 2003.
13Greenland Home Rule: Order No. 7 of 17 March 2008 on water quality and
inspection of water supply plants
14The Danish Environmental Ministry: Order no. 1449 of 21st. December 2007
on water quality and inspection of water supply plants. Copenhagen 2007
35
15European Union: The Council directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on
quality of water intended for human consumption. 1998
16 Executive order No. 7 of 22 April 2004 on the processing by the authorities
of application filed pursuant to the Ice and Water Exportation Act.
Government of Greenland. 22 April 2004
17WHO (2006): Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Third edition,
incorporating first addendum. Recommendations. Vol. 1. 2006
18Weidick, Anker and Ole Bennike (2007): Quaternary glaciation history and
glaciology of Jakobshavn Isbræ and the Disko Bugt region, West Greenland:
a review. GEUS
19http://www.geus.dk/viden_om/voii/ilulissat-uk/voii03-uk.html
36
APPENDIX A
DATASHEETS FOR GLACIAL RESOURCES
Greenland
GreenlandIce
Iceand
andWater
Waterfor
forExport
Export––Product
ProductCatalogue
Catalogue
Registration
of
Ice
and
Water
Resources
Registration of Ice and Water Resources
LOCATION
LOCATION
Name
Name
IDID
Type
Type
Municipality
Municipality
Sermilik,
Sermilik,Qaqortoq
Qaqortoq
02.A
02.A(1AI05001)
(1AI05001)
Glacier
Glacier
Qaqortoq
Qaqortoq
Coordinates
Coordinates UTM
UTM23V
23V (1)
(1)N:
N:6765227
6765227E:E:393178
393178
(2)
(2)N:
N:6765029
6765029E:E:392929
392929
Geographic
Geographic61°00'
61°00'N,N,46°58'
46°58'WW
Water
Water
quality
quality
Ice
Icecap
capwater
water
Twosamples
samplesout
outofoftwo
twohave
haveelevated
elevatedvalues
valuesfor
forturbidity,
turbidity,NVOC
NVOC
Two
Rating
Rating
Capacity
Capacity
22
Glacierarea:
area:approx.
approx.220
220km
km
Theice
iceedge
edgehas
haswithdrawn
withdrawn88km
kmsince
since
Glacier
. .The
1869;
1
km
from
1869-1985,
5
km
from
1985-2001
and
2
km
from
20011869; 1 km from 1869-1985, 5 km from 1985-2001 and 2 km from 20012014
.
It
is
expected
that
the
ice
edge
can
thin
out
further
until
a
new
2014 . It is expected that the ice edge can thin out further until a new
equilibriumisisreached.
reached.The
Theage
ageofofthe
theice
iceisisestimated
estimatedtoto6.000-12.000
6.000-12.000
equilibrium
yearsold.
old.
years
Theglacier
glacierisisresting
restingatatthe
therock
rockbasis
basisexcept
exceptfor
foraasmall
smallpart
partininthe
themidmidThe
dle.The
Thecalving
calvingrate
rateisismoderate
moderatetotovery
verymodest.
modest.
dle.
22
InfrastrucInfrastructure
ture
Thebest
bestaccess
accessfrom
fromthe
thefiord
fiordtotothe
theglacier
glacierisisalong
alongthe
thenorth-west
north-westside
side
The
22
of
the
fiord.
Due
to
calving
ice,
strong
current
from
the
glacier
and
a
raof the fiord. Due to calving ice, strong current from the glacier and a rathersteep
steepcoast,
coast,only
onlyfew
fewplaces
placesininconvenient
convenientdistance
distancefrom
fromglacier
glacierfront
front
ther
are
suited
for
landing.
are suited for landing.
Landingapprox.
approx.22km
kmfrom
fromthe
theglacier
glacierfront,
front,aahilly
hillyterrain
terrainwith
withsporadic
sporadic
Landing
difficultpassages
passageswith
withwater
waterlogging
loggingareas
areasmust
mustbe
bepassed
passedtotocome
cometotothe
the
difficult
glacier.
glacier.
Thesurface
surfaceofofthe
theglacier
glacierisismoderate
moderatefissured;
fissured;less
lesson
onthe
thenorth-west
north-west
The
side
where
it
is
possible
to
enter
the
glacier.
side where it is possible to enter the glacier.
Constructionofofroad
roadconnection
connectiontotoaatown
townisisnot
notrealistic.
realistic.
Construction
Thereare
areno
noharbour
harbourfacilities
facilitiesininthe
thearea.
area.
There
Distance
by
sea
to
the
settlement
of
Qassimiut
(35inhabitants):
inhabitants):35
35km
km(7(7
Distance by sea to the settlement of Qassimiut (35
m
jetty
and
1.3
–
3.0
m
draft).
m jetty and 1.3 – 3.0 m draft).
Distanceby
bysea
seatotothe
thetowns
townsofofQaqortoq
Qaqortoqand
andNarsaq
Narsaqisisapprox.
approx.the
thesame
same
Distance
and
depending
of
route:
105-120
km
and depending of route: 105-120 km
QuayininQaqortoq:
Qaqortoq:length:
length:96
96m,
m,draft:
draft:6.6
6.6m.
m.
Quay
QuayininNarsaq:
Narsaq:length
length60
60m,
m,draft:
draft:8.3
8.3m.
m.
Quay
Distanceby
byair
airtotoNarsaq
Narsaqheliport:
heliport:51
51km
km
Distance
44
Distanceby
byair
airtotoQaqortoq
Qaqortoqheliport:
heliport:61
61km
km
Distance
Distanceby
byair
airtotoNarsarsuaq
Narsarsuaqint.
int.airport:
airport:86
86km
km
Distance
Logistics
Logistics
37
Navigation to the glacier is via Sermilik fiord from the coast or for minor
2
Navigation to the glacier is via Sermilik fiord from the coast or for minor
2
boats via the archipelago north-east of Qassimiut.
boats via the archipelago north-east of Qassimiut.
The inner part of the fiord is mapped (GEUS 2007:61).
The inner part of the fiord is mapped (GEUS 2007:61).
Qaqortoq and Narsaq can be navigated year round, but can be closed in
Qaqortoq and Narsaq can be navigated year round, but can be closed in
June-August due to multi-year ice ("storis").
June-August due to multi-year ice ("storis").
Qaqortoq and Narsaq have connection to Denmark via feeder route to
Qaqortoq and Narsaq have connection to Denmark via feeder route to
Nuuk every 7-10 days depending on season.
Nuuk every 7-10 days depending on season.
Heliports in Qaqortoq and Narsaq have connection 1-3 days a week to the
Heliports in Qaqortoq and Narsaq have connection 1-3 days a week to the
airport of Narsarsuaq, depending on season.
airport of Narsarsuaq, depending on season.
LOCATION
Name
ID
Type
Municipality
Sermilik, Qaqortoq
02.A (1AI05001)
Glacier
Qaqortoq
Coordinates
UTM 23V (1) N: 6765227 E: 393178
(2) N: 6765029 E: 392929
Geographic 61°00' N, 46°58' W
Nature and
environment
The only recorded areas of special interest for nature and wildlife are 3
Nos. of ”Other seabird colonies” off the coast in a distance of approx.
35 km south-west of the glacier.
4
These areas are not expected to be a real obstacle for extraction of
ice/water from the glacier.
Total rating
59
Map of the
area
Scale:
~1:530.000
Source:
Grønlands
Topografiske Kortværk
© KMS
Map of the
location
Scale:
~1:127.000
Source:
Grønlands
Topografiske
Kortværk
© KMS
G_02.A-Sermilik-UK.docx
38
Page 2 of 4
LOCATION
Coordinates
Name
ID
Type
Municipality
Sermilik, Qaqortoq
02.A (1AI05001)
Glacier
Qaqortoq
UTM 23V (1) N: 6765227 E: 393178
(2) N: 6765029 E: 392929
Satellite
photo 2007
Source:
© Google
Earth Pro
Landing
Sample
Sampling points are located in Google Earth from coordinate information given in GEUS' report.
The blue line is the margin 2014
39
Page 3 of 4
LOCATION
Coordinates
Name
ID
Type
Municipality
Sermilik, Qaqortoq
02.A (1AI05001)
Glacier
Qaqortoq
UTM 23V (1) N: 6765227 E: 393178
(2) N: 6765029 E: 392929
Source:
Landsat 8
14th Aug.
2014
40
Page 4 of 4
Greenland Ice and Water for Export – Product Catalogue
Registration of Ice and Water resources
LOCATION
Name
ID
Type
Municipality
Nigerlikasik Bræ
05.A (1BG06002)
Glacier
Paamiut
Coordinates
UTM 22W (1) N: 6884072 E: 612734
(2) N: 6884353 E: 612782
Water
Quality
Ice cap water
Rating
Two out of two samples have exceeded values for turbidity and ammonium. One sample has exceeded values for NVOC, iron and phosphorous
4
Capacity
Glacier area: 439 km2. The location of the glacier front is relatively stabile
with a retreat of less than 2 km since ca. 1900. The age of the ice is estimated to 5.000 – 12.000 years old.
2
Only a small part of the front is floating. The calving rate is very modest.
Infrastructure
The access from the fiord to the north coast at the glacier front is rather
easy. The coastal area is slightly hilly rock. Limited calving of ice only occur
from the southern part of the glacier.
4
Access to the glacier is rather easy from the north side of the fiord. The
glacier surface is moderate fissured.
Construction of road connection to a town or settlement is not realistic.
There are no harbour facilities in the area.
Distance by sea to the nearest town, Paamiut: 48 km
Quay in Paamiut: length 90 m, draft 7.8-8.6 m.
Distance by air to Paamiut with airport (799 m runway) is 43 km.
Logistics
Navigation to the glacier is via Kvanefjord and fiord branch Nigerlikasik.
4
The water depth of the fiord system is deep, but the innermost part is not
known. There is no significant amount of ice from the glacier in the fiord.
Sea ice during winter is not known. Sea ice, pack ice and ice bergs may
occur off the cost of Paamiut, but obstacles for the navigation are rather
rare.
Paamiut harbour is called every 7-10 days depending on season by feeder
ships (cargo ships with connection to overseas destinations via Nuuk)
Paamiut Airport has connection to Narsarsuaq int. Airport and other towns
in Greenland 2 days a week.
Nature and
environment
The only recorded areas of special interest for nature and wildlife are
2 Nos. of "Other seabird colonies" along the coast of Kvanefjord in a distance of 8 and 25 km respectively west of the glacier front.
4
These areas are not expected to be a real obstacle for extraction of
ice/water from the glacier.
Total rating
41
75
G_05.A-Nigerlikasik-UK.docx
Page 1 of 4
LOCATION
Coordinates
Name
ID
Type
Municipality
Nigerlikasik Bræ
05.A (1BG06002)
Glacier
Paamiut
UTM 22W (1) N: 6884072 E: 612734
(2) N: 6884353 E: 612782
Map of the
area
Scale:
~1:516:00
0
Source:
Grønlands
Topografiske Kortværk
© KMS
Map of the
location
Scale:
~1:125:00
0
Scale:
Grønlands
Topografiske
Kortværk
© KMS
42
Page 2 of 4
LOCATION
Coordinates
Name
ID
Type
Municipality
Nigerlikasik Bræ
05.A (1BG06002)
Glacier
Paamiut
UTM 22W (1) N: 6884072 E: 612734
(2) N: 6884353 E: 612782
Satellite
photo 2007
Source:
© Google
Earth Pro
Landing
Sample
Sampling points are located in Google Earth from coordinate information given in GEUS' report.
The blue line is the margin 2014
43
Page 3 of 4
LOCATION
Coordinates
Name
ID
Type
Municipality
Nigerlikasik Bræ
05.A (1BG06002)
Glacier
Paamiut
UTM 22W (1) N: 6884072 E: 612734
(2) N: 6884353 E: 612782
Source:
Landsat 8
1st Aug.
2014
44
Page 4 of 4
Greenland Ice and Water for Export – Product Catalogue
Registration of Ice and Water Resources
LOCATION
Name
ID
Type
Municipality
Narsap Sermia
06.D (1CH17002)
Glacier
Nuuk
Coordinates
UTM 22W (1) N: 7168420 E: 544321
(2) N: 7169147 E: 543807
Water
quality
Ice cap water
Rating
Two samples out of two from 2006 have elevated values for ammonium.
One sample has elevated values of iron, phosphorous and NVOC.
4
Six out of six samples from 2008 have elevated values of turbidity. Three
samples have elevated values of iron
Capacity
Glacier area: 1188 km2. The location of the glacier front is rather stable,
but a retreat is observed from 2006 to 2008 and 3-4.5 km until now. The
age of the ice is estimated to 5.000 – 12.000 years old.
5
The glacier tongue is floating. The calving rate is modest to high.
Infrastructure
In 2006 it was not possible to navigate to the front due to the dense
pack ice in front of the glacier. Landing must take place on the west side
of point Narsap. Distance overland to the south side of the glacier is approx. 3 km along the coast.
3
In 2008 the water was more open and navigation with ice class vessels
was possible almost to the front.
The surface of the glacier is strongly fissured with many crevasses which
makes it difficult to walk on the surface.
Construction of road connection to a town or settlement is not realistic.
There are no harbour facilities in the area.
Distance by sea to the nearest town, Nuuk: 115 km
Nuuk harbour has two quays: the newest being 102 m long with 10 m
draft.
Distance by air to the nearest town with airport, Nuuk (950 m runway), is
92 km.
Logistics
Navigation to the glacier is via Nuup Kangerlua.
3
During winter sea ice may occur in the inner part of the fiord, up to 20
km from the glacier based on an estimate. Year round the last approx.
5 km form the glacier front can only be navigated with ice strengthen
vessels due to calving ice from the glacier.
Nuuk Harbour has weekly connection to Aalborg, Denmark, year round.
Nuuk airport has connections to Kangerlussuaq int. Airport 4-6 days a
week and to other destinations in Greenland.
Nature and
environment
There are no records of areas sensitive to nature and wildlife.
Total rating
45
5
79
G_06.D-Narsap-UK.docx
Page 1 of 4
LOCATION
Coordinates
Name
ID
Type
Municipality
Narsap Sermia
06.D (1CH17002)
Glacier
Nuuk
UTM 22W (1) N: 7168420 E: 544321
(2) N: 7169147 E: 543807
Map of the
area
Scale:
~1:380.000
Source:
Grønlands
Topografiske
Kortværk
© KMS
Map of the
location
Scale:
~1:110.000
Source:
Grønlands
Topografiske
Kortværk
© KMS
46
Page 2 of 4
LOCATION
Coordinates
Name
ID
Type
Municipality
Narsap Sermia
06.D (1CH17002)
Glacier
Nuuk
UTM 22W (1) N: 7168420 E: 544321
(2) N: 7169147 E: 543807
Satellite photo 2006
Source:
© Google
Earth Pro
Landing
Sample 2006
Sample 2008
Sampling points are located in Google Earth from coordinate information given in [9] and [11].
Red line is estimated glacier front in 2008. Blue line is the margin in 2014
47
Page 3 of 4
LOCATION
Coordinates
Name
ID
Type
Municipality
Narsap Sermia
06.D (1CH17002)
Glacier
Nuuk
UTM 22W (1) N: 7168420 E: 544321
(2) N: 7169147 E: 543807
Source:
Landsat 8
30th July
2014
48
Page 4 of 4
49
6.2
++
+
+
+
-
-
Bromide, Br
Fluoride, F
-
µg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Nitrite, NO2
Total phosphorous, P [v]
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
-
--
mg/l
mg/l
-
Nitrate, NO3
Sulphate, SO4
Chloride, Cl
-
Hydrogen carbonate, HCO3
mg/l
mg/l
Manganese, Mn
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
dH
mg/l
mg/l
Iron, Fe
Ammonium, NH4 [v]
Potassium, K
Sodium, Na
Total hardness
Magnesium, Mg
Calcium, Ca
<1.5
<0.5
<50
<250
<250
<0.05
<0.2
<0.5
<200
mg/l
Total suspended solids at 105 °C
(>0.45 µ fraction)
++
mg/l
Total solids at 105°C
mg/l
mg/l
Fixed solids at 550 °C
Inorganic ions
0.4
<1.5
<0.15
<0.01
<50
<250
<250
(>100)
<0.02
<0.1
<0.05
<10
<175
(5-30)
<50
(<200)
<1,500
0.13
<0.5
2
<1
<0.001
0.06
0.017
<0.1
1.3
.
<1
<1
<2
<10
<10
<10
<0.05
0.026
<10
<0.05
0.031
0.0017 <0.0016
0.135
<0.5
3
4
0.001
0.08
0.025
0.1
1.8
.
<1
<1
<2
<10
<10
6.1
NVOC (non-volatile organic carbon)
<4
mg/l
pH (field measurement)
<0.2
7.7
7.8
7.0-8.5
pH
6.5-9.5
<1
<1
Conductivity (field measurement)
Conductivity
1
Clear
None
None
0.85
None
2
(>30)
Clear
<250
Clarity
0.75
None
None
mS/m
<5
<0.3
15-07-08
<10
<0.05
0.021
<0.0016
0.06
<0.5
<1
1
<0.001
0.08
<0.004
<0.1
<0.1
.
<1
<1
<2
<10
<10
<0.2
5.9
7.9
<1
<1
Clear
None
None
0.90
None
<10
<0.05
0.034
0.0021
0.058
<0.5
<1
<1
0.003
0.40
0.011
<0.1
<0.1
.
<1
<1
<2
<10
<10
<0.2
6.0
8.0
<1
<1
Clear
None
None
0.55
None
16-07-08
Lb4
La4
Kb4
Ka4
Mb4
13
<0.05
0.081
<0.0016
0.063
1
3
<1
0.001
0.11
0.020
0.2
4.6
.
<1
<1
<2
<10
<10
<0.2
6.5
8.0
<1
2
Clear
None
None
1.20
None
<10
<0.05
0.020
<0.0016
0.061
<0.5
<1
1
0.002
0.20
0.022
<0.1
<0.1
.
<1
<1
<2
<10
<10
<0.2
6.2
7.9
<1
<1
Clear
None
None
0.55
None
17-07-08
Ma4
Growler M [iv]
Narsap Sermia
Growler L [iv]
Growler K [iv]
Taste
(<1)
Danish
criteria [iii]
From water
works
None
FTU
mg Pt/l
Greenland
and EU
criteria [i,ii]
Tap water
Smell
Turbidity
Colour
Sampling date
Analyses from samples in ice growler centre (2008) and from
glacier sampling (2006)
Greenland Ice and Water for Export – Product catalogue
0.16
0.01
.
.
0.07
<0.5
0.08
<0.5
<0.005
1.24
<0.005
<0.005
0.71
0
<0.5
<0.005
0.75
0.06
<0.5
0.43
0.52
0.57
0.7
0.59
<3.0
0.006
0.51
<3.0
<0.005
0.52
0.12
0.039
0.10
0.057
0.11
<0.20
0.63
0.28
0.88
<0.5
<0.1
<0.20
0.22
0.38
0.36
<0.5
<0.1
0.13
0.73
<0.5
0.51
35.13
.
11
.
<0.5
0.05
<0.005
0
<0.005
0.75
0.04
<0.5
0.29
0.75
0.9
<3.0
<0.005
0.026
0.032
0
<0.20
0.39
0.25
1.24
<0.5
<0.1
0.13
<0.5
0.63
7.39
.
<10
…
6.2
…
<0.5
56.56
.
45
.
6.4
…
0.3
Clear
Normal
None
0.64
9.9
.
<0.5
0.08
<0.005
0
<0.005
1.0
0
<0.5
0.28
1.1
0.99
<3.0
<0.005
0.18
0.049
0.11
<0.20
0.25
0.28
0.51
<0.5
<0.1
0.18
<0.5
0.66
14.17
.
57
4.8
…
6.1
…
0.4
Clear
Normal
None
6.3
2.0
#2
01-08-06
#1
GEUS
Sermilik
9.2
6.1
6.1
…
…
…
0.2
Clear
0.2
Normal
Slightly
unclear
None
4.3
Normal
None
1.5
1.3
1.7
#2
26-07-06
#1
GEUS
.
<0.5
0.73
<0.005
2.05
<0.005
0.75
0.15
<0.5
2.99
1.3
4.96
<3.0
<0.005
0.077
0.12
0.55
<0.20
0.85
0.57
1.84
<0.5
<0.1
0.15
<0.5
0.53
16.79
.
40
7.8
…
7.2
…
0.6
Clear
Flat
None
3.0
1.1
.
<0.5
0.13
<0.005
0
<0.005
0.8
0.06
<0.5
0
<0.50
0.42
<3.0
<0.005
0.18
0.034
0.14
<0.20
0.23
0.15
0.18
<0.5
<0.1
0.14
<0.5
0.57
17.88
.
43
3.0
…
7.3
…
0.2
Unclear
Flat
None
4.0
15
#2
30-07-06
#1
GEUS
Nigerlikasik
GEUS
.
<0.5
0.15
0.010
0.02
<0.005
1.1
0.24
<0.5
0.39
0.72
0.44
<3.0
<0.005
0.24
0.098
0.98
<0.20
1.23
0.16
2.36
<0.5
<0.1
0.23
<0.5
1.05
23.55
.
36
9.3
…
6.0
…
0.3
Slightly
unclear
Normal
None
13
2.3
.
<0.5
1.44
0.033
0.04
<0.005
1.0
0.06
<0.5
0.94
0.58
2.09
<3.0
0.006
0.51
0.057
0.07
<0.20
0.41
0.11
0.53
<0.5
<0.1
0.15
<0.5
0.70
119.90
.
210
8.2
…
6.0
…
0.2
Clear
Normal
None
23
1.7
#2
24-07-06
#1
Russell Glacier
APPENDIX B, Page 1 of 3
APPENDIX B
DATASHEETS FOR GLACIAL RESOURCES
50
mg/l
Aggressive carbon dioxide, CO2
µg/l
TCA
/100 ml
/100 ml
Clostridium perfringens (spores)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Laboratory
/ml
/100 ml
Clostridium perfringens
Total bacteria [x]
/100 ml
/ml
Colony counts 22°C
Faecal streptococcus
/ml
E. coli
Colony counts 37°C
/100ml
/100 ml
Total coliforms
Bacteria and spores
µg/l
4-nitrophenole
PAH, PCB, pesticides and PCP [vii]
µg/l
Lead, Pb
Zinc, Zn
µg/l
Copper, Cu
µg/l
µg/l
Chromium, Cr
Selenium, Se
µg/l
Cadmium, Ca
µg/l
µg/l
Boron, B
µg/l
µg/l
Barium, Ba
Nickel, Ni
µg/l
Arsenic , As
Mercury, Hg
µg/l
µg/l
Antimony, Sb
Metals
mg/l
Oxygen. O2
Analyses from samples in ice growler centre (2008) and from
glacier sampling (2006)
0 [viii]
0
0
0
<100 [viii]
<20 [viii]
0
0
<0.1
<100
<10
<20
<1
<10
<2000
<50
<5
<1000
<5
<5
Greenland
and EU
criteria [i,ii]
Tap water
.
<1
<1
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
<1
<1
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
<1
<1
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
.
750
<1
<1
5
<1
<1
<1
<0.010
0.020
10
<0.05
0.35
<0.005
0.26
1.0
2.6
0.028
2.9
1.8
<0.030
<0.20
.
.
4.5
8.2
#1
750
<1
<1
5
<1
<1
<1
<0.010
0.019
16
<0.05
0.88
<0.005
1.1
2.1
2.6
0.051
<1.0
2.9
0.031
<0.20
.
.
4.2
10.1
#2
.
1200
<1
<1
.
1000
<1
<1
9
1
5
6
<1
<1
0.020
0.024
16
<0.05
0.46
<0.005
0.47
1.8
2.2
0.068
3.4
2.0
<0.030
<0.20
Eurofins, Denmark, December 2006
.
.
5.1
8.0
#2
<1
<1
<0.010
0.022
5.4
<0.05
0.29
<0.005
0.22
0.68
1.8
0.026
1.3
<1.0
<0.030
<0.20
4.3
8.2
#1
Eurofins, Denmark, September 2007
.
<1
<1
-[ix]
-
<2
<2
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
.
Mb4
GEUS
Sermilik
GEUS, Denmark, January 2007
.
<1
<1
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
.
Ma4
GEUS
Dronning Ingrids Hospital (DIH), Greenland, August 2008
<1
<1
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
6
.
.
.
Lb4
La4
Kb4
Ka4
Growler M [iv]
Narsap Sermia
Growler L [iv]
Growler K [iv]
MILANA, Denmark August 2008
0
0
0
<50
<5
0
0
<0.1
<0.5
<100
<10
<20
<1
<5
<100
<20
<2
<1000
<700
<5
<2
<2
(>5)[vi]
Danish
criteria [iii]
From water
works
350
<1
<1
1
2
<1
<1
0.200
0.020
8.3
<0.05
0.37
<0.005
0.15
0.62
3.7
0.013
2.0
1.1
<0.030
<0.20
.
.
3.5
7.6
#1
300
<1
<1
<1
2
<1
<1
<0.010
0.021
18
<0.05
0.63
<0.005
0.57
2.0
2.5
0.025
<1.0
3.1
<0.030
.
.
5.8
6.9
#2
<0.20
GEUS
Nigerlikasik
1100
<1
<1
5
1
<1
<1
0.084
0.020
24
<0.05
0.71
<0.005
0.49
1.8
4.0
0.053
<1.0
5.2
<0.030
<0.20
.
.
5.2
500
<1
<1
6
4
<1
<1
0.019
0.032
13
<0.05
1.1
<0.005
0.50
3.1
3.2
0.028
1.3
11
<0.030
.
.
4.9
6.6
#2
<0.20
GEUS
7.5
#1
Russell Glacier
APPENDIX B, Page 2 of 3
51
/100 ml
Faecal streptococcus
Clostridium perfringens
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
1
6.4
8.2
<1
1
16-22
Kb3
-
-
33
-
-
-
7300
7.6
8.0
1750
2120
LSW
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
1
6.5
8.4
<1
1
0-10
La1
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
<1
6.5
8.2
<1
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
<1
5.9
8.2
<1
<1
19-26
La2
Lb2
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
<1
5.9
8.2
<1
<1
14-19
Ice growler L
1
0-6
Lb1
-
1
<2
<2
-
-
<1
5.6
8.2
<1
<1
28-37
Lb3
-
<2
<2
-
-
<1
5.6
8.2
<1
<1
33-39
La3
All analyses are below detection limit except mentioned.
Bottled water
One bacteria was found in one out of eight samples (NIRAS 2008: 19)
DAPI stained bacterial cells visible in microscope
[vii]
[viii]
[ix]
[x]
Zero
-
… No information available
Ad [ii] Some values are indicator parameters and if exceeded a risk assessment of consequences for human health
should be made. For microbiological and chemical parameters (heavy metals, contaminants) the maximum values
must be complied with
For water leaving the water works (values in parenthesis are recommended)
Below detection limit
0
Ad [iii]
No analysis
.
Bold figures indicate that DK quality criteria for water from treatment plant are exceeded; figures in bold and red
indicate quality criteria for water at the user tap are exceeded
Supplementary spectrometric analyses are made by GEUS (GEUS 2007:110)
Oxygen content at the consumer tap should be larger than 5 mg/l, ref. [iii]
[vi]
Centre of growler. Other depth see page 3
[v]
[iv ]
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
1
6.7
8.1
<1
1
3-9
Ma1
The Danish Environmental Ministry: Order no. 1449 of 21 . December 2007 on water quality and inspection of water supply plants. Criteria for water leaving treatment plant
-
-
33
-
-
-
3600
7.7
7.7
1430
1180
MSW
[iii]
st
European Union: The Council directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on quality of water intended for human consumption. Criteria for water at users' tab
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
1
6.4
8.2
<1
<1
9-16
Ka3
Greenland Home Rule: Order No. 7 of 17. March 2008 on water quality and inspection of water supply plants. Criteria for water at the users' tab
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
2
6.5
8.2
<1
1
21-30
Kb2
[i]
-
1
51
-
-
-
2
6.5
2
6.5
<1
<1
8.2
1
8.2
2-9
1
Ka2
Ice growler K
Kb1
2-20
Ka1
[ii]
SW = sea water
/ml
/100 ml
Colony counts 22 °C
/ml
/100 ml
E. coli
Colony counts 37 °C
/100 ml
Total coliforms
4400
7.6
mg/l
pH (field measurement)
Chloride
7.7
1460
1390
KSW
pH
mS/m
Conductivity (field measurement)
cm
mS/m
Conductivity
Depth in ice growler
Analyses from samples in ice growlers in various depth;
analyses from centre of growlers, see table above
(2008)
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
2
6.5
8.2
<1
1
3-9
Mb1
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
<1
6.5
7.8
<1
1
14-21
Ma2
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
<1
6.5
8.1
<1
<1
15-21
Mb2
Ice growler M
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
3
6.5
8.1
<1
2
27-35
Ma3
-
-
<2
<2
-
-
<1
6.2
8.1
<1
<1
28-35
Mb3
APPENDIX B Page 3 of 3
APPENDIX C
GREENLAND’S TRANSPORT
AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Transport by seaThe Royal Arctic Line (RAL) owns the concession for container liner traffic between Greenland’s towns and the Greenland harbour in Aalborg, Denmark, as well
as for liner traffic between towns and settlements in Greenland.
The frequency with which the major ports, Nuuk, Sisimiut and Aasiaat, are serviced by international traffic is 7-10 days depending on the season. The other
harbours on the west coast of Greenland are served by feeder routes from the
major ports or occasionally by international calls. *
All ports on the west coast, south of the Arctic Circle, are ice-free all year round.
Some harbours on the south west coast are closed occasionally in June and July
due to multi-year ice (drift ice of Arctic Ocean origin), called ”storis”
Container ship routes
*www.royalarcticline.com
52
Transport by airAir Greenland* has international, scheduled flights from Copenhagen to Kangerlussuaq 4-7 days a week depending on the season. Narsarsuaq is serviced only
during summer season.
Air Iceland has scheduled flights from Reykjavik to Nuuk all year round and to
other destinations during summer season.
The domestic service net includes 24 destinations. The routes are operated by
Air Greenland and mainly serviced by DHC-8 turboprop and helicopter.
International air routes
TelecommunicationsThe Greenland Tele-Post telecommunications company provides terrestrial lines,
internet and mobile (GSM) network communications services covering the most
populated areas of the country.
All towns and most settlements are internally connected by a microwave radio
link carrying data, telephone and television signals. The radio network is connected to the outside world by a number of satellite stations.
Since 2009, two high capacity data communication cables from Greenland to
Newfoundland and Reykjavik have been in operation.
*www.airgreenland.gl
53

Greenland Ice and Water for Export

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