Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue - EEB-CZ

Transcription

Photo credits cover: © ACG, © CEA-INES - Design : www.acg-bxl.be
Printed on FSC® certified paper
EUREC
Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue
Renewable Energy
Projects Catalogue
Do you want to deepen your knowledge of Horizon 2020 and
other EU funding opportunities for research in renewable energy?
Join EUREC and get access to an exclusive network of researchers
having a powerful and credible voice in EU research policy.
Please feel free to contact us on [email protected]
www.eurec.be
EUREC
Join EUREC
A guide to successful and innovative projects
in the area of renewable energy
INTRODUCTION
EUREC IS THE
LEADING EUROPEAN
ASSOCIATION OF
RESEARCH CENTRES
AND UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENTS ACTIVE
IN THE AREA OF
RENEWABLE ENERGY.
The purpose of the association is to promote and
support the development of innovative technologies
and human resources to enable a prompt transition
to a sustainable energy system.
The Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue- A guide
to innovative and successful projects in the area of
renewable energy presents a list of projects, led by EUREC members, which have contributed to increase the
presence of renewable energies in the energy mix, by reducing their costs, increasing their reliability or facilitating
their integration in the energy system.
The Catalogue is divided in four main chapters dedicated to:
• RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY (e.g. PV, wind, biomass, solar thermal,
ocean, hybrid systems)
• RENEWABLE HEATING AND COOLING (e.g. heat pumps,
solar thermal)
• SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT (fuel cells and biofuels)
• HORIZONTAL TOPICS (e.g. grid integration and energy storage,
studies to support transition to sustainable energy, education and
training activities)
Each chapter presents examples of successful and innovative projects in its
respective area.
The Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue highlights the richness of renewable energy research, which covers different renewable energy sources with
different research needs, all along the resource value chain (e.g. from production of the source- whenever needed- to the production of the generation
The Catalogue also presents examples of horizontal topics, such as grid integration, building integration, energy efficiency, energy storage, education
and training activities, whose importance has grown in recent years.
EUREC Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue
3
INTRODUCTION
and transformation device to its integration into the existing energy system).
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
PROJECTS
R E N E WA B L E E L E C T R I C I T Y.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 > 39
R E N E WA B L E H E AT I N G A N D C O O L I N G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 > 47
S U S TA I N A B L E T R A N S P O RT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 > 55
H O R I Z O N TA L T O P I C S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 > 79
C O N C L U S I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 > 81
4
EUREC title catalogue 2014
5
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T
E U R E C M E M B E R S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
1.
R E N E WA B L E
ELECTRICITY
Projects
1. P
roduction of Solid Sustainable Energy Carriers from
Biomass by Means of Torrefaction (SECTOR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2. T
echnology transfer for the implementation of
renewable energies as part of the power supply in Tenerife
and Senegal and installation of the first PV plant
connected to the grid in Senegal (MACSEN-PV). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. Solar Facilities for the European Research Area (SFERA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4. D
efinition of competitiveness for photovoltaics and
development of measures to accompany PV to grid
parity and beyond (PV PARITY). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5. Solar Up-scale Gas Turbine System (SOLUGAS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6. N
ew innovative solutions, components and tools for
the integration of wind energy in urban and peri-urban areas
(SWIP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7. PV research Infrastructure (SOPHIA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
8. W
ind Resource Assessment, Audit and Standardisation
(WAUDIT).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9. E
asy-mounting containerised Renewable Energy Power
Shelter with High Temperature Batteries (OASIS ONE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
10. D
evelopment of a novel rare-earth magnet based
wave power conversion system (SNAPPER).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
11. Flexible solar building elements (SMART-FLeX). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
13. C
radle-to-cradle Sustainable PV Modules
(CU-PV PROJECT).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
14. New concepts for high efficiency and low cost in-line
manufactured flexible CIGS solar cells (hipoCIGS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
15. Photovoltaic Laboratory (PV-Lab). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
16. Spar-buoy Oscillating Water Column (OWC)
with biradial turbine for ocean wave energy conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6
7
R E N E WA B L E E L E C T R I C I T Y
12. E
urope and Japan join in R&D on Concentrator
Photovoltaics (NGCPV).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1 . Production of Solid Sustainable
Energy Carriers from Biomass
b y M e a n s o f To r r e f a c t i o n
(SECTOR)
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
The torrefaction of biomass materials is considered to be a
The biomass potential has been evaluated for forest en-
very promising technology for the promotion of the large-
ergy, agricultural residues and energy crops, both on a
scale implementation of bioenergy. Torrefaction involves
European and global level. The research regarding the tor-
heating biomass in an oxygen depleted atmosphere to
refaction process focussed on the comparison between
temperatures of 250-320 C. By combining torrefaction with
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), batch- and pilot scale
pelletisation or briquetting, biomass materials can be con-
tests for different feedstocks and process conditions.
verted into solid bioenergy carrier with a high energy den-
These led to an improved understanding of torrefaction,
sity. These solid bioenergy carriers display improved be-
better prediction of behaviour during torrefaction and to an
haviour in (long-distance) transport, handling and storage,
optimised control of process conditions. In the demonstra-
and also with superior properties in many major end-use
tion plant, a constant quality according to end use require-
applications, such as (co-)firing in coal fired power plants
ments has been achieved during commercial production
as well as gasification for the production of biofuels and
runs. End use tests in a pulverised coal power plant are still
-chemicals. Torrefaction can help to reduce CO2 emissions
ongoing to further improve handling, storage, milling and
and to valorise the large potential of residue streams. The
(co-) firing/gasification. In parallel, a new ISO standard for
technology is close to market implementation. The main
torrefied fuels was initiated (ISO 17225-8: Solid biofuels -
challenges to be solved are the process control for differ-
Fuel specifications and classes - Graded thermally treated
ent feedstocks to achieve a constant homogeneity during
densified biomass). Existing analysis methods were suc-
commercial production, the standardisation of torrefied
cessfully validated for torrefied materials in a Round Robin
fuel properties together with development of new anal-
test with 43 participants, while additional new methods
ysis methods, and the strategic establishment of value
are under development in the project. Finally, the market
chains for market implementation.
implementation is supported by the close examination
CONTACT DETAILS
Kay Schaubach, [email protected]
DBFZ, Leipzig, Germany
FOR MORE INFORMATION:
www.sector-project.eu
FIGURE 1: Structure of SECTOR.
FIGURE 3: Torrefied straw pellets.
of value chains and their socio-economic impact. The
The European project SECTOR started in January 2012
with 21 partners from 9 European countries and will last
until July 2015. The project has a budget of approximately
10 million euro and receives funding from the European
Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological
development and demonstration. It is coordinated by DBFZ
in Germany. Other project parners include: VTT (Finland),
ECN (The Netherlands), CENER (Spain).
interaction with relevant stakeholders was established
through more than 90 dissemination activities, such as
workshops, papers and presentations, as well as participation in a range of commissions and boards. In conclusion,
the SECTOR project spans all aspects, from biomass to
market implementation, which are needed to support the
establishment of torrefaction for the production of sustainable solid bioenergy carriers.
FIGURE 2: Straw Torrefaction at CENER.
© DBFZ and CENER
8
9
Main features of the project
2 . Te c h n o l o g y t r a n s f e r f o r t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n
CONTACT DETAILS
Ms. Mónica Alonso, [email protected]
of renewable energies as part of the power
s u p p l y i n Te n e r i f e a n d S e n e g a l a n d i n s t a l l a t i o n
of the first PV plant connected to the grid
in Senegal (MACSEN-PV)
CHALLENGES
This project, financed by the European Programme MAC
2007-2013, was conceived as a platform for technical
cooperation between the Canary Islands and Senegal
in the field of the integration of renewable energies in
the power supply. The project started in October 2010
ITER, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
http://macsen-pv.iter.es
In addition, one online Advisory Office, containing the
collection of elaborated materials, together with other documents, links and tools of interest, was developed in the
Web page of the project: http://macsen-pv.iter.es.
RESULTS
and was finalized in June 2013. Its main objective was
The main outcome of the project is the 3 kWp PV mixed
to improve the capacity of public authorities and local
plant installed in CERER´s headquarters in Dakar. This in-
technicians to support the implementation of renewable
stallation, inaugurated by Senegalese and Tenerife Island
energies as part of the power supply in these regions.
government officials on December 2012, was connected
Its milestone was the installation of the first PV system
to the conventional Senegalese electricity grid on April
connected to the grid in Senegal. The project was led by
2013, being a milestone in the development of RES in
the Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER)
Senegal, being the first renewable facility to be con-
and had the following partners, the Agencia Insular de
nected. Beside this, the project promoted the creation of
Energía de Tenerife (AIET), the Agence Sénégalaise d’Élec-
a “National Scientific Committee for Renewable Energy
trification Rurale (ASER) and the Centre d’Etudes et de
Systems integration into the Senegalese Grid”, headed
Recherches sur les Energies Renouvelables (CERER).
by the Senegalese Ministry of Energy. This Committee
MACSEN-PV Technical Workshop for Teachers.
Dakar, November 10th, 2012
Dakar University students visiting
the PV Installation in CERER’s facilities
defined the required procedures needed to connect this PV
During the first stage of the project, a series of sectorial evaluations were carried out concluding in 12 energy
system analysis reports. This work allowed to identify
the availability of resources, the forecasts of the energy
demand, the existing legislation, the main needs and the
training lacks existing in the RES field in Tenerife and in
Senegal. As a result of the findings of these previous reports, various capacity building actions were carried out,
such as the elaboration of materials and tools aimed at
public-sector managers and technicians and also at teach-
installation to the grid, but it’s intended to be a permanent
one. The Committee will be decisive for the development
of effective regulatory and legislative frameworks for
renewable sources in Senegal, and it will have ITER´s
support and advice.
The PV installation is nowadays being used as a demonstration platform and internship for local technicians managed by CERER. For this reason, its design was adapted
specifically taking into account the peculiarities of the Sen-
Senegalese and Spanish Public Authorities
egalese grid, and in order to maximize its demonstrative
during the PV Plant Opening Ceremony
and educational use.
ers. In particular, the materials developed were: the hand-
The enormous visibility and recognition reached by the
book “Guide for Energy Planners about RES integration
project must be highlighted, appearing in more than 200
into the grid”, a collection of 16 “Teaching Supporting
media releases and presented in more than 45 internation-
Materials for Secondary and University teachers”, and
al events. Furthermore, the project´s results have been
a Teaching Supporting Video for teachers “Training Itiner-
published in 3 international scientific publications.
aries of ITER’s RES installations”. These materials were
specifically distributed among the beneficiaries during the
Technical Workshops organized in Tenerife and Senegal
for public-sector managers/ technicians and for teachers.
10
© ITER
11
3 . S o l a r F a c i l i t i e s
for the European Research Area
(SFERA)
CONTACT DETAILS
Gabriel Olalde, [email protected]
CNRS- PROMES, Odeillo, France
Solar Facilities for the
European Research Area
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
Several Concentrated Solar Power projects have recently
The program of joint research activities included in the
been put into operation. Some 2.400 MW are under con-
SFERA project has increased the basic scientific knowl-
struction and several GW are in advanced stages of plan-
edge and available techniques for improved performance
ning, particularly in Spain, but also in other Southern Euro-
of concentrating solar systems. Based on the gathered
pean countries, like France, Greece and Portugal. In view
experience, a process was established to harmonize and
of this challenge for research, development and application
improve the basic services of the research facilities. The
of concentrating solar systems involving a growing num-
specific focus was related to:
ber of European industries and utilities in global business
• The development of common performance testing guide-
opportunities, the purpose of this project is to integrate,
coordinate and further focus scientific collaboration
among the leading European research institutions in
solar concentrating systems, and to offer European research and industry access to the best-qualified research
and test infrastructures.
• The evaluation of improvements to reach ultra-high flux
distributions and to allow accelerated aging testing,
• The establishment of guidelines to set up new test facilities for thermal energy storage materials and systems.
scientific and industrial communities, as a sound base
The main goals of the SFERA project are:
different technological aspects, SFERA had significant
• To increase the scientific and technological knowledge
socio-economic impacts in Europe. It has helped the So-
• To develop and improve the research tools best-suited
to the scientific and technological community in this field
PROMES-CNRS Laboratory and Dish-Stirling solar facility
lines,
By guaranteeing a broad information exchange with the
base in the field of concentrating solar systems
http://sfera.sollab.eu/
View of the Plataforma Solar de Almeria facilities
for further commercial deployment and by developing
lar Thermal Electricity European industry to develop and
export new technologies thereby improving its competitiveness worldwide.
• To strengthen the European industry
through stimulating technology
transfer by fostering the use
of World-class R&D facilities
knowledge of the scientific community in the
possible applications of
concentrated solar energy, including creation of
new synergies with other
scientific disciplines (e.g., materials treatment)
© CNRS-PROMES
12
13
• To increase general
4 . D e f i n i t i o n o f c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s
for photovoltaics and development
of measures to accompany PV
to grid parity and beyond
(PV Parity)
CONTACT DETAILS
Ingrid Weiss, [email protected]
Silvia Caneva, [email protected]
WIP – Renewable Energies, Munich, Germany
http://www.pvparity.eu/
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
The European PV Parity project (started in June 2011
PV is already competitive, or will be competitive in a
and ended in November 2013) aimed to contribute to
few years, at residential and commercial level. This pic-
the achievement of further PV penetration in the EU
ture changes at utility scale, where the competitiveness of
electricity market and the attainment of PV compet-
PV is still far from being achieved due to the “merit-order
itiveness with the lowest possible impact and at the
or cannibalism” effect of the PV generation in the whole-
lowest possible price for the community. The PV Parity
sale market. Competitiveness of PV imports from MENA
project defined also the relevance of PV electricity im-
would be achieved between 2020 and 2026. However,
The PV Parity project has clearly highlighted
ports from MENA countries in the European wholesale
with the additional cost of transporting electricity to Europe
how renewable energies, with solar PV play-
electricity market.
and the need to build new lines, it will not be until 2030
ing a major role, are stepping up to meet Eu-
that such an option could be envisaged. Until then, solar
rope’s energy demand in a sustainable way. PV
energy should be developed in the MENA region to help
is an increasingly competitive choice in many
meet the growing local and regional demand.
regions, and the number of installations contin-
Several aspects of the PV Parity project were characterized by a high scientific innovation and relevance. One of
those aspects was related to the approach used for the
definition of the PV competitiveness, which was until now
usually referred only to a static comparison between the
evolution of PV generation cost and electricity prices for
the residential market segment. The definition of PV competitiveness in the PV Parity project was a dynamic definition developed for each market segments (residential,
commercial and utility), which took into account all relevant
aspects related to the PV electricity generation including
the costs and benefits of PV integration into the electrical
grid and the environmental costs and benefits related to
the PV electricity generation (Figure 1). Per each type of
consumer, roadmaps towards the PV competitiveness
have been developed for 11 target countries: Austria,
Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, The Netherlands and United Kingdom
(Figure 2 and 3).
The integration cost of PV into the electrical grid is relatively modest (up to 26 €/MWh by 2030 to integrate up
to 485 GWp into the electrical grid) and confirms the increasing of the PV attractiveness for European economy.
Self-consumptions of PV generation shall be maximized.
Demand response or storage solutions can be effective
to reduce grid integration of PV. Further reduction of PV
grid integration will be achieved through external cost cal-
self-consumption or net-metering in order to be
in line with the latest developments of the PV
sector. Some countries have done this already
especially for small users; this can be a valuable
solution. It is important to constitute the right
Figure 1 - Parameters influencing PV competitiveness
to self-consume.
ues to grow. With PV providing an ever greater
share of electricity, policies are needed to address challenges with upgrading grid infrastructures and revamping energy markets. With the
© WIP
right framework, renewables will continue to
increase their presence in the European electricity mix, while maintaining the stability and reliability of the power system, at a minimal cost.
culations. It is also important to look at positive benefits
that photovoltaics are generating for the whole community
which are not integrated into the price of electricity. The
environmental impact of 1 kWh of photovoltaic electricity
Figure 2 – Achievement of
was calculated through a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and
PV competitiveness in the
compared to that of electricity generated from coal and
natural gas. The LCA showed that PV generated electrici-
residential sector in 2013
© TUW-EEG
ty’s environmental and health impact is only about 5% that
of conventional electricity, meaning a potential reduction
of 95% of the pollution, toxicity, water and land effects
by using PV.
In the past decade, the deployment of PV in Europe
has been mainly facilitated by feed-in tariffs or similar
schemes. Many countries were surprised by the dynamics of PV installations and they failed in some cases to
adapt the level of financial support in due time. The existing support schemes have to be readjusted in order
14
Figure 3 – Achievement of
PV competitiveness in the
residential sector in 2020
© TUW-EEG
15
to integrate new alternative incentives such as
5 . S o l a r U p - s c a l e
G a s Tu r b i n e S y s t e m
(SOLUGAS)
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
The main objective of the Solugas project was to demon-
The results of the Solugas project showed the potential
strate the performance and cost reduction potential of
of this technology and will be the base for further market
a solar-hybrid driven gas turbine system on a commer-
assessments.
CONTACT DETAILS
Ralf Uhlig, [email protected]
DLR (German Aerospace Centre), Köln, Germany
http://www.solugas.eu
Fig. 1: SOLUGAS site Seville, Spain
cial megawatt scale. The technical viability and reliability
of the system with a high temperature solar receiver and
a solarized gas turbine unit adapted to the special needs
of solar-hybrid operation should be shown.
Besides long-time operation, cost reduction especially regarding tower and heliostat design and O&M effort were
main goals of the project.
In SOLUGAS, financed by the EU’s 7th Framework Program, a pilot tower plant at the Solúcar Platform in Seville,
Spain, has been designed, built and operated. The project
partners were ABENGOA, the German Aerospace Center
(DLR), Turbomach, GEA Technika Cieplna and New Energy
Algeria (NEAL).
Within the four years of project duration the plant accumulated more than 700 hours of solar operation and about
1000 hours of turbine operation. The receiver reached the
Stable system operation at different load situations was
This project has received funding from the European Union’s
successfully achieved. The design tools used for the re-
Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological de-
ceiver development could be validated.
velopment and demonstration under grant agreement no 219110
© DLR
16
17
Fig. 2: SOLUGAS solar receiver
designed performance at an outlet temperature of 800°C.
6 . N e w i n n o v a t i v e s o l u t i o n s ,
components and tools for
the integration of wind energy
in urban and peri-urban areas
(SWIP)
CHALLENGES
The SWIP project aims to deal with and overcome the
The new and innovative solutions developed by the pro-
main barriers that slow down the massive deployment
ject will allow to: reduce the costs of the electric gener-
of small and medium size wind turbines (SWT):
ator of wind turbines, providing two new concepts for
• Cost of technology: In Europe, the installed cost of a
energy generation; increase the power coefficient ratio
SWT ranges from 2.100 to 7.400 e / kW and the elec-
of the blades (and therefore the number of hours that the
tricity production costs between 0,15 to 0,30 e / kWh.
SWT is working), highly softening or even eliminating the
wind speed is essential to calculate the electricity output,
representing the basis for economic performance.
• Regulation: Currently, fully competitive wind markets
are rather found in developing countries, where off-grid
and micro-grid applications prevail. The sector is at the
mercy of regulation, as it is completely dependent of it.
•S
ocial acceptance and safety: These two topics should
be at the core of future developments, as are the issues
that may jeopardize the public awareness, and therefore
the success of the technology.
•A
esthetic, noise and vibration: Tonality is a feature that
may increase the adverse impact of a given noise source,
Integration of small wind energy in urban and peri-urban areas
and magnetic gearbox) in the SWTs and improving the
integration of the wind turbines in buildings and districts
with more aesthetic solutions.
The project will develop three different prototypes to be
integrated in three different scenarios (new energy efficient building, shore-line and industrial area) with a view
to validating the targeted solutions and goals, providing
scalable solutions for different applications.
RESULTS
a view to establishing the basis for the development of the
enablers for the social acceptance of these systems.
wind turbines and their features to allow massive deploy-
tion of new systems into society and their day-to-day life.
http://fcirce.es
innovative elements (SCADA for preventive maintenance
where the device is installed. Aesthetic issues are key
be exploited and taken as an advantage for the integra-
duce the maintenance costs of the SWTs by including two
A technology and policy analysis has been performed with
information and communication technologies needs to
CIRCE, Zaragoza, Spain
mechanical and acoustic noise they currently produce; re-
as well as vibrations, due to the impact on the location
• Wind market / user friendliness: Proximity of society to
Leonardo Subías, [email protected]
ment within the existing energy grid. A benchmarking of
SWT has been developed in order to set the starting point
from where the project can provide improvements beyond
state of the art. Energy plans in EU cities have been studied in order to define where the SWT can best fit.
The measurement campaign has started in the pilot areas
© CIRCE
with a view to defining wind characteristics at the demonstration sites.
Developments in the design of the new blades have been
done, taking into account aesthetic aspects for integration
in urban environments, as well as performance and noise
characteristics.
18
19
• Wind resource assessment: Accurate prediction of the
CONTACT DETAILS
7 . P V r e s e a r c h I n f r a s t r u c t u r e
(SOPHIA)
CONTACT DETAILS
Philippe Malbranche, [email protected]
CEA-INES, Chambéry, France
www.sophia-ri.eu
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
Many photovoltaic research infrastructures exist all over
The main project results are:
Europe: some are unique, others are similar. The challenge
1. Transnational Access Activities: Free-of-charge trans-
is to promote on a large-scale an increased coordina-
national access for researchers was granted to 35 re-
tion between PV research institutes in order to avoid
search proposals, selected out of 52 applications. These
unintended duplication, avoid unnecessary investment and
accesses supported a better understanding of some
get more value out of the same budgets. The idea is to join
materials and the development and innovation process
forces to offer common referential and better services to
of several devices.
PV researchers from academia and industry.
2. Joint Research Activities: these activities aim at improving the services offered by the existing PV research
infrastructures. Several examples can be given:
This European Commission-funded project (FP7) gathers
• 2 Round Robins with 12 partners to improve PV mod-
20 European partners and addresses specifically eight top-
ules peak power measurement and energy output pre-
ics seen as important for the PV sector: Silicon material,
diction helped increasing the scientific knowledge of
Thin films and Transparent Conductive Oxides, Organic
the behavior of different PV technologies. The full list
PV, Modelling, Concentrated PV, Building Integrated PV,
of SOPHIA Joint Research Activities is available on the
PV Module lifetime, and PV module performance.
project website.
• For lifetime prediction, a comprehensive test plan with
15 accelerated ageing procedures allowed the develop-
© CEA-INES
ment of a more representative ageing test procedure.
• New characterization procedures were developed for
silicon material, Transparent Conductive Oxides, Thin
Figure 1: Comparison of Norm STC Pmax measurements
Films, Organic PV, Concentrated PV and Building Integrated PV.
• On Modelling activities, the interfaces between models
of the Research Infrastructures
• 18 networking seminars and workshops organised
• 10 common databases set up
• 21 webinars organized (600 participants in total), still a
dozen planned in 2014
• 26 personal exchanges (students & experts) took place
• A vision paper for the future development of research
Module Number
infrastructures
The momentum created by the project is taken over by
the CHEETAH project (FP7), with its 35 European partners.
20
21
3. Networking Activites: for an increased coordination
Pmax
were improved.
8 . W i n d R e s o u r c e A s s e s s m e n t ,
Audit and Standardisation
( WA U D I T )
CONTACT DETAILS
Simon Watson
CREST- Loughborough University, UK
Email: [email protected]
Project Coordinator: Javier Sanz Rodrigo
CENER - National Centre of Renewable Energies of Spain
http://www.waudit-itn.eu/
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
WAUDIT was an Initial Training Network (ITN), a Marie-Cu-
At CREST, Cian Desmond worked under the supervision
rie action funded under the FP7-People program and coor-
of Prof Simon Watson to develop best practice in the use
dinated by the National Centre of Renewable Energies of
of the Ansys CFX CFD model to predict the wind condi-
Spain (CENER). The objective of WAUDIT was the gener-
tions in and around forest canopies. This research project
ation of a pool of researchers, in the field of wind re-
was in close collaboration with other WAUDIT partners
source assessment. The development of state-of-the-art
including the University of Orléans and EdF in France.
measurement and numerical and physical modelling tech-
CFD simulations were compared to wind tunnel and field
niques provided a wide range of methodologies whose
measurements to determine the best way to predict the
potential was to be assessed by the network.
effect of forest canopies and to assess the accuracy of
CREST at Loughborough University was a main partner
numerical modelling in forested areas. The results have
in the project whose role was to assess best practice in
been used to provide guidelines for wind farm developers
the assessment of wind resource in forested terrain using
in challenging onshore environments.
Left: Model tree used in
Right: CFD simulation of the wind speed (top) and turbulence (bottom)
a wind tunnel for forest
in and around a canopy.
canopy experiments,
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models.
WAUDIT aimed at providing the best working environment
for early stage researchers drawing on the leading players
in wind energy research: universities, research centres and
industrial partners. A total of 30 organisations from 8 different EU member states contributed to the development of
a number of PhD projects. Training activities were carried
out by the European Wind Energy Academy (EAWE).
© Loughborough University
The partners in the project worked together to develop
and benchmark a number of tools for wind resource assessment including the use of field measurements, wind
22
23
tunnel measurements, statistical and numerical models.
9 . E a s y - m o u n t i n g c o n t a i n e r i s e d
Renewable Energy Power Shelter
w i t h H i g h Te m p e r a t u r e B a t t e r i e s
(OASIS ONE)
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
The aim of the OASIS ONE project was to develop a
OASIS ONE is now a product of FIAMM Energy Storage
containerized off-grid energy station for small villages
Solutions. The system is addressed to the market of Sub
where the power network is not present. The motivation
Saharan Africa, Centre America and Asia market.
comes from the necessity to assure basic services like
CNR-ITAE developed the system from the concept idea to
supplying energy for:
the design and construction of the first prototype, together
• Preservation of pharmaceutical products
with FIAMM and other industrial supplier partners.
• Food preservation
OASIS ONE is a very low emission energy system that
• Small field hospitals
contributes to the increasing of life quality of people from
• TV
CONTACT DETAILS
Francesco Sergi, [email protected]
CNR-ITAE, Messina, Italy
www.itae.cnr.it
developing countries.
• Lightning
• Water pumping
to population living in poor or remote areas.
The main challenge was to realize an easy to transport
and to install system, with very low maintenance and,
thanks to renewables and energy storage systems, totally
autonomous and automated.
The final system is a container equipped with 5kW of high
efficiency mono-crystalline photovoltaic roof plant, 5kW
horizontal axis wind turbine, 5kW genset for start-up procedure and, in case of system default, 50kWh of energy
storage thanks two ZEBRA (NaNiCl2) high temperature
batteries. ZEBRA stands for Zero Emission Batteries Research Activity.
transported inside the container and extended during the
installation of OASIS ONE.
A load management system allows prioritising the uninterruptable loads with respect to the others, in case of
low energy from renewables or low energy available from
the batteries.
© CNR-ITAE
24
25
The wind turbine is operated through a telescopic pole
1 0 . D e v e l o p m e n t o f a n o v e l
rare-earth magnet based wave
power conversion system
(SNAPPER)
CONTACT DETAILS
Paul McKeever, [email protected]
Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult, Blyth, UK
http://www.snapperfp7.eu/
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
Waves around the coast of Europe are among the most en-
The Snapper device is designed to work like a typical lin-
In the project simulation techniques were used
ergetic in the world, and are very predictable for the energy
ear generator in which a set of magnets of alternating
to optimise the design, and then a device was
available a day ahead. Consequently, wave energy has the
polarity are mounted on a translator. The translator is at-
built to this design. Initial testing was done
potential to provide significant amounts of renewable
tached to a floating buoy (see Fig 1) and is moved up and
“dry” in the laboratory with a controllable prime
energy with different availability criteria to wind and
down inside the multiple copper coils of an armature by a
mover, focussing on the electrical and dynamic
solar. However, wave motion is very complex and there
passing wave. However there is a crucial difference with
performance of the system, followed by “wet”
is a need for low cost reliable power conversion systems
Snapper; a second set of magnets with alternating polarity
testing in the Narec wave tank with the focus
to generate electricity. One issue is that wave motion is
are mounted within the armature coils. These armature
on hydrodynamic and electrical performance.
high amplitude, low frequency so that there is a need for a
magnets prevent the translator assembly magnets from
The project has successfully designed, built
power take off system to create a higher frequency motion
moving up and down independently of the armature. In-
and validated a novel wave energy power
more suitable for electricity generation. Also, the energy in
stead magnetic forces between the armature and trans-
conversion system with significantly reduced
waves, particularly during winter storms, can be damaging
lator repeatedly couple the two sub-assemblies together
complexity and number of moving parts to po-
to the conversion system, so the simpler the system with
and they move together until the external force acting on
tentially form the basis of a series of commer-
fewer moving parts, the more likely it is to be reliable.
the translator is able to overcome the magnetic coupling.
cial devices. Several innovation awards have
Narec, the National Renewable Energy Centre in the UK
As the armature is spring mounted, see Fig 1, when the
been given to the project. Narec/ORE Catapult
led a project funded under the FP7 research for the benefit
magnetic coupling is overcome, it “snaps” and results in
is currently looking at updating the Business
of specific groups (in particular SME’s) for the development
a series of faster relative movements between armature
Plan for Snapper and seeking public and private
of a novel rare-earth magnet based wave power conver-
and translator. The device thus converts low frequency
investment to build a 2nd generation device in
sion system, with the project acronym SNAPPER. (Since
wave motion to higher frequency motion more suitable
order to move closer to commercialisation.
the project was completed Narec merged to become part
for electricity generation, without the need for a gearbox.
of the Offshore Renewable Energy ORE Catapult)
This is a particular advantage for wave energy conversion,
where minimising the number of moving parts at sea sig-
Fig 1
© Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult
26
27
nificantly improves reliability and reduces cost.
1 1 . F l e x i b l e
solar building elements
( S M A RT- F L e X )
CHALLENGES
SmartFlex is a large-scale collaborative project within the
European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme. The
CONTACT DETAILS
Francesco Frontini, [email protected]
SUPSI, Canobbio, Switzerland
http://www.smartflex-solarfacades.eu/home.html
RESULTS
Planning software
project focusses on the manufacture of individually de-
The objective is for architects to use the intuitive planning
signed photovoltaic building elements on an industrial
software to design solar modules in shapes and colours
scale.
that fit perfectly into the building envelope. The software
will then send the data of the individually designed mod-
ules directly to the industrial production line. This eases the
The SmartFlex project aims to demonstrate the multi-
way.
process for architects and engineers in a groundbreaking
functional photovoltaic building element as a plug &
play device that can be safely and easily installed onto
Testing and monitoring
any building. It wants to provide a platform for solar ele-
SmartFlex is achieving this objective by testing different
ments to be customised, allowing them to be seamlessly
technical options, checking the module performance and
integrated into buildings. Architects’ requests are met by
energy yield produced by solar facades and developing a
enhanced modularity in system design, various sizes, col-
prototype production line.
ours, shapes and materials.
SmartFlex bridges the gap between photovoltaic manufac-
Several photovoltaic building elements are tested and
monitored on a test building.
turers and architects. It aims to meet the technical requirements that architects, engineers and installers encounter
when designing, engineering and installing building-integrated solar systems.
Photovoltaic cells and modules can be part of the building structure, which means they can replace conventional building materials rather than being installed at a later
stage. Equipped with solar elements, a building can produce renewable energy and pave the way towards moder-
© SUPSI
28
29
nity and sustainability.
1 2 . E u r o p e a n d J a p a n j o i n
in R&D on Concentrator
Photovoltaics
(NGCPV)
CONTACT DETAILS
Dr. Ana Belén Cristóbal López,
[email protected]
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid- Instituto de Energia Solar,
Madrid, Spain
www.ngcpv.org
CHALLENGES
The FP7-project NGCPV (A new generation of concentrator photovoltaic cells, modules and systems; EC Grant
number 283798) aims to support the progress of Con-
centrator Photovoltaics (CPV). The potential of CPV is
based on the use of very high efficient and, therefore more
costly solar cells, made from III-V semiconductor materials, which are standard in space applications, but would
not be affordable in flat-plate approaches. Inexpensive
lenses or mirrors are used to strongly concentrate the
light and hence reduce the required solar cell area.
Approximately 150 MW of CPV systems had been installed
the consortium, which is coordinated by the Universidad
• A novel CPV array, named “INTREPID” that
Politécnica de Madrid, Spain and the Toyota Technological
combines the latest improvements reached
Institute, Japan. The project started in June 2011 and will
by the Consortium at different levels has been
end in November 2014.
installed at UPM facilities in May 2014.
NGCPV research is focused on the development and
These results as well as the experiences of
demonstration of new concepts for devices and process-
fruitful and intense collaboration between all
es for very high efficiency photovoltaics and on methods
project partners, demonstrate that common
and procedures suitable for standardized measurement
solutions to global challenges (climate, envi-
technology for CPV cells and modules. The project covers
ronment, ICT, etc.) could be speeded up by
Research and Development along the value chain including
encouraging R&D schemes that combine the
novel materials, new III-V (multi-junction) solar cell struc-
expertise of top companies and research cen-
tures, innovative CPV modules and efficient CPV systems.
tres around the world.
worldwide by the end of 2013 and the market is expected
though considerable progress has already been made in
the development and manufacturing of CPV, there are still
huge possibilities to further increase their efficiency while
reducing their cost.
RESULTS
and breakthroughs have already been achieved, such as:
• In May 2012 Sharp achieved the world record efficiency
for a triple--junction solar cell of 43.5% under concentrated sunlight. Less than a year later a new record was
achieved: 44.4%. Four-junction solar cells are under de-
field of energy launched by the European Commission and
velopment.
the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
• Fundamental material research has progressed signif-
Organization (NEDO) of Japan. Based on their common
icantly, for example on the incorporation of quantum
visions concerning clean energy and climate protection,
structures (like quantum wells or quantum dots) into
the Directorate-General for Research of the European
multi-junction solar cells and on advanced materials,
Commission together with NEDO of Japan, devised a co-
such as GaAsN. The research is successfully supported
operative R&D-strategy that was materialized by the issue
by the application of novel characterization techniques.
Concentration Photovoltaics (CPV) Cells, Modules and Systems /EU-Japan Coordinated Call in 2010.
The NGCPV consortium – consisting of 7 European and
9 Japanese partners - responded to this call and, with its
impact, is expected to contribute to the achievement of
both the EUs “20-20-20” and NEDOs “Cool Earth in 2050”
targets. The EUREC member Fraunhofer Institute for Solar
Energy Systems ISE from Freiburg, Germany is member of
30
system developed by the NGCPV. Consortium
The project is still running. However, several major findings
NGCPV is sponsored within the first collaborative call in the
of the call FP7-ENERGY-2011-JAPAN: Ultra-high Efficiency
Partners of the project and the novel INTREPID
Légende??
• Concentrator primary and secondary optics are optimized
with a current focus on Dome-shaped Fresnel Köhler
concentrators.
• Tools for the characterization of industrial CPV modules
have been developed, which improve the repeatability,
availability and control of the operating conditions at reduced cost.
• A 50 kWp CPV plant has been built at the Spanish location of Villa de Don Fadrique.
© Fraunhofer ISE
31
to reach GW level in the next five years. However, al-
1 3 . C r a d l e - t o - c r a d l e
Sustainable PV Modules
(Cu-PV project)
CONTACT DETAILS
Bart Geerligs, [email protected]
ECN (Energy Research Centre of The Netherlands),
Petten, The Netherlands
http://www.sustainablepv.eu/cu-pv/
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
The challenges that are tackled in this project are to re-
The project has so far demonstrated technology for high
duce resource consumption by silicon solar cell and
efficiency back contact solar cells down to 120μm thick-
module technology and to reduce pollution, in particular
ness. The silver consumption was reduced to 30 mg per
the use of lead, CO2 emissions by solar cell and module
wafer (about 6 tons per gigawatt-peak power), for silver
production, and the future waste burden of end-of-life pho-
ink fire-through metallisation followed by copper electro-
tovoltaic modules. The problems to be solved are: the
plating, and to zero in case of metallisation by physical
silicon consumption, since the production of silicon for
vapour deposition. A best full-size solar cell efficiency of
solar energy is very energy-intensive; the silver consump-
21.7% was achieved.
tion, presently 1000-2000 ton/year for solar energy, and
The module technology with lead-free interconnection was
growing fast; the lead consumption, especially in module
developed for recycling. Recycling technology for these
manufacturing; and enabling more effective recycling with
modules is under development, with promising results
better recovery of individual materials.
for improved recovery of wafers, glass, and backsheet.
Additionally, improved techniques that can be applied to
3 SMEs, 1 large industry, and an industry association, participate with 2 R&D institutes in the project, and expect
to prove their equipment and technologies in the project.
Silicon consumption is reduced by decreasing wafer thickness and increasing module efficiency. Silver consumption
recycling of present-day modules are under development.
This is being done in active discussion with companies
along the module life cycle to identify most promising
business cases. Results are communicated to the PV and
recycling community, including a workshop on recycling
of PV modules later this year.
is reduced by a change to copper electroplating, with seeding by inkjet technology using a minimal amount of silver,
or by physical vapour deposition, technologies which at
the same time allow thin wafers. The module technology is adapted for the combined requirements of handling
thin cells, copper metallisation, no lead, and the possibility
for separation of the laminate during recycling. This inand new interconnection materials and encapsulants. In
addition, solutions will be developed for other module aspects which presently cause high cost of recycling, such
as framing technology. The project has a quick-start phase
aimed at demonstrating part of the improvements in present mainstream PV technology: in particular reduction of
silver, separation technology for current modules, and
modifications to enhance recycling of frame.
© ECN
32
33
volves a combination of back contact module technology
14. N
ew concepts for high efficiency
and low cost in-line manufactured
flexible CIGS solar cells
(HIPOCIGS)
CHALLENGES
The main objective of the project was to develop inno-
vative flexible substrate materials and deposition processes for the roll-to-roll deposition (R2R) of highly efficient
Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar modules with potential for low
production costs (< 0.6 €/Wp).
10% efficiency loss. All experiments were performed on
a very high efficiency level and accompanied by sophisticated electronic measurements to detect defect states,
to reduce carrier recombination and to optimize the CIGS
doping. All developments were critically reviewed with
view on transferability to production, costs and yield. 50%
of the project partners came from industry.
All substrates, methods, processes etc. should have the
potential to be transferred to a R2R production. R2R-production itself, however, was not an issue of investigation.
RESULTS
Novel substrates such as low carbon steel, aluminum foil,
Solar cell performance achieved at low substrate temper-
enameled aluminum, enameled low carbon steel and in-
atures for the first time touched the efficiencies normally
novative polyimide films which were not yet commercially
achieved only on glass substrates at high temperatures.
available have been tested, evaluated and characterized.
A new record efficiency of 18.7% on 25µm thin polyimide
A core activity and important goal was to develop a mul-
foil achieved at low temperature opened up a new era in
tifunctional enamel layer on low carbon steel with all de-
flexible thin film photovoltaics. Only 10% loss of efficiency
sired features such as perfect electrical insulation against
could be demonstrated by halving the absorber thickness
the steel substrate, resistance against high temperatures
on polyimide. Remarkably good cell results could also be
(650°C), high barrier against iron diffusion and precursor
achieved with the APPECVD deposited window layers
layer for the alkaline (Na, K) doping of the CIGS thin film
which were comparable to the standard reference samples
absorber. Other challenges were the evaporation of a novel
with sputtered layers. Up to 17.5% cell efficiency could be
buffer layer and monolithic cell interconnection on sensi-
demonstrated with inline evaporated InSx buffer layers.
tive thin polymer foils.
Another remarkable finding was that the cell efficiencies
In order to achieve highest efficiencies on the one hand
obtained on novel enamel coatings always was slightly
and lowest costs on the other hand substrate texturing,
higher than the reference cells on glass. That was the
reduction of absorber thickness and vacuum free depo-
first and with view on future developments very important
sition of the transparent conductive window layer (TCO)
hint that the high potassium content of the self-mixed
were an issue of investigation as well.
novel enamel could be the reason for that. Later on, i.e.
CONTACT DETAILS
Friedrich Kessler, [email protected]
ZSW, Stuttgart, Germany
http://www.zsw-bw.de/
Fig. 1: J-V and P-V measurements of the 18.7 % efficiency record device (EMPA) on
polyimide film together with the
characteristic PV parameters.
The measurement has been certified by the Fraunhofer Institute
ISE, Freiburg, Germany.
Fig. 2: JV-curve of record cells on enamelled steel substrate a)sample 6308-1
(from first project period) as confirmed by ISE and b) sample 6308-15 (from
second project period) as measured at ZSW.
Fig. 4: JV-curve and PV parameters (left) of a 4 x
4 cm2 mini-module (right) on polyimide film with
a record conversion efficiency of 14.8 %, which
was independently certified by Fraunhofer ISE.
Fig. 3. IV curve and data of the best
cell device with InSx buffer layer on
glass substrate (with ARC).
Fig. 5: Modules on enamelled steel with a substrate size of a)
10 x 10 cm² (efficiency: 15.4%) and b) 23 x 30 cm² (efficiency:
12.9%).
A novel atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced chemical
vapor deposition (APPECVD) was developed and applied
for solar cells. The CIGS absorber was co-evaporated both
at low and high substrate temperatures (about 450°C and
650°C) by a multistage process in order to adjust and optimize the compositional grading and to achieve highest
efficiencies. Another approach was to reduce the absorber
thickness to one-third of the initial value by not more than
34
demonstrate a new CIGS record efficiency on polyimide
foil (20.4%) which was even slightly above the former
record on glass (20.3%). The significant and unexpected
rise of the efficiency from 18.7% to 20.4% was due to
potassium. After publication, other institutes applied the
potassium treatment to high-temperature-CIGS as well
© ZSW
resulting in a big leap up to 20.8% (ZSW) and even more
(21.0%, Solibro).
Logos of the involved partners
(Würth Solar had been substituted after
two years by Manz):
35
after the end of project, the project partner EMPA could
15. P
hotovoltaic Laboratory
( P V- L a b )
CONTACT DETAILS
Prof. Urs Muntwyler, [email protected]
PV-LAB- Berne University of Applied Sciences, Burgdorf,
Switzerland
http://www.pvtest.ch/
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
The Photovoltaic Laboratory (PV LAB) at Bern University of
A 30% contribution of electricity from PV would allow Swit-
Applied Sciences BFH is based in Burgdorf (Switzerland)
zerland to replace all combustion cars by electric vehicles
and has 30 years of expertise in the field. The PV LAB sup-
and replace the fossil heating systems with heat pumps.
ports the energy transition policy of the Swiss Government
Bern University of Applied Sciences in Biel, hosting the
(“Energiewende 2050”) with research and education. The
only automotive engineering department in Switzerland,
“Energiewende 2050” of the Swiss Government aims
has developed solar racing cars and light-weight electric
at 20% PV-electricity in the grid in 2050.
vehicles since the 1980s. These efforts have resulted in
the well-known SMART car that is now commercialized by
The PV LAB co-authored a study published in 2012 on
PV-electricity cost, evidencing that the cost for PV-electricity is (i) very competitive today and (ii) much lower than
figures presented by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy
(SFOE). The authors of the 2012 study also believe that
the contribution from PV-electricity could be up to 30% in
2050 (i.e., higher than the 20% PV-electricity in the grid
as requested by the Swiss Government).
Mercedes Daimler. Several spin-offs of BFH Biel are also
successfully active in the PV industry, e.g. Sputnik is today
among the worldwide leading PV inverter companies.
Currently, BFH in Biel develops and establishes a battery
research center in the city of Biel. In Burgdorf, the PV LAB
at BFH concentrates on the combination of PV electricity
production and electric vehicles (solar carports and smart
grid applications). This research is linked to long-term
measurements of photovoltaic electricity production from
a Swiss measurement network with installations from 3
kWp to 1,35 MWp.
Research activities also concentrate on the planning, design and realisation of “PV oriented buildings” (PVOB).
Two 60m high buildings in the city of Zürich were retrofitted with thin film PV modules on all four façades and
are today the biggest thin film PV façade installations in
the world. A new PV planning software, developed in the
frame of this project, supports the design of PV façades
36
© Bern University of Applied Sciences
37
and “PV skins” on buildings.
1 6 . S p a r- b u o y O s c i l l a t i n g Wa t e r C o l u m n
(OWC) with biradial turbine for ocean
wave energy conversion
CHALLENGES
The ocean waves are an important renewable energy resource that, if extensively exploited, may contribute significantly to the electrical energy supply of countries with
coasts facing the ocean. A wide variety of technologies
has been proposed, studied, and in some cases tested at
full size in real ocean conditions. The mechanical process
vertical tail tube open at both ends, fixed to a floater that
moves essentially in heave. The length of the tube determines the resonance frequency of the inner water column.
A version of the spar-buoy is being developed at Instituto
Superior Técnico (IST), Lisbon. A 1:16th-scale model was
tested in 2012 at the large wave flume of NAREC, UK.
More recently, in 2014, a 1:32th-scale model of a threebuoy array was tested at the large wave tank of Plymouth
CONTACT DETAILS
Luís Gato, [email protected]
Instituto Superior Tecnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
www.ist.utl.pt
RESULTS
Phase control is a way of bringing the device
close to resonance with the incoming waves
and can substantially increase the amount of
energy absorbed from the waves. In the case
of an OWC converter, this can be done by closing a valve: the water column is kept in a fixed
absorbed from the waves by OWC devices.
The next step is the design, construction, deployment into the sea and testing of a prototype, possibly at scale 1:2 to 1:4, to demonstrate the technology in terms of structural and
power performance, and survivability under extreme conditions.
position during certain intervals of the oscilla-
The ambition of the project is the create an ef-
tion cycle (latching control). There are specific
ficient, reliable and economically competitive
problems related to latching control of an OWC:
wave energy converter to be deployed in ar-
oscillating pressure. In the latter case, there is a fixed or
the difficulty to design and construct a valve
rays, capable of providing substantial contribu-
oscillating hollow structure, open to the sea below the
The spar-buoy OWC is to be equipped with a new type of
with a response time not exceeding a few tens
tion of clean energy to electrical grids of regions
water surface that traps air above the inner free-surface;
self-rectifying air turbine: the biradial impulse turbine, pat-
of a second. This may be overcome with the
facing the oceans and large seas.
wave action alternately compresses and decompresses
ented by IST. Model tests in laboratory indicated that it is
novel biradial turbine, in which an axially sliding
the trapped air which forces air to flow through a turbine
more efficient than any other competing turbine on which
cylindrical valve may be positioned close to the
coupled to a generator. Such a device is named oscillat-
experimental results are available. Its average efficiency
rotor. This is why only recently latching control
ing-water-column (OWC).
in random waves (about 72%) is close to, or higher than,
of OWCs has been considered as feasible for
The main advantage of the OWC versus most other
what can be achieved with the conventional high-pressure-
significantly increasing the amount of energy
wave energy converters is its simplicity: the only moving
oil circuits with hydraulic motors that equip most wave
part of the energy conversion mechanism is a turbine, lo-
energy converters of oscillating body type (like Pelamis).
of energy absorption from the waves requires a moving
interface, involving (i) a partly or totally submerged moving
body and/or (ii) a moving air-water interface subject to an
University, UK.
cated above water level, rotating at a relatively high velocity and directly driving a conventional electrical generator.
The spar-buoy is a simple concept for a floating OWC. It is
an axisymmetric device (and so insensitive to wave direc-
Biradial air turbine: perspective view and model testing in laboratory.
tion) consisting basically of a (relatively long) submerged
© IST-Lisbon
38
39
Spar-buoy OWC developed at IST
2.
R E N E WA B L E
H E AT I N G A N D C O O L I N G
Project
1. SolarBrew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2. A
dvanced ground source heat pump systems
for heating and cooling in Mediterranean
climate (GroundMed).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
40
41
R E N E WA B L E H E AT I N G A N D C O O L I N G
3. N
ext Generation Heat Pump for Retrofitting
Buildings (GreenHP).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.SolarBrew
CONTACT DETAILS
Christoph Brunner, [email protected]
AEE - Institut für Nachhaltige Technologien, Gleisdorf, Austria
http://www.aee-intec.at
The manufacture of malt and beer requires large amounts
of electrical and thermal energy which is nowadays mainly
based on fossil fuels. In State of the Art breweries 7.5 –
1.5 kWhel and 60–120 MJth per hl of beer are needed and
the annual output of medium to large sized breweries may
easily exceed one million hl. The entire process heat demand of the thermally driven processes in breweries and
malting plants can be met with heat at a temperature of
between 25 and 105°C on process level. This enables the
• Two steam supplied vessels (mash tuns) were retrofitted by especially designed internal plate heat exchanger
templates which enable a supply system based on hot
water instead of steam.
• The new hot water supply is fed by waste heat from a
nearby biomass CHP plant as well as by a large scale
ground mounted solar thermal system (100 collectors
summing up to a total of 1,500 m² gross collector area)
which is hydraulically connected to a 200 m³ pressurized
solar energy storage tank.
integration of solar thermal energy supplied by convention-
While mashing, the temperature of the mash is contin-
al, non-concentrating solar thermal collector technologies
uously increased from a starting temperature of around
such as flat-plate or evacuated tube collectors.
58°C to a final temperature of around 78°. If there is so-
Against this background, the demonstration of the tech-
nical and economic feasibility of the integration of a
large scale solar thermal system to the mashing process of the Austrian brewery Goess was initiated and a
solar process heat application with a gross collector area
of 1,500m² connected to a 200m³ energy storage tank was
finally commissioned in June 2013.
lar thermal energy at the right temperature available, the
energy is taken out from the solar energy storage tank
The return flow from the process back to the storage is
stratified according to the temperature. If the temperature
in the solar energy storage is not high the process supply
temperature is heated up in-line via the waste heat from
the biomass CHP plant. Only in case when both systems
cannot supply either the temperature or the energy quan-
The project “SolarBrew” is coordinated by the Austrian
backup in parallel.
tity needed, the existing steam supply system acts as
Mounting of 200m³ solar
research institute AEE INTEC and financed by Heineken
Funding is provided by the European Commission (FP7) as
well as by the Austrian Klima- und Energiefonds. In order
to meet the holistic approach, the Goess consortium was
complemented by a process engineering partner (GEA
Brewery Systems GmbH) as well as by the Danish solar
thermal collector manufacturer and turn-key supplier of
large-scale solar thermal systems Sunmark A/S.
Solar assisted mashing process for the brewery Goess:
The solar thermal system designed for the brewery Goess
and brewery building complex.
and pumped into the retrofitted plate heat exchangers.
Supply Chain B.V. to which the brewery Goess belongs.
1,500m² flat plate collector field
with 200m³ solar energy storage
RESULTS
energy storage.
From simulations it can be expected that almost 30% of
the thermal process energy demand for mashing can be
supplied by the solar thermal system in future and that
the entire process energy demand will be covered with
renewable sources only (waste heat from biomass + solar
thermal). In sum round 1,570 MWh of natural gas per year
corresponding to round 38,000 tons of CO2 equivalents per
Retrofit of two existing mash tuns
year can be saved in future by this hybrid system.
with heat exchanger templates.
implies several innovative approaches:
© AEE Intec
42
43
CHALLENGES
2 . A d v a n c e d g r o u n d s o u r c e h e a t
pump systems for heating and
cooling in Mediterranean climate
(GroundMed)
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
The main challenge of the GROUND-MED project has
The Ground-Med project effectively developed and
been to maximize the seasonal performance factor
demonstrated a new generation of ground source heat
(SPF) of ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) technology,
pump systems of superior energy efficiency, providing that
looking into the integrated GSHP system comprising the
way the technology that will effectively aid the EU to reach
heat pump, the ground heat exchanger, the heating/cooling
its targets for renewable energy, energy saving and CO2
system and all associated components (pumps, fans, etc.).
emissions reduction for 2020 and beyond.
SPF is the ratio of useful energy delivered (heating, cooling
and sanitary hot water) divided by the electricity consump-
SPF2 (heat pump + external pump) measured in
tion throughout the year. SPF depends on the heat pump
Ground-Med demo systems.
CONTACT DETAILS
Dimitrios Mendrinos, [email protected]
Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES),
Pikermi, Greece
http://www.groundmed.eu/
View of Ground-Med heat pump and data logging equipment at the
La Fabrica del Sol demonstration site, in Barcelona.
technology and system design and operating conditions.
The GROUND-MED project has developed, demonstrated
and monitored prototype ground source heat pump (GSHP)
systems in eight buildings of South Europe.
The project has been implemented by 24 European organisations coordinated by the Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES). The consortium includes
the European heat pump manufacturers CIAT, HIREF and
OCHSNER WP. It started on 1 January 2009 and will end
on 31 December 2014. It has a budget of approximately
through the FP7.
The project developed eight super heat pump prototypes
incorporating advanced solutions for extraordinary energy
efficiency, advanced low temperature fan-coil unit prototypes of extremely low (1/5) electricity consumption, an
air-handling unit prototype utilizing condensing heat, cold
storage units, advanced control algorithms, free cooling
operation, as well as local data acquisition systems and
centralized data management system for remote monitoring. Monitoring results demonstrate measured SPF values
above 5 in both heating and cooling modes, well above the
default value of 3.5 accepted by the European Commission
as the EU average of GSHP systems in operation (2013).
© CRES
44
45
7.24 million euro, 4.3 million of which are the EU funding,
3 . N e x t G e n e r a t i o n H e a t P u m p
for Retrofitting Buildings
(GreenHP)
The renovation and retrofitting of multi-family houses and
commercial buildings using renewable heating and cooling (RHC) technologies is a key issue for achieving the
EU 20-20-20 targets. About 83% of all residential buildings in Europe were built before 1995 and will eventually
need retrofitting. A particular challenge in this context is
to implement renewable heating and cooling systems in
Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) - Coordinator, Emer-
concept for the GreenHP heat pump unit is cur-
son Climate Technologies GmbH, AKG Group, Ziehl-Abegg
rently being developed for combined operation
SE, Hesch Schröder GmbH, Gränges AB, Royal Institute
with a photovoltaic and a solar thermal system.
of Technology (KTH), Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy
Different control strategies, including a strategy
Systems (Fraunhofer ISE), European Heat Pump Associ-
based on price signals from the electricity mar-
ation (EHPA).
ket are considered in order to identify building
integration concepts with high seasonal perfor-
energy at the present time. This requires the development
GreenHP is an ongoing project. The first task was to de-
of advanced RHC technologies and system integration
velop an application scenario for the GreenHP system and
concepts based on local resources. The GreenHP project
to assess its potential in Europe. Locations in different
addresses this challenge by developing an advanced
climate zones and different building types were considered
heating system using air/water heat pump technology
in order to identify a high impact scenario. The analysis
for retrofitting multi-family and commercial buildings
shows that the highest potential for the GreenHP system
in densely populated areas and cities.
is expected for multi-family houses built before 1995 and
located in the ErP (Energy Related Product Directive) av-
with minimum environmental impact. In order to achieve
this goal, the GreenHP project pursues a comprehensive
multi-level research approach ranging from new heat pump
component designs to advanced system integration concepts. The main research goals can be summarized as
www.greenhp.eu
Based on this analysis, a building integration
INITIAL RESULTS
The primary goal is to develop an urban heating solution
The GreenHP consortium includes the following partners:
large cities as urban heating still relies heavily on fossil
Michael Monsberger, [email protected]
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
erage climate zone. In Germany alone, for example, there
are 2.78 million multi-family houses built before 1995. The
mance and optimized operating costs. The simulation results serve as a basis for the design
and development of a lab-scale air/water heat
pump pilot. In order to prove the potential of
the GreenHP concept, the lab-scale pilot will be
subjected to stand-alone performance testing
and hardware-in-the-loop testing.
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013
under grant agreement no. 308816.
GreenHP system is hence designed for a retrofitted multifamily house in the average climate zone with a living area
of about 600 m². It is based on a variable capacity air/water
heat pump and can provide up to 30 kW of heat for space
heating and domestic hot water.
follows:
Component level: N
ew heat exchanger concepts based on brazed aluminium microchannel heat exchangers including bionic refrigerant distribution
New compressor concepts for propane as refrigerant
ptimized fan and air flow system and advanced anti-icing and
O
defrosting methods
Unit level:
Refrigerant charge reduction
Heat pump design enabling high efficiencies with propane as refrigerant
System level:
Building integration concepts including PV and solar thermal collectors
Holistic control strategies for the system
Energy management concepts for smart grid integration
© AIT
46
47
CHALLENGES
CONTACT DETAILS
3.
S U S TA I N A B L E
T R A N S P O RT
Project
1. N
ew feedstock and innovative transformation
process for a more sustainable development
and production of lignocellulosic ethanol
(BABETHANOL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2. S
odium borohydride fuel cell vehicle.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
48
49
S U S TA I N A B L E T R A N S P O RT
3. B
ioethanol production from wood waste,
by enzymatic hydrolysis Buildings (GreenHP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1 . N e w f e e d s t o c k a n d i n n o v a t i v e
transformation process for a more
sustainable development and
production of lignocellulosic ethanol
(BABETHANOL)
BABETHANOL is a collaborative research project between
Europe and Latin America for the development of more
sustainable processes for 2nd generation biofuels from
lignocellulosic biomass and the definition of new local
feedstocks out of competition for the food industry.
Mercedes Ballesteros Perdices, [email protected]
CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
http://www.ciemat.es
RESULTS
Lignocellulosic biomass transformations that produce
2nd generation bioethanol are currently widely studied all
around the world. Four lignocellulosic materials, selected
for their expected potential for conversion to 2nd generation ethanol, have been fully characterized: Blue Agave Bagasse (BAB): a fibrous residue resulting from the manufacturing of Tequila; Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB):
BABETHANOL develops solutions for a more sustainable
another fibrous residue resulting from the manufacturing
approach to 2nd generation renewable ethanol, based on
of palm oil; Sweet Corn (SC): a residue mixture resulting
a “moderate, environmentally-friendly and integrated”
from the harvest of corn and the production of sweet corn;
transformation process that should be applicable to an
and Barley Straw (BS): a fibrous residue resulting from the
expanded range of lignocellulosic feedstocks. The new
harvest of barley.
process, called CES, will be an alternative to the costly
These materials have been used for the development of
state-of-the-art, processes notably the current pre-treat-
the new pre-treatment process at laboratory scale. Oth-
ments requiring much energy, water, chemical products,
er potential feedstocks from Latin America and Western
detoxification and waste treatment. CES will be developed
Europe have been searched. Priority has been given to
and tested from laboratory to semi-industrial pilot-scale
biomasses with specific chemical composition: cellulose
with different feedstocks. A catalogue of lignocellulosic
>34%, hemicelluloses <30%, lignin <22%, ash<10%, li-
feedstocks from crops and agro-industrial residues avail-
pids<10%, proteins<10% and not competing with human
able in South America and Western Europe and suitable
and animal feedings. Available amounts and geographical
for the new process will be developed during the project.
concentrations of these materials have also been major
The project aims to develop a new pretreatment for the
selection criteria with a view to supplying production plants
production of 2nd generation ethanol that will provide a
of minimum 30.000 tons per year processing capacity in
substantial cost reduction in comparison with current pro-
regional/local level.
cesses which use stat-of-the-art pretreatments, such as
The study of the CES process at laboratory scale is well
acid hydrolysis. The new pretreatment will be especially
advanced: the optimum operating conditions are different
adapted to small size production plants that can be locat-
for each biomass but within a small range of variation.
ed in rural or urban areas were crops or agro-industrial
residues can be available in amounts of at least 30.000
tons per year. Conditions in the Latin American countries
involved in this project are particularly suitable to this new
pretreatment.
50
51
CHALLENGES
CONTACT DETAILS
2 . S o d i u m b o r o h y d r i d e
fuel cell vehicle
CONTACT DETAILS
Dr.Osman Okur, [email protected]
TUBITAK MRC Energy Institute, Gebze Kocaeli, Turkey
www.mam.gov.tr
CHALLENGES
Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have the potential to significantly
reduce our dependence on oil and lower harmful emissions that contribute to climate change. Fuel Cell Vehicles
Bipolar plates, catalysts, membrane electrode assembly
have been manufactured and high power density fuel cell
system integration has been performed.
run on hydrogen gas rather than gasoline and emit no
RESULTS
harmful tailpipe emissions. The efficiency of a hydrogen
The three main outputs of the projects are:
fuel cell vehicle is three times more than a petrol-fuelled
engine. However, hydrogen storage on board the vehi-
cle is the key factor to achieve market success for FCVs.
Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) has often been considered
the best choice for hydrogen production among the ex-
• A 5 kW fuel cell system
• A 7 m3 capacity- 70 Liters/minute production speed
Hydrogen production system
• Fuel Cell Vehicle
isting hydrides. NaBH4 is also a good hydrogen storage
A 5 kW fuel cell system has been manufactured for 95%
material with a reported gravimetric H2 capacity up to 9.0
with national technological capability. The maximum speed
as percentage by weight using water and catalysts and up
of the vehicle is 90 km and the range with full fuel tank
to 21.3 as percentage by weight using water vapor. If the
is 150 km.
inherent drawbacks of this material like limited solubility,
instability, expensive catalyst, recycling problem of byproduct sodium metaborate (NaBO2) are eliminated, then the
usage of NaBH4 for hydrogen production is going to be
increased and its production cost will decrease from 50
to 5 US$/kg.
© TUBITAK MAM
The output of the project is a zero-emission vehicle in-
dependent from fossil fuels. The hydrogen source for
the fuel cell is obtained from boron reserves which Turkey
holds for the 70% of total world reserves.
The Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell Vehicle (BORMOBÍL) is
the first in Turkey for 5+5 kW hybrid concept.
In the Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell Vehicle Project, TUBITAK MRC Energy Institute has designed, developed and
built a 5 kW hydrogen generation system (HGS) based
on hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) that is in(PEMFC) stack in a sport vehicle. Copper, Nikel-based supported catalysts on different materials were prepared by
conventional impregnation method. The maximum hydrogen generation capacity of the system was 70 Litres per
minute. The developed on board system was integrated
into a vehicle. The produced hydrogen is fed to fuel cell
system. 5 kW power is produced at a constant loading of
72 Volt and 70 Ampere, and the generated power drives
the electrical motor successfully. The road tests of the
vehicle are completed.
52
53
tegrated with a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
3 . B i o e t h a n o l p r o d u c t i o n
from wood waste,
by enzymatic hydrolysis
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
The project Bioethanol production from wood waste by
The technology has many advantages compared with
enzymatic hydrolysis aims to develop a technology for
other existing technologies in the field: ecological pre-
transformingwood waste into bioethanol. In Romania,
treatment method; hydrolysis and fermentation can be
wood waste represents a significant renewable resource
performed in one step; the content of lignin is very small
for bioethanol production.
(only traces) which implies a high yield of hydrolysis (since
Biomass is one of the key ways to ensure security of
lignin acts as inhibitory of hydrolysis) and high bioethanol
supply and sustainable energy in Europe. Wood waste
concentration (4 -10%).
represents a cheap carbohydrate source for bioethanol
Bioethanol obtained from wood has a great potential to
production.
replace the existing fuels and to reduce greenhouse gas
Wood waste contains an orderly arrangement of cells with
emissions. The bioethanol obtained from waste wood can
walls composed of varying amounts of cellulose, hemi-
be blended with fossil fuel and used in cars.
CONTACT DETAILS
Prof.dr.ing. ALEXANDRU NAGHIU, [email protected]
University of Agricultural Sciences Cluj-Napoca, Romania
www.icia.ro
cellulose and lignin. Bioethanol can be produced from
cellulose and hemicellulose.
The novelty of the project consists in the combination of
enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation in one step (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process).
The technology for converting wood waste into ethanol
consists in the following steps:
• autohydrolysis pretreatment of wood waste to separatecarbohydrates components and to make wood available
for hydrolysis;
• enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of cellulosic fraction and
54
55
•d
istillation and purification of bioethanol.
4.
H O R I Z O N TA L T O P I C S
Project
1. T
owards a sustainable energy system- Integrating sources
of renewable energy (I-Balance).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2. Microgrids in Navarra: design, development and implementation
(ATENEA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3. Critical Resources and Material Flows during the Transformation
of the German Energy Supply System (KRESSE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4. Smart Nord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5. E
fficient Energy for EU Cultural Heritage
(3ENCULT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6. P
ower Supply and Storage Demand in 2050
(RESTORE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7. Sustainable SwissTech Convention Center
(STCC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
8. Energy-saving in a supermarket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
9. Excellence in energy education at the University
of Oldenburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
10. Storage systems for renewable energy
management (SmartGrids Navicelli). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
56
57
11. F
acilitating energy storage to allow high
penetration of intermittent renewable energy (stoRE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
1 . To w a r d s a s u s t a i n a b l e e n e r g y
system- Integrating sources
of renewable energy
(I-Balance)
CHALLENGES
The increasing importance and role of renewable energy
The I-Balance project is characterized by horizontal inte-
sources is changing the energy system. Managing peaks
gration whereby gas (now natural, in the future green gas)
and troughs in electrical energy production and consump-
and electricity are combined to form an integrated energy
tion is an issue of crucial importance to the whole system.
supply through the inclusion of locally produced sustain-
Finding new ways of integrating renewable sources of
able energies. The project works throughout the entire
energy is integral to system balance. Together with the
energy chain using open innovation.
philosophy of “People in Power”, local energy production
The I-Balance project is carried out through the collabo-
and balance are the focus of study at Hanze University of
ration and interplay of research institutions, medium and
Applied Sciences. Hanze UAS has several research pro-
small businesses, large commercial interests and practice
jects with this focus that started with the Flexines project
orientated research.
CONTACT DETAILS
Piet de Vey Mestdagh, [email protected]
EnTranCe (Energy Transition Centre), Groningen, The Netherlands
www.en-tran-ce.org
in 2006 and is now rapidly expanding to deal with the issues of balancing, demand/response, central/local storage,
bio-gas and energy transformation (P2G). The research
project I-Balance at the living lab facility EnTranCe (Energy Tansition Centre) at Hanze UAS is implemented in
close cooperation with the local community of Hooghalen
(Drenthe).
EnTranCe is a hotspot of applied sciences for business
and innovation. Students and researchers work together
in a five and a half hectare field with semi permanent
buildings to carry out open innovation together with companies, government and research institutes. Companies
concerned with the future of our energy system have the
opportunities, facilities, technology and the best possible
network to support them in the development of energy
RESULTS
Based upon the knowledge already available through
research and industrial application, the following will be
developed:
• New concepts for the decentralized generation of
sustainable energy. Peak-shaving by more efficient
use of natural gas to produce electricity, replaceable
in the future by green gas.
• ICT protocols for power electronics concerning network quality and stability, the basic conditions for
inclusion of sustainable forms of energy within the
existing and future system
products and services. At EnTranCe start-ups are able to
• A new integrated balancing mode.
expand business models with the support of experts from
• Tested concepts using real-time sustainable energy,
the academic and business sectors (e.g. lawyers, econo-
locally produced in a monitoring situation of 50 house-
mists, marketing and financial experts, business adminis-
holds in Hooghalen (Drenthe, NL)
good ideas to be immediately translated into successful
market orientated products. I-Balance is one of these developments.
© Hanze University of Applied Sciences
58
59
trators and behavioral scientists). This approach enables
2 . M i c r o g r i d s i n N a v a r r a : d e s i g n ,
development and implementation
( AT E N E A )
CHALLENGES
The demonstration of the feasibility of the smartgrid con-
GENERATION
were at the basis of the ATENEA project.
The aim of the project was to design microgrids with
control strategies to allow for the optimization of different elements, adding new functionalities, assuring load
Monica Aguado Alonso, [email protected]
CENER- Renewable Energy Integration Grid Department, Sarriguren, Spain
http://www.cener.com/en/renewable-energy-grid-integration/product-specifications.asp
LOADS
PV system
Vanadium redox
flow battery
Programmable
loads
Small wind
turbine
VRLA batteries
LEA load
Gas micro-turbine
Li-ion battery
Industrial area
lighting
Diesel generator
Supercapacitors
Microgrid load
cept for electric power systems and and the definition of
solutions to improve RES penetration in the energy mix
ENERGY STORAGE
CONTACT DETAILS
supply in isolate mode, attenuating disturbances in con-
Electric vehicle
nected mode and collaborating with the grid for stability
Electric forklift
maintenance.
The Specific Objectives were:
• To manage the generated power at each moment in
order to assure load supply.
• To ensure that the power consumed comes from renewable sources to promote for the energy self-sufficiency of the installation.
RESULTS
The following tools have been successfully developed:
• Microgrid design and optimitation
• Virtual Platform. It is developed in Matlab-Simulink
and illustrates the whole microgrid configuration
and its models, namely: PV panels, flow battery,
• To protect installations from grid or microgrid faults.
wind turbine, etc. This platform serves to validate
• To send the energy excess to the grid making the
the microgrid control, to develop different energy
microgrid an active part of the distribution network.
management strategies and to analyze the system
response due to different events.
• Cener Management Optimization Software - CeMOS
The Department of Innovation, Enterprise and Employment of Navarra Government and the European Union
through the regional funds FEDER financed the project
“Microgrids in Navarra: design, development and implementation”
The project created a microgrid aimed at industrial appli100 kW. The generated electricity is supplied to part of
the Wind Turbine Test Laboratory – LEA- electric loads of
CENER and to the lightning of the Rocaforte industrial area.
The installation is also used as a test bench for new equipment, generation systems, energy storage, control strategies and protection schemes. It can operate in connected
or in isolated mode. It consists of the following modules:
60
© CENER
61
cation of Alternate Current architecture with a power of
3 . C r i t i c a l R e s o u r c e s a n d M a t e r i a l
F l o w s d u r i n g t h e Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n
of the German Energy Supply System
(KRESSE)
According to targets set by the German Federal Government, renewable energies are to account for 18 per cent
of gross final energy consumption by 2020, rising to 60 per
cent by 2050. If only electricity generation is considered,
the proportion of gross electricity consumption contributed
by electricity from renewable energy sources is to increase
to 80 per cent by 2050. However, it is not only energy supply or climate protection criteria that play a crucial role in
realising the development of renewable energy sources – a
comprehensive sustainability assessment of the individual
which “critical” minerals are relevant in Germany for the
production of technologies that generate electricity, heat
and fuels from renewable energies in a time perspective
up to 2050. Figure 1 and 2 show, for example, a possible
development of some mineral resources according to different scenarios for the deployment of wind power and
photovoltaics by 2050. In this connection, the assessment
of being “critical” comprises the long-term availability of
Peter Viebhan, [email protected]
Wuppertal Institut for Climate, Environment, and Energy,
Wuppertal, Germany
http://wupperinst.org/en/projects/details/wi/p/s/pd/38/
MAIN FEATURES
OF THE PROJECT
The study shows that the geological availabil-
ity of minerals does not generally represent a
limiting factor in the planned expansion of renewable energies in Germany. It may not be
possible, however, for each technology variant
With regard to geothermal electricity genera-
tion, a relevant demand for various critical alloying elements cannot at least be ruled out
in the case of a major expansion. There are
several arguments in favour of assessing geothermal electricity generation as “relevant”
with regard to its future demand for steel alloys.
However, the data base is as yet inadequate
the raw materials identified, the supply situation, recy-
to be used to an unlimited extent.
clability and the environmental conditions governing their
Of the technologies investigated, the following
that no conclusions can be drawn at present
extraction.
have proven to be most probably non-critical
for geothermal energy.
for forecasting this demand reliably, meaning
with regard to the supply of minerals:
technologies must be made taking into account a variety
• Use in the electricity sector: solar thermal
of criteria. Such criteria include short- and long-term cost
energy, hydropower, wind turbines without
considerations, energy security, the impact on land use
rare earth magnets, silicon-based crystal-
and the countryside, social acceptability, environmental
line photovoltaics
impacts and resource requirements.
• Use in the heating sector: geothermal en-
When it comes to resource assessments, it is recognised
ergy, solar thermal energy
that the overall resource utilisation of an energy system
CONCLUSIONS
Whilst the heating and transport sectors are
most probably not considered as being critical
in the event of the direct use of renewable energies, attention needs to be paid to the electricity
sector with reference to the research question
is generally considerably lower if it is based on renewa-
• Infrastructure: electricity grids, specific
raised. Even if the availability of minerals for
ble energies (albeit not primarily on biomass) rather than
types of electricity storage devices, alka-
the relevant technologies is not a problem, po-
on fossil fuels. However, this does not necessarily mean
line electrolysis and solid oxide fuel cells
tential supply risks owing to dependencies on a
that renewable energies must always be considered as
The supply of minerals in the use of biomass
few supplier countries and competitive usages
being unproblematic with regard to the use of resources.
and biofuels in the electricity, heat and transport
should be borne in mind. One central aspect of
In particular, limited research has been undertaken on the
sectors cannot be classified as being critical ei-
the policy recommendations derived from the
consumption and long-term availability of minerals, usual-
ther. However, the availability of biomass itself
study is the proposal to focus in the medium
ly required in the manufacture of energy converters and
and the associated problems, especially land
term on efficiency and recycling strategies and
infrastructure. In this connection, the availability of rare
use and competitive usage, depending on the
on strategies for prolonging the useful life and
earth elements, such as indium, gallium, lanthanum and
type of biomass, would have to be taken into
life cycle of systems in the bid to secure Ger-
neodymium, and other raw materials that play a significant
account.
many’s raw material supply.
role, such as nickel and vanadium, is of particular interest.
Specific elements or sub-technologies of wind
The study of the Wuppertal Institute, finalised in June
energy, photovoltaics and battery storage were
2014, attempts to close the previous assessment gap,
identified as being critical with regard to the
contributing to the holistic sustainability analysis of re-
supply of minerals. However, there are non-criti-
newable energies. The aim of the study was to provide an
cal alternatives to these technologies that could
indication as to whether and how the transformation of the
increasingly be used in future or that already
energy supply system can be shaped more resource-ef-
dominate the market.
ficiently with a high degree of expansion of renewable
energies. To achieve this, the study involved investigating
62
© Wuppertal Institute
63
CHALLENGES
CONTACT DETAILS
4 . S M A RT N O R D
CONTACT DETAILS
Sebastian Lehnhoff, [email protected]
OFFIS, Oldenburg, Germany
http://smartnord.de/
The increase in renewable power generation causes an
overall decrease in conventional power generation from
large-scale and highly predictable fossil power plants.
Aside from market-based provision of active power schedules, these power plants are crucial for the provision of
short-term automatic ancillary services such as frequency
and voltage control. Substituting these plants for renewable generation units requires the latter to be capable of
providing these ancillary services in order to guarantee
a reliable and stable power supply.
The project presents an integrated approach for identifying
RESULTS
Coalitions of small inverter based generators are capable of providing dependable ancillary services. This will
mitigate the amount of fossil power needed to stabilize
the system. There is however the need to expand the
classic frequency/Power-droop control regime in order to
avoid stability issues due to inverter-to-invert-interactions
when implementing large-scale autonomous frequency
control from small-scale devices. In addition this will be
a future business model for distributed and intermittent
generators.
Injected Power [kW]
CHALLENGES
distributed coalitions of agents representing distributed
generation units capable of providing frequency response
reserve. A method was developed for calculating the individual droop control parameters of each participating device taking into account opportunity costs, device-specific
Response of the coalition after a drop in frequency at the transformer.
© OFFIS
reliabilities (e.g. for photovoltaic or wind installations) as
well as the small-signal stability of such a coalition for fre-
Source: [1] Lehnhoff, S. ; Klingenberg, T. ; Blank, M. ; Calabria, M. ;
quency response reserve. In addition, secondary as well
Schumacher, W.Distributed coalitions for reliable and stable provision
as tertiary control was considered in a similar fashion.
of frequency response reserve, 2013 IEEE International Workshop on
64
65
Intelligent Energy Systems (IWIES)
5 . E f f i c i e n t E n e r g y
for EU Cultural Heritage
( 3 E N C U LT )
CHALLENGES
3ENCULT bridges the gap between conservation of historic buildings and climate protection. Historic buildings
are the trademark of numerous European towns and will
only survive if maintained as a living space. Energy efficient retrofit is important – both for improving the comfort
and reducing energy demand (in terms of money and in
terms of resources) and for structural protection in heritage
EURAC research, Bozen, Italy
www.3encult.eu
Partnership: Coordinator – EURAC research, Italy. Austria: Bartenbach Lichtlabor, Univer-
There is no “one-fits-all”-solution – too unique is each
Danish Academy of Fine Arts. France: Menuiserie André. Germany: ICLEI, IDK, Passivhaus
sity of Innsbruck. Belgium: REHVA, youris.com. Czech Republic: ATREA. Denmark: Royal
historic building. The project rather proposes a “pool” of
Institut, Remmers, Technical University of Dresden, University of Stuttgart. Italy: Artemis,
solutions and guidance how to find the right one for the
Municipality of Bologna, University of Bologna. Netherlands: TNO. Spain: CARTIF, Grupo
specific building:
Unisolar. United Kingdom: ARUP.
• a highly energy-efficient conservation-compatible
window
• improved capillary active internal insulation
3ENCULT demonstrates that it is feasible to reduce the
• a low impact ventilation based on active overflow
1/10, depending on the case and the heritage value.
Alexandra Troi, [email protected]
RESULTS
buildings.
energy demand also in historic buildings to 1/4 or even
CONTACT DETAILS
principle
• a LED wall washer for high quality and low impact
illumination (e.g. in museums)
A core element in 3ENCULT was the multidisciplinary
• integrated PV solution and guideline on RES integra-
tion in Historic Buildings
team, who elaborated a comprehensive refurbishment
• the web-based “roombook” integrating conserva-
strategy for historic buildings: tools for the diagnosis, pas-
tion and energy aspects supporting the multidiscipli-
sive and active retrofit solutions as well as monitoring and
nary diagnosis and design
control devices.
The results are demonstrated in 8 case studies and trans-
•w
ireless sensor networks and a Building Manage-
ment System dedicated to Historic Buildings
ferred into building practice via diverse channels, including
• adaptation of PHPP (Passive House Planning Pack-
advice to CEN, virtual library on www.buildup.eu and a
age) and integration of historic buildings in EnerPHIT
handbook with guideline for planners as well as targeted
certification
information and training material for education and industry, but also study tours, workshops and e-guidelines for
local governments and decision makers and last but not
least information for building owners and a wide audience
through web and TV.
As regards to the impact: 14% of EU building stock
dates before 1919, 26% before 1945 – and even if only
© EURAC
part of it is listed, most of it constitutes our built heritage and should be treated with care. Reducing its energy demand (~855 TWh) by 75% will result in more than
66
67
180 Mt CO2 saved (3.6% of EU-27 emissions in 1990).
6 . P o w e r S u p p l y
and Storage Demand in 2050
(RESTORE)
CONTACT DETAILS
Dr Thomas Vogt, [email protected]
NEXT ENERGY – EWE-Forschungszentrum für Energietechnologie e. V.,
Oldenburg, Germany
www.next-energy.de
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
Recent studies show that in the year 2050 a power sup-
The primary objective of RESTORE 2050 is to give sus-
ply system for Europe that is based on almost 100 % on
tainable recommendations for a target-orientated political
renewable energies is possible. However, those studies
management to transform the German power system
do not address adequately all important aspects and ques-
in the European context. To this end, four issues are ad-
tions concerning the transition to a future power supply
dressed on the basis of the future expected development
system. Some of these aspects are: the systematic rela-
in power supply/demand within the ENTSO-E network up
tion between the developing transmission network across
to the year 2050 as well as on high spatial and temporal
Europe; the intermittent availability wind and solar power
resolved meteorological time series: (1) National devel-
on different temporal and spatial scale; the adequate anal-
opment strategy for renewable energies in the European
ysis of required storage capacities and interconnectors.
context, (2) expansion of the transmission grid as well as
RESTORE 2050 addresses these and other strategic as-
alternatives (load management), (3) the meaning of power
pects by combining meta-analysis of available studies and
exchange with third countries, (4) the role of storage at
detailed system modeling. The focus is on quantifying the
transmission grid level. The recommended actions derived
Figure 3: Current sector-specific potential for DSM in Germany in terms of energy (upper panels) and capacities (lower
requirement and effect of storage capacities and demand
from the research results contribute to the development of
panels) for average summer week (left panels) and winter week (right panels). The sectors investigated are 1)electric
side management considering the effect of pan-European
a German political strategy up to 2050 that takes Europe
heating, 2)AC and water heating, 3)domestic cooling devices, 4)domestic white goods (except for cooling), 5)ventilation,
power balancing due to the availability of interconnectors
into account.
6/7)industrial cooling, 8)industrial processes eligible for DSM, and 9)industrial base load.
Figure 2: Simulated wind power output (normalised to
nominal output) with high spatial resolution (7 km x 7km).
© Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg
with varying capacities. The overall goal of the project is to
develop consistent political recommendations on how to
stimulate the transformation of the German power system
Figure 1: RESTORE 2050 is primarily concerned with
considering the European dimension of the future power
the European power supply network of the future.
supply by renewables.
Amongst other aspects, it is investigated the impor-
storage and methods of load management for a reliable
The project is funded by the German Federal Ministry of
energy sources.
tance of the extension of the transmission network,
power supply based on weather dependent renewable
Education and Research (BMBF) through the funding initiative Energy Storage and runs for three years until October
2015. Project partners are the Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, the Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt,
Energie GmbH, and NEXT ENERGY - EWE-Forschungszenthe key competences of the partners in energy meteorology/technology, on system and grid analyses as well as on
the development of computerised models and scenarios.
The recommended actions derived from the research results contribute to develop a German political strategy up
to 2050 that takes Europe into account.
68
© NEXT ENERGY
Web link: http://forschung-energiespeicher.info/en/project-showcase/analysen/projekt-einzelansicht/54/Stromversorgung_und_Speicherbedarf_im_Jahr_2050/
Acknowledgments
Funding of the joint project RESTORE 2050 by the German Federal
Ministry of Education and Research through the funding initiative Energy
Storage is kindly acknowledged (funding code 03SF0439A).
69
trum für Energietechnologie e.V. The project benefits from
7 . S u s t a i n a b l e S w i s s Te c h
Convention Center
(STCC)
CHALLENGES
The SwissTech Convention Center (STTC) on the EPFL
campus in Lausanne (Switzerland), open in April 2014, is
one of the World most modern and best-equipped conference centers. Its large auditorium can be automatically
transformed from a 3,000-seat amphitheatre to a 1’800 m2
banquet hall. The STCC was designed according to sus-
tainable principles by combining several Renewable
Energy Technologies (BiPV, solar thermal, heat pumps,
geothermal pillars, daylighting, etc.) with a mixed use of
CONTACT DETAILS
Philippe Vollichard, [email protected]
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
http://tstcc.ch/fr/index.php
and users comfort. A maximal use of daylighting is also
made in the basement.
A transparent and coloured glazing performs the double
function of sun shadings and solar electricity generation
for the STCC Western façade. It is the first large-scale
implementation of the Dye Solar Cells (DSC), invented
by EPFL Professor Michael Grätzel and manufactured by
a local “Start-up” company.
RESULTS
eco-friendly mobility (metro line, electric vehicles)..
The DSC power plant produces annually 2,000 kWh of
Space heating and cooling
The core energy concept of STCC is the use of heat rejection from the water circulating in the buildings of the
EPFL campus originally pumped from Lake Geneva. The
water mainly used for cooling the campus buildings due
© EPFL
World Premiere for Dye Solar Cells
space (student rooms, shops, hotel and services) and an
Sustainable SwissTech Convention Center
solar electricity and prevents the STCC from overheating.
It will be completed by a 250 kW-p BiPV power plant involving thin film solar technology, which is part of a 2 MW-p
BiPV power plant completed last year and mounted on
the roofs of the EPFL campus buildings. The solar power
plant supported by a public utility (Romande Energie) and
EPFL generated 2 millions of kWh in 2013.
to the large available free gains enables to provide heating
during wintertime (1.1 MW max power) and cooling during
summertime (1.6 MW max power) to STCC thanks to a
reversible heat pump. It is returned to the lake via a nearby
river without harming the environment.
Domestic hot water
General view of STCC
The STCC domestic hot water is
100% renewable and produced by
solar thermal collectors located on
the rooftops of the nearby student
2 MW-p BiPV power plant
mounted on the building roofs of
the EPFL campus
heat pumps recovering the waste
heat from ventilation and/or fridges.
Daylighting
The STCC makes primarily use of
daylight in the entrance hall and
even in the large 3’000 seats plenary room for sake of energy savings
70
71
lodgings and shops, as well as by
8 . E n e r g y - s a v i n g
in a supermarket
CONTACT DETAILS
Ulla Lindberg, [email protected]
SP- Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden
www.sp.se
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
Retailers are used to negotiate, and are very good at it.
The introduction of glass doors cut the cooling load in half.
They are used to go for the lowest initial cost. Salesmen,
The effect on the sales volumes has not yet been fully
often from very small installing companies, have since
evaluated but the retailers, who have very exact knowl-
many years adapted the technical solutions to the buyer’s
edge through the computerized cash register system, have
wishes.
not reported any negative effects.
The main challenge is to introduce trust.
The efficiency of the refrigeration system conservatively
• Making the retailer believe that the higher initial cost
calculated from the measured data before and after the
will result in a return on operating cost.
changes is more than doubled.
• Making the installers to abandon known solutions and
The 50% load reduction (due to glass doors on the cab-
dare to use “new” technology.
inet) and the double efficiency (due to improvements of
Due to this behavior to buy “cheap”, there is a high potential for better energy efficiency. Many retailers believe
glass doors for retail cabinets will lower the sales.
About 4% of the electrical energy in an industrialized country goes to the supermarkets and about half of that is used
for the refrigeration system.
the refrigeration units) give the result of 25 % remaining
electrical energy need on an annual basis.
The introduction of heat pumps using the heat from the
refrigeration system replaced most of the heating needs.
Only 10-15% of the original heating needs have to be externally supplied. As there is still a large remaining potential
for energy savings and energy integration, the retailer has
started to discuss with stakeholders in neighboring build-
The dairy section in an existing supermarket was given a
All installations are conventional commercial installations.
total remake.
Thus, there is a huge potential to improve energy efficien-
All display cabinets for chilled food were equipped with
cy in other supermarkets without delay as well simply by
glass doors. The refrigeration units were changed and
copying the solutions demonstrated in the project!
ings for the use of all available heat.
designed for best possible part load and lowest possible
temperature lift at all times. The whole control system
was changed. Heat pumps were introduced to reuse the
heat flow from the refrigeration installation for heating of
Doors on all cabinets is just one of the actions that have reduced the
the building and sanitary hot water.
energy consumption significantly for the ICA City supermarket in Borås
© SP
Acknowledgment
The project was performed at SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden
with financial support from the Swedish Energy agency and industry
through the research programme BeLivs.
72
73
in Sweden.
9 . E x c e l l e n c e i n e n e r g y e d u c a t i o n
at the University of Oldenburg
CONTACT DETAILS
Evelyn Brudler
Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany
http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/en/energycourses/
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
The main objective of such a project is to establish a high
The project led, on the one side, to a higher visibility of
level interdisciplinary and cross-faculty cooperation in
the existing education in Renewable Energy at the Uni-
education in Renewable Energy (RE), - grounded in and
versity of Oldenburg to an international community as
growing from the research groups in Renewable Energy
well as within the university itself. One feature was the
(ENERiO) at the University of Oldenburg.
establishment of the Platform for the Study of Renewable Energy and interdisciplinary (partly international) joint
Four sub-projects cooperated to establish high level education in RE: an interdisciplinary PhD-programme on 5
scholarships attached to the ENERiO research groups; a
fellowship programme at the Hanse Wissenschaftskolleg
(city of Delmenhorst); a coordinator acting as a communicator amongst the research groups and educational
programmes in RE at the university; the development
of an online teaching unit at the Institute of Education in
Economics.
The project was established to aggregate existing activities
Master/PhD events. A new teaching unit “economics in
RE” was established and successfully tested in RE Master
education. The overall communication amongst the study
programmes led to increased exchange of students in the
single teaching units, even cross faculty wise.
On the other side, high level interdisciplinary research
opportunities attracted young researchers and increased
further the interdisciplinary cooperation amongst the RE
research groups.
Finally the overall communication between the teaching
and research units increased.
in RE education, to facilitate closer communication between the active groups and to increase the visibility of all
of it to the university members and potential international
students and to offer high level education from Bachelor
/ Master to PhD students. The PhD scholars formed an
interdisciplinary group on system integration of RE power
to power grids. The fellowship programme attracted worldwide researchers while having them to also teach module
units in RE Master- and PhD-courses. Furthermore, interdisciplinary events for Master and PhD students took place
at the Hanse Wissenschaftskolleg. An online teaching unit
© University of Oldenburg
74
75
in Energy Economics was developed.
1 0 . S t o r a g e s y s t e m s f o r
renewable energy management
(SmartGrids Navicelli)
CONTACT DETAILS
Stefano Barsali, [email protected]
Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Energia, dei Sistemi, del Territorio e delle
Costruzioni (DESTEC), Università di Pisa, Italy
www.dsea.unipi.it
CHALLENGES
RESULTS
In the framework of an increasing share of renewable
The 1MW storage system (although with a limited amount
sources supplying power to the electric system, the fa-
of energy) demonstrates how the output of a PV plant can
cilitated regime which enabled renewable plants not to
be controlled while some grid services are made available.
provide the grid with regulation and control services will
The prototype demonstrates how renewable energy-based
be soon replaced with standard rules which will require all
systems can be made a competitive option, even in a not
plants to be dispatchable as well as provider of regulation
subsidized regime, without being hindered by their random
services. Without any storage device, power curtailment
nature.
or use of conventional generation are the only chances to
comply with the forthcoming grid requirements.
The Virtual Power Plant system showed how an overall
optimization algorithm can be adopted with different opti-
Even when grid requirements are not so tight, the in-
mization criterion (maximum profit, maximum energy from
tegrated management of the sources available in the
renewables, etc.) when different sources are available.
framework of a Virtual Power Plant, jointly with some
storage devices, enables improving the effectiveness
of the exploitation of renewable sources.
Navicelli is located near the town of Pisa and hosts several
1 MW electric storage system
shipyards, commercial and office buildings.
The project (funded by the Tuscany region authority) was
Examples of frequency response
mainly organised in two demonstrators: the first one relates to the MV network and mainly involves a large (1MW)
electric storage system (see photo) to ease the integration
of the large (3.7MW) PV plant; the second one regards the
Navicelli headquarter building where a 19kW cogeneration
plant, a 6kW wind turbine and a 15kW electric storage
system, as well as a thermal storage, were added to the
existing PV generator to demonstrate the operation of
innovative methods and tools for energy management
© University of Pisa
76
77
optimisation.
1 1 . F a c i l i t a t i n g e n e r g y s t o r a g e
to allow high penetration of
intermittent renewable energy
(stoRE)
CONTACT DETAILS
Ioannis Anagnostopoulos, [email protected]
NTUA (National Technical University of Athens), Athens, Greece
Project Coordinator: Michael Papapetrou, [email protected]
WIP- Renewable Energies, Munich, Germany
www.store-project.eu
Contract No:
IEE/10/222/SI2.591026
potential for energy storage infrastructure. Energy
storage, as part of an integrated approach including grid
reinforcement and demand management, helps to accommodate higher percentages of variable renewable energy
by balancing the supply and demand and improving the
power quality.
Even if we assume the existence of a supergrid there is a
certain need for new energy storage capacity in Europe.
This need for storage has to be recognized at EU/national
policy level in order to facilitate project development.
The framework conditions such as the power system characteristics, the market operation and the regulations vary
significantly from one Member State to another creating
an environment for energy storage that does not reflect
the relevant needs.
There is a lack of wide acceptance of the need for storage,
limited understanding of the challenges, and no common
vision of the future of energy storage among the relevant
stakeholders.
stoRE dealt with the non-technological barriers to en-
and market mechanisms.
The possible positive and negative impacts of the different
energy storage options on the environment were also assessed and the considerations of the relevant actors were
taken into account. Consultation processes, policy debates
Co-funded by
the Intelligent Energy Europe
Programme of the European Union
and communication activities ensured that the project is
open to all key actors and target groups, with results representing the whole energy sector and the society.
RESULTS
1. The environmental performance of energy storage installations was assessed. Together with all key actors
the stoRE project formulated recommendations for improving the framework conditions.
2. The European regulatory and market framework conditions were assessed with inputs from stakeholders
representing all interested parties, resulting in concrete
recommendations for improvements.
3. The regulatory and market framework conditions in the
target countries of Germany, Spain, Denmark, Greece,
Time (hours)
PHES and controllable plants load variation in Greece for 80% RES share scenario.
Ireland and Austria were reviewed and action lists were
formulated, based on feedback received from local actors.
ergy storage, creating the right regulatory and market
4. The recommendations were promoted among targeted
conditions that give incentives for the development of
decision makers, through a meeting with the European
energy storage infrastructure to the extent necessary for
Commission, events in the European Parliament and
the accommodation of the planned renewable energy in-
over 20 meetings with decision makers in the target
stallations to the electricity grid.
countries.
All key actors on the European level were involved in a
5. The general understanding on the role energy storage
process designed to build consensus about the necessary
can play in a sustainable energy future was improved
adaptation of the European Energy framework and poli-
through our communication campaign that reached over
cies, developing concrete recommendations and plan their
30,000 interested individuals..
implementation. Similar work was done in the six target
National Technical University
of Athens School
of Mechanical Engineering
Hours of the year
Example of rejected energy recovery by a 2 GW pumped storage system in Greece.
© National Technical University of Athens
78
79
tious objectives for renewable energy by unlocking the
Spain), leading to improvements of the policies, legislation
Load (GW)
The stoRE project facilitates the realization of the ambi-
countries (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland and
Rejected RES production (MW)
CHALLENGES
THE TOP TEN RESEARCH PRIORITIES
FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
THESE TEN TOPICS
ARE CONSIDERED
PRIORITIES WITH
RESPECT TO ALL
OTHER POSSIBLE
AREAS OF ENERGY
RESEARCH
A
t the end of 2013, the European Commis-
• Improved cost and performance of PV cells, mod-
• Testing, validation and cost reduction of innovative
sion launched a process involving relevant
ules, systems as well as new products for Build-
ocean energy devices and components. Ocean energy
stakeholders in the area of energy in order
ing-Integrated PV (BIPV) applications. Advanced PV
is not very far down the cost curve. Testing and validation
to come up with the Strategic Energy Tech-
technologies and applications need to be developed to
in controlled conditions (e.g. wave tanks) allows ocean
nology Plan (SET-Plan) Integrated Roadmap
maintain technology competitiveness. Emerging technol-
energy projects to progress and increases investor con-
(IR). Such a document would focus on the development
ogies need to demonstrate their added value in terms
fidence when the device eventually goes to sea
of innovative solutions to address the needs of the Eu-
of cost, performance or unique application options and
• Increase efficiency, reduce emissions and improve
ropean energy system for the forthcoming years. This
their viability in terms of manufacturability and stability.
feedstock flexibility of micro, small and large scale
strategic document intends not only to provide guidance
• Cost reduction and improved performance of Con-
biomass based CHP, as well as enhance sustaina-
to the second Energy Work Programme of Horizon2020,
centrated Solar Power (CSP) systems. Heliostat field
ble, innovative and cost-efficient advanced biomass
but it also serves as a basis for national action plans to be
costs represent about 50% of the total CSP plant cost.
feedstock supply. Bioenergy use in industrial power
developed between the European Commission and EU
Therefore, a significant cost reduction in the heliostat
plants and DHC is expected to roughly double by 2020.
Member States.
field will represent LCOE (Levelised cost of electricity)
It is therefore crucial to secure biomass fuel supply to
Representing leading research centres in renewable ener-
cost reduction of 15-20% from CSP systems. Increasing
the end consumer, to increase efficiency, sustainability,
gy, EUREC has been involved in the SET-Plan Integrated
not only the efficiency in the thermo-dynamical cycle
while reducing dust emissions and costs
Roadmap process, and, within this context, has drafted a
but also the cost effectiveness of the thermal storage
list of main research priorities to foster the development
is a priority
of renewable energies in the coming years.
• Development of hybrid electric/heating/cooling grid
and storage solutions in order to enable system in-
• Testing and validation of low cost wind turbines
tegration of increasing amounts of local and remote
The list of top 10 research priorities for renewable ener-
and components. Cheaper wind turbines with longer
renewable sources. Integrated solutions including con-
gies aligns with EUREC’s mission to promote and support
lifetime will contribute to the increase of the market
sumer demand, distributed generation, storage and mar-
the development of innovative technologies and human
penetration of wind energy. LCOE reduction from new
ket players to support a secure, stable and responsive
resources to enable a prompt transition to a sustainable
concepts is expected to be at least 10%
system.
energy system. The list below is not in any particular order.
These ten topics are considered priorities with respect to
all other possible areas of energy research.
• Improved energy storage systems. In all areas: chemical, electrochemical, mechanical or thermal.
• Development of advanced thermal conversion solutions and 2nd/3rd generation biofuels. Comprehen-
• Improved wind and solar modelling and forecasting.
sive actions are needed to foster the development of
• System integration of renewable energy and demon-
Enhancing wind models and assessing uncertainties of
advanced biofuels and alternative fuels in this key sector,
stration of innovative control systems at domestic
wind conditions in the atmospheric boundary as well as
to ensure sustainability and to commercialise biofuels
and district level. Improving network planning with a
in complex terrains, and in extreme atmospheric con-
based on lignocellulose and other non-food feedstocks.
multi-network approach, including electricity, and heating
ditions are essential elements to increase reliability of
and cooling. An integrated network both at transmission
wind-based electricity. Also, increasing module electricity
and distribution levels is essential to account for new
production is a key player to bring down the cost of PV
generation technologies based on renewables, innova-
electricity.
tive power technologies including electricity and thermal
80
81
CONCLUSION
storage and network monitoring/control techniques.
EUREC MEMBERS
• Aalto University - Department of Applied Physics,
• Loughborough University - Centre for Renewable
• AEE Institute for Sustainable Energy, Austria
• Austrian Institute of Technology - Energy Department,
• National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece
• NEXT ENERGY, Germany
• OFFIS e.V.- Institute for Information Technology, Germany
• Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult, UK
• PV-Lab Berne University of Applied Sciences,
Finland
Austria
• ARMINES/MinesParisTech, France
• Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg - Department
of energy and Semiconductor Physics, Germany
• Centro Nacional de Energias Renovables (CENER), Spain
• CIEMAT - Renewable Energies Department, Spain
• CNR - Institute for Advanced Energy Technologies, Italy
• CNRS ICUBE, France
• CNRS Laboratoire PROMES, France
• Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES), Greece
• German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Germany
• Energy Centre of the Netherlands (ECN),
The Netherlands
• Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Laboratoire d´Energie Solaire et de Physique du
Batiment, Switzerland
• ERIC - Hanzehogeschool Groningen, The Netherlands
• EURAC - European Academy, Italy
• Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Germany
• Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
(Fraunhofer-ISE), Germany
• Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy
Systems Technology (Fraunhofer-IWES), Germany
• Fundacion CIRCE - University of Zaragoza, Spain
• Institut National d´Energie Solaire (CEA-INES), France
• Instituto Superior Técnico de Lisboa, Portugal
• Instituto Tecnológico Energias Renovables (ITER),
Spain
• Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC),
Belgium
82
Energy Systems Technology, UK
Switzerland
• Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation
(ICIA), Romania
• SFFE- Norwegian Centre for Renewable Energy,
Norway
• SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Sweden
• STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK
• SUPSI - Istituto Sostenibilità Applicata all’Ambiente
Costituito, Switzerland
• Tubitak MAM - Energy Institute, Turkey
• University of Northumbria - Newcastle Photovoltaics
Application Centre (NPAC), UK
• Université de Perpignan - UFR des Sciences Exactes et
Expérimentales, France
• Università di Pisa - Dipartimento di Ingegneria
dell’Energia, dei Sistemi, del Territorio e delle Costruzioni
(DESTEC), Italy
• VTT Energy, Finland
• WIP - Renewable Energies Division, Germany
• Wuppertal Institut for Climate, Environment, Energy,
Germany
• ZWS - Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen
Research, Germany
Photo credits cover: © ACG, © CEA-INES - Design : www.acg-bxl.be
Printed on FSC® certified paper
EUREC
Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue
Renewable Energy
Projects Catalogue
Do you want to deepen your knowledge of Horizon 2020 and
other EU funding opportunities for research in renewable energy?
Join EUREC and get access to an exclusive network of researchers
having a powerful and credible voice in EU research policy.
Please feel free to contact us on [email protected]
www.eurec.be
EUREC
Join EUREC
A guide to successful and innovative projects
in the area of renewable energy

Renewable Energy Projects Catalogue - EEB-CZ

Transcription

Similar documents

ART: MAZATL | LEARN MORE: ENERGY

Renewable Energy Potential Maps for the West Balkan

Overcoming Implementing Increasing Cooperating

First Nations Electricity Report

New Solar Systems

Jeanette Fitzsimons Green Party Co

Newsletter, June 2015

View our fact sheet - Desert Research Institute

100% renewable - Denise Restoule / Dokis First Nation, Canada

WHAT IS ESTFEED?