GS 450h

GS 450h
DYNAMIC LAUNCH
SUMMARY
2
PRODUCT CONCEPT
AND MARKET INFORMATION
10
LEXUS HYBRID DRIVE
14
Lexus Hybrid Drive system components
18
Lexus Hybrid Drive in operation
26
Unique driving experience
26
Environmental and running cost benefits
29
BODY AND CHASSIS
30
Body structure
32
Variable Gear Ratio Steering (VGRS)
34
Suspension
34
SAFETY
36
Active safety
38
Preventive safety
43
Passive safety
45
DESIGN AND REFINEMENT
46
Exterior
48
Interior
50
CONVENIENCE AND ENTERTAINMENT
52
Electro Multi Vision with Bluetooth connectivity
55
Smart Keyless Entry System
56
Optitron dials with Electronic Chromatic Device 56
Fully electric air-conditioning
56
Parking assist sensors - steering guided
57
Complete, high quality hi-fi
57
Lexus Multimedia and Navigation System
58
SPECIFICATIONS
60
Technical specifications
62
Equipment list
66
Exterior colours
68
Interior trims
70
Wheels
72
1
SUMMARY
“The GS 450h, featuring the latest Lexus Hybrid Drive,
is not only synonym for unparalleled performance;
it provides the driver and passengers with class leading
levels of active and passive safety. Reflecting the GS 450h
customers’ attitude towards life, Lexus engineers achieved
levels of NOx and HC emissions that, combined, are lower
than any other combustion engine car on the market.”
SHIGETOSHI MIYOSHI, CHIEF ENGINEER, LEXUS GS 450h
HYBRID SYSTEM
Lexus Hybrid Drive is the new name adopted to identify the marque’s hybrid system. Lexus
Hybrid Drive was created around the principle of paradox, combining high levels of
performance with fuel efficiency and emissions unachievable by comparable vehicles.
A completely new, front engine, rear-wheel drive, series/parallel hybrid powertrain has been
engineered for the high performance GS 450h.
It features a 3,456 cm3 V6 petrol engine combining a new D-4S twin injector system
(Direct-injection 4-stroke Superior-version) with Dual VVT-i (Variable Valve Timingintelligent) to develop 296 DIN hp/218 kW and 368 Nm (271 lb.ft) of torque, mated to a
compact, high-output, permanent magnet electric motor generating 200 DIN hp/147 kW
and 275 Nm (203 lb.ft) of torque right from standstill. With a combined power output of
345 DIN hp/254 kW, the GS 450h is not only the most powerful production hybrid in
the world, but also the first to achieve the 100 DIN hp/litre barrier for specific output.
3
In addition to the petrol engine and electric motor, the new GS 450h’s Lexus Hybrid Drive
system further comprises a generator, a high-performance, 288 V nickel-metal hydride
battery, a Power Split Device which, via planetary gears, combines and re-allocates power
from the engine, electric motor and generator according to operational requirements, and a
new, more compact Power Control Unit no larger than an auxiliary 12 V battery – and 63%
smaller than in the RX 400h - to transform electrical current, establishing the connection
between the 288 V DC battery and the 650 V AC generator and motor.
Unique to the GS 450h, the hybrid transmission incorporates a two-stage motor speed
reduction gear – a mechanism similar to a very compact automatic gearbox - generating
maximum low-gear torque for significantly enhanced acceleration.
Electric motor, generator, Power Split Device and two-stage motor speed reduction gear are
all housed in one lightweight, highly compact longitudinal transmission casing. In order to
enable the installation of this component within the platform of the Lexus GS, engineers of
the Lexus Development Centre have devoted their attention to finding solutions to reduce its
size. As a result, the GS 450h’s hybrid transmission is merely 1 cm longer than the 6-speed
manual transmission of the Lexus IS.
Another world first, E-CVT (Electronically-controlled Continuously Variable Transmission)
with Sequential Shift Mode, offers a sequential operation mode. Each of the 6 sequential
‘steps’ offer sharper engine brake force in the manner of a conventional automatic
transmission in sequential mode, improving vehicle control and further enhancing the new
Lexus’s high performance sports driving experience.
The GS 450h will go from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 5.9 seconds, from 80 km/h (50 mph)
to 120 km/h (75 mph) in 4.7 seconds, keeping a linear acceleration up to a top speed of
250 km/h (155 mph), with none of the expected ‘jumps’ between gears of a conventional
drivetrain.
Conversely, the GS 450h also proves substantially more frugal than comparable V8
sedans, returning 7.9 l/100km (35.8 mpg) in the combined cycle; fuel consumption on a
par with petrol cars two segments below. Moreover, the new Lexus returns CO2 emissions
of just 186 g/km – on par with 4-cylinder economy diesels of the same segment. In addition,
GS 450h also achieves the market’s lowest levels of NOx and HC emissions combined
(0.01 g/km), amongst vehicles equipped with combustion engines.
4
DRIVING DYNAMICS
Within an all new, third generation GS platform of exceptional torsional stiffness, the
installation of the new high-performance Lexus Hydrid Drive system confers 50:50 weight
distribution (including driver) and a better moment of inertia in comparison with GS 430,
thanks to the 3.5 litre V6 engine, 17% lighter than the 4.3 litre V8. These aspects contribute
to a more dynamic, agile handling.
Rear-wheel grip and traction are enhanced by positioning the hybrid system’s battery
directly over the rear axle, an aspect further improved by the installation of a limited-slip
differential.
The Electric Power Steering (EPS) incorporates Variable Gear Ratio Steering (VGRS)
which alters the steering gear ratio according to vehicle velocity, combining minimal low
speed effort with improved feel and feedback as speeds increase. The VGRS system is
linked to both the AVS system and Lexus’ unique Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management
system (VDIM), helping maintain vehicle stability and enhance driving enjoyment at the limit
of the performance envelope.
A sophisticated front double wishbone and rear multilink suspension format includes an
Adaptive Variable Suspension system (AVS), with a choice of two damper settings to
optimise ride and handling in either “Sport” or “Comfort” modes.
Selecting “Sport” mode automatically increases the difference between inner and outer
shock absorber damping through corners to further reduce body roll. Simultaneously,
VGRS automatically reduces the steering gear ratio whilst the EPS increases steering assist
torque to compensate for the increase in steering effort.
Moreover, “Non-linear H∞ control” provides independent control of all four shock
absorbers to optimise ride comfort in response to changing road surfaces.
5
SAFETY
The new Lexus GS 450h is comprehensively equipped with the most technologically
advanced pre-emptive, active and passive safety systems available on the market today.
A Pre-Crash Safety system (PCS) pre-emptively optimises front seat belt and emergency
braking systems to help reduce collision damage and injury, whilst a complementary
Adaptive Cruise Control system (ACC) automatically matches the speed of the new
GS 450h to that of the vehicle ahead.
The GS 450h features the latest generation of Lexus’ state-of-the-art Vehicle Dynamics
Integrated Management (VDIM), integrating the Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS), Electronic
Brakeforce Distribution (EBD), Traction Control (TRC) and Vehicle Stability Control (VSC)
active safety systems with the Active Variable Suspension (AVS), Electronic Power Steering
(EPS) and Variable Gear Ratio Steering (VGRS) systems to enhance performance, traction
control and vehicle stability.
The new Lexus GS 450h comprises the most complete airbag passenger protection
in class: two-stage frontal (two), knee (two), curtain shield (front and rear) and side (four,
optional at the rear) airbags. In addition, GS 450h features 4 lateral collision sensors that
enable a better assessment of the impact situation.
Seatbelt pretensioners with force limiter are available at the front and rear outer seats.
DESIGN AND REFINEMENT
The GS 450h is the high performance flagship of the third generation GS model line up,
a range which represents the first production vehicle presentation of a radical new “L-finesse”
Lexus design philosophy.
The GS 450h may be identified as the high-performance flagship of the GS range by the
addition of a rear spoiler to the boot lid, discreet ‘Hybrid’ badging to the rear of the rocker
plates and bespoke 18” alloy wheels.
Going much beyond conventional notions of perceived quality, engineers of the Lexus
Development Centre have focused on detail aspects that denounce the marque’s path in the
pursuit of perfection - like the activation of all the buttons, lids and mechanisms found within
the cabin of GS 450h. For instance, several components were redesigned in order to
6
reduce the noise originated when opening compartments to levels below 45 dB. Similarly,
the opening speed variation of the glovebox was reduced from 25 to 10% by minimising
mechanism frictions.
In addition, simple items like the ashtray were carefully studied to make sure their operating
feeling was less dependent from aspects like temperature variation.
CONVENIENCE AND ENTERTAINMENT
The GS 450h is equipped with a comprehensive range of technologically advanced
equipment designed to both simplify and enhance life on board. The Lexus ownership
experience is founded on the principles of discreet hospitality and carefully considered
driver interaction, and this is exemplified within the new GS 450h, from the moment of initial
approach to the vehicle, through convenient, Smart Key access, and bespoke illumination
sequenced to correspond with the entry or egress of driver and passengers. Push button
engine start-up further negates the use of a key, and steering sensitive parking sonar offers
a unique, steering angle related aid to low speed manoeuvring.
The new Lexus features the only fully electric climate control system in the segment,
equipping the GS 450h with an electric compressor and water pump that minimise the loss
in fuel economy and performance in comparison with conventional systems.
Electronic Chromatic Device (ECD) uses the information provided by a light sensor built
into the high mounted rear stop lamp to automatically adjust the intensity of the Optitron
instrument dials to optimise visibility under all conditions.
The Lexus Multimedia and Navigation System features a Mark Levinson® Premium Surround
system capable of reproducing a complete, discrete 5.1 DVD home theatre experience,
and a new satellite navigation system which includes traffic avoidance technology and
incorporates both a 7” Electro Multi Vision touch-screen display and a voice command
system for control of audio, air-conditioning, navigation and Bluetooth® wireless phone
operation. The system further incorporates the Lexus Parking Assist Monitor, a feature
unique to this automotive segment.
7
LIST OF INNOVATIONS
Reflecting Lexus’ pursuit of perfection, the new GS 450h
features numerous world and European firsts in the field of
powertrain technology, safety and user-friendly technology.
Electronic Chromatic Device (shared with GS 430/300)
This technology uses the information provided by a light
sensor built into the high mounted rear stop lamp to
automatically adjust the intensity of the Optitron instrument
dials to optimise visibility under all conditions.
D-4S (Direct-injection 4 stroke Superior-version)
The 3.5 litre V6 engine of GS 450h is the first production
engine in the car industry to benefit from two injectors per
cylinder, also combining the benefits of direct injection and
port injection, achieving better performance that is
combined with fuel efficiency and emissions.
Knee airbags (shared with GS 430/300)
Equipped with knee airbags for both front passengers, the
Lexus GS 450h can provide a more complete airbag
protection than other cars in the segment.
E-CVT with Sequential Shift Mode
For the first time ever, Lexus GS 450h incorporates a hybrid
transmission that offers a sequential operation mode, similar
to what happens in an automatic transmission with
sequential mode.
Electric Climate Control
The Lexus GS 450h is the first car in the segment to be
equipped with a climate control that relies on an electric
compressor and water pump, minimising the burden on
performance and fuel economy in comparison with
conventional systems.
8
Lexus Hybrid Drive
The GS 450h is the first car in the segment to be equipped
with a hybrid system.
Parking Assist Sensors – Steering Guided (shared with
GS 430/300)
The front parking sensors of the Lexus GS can adapt their
scanning direction to the steering angle, which enables a
better detection of surrounding obstacles. In addition, the
system goes much beyond conventional parking sensors by
providing instructions on the direction to turn the steering
wheel.
Parking Assist Monitor (shared with GS 430/300)
GS 450h is equipped with a rear colour camera that
combines superimposed graphics to provide a precious
help during reverse manoeuvres.
Pre-Crash Safety system (shared with GS 430/300)
Lexus GS was the first car in the segment to be equipped
with a system that can actually foresee a frontal collision and
take preventive actions to minimise its consequences.
Surround sound system with DVD player
The Mark Levinson® system installed on the Lexus GS is the
first in-car system in the segment to provide Dolby Digital
5.1 or DTS 5.1 surround sound capability, combined with
the ability to play DVD movies.
Hybrid transmission with two-stage motor reduction gear
By installing a two-stage motor speed reduction gear –
a mechanism similar to a very compact automatic gearbox –
it is possible to have a selection between two different
gear ratios, maximising low-speed torque for significantly
enhanced acceleration.
VDIM (shared with GS 430)
GS 450h benefits from Vehicle Dynamics Integrated
Management (VDIM), the most sophisticated stability
control system in the world. Besides communicating with
the Adaptive Variable Suspension and Variable Gear Ratio
Steering to achieve higher levels of safety, VDIM can predict
dynamic instability and work in anticipation to prevent or
minimise it.
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PRODUCT CONCEPT AND
MARKET INFORMATION
• World’s first rear-wheel
drive ‘full hybrid’ car
• Delivering a level of
performance similar to
a 4.5 litre V8, according
to the Lexus standards
• Fuel efficiency
comparable to petrol
vehicles two segments
below and a driving
range of over 800 km
(based on combined
fuel consumption)
• The Lexus GS range
holds a 21% share of
the marque’s European
sales
• For 2006, European
sales of Lexus GS are
expected to grow 12%,
with GS 450h taking
29% of all units
On sale throughout Europe from May 2006, the new Lexus GS 450h luxury sports sedan
follows the highly acclaimed RX 400h SUV as the second production vehicle to introduce
the technical sophistication and high-performance attributes of Lexus Hybrid Drive
engineering to the premium automotive segment.
The GS 450h is the world’s first full hybrid vehicle to combine front engine mounting with
the rear wheel drive essential to sports driving dynamics. It defies the pre-established
conventions of the luxury market by combining a level of performance that sits between
conventional E-premium V8s and its high-performance counterparts. Its fuel efficiency
compares to petrol vehicles two segments below and a driving range of over 800 km
(calculation based on the combined fuel consumption figure).
Integrating the world’s most technologically advanced drivetrain with the dynamic, elegant
simplicity inherent in the new Lexus L-finesse design philosophy and the fundamental Lexus
values of uncompromising luxury, state-of-the-art safety, impeccable refinement, peerless
quality and sublime ride comfort, the new 2006 Lexus GS 450h re-defines the highperformance luxury sedan.
The latest hybrid petrol/electric powered addition to the luxury Lexus range is named “450”
not to indicate the cubic capacity of the engine but, rather, in recognition of a power output
comparable to that of a conventional 4.5 litre, V8 petrol engine, developed according to the
Lexus standards, whilst the ‘h’ suffix indicates the presence of Lexus’ highly sophisticated
hybrid drive system.
The GS model range was the second best selling Lexus model in Europe last year, with
a 21% share of total European Lexus sales. The figure of 6,145 units represents a 7 fold
increase in GS sales over the previous year. This year, it is anticipated that the sales figure
will rise again to above 6,800 units – a 12% increase - with a 29% share for GS 450h.
12
LEXUS
HYBRID DRIVE
• First full hybrid to
combine front engine
mounting with rear
wheel drive
• 3.5 litre V6 petrol
engine is assisted by
high output electric
motor and battery to
produce 100 DIN hp/
litre (345 DIN hp/
254 kW)
• World’s first longitudinal
hybrid transmission
enhances acceleration
• Sequential Shift Mode
and Mode Select
provide additional
driving pleasure
• Linear acceleration
from 0-100 km/h in just
5.9 seconds, 80-120
km/h in 4.7 seconds,
and a maximum speed
of 250 km/h (155 mph)
• Driving range of over
800 km, and the fuel
economy of petrol cars
16
The new Lexus GS 450h luxury sports sedan follows the highly acclaimed RX 400h SUV
as the second production vehicle powered by Lexus Hybrid Drive. The GS 450h is the first
full hybrid vehicle to combine front engine mounting with the rear wheel drive essential to
sports driving dynamics.
The new GS 450h further reinforces the importance of hybrid drive systems as the core
powertrain technology for the luxury marque. The Lexus Hybrid Drive system encapsulates
precisely the type of driving characteristics that are the hallmark of Lexus drivetrain
engineering - powerful, smooth and refined, yet offering an engaging and rewarding driving
experience - without the normally associated penalties of high fuel consumption and
emission levels.
The latest hybrid addition to the luxury Lexus range is named “450” not to indicate the
cubic capacity of the engine but, rather, in recognition of an output comparable to that of a
conventional 4.5 litre, V8 petrol engine developed to Lexus standards. The “h” suffix stands
for Hybrid, indicating the presence of Lexus Hybrid Drive power.
two segments below
(7.9 l/100km, combined)
• Combined CO2
emissions on par with
the segment’s 4-cylinder
economy diesels
(186 g/km)
• Market’s lowest figure
for combined NOx and
HC emissions amongst
vehicles adopting
combustion engines,
0.01 g/km
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LEXUS HYBRID DRIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
HYBRID TRANSMISSION
Similarly to the RX 400h, the GS 450h’s Lexus Hybrid Drive
system adopts a series/parallel configuration. As a result, the
petrol engine can either power the electric motor exclusively
(series mode), or both engine and motor can power the
wheels at the same time (parallel mode). Being a “full hybrid”,
the GS 450h can also operate in pure electric mode.
In addition to the petrol engine and electric motor, the new
Lexus Hybrid Drive system further comprises a generator, a
high-performance nickel-metal hydride battery, a Power Split
Device, a two-stage motor speed reduction gear and a more
compact Power Control Unit.
1
2
1.
GENERATOR
3
4
3. ELECTRIC MOTOR
2. POWER SPLIT DEVICE
4. 2-STAGE MOTOR
SPEED REDUCTION GEAR
HYBRID SYSTEM
C
B
A
D
A. PETROL ENGINE
B. POWER CONTROL UNIT
C. HIGH OUTPUT Ni-MH BATTERY
D. HYBRID TRANSMISSION
The GS 450h incorporates a longitudinal hybrid transmission.
This is possible by installing the two-speed reduction gear
inside the transmission, in tandem with the electric motor.
Electric motor, generator, Power Split Device and motor
speed reduction gear are all housed in one highly compact
hybrid transmission casing that is only 1 cm longer than the
6-speed manual gearbox found in the Lexus IS.
As with the RX 400h, the instrument binnacle tachometer
is replaced with a power meter dial, which continuously
informs the driver as to the amount of power being produced
by the hybrid powertrain, as well as the levels of energy
being regenerated during braking or deceleration.
For added peace of mind, all hybrid related components
(not including petrol engine and transmission) are covered
by a 5-year/100,000 km (60,000 miles) pan-European
warranty.
Dual-injector V6 Petrol Engine
The new GS 450h employs a 3,456 cm3, 60 degree V6
petrol engine, which adopts the Otto cycle for performance
orientation. It develops a maximum power of 296 DIN
hp/218 kW and 368 Nm/271 lb.ft of torque.
For optimum weight saving, the engine block, cylinder
heads, head covers, oil pan, pistons and bearings for both
connecting rods and crankshaft are produced in aluminium,
and connecting rods are forged in high-tensile steel. Thanks
to advanced casting techniques, the aluminium block and
cast-iron liners are produced as a single unit, reducing the
spacing between cylinder bores to just 11.5 mm. Moreover,
the engine’s integration within the Lexus Hybrid Drive
system obviates the need for either a starter motor,
alternator or serpentine belt, the V6 being started by the
electric generator.
The world’s first automotive application of two injectors per
cylinder, D-4S (Direct injection 4-stroke petrol Superior
version) is the latest evolution of Lexus’ stoichiometric,
4-stroke, direct injection technology. With one injector
installed in the combustion chamber and a second mounted
in the intake port, it combines the strengths of both direct
and port injection, realising optimum engine efficiency and
improving torque by 7% across the rev range, whilst
minimising fuel consumption and emissions.
The system’s port injectors employ 12 holes to inject fuel
at a maximum pressure of 4 bar, whilst the in-cylinder
injectors feature twin, 0.52 x 0.13 mm rectangular slits
producing a double fan injection pattern to effect the most
homogenous possible air/fuel mix. In-cylinder injection is
performed at a maximum pressure of 130 bar, a reference
value for petrol engines.
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COMBUSTION CYCLE DURING COLD START
Lean
Intake
(Port Injection)
Compression
(Direct Injection)
Rich
Rich
Ignition
Combustion
Lean
COMBUSTION CYCLE AT IDLE
Stoichiometric
air-fuel ratio
Intake
(Dirtect Injection only)
Compression
Rich
20
Ignition
Lean
Combustion
WORKING CYCLE AT LOW TO MEDIUM LOAD
Stoichiometric
air-fuel ratio
Intake
(Dirtect Injection
&
Port Injection)
Compression
Rich
Ignition
Combustion
Lean
Under cold start conditions, D-4S employs port injection during intake and direct injection
– partially around the spark plug – during compression. This produces an air/fuel mixture
of 15-16:1, the richer mixture raising the combustion temperature and contributing to a quicker
warm up of the two thin-wall catalysts, whilst the hybrid system’s electronic management
maintains the engine at a speed that minimises emissions – something not possible on a
conventional engine.
At idle, the engine runs on direct injection alone. When the engine is running under a low
to medium load at lower speeds, both direct and port injection systems are used during the
intake stroke. This creates an homogenous, 12-15:1 stoichiometric air/fuel ratio to stabilize
combustion, improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.
When the engine is running under heavy loads, the direct injection system alone is employed.
This achieves an intake cooling effect by injecting fuel directly into the combustion chamber,
which improves the efficiency of each charge. Once again, a 12-15:1 stoichiometric air/fuel
ratio is effected during the intake stroke.
By reducing pre-ignition tendencies, D-4S also allows for a higher engine compression ratio
of 11.8:1, improving engine efficiency.
21
Dual VVT-i provides the new V6 with continuously variable
valve timing to both intake and exhaust camshafts, varying
between 60 and 35 degrees respectively and improving
performance, fuel consumption and emissions. The system
has been specifically adapted to suit the characteristics of the
Lexus Hybrid Drive system, with intake timing retarded, and
the valves opening before and closing later than usual.
The 3.5 litre V6 exhaust system incorporates a twin-wall,
stainless steel manifold to reduce noise, improve heat resistance
and accelerate catalyst warm-up. Pressure control valves
in both main mufflers close to reduce noise at low speed,
opening as speeds rise to reduce backpressure and enhance
engine performance.
Electric Motor
In order to satisfy the GS 450h performance targets,
a compact, high output motor works as an electric
supercharger, assisting the engine in achieving a flexible
output delivery. The Lexus Hybrid Drive system employs
a three phase, permanent magnet AC synchronous type
motor, operating on a 650-Volt current processed by the
Power Control Unit.
In order to accommodate the motor within the ultracompact hybrid transmission casing, the stator’s wiring
benefits from a smaller diameter and a double star wiring
method, which resulted in a significant reduction in the unit’s
diameter. Nevertheless, the motor is the most powerful ever
installed in a standard production passenger car - 20%
more powerful than that fitted to the RX 400h - generating
200 DIN hp/147 kW, and 275 Nm/203 lb.ft of torque.
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Generator
As with the electric motor, the generator is also of the
AC synchronous type.
High-voltage Battery
The Lexus Hybrid Drive system features a high output,
nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) 288 V battery. The battery
is linked to a unit that monitors battery recharging conditions,
detects problems and performs fail-safe system
management.
Although possessing the same number of cells (240 cells of
1.2 volts), the GS 450h battery is 13% lighter than that of the
RX 400h. Co-developed with Panasonic and virtually 100%
recyclable, the battery is installed in the trunk, directly behind
the rear seats. Being recharged by the operation of the
hybrid drive system, it requires no external charging and
was developed to last equal the lifespan of the other main
powertrain components. Paramount to achieving such high
durability is the nature of the battery’s charge and discharge
cycles. The hybrid system ECU, linked to the battery’s
monitoring unit, ensures that the SOC (state of charge) level
never reaches high or low extremes, as well as controlling
the recharge and discharge speed.
POWER CONTROL UNIT
35 kg
30 litres
RX 400h
20 kg
11 litres
GS 450h
Power Control Unit (PCU)
The Power Control Unit consists of a voltage boost converter
and a DC/AC inverter. The voltage boost converter within
the Lexus Hybrid Drive’s PCU converts the battery’s voltage
from 288 V to 650 V, to drive the motor and, occasionally,
the generator. At the same time, the DC/AC inverter will
convert this current from direct (DC) into alternating (AC).
Extensive efforts have been made to reduce the size and
weight of this Lexus Hybrid Drive component through the
adoption of smaller capacitors, and the combination of
components to effect a more compact transistor module.
The result is a unit of just 11.6 litres - 63% smaller and 43%
lighter than that of the RX 400h - which is now comparable
in size to a conventional 12-Volt battery.
Power Split Device
The Power Split Device is at the very heart of the GS 450h’s
Lexus Hybrid Drive system. It employs a planetary gear set
(so called because planetary gears orbit a sun gear, as in
the solar system) to divide the power output of the engine
between the two routes. This comprises a central sun gear,
an outer ring gear, and intermediary, planetary, pinion gears
which engage both the former. The pinion gears are
themselves attached to a carrier, enabling them to both
rotate around their own axis and the central, sun gear.
The generator is connected to the sun gear. The engine is
connected to the planetary pinion gear carrier. The electric
motor is connected to the outer, ring gear, itself directly
connected to the differential, which drives the wheels.
Hence, with power transmitted to it either from the engine,
the electric motor, or a combination of the two, the rotational
speed of the ring gear being directly proportional to the
speed of the vehicle.
The planetary gear set allows for the full range of power
transmission options inherent in the Lexus Hybrid Drive
system: during initial start up and at slow speeds, the engine
is not running and the planetary pinion gear carrier is
stationary. Powered by the electric motor, the ring gear
revolves, driving the wheels and, via the pinion gears
revolving on the stationary carrier, rotating the sun gear
attached to the generator.
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Two-stage motor speed reduction gear
Unique to the GS 450h, the new hybrid transmission
incorporates a two-stage motor speed reduction gear,
coupled directly to the electric motor. A hydraulic control
unit, similar to a very compact automatic gearbox,
automatically switches the gearing between low (3.900) and
high (1.900) motor reduction ratio settings. In normal
conditions, during acceleration, the reduction system will
perform an imperceptible gear change at around 90 km/h
(56 mph). Hence, the twin stage gearing generates
maximum low-gear wheel torque for significantly enhanced
acceleration.
E-CVT with Sequential Shift Mode
In conjunction with the Lexus Hybrid Drive system, the new
GS 450h further benefits from an E-CVT (Electronicallycontrolled Continuously Variable Transmission) with
Sequential Shift Mode. E-CVT is the principle behind the
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HYBRID TRANSMISSION (2-STAGE REDUCTION)
Low gear (for high torque)
High gear
Motor torque
To start the engine as vehicle speed increases, momentarily
stopping the rotation of the sun gear generates sufficient
force (via the ring gear’s rotation of the planetary gears) to
set the planetary pinion gear carrier in motion, turning the
engine crankshaft. Once the engine has started, it transmits
power back through the pinion gears on the revolving carrier
to both the outer ring gear, driving the wheels, and the inner
sun gear. Rotated by the sun gear, the generator supplies
electric power, via the Power Control Unit, to either recharge
the battery or drive the motor.
Vehicle speed
operation of the hybrid transmission, which, by coordinating
the speed of the engine and electric motor, can create an
effect of continuous gear ratio variation that resembles a
conventional CVT.
Moreover, and once again unique to the new Lexus, the
GS 450h’s E-CVT incorporates a 6-speed sequential
mode, accessed through the “S” position on the gearlever.
When the gear selector is in the “S” position, each of the
6 sequential “steps” in gearing offers an equal number of
engine brake force levels in the manner of a conventional
sequential-mode automatic transmission. This new feature
improves vehicle control and further enhances the new
Lexus’s dynamic driving experience.
VEHICLE DECELERATION ACCORDING TO GEAR SELECTION
THROTTLE RESPONSE ACCORDING TO EACH MODE
Engine brake force
S5
S4
S3
S2
S1
Vehicle speed (km/h)
By selecting a lower gear under braking or deceleration,
the brake control ECU will increase the amount of engine
braking as a percentage of the total brake force applied to
the rear wheels, thus increasing the load on the generator to
both charge the battery and make the engine spin faster.
Hybrid system output
Power
D-range
Normal
Snow
Tyre grip limit
Throttle pedal angle
Mode Select
For the first time on a hybrid car, the new hybrid system
offers a choice of three power settings: Normal, for the
optimum balance of power and traction, Power, for a more
active throttle response, and Snow, for excellent traction
control under the most slippery road conditions. The three
modes can be selected via a centre console mounted Mode
Select switch.
25
LEXUS HYBRID DRIVE IN OPERATION
Over the course of any journey, the new Lexus Hybrid Drive
system operates in several different modes to maximise the
GS 450h’s overall efficiency. When the engine is cold and the
ignition is switched on, the system will start the engine to warm
the unit. Thereafter, at rest, the engine stops automatically to
conserve fuel. However, if the vehicle is at idle for prolonged
periods, the engine will automatically run whenever necessary
to charge the high-voltage battery via the generator.
During deceleration and under braking, the engine switches
off and the high-output electric motor acts as generator to
effect regenerative braking, optimising energy management in
the Lexus Hybrid Drive system by transforming kinetic energy
into electrical energy for storage in the high output battery.
Furthermore, under all driving conditions, battery power level
is constantly managed via the engine driven generator to
obviate any requirement to recharge the system from an
external source.
Under operating conditions of low engine efficiency such as
start up and low range speeds, the vehicle runs on the electric
motor alone, thus eradicating emissions. Furthermore, the
system imbues the vehicle with similar in-gear “creep” to that
of a conventional automatic transmission.
UNIQUE DRIVING EXPERIENCE
Under normal driving conditions, engine output is divided by
the Power Split Device to both drive the wheels directly and
power the generator, which, in turn, drives the electric motor
and simultaneously charges the high-voltage battery. In these
circumstances, power allocation is constantly monitored and
adjusted between engine and motor to maximise efficiency.
When sudden acceleration is required, engine and electric
motors again operate in tandem, with extra power supplied
from the battery to boost motor response.
At 345 DIN hp/254 kW, combined power output reaches
the 100 DIN hp per litre barrier, accelerating the GS 450h
from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in just 5.9 seconds and on to
a top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph) – benchmark figures in
the world of hybrid cars.
The new Lexus Hybrid Drive powertrain equips the GS 450h
luxury sedan with performance characteristics that position
it between the luxury E-segment V8 models and the top
performance sports saloons of the same class.
0-100 KM/H VS. COMBINED FUEL CONSUMPTION
Engine type
3
Displacement (cm )
Lexus GS 450h
Jaguar S-Type R
Audi S6
BMW 530d
BMW 535d
Petrol hybrid V6
Petrol V8 supercharged
Petrol V10
Diesel V6
Diesel L6, twin turbo
3456
4196
5204
2967
2993
Max. power (DIN hp/kW)
345/254
395/291
420/309
225/165
272/200
Specific output (DIN hp/l)
100
94
81
76
91
0-100 km/h acceleration (s)
5.9
5.6 (-5%)
5.2 (-12%)
7.3 (+24%)
6.6 (+12%)
Combined fuel consumption (l/100km)
7.9
12.5 (+58%)
13.4 (+70%)
7.9 (+0%)
8.2 (+4%)
( ) comparison with GS 450h, all cars equipped with automatic transmission
26
EMISSIONS
230
Mercedes E280 (231 hp)
CO2 emissions (g/km)
Equally impressive is the potent low to mid range torque
afforded by the system’s powerful electric motor, which
works as an electric supercharger in assisting the engine
when urgent acceleration is required. Unachievable in
a combustion engine, the electric motor is capable of
delivering a maximum torque of 275 Nm (203 lb.ft) from
a standstill. This characteristic is particularly beneficial in
acceleration and mid-range performance during overtaking
manoeuvres. The Lexus GS 450h will accelerate from
80 km/h (50 mph) to 120 km/h (75 mph) in just 4.7 seconds.
220
Volvo V70 Bi-fuel (140 hp)
210
200
190
Lexus GS 450h (345 hp)
BMW 520d (163 hp)
180
Audi A6 TDi (140 hp)
Thanks to the close co-operation between both power
sources, acceleration is uninterrupted and continuous,
conserving momentum up to the top speed, a sensation
impossible to experience in conventional cars.
Besides the performance aspect, the new Lexus Hybrid
Drive system provides a level of refinement and silence that
is, once again, difficult to match with a conventional V8
combustion engine. Depending on the battery’s state of
charge and throttle operation, the GS 450h can drive for
28
170
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
NOx emissions (g/km)
up to 2 kilometres relying only on the electric motor and
battery, reaching speeds up to 40 km/h while still enjoying
climate control operation. In this situation, interior noise levels
are cut to half those of the GS 430, itself already a segment
benchmark for cabin quietness. Even at 100 km/h, interior
noise levels are at least 3% lower on board of the GS 450h.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND RUNNING COST BENEFITS
Conversely, the GS 450h also proves substantially more
frugal than comparable sports sedans, returning 7.9 l/100km
(35.8 mpg) in the combined cycle; fuel consumption on a par
with that of a petrol car two segments below. Moreover, fuelsaving performance is not limited to urban driving - internal
measurements reveal the GS 450h to be 8% more fuel
efficient than a GS 430 at a stabilised speed of 120 km/h.
Having the combined fuel consumption figure as a reference,
the new GS 450h offers a range of over 800 km on a single
tank of 95 octane fuel, far outstripping any other vehicle with
a sub-6 second 0-100 km/h (62 mph) capability.
The GS 450h’s ability to match the CO2 emissions of frugal
4-cylinder diesels contributes to significantly lower rates of
taxation in several European countries (Belgium, Cyprus,
Denmark, France, Greece, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia
and UK). For instance, GS 450h owners in the UK will pay
less than half the monthly company car tax of those driving
a V8 powered competitor of similar performance.
In addition, the value of NOx and HC emissions combined
(approximately 0 g/km and 0.01 g/km, respectively) is the
lowest of any internal combustion engined car on sale today.
Moreover, the Lexus GS 450h returns CO2 emissions of
just 186 g/km - on par with the economy oriented, 4-cylinder
diesel vehicles of the premium E segment.
29
BODY
AND CHASSIS
• Speed sensitive Electric
Power Steering (EPS)
with Variable Gear Ratio
Steering (VGRS) linked
to AVS and Vehicle
Dynamics Integrated
Management system
(VDIM)
Within an all new, third generation GS platform of significant
torsional stiffness, the new high-performance Lexus GS 450h
integrates the world’s first purpose-developed rear wheel
drive hybrid powertrain with a range of state-of-the-art
technological innovations designed to realise the ultimate
in sporting driving dynamics.
• 50:50 weight
distribution between
front and rear axles
(with driver included)
The GS 450h platform comprises a highly rigid body
structure featuring a weight saving aluminium bonnet.
Extensive bracing within the floor platform offers enhanced
torsional stiffness to significantly improve driving dynamics.
• Advanced suspension
system featuring
Adaptive Variable
Suspension (AVS) with
non-linear H∞ control
logic
32
BODY STRUCTURE
Unique to the high performance model of the GS range,
the carefully considered positioning of various Lexus Hybrid
Drive components within the GS 450h platform awards
the new Lexus luxury sedan a 50:50 weight distribution
between front and rear axles (including driver). Moreover,
with a lighter engine (17% less than GS 430’s 4.3 litre V8
unit) and the mounting of the hybrid powertrain’s heavier
masses closer to the centre of gravity, the vehicle’s moment
of inertia is also improved over that of the GS 430, which
means more agility. In addition, the GS 450h is equipped
with a limited-slip differential which, allied to the location
of the hybrid battery directly over the rear axle, further
improves rear wheel traction.
SUSPENSION
VARIATION OF GEAR RATIO WITH SPEED
The new Lexus GS 450h is equipped with a double
wishbone front and multilink rear suspension system which
combines ride comfort with the excellent handling and
dynamic abilities appropriate to a luxury sports sedan.
Turns, lock to lock
Slow
3.7
Conventional steering
2.7
VGRS
Quick
Low speed
High speed
Vehicle speed
VARIABLE GEAR RATIO STEERING (VGRS)
The GS 450h is equipped with an Electric Power Steering
(EPS) system featuring Variable Gear Ratio Steering (VGRS).
VGRS employs an actuator attached to the intermediate
steering column shaft, which alters the steering gear ratio
according to vehicle speed. The gear ratio is seamlessly and
continuously adjusted between 12.4:1 and 17.2:1 – a difference
of some 39% - whilst the number of turns, lock-to-lock
simultaneously varies between 2.7 and 3.7.
At very low speeds, the gear ratio is at its lowest to reduce
both the steering input and effort required during tight
cornering and parking manoeuvres. At medium speeds, the
gear ratio is optimised for accurate vehicle response when
cornering. And at high speed the ratio is at its highest to ensure
gentle response to inputs and maximum vehicle stability.
In addition, VGRS also cooperates with VDIM to assist the driver
in extracting the most out of the GS 450h’s dynamic envelope.
34
Front suspension
The front, high-mount, double wishbone suspension system
combines lightweight, forged aluminium knuckles with high
tensile steel arms and a hollow anti-roll bar to reduce
unsprung weight.
In addition, new, forward mounted power steering gear
allied to low toe variation along the suspension stroke
promote a more linear yaw response, precise steering
control and excellent straight line, high speed stability.
Rear suspension
To the rear, an advanced multilink set-up with toe control
arms and an aluminium rear axle carrier combines stiffer
suspension component materials with a reduction in
unsprung mass for excellent ride comfort with high
cornering stability. The adoption of a double-linked upper
arm and integrated bearings and hub combines optimised
geometry and high rigidity with significant weight reduction.
The utilisation of a multilink configuration facilitates the
optimum balance of handling, stability and ride comfort:
The upper arms contribute to a reduction in upward spring
motion, the mid-arm contributes to reduced body roll, and
the lower arm provides an improved anti-lift / anti-squat ratio.
AVS automatically adjusts the damping force of the
suspension at all four wheels independently. The system
monitors data from engine speed, front wheel speed,
steering, stop lamp and three vertical acceleration, G-force
sensors to continuously adjust the damping force of each
shock absorber through 9 incremental steps.
Hence, in response to driving operation, vehicle body
motion and road surface conditions, AVS activates the
adjustable damping force shock absorbers to fulfil a wide
range of specific control functions, including vehicle speedsensitive damping force and body control (dive, squat and roll).
Adaptive Variable Suspension (AVS) with Non-linear H∞
Control Logic
The Adaptive Variable Suspension (AVS) system allows
the driver to select the GS 450h’s ride characteristics
with a choice of two damper settings activated via a switch
adjacent to the gear lever; “Normal” mode, for everyday
driving comfort, and “Sport” mode, for improved body
control and precise responses to steering input whilst
cornering.
Selecting the AVS system’s “Sport” mode automatically
increases the difference between inner and outer shock
absorber damping force through corners to further reduce
body roll. Simultaneously, the Variable Gear Ratio Steering
(VGRS) automatically reduces the steering gear ratio whilst
the Electric Power Steering (EPS) increases steering assist
torque to compensate for the increase in steering effort.
These measures combine to minimise body roll, sharpen
vehicle handling and optimise steering feel for the ultimate
in sports sedan driving.
In addition, an advanced non-linear H∞ control logic can
improve ride comfort in particular situations. The vertical
acceleration sensors monitor the body vertical movements,
allowing the AVS ECU to determine when this will be
exposed to vibration frequencies that will cause repercussions
(disturbances that create additional vibration) and cause a
rough ride impression. In these circumstances, an adequate,
lower damping force will be selected, enabling a flatter ride.
The non-linear H∞ control logic has clear advantages over
the conventional Skyhook linear control by providing a more
efficient response to transient situations, reflected on a better
dampening of the body vertical movement.
In addition, AVS cooperates with VDIM (Vehicle Dynamics
Integrated Management) and PCS (Pre-Crash Safety) to
adopt a stiffer shock absorber setting during the activation
of these systems.
35
SAFETY
• Unparalleled Vehicle
Dynamics Integrated
Management system
(VDIM) with integrated
Variable Gear Ratio
Steering (VGRS) and
Adaptive Variable
Suspension (AVS)
control
• Intelligent Adaptive
Front Lighting System
(I-AFS) standard on all
models
• Pre-Crash Safety system
(PCS) is complemented
by an Adaptive Cruise
Control (ACC)
• Dual front and knee
airbags, curtain shield
airbags and four side
airbags
• Seatbelt pretensioners
on four seats
The new Lexus GS 450h high-performance luxury sedan is comprehensively equipped with
the most technologically advanced pre-emptive, active and passive safety systems available on
the segment today.
ACTIVE SAFETY
Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM)
The new GS 450h features the most advanced version of Lexus’ state-of-the-art Vehicle
Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) system, to enhance performance, traction
control and vehicle stability. With comprehensive status data provided by sensors throughout
the vehicle, VDIM compares driver’s actions (steering, accelerating, braking, gearshifting)
with the trajectory of the vehicle (longitudinal and side acceleration, yaw rate and wheel
speed). Then, VDIM will act on matching the vehicle dynamics to the intention of the driver,
as much as possible.
VDIM’s operation integrates the GS 450h’s Electronically Controlled Braking (ECB) by-wire
system, Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS), Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD), Traction Control
(TRC) and Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) with the Electronic Power Steering (EPS) and
Variable Gear Ratio Steering (VGRS) systems. In addition, VDIM also communicates with
the Adaptive Variable Suspension (AVS) to prompt a stiffer shock absorber setting to both
optimise body control under extreme conditions and minimise vehicle nose diving under
emergency braking.
By the application of integrated control of all the elements related to vehicle movement,
including the hybrid system’s electric motor torque, brakes and steering, VDIM not only
improves active safety, but is also able to further improve the overall kinetic performance
of the vehicle.
Moreover, whereas conventional safety systems are only activated immediately after a limit
of the vehicle’s perfomance envelope has been reached, VDIM activates control before that
limit is realised.
38
VDIM
Steering angle sensor
Adaptive Variable Suspension
EPS ECU
Shock absorber ECU
VGRS ECU
Wheel speed sensor
Yaw rate and
acceleration sensor
VGRS actuator
Brake control ECU
and actuator
Hybrid system ECU
EPS actuator
39
VDIM – BRAKING ON SURFACES OF DIFFERENT FRICTION
COEFFICIENT
VDIM – START ON SURFACES OF DIFFERENT FRICTION
COEFFICIENT
Front wheel steering angle control
SNOW
low friction coefficient
Front wheel steering angle control
ASPHALT
high friction coefficient
Anti-spin
moment (Auto
counter steer)
Anti-spin
moment (Auto
counter steer)
Spin moment
(right and left
difference
of driving force)
Spin moment
(right and left
difference
of braking force)
Low µ
High µ
For example, on a road surface with differing degrees of
grip on either side of the vehicle, sudden braking will cause
the vehicle to pull towards the side with the higher friction
coefficient. As well as controlling wheel speed on an
independent basis, VDIM activates the VGRS system to
automatically regulate the steering angle and counteract
the disparate, left and right-side braking forces, minimising
the driver steering input necessary to maintain straight line
braking. Similarly, when differing degrees of road surface
grip cause the vehicle to pull towards the side of the lower
friction coefficient under acceleration, VDIM automatically
regulates the steering angle to maintain vehicle stability with
minimum driver input.
40
Low µ
High µ
When anticipating the occurrence of oversteer, VDIM
prompts VGRS to provide an additional counter-steer
steering angle, a split second before the yaw moment
reaches a threshold level. If the oversteer persists, VDIM will
command the by-wire braking system and hybrid system’s
torque output to bring the vehicle back to its original trajectory.
VDIM – OVERSTEER CONTROL
VDIM – UNDERSTEER CONTROL
Driver steering
input
Actual tyre
steering angle
Stabilizing moment
from steering
cooperation control
Stabilizing moment
from braking
control
Steering torque
assistance
to opposite side
In eminent understeer situations, it starts by providing an
additional steering angle and torque assist to the inside of
the corner – this is done with the purpose of alerting the
driver of the situation. If this proves to be insufficient to
avoid understeering, VDIM will also prompt the brakes
and powertrain to control the vehicle’s yaw moment.
Simultaneously, if the driver attempts to turn the steering too
much to the inside of the corner, VDIM will limit that through
VGRS and EPS, so that the front wheels retain their grip.
When cooperating with VDIM, VGRS can provide up to
3 degrees of additional steering input, effectively assisting
the driver in the application of steering wheel input
appropriate to the situation and, hence, helping to maintain
vehicle stability.
41
WITH I-AFS
WITHOUT I-AFS
Electronically Controlled Braking (ECB)
Via powerful, 334 mm ventilated discs to the front and 310 mm ventilated discs to the
rear, fitted with high friction coefficient brake pads to further increase stopping power,
a sophisticated, Electronically Controlled Braking (ECB) system facilitates the interaction
of all the other brake control systems, in a way not possible with a conventional, fully
hydraulic brake system.
In addition, as the driver removes the foot from the throttle, ECB acts in anticipation,
automatically placing the brakes in standby mode by bringing the pads as close as possible
to the discs for the most prompt response to pedal operation.
As fitted to the new GS 450h, ECB not only improves overall vehicle braking performance,
but also facilitates improved brake energy regeneration for the hybrid system’s battery
recharging. The system operation employs a combination of hydraulic braking power and
regenerative power from the electric motor under deceleration. A hydraulic pressure control
function balances the total braking force between that supplied by hydraulics and motor.
Moreover, whilst remaining well within the vehicle stability threshold, the ECB system favours
brake force distribution to the rear wheels whenever possible, in order to both reduce the burden
on the hydraulic system and optimise the charging of the Lexus Hybrid Drive system battery.
Hill Start Assist Control
Allied to the new GS 450h’s sophisticated ECB system, a Hill Start Assist Control detects
vehicle slip during hill starts, automatically increasing brake pressure to all four wheels to
provide the driver with ample time to step from brake to accelerator pedal without backward
movement of the vehicle.
42
Intelligent Adaptive Front Lighting (I-AFS)
The new GS 450h also features an Intelligent Adaptive Front Lighting System (I-AFS), which
swivels the xenon headlamps through up to 15 degrees, helping to illuminate a bend as the
driver steers into it.
Tyre Pressure Warning System (TPWS)
A Tyre Pressure Warning System (TPWS) can detect a loss of pressure in one or more tyres,
notifying the driver via a dashboard mounted warning light.
PREVENTIVE SAFETY
Pre-Crash Safety (PCS) system
The new Lexus GS 450h features a sophisticated Pre-Crash Safety system (PCS) that
can anticipate a front collision against some types of obstacles and, in addition, help reduce
collision damage and injury. The PCS system features a millimetre-wave radar sensor,
operating within a wide 20 degree scanning amplitude to detect obstacles in front of the car
to a range of 150 metres. Via numerous sensors, the Pre-Crash system computer monitors
PRE-CRASH
Shock absorber control ECU
Adaptive Variable Suspension
Millimetre wave radar
Seatbelt control
ECU
Pre-Crash seatbelt pretensioner
Brake control ECU and Brake booster
(Pre-Crash Brake Assist)
Distance control ECU
43
vehicle speed, steering angle and yaw rate inputs to help determine in advance whether an
impending collision is unavoidable. In such an eventuality, the system pre-emptively activates
the Pre-Crash seatbelt tensioners, retracting all slack from the front belts, and simultaneously
adjusts the Emergency Brake Assist system for maximum braking force once the brake pedal
is depressed.
In addition, at vehicle speeds in excess of 15 km/h (9 mph), PCS will also activate front
seatbelt pretensioners in cases of severe under or oversteer, and during emergency braking.
Moreover, operating in conjunction with the Adaptive Variable Suspension (AVS), the new
Lexus’ PCS system also automatically regulates the suspension’s shock absorber stiffness to
minimise vehicle nose diving under emergency braking.
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
Complementary to the PCS system, the GS also features an Adaptive Cruise Control
(ACC) system. Capable of differentiating between vehicles directly ahead of the Lexus and
those in an adjacent lane, the vehicle-to-vehicle distance control system employs the PCS
millimetre-wave radar sensor, allied to constant speed, decelerator, follow-up and accelerator
controls, to automatically slow the GS 450h, match the speed of the vehicle in front and,
once the road is clear ahead, accelerate to the previously selected cruising speed.
PASSIVE SAFETY
Body Structure
The Lexus GS has been created with the express aim of achieving class-leading safety in
terms of full-frontal, offset and side-on collisions.
The bodyshell features numerous structural reinforcements to enhance its energy absorption
performance. This is achieved, for instance, through the comprehensive use of thickened
cross members, whilst the frequent use of high-tensile steel promotes a high skeletal strength.
Under collision loading from the engine and transmission, the engine rear support member
has been designed to separate from the floor panel during a frontal impact. This acts to
suppress the intrusion of the engine into the cabin, reducing the risk of chest and foot injury
to the front seat occupants.
44
Airbags
The Lexus GS 450h offers its passengers the most complete airbag protection in the
segment. Besides two dual-stage frontal airbags, Lexus GS is also the first luxury E-segment
car to offer SRS Knee Airbags to both front occupants. Besides the SRS Curtain Shield
Airbags and front side airbags, rear side airbags can also be specified. In addition, each one
of the four side airbags has an independent door sensor to provide a more accurate reading
of the type of impact.
This is further complemented by seatbelt pretensioners with force limiter on four seats.
45
DESIGN
AND REFINEMENT
• Design inspired on Lexus’
L-finesse philosophy
• Based on the principles
of Incisive Simplicity,
Intriguing Elegance and
Seamless Anticipation,
deeply rooted in modern
and traditional Japanese
culture
• Sporting 18” alloy wheels,
boot spoiler and
personalised badging
distinguish GS 450h
from the other GS models
• Complete aerodynamic
package reduces drag
coefficient to a classleading 0.27
• Advanced, entry
sequenced illumination
incorporating LED
technology explores the
principle of Seamless
Anticipation
• Painstaking work done in
improving the operation
of several lids, doors and
switches embodies the
marque’s spirit of pursuit
of perfection
The GS 450h is the high performance flagship of the third generation GS model line up,
a range which represents the first production vehicle presentation of the Lexus “L-finesse”
design philosophy.
Integral to the Lexus’ pursuit of perfection, L-finesse represents simple, bold, forward-looking,
modern and deeply artistic design. It is a ground-breaking design rationale rooted in
Japanese culture. The new design direction expresses three fundamental elements: “Incisive
Simplicity” – perhaps best explained as purity, “Intriguing Elegance” – a sense of depth that
appeals to the emotions, and “Seamless Anticipation” – inspired in the ancient tradition of
Japanese hospitality, on which the most fundamental aspect for welcoming a guest is
anticipating his needs.
Hence, L-finesse goes much beyond a pure design philosophy. It establishes a bridge
between design and engineering, committing Lexus engineers to the development of
advanced technical solutions that can anticipate occupants’ requirements, covering areas
so disperse as entertainment or safety.
EXTERIOR
Sharing numerous L-finesse design cues with both the new Lexus LS and IS luxury sedan
ranges, the GS 450h’s strong, purposeful design achieves a unique harmony of simplicity
and complexity through the dynamics of contrast. It marries the incisive simplicity of powerful,
sweeping lines with the intriguing elegance of natural but sudden contrasts in form allied to
convex and concave shadow surfacing, to reinforce the central tenets of this design
philosophy and subtly convey the power and dynamism of the new hybrid luxury sedan.
To the front, a trademark, vertically latticed grille is placed on a lower plane than the headlamps
to emphasise the GS 450h’s dynamic stance. This carefully considered disposition of the key
frontal elements is a unique characteristic of L-finesse design, focusing the eye at the very apex
of the vehicle to strengthen the impression of speed and agility.
48
The headlight clusters are shaped by the incisive simplicity
of a strong arrowhead motif which itself generates the
powerful coachwork lines of the bonnet and the upper
surface of the front bumper.
The GS 450h may be identified as the high-performance
flagship of the GS range by the addition of a rear spoiler to
the boot lid and discreet “Hybrid” badging to the rear of the
rocker plates.
This key L-finesse motif expresses dynamism through a
rapid, yet fluid change in direction, creating an analogy
to Japanese calligraphy, and is further evident in both the
sculpting of the tail-light clusters and the sling-shot motif
to the rear of the side glazing.
Allied to smooth, flowing bodywork boasting exceptionally
narrow panel gaps and minimal protrusions, the addition
of numerous aerodynamic under-body elements further
promotes vehicle stability and helps reduce wind noise to a
minimum. These include three engine undercovers, front and
rear tyre farings, front, centre and rear floor covers, fuel tank
side covers, as well as an aerodynamic differential cover
plate. As a consequence, GS 450h evidences one of the
lowest drag coefficients in the segment – 0.27.
In profile, the incisive simplicity of the dynamic, sling-shot
window graphic motif is emphasised through a blacked-out
B pillar, whilst the proportions of the GS 450h’s long cabin unique to the new L-finesse design philosophy in spacing
both windscreen and rear window bases proportionally
equidistant from their respective wheel hubs - reinforce
the generous interior dimensions of the new hybrid sedan.
The intriguing elegance of natural but sudden contrast is
expressed both in the juxtaposition of crisp, bonnet character
lines with sweeping, curvaceous front wings, and the convex
and concave shadow surfacing of the new luxury sedan’s
side panels.
The GS 450h will be available in a range of 11 colours,
including White Pearl, Glaciar Blue and Morello Red multilayer finishes which employ aluminium for the first base coat
and artificial mica for the second, resulting in highlight
brilliance and a greater change of colour intensity from
highlight to shade.
Astern, intriguing elegance is identified by an harmonised
combination of simplicity and complexity; the overall simplicity
of the broad, muscular design enriched through the detailed
complexity of the arrowhead motif shaping the lamp clusters,
the strongly sculpted rear bumper and sporting, twin exhausts.
49
INTERIOR
The creation of a unique spatial perception within the
passenger compartment is also central to the L-finesse
rationale. The incisive simplicity and intriguing elegance
inherent in the new design strategy combine proportion,
architecture and surface to achieve a bold, “one motion”
solution offering a seamless fusion of luxury and dynamic
style. Structural elements such as instruments, centre console,
air vents, handles and armrests have been painstakingly
integrated within material finishes of the highest quality to
create a modern design graphic which emphasises the
continuous, three-dimensional qualities of the interior space.
The transfer of the front grille image to the instrument panel
centre console screen surround reflects the synergy of
interior and exterior elements within the GS 450h, whilst
the surface composition of the interior expresses a richness
50
of craftsmanship fundamental to the Japanese artistic
tradition. High quality wood, elegant metal highlights and
leather accents are combined with unprecedented, precision
management of fit and finish throughout the cabin.
Seamless anticipation, the discreet anticipatory hospitality
which is another central tenet of the L-finesse design
philosophy and fundamental to the Lexus ownership
experience, is reinforced on first contact with the new
GS 450h by bespoke, entry sequenced illumination. The
illumination system coordinates nothing less than eleven
different light sources, many of them of the LED-type, before,
during and immediately after the access of the occupants to
the cabin, anticipating each move through discrete illumination
located in places like footwells, directly over the steering
wheel and seats, engine start button or even the door handles.
The 10 way electrically powered front seats, available with both
heating and ventilation, present a back board-type headrest
which, in anticipation, automatically raises as the seat base is
retracted to accommodate taller occupants.
In addition, simple items like the ashtray were carefully studied
to make sure their operating feeling was less dependent from
aspects like temperature variation.
Going much beyond conventional notions of perceived quality
like, for instance, component gap management, engineers of
the Lexus Development Centre have focused on detail aspects
that denounce the marque’s path in the pursuit of perfection like the activation of all the buttons, lids and mechanisms found
within the cabin of GS 450h. For instance, several
components were redesigned in order to reduce the noise
originated when opening compartments to levels below 45
dB. Similarly, the opening speed variation of the glovebox was
reduced from 25 to 10% by minimising mechanism frictions.
51
CONVENIENCE
AND ENTERTAINMENT
52
The GS 450h interior is equipped with a comprehensive
range of technologically advanced equipment designed
to both simplify and enhance life on board. “Seamless
Anticipation”, a central tenet of the L-finesse design
philosophy, lies at the heart of a Lexus ownership experience
founded on the principles of discreet hospitality and carefully
considered driver interaction. It is exemplified within the new
GS 450h, for instance, from the moment of initial approach
to the vehicle, through convenient, Smart Key access, and
bespoke illumination sequenced to correspond with the
entry or egress of driver and passengers.
ELECTRO MULTI VISION WITH BLUETOOTH
CONNECTIVITY
The intuitive 7” Electro Multi Vision touch-screen display is
standard equipment on all GS models, providing information
on the air-conditioning system, audio, maintenance menu,
calendar and indications on the hybrid system. Also standard
is Bluetooth phone connectivity, providing a precious handsfree system for most mobile phones adopting Bluetooth®.
The user can make and receive hands-free cellular phone
calls by operating the touch-sensitive LCD screen, or the
steering pad switches. Moreover, the system can store up
to 1,000 contact numbers from a mobile phone.
• Standard Electro Multi
Vision with Bluetooth®
phone connectivity
• Smart Keyless Entry
System with
programmable
Electronic Key
• Segment’s only fully
electric, dual-zone
air-conditioning system,
minimises fuel
consumption penalty
• Optitron instrument
binnacle with world’s
first Electronic
Chromatic Device
(ECD), providing
optimal visibility under
direct sunlight
• Unique steering-guided
parking sensors
combine with segment’s
best turning radius for
easier manoeuvring
• Lexus Multimedia and
Navigation System
featuring a Mark
Levinson® Surround
System for CD and
audio/video DVD,
navigation system, and
the Lexus Parking Assist
Monitor
• Voice command of
audio, air-conditioning,
navigation and phone
55
OPTITRON DIALS WITH ELECTRONIC CHROMATIC
DEVICE (ECD)
SMART KEYLESS ENTRY SYSTEM
The Electronic Key allows the driver to leave the key of new
GS 450h in a pocket throughout any drive. When the
Electronic Key comes within 0.7-1 metre of the locked door,
the key communicates with a transmitter built into the door
handle, whereupon a touch of the handle unlocks the door.
The key also automatically activates the GS 450h’s sequential
entry illumination, first switching on the door mirror puddle
lights, followed by the cabin interior dome lighting.
On board, the Electronic Key ID is again automatically
recognised, and the engine can be switched on via the start
button without further use of the key. Each GS 450h is
provided with two Electronic Keys for different drivers. These
may be programmed to store the preferred settings of each
driver, such as electrically adjustable seat, outside mirrors
and steering wheel positioning. The system may also be
programmed to unlock one, two or all four doors via one
press of the Electronic Key. For precaution, a warning
message is posted on the Multi-Information Display when
the Electronic Key battery runs low.
56
The new GS 450h’s light sensitive Optitron instrument
binnacle employs high quality, genuine metal, dials, and
boasts the world’s first use of Electronic Chromatic Device
(ECD) glass to combat glare and enhance instrument
legibility under all light conditions. Using a light sensor built
into the high mounted rear stop lamp, ECD automatically
reduces the glass transparency under direct sunlight by up
to 70%. Under normal or snowy conditions ECD is inactive,
increasing glass transparency for enhanced dial brightness.
FULLY ELECTRIC AIR-CONDITIONING
Employing the segment’s first electrically activated compressor
and water pump, the new GS 450h features an efficient
air-conditioning system. Electric activation of compressor
and water pump fully isolates the air conditioning system
from the GS 450h’s engine, optimising the performance
of the Lexus Hybrid Drive system and minimising fuel
consumption penalties.
The electronic climate control system offers independent left
and right control, as well as automatic control of upper and
lower cabin air zones, and automatic cool air bypass control.
The adoption of a humidity sensor, as well as a complex
neural network which mimics the human nervous system,
allows for more precise climate control and enhanced,
draught-free passenger comfort.
The extensive use of sound absorbent materials allied to a
sound reflective profile within the ducting has significantly
reduced blower noise, whilst the front door glazing defrosters
are now located at the base of the front pillar for improved
efficiency. The system also features an automatic recirculation
mode which, linked to a NOx, HC and CO detection sensor,
prevents the intrusion of exhaust gases into the cabin, and
a Pollen Removal Mode effectively cleans the cabin from
infiltrated airborne allergens, with an efficiency of 97%.
PARKING ASSIST SENSORS
1
2
4
1
5
3
6
1
7
2
1
PARKING ASSIST SENSORS – STEERING GUIDED
A European first, the Parking Assist Sensors fitted to the new
GS 450h combine sonar technology and a steering angle
sensor to warn of object proximity during low speed and
parking manoeuvres.
1. Dual sonars
2. Corner sonar
3. Back sonars
4. Steering sensor
5. Display indicator
6. Buzzer
7. ECU
The system comprises four dual sonars installed on the front
bumper, two back and two corner sonars on the rear
bumper. Via front sonars, which change scanning direction
according to the steering wheel angle, the system processes
obstacle position data to predict the likelihood of contact,
displaying object location and proximity, as well as
suggested steering correction, on the Electro Multi Vision
touch screen.
COMPLETE, HIGH QUALITY HI-FI
Allied to a segment-best turning radius of just 5.2 metres,
the system awards the new GS 450h unparalleled low
speed manoeuvrability within even the most congested of
urban environments.
The system is equipped to play MP3 and WMA (Windows
media Audio) music files recorded in CD format.
In keeping with legendary standards already established
by Lexus in the field of in-car high fidelity, the standard
GS 450h sound system features a magazine-less, 6-disc,
in-dash CD changer. The stereo speaker system utilises no
less than 10 individual speakers, including front and rear door
mounted tweeters, a large, 250 mm subwoofer and a front
centre speaker for improved definition and mid-range clarity.
57
LEXUS MULTIMEDIA AND NAVIGATION SYSTEM
The Lexus Multimedia and Navigation System features a
unique, Mark Levinson® Premium Surround Sound System,
the new Lexus Navigation System and, in addition, the Lexus
Parking Assist Monitor.
Mark Levinson® Premium Surround Sound System
For those wanting the best on-board infotainment in the
segment, the Mark Levinson® Surround System tailored
specifically to the acoustic properties of the new Lexus
GS 450h cabin features a 11 channel, DSP amplifier and
14 loudspeakers, including a 250 mm subwoofer. It utilises
Mark Levinson® Surround (MLS) audio software and an all
digital signal path to reproduce ‘discrete’ 5.1 sound, via a
surround sound 7.1 channel speaker topology, from both
stereo CD and DVD source material.
The amplifier produces 330 Watt RMS (Root Mean Square)
for a frequency range of 20 Hz-20 kHz, with less than
0.1% Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). It is fully mediacompatible with CD, CD-R, DTS 5.1 and Dolby Digital 5.1,
DVD video and DVD audio discs, as well as MP3 and
WMA music files recorded on a CD. Format compatibility
includes 2 channel stereo (analogue and PCM), Dolby
Digital 5.1, and DTS 5.1 (from DTS 5.1 CD, DVD video and
DVD audio discs).
Key to the new Mark Levinson® Surround System are no
less than 14 loudspeakers, each one custom engineered for
the particular acoustic characteristics and location within the
new Lexus GS 450h cabin. The system comprises four
25 mm tweeters, five 65 mm midrange units, four 160 mm
low frequency units and one 250 mm subwoofer.
58
The sonic benefits of the new, 14 speaker system include
lower distortion, higher resolution, natural dynamics through
greater sound pressure levels and an extended frequency
response for harmonic richness and musicality. Via the
system’s bespoke, 7.1 channel surround sound speaker
architecture, separate side and surround channels provide
a greater sense of listening envelopment and depth for both
front and rear seat passengers.
Installed in conjunction with the Electro Multi Vision’s 7”,
full colour, LCD centre console display screen, the Mark
Levinson® Premium Surround System introduces Lexus
owners to a complete home theatre experience optimised
for the playback of DVD films within the luxurious
environment of the new GS 450h interior.
New Generation Navigation System
The high speed Lexus Navigation System employs a DVD
disc to store map information of the entire Western Europe
and Czech Republic. The new system is equipped with a new,
quicker processor, with 65% higher speed of calculation
than before. Thanks to an increase in system hardware
power, the new Electro Multi Vision’s 7”, full colour display
has now evolved from EGA to VGA (800 x 480 pixels)
and replaces the previous system’s 256 colour range with
a remarkable 32,000 colours.
The new system is equipped with 3-language voice command
(English, French and German), and voice guidance is
available in 10 languages. The system is one of the few on
the market to combine the advantages of both touch-screen
and voice command to control several functions of the
navigation system, audio, air-conditioning and phone.
A Help function has been incorporated, allowing the user
to receive further instructions via an on-screen help button,
as well as a route tracing feature and lane guidance in some
major European cities.
Lexus Parking Assist Monitor
Introduced in the segment by the Lexus GS, the Lexus
Parking Assist Monitor features a video camera mounted
in the rear number plate surround that projects a full colour
rear view of the surroundings onto the centre console
display screen. Even greater manoeuvring accuracy is
promoted by screen-generated guidelines which indicate
the prospective path of the vehicle based on the current
steering position, both for serial or parallel parking.
SPECIFICATIONS
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
PETROL ENGINE
ELECTRIC MOTOR
kW
250
Nm
kW
300
160
Nm
200
400
250
120
350
200
300
150
80
150
250
200
100
100
40
50
50
0
0
0
3000
6000
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Torque
Power
Torque
Power
Hybrid sytem
Type
Combined power (DIN hp/kW)
Series/parallel, full hybrid
345/254
Engine code
Displacement (cm3)
Layout
Fuel type
Valve mechanism
Injection type D-4S (direct and port injection combined)
Injection pressure (bar)
Bore x stroke (mm)
Compression ratio (:1)
Max. power (DIN hp/kW@rpm)
Max. torque (Nm@rpm)
2GR-FSE
3,456
60-degree V6, longitudinally-mounted
Petrol, 95 octane or more
4-valve per cylinder, chain driven; Dual VVT-i
Type
Max. power (DIN hp/kW)
Max. torque (Nm)
Voltage (V)
AC synchronous, permanent magnet
200/147
275
650
Type
Voltage (V)
AC synchronous, permanent magnet
650
Engine
130 (direct)/4 (port)
94.0x83.0
11.8:1
296/218@6,400
368@4,800
Electric motor
Electric generator
62
9000
12000
15000
Transmission
Type
2-speed motor reduction gear ratios Low
High
Differential type
Final gear ratio
Two-stage, longitudinal; rear-wheel drive
3.900
1.900
Hypoid gear, limited slip
3.266
Type
Number of cells
Voltage (V)
Capacity (Ah)
Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH)
240 (6 x 40 modules)
288
6.5
High Voltage Battery
Suspension
Type
Shock absorber
Additional features
Front
Rear
Double wishbone, aluminium knuckles and high-tensile steel arms
5-arm multi-link, aluminium rear-axle carrier
Gas-filled, monotube type
Adaptive Variable Suspension (variable absorber stiffness)
Brakes
Front (mm)
Rear (mm)
Additional features
Four-piston calipers, ventilated discs (Ø334 x 30)
One-piston calipers, ventilated discs (Ø310 x 18)
Electronically Controlled Braking (ECB)
Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM)
Hill-start Assist Control (HAC)
Regenerative Brake System
Type
Ratio
Turns (lock to lock)
Min. turning radius, tyre (m)
Rack & pinion, Electric Power Steering
12.4 to 17.4
2.7 to 3.7
5.2
Standard
Optional
18x8J; 245/40 R 18
18x8J; 245/40 ZR 18
Max. speed (km/h)
0-100 km/h (sec.)
0-400 m (sec.)
80-120 km/h (sec.)
250
5.9
14.1
4.7
Combined
Extra urban
Urban
7.9
7.2
9.2
Combined
Extra urban
Urban
186
170
217
NOx
HC
CO
~ 0.00
0.01
0.10
Standing
Drive-by
73.4
67.0
Steering
Wheels and tyres
Performance
Fuel consumption* (l/100 km)
CO2 emissions* (g/km)
Other emissions** (g/km)
Exterior noise levels*** (dB-A)
* According to Directive 80/1268-2004/3/EC
** According to Directive 70/220-1999/102 (stage 3)/EC
*** According to Directive 1999/101/EC
63
1,430 mm
1,820 mm
1,540 mm
Coefficient of drag (Cd)
800 mm
2,850 mm
4,835 mm
1,545 mm
1,050 mm
0.27
Interior dimensions
Room length (mm)
Room width (mm)
Room height (mm)
Luggage capacity (l)
1,800
1,535
1,160
280
Kerb weight (min.-max.)
Gross vehicle weight
Towing capacity (w/brakes)
Towing capacity (w/o brakes)
Maximum roof load
1,865-1,930
2355
2,000
750
75
Fuel tank
Transmission oil capacity
Cooling system capacity
65
5.6
9.25
Weights/loads (kg)
Capacities (l)
64
EQUIPMENT
Exterior
Unique 18” 5 tri-spoke alloy wheels, 245/40 R 18 tyres
Rear lip spoiler
LED taillights and brake lights
Xenon headlamps with pop-up cleaners
s
s
s
s
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System)
BAS (Brake Assist System)
TRC (Traction Control System)
EBD (Electronic Brake-force Distribution)
EPS (Electronic Power Steering), speed sensitive
VDIM (Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management), with steering cooperation control
VGRS (Variable Gear Ratio Steering)
AVS (Adaptive Variable Suspension)
ECB (Electronically Controlled Braking)
i-AFS (intelligent Adaptive Front-lighting System)
TPWS (Tyre Pressure Warning System)
Water repellent front door glass
Pre-Crash Safety system (PCS)
Driver and front passenger 2-stage airbag
Knee airbag (driver and front passenger)
TAP (Thorax Abdomen Pelvis) side airbag (driver and front passenger)
Curtain shield airbag front and rear
WIL front seats (Whiplash Injury Lessening)
Seatbelt pre-tensioners front and outboard rear seats with force limiter
ISOFIX attachment, rear seats
Anti-theft system, immobiliser and double door lock
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
o
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
Cruise Control
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
Smart Keyless Entry System with push start button
Illuminated entry system with white LEDs (Light Emitting Diode)
Optitron instruments with ECD technology (Electro Chromatic Device)
Inside rear view mirror: Electro Chromatic (auto-dimming)
Outside rear view mirror: electrically adjustable, heated and Electro Chromatic (auto-dimming)
Electric rear view mirror folding
Electrically multi-adjustable power tilt and telescopic steering wheel
One-touch power windows front and rear
Automatic climate control air conditioning system with clean air filter and NOx sensor
Separate driver/passenger temperature controls
8-way power front seats
Electric sunroof
s
o
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
o
Safety and security
Comfort
66
Infotainment
10-speaker audio system, FM/AM RDS tuner, cassette, in-dash single-slot 6-CD player
Steering wheel operation for audio system and phone
Bluetooth® mobile phone connectivity
Touchscreen 7” Electro-Multivision Display
s
s
s
s
Leather seats
Wood inserts
Wooden shift knob and steering wheel
s
s
s
Leather seat package
Perforated leather seats
Front seat heating and ventilation system including electrically adjustable lumbar support
Memory for front seats, exterior mirrors and steering wheel
Luxury package
Rear spoiler
Rear side airbags
Rain sensing wipers
Parking Assist Sensors – steering guided
Electric sunshade
Multimedia and Navigation System
DVD navigation system with RDS-TMC
14-speaker, 330 W RMS Mark Levinson® 5.1 Surround Sound System
6 in-dash DVD autochanger (audio/video/MP3/WMA)
Parking Assist Monitor
Voice command (navigation, audio, climate control, phone)
o
Colours & Trims
Special packages
o
o
s: Standard; o: Optional
67
EXTERIOR
COLOURS
There are 11 exterior colour choices with the GS 450h.
Each is carefully designed to appeal to the individuality
of each GS owner. In addition, a new paint process that
uses aluminium and artificial mica results in enhanced
brilliance in sunlight and greater change in colour intensity
from sunlight to shade.
The colours are:
A. White Pearl (062 CS)
B. Silver Mist (1F2 CS)
C. Astral Black* (202 S)
D. Olive (6T7 MM)
E. Anthracite Grey (1E0 MC)
F. Navy Blue (8P8 MC)
G. Glacial Blue (074 CS)
H. Morello Red (3R1 CS)
I. Tottori Sand (4S7 ME)
J. Nasu Dark (9AB MM)
K. Mizu Blue (8T9 ME )
* non-metallic
69
INTERIOR
TRIMS
Given the unique and distinctive profile of this car, we made
some very careful choices regarding the interior’s materials,
fit and finish. As for precision, craftsmanship and attention to
detail, the level of tolerance for the interior fittings has been
further refined, embodying the brand’s commitment to
continuous improvement.
A
The colour/wood combinations are:
A. Black leather (28 LA) and red walnut wood
B
B. Ivory leather (03 LA) and bird’s eye maple wood
C. Grey leather (13 LA) and black wood
D. Black fabric (28 FA)
C
D
71
WHEELS
The GS 450h comes equipped with personalised 18” alloy
wheels as standard.
Lexus Europe reserves the right to alter any details of specifications and equipment
without notice. Details of specifications and equipment are also subject to change
to suit local conditions and requirements. Please enquire at your national Lexus PR
department of any such changes that might be required for your area.
Vehicles pictured and specifications detailed in this publication may vary from models
and equipment available in your area. Vehicle body colour might differ slightly from the
printed photos in this publication.
72
GS 450h
DYNAMIC LAUNCH