Phytoplankton

Biol. Mar. Mediterr. (2010), 17 (suppl. 1): 686-753
PHYTOPLANKTON
LE DIATOMEE / DIATOMS
Marina Cabrini, Fabrizio Bernardi Aubry*, Benedetta Guardiani
Dipartimento di Oceanografia Biologica, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS),
Via A. Piccard, 54 - 34151 Trieste, Italia.
[email protected]
*Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Castello, 1364 – 30122 Venezia, Italia.
La classe delle Bacillariophyceae, più comunemente note come diatomee, rappresenta uno dei
più grandi gruppi microalgali. Essa comprende
tra le 10.000 e le 12.000 specie (Fryxell & Hasle,
2003) anche se Round & Crawford (1989) suggeriscono che possano essere stimate approssimativamente 50.000 o in eccesso 100.000 specie, mentre
nel plancton marino secondo Sournia et al. (1991)
sono presenti tra le 1400-1800 specie.
Le diatomee sono ubiquitarie, distribuite
nei sistemi acquatici costieri e oceanici, negli
ambienti marini, polari, di transizione e nelle
acque dolci. Possono essere planctoniche o bentoniche, presenti in modo variabile, a seconda della
latitudine, in tutte le stagioni. I resti delle diatomee nei sedimenti oceanici e lacustri rappresentano ottimi rilevatori di cambiamenti ambientali
passati e vengono anche utilizzati come indicatori
di cambiamenti del pH delle acque attribuiti alle
piogge acide (Battarbee, 1986). Notevoli applicazioni industriali sono dovute alla natura silicea
della parete cellulare caratteristica delle diatomee.
Il ruolo ecologico delle diatomee ha grande
importanza negli studi sulla qualità delle acque
marine e dolci essendo questa classe una delle
principali componenti della comunità fitoplanctonica.
Diatoms (Class Bacillariophyceae), represent
one of the largest microalgal group, and comprise
between 10,000 and 12,000 species following
Fryxell & Hasle (2003), while Round & Crawford
(1989) suggest there may be 50.000 or even in
excess of 100,000 species. According to Sournia
et al. (1991) can be considered in the marine
plankton 1400-1800 species.
Diatoms are ubiquitous in coastal and
oceanic acquatic ecosystems, in marine, polar,
transition and freshwater environments. They
can be planktonic or benthic, they are present in
variable ways depending on latitude, and occur
in all the seasons. Fossil diatoms in ocean and
lake sediments represent an excellent proxy for
past environmental changes and are also used as
indicators for pH variation of waters caused by
acid rains (Battarbee, 1986). Noticeable industrial
applications are due to the siliceous nature of the
cell walls of the diatoms.
The ecological role of diatoms is highly
important in studies of marine and freshwater
quality, being one of the principal components of
the phytoplanktonic community.
Caratteristiche generali. Le cellule sono singole
o organizzate in colonie, contengono un nucleo,
grandi vacuoli, il pirenoide di forme svariate e
difficilmente distinguibile al microscopio ottico
e un numero variabile di cloroplasti giallo-verdi
o marroni. I pigmenti fotosintetici sono la clorofilla a, c e, tra quelli accessori, la diatoxantina,
la diadinoxantina, il carotene e la fucoxantina.
Sono organismi prevalentemente fotoautotrofi,
pochi sono mixotrofi e ad oggi solo meno di dieci
specie sono conosciute come eterotrofe obbligate
(Zingone & Percopo, 2006a).
La parete cellulare è costituita essenzialmente
da pectina ed esternamente da deposizioni silicee
più o meno spesse o complesse a seconda della
specie ed alla disponibilità di silicati nell’acqua. Il
guscio siliceo (frustulo) è costituito da due valve
incastrate una nell’altra, che prendono il nome
di ipoteca (la valva interna) ed epiteca (la valva
esterna).
Le diatomee sono diploidi e si riproducono
per divisione binaria: ogni cellula figlia riceve
dalla cellula madre una valva, l’epiteca, mentre
l’ipoteca viene sempre riformata ex novo. In
General features. Cells are single or arranged
in colonies, they contain a nucleus, large
vacuoles, a variably shaped pyrenoid which
is difficult to distinguish at light microscope,
and a variable number of yellow-green or
brown chloroplasts. Photosynthetic pigments
are chlorophyll a and c, among the accessory
pigments there are diatoxanthin, diadinoxanthin,
carotene and fucoxanthin. They are prevalently
photoautotrophic organisms, few are mixotrophic
and up to now only less than ten species are
acknowledged as obligate heterotrophs (Zingone
& Percopo, 2006a).
Cell wall is constituted mainly of pectin and
externally by siliceous depositions more or less
thick and complex depending on the species and
on the availability of silicates in the water. The
siliceous shell (frustule) is formed by two valves
boxed up one on the other, which are called
hypotheca (the internal valve) and epitheca (the
external valve).
Diatoms are diploid and reproduce by binary
fission: every daughter cell receives one valve
from the mother cell: the epitheca. The hypotheca
Phytoplancton
687
questo modo le dimensioni della teca si riducono
progressivamente fino ad arrivare ad un limite
minimo compatibile con i processi vitali, variabile da specie a specie.
La riduzione della teca termina con una divisione meiotica e la produzione di gameti aploidi
che successivamente si fondono in acqua dando
origine ad un’auxospora diploide che aumenterà
di taglia fino al raggiungimento delle dimensioni
iniziali della cellula (Hasle & Syversten, 1997).
Non si sa quante volte una valva può essere riutilizzata e in una popolazione si possono trovare
diversi morfotipi di valve di una specie, capace
di sviluppare morfologicamente forme distinte al
cambiamento dei fattori ambientali. In particolari
condizioni sfavorevoli alla loro crescita, le diatomee possono sviluppare spore di resistenza più
o meno durevoli nel tempo e molto diverse dalla
forma vegetativa. Questo stadio di quiescenza
rappresenta una strategia di sopravvivenza in condizioni alterate dell’ecosistema (mancanza di luce,
di nutrienti, variabilità di temperatura e salinità,
ecc…) ma garantisce anche la sopravvivenza in
particolari situazioni, (ad esempio nelle acque di
zavorra delle navi), ed il potenziale trasferimento
della specie da un mare all’altro. In entrambi i
casi le spore potranno germinare e sviluppare la
forma vegetativa in condizioni ambientali favorevoli.
Le diatomee non hanno flagelli ma si muovono lungo la colonna d’acqua grazie alla produzione di sostanze che ne variano la densità e conseguentemente la profondità di galleggiamento,
mentre l’emissione di sostanze mucillaginose dal
rafe (fessura longitudinale) permette ad alcune
pennate di scivolare attaccate al substrato.
instead is recreated ex-novo every time. In this way
the dimensions of the theca gradually decrease
until they reach a lower limit compatible with
vital processes that varies from species to species.
The reduction of theca dimensions ends with
a meiotic division and the production of haploid
gametes which then fuse in water to form a
diploid auxospore, which increases in size until it
reaches the original dimensions of the cell (Hasle
& Syversten, 1997). It’s not known how many
times a valve can be reused and in a population
many different morphotypes of the valve of
a species (able to develop morphologically
dissimilar forms with environmental changes)
can be found. In particular unfavourable growth
conditions, diatoms can create resting spores very
dissimilar from the vegetative form. This resting
stage represents a survival strategy in response
to changing conditions of the ecosystem (light
and nutrient availability, variation in temperature
and salinity etc.), and assures survival in peculiar
situations (for example in the ballast waters of the
ships) with the potential transfer of the species
from one sea to another. In both cases spores
could germinate and develop the vegetative form
in favourable environmental conditions.
Diatoms have no flagella but they move along
the water column by the production of polymeric
mucilages substances from the raphe (longitudinal
slit) that change their density and consequently
their floating depth and allows some pennates to
glide along the substrate.
Morfologia del frustulo. Il frustulo delle diatomee è una struttura più o meno silicificata, rigida
e trasparente costituita dall’epivalva più grande e
l’ipovalva più piccola, unite da una o più fasce
connettivali che formano il cingolo. I frustuli possono avere un prospetto valvare se osservati frontalmente oppure connettivale se visti di profilo:
da questa prospettiva si distinguono l’asse longitudinale o apicale, l’asse trasversale o transapicale perpendicolare al precedente e l’asse pervalvare che unisce i punti centrali delle due valve. In
materiale fissato, le due valve si possono spesso
ritrovare separate. Il frustulo presenta una grande
varietà di forme e di ornamentazioni che risultano
più evidenti in mancanza del protoplasma e sono
fondamentali per il riconoscimento delle specie.
Le diatomee si dividono in due grandi ordini
in base alla simmetria della teca: le centriche
e le pennate. Le centriche sono caratterizzate
dall’avere in vista frontale le valve a simmetria
raggiata mentre le pennate hanno forma generalmente più allungata e le ornamentazioni sono
disposte secondo una simmetria bilaterale. In
vista frontale, lungo l’asse apicale di molte pennate può aprirsi il rafe che spesso presenta al
centro due ingrossamenti detti noduli centrali e
alle estremità due noduli polari. Intorno al rafe
Frustule morphology. The frustule of the
diatoms is a slightly silicified structure, stiff and
transparent, formed by the larger epivalve and
the smaller hypovalve, united by one or more
connecting bands called cingulum. Frustula can
have a valve view if observed from top or bottom,
or a girdle view when observed in profile: from
this perspective a longitudinal or apical axis
can be distinguished, and also a transverse or
transapical axis perpendicular to the previous one,
and a pervalvar axis which connects the central
points of the two valves. In preserved material
the two valves can often be found separate from
one another. Frustule shows great variability of
shapes and ornamentations characters which can
be used for species determination.
Diatoms are divided into two large orders
depending on the symmetry of the theca: centric
and pennate. Centric diatoms are characterized
by radial symmetry when observed from top or
bottom view, while pennate diatoms are generally
more elongated and ornamentations are arranged
in bilateral symmetry. From top or bottom view,
along the apical axis of many pennates, a raphe
can open, and it often shows two swellings in
the middle named central nodules and two polar
nodules at the extremities. Around the raphe the
M. Cabrini
688
et al.
la superficie liscia più o meno ampia è chiamata
area assiale.
L’identificazione delle diatomee è essenzialmente basata sulla morfologia, struttura e consistenza silicea del frustulo. Altri caratteri utili
per la determinazione al livello di genere o della
specie sono la forma, il numero e la disposizione
dei cloroplasti, la presenza o l’assenza del pirenoide e la presenza di ornamentazioni riconoscibili al microscopio ottico dotato di contrasto
interferenziale. L’esistenza di alcune particolari
strutture quali processi tubuliformi, spine o elevazioni sono distinguibili solo al microscopio
elettronico a scansione che permette l’osservazione dell’ultrastruttura del frustulo.
smooth surface more or less large is called axial
area.
Diatom identification is primarily based
on morphology, structure and siliceous texture
of the frustule. Some useful features for the
determination of genus or species are the shape,
the number and array of the chloroplasts, the
presence or absence of the pyrenoid and the
presence of ornamentations detectable with
light microscope provided with interference
phase contrast. The existence of some peculiar
structures as tubular processes, spines or other
processes are distinguishable only with electron
scanning microscope which allows observation of
the ultrastructure of the frustule.
La classificazione delle diatomee, che appartengono alla divisione delle Chromophyta, comprende due ordini: le centriche e le pennate. Nel
catalogo qui presentato le diatomee planctoniche
vengono classificate secondo Hasle & Syversten
(1996) in due ordini: le Biddulphiales (centriche)
e le Bacillariales (pennate).
Diatom classification, a division of the
Chromophyta, includes two orders: centric and
pennate diatoms. In the catalogue here displayed,
planktonic diatoms are classified according
to Hasle & Syversten (1996) in two orders:
Biddulphiales (centric) and Bacillariales (pennate).
LE DINOFICEE / DINOFLAGELLATES
Marina Cabrini, Mauro Bastianini*, Benedetta Guardiani
Dipartimento di Oceanografia Biologica, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS),
Via A. Piccard, 54 - 34151 Trieste, Italia.
[email protected]
*Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Castello, 1364 – 30122 Venezia, Italia.
Le classe delle dinoficee rappresenta una
componente importante del fitoplancton marino
che può svilupparsi e raggiungere elevate densità
causando fioriture o “bloom” solitamente in primavera o estate. A questa classe appartengono le
specie responsabili di noti episodi di eutrofizzazione, con una crescita incontrollata delle microalghe sostenuta dai sali di azoto e fosforo. In particolare il rapporto delle concentrazioni di questi
nutrienti può giocar un ruolo chiave sull’innesco
dei fenomeni. Alcune specie sono conosciute per
produrre effetti tossici di tipologia ed intensità
variabili. Questi fenomeni sono denominati Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) e causano eventi dannosi all’ambiente e all’uomo anche in assenza di
evidenti fioriture. Questi fenomeni possono comportare problemi anche devastanti sulle attività
di acquacoltura, al turismo balneare, alle economie locali e alla salute umana. La tossicità delle
microalghe è oggi una problematica riconosciuta
a livello globale (Hallegraeff, 2003), in espansione
anche in aree nuove o non precedentemente esplorate, legata all’incremento dei traffici marittimi.
The class Dinophyceae represents an
important element of marine phytoplankton
that can grow and reach high densities causing
blooms, usually in spring or summer. The species
responsible for known eutrophication episodes
with an uncontrolled growth of the microalgae,
supported by nutrient supply, can be ascribed
to this class. In particular the ratio between
nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations can play
a key role to trigger these phenomena. Some
species are known to produce toxic compounds of
variable toxicity and intensity. These phenomena
are named Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) and
cause harmful events to the environment and to
man, even in the absence of evident bloom signs.
These phenomena can cause extreme trouble for
acquaculture activities, tourism, local economies
and human health. Toxicity of microalgae is now
a globally known problem (Hallegraeff, 2003),
spreading also to new or unexplored areas, and
it is linked to the increase of marine traffic. It
also represents a potential risk following the
globalization of markets.
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689
Rappresenta quindi un potenziale rischio conseguente alla globalizzazione dei mercati.
Le dinoficee sono organismi unicellulari, eucarioti. Alcune specie possiedono un buon grado
di mobilità e nutrizione eterotrofica mentre altre
possiedono pareti cellulari e attività fotosintetica.
Per queste ragioni le dinoflagellate sono incluse sia
nei trattati di sistematica dei botanici che in quelli
degli zoologi. L’apparente primitività (morfologia
del nucleo) si combina con elaborati sviluppi morfologici e strutture citologiche. Sono spesso classificate in due grandi categorie: le tecate, provviste
di un rivestimento costituito da placche formate
da cellulosa e altri polisaccaridi e le “nude” o
“atecate” (rivestimento cellulare di sole membrane). Resta comunque difficoltoso trovare una
soluzione di continuità nella evoluzione della complessità delle strutture cellulari dei due gruppi.
Dinophyceae are unicellular eukaryotic
organisms. Some species are able to move and
they are heterotrophic while other species have cell
walls and are photosynthetic. For these reasons
dinoflagellates are included in both botanical
and zoological systematic treaties. The apparent
primitive form (nucleus morphology) goes with
elaborate morphological evolution and cytological
structures. They are often ordered into two big
categories: armored dinoflagellates, provided
with a covering formed by cellulose and other
polysaccharide plates, and naked or unarmoured
ones (cell covered only by a membrane). It is
still difficult to find a disruption among the
complexity of the cell structure of both groups.
Caratteristiche generali. La classe delle dinoficee comprende specie unicellulari, fotosintetiche,
eterotrofe (anche saprofite e parassite) e mixotrofe.
Non c‘è un singolo carattere strutturale comune a
tutte le dinoflagellate mentre nell’ultrastruttura di
tutte, il nucleo dinokarion è particolare contenendo
numerosi cromosomi che rimangono condensati
anche durante l’interfase mitotica ed è spesso
riconoscibile anche al microscopio ottico (Taylor,
1987). All’interno della cellula sono presenti plastidi, cloroplasti caratterizzati da una tripla membrana e dalla presenza interna o esterna di uno o
più pirenoidi. Sono visibili i vacuoli, tra i quali
uno speciale detto pusule collegato alle basi dei
due flagelli, granuli di amido e altre sostanze
di riserva quali olii, acidi grassi e steroli. I pigmenti presenti sono la clorofilla a e c2, mentre
tra le xantofille la diadinoxantina, dinoxantina
e peridinina. La cellula eucariote può avere una
forma rotonda, ovoidale, spigolosa, simmetrica
più o meno regolare generalmente è singola, raramente si trovano lunghe catene di dinoficee. Due
diversi flagelli non autofluorescenti sono tipici di
questa classe, uno è disteso nel cingolo, l’altro più
libero nel movimento emerge dal poro flagellare
dell’area solcale longitudinale. Una caratteristica
di alcune specie di dinoflagellate è la possibilità
di produrre bioluminescenza.
Le dinoficee si riproducono per divisione
binaria in due modi: le due cellule figlie si formano nella cellula madre che poi le libera (eleuteroschisi) oppure la teca si divide in due, ogni
cellula figlia riceve una parte e riforma l’altra
mancante (desmoschisi). Un’ulteriore strategia di
riproduzione prevede la coniugazione di gameti
per formare uno zigote che in alcune specie è rappresentato da cisti. Le cisti sono forme di resistenza, cellule non mobili, che possiedono una
parete cellulare e si presentano con forme variabili: sferiche, ovali, lisce o con spicole, con parete
complessa, di composizione diversificata (dinosporinica, calcarea o silicea). Possono mantenersi
a lungo in ambienti anche bui, particolarmente
freddi o caldi e successivamente germinare alla
ripresa delle condizioni ambientali favorevoli.
General features. Class Dinophyceae includes
unicellular, photosynthetic, heterotrophic (also
saprophytic and parasitic) and mixotrophic
species. There is no sole structural character
common to all the dinoflagellates, while
ultrastructurally the nucleus is a dinokarion
because it contains numerous chromosomes which
remain condensed during mitotic interphase
and it is well recognizable even at the light
microscope level (Taylor, 1987). Inside the cell
there are plastids chloroplasts characterized by
a triple membrane and the presence of internal
or external one or more pyrenoids. Vacuoles are
visible, among them there is a special one called
pusule bound to the insertion of the two flagella;
and also starch granules and other storage
products such as oils, fatty acids and sterols.
Pigments include chlorophyll a and c2, while
among xantophylls there are diadinoxanthin,
dinoxanthin and peridinin. These eukaryotic
cells can beround or ovoidal in shape, edgy,
symmetrical more or less regular, generally they
are single, in fact long chains of dinophyceae are
rarely found. Typical of this class is the presence
of two dissimilar non autofluorescent flagella,
the first lies in the cingulum, the other is freer
to move and emerges from the flagellar pore of
the longitudinal sulcus area. A peculiarity of
some species of dinoflagellates is the capability
to produce bioluminescence.
Dinophyceae reproduct by binary fission in
two ways: daughter cells form from the mother
cell which then be set free (eleutheroschisis) or
the theca divides into two parts every daughter
cell gets a part of these and reconstructs the
lacking part (desmoschisis). An other reproduction
strategy is by gamete fusion to form a zygote
which in some species is represented by a cyst.
Cysts are resting stages, non motile cells, they are
provided with a cell wall and of variable form:
spherical, ovoidal, smooth or with spicolae, with a
complex wall of varied composition (dinosporinic,
calcareous or siliceous). They can survive for long
times even in the dark or particularly in cold or
hot environmens, and they can then germinate
M. Cabrini
690
Morfologia della teca. Le dinoflagellate si distinguono in due gruppi, le tecate, ricoperte da una
teca principalmente cellulosica e le atecate o nude.
Il rivestimento manca solo apparentemente nelle
dinoficee atecate, è solo più sottile e non visibile
al microscopio ottico (es. in Gymnodinium) mentre
nelle forme tecate può essere più o meno rigido e
costituito da placche unite tra loro da suture (es.
Protoperidinium). La maggior solidità e consistenza
della teca dipende dalla struttura di base costituita da una serie di membrane che possono esser
vuote o contenere polisaccaridi come la cellulosa,
il mannosio o il galattosio (Steidinger & Tangen,
1996). Negli studi tassonomici il termine teca è più
usato del termine anfiesma o rivestimento cellulare. Tipicamente una peridinea è suddivisa da un
cingolo o solco traversale che può essere circolare
(con gli estremi su uno stesso piano o più o meno
sfalsati), o elicoidale (estremità su piani diversi). Il
cingolo separa nelle forme nude l’epicono dall’ipocono che nelle forme tecate sono dette epiteca ed
ipoteca. Entrambe, a volte ciascuna o solo una
delle due, possono presentare ornamentazioni
quali spine, corna, o altre ornamentazioni utili
all’identificazione del genere. Nella parte superiore dell’epiteca distinguiamo un apice mentre
nella parte inferiore dell’ipoteca si trova l’antapice.
Le dinoficee possono essere osservate in una
parte dorsale dov’è visibile il cingolo o in una
ventrale dove, perpendicolarmente al cingolo, si
distende verso l’antapice il solco longitudinale.
In quasi tutte le dinoflagellate lungo il cingolo è
localizzato il flagello trasversale mentre più libero
nel movimento è il flagello longitudinale che origina dal solco corrispondente.
La classe delle dinoficee appartiene alla divisione delle Dinophyta o Pirrophyta inizialmente
ascritta al phylum dei Protozoi nell’ordine delle
Dinoflagellata (Fensome et al., 1993; Zingone &
Percopo, 2006b).
et al.
when environmental conditions become favorable.
Theca morphology. Dinoflagellates can be
divided into two groups: armored ones, covered by
a theca mainly made of cellulose, and unarmored
or naked ones. In unarmored cells, covering is
only apparently lacking, it is only thinner and not
visible with the light microscope (for example in
Gymnodinium). In armored cells it can be slightly
stiff and it is formed by plates joined together by
sutures (for example Protoperidinium). The actual
strength of the theca depends on the primary
structure formed by a series of membranes which
can be empty or contain polysaccharides such
as cellulose, mannose or galactose (Steidinger &
Tangen, 1996). In taxonomical studies the term
theca is more used than the term amphiesma
or cell covering. A peridinea is typically divided
by a cingulum or transversal sulcus that can be
circular (with ends on the same plane or more
or less staggered), or elicoidal (ends on different
planes). The cingulum separates the hypocone
from the epicone in the naked forms, while it
separates epitheca and hypotheca in the armored
forms. Both parts, or sometimes one or the other,
is ornamented with spines, horns, or others
useful characteristic used in their identification to
genus. In the upper part of the epitheca an apex
can be distinguished while in the lower part of
the hypotheca, an antapex.
Dinophyceae can be observed in a dorsal side
where the cingulum is visible, or in a ventral
side where, perpendicular to the cingulum, the
longitudinal sulcus lies towards the antapex. In
almost all the dinoflagellates into the cingulum
there is the transversal flagellum while freer
in motility is the longitudinal flagellum which
originates from the corresponding sulcus.
The class Dinophyceae belongs to the division
Dinophyta or Pyrrophyta, formerly ascribed to
phylum Protozoa and the order Dinoflagellata
(Fensome et al., 1993; Zingone & Percopo, 2006b).
I COCCOLITOFORIDI / COCCOLITHOPHORIDS
Carmela Caroppo
Istituto per l’Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Roma, 3 – 74100 Taranto, Italia.
[email protected]
I Coccolithophorales, comunemente conosciuti
come coccolitoforidi, appartengono alla classe
delle Prymnesiophyceae (o Haptophyceae). Essi
sono organismi unicellulari, generalmente autotrofi, marini e planctonici, provvisti di due flagelli e di un aptonema. Le pareti cellulari sono
provviste di sottili scaglie ellittiche o di granuli
di natura organica (cellulosa), immersi in una
The Coccolithophorales, commonly known as
coccolitophorids, are the best known members of
the class Prymnesiophyceae (or Haptophyceae).
They are typically unicellular, autotrophic,
marine, and planktonic cells which have two
flagella and a haptonema. Cell walls are covered
by tiny elliptical scales or granules of organic
material (cellulose), which are embedded in a
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691
sostanza mucillaginosa. All’esterno di queste scaglie è presente uno strato di placche di carbonato
di calcio, solitamente nella forma cristallina di
calcite (coccoliti), definito coccosfera.
I coccolitoforidi sono rappresentati approssimativamente da 200 specie di alghe, appartenenti
a 75 generi (Heimdal, 1997). Queste specie, anche
se presenti in tutti gli ambienti marini, vivono
soprattutto nelle acque aperte tropicali e subtropicali dove mostrano un’elevata biodiversità.
Tuttavia, la specie più comune, Emiliania huxleyi,
sebbene abbia una distribuzione prevalentemente
oceanica, è rilevata anche in acque neritiche.
Essa è considerata come il produttore mondiale
più importante di carbonato di calcio di origine
biogena e gioca, pertanto, un ruolo chiave nella
riserva globale di CO2 (Van den Hoek et al., 1995).
I coccolitoforidi sono coinvolti anche in altri cicli
biogeochimici, come quello dello zolfo, infatti
alcune specie producono dimetilsolfoniopropionato (DMSP), il precursore del dimetilsulfide
(DMS) (Malin & Kirst, 1997), che può influenzare il clima stimolando la formazione delle nubi
(Simó & Pedrós-Alió, 1999). Inoltre, queste alghe
sintetizzano composti lipidici stabili che sono
utilizzati negli studi geologici, per la valutazione
delle variazioni paleoclimatiche (Cros & Fortuño,
2002).
I coccoliti si accumulano, alla morte degli
organismi, sul fondo dei mari e partecipano alla
formazione delle ooze calcaree e delle rocce.
Considerando che i coccoliti contribuiscono in
piccola parte alle ooze calcaree recenti, e che nei
periodi Mesozoico e Cenozoico essi dominavano
nei fondi oceanici, si presume che i coccolitoforidi fossero più abbondanti nel passato rispetto a
quanto lo siano oggi.
mucilagineous substance. External to the scales
is present a layer named coccosphere, which
consists of calcium carbonate plates, usually in
the crystalline form of calcite.
There
are
nearly
200
species
of
Coccolitophorids, belonging to about 75 genera
(Heimdal, 1997). These species, even if present
in all the marine environments, occur mainly
in open tropical and subtropical oceans where
they exhibit their greatest diversity. The most
abundant species, Emiliania huxleyi, is normally
oceanic, but may be also detected in neritic
waters. This species, is considered as the world’s
most important producer of biogenic calcium
carbonate, and therefore has an important
role in the global CO2 budget (Van den Hoek
et al., 1995). Furthermore, coccolithophorids
are involved in other biogeochemical cycles,
particularly in the sulphur cycle since they
produce dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP),
the precursor of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) (Malin
& Kirst, 1997) which may influence climate
through stimulating cloud formation (Simó &
Pedrós-Alió, 1999). Some species are also known
to produce stable lipid compounds which can be
used as a tool to evaluate paleoclimatic changes
(Cros & Fortuño, 2002).
The calcified plates of coccolithophorids
accumulate on the bottom of the ocean as the
organisms die, and contribute to the formation of
carbonate oozes, and rocks. Even if the coccoliths
constitute a minor part of recent calcareous oozes,
in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic they dominated
the ocean floor, suggesting that coccolithophorids
were more abundant in the past then they are
today.
Caratteristiche generali. Le dimensioni cellulari sono solitamente comprese tra 3 e 30 μm, più
frequentemente <10 µm, infatti i coccolitoforidi
generalmente sono componenti del nanoplancton
autotrofo. La forma delle cellule può essere sferica, ovale, ovoidale, piriforme, elongata o fusiforme (Heimdal, 1997).
Le cellule contengono solitamente due cloroplasti parietali, all’interno di ciascuno dei quali è
presente un pirenoide. Tali cloroplasti sono dorati
o giallo-bruni, essi contengono le clorofille a, c1
e/o c3 e c2. Nell’ambito dei pigmenti accessori, la
fucoxantina è più abbondante, ma sono presenti
anche il ß-carotene, la diadinoxantina e la diatoxantina. Nel citoplasma sono presenti anche due
tipi di vacuoli: il primo contenente lipidi ed il
secondo il prodotto di riserva, che solitamente è
il polisaccaride crisolaminarina (leucosina) (Janse
et al., 1996).
Essi hanno due diversi tipi di appendici filamentose: i flagelli e l’aptonema, aventi struttura e
funzioni diverse. I due flagelli lisci, privi di scaglie, sono inseriti nella parte anteriore della cellula, possono avere oppure no la stessa lunghezza
e sono responsabili della motilità. L’aptonema è
presente solo in alcune specie, mentre in altre è
General features. Cell’s size is generally
between 3 and 30 μm, most often <10 µm, in fact
coccolithophorids usually belong to autotrophic
nanoplankton. The cells may be spherical, oval,
ovoid, pyriform, elongated or spindle-shaped
(Heimdal, 1997).
They have usually two parietal chloroplasts,
each including a single pyrenoid. These
chloroplasts are golden or yellow-brown, they
contain chlorophylls a, c1 and/or c3 and c2. Among
the accessory pigments, the most abundant
is fucoxanthin, but there are also ß-carotene,
diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin. Two types
of vacuoles are present in the cytoplasm: the
first containing lipid and the second the storage
product, which is usually the polysaccharide
chrysolaminarin (leucosin) (Janse et al., 1996).
They have two different types of filamentous
appendages: flagella and haptonema, which
differ in structure and function. The two smooth
flagella, anteriorly inserted, equal or subequal in
length, are involved in swimming. Haptonema
is present only in some species, while in others
only the basal part structure is evident and has a
sensory function (Lee, 1999).
Life cycle of coccolithophorids is complex, and
692
M. Cabrini
et al.
evidente solo la parte basale della struttura; la
sua funzione è rappresentata dalla reattività nei
confronti di eventuali ostacoli (Lee, 1999).
Il ciclo vitale dei coccolitoforidi è complesso,
ed in molti casi ancora sconosciuto. La riproduzione vegetativa avviene per scissione binaria o per
divisioni successive. Le cellule madri producono
cellule figlie flagellate e non flagellate. Per alcune
specie è stato descritto un ciclo vitale eteromorfo
(e.g. Emiliania huxleyi) in cui una fase flagellata
diploide (planctonica) è alternata ad una fase
filamentosa aploide (bentonica) (Van Den Hoek
et al., 1995). In condizioni favorevoli, alcune
specie producono cisti calcaree (Kamptner, 1937).
Recentemente è stato dimostrato che coccolitoforidi molto differenti e ritenuti specie distinte rappresentano, in realtà, fasi diverse di complessi cicli
vitali di un’unica specie (Zingone & Percopo, 2006c).
in many cases unknown. Vegetative reproduction
occurs by binary fission or by repeated division.
Mother cells release flagellate and non flagellate
daughter cells. A heteromorphic life cycle has
been described in some species (e.g. Emiliania
huxleyi) in which a diploid flagellate (planktonic)
stage alternates with a haploid filamentous
(benthic) stage (Van Den Hoek et al., 1995). Under
favourable conditions, some species produce
calcareous cysts (Kamptner, 1937).
Recently, it has been demonstrated that some
coccolithophorids considered in the past as
belonging to different species, have been actually
recognized as different stages of only one species in
its complex life cycle (Zingone & Percopo, 2006c).
Coccosfera e coccoliti. La coccosfera è provvista di un’apertura flagellare a livello del polo apicale della cellula, da cui emergono i due flagelli
e l’aptonema. In molte specie, i coccoliti disposti
intorno all’apertura flagellare (coccoliti boccali)
sono morfologicamente diversi rispetto a quelli
che si dispongono intorno al resto della coccosfera (coccoliti parietali).
La coccosfera può essere costituita da un singolo strato di coccoliti tutti uguali tra loro (coccosfera monotecata). In altri casi, i coccoliti, pur
avendo la stessa morfologia, sono caratterizzati
da dimensioni diverse, i cosiddetti micrococcoliti e macrococcoliti di Umbellosphaera irregularis e H. tenuis (Heimdal, 1997). Ci possono
essere anche le cosiddette coccosfere ditecate, che
sono caratterizzate dalla presenza di due strati di
coccoliti diversi tra loro: la endoteca e l’esoteca.
Quando sono presenti più di due strati di coccoliti dello stesso tipo, la coccosfera è denominata
multi-stratificata come nel caso di Emiliania huxleyi. L’endoteca è definita monomorfa, dimorfa o
polimorfa, se presenta coccoliti della medesima
morfologia o di due o più morfologie diverse
(Cros & Fortuño, 2002).
Esistono diversi tipi di coccoliti, caratterizzati
da diversa mineralizzazione. Essi sono gli olococcoliti, costituiti da cristalli di calcite disposti
regolarmente, e gli eterococcoliti caratterizzati da
una complessa disposizione delle unità cristalline.
Recentemente, è stato identificato un terzo tipo
di coccoliti, i nannoliti, considerati in passato
come forme fossili, ma oggi associati ad alcune
forme viventi, quali i generi Braarudosphaera,
Florisphaera, Ceratolithus e Polycrater (Cros &
Fortuño, 2002).
Coccosphere and coccoliths. The coccosphere
has a flagellar opening at the apical pole from
which emerge the two flagella and the haptonema.
In many species, the coccoliths around the
flagellar opening (circum-flagellar coccoliths)
are morphologically different from those which
constitute the rest of the coccosphere (body
coccoliths).
The coccospheres may consist of one single
layer of coccoliths identical in morphology
(monothecate coccosphere). In other cases,
the coccoliths on a single cell may be identical
in morphology but have two different sizes,
the so called micro- and macrococcoliths
of Umbellosphaera irregularis and H. tenuis
(Heimdal, 1997). In contrast there are also the
dithecate coccospheres, which are characterized
by the presence of two distinct layers with very
different kind of coccoliths: the endotheca and
the exotheca. When several layers of the same
kind of coccoliths are present, the coccosphere is
described as being multilayered, as in the case of
Emiliania huxleyi (Cros & Fortuño, 2002).
Structurally
different
coccoliths
types,
characterized
by
different
types
of
biomineralisation, are recognizable. They are
the holococcoliths, composed of regularly
packed calcite crystals, and the heterococcoliths,
characterized by complex arrays of crystal units.
Recently, a third type of calcified structure,
the nannoliths, has been identified. In the past,
they were considered as calcareous nannofossils,
but today they are associated with living algae,
as in the genera Braarudosphaera, Florisphaera,
Ceratolithus and Polycrater (Cros & Fortuño, 2002).
Classificazione. La classificazione dei coccolitoforidi si basa prevalentemente sulla morfologia
delle cellule e dei coccoliti. In molti casi, considerando le ridotte dimensioni cellulari e la complessità morfologica dei coccoliti, le specie possono
essere identificate correttamente solo attraverso
l’utilizzo combinato del microscopio ottico (MO)
e del microscopio elettronico (ME).
Classification. Classification of coccolithophorids is mainly based on the morphology of the
cells and of their coccoliths. In most cases, taking
into account both the small size of the cells and
the morphological complexity of coccoliths,
species can be satisfactorily described through a
combined use of conventional light microscopy
(LM) and electron microscopy, especially
Phytoplancton
693
Negli ultimi 40 anni, poiché sono disponibili
nuove conoscenze sia relativamente alla morfologia cellulare sia ai cicli vitali di molte specie
di coccolitoforidi, la tassonomia si sta aggiornando continuamente. Il sistema tassonomico più
comunemente seguito è quello di Parke & Green
(1976), secondo il quale vengono identificati due
ordini (Isochrysidales e Coccosphaerales) (Heimdal, 1997). Più recentemente alcuni autori hanno
compilato e standardizzato una nuova nomenclatura che comprende cinque ordini (review di Cros
& Fortuño, 2002). Gli ordini identificati sono:
Zygodiscales, Stephanolithiales, Syracosphaerales, Prinsiales e Coccosphaerales.
scanning electron microscopy (EM).
Over the past 40 years and taking into account
that new information about their morphology
and life cycles of many species is available, the
taxonomic system is in a state of flux. The most
commonly followed is that of Parke & Green
(1976), according to two orders are recognized
(Isochrysidales and Coccosphaerales) (Heimdal,
1997). More recently, several authors have
compiled and standardized another nomenclature
which includes five orders (Cros & Fortuño,
2002, for a review). The identified orders are:
Zygodiscales, Stephanolithiales, Syracosphaerales,
Prinsiales and Coccosphaerales.
LE FITOFLAGELLATE / PHYTOFLAGELLATES
Caterina Nuccio, Giorgio Socal1, Emellina Cucchiari2, Benedetta Guardiani3
Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Firenze, Via P.A. Micheli, 1 – 50121 Firenze, Italia.
[email protected]
1
Istituto di Scienze Marine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Castello, 1364 – 30122 Venezia, Italia.
2
Dipartimento di Scienze del Mare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche – 60131 Ancona, Italia.
3
Dipartimento di Oceanografia Biologica, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS),
Via A. Piccard, 54 - 34151 Trieste, Italia.
Il successo nello studiare il fitoplancton al
microscopio ottico dipende dalla presenza nelle
cellule di una parete o di una copertura resistente a comuni fissativi: ad esempio il frustulo
per le diatomee, l’anfiesma per le dinoflagellate
e i coccoliti per i coccolitofori. Alcune forme
di flagellate hanno parti dure come per esempio scaglie mineralizzate, spine, scheletro siliceo
e possono essere più facilmente identificabili,
mentre le specie cui mancano queste strutture
vengono più facilmente enumerate nella categoria delle flagellate non identificate in quanto la
loro determinazione è più difficile nei conteggi
di materiale fissato con le soluzioni più comuni
(formalina o lugol) e per la loro identificazione
si richiede spesso l’esame di materiale vivo. Ma
la loro importanza globale è evidente dalle liste
che riportano molto spesso una larga percentuale
di flagellate non determinate. Il microscopio
ottico rimane ancora il principale strumento di
routine, essendo il solo strumento accessibile per
molti specialisti per l’identificazione tassonomica
e per poter accoppiare i dati quantitativi di un
conteggio completo del campione ad una, seppure
spesso non completamente accertata, identificazione tassonomica. È importante quindi fare uso
anche del microscopio elettronico per verificare
e confermare l’identificazione realizzata con il
microscopio ottico.
Gli studi filogenetici e le ipotesi sulle diverse
Success in studying phytoplankton with the
light microscope depends on the presence in
the cells of a cell wall or some other covering
resistant to common preservatives: for example
the frustule for diatoms, amphiesma for
dinoflagellates, coccoliths for coccolithophorids.
Some flagellates have hard parts as mineralized
scales, spines, siliceous skeletons and can be more
easily identified, while species lacking of these
structures are more likely listed in the category
of undetermined flagellates. Their identification
is in fact more difficult if the specimen is fixed
in common solutions (formalin or lugol) and
for their determination living material is often
required. However, their global importance is
clearly noticeable from the checklists which often
account for a high percentage of undetermined
flagellates. The light microscope still remains the
main routine tool available for many specialists
for taxonomical identification. It is also useful to
match the quantitative data obtained by the full
count of a specimen to an often not completely
certain taxonomical identification. For these
reasons it is important to use also electron
microscopy to verify and confirm the light
microscope identification.
Phylogenetical studies and hypotheses on
various endosymbioses established in the course of
the evolution of protistan eukaryots, particularly
based on nucleotidic sequences, has classified
694
M. Cabrini
et al.
endosimbiosi intervenute nel corso dell’evoluzione dei protisti eucarioti, particolarmente
basate su sequenze nucleotidiche, hanno posto
le classi microalgali in diverse ramificazioni,
relative in particolare alla composizione pigmentaria e al tipo di flagelli (Van den Hoek et al.,
1995; Delwiche, 1999; Falkowski et al., 2004). Per
quanto riguarda le flagellate di seguito descritte,
abbiamo quindi qui considerato: Chrysophyceae,
Dictyochophyceae, Raphidophyceae appartenenti
alle Heterokontophyta; Cryptophyceae, unica
classe del phylum Cryptophyta; Prymnesiophyceae, come unica classe delle Haptophyta (è stata
recentemente proposta anche la classe Pavlovophyceae, cfr. Edvardsen & Medlin, 2007); Chlorophyceae e Prasinophyceae, delle Chlorophyta;
Euglenophyceae, nel phylum Euglenophyta. Per
una aggiornata discussione sullo stato della sistematica algale è consultabile il volume di Brodie
& Lewis, 2007
Negli studi ecologici comunque si può ritenere
che l’applicazione di eventuali raggruppamenti
non possa basarsi solo su criteri sistematici, ma
debba riferirsi ad altre caratteristiche delle microalghe flagellate, come le dimensioni cellulari e la
forma, l’abilità al movimento e il comportamento
trofico, come ultimamente nella discussione sui
“gruppi funzionali” nel campo dell’ecologia del
fitoplancton (Reynolds, 1997).
La motilità dipende dalla presenza di uno
o più flagelli ed è di grande impatto sull’abilità della cellula nell’assimilazione nutritizia in
quanto i movimenti, rotatori o diritti, producono un rinnovo dell’acqua intorno depauperata
e la possibilità di piccoli spostamenti. Per quanto
riguarda le dimensioni è possibile affermare che
la maggior parte delle flagellate incontrate nel
plancton di mare aperto appartengano al nanoplancton (da 2 a 20 µm), mentre per le modalità
trofiche una flagellata può essere fototrofica ed
usualmente confinata nella zona eufotica della
colonna d’acqua in quanto la sua sopravvivenza
dipende dalla fotosintesi clorofilliana, eterotrofica
perché in grado di ingerire particelle attraverso
fagocitosi oppure di raccogliere sostanze solubili
attraverso pinocitosi ed infine mixotrofica, cioè
in grado di alternare le sue modalità trofiche ed
il suo metabolismo in base alle diverse condizioni
ambientali.
microalgal classes into different branches based
on pigment composition and flagellar types
(Van den Hoek et al., 1995; Delwiche, 1999;
Falkowski et al., 2004). For the flagellates here
described, we therefore consider: Chrysophyceae,
Dictyochophyceae, Raphidophyceae belonging to
Heterokontophyta; Cryptophyceae as a single class
of the phylum Cryptophyta; Prymnesiophyceae
as a single class of the Haptophyta (recently the
class Pavlovophyceae, cfr. Edvardsen & Medlin,
2007, has also been proposed); Chlorophyceae and
Prasinophyceae belonging to the Chlorophyta;
Euglenophyceae in the phylum Euglenophyta.
For an updated discussion on the status of algal
systematics the volume by Brodie & Lewis (2007)
can be consulted.
In ecological studies, identification to
taxonomic groups cannot be based exclusively on
systematic criteria, but must be reported to other
microalgal characters , such as cell shape and
dimensions, movement and trophic behaviour, as
recently proposed in the discussion on “functional
groups” in the field of ecology of phytoplankton
(Reynolds, 1997).
The presence of one or more flagella assures
the character of motility, of great influence on cell
nutrient assimilation because flagella movements,
rotatory or straight forward, produce a renewal
of the depaupered water all round the cell, and
gives the cell the possibility of brief shifts. By
determining cell dimensions, it is possible to
affirm that most flagellates recorded in the open
sea belong to nanoplankton (2 to 20 µm). The
trophic strategies, a flagellate can be: phototrophic
and usually confined into the euphotic zone
because its survival depends on photosynthesis;
or heterotrophic because it can ingest pargiculate
matter through phagotrophy, or collect soluble
substances through pinocytosis and mixotrophic
when it can adapt modalities and its metabolism
in response to different environmental conditions.
Chrysophyceae
La classe delle Chrysophyceae (Pascher, 1914),
comprende organismi che presentano una grande
variabilità, sia morfologica (cellule nude, libere
o in loriche, con scaglie organiche o inorganiche, mono-biflagellate o aflagellate, unicellulari
o coloniali, coccoidi) che ecofisiologica in relazione al tipo di trofia (autotrofe, eterotrofe), ai
cicli vitali e alla loro distribuzione nei più diversi
ambienti (acque dolci e salmastre, marine neritiche e oceaniche). Questo aspetto è riscontrabile
nelle revisioni in atto ormai da anni nell’ambito delle classi appartenenti al vecchio phylum
Chrysophyceae
The Class Chrisophyceae (Pascher, 1914),
encompasses organisms which have great
variability, either morphological (naked cells,
free living or in loricae, with organic or
inorganic scales, mono or biflagellated or with
no flagella, unicellular or colonial, coccoid) or
ecophysiological related to the trophic strategy
(autotrophic, heterotrophic), to life cycles
and distribution in different environments
(freshwaters, brackish waters, marine neritic and
oceanic waters). This feature is noticeable in the
reviews of the classes belonging to the former
Phytoplancton
695
Chrysophyta (Pascher, 1914) e nello stato definito
“caotico” della loro classificazione a causa di una
non risolta incongruenza tra i dati morfologici e
quelli molecolari (Sandgren et al., 1995; Kristiansen & Preisig, 2001; Andersen, 2007).
Il loro riconoscimento nei campioni naturali è quindi molto arduo, come si vede anche
dall’elenco qui fornito, in cui sono riportati dieci
generi con dodici identificazioni specifiche, riferite soprattutto a forme meglio riconoscibili per
le loro strutture (Meringosphaera, Dinobryon); da
una parte probabilmente una sottostima della
reale presenza, dall’altra una possibile sovrastima
per alcune forme che in parte oggi risultano sinonimie (Calycomonas/Ollicola). Come per molte
altre flagellate, quindi, appare indispensabile l’osservazione in vivo, la possibilità di uso di tecniche di osservazione più specifiche (colture, ME).
Per i testi di consultazione, si rimanda a Throndsen, 1980; Chrétiennot-Dinet, 1990; Throndsen,
1997; Bérard-Therriault et al., 1999; Nuccio, 2006.
phylum Chrysophyta (Pascher, 1914) whose
classification has been defined “chaotic” because
of the incongruity between morphological and
molecular data (Sandgren et al., 1995; Kristiansen
& Preisig, 2001; Andersen, 2007).
Thus the identification of a fresh specimen
is very problematic, as illustrated by the
following example in the list provided here, in
which 10 genera have 12 specific identifications
(Meringosphaera, Dinobryon). This can lead to
underestimation or overestimation when some
species are considered synonyms (Calycomonas/
Ollicola). So as for many flagellates, it seems
necessary for an in-vivo observation and the
chance of employing more specific observation
techniques (cultures, EM). For references see
texts by Throndsen (1980); Chrétiennot-Dinet
(1990); Throndsen (1997); Bérard-Therriault et al.
(1999) and Nuccio (2006).
Dictyochophyceae
La classe delle Dictyochophyceae Silva 1980
(Sournia, 1986; Throndsen, 1997; Totti & Romagnoli, 2006), è una delle classi che erano incluse
nelle Chrysophyceae con il nome di Silicoflagellate (Silicoflagellata Lemmermann 1901, Gemeinhardt, 1930) per il caratteristico scheletro a tubuli
silicei (Dictyochales) che forma delle “finestre” il
cui numero e forma può aiutare nell’identificazione, monoflagellate, autotrofe. Il genere più diffuso e riportato è Dictyocha, a cui alcuni autori
attribuiscono anche i generi Distephanus e Octatis e considerano Dictyocha fibula e D. octonaria
caratteristiche di acque più calde, D. speculum
di ambienti freddi (Kristiansen & Preisig, 2001).
Anche le Pedinellales hanno caratteristiche forme
e spine facilmente visibili anche in MO e sono più
tipiche di acque costiere.
Dictyochophyceae
The Class Dictyochophyceae Silva, 1980
(Sournia, 1986; Throndsen, 1997; Totti &
Romagnoli, 2006), is one of those originally
included in the Chrysophyceae as Silicoflagellatae
(Silicoflagellata Lemmermann 1901; Gemeinhardt,
1930) because of the distinctive skeleton made
of siliceous rods (Dictyochales) which creates
“windows” whose number and shape can help
in identification. They are monoflagellates and
autotrophic. The most common reported genus
is Dictyocha, to which some authors assign also
the genera Distephanus and Octatis and consider
Dictyocha fibula and D. octonaria typical of
warm waters, while D. speculum typical of cold
environments (Kristiansen & Preisig, 2001). Also
Pedinellales have typical shapes and spines which
can be easily seen even at the light microscope
level and more typical of coastal waters.
Rafidoficee
Sono cellule autotrofe, flagellate microplanctoniche, relativamente di grossa taglia (30-80 μm), di
forma da globosa ad ovoidale allungata. A volte
presentano un’estremità più appuntita, con una
parte dorsale curva e una parte ventrale piatta.
Nella parte ventrale della cellula è presente una
piccola invaginazione (citofaringe), da cui si originano due flagelli disuguali: uno lungo, diretto
in avanti durante il nuoto, e uno corto liscio e
ventrale, diretto all’indietro. Tutte le specie sono
prive di parete, e non hanno alcun rivestimento
esterno alla membrana plasmatica; per questa
ragione la forma della cellula può variare secondo
le condizioni esterne. Il nucleo è voluminoso e il
numero di cromosomi può essere molto elevato.
Nelle cellule sono presenti numerosi cloroplasti
ellissoidali periferici pressati uno contro l’altro, di
colore verde, giallo-verde o giallo-bruno, contenenti clorofilla a c1 e c2 oltre a pigmenti accessori.
Raphydophyceae
This
group
has
autotrophic
cells,
microplanktonic flagellates relatively big in size
(30-80 µm), and globoid to ovoidal elongated
shaped. Sometimes they show a more sharpened
point with a curved dorsal side and a flat ventral
side. In the ventral face of the cell there is a
little furrow (gullet), from which two dissimilar
flagella arise: one is long and forward-facing
while swimming, and the other is short, smooth
and ventral, back-facing. All the species lack a
cell wall and they have no covering outside the
cell membrane; consequently the shape of the
cell can vary with external conditions. Nucleus
is wide and the number of chromosomes can be
very high. In the cells there are many peripheral
ellipsoidal chloroplasts, pressed together, green,
yellow-green or yellow-brown coloured, containing
chlorophyll c1 and c2 and other accessory
pigments. Under the external surface of the cell
696
M. Cabrini
et al.
Sotto la superficie esterna della cellula si trovano
numerose tricocisti, organuli bastoncellari che
vengono estroflessi in risposta a stimoli, grazie ad
un gioco di filamenti di mucillagine. Inoltre, sono
spesso presenti mucocisti, che possono produrre
grandi quantità di mucillagini extracellulari. La
distribuzione delle Rafidoficee è diffusa sia nelle
acque dolci sia in mare. Alcune specie appartenenti ai generi marini Chattonella, Fibrocapsa,
Heterosigma possono causare maree rosse, soprattutto in aree costiere ed in baie a scarso ricambio
idrodinamico, provocando talvolta estese morie di
pesci sia per la produzione di ittiotossine emolitiche sia per un azione meccanica per intasamento
delle branchie con il muco. Alcune specie hanno
mostrato di produrre neurotossine (fibrocapsine),
simili alle brevetossine, che hanno causato morie
di mammiferi marini.
there are many trychocysts, rod-like organelles
which are ejected in response to external stimuli,
also mucocysts are often present, which can
produce huge quantities of extracellular mucilage.
Raphydophyceae occur in freshwaters or in the
sea. Some species belonging to the marine genera
Chattonella, Fibrocapsa, Heterosigma can cause
red tides, mostly in coastal areas and bays with
low hydrodinamic exchange, sometimes causing
huge fish deaths by the production of hemolytic
ichthyotoxins or for the mechanical action of
clogging their gills with mucus. Some species are
reported to produce neurotoxins (fibrocapsins)
similar to brevetoxins, which cause marine
mammal deaths.
Chlorophyceae
Le cellule di questa classe sono spesso
rotonde o ovoidali, a volte lobate, di colore
verde brillante; possono essere nude o dotate di
una parete di cellulosa. Il numero dei flagelli
è variabile da 1 a 8 nei vari generi. La propulsione delle cellule è caratterizzata da movimenti
sincroni dei flagelli che imprimono spostamenti
omodinamici, lenti, direzionati in avanti, talvolta
a zigzag. È presente un solo cloroplasto parietale, campanulato, lobato o reticolato, con una
macchia oculare al suo interno; i principali pigmenti contenuti sono clorofilla a e clorofilla b ed
altri pigmenti accessori (carotenoidi). La distribuzione delle Chlorophyceae è legata soprattutto
ad acque costiere ed estuarine: i principali taxa
appartengono alle famiglie delle Dunaliellaceae
e delle Chlamydomonadaceae, rappresentate
soprattutto dai generi Dunaliella e Chlamydomonas. Dunaliella ha una lunghezza variabile da 5
a 24 mm, Chlamydomonas da 4 a 29 mm, mentre
i generi Brachiomonas ed Asteromonas possono
raggiungere dimensioni superiori a 40 mm. Il
riconoscimento di questi taxa in campioni fissati
è spesso problematico, è perciò raccomandabile
eseguirne la determinazione su materiale vivo.
Non sono stati descritti stadi di resistenza, né
si rilevano problemi di tossicità legati alla diffusione degli organismi appartenenti a questa
classe.
Chlorophyceae
Cells belonging to this class are often rounded or
ovoidal, sometimes lobate, bright green coloured,
and can be naked or with a cell wall made of
cellulose. The number of the flagella is variable
from 1 to 8 in the various genera. Cells motility is
characterized by the synchronous movements of
the flagella which give them homodynamic slow,
forward-facing, sometimes zigzag shifts. There is
only one parietal chloroplast, campanulate, lobate
or net-like webbed, with an eyespot on its inside;
the main pigments contained are chlorophyll a,
b and other accessory pigments (carotenoids).
The distribution of the Chlorophyceae is mainly
linked to coastal and estuarine waters: the main
taxa belong to the families Dunaliellaceae and
Chlamydomonadaceae, with the genera Dunaliella
and Chlamydomonas. Dunaliella has a length
ranging from 5 to 24 µm, Chlamydomonas from
4 to 29 µm, while the genera Brachiomonas
and Asteromonas can be wider than 40 µm.
The identification of these taxa in preserved
samples is often troublesome, and it is therefore
recommended that their identification should be
based on fresh material. Resting stages have not
been observed and toxicity problems have not
been linked to this class.
Euglenophyceae
Le cellule sono in genere di colore verde e
presentano dimensioni relativamente grandi, rientrando per lo più nella frazione microplanctonica
(da 20 a 200 µm). Sono organismi molto comuni
nelle acque dolci, ove sono favoriti da concentrazioni elevate di composti organici disciolti. Alcuni
generi sono presenti anche in mare dove raggiungono abbondanze talvolta elevate tanto da colorare l’acqua di un verde molto intenso. La cellula
è avvolta da una pellicola proteica che consente
Euglenophyceae
Cells are generally green coloured and
relatively large and generally referred to the
microplanktonic fraction (20 to 200 µm). They
are common in freshwaters, where they are
supported by high concentrations of dissolved
organic compounds. Some genera are also
common in marine waters where they can reach
so high concentrations that they can discolour
the water to a deep green. The cell is wrapped by
a proteic pellicula which allows great plasticity
Phytoplancton
697
una elevata plasticità e una grande attitudine a
deformarsi, contraendosi e producendo un movimento detto euglenoide che si osserva quando la
cellula non sta nuotando (Eutreptiella ed Euglena).
Altri generi (Phacus) hanno una pellicola rigida
esterna a volte colorata da deposizioni minerali.
La cellula è spesso allungata e fusiforme ed ha
la parte anteriore ottusa mentre quella posteriore
è più o meno acuminata. Nella parte anteriore è
presente una depressione detta citofaringe da cui
emergono i flagelli. In genere le cellule possiedono 2 (4) flagelli di lunghezza uguale o differente. Il numero e lunghezza dei flagelli emergenti
sono caratteri sistematici. I cloroplasti variano
per numero e forma ed appaiono di colore verde.
Alcuni sono incolori. Contengono clorofilla a, b
ed altri pigmenti accessori. La sostanza di riserva
è costituita da granuli di paramylon, un composto in forma solida che si accumula nel citoplasma. Il nucleo è relativamente grande, ed al suo
interno è presente un grosso nucleolo. È spesso
presente una stigma o macchia oculare vicino al
corpo paraflagellare e rappresenta l’organo fotorecettore dotando le cellule di fototassia. Sono
autotrofe ma é molto diffusa anche l’eterotrofia
facoltativa o mixotrofia. La riproduzione è per
divisione longitudinale. In condizioni sfavorevoli
possono incistarsi perdendo i flagelli arrotondandosi e rivestendosi di una parete mucillaginosa.
leading to contraction and producing a kind of
movement called euglenoid which can be observed
when the cell is not swimming (Eutreptiella and
Euglena). Other genera (e.g. Phacus) have a
stiff external pellicula, sometimes coloured by
mineral depositions. The cell is often elongated
and fusiform and the front side is obtuse while
the back side is more or less pointed. On the
front side there is a reservoir named a gullet
from which the flagella arise. Cells are generally
provided with 2 (4) flagella, equal or dissimilar
in length. The number and length of the arising
flagella are systematic features. Chloroplasts
vary in number and shape and appear green
coloured although some are colourless. They
contain chlorophyll a, b and other accessory
pigments. The main reserve substance consists
of granules of paramylon, a solid compound
which accumulates in the cytoplasm. The nucleus
is relatively wide, with a large nucleolus. There is
often a stigma, or eyespot, near the paraflagellar
body and functions as a photoreceptor providing
the cells with phototaxis. They are mostly
autotrophs but facultative heterotrophy or
mixotrophy are common. Reproduction takes
place by longitudinal fission. Under extreme
conditions they can encyst losing their flagella
and becoming rounded and covering themselves
with a mucilaginous wall.
Prasinoficee
Le cellule appartenenti a questa classe erano
originariamente attribuite a quella delle Cloroficee, poi sono state separate seguendo alcuni caratteri morfologici ed in base a caratteristici pigmenti
accessori. La forma delle Prasinoficee è caratterizzata sia da cellule coccoidi che flagellate, di struttura piramidale, sferica o ovoidale, più o meno
arrotondata o compressa bilateralmente. Nella
maggior parte delle specie il corpo cellulare ed i
flagelli sono ricoperti da uno o più strati di scaglie organiche, spesso di forma molto complessa.
La forma e il tipo di ornamentazione delle scaglie
sono caratteri fondamentali per l’identificazione
delle specie e nel caso di forme flagellate è utile
osservare la modalità di nuoto oltre al numero ed
alla lunghezza dei flagelli. Ma spesso l’identificazione necessita l’utilizzo della microscopia elettronica. Nelle cellule sono presenti uno o due cloroplasti color verde-oliva chiaro contenenti clorofilla
a e b e pigmenti accessori; nel cloroplasto è contenuto un pirenoide e, in molte specie, una macchia
oculare. Il prodotto di riserva è l’amido, che si
accumula attorno al pirenoide o nello stroma del
cloroplasto. I flagelli, inseriti all’apice della cellula
o lateralmente, sono presenti in numero di uno,
due, quattro, otto o anche sedici. Le cellule sono
autotrofe e presentano un complesso ciclo vitale
con l’alternanza di uno stadio flagellato e di uno
stadio immobile (chiamato phycoma).
Prasinophyceae
Species assigned to this class were originally
assigned to Chlorophyceae, but later were separated
on the basis of the distinctive accessory pigments
and certain morphological characteristics. The
Prasinophyceae are characterized by coccoid and
flagellate cells, pyriform, spherical or ovoidal,
more or less rounded or bilaterally compressed.
In most species the cell body and the flagella are
covered by one or more layers of organic scales,
often very complex in shape. The shape and kind
of ornamentations of the scales are fundamental
characteristics for species identification. In the
case of flagellated cells it is useful to observe the
swimming pattern of the cell and the number
and length of the flagella. Electron microscopy is
often required for their identification. The cells
contain one or two olive-green chloroplasts with
chlorophyll a, b and other accessory pigments; a
pyrenoid is embodied in the chloroplast and in
many species there is also an eyespot. Starch is
the storage product which accumulates around
the pyrenoid or in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Flagella are placed laterally or at the top of the
cell, and vary in number from one, two, four,
eight to even sixteen. Cells are autotrophic and
they have a complex life cycle with the alternation
of a flagellated and a nonmotile stage (called
phycoma).
698
M. Cabrini
et al.
Cryptophyceae
Anche la classe delle Cryptophyceae Fritsch,
1927, come gli altri protisti flagellati, è stata sottoposta nel tempo a molte revisioni, data la grande
varietà di caratteri morfologici, fisiologici e dei
cicli vitali e, per questi motivi, è probabilmente
sottostimato nei campioni fissati il numero dei
generi e delle specie presenti in ambiente marino
(Barone, 2006; Cerino & Zingone, 2006, 2007).
Nell’osservazione al MO la caratteristica più
evidente è l’asimmetria cellulare, possono essere
evidenti gli eiettosomi lungo il citofaringe, ed è
peculiare il movimento, per cui anche in questo
caso sarebbe opportuna l’osservazione dei campioni in vivo mentre, al ME sono elemento di differenziazione le placche proteiche di rivestimento
(Butcher, 1967; Chrétiennot-Dinet, 1990; Throndsen, 1997; Kugrens & Clay, 2003; Novarino, 2003).
La loro importanza, prima evidenziata prevalentemente in ambienti di acque interne o salmastre,
si è rivelata anche in ambiente marino costiero e
pelagico, dove rappresentano una fonte di cibo di
alta qualità per lo zooplancton erbivoro data la
loro ricchezza in acidi grassi.
Cryptophyceae
The Class Cryptophyceae Fritsch, 1927,
as with other flagellated protists, has been
subjected to many revisions. Given their great
variability in morphology and physiology and life
cycles the number of genera and species in the
marine environment is probably underestimated
in preserved samples (Barone, 2006; Cerino &
Zingone, 2006, 2007). With LM observation the
most evident characteristic is the asymmetry of
the cell, ejectosomes can be evident along the
gullet and swimming pattern is typical, so that
also in this case, in vivo observation would be
reccommended, while proteic plates covering are
distinctive characters visible with EM (Butcher,
1967; Chrétiennot-Dinet, 1990; Throndsen, 1997;
Kugrens & Clay, 2003; Novarino, 2003). The
Cryptophyceae are important in internal or
brackish waters, as they represent a high quality
food source for herbivorous zooplankton because
of they are rich in fatty acids.
Prymnesiophyceae Prymnesiales
Questo ordine (Green & Leadbeater, 1994;
Throndsen, 1997; Chrètiennot-Dinet, 1990; Zingone & Percopo, 2006d) comprende organismi
prevalentemente marini, nano-picoplanctonici
prevalentemente autotrofi, ricoperti di scaglie
distinguibili come carattere identificativo al ME,
a volte con complessi cicli vitali che prevedono fasi
mobili (due flagelli, omo o eteromorfi) e coloniali
e che possono formare massicce fioriture, anche
con produzione di tossine (Chrysochromulina,
Phaeocystis, Prymnesium). Anche in questo caso
la loro presenza e diversità è stata probabilmente
sottostimata, come hanno dimostrato gli studi su
vasta scala, anche nel Mediterraneo, con metodi
molecolari (Zingone et al., 1999; Moon-van der
Staay et al., 2000; Medlin & Zingone, 2007).
Prymnesiophyceae Prymnesiales
This order (Green & Leadbeater, 1994;
Throndsen, 1997; Chrètiennot-Dinet, 1990;
Zingone & Percopo, 2006d) comprises mainly
marine organisms, nano- and picoplanktonic,
mostly autotrophic with cells covered by
scales that are distinctive features at the EM
level, sometimes with complex life cycles in
which motile (two flagella homomorphic or
heteromorphic) and colonial stages alternate,
and causing massive blooms even with toxins
production
(Chrysochromulina,
Phaeocystis,
Prymnesium). However their occurrence and
diversity has probably been underestimated, as
recent large scale studies using molecular methods,
has demonstrated, even in the Mediterranean sea
(Zingone et al., 1999; Moon-van der Staay et al.,
2000; Medlin & Zingone, 2007).
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CARTY S., 2003. Dinoflagellates. In: Wehr J.D., Sheath R.G. (eds), Freshwater Algae of North America. Ecology and Classification. Academic Press Inc., San Diego: 685-714.
CHRÉTIENNOT-DINET M.J., 1990. Chlorarachniophycées, Chlorophycées, Chrysophycées, Cryptophycées, Euglenophycée,
Eustigmatophycées, Prasinophycées, Prymnesio-phycées, Rhodophycées et Tribophycées. In: Sournia A. (ed), Atlas du phytoplancton marin. 3. CNRS, Paris: 261 pp.
CUPP E.E., 1943. Marine plankton diatoms of the west coast of North America. Bull. Scripps. Inst. Oceanogr. Univ. Calif., 5 (1):
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DODGE J.D., 1982. Marine Dinoflagellates of the British Isles. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London: 303 pp.
DODGE J.D., 1985. Atlas of Dinoflagellates: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study. Farrand Press, London: 119 pp.
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MARINO D. & MODIGH M., 1981. An Annotated Check-List of Planktonic Diatoms from the Gulf of Naples. Mar. Ecol., 2
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Siti internet consultati/Consulted internet sites
http://www.algaebase.org
http://www.bi.ku.dk/ioc/default.asp
http://www.helcom.fi/stc/files/Publications/Proceedings/bsep95.pdf
M. Cabrini
702
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
Bacillariophyceae Bacillariales
Achnanthes 43v
Achnanthes brevipes 44v
Achnanthes longipes 45v
A. cf. longipes 46v
Achnanthes parvula 47v
[Achnanthes parvula]
[Achnanthes brevipes var. parvula]
Achnanthes sp. 48v
Achnanthes sp.p. 49v
Amphiprora 50v
Amphiprora sp. 51v
Amphiprora sp.p. 52v
Amphora 53v
Amphora acuta 54v
Amphora acutiscula 55v
[Amphora lineata]
Amphora angusta 56v
Amphora arenaria 57v
Amphora binodis 58v
Amphora coffeaeformis 59v
[Frustulia coffeaeformis]
Amphora costata 60v
Amphora crassa 61v
Amphora egregia 62v
Amphora eunotia 63v
Amphora exigua 64v
Amphora grevilleana 65v
Amphora inflexa 66v
Amphora laevis 67v
Amphora lineolata 68v
Amphora macilenta 69v
Amphora obtusa 70v
Amphora ostrearia 71v
[Amphora littoralis]
Amphora proteus 72v
Amphora pusilla73v
Amphora robusta 74v
Amphora spectabilis 75v
Amphora straurophora 76v
Amphora veneta 77v
Amphora sp. 78v
Amphora sp.p. 79v
Aneumastus 80v
Aneumastus minor 81v
[Navicula tuscula f. minor]
Asterionella 82v
Asterionella bleakeleyi 83v
Asterionella formosa 84v
Asterionella gracillima 85v
Asterionella sp. 86v
Asterionella sp.p. 87v
Asterionellopsis 88v
et al.
Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1822
Agardh, 1824
Agardh, 1832
Agardh, 1832
Kützing ,1844
Kützing, 1844
(Kützing) Cleve, 1895
x
x x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x x x
x
x
Ehrenberg, 1843
x x
x x
Ehrenberg ex Kützing, 1844
Gregory, 1857
Kützing ,1844
Gregory
Gregory, 1857
Donkin, 1858
Gregory, 1857
(Agardh) Kützing, 1844
Agardh, 1827
Smith, 1853
Gregory, 1857
Ehrenberg
Cleve, 1873
Gregory, 1857
Gregory, 1857
(Brébisson) Smith, 1873
Gregory, 1857
Ehrenberg, 1838
Gregory, 1857
Gregory, 1857
Brébisson, 1849
Donkin, 1858
Gregory, 1857
Gregory, 1857
Gregory, 1857
Gregory, 1857
Juhlin-Dannfelt, 1882
Kützing, 1844
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
Mann & Stickle in Round, Crawford &
Mann, 1990
(Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot, 1993
x
Hustedt, 1930
Hassall, 1850
Smith, 1853
Hassall, 1855
x x x
(Hantzsch) Heiberg, 1863
x x
x
Round in Round et al., 1990
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
Phytoplancton
703
*
Asterionellopsis glacialis 89v
[Asterionella glacialis]
[Asterionella japonica]
Asterionellopsis kariana 90v
[Asterionella kariana]
Asterionellopsis sp. 91v
Auricula 92v
Auricula complexa 93v
[Amphiprora complexa]
Auricula insecta 94v
Bacillaria 95v
Bacillaria paxillifera 96v
[Vibrio paxillifer]
[Bacillaria paradoxa]
[Nitzschia paradoxa]
Bacillaria sp. 97v
Berkeleya 98v
Berkeleya rutilans 99v
[Conferva rutilans]
[Amphipleura rutilans]
Berkeleya scopulorum 100v
[Navicula scopulorum]
Bleakeleya 101v
Bleakeleya notata 102v
[Asterionella bleakeleyi]
cf. Bleakeleya 103v
Bleakeleya sp. 104v
Caloneis 105v
Caloneis adriaticus 106v
Caloneis amphisbaena 107v
[Navicula amphisbaena]
Campylodiscus 108v
Campylodiscus adriaticus 109v
C. cf. fastuosus 110v
[Campylodiscus thuretii]
[Campylodiscus parvulus]
Campylodiscus sp. 111v
Campylodiscus sp.p. 112v
Campyloneis 113v
Campyloneis sp. 114v
Catacombas 115v
Catacombas gaillonii 116v
[Navicula gaillonii]
[Synedra gaillonii]
Centronella 117v
Centronella reicheltii 118v
Climacosphenia 119v
Climacosphenia moniligera 120v
Climacosphenia sp. 121v
Climacosphenia sp.p. 122v
Cocconeis 123v
Cocconeis pediculus 124v
Cocconeis placentula 125v
1
(Castracane) Round in Round, Crawford &
x
Mann, 1990
Castracane, 1886
Cleve in Cleve & Möller, 1882
(Grunow) Round, 1990
x
Grunow in Cleve & Grunow, 1880
x
Castracane, 1873
(Gregory) Cleve 1894
x
Gregory, 1857
(Grunow) Schmidt, 1894
Gmelin, 1791
(Müller) Hendey, 1951
x
Müller, 1783
Gmelin, 1791
(Gmelin) Grunow in Cleve & Grunow, 1880
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x x x
x x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x x x
x
Greville, 1827
(Trentepohl ex Roth) Grunow, 1880
Trentepohl ex Roth, 1806
(Trentepohl ex Roth) Cleve, 1894
(Brébisson ex Kützing) Cox, 1979
Brébisson ex Kützing, 1849
Round in Round et al., 1990
(Grunow) Round in Round et al., 1990
var. notata Grunow, 1867
Round in Round et al., 1990
x
x
x x x
x
Cleve, 1894
x
(Bory) Cleve, 1894
Bory, 1824
Ehrenberg, 1840
Grunow
Ehrenberg, 1845
Brébisson, 1854
Smith, 1851
x
x
x
x x
x x
Grunow, 1862
x
Williams & Round, 1986
(Bory) Williams & Round, 1986
Bory, 1824
(Bory) Ehrenberg, 1830
Voight, 1902
Voight, 1902
Ehrenberg, 1843
Ehrenberg, 1843
Ehrenberg, 1837
Ehrenberg, 1838
Ehrenberg, 1838
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x
x
x
M. Cabrini
704
*
Cocconeis scutellum 126v
Cocconeis sp. 127v
Cocconeis sp.p. 128v
Craticula 129v
Craticula cuspidata 130v
[Frustulia cuspidata]
[Navicula cuspidata]
Craticula halophila 131v
[Navicula cuspidata var. halophila]
[Navicula halophila]
Ctenophora 132v
Ctenophora pulchella 133v
[Exilaria pulchella]
[Synedra pulchella]
Cyclophora 134v
Cyclophora sp. 135v
Cylindrotheca 136v
Cylindrotheca closterium 137v
[Ceratoneis closterium]
[Nitzschia closterium]
Cylindrotheca fusiformis 138v
C. cf. fusiformis 139v
Cylindrotheca gracilis 140v
[Ceratoneis gracilis]
[Cylindrotheca garstenbergeri]
Cylindrotheca sp. 141v
Cylindrotheca sp.p. 142v
Cymbella 143v
Cymbella lanceolata 144v
[Cocconema lanceolatum]
Cymbella sp. 145v
Cymbella sp.p. 146v
Delphineis 147v
Delphineis sp. 148v
Diatoma 149v
Diatoma elongatum 150v
D. cf. elongatum 151v
Diatoma elongatum var. tenue 152v
Diatoma vulgare 153v
Diatoma sp. 154v
Diatoma sp.p. 155v
Diatomella 156v
Diatomella balfouriana 157v
[Grammatophora balfouriana]
Dimerogramma 158v
Dimerogramma marinum 159v
[Denticula marina]
Dimerogramma minor 160v
[Denticula minor]
Dimerogramma sp. 161v
Dimerogramma sp.p. 162v
Diploneis 163v
Ehrenberg, 1838
1
x
x
x
et al.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x x
x x x
x
x x x
x
x x x
Grunow, 1868
(Kützing) Mann in Round, Crawford &
x
Mann, 1990
Kützing, 1833
(Kützing) Kützing, 1844
(Grunow ex Van Heurck) Mann in Round,
x
Crawford & Mann, 1990
Grunow ex Van Heurck, 1885
(Grunow ex Van Heurck) Cleve, 1894
(Grunow) Williams & Round, 1986
(Ralfs ex Kützing) Williams & Round, 1986 x
Ralfs ex Kützing, 1844
Ralfs ex Kützing (Kützing), 1844
Castracane, 1878
x
9
x
x
x
x
x
Rabenhorst, 1859
(Ehrenberg) Lewin & Reimann, 1964
Ehrenberg, 1841
(Ehrenberg) Smith, 1853
Reimann & Lewin, 1964
Reimann & Lewin, 1964
(Brébisson) Grunow in Van Heurck, 1882
Brébisson ex Kützing, 1849
Rabenhorst, 1859
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x
Agardh, 1830
(Ehrenberg) Kirchner, 1878
Ehrenberg, 1838
x
x x
x
x x
x
Andrews, 1977
x
Bory de St-Vincent, 1824
(Lyngbey) Agardh, 1824
(Lyngbey) Agardh, 1824
(Agardh) Van Heurck, 1885
Bory de St-Vincent, 1824
Greville, 1855
Greville, 1855
Smith, 1856
Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
(Gregory) Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
Gregory, 1861
(Gregory) Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
Gregory, 1857
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
Ehrenberg ex Cleve, 1894
x
x
Phytoplancton
705
*
Diploneis bombus 164v
Diploneis crabro 165v
[Navicula crabro]
Diploneis fusca 166v
[Navicula smithii]
Diploneis hyalina 167v
[Navicula hyalina]
Diploneis interrupta 168v
[Navicula interrupta]
Diploneis littoralis 169v
[Navicula littoralis]
Diploneis stroemii 170v
Diploneis sp. 171v
Diploneis sp.p. 172v
Encyonema 173v
Encyonema minutum 174v
[Cymbella minuta]
[Cymbella ventricosa]
Entomoneis 175v
Entomoneis alata 176v
[Navicula alata]
[Amphiprora alata]
Entomoneis gigantea 177v
[Amphiprora gigantea]
Entomoneis ornata 178v
[Amphiprora ornata]
Entomoneis paludosa 179v
[Amphiprora paludosa]
Entomoneis sp. 180v
Entomoneis sp.p. 181v
Epithemia 182v
Epithemia turgida 183v
[Navicula turgida]
Epithemia sp. 184v
Epithemia sp.p. 185v
Eunotia 186v
Eunotia sp. 187v
Fallacia 188v
Fallacia cryptolyra 189v
[Navicula cryptolyra]
Fallacia forcipata 190v
[Navicula forcipata]
Fallacia hudsonis 191v
[Navicula hudsonis]
Fragilaria 192v
Fragilaria capucina 193v
Fragilaria capucina var.
lanceolata 194v
Fragilaria construens 195v
Fragilaria crotonensis 196v
Fragilaria fenestrata 197v
Fragilaria hyalina 198v
Ehrenberg, 1844
Ehrenberg, 1854
Kützing, 1849
(Gregory) Cleve, 1894
var. fusca Gregory, 1857
(Donkin) Cleve, 1894
Donkin, 1861
(Kützing) Cleve, 1894
Kützing, 1844
(Donkin) Cleve, 1894
Donkin, 1871
Hustedt, 1937
Kützing, 1833
(Hilse) Mann, 1990
Hilse, 1862
Kützing, 1844
Ehrenberg, 1845
(Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, 1845
Ehrenberg, 1840
(Ehrenberg) Kützing, 1844
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
Grunow, 1860
(Bailey) Reimer in Patrick & Reimer, 1975
Bailey, 1850
(Smith) Reimer in Patrick & Reimer, 1975
Smith, 1853
x
x x
x x
x x
Brébisson ex Kützing, 1844
(Ehrenberg) Kützing, 1844
Ehrenberg, 1832
x x
x x
x x
x
x
Ehrenberg, 1837
x
Stickle & Mann, 1990
(Brockmann) Stickle & Mann in Round,
x
Crawford & Mann, 1990
Brockmann, 1950
(Greville) Stickle & Mann in Round,
x
Crawford & Mann, 1990
Greville, 1859
(Grunow ex Cleve) Stickle & Mann in
x
Round, Crawford & Mann, 1990
Grunow, 1891
Lyngbye, 1819
Desmazières, 1825
x
Grunow
x
(Ehrenberg) Grunow, 1862
Kitton, 1869
(Lyngbye) Kützing
(Kützing) Grunow, 1862
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
M. Cabrini
706
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Diatoma hyalinum]
Fragilaria pinnata var. robusta 199v
Fragilaria striatula 200v
Fragilaria vitrea 201v
Fragilaria sp. 202v
Fragilaria sp.p. 203v
Fragilariopsis 204v
Fragilariopsis cylindrus 205v
[Fragilaria cylindrus]
[Nitzschia cylindrus]
Fragilariopsis kerguelensis 206v
[Terebraria kerguelensis]
[Fragilariopsis antarctica]
[Nitzschia kerguelensis]
Fragilariopsis pseudonana 207v
[Nitzschia pseudonana]
[Fragilaria nana]
[Fragilariopsis nana]
Fragilariopsis sp. 208v
Fragilariopsis sp.p. 209v
Frustulia 210v
Frustulia sp. 211v
cf. Frustulia 212v
cf. Frustulia sp. 213v
Gomphonema 214v
Gomphonema parvulum 215v
[Sphenella parvula]
Gomphonema sp. 216v
Grammatophora 217v
Grammatophora angulosa 218v
Grammatophora longissima 219v
Grammatophora marina 220v
[Diatoma marinum]
Grammatophora serpentina 221v
[Striatella taeniaeformis var.
serpentina]
Grammatophora undulata 222v
Grammatophora sp. 223v
Grammatophora sp.p. 224v
Gyrosigma 225v
Gyrosigma acuminatum 226v
[Frustulia acuminata]
[Pleurosigma acuminatum]
Gyrosigma attenuatum 227v
[Frustulia attenuata]
[Pleurosigma attenuatum]
Gyrosigma elongatum 228v
[Pleurosigma elongatum]
Gyrosigma fasciola 229v
[Ceratoneis fasciola]
[Pleurosigma fasciola]
Gyrosigma fonticolum 230v
G. cf. spencerii 231v
et al.
Kützing, 1844
Lyngbye, 1819
(Kützing) Grunow, 1878
x x
x x x
x
Hustedt in Schmidt emend. Hasle, 1993
(Grunow) Krieger in Helmcke & Krieger,
x x
1954
Grunow in Cleve, 1883
(Grunow) Hasle, 1972
(O'Meara) Hustedt, 1952
x
O'Meara, 1877
(Castracane) Hustedt in Schmidt, 1913
(O'Meara) Hasle, 1965
(Hasle) Hasle, 1993
x
Hasle, 1974
Steemann Nielsen in Holmes, 1956
(Steemann Nielsen) Paasche, 1961
x x x
x
x x
Rabenhorst, 1853
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x x
x
Rabenhorst, 1853
x
Ehrenberg, 1831
(Kützing) Kützing, 1849
Kützing, 1844
x
Ehrenberg, 1840
Ehrenberg, 1841
Petit, 1877
(Lyngbye) Kützing, 1844
Lyngbye, 1819
(Ralfs in Pritchard) Ehrenberg, 1844
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
Ralfs, 1842
Ehrenberg, 1841
Hassall, 1845
(Kützing) Rabenhorst, 1853
Kützing, 1833
(Kützing) Smith, 1852
(Kützing) Rabenhorst, 1853
Kützing, 1833
(Kützing) Smith, 1852
(Smith) Griffith & Henfrey, 1856
Smith, 1852
(Ehrenberg) Griffith & Henfrey, 1856
Ehrenberg, 1841
(Ehrenberg) Smith, 1853
Hustedt
(Quekett) Cleve
x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Phytoplancton
707
*
Gyrosigma strigilis 232v
[Pleurosigma strigilis]
Gyrosigma tenuissimum 233v
[Pleurosigma tenuissimum]
Gyrosigma sp. 234v
Gyrosigma sp.p. 235v
Haslea 236v
Haslea crucigera 237v
[Schizonema cruciger]
[Stauroneis crucigera]
[Navicula crucigera]
Haslea trompii 238v
[Navicula trompii]
Haslea wawrikae 239v
[Navicula wawrikae]
Haslea sp. 240v
Haslea sp.p. 241v
Hippodonta 242v
Hippodonta capitata 243v
[Navicula capitata]
[Navicula hungarica var. capitata]
Hippodonta hungarica 244v
[Navicula hungarica]
[Navicula capitata var. hungarica]
Licmophora 245v
Licmophora abbreviata 246v
[Podosphenia lyngbyei]
[Licmophora lyngbyei]
Licmophora communis 247v
[Podosphenia communis]
Licmophora dalmatica 248v
[Rhipidophora dalmatica]
Licmophora ehrenbergii 249v
[Podosphenia ehrenbergii]
Licmophora flabellata 250v
[Echinella flabellata]
Licmophora gracilis 251v
[Podosphenia gracilis]
Licmophora paradoxa 252v
[Echinella paradoxa]
Licmophora sp. 253v
Licmophora sp.p. 254v
Licmosphaenia 255v
Licmosphaenia grunowii 256v
Lioloma 257v
Lioloma delicatulum 258v
[Thalassiothrix delicatula]
Lioloma elongatum 259v
[Thalassiothrix elongata]
[Thalassiothrix vanhoeffenii]
L. cf. elongatum 260v
Lioloma pacificum 261v
(Smith) Cleve, 1894
Smith, 1852
(Smith) Griffith & Henfrey, 1856
Smith
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
x
x x
x
Simonsen, 1974
(Smith) Simonsen, 1974
Smith, 1856
(Smith) Heiberg, 1862
(Smith) Cleve, 1894
(Cleve) Simonsen, 1974
Cleve, 1901
(Hustedt) Simonsen, 1974
Hustedt, 1961
x x x
x
x x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x
Lange-Bertalot, Metzeltin, & Witkowski,
1996
(Ehrenberg) Lange-Bertalot, Metzeltin &
Witkowski, 1996
Ehrenberg, 1838
(Ehrenberg) Cleve, 1895
(Grunow) Lange-Bertalot, Metzeltin &
x
Witkowski, 1996
Grunow, 1860
(Grunow) Ross, 1947
Agardh, 1827
Agardh, 1831
Kützing, 1844
(Kützing) Grunow, 1867
(Heiberg) Grunow in Van Heurck, 1880
Heiberg, 1863
(Kützing) Grunow, 1867
Kützing, 1844
(Kützing) Grunow, 1867
x
Kützing, 1844
(Carmichael) Agardh, 1831
x
Carmichael, 1826
(Ehrenberg) Grunow, 1867
x
Ehrenberg, 1838
(Lyngbey) Agardh, 1836
Lyngbye, 1819
x
x
Mereschkowsky, 1902
Mereschkowsky, 1902
Hasle in Hasle & Syvertsen, 1996
(Cupp) Hasle in Hasle & Syvertsen, 1996
x
Cupp, 1943
(Grunow) Hasle, 1996
x
Grunow in Van Heurck, 1880-1885
Heiden in Heiden & Kolbe, 1928
(Grunow) Hasle in Hasle & Syvertsen, 1996
(Cupp) Hasle in Hasle & Syvertsen, 1996
x
x x x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
x x x x
M. Cabrini
708
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Thalassiothrix mediterranea var.
pacifica]
Lioloma sp. 262v
Lioloma sp.p. 263v
Lyrella 264v
Lyrella lyra 265v
[Navicula lyra]
L. cf. lyra 266v
Manguinea 267v
Manguinea fusiformis 268v
[Tropidoneis fusiformis]
Manguinea rigida 269v
[Amphiprora rigida]
[Tropidoneis glacialis]
cf. Manguinea 270v
cf. Manguinea sp. 271v
Mastogloia 272v
Mastogloia achnanthioides 273v
Mastogloia baltica 274v
Mastogloia exigua 275v
Mastogloia grana 276v
Mastogloia sp. 277v
Mastogloia sp.p. 278v
Membraneis 279v
Membraneis sp. 280v
Meuniera 281v
Meuniera membranacea 282v
[Navicula membranacea]
[Stauropsis membranacea]
[Stauroneis membranacea]
Microtabella 283v
Microtabella delicatula 284v
[Hyalosira delicatula]
[Striatella delicatula]
Microtabella interrupta 285v
[Tessella interrupta]
Nanoneis 286v
Nanoneis hasleae 287v
Navicula 288v
Navicula arenicola 289v
Navicula bottnica 290v
Navicula cancellata 291v
Navicula crucicula 292v
[Stauroneis crucicula]
Navicula cryptocephala 293v
Navicula crystallina 294v
Navicula directa 295v
[Pinnularia directa]
Navicula distans 296v
[Pinnularia distans]
Navicula elegans 297v
Navicula florinae 298v
Navicula graciloides 299v
Navicula granii 300v
et al.
Cupp, 1943
x
x x
x x
x
Karajeva, 1978
(Ehrenberg) Karajeva, 1978
Ehrenberg, 1843
(Ehrenberg) Karajeva, 1978
Paddock, 1988
(Manguin) Paddock, 1988
Manguin, 1957
(M. Peragallo) Paddock, 1988
M. Peragallo, 1924
Heiden in Heiden & Kolbe, 1928
Paddock 1988
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
Thwaites ex Smith, 1856
Mann, 1925
Grunow, 1880
Lewis, 1861
Ricard, 1987
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Paddock, 1988
x
Silva in Hasle & Syvertsen, 1996
(Cleve) Silva in Hasle & Syvertsen, 1996
Cleve, 1897
(Cleve) Meunier, 1910
(Cleve) Hustedt, 1959
Round in Round, Crawford & Mann, 1990
(Kützing) Round, 1990
Kützing, 1844
(Kützing) Grunow ex Van Heurck, 1881
(Ehrenberg) Round, 1990
Ehrenberg, 1838
Norris, 1973
Norris, 1973
Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1822
Grunow, 1882
Grunow in Cleve & Möller, 1879
Donkin, 1873
(Smith) Donkin, 1872
Smith, 1853
Kützing, 1844
Hustedt, 1961
(Smith) Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
Smith, 1853
(Smith) Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
Smith, 1853
Smith, 1853
Mørller, 1950
Mayer, 1919
(Jørgensen) Gran, 1908
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
Phytoplancton
709
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Stauroneis granii]
Navicula lanceolata 301v
Navicula menisculus 302v
Navicula peregrina 303v
[Pinnularia peregrina]
Navicula pygmaea 304v
Navicula rhyncocephala 305v
Navicula sulcifera 306v
Navicula transitans 307v
Navicula transitans var. derasa
f. delicatula 308v
Navicula tripunctata 309v
[Vibrio tripunctatus]
[Navicula gracilis]
Navicula vanhoeffenii 310v
[Navicula vanhoeffenii]
[Stauropsis vanhoeffenii]
Navicula viridula var. rostellata311v
Navicula sp. 312v
Navicula sp.p. 313v
Neodenticula 314v
Neodenticula sp. 315v
Nitzschia 316v
Nitzschia acicularis 317v
[Synedra acicularis]
Nitzschia actinastroides 318v
[Synedra actinastroides]
Nitzschia angularis 319v
Nitzschia bicapitata 320v
N. cf. bicapitata 321v
Nitzschia bilobata 322v
Nitzschia braarudii 323v
[Nitzschia capitata]
Nitzschia capitellata 324v
Nitzschia commutata 325v
Nitzschia comunis 326v
Nitzschia distans 327v
N. cf. distans 328v
Nitzschia dubia 329v
Nitzschia fasciculata 330v
[Nitzschia sigma var. fasciculata]
Nitzschia filiformis 331v
[Homoeocladia filiformis]
Nitzschia frustulum 332v
[Synedra frustulum]
N. cf. fruticosa 333v
[Nitzschia actinastroides var.
ligeriensis]
Nitzschia insignis 334v
Nitzschia lanceolata 335v
Nitzschia linearis 336v
[Frustulia linearis]
Nitzschia longissima 337v
Jørgensen, 1905
Kützing
Schumann, 1867
(Ehrenberg) Kützing, 1844
Ehrenberg, 1843
Kützing
Kützing, 1844
Hustedt
Cleve, 1883
x
x
x x
x x
x x x
Heimdal, 1970
(Müller) Bory, 1822
Müller, 1786
Ehrenberg, 1838
Gran, 1897
Gran, 1897
(Gran) Meunier, 1910
(Kützing) Cleve
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
Akiba & Yanagisawa, 1986
x
Hassall, 1845
(Kützing) Smith, 1853
Kützing, 1844
(Lemmermann) Goor, 1925
Lemmermann, 1900
Smith, 1853
x
Cleve, 1901
x
Cleve, 1901
Smith, 1853
x
Hasle, 1960
x
Heiden in Heiden & Kolbe, 1928
Hustedt, 1922
x
Grunow in Cleve & Grunow, 1880
x
Rabenhorst, 1860
x
Gregory, 1857
x
Gregory, 1857
Smith, 1853
(Grunow) Grunow in Van Heurck, 1881
Grunow, 1878
(Smith) Van Heurck, 1896
x
Smith, 1856
(Kützing) Grunow in Cleve & Grunow, 1880 x
Kützing, 1844
Hustedt, 1957
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Germain, 1977
Gregory, 1857
Smith, 1853
x x
(Agardh) Smith, 1853
x
Agardh ex Smith, 1853
(Brébisson in Kützing) Ralfs in Pitchard,
x x x x
1861
x x
x x x x
M. Cabrini
710
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Ceratoneis longissima]
Nitzschia longissima f. parva 338v
Nitzschia longissima var. reversa339v
Nitzschia lorenziana 340v
Nitzschia lorenziana var. incurva341v
[Nitzschia incurva]
N. cf. lorenziana var. incerta 342v
[Nitzschia incerta]
Nitzschia pacifica 343v
Nitzschia palea 344v
[Synedra palea]
Nitzschia palea var. tenuirostris345v
Nitzschia plana 346v
Nitzschia praelonga 347v
Nitzschia recta 348v
Nitzschia rostellata 349v
Nitzschia rostrata 350v
Nitzschia sicula 351v
[Synedra sicula]
[Pseudo-nitzschia sicula]
Nitzschia sigma 352v
[Synedra sigma]
Nitzschia sigma var. intercedens353v
Nitzschia sigmoidea 354v
[Bacillaria sigmoidea]
Nitzschia socialis 355v
[Nitzschia socialis]
[Bacillaria socialis]
Nitzschia spathulata 356v
Nitzschia subtilis 357v
Nitzschia valida 358v
Nitzschia ventricosa 359v
Nitzschia vitrea 360v
Nitzschia sp. 361v
Nitzschia sp.p. 362v
Nitzschiella 363v
Nitzschiella incurva 364v
Nitzschiella sp. 365v
Oestrupia 366v
Oestrupia sp. 367v
Petroneis 368v
Petroneis latissima 369v
[Navicula latissima]
Phaeodactylum 370v
Phaeodactylum tricornutum 371v
[Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima]
Pinnularia 372v
Pinnularia rectangulata 373v
[Navicula rectangulata]
Pinnularia sp. 374v
Pinnularia sp.p. 375v
Placoneis 376v
et al.
Brébisson in Kützing, 1849
Grunow
Grunow
Grunow in Cleve & Grunow, 1880
Grunow
Grunow
Grunow
Grunow
Cupp, 1943
(Kützing) Smith, 1853
Kützing, 1844
Grunow in Van Heurck et al., 1881
Smith, 1853
Cleve
Hantzsch in Rabenhorst, 1861
Hustedt
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x x
(Castracane) Hustedt, 1958
Castracane, 1875
(Castracane) H. Peragallo in H. & M.
Peragallo, 1897-1908
(Kützing) Smith, 1853
x x
Kützing, 1844
Grunow, 1878
(Nitzsch) Smith, 1853
Nitzsch, 1817
Gregory, 1857
x x
Gregory, 1857
(Gregory) Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
Brébisson ex Smith, 1853
x x x
Grunow in Cleve & Grunow, 1880
x x x
(Grunow) Pelletan
Kitton
Norman, 1861
x x
x x x x
x x x x
Rabenhorst, 1864
Grunow
x
x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
Heiden, 1906
x
Stickle & Mann in Round, Crawford &
Mann, 1990
(Gregory) Stickle & Mann in Round,
x
Crawford & Mann, 1990
Gregory, 1856
Bohlin, 1897
Bohlin, 1897
x
Allen & Nelson, 1910
Ehrenberg, 1841
(Gregory) Rabenhorst, 1864
Gregory, 1857
x
Mereschkowsky, 1903
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
Phytoplancton
711
*
Placoneis elginensis 377v
[Pinnularia elginensis]
[Navicula elginensis]
[Navicula anglica]
Plagiogramma 378v
Plagiogramma staurophorum 379v
[Denticula staurophora]
Plagiogramma sp. 380v
Plagiogramma sp.p. 381v
Plagiotropis 382v
Plagiotropis dannfeltii 383v
[Tropidoneis dannfeltii]
Plagiotropis gaussii 384v
[Tropidoneis gaussii]
Plagiotropis lepidoptera 385v
[Amphiprora lepidoptera]
[Tropidoneis lepidoptera]
Plagiotropis vitrea 386v
[Amphiprora vitrea]
[Tropidoneis vitrea]
Plagiotropis sp. 387v
[Tropidoneis sp.]
Plagiotropis sp.p. 388v
[Tropidoneis sp.p.]
Pleurosigma 389v
Pleurosigma aestuarii 390v
[Navicula aestuarii]
Pleurosigma angulatum 391v
[Navicula angulata]
Pleurosigma directum 392v
Pleurosigma elongatum 393v
Pleurosigma formosum 394v
Pleurosigma minutum 395v
Pleurosigma normanii 396v
Pleurosigma rigidum 397v
Pleurosigma spencerii 398v
Pleurosigma strigosum 399v
Pleurosigma sp. 400v
Pleurosigma sp.p. 401v
Podocystis 402v
Podocystis perrinensis 403v
Podocystis spathulata 404v
[Euphyllodium spathulatum]
Psammodictyon 405v
Psammodictyon panduriforme 406v
[Nitzschia panduriformis]
Psammosynedra 407v
Psammosynedra closterioides 408v
[Synedra closterioides]
Pseudo-nitzschia 409v
Pseudo-nitzschia australis 410v
[Nitzschia pseudoseriata]
Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima 411v
(Gregory) Cox, 1987
Gregory, 1856
(Gregory) Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
Greville, 1859
(Gregory) Heiberg, 1863
Gregory, 1857
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
x
x
x
Pfitzer 1871 emend. Paddock, 1988
Cleve-Euler
x x
(Heiden in Heiden & Kolbe) Paddock, 1988
x
Heiden in Heiden & Kolbe, 1928
(Gregory) Kuntze, 1898
x x x
Gregory, 1857
(Gregory) Cleve, 1894
(Smith) Paddock, 1988
x
Smith, 1853
(Smith) Cleve, 1894
x x
x x
Smith, 1852
(Brébisson ex Kützing) Smith, 1853
Brébisson ex Kützing
(Quekett) Smith, 1852
Quekett, 1848
Grunow in Cleve & Grunow, 1880
Smith, 1852
Smith, 1852
Grunow, 1878
Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
Smith, 1853
Smith
Smith, 1852
Bailey, 1854
Ricard, 1987
(Shadbolt) Van Heurck
Shadbolt, 1854
Mann, 1990
(Gregory) Mann, 1990
Gregory, 1857
Round, 1993
(Grunow) Round, 1993
Grunow in Van Heurck, 1881
H. Peragallo in H. & M. Peragallo, 1897-1908
Frenguelli, 1939
Hasle, 1965
(Cleve) Heiden in Heiden & Kolbe, 1928
x
x x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
M. Cabrini
712
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Nitzschia delicatissima]
[Nitzschia actydrophila]
Pseudo-nitzschia fraudolenta 412v
[Nitzschia fraudolenta]
[Pseudo-nitzschia seriata var.
fraudolenta]
P. cf. fraudolenta 413v
Pseudo-nitzschia galaxiae 414v
P. cf. granii 415v
[Nitzschia granii]
Pseudo-nitzschia heimii 416v
[Nitzschia heimii]
P. cf. heimii 417v
P. cf. lineola 418v
[Nitzschia lineola]
[Nitzschia barkleyi]
Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries 419v
[Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries]
[Pseudo-nitzschia pungens f.
multiseries]
P. cf. multiseries 420v
Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata 421v
[Nitzschia multistriata]
Pseudo-nitzschia prolongatoides422v
[Nitzschia prolongatoides]
Pseudo-nitzschia
pseudodelicatissima 423v
[Nitzschia pseudodelicatissima]
[Nitzschia delicatula]
Pseudo-nitzschia pungens 424v
[Nitzschia pungens]
Cleve, 1897
Hasle, 1965
(Cleve) Hasle, 1965
x x x
Cleve, 1897
(Cleve) H. Peragallo in H. & M. Peragallo,
1897-1908
(Cleve) Hasle, 1965
x
Lundholm et Moestrup, 2002
x x
(Hasle) Hasle, 1974
Hasle, 1964
Manguin, 1957
x
(Manguin) Hasle, 1965
Manguin, 1957
(Cleve) Hasle, 1965
x x
Cleve, 1897
Hustedt, 1952
(Hasle) Hasle, 1995
x
Hasle, 1965
Pseudo-nitzschia seriata 425v
x x x x
[Nitzschia seriata]
P. cf. subcurvata 426v
[Nitzschia subcurvata]
Pseudo-nitzschia subfraudolenta427v
[Nitzschia subfraudolenta]
Pseudo-nitzschia subpacifica 428v
[Nitzschia subpacifica]
Pseudo-nitzschia turgidula 429v
[Nitzschia turgidula]
Pseudo-nitzschia sp.p. del Nitzschia
delicatissima complex 430v
Pseudo-nitzschia sp.p. del Nitzschia
seriata complex 431v
Pseudo-nitzschia sp. 432v
Pseudo-nitzschia sp.p. 433v
Pseudostaurosira 434v
Pseudostaurosira brevistriata 435v
[Fragilaria brevistriata]
Rhabdonema 436v
Rhabdonema adriaticum 437v
Rhabdonema arcuatum 438v
[Diatoma arcuatum]
et al.
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
(Hasle) Hasle, 1993
(Hasle) Hasle, 1995
(Takano) Takano, 1995
Takano, 1993
(Hasle) Hasle, 1993
Hasle, 1965
(Hasle) Hasle, 1993
Hasle, 1976
Hasle, 1965
(Grunow ex Cleve) Hasle, 1993
Grunow ex Cleve, 1897
(Cleve) H. Peragallo in H. & M. Peragallo,
1897-1908
Cleve, 1883
(Hasle) Fryxell in Fryxell et al., 1991
Hasle, 1964
(Hasle) Hasle, 1993
Hasle, 1974
(Hasle) Hasle, 1993
Hasle, 1965
(Hustedt) Hasle, 1965
Hustedt, 1958
x x
x
x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
Hasle, 1965
x x x x
x x x
Hasle, 1965
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
(Grunow) Williams & Round, 1987
(Grunow in Van Heurck) Williams &
Round, 1987
Grunow in Van Heurck, 1885
Kützing, 1844
Kützing, 1844
(Lyngbye) Kützing, 1844
Lyngbye, 1819
x
x x x
x
x
Phytoplancton
713
*
Rhabdonema minutum 439v
Rhabdonema sp. 440v
Rhabdonema sp.p. 441v
Rhaphoneis 442v
Rhaphoneis sp. 443v
Rhoicosphenia 444v
Rhoicosphenia curvata 445v
[Gomphonema curvatum]
Rhoicosphenia marina 446v
[Gomphonema marinum]
Rhopalodia 447v
Rhopalodia gibberula 448v
[Eunotia gibberula]
Sellaphora 449v
Sellaphora pupula 450v
[Navicula pupula]
Seminavis 451v
S. cf. cymbelloides 452v
[Amphora cymbelloides]
Stauroneis 453v
Stauroneis legumen 454v
[Stauroptera legumen]
Stauroneis sp. 455v
Striatella 456v
Striatella unipunctata 457v
[Fragilaria unipunctata]
Striatella sp. 458v
Surirella 459v
Surirella ovata 460v
Surirella striatula 461v
Surirella sp. 462v
Surirella sp.p. 463v
Synedra 464v
Synedra acus 465v
S. cf. acus 466v
Synedra crystallina 467v
[Diatoma crystallinum]
Synedra fulgens 468v
Synedra rumpens 469v
Synedra tabulata 470v
[Diatoma tabulatum]
Synedra ulna 471v
[Bacillaria ulna]
Synedra sp. 472v
Synedra sp.p. 473v
Tabellaria 474v
Tabellaria fenestrata 475v
[Diatoma fenestratum]
Tabellaria flocculosa 476v
[Conferva flocculosa]
Tabellaria sp. 477v
Tabellaria sp.p. 478v
Tabularia 479v
Kützing, 1844
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x x x
x
x
Ehrenberg, 1844
x
Grunow, 1860
(Kützing) Grunow, 1867
Kützing, 1834
(Smith) Schmidt in Schmidt, 1899
Smith, 1853
Müller, 1895
(Ehrenberg) Müller, 1895
(Ehrenberg) Müller, 1895
Mereschowsky, 1902
(Kützing) Mereschkovsky, 1902
Kützing, 1844
Mann in Round, Crawford & Mann, 1990
(Grunow) Mann in Round, Crawford &
Mann, 1990
Grunow, 1867
Ehrenberg, 1843
(Ehrenberg) Kützing, 1844
Ehrenberg, 1843
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Agardh, 1832
(Lyngbye) Agardh, 1832
Lyngbye, 1819
x x x
x x x x
x x
Turpin, 1828
Kützing, 1844
Turpin, 1828
x
x
x x
x
Ehrenberg, 1830
Kützing, 1844
Kützing, 1844
(Agardh) Kützing, 1844
Agardh, 1824
Greville
Kützing
(Agardh) Kützing, 1844
Agardh, 1832
(Nitzsch) Ehrenberg, 1838
Nitzsch, 1817
Ehrenberg, 1840
(Lyngbye) Kützing, 1844
Lyngbye, 1819
(Roth) Kützing, 1844
Roth, 1797
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
Ehrenberg, 1830
x
x x
x
x
x x
M. Cabrini
714
*
T. cf. fasciculata 480v
[Diatoma fasciculatum]
[Synedra fasciculata]
Thalassionema 481v
Thalassionema bacillare 482v
[Spinigera bacillaris]
Thalassionema frauenfeldii 483v
[Asterionella frauenfeldii]
[Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii]
Thalassionema nitzschioides 484v
[Synedra nitzschioides]
[Thalassiothrix nitzschioides]
Thalassionema
pseudonitzschioides 485v
[Thalassiothrix pseudonitzschioides]
Thalassionema sp. 486v
Thalassionema sp.p. 487v
Thalassiothrix 488v
Thalassiothrix antarctica 489v
Thalassiothrix longissima 490v
[Synedra thalassiothrix]
Thalassiothrix mediterranea 491v
Thalassiothrix sp. 492v
Thalassiothrix sp.p. 493v
Toxarium 494v
Toxarium hennedyanum 495v
[Synedra hennedyana]
Toxarium undulatum 496v
[Synedra undulata]
Trichotoxon 497v
Trichotoxon reinboldii 498v
[Synedra reinboldii]
[Synedra pelagica]
Tropidoneis 499v
Tropidoneis sp. 500v
Tropidoneis sp.p. 501v
Tryblionella 502v
Tryblionella acuminata 503v
[Tryblionella acuminata]
[Nitzschia acuminata]
Tryblionella acuta 504v
[Nitzschia acuta]
Tryblionella angustata 505v
[Tryblionella angustata]
[Nitzschia angustata]
Tryblionella apiculata 506v
[Synedra constricta]
[Nitzschia apiculata]
[Nitzschia constricta]
T. cf. calida 507v
[Nitzschia calida]
Tryblionella gracilis 508v
(Agardh) Williams & Round, 1986
Agardh, 1812
(Agardh) Kützing, 1844
Grunow in Van Heurck, 1880-1885
(Heiden in Heiden & Kolbe) Kolbe, 1955
Heiden in Heiden & Kolbe, 1928
(Grunow) Hallegraeff, 1986
Grunow, 1863
(Grunow) Grunow in Cleve & Grunow,
1880
(Grunow) Grunow ex Hustedt, 1932
Grunow, 1862
(Grunow) Grunow in Van Heurck, 1880
(Schuette & Schrader) Hasle in Hasle &
Syversten, 1996
Schuette & Schrader, 1982
Cleve & Grunow, 1880
Schimper ex Karsten, 1905
Cleve & Grunow, 1880
Cleve, 1873
Pavillard, 1916
Ehrenberg, 1830
(Gregory) Grunow in Van Heurck, 18801885
Gregory, 1857
Bailey, 1854
(Bailey) Gregory, 1857
Reid & Round, 1988
(Van Heurck) Reid & Round, 1988
Van Heurck, 1909
Hendey, 1937
Cleve, 1891
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
x x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
Smith, 1853
Smith, 1853
Smith, 1853
(Smith) Grunow, 1878
(Cleve) Mann, 1990
Cleve, 1878
Smith, 1853
Smith, 1853
(Smith) Grunow in Cleve & Grunow, 1880
Gregory, 1857
Kützing, 1844
(Gregory) Grunow, 1878
(Kützing) Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
(Grunow in Cleve & Grunow) Mann in
Round, 1990
Grunow, 1880
Smith, 1853
et al.
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
Phytoplancton
715
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Nitzschia tryblionella]
Tryblionella punctata 509v
[Tryblionella punctata]
[Nitzschia punctata]
Undatella 510v
Undatella lineata 511v
[Amphiprora lineata]
Bacillariophyceae Biddulphiales
Acanthoceras 512v
Acanthoceras zachariasii 513v
[Attheya zachariasi]
[Acanthoceras magdeburgense]
Acanthoceras sp. 514v
Actinocyclus 515v
Actinocyclus curvatulus 516v
[Coscinodiscus curvatulus var.
subocellatus]
[Actinocyclus subocellatus]
Actinocyclus octonarius 517v
[Actinocyclus ehrenbergii]
Actinocyclus subtilis 518v
[Eupodiscus subtilis]
Actinocyclus sp. 519v
Actinocyclus sp.p. 520v
Actinoptychus 521v
Actinoptychus sp. 522v
Actinoptychus sp.p. 523v
Anaulus 524v
Anaulus mediterraneus 525v
Arcocellulus 526v
Arcocellulus sp. 527v
Asterolampra 528v
Asterolampra grevillei 529v
Asterolampra marylandica 530v
[Asterolampra vanheurckii]
Asterolampra sp. 531v
Asterolampra sp.p. 532v
Asteromphalus 533v
Asteromphalus flabellatus 534v
[Spatangidium flabellatum]
Asteromphalus heptactis 535v
[Spatangidium heptactis]
A. cf. hyalinus 536v
Asteromphalus hookeri 537v
A. cf. parvulus 538v
Asteromphalus robustus 539v
A. cf. sarcophagus 540v
Asteromphalus sp. 541v
Asteromphalus sp.p. 542v
Attheya 543v
Attheya decora 544v
Attheya longicornis 545v
Hantzsch, 1860
Smith, 1853
Smith, 1853
(Smith) Grunow, 1878
Paddock & Sims, 1980
(Greville) Paddock & Sims, 1980
Greville, 1863
Honigmann, 1909
(Brun) Simonsen, 1979
Brun, 1894
Honigmann, 1910
x
x x
x
x
x
x
Ehrenberg, 1837
Janisch in Schmidt, 1878
x
Grunow, 1884
(Grunow) Rattray, 1890
Ehrenberg, 1838
Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
(Gregory) Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
Gregory, 1857
x
x
x
x
Ehrenberg, 1843
x x
x
Ehrenberg, 1844
Grunow
Hasle, von Stosch & Syvertsen, 1983
x
x
Ehrenberg, 1844
(Wallich) Greville
Ehrenberg, 1844
Brun, 1891
x
x x
x x x
x
Ehrenberg, 1844
(Brébisson) Greville, 1859
Brébisson, 1857
(Brébisson) Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
Brébisson, 1857
Karsten, 1905
Ehrenberg, 1844
Karsten, 1905
Castracane, 1875
Wallich, 1860
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
West, 1860
West, 1860
x
Crawford & Gardner in Crawford, Gardner
x x
& Medlin, 1994
x
x
x x x
x x
M. Cabrini
716
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Chaetoceros septentrionalis sensu]
Attheya sp. 546v
Aulacodiscus 547v
Aulacodiscus petersii 548v
Aulacoseira 549v
Aulacoseira sp. 550v
Aulacoseira sp.p. 551v
Azpeitia 552v
Azpeitia nodulifera 553v
[Coscinodiscus nodulifer]
Bacteriastrum 554v
Bacteriastrum biconicum 555v
Bacteriastrum comosum 556v
B. cf. comosum 557v
Bacteriastrum delicatulum 558v
Bacteriastrum elegans 559v
Bacteriastrum elongatum 560v
Bacteriastrum furcatum 561v
[Bacteriastrum varians]
Bacteriastrum hyalinum 562v
Bacteriastrum hyalinum var.
princeps 563v
[Bacteriastrum varians var.
princeps]
B. cf. hyalinum var. princeps 564v
Bacteriastrum mediterraneum 565v
Bacteriastrum parallelum 566v
Bacteriastrum sp. 567v
Bacteriastrum sp.p. 568v
Bacterosira 569v
Bacterosira bathyomphala 570v
[Coscinodiscus bathyomphalus]
[Lauderia fragilis]
[Bacteriosira fragilis]
Bellerochea 571v
Bellerochea horologicalis 572v
Bellerochea malleus 573v
[Triceratium malleus]
Bellerochea malleus f.
biangulata 574v
Biddulphia 575v
Biddulphia alternans 576v
[Triceratium alternans]
Biddulphia pulchella 577v
Biddulphia titiana 578v
Biddulphia sp. 579v
Biddulphia sp.p. 580v
Campylosira 581v
Campylosira sp. 582v
Campylosira sp.p. 583v
Cerataulina 584v
Cerataulina bicornis 585v
[Syringidium bicorne]
et al.
Rines & Hargraves, 1988
x
Ehrenberg, 1844
Ehrenberg
Thwaites, 1848
x
x
x
Peragallo in Tempère & Peragallo, 1912
(Schmidt) Fryxell & Sims in Fryxell et al.,
1986
Schmidt, 1878
Shadbolt, 1854
Pavillard, 1916
Pavillard, 1916
Pavillard, 1916
Cleve, 1897
Pavillard, 1916
Cleve, 1897
Shadbolt, 1854
Lauder, 1864
Lauder, 1864
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x x
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x x x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
(Castracane) Ikari, 1927
x
x
x
x
x
Castracane, 1886
(Castracane) Ikari, 1927
Pavillard, 1916
Sarno, Zingone & Marino, 1997
x x x
x
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
Gran, 1900
(Cleve) Syversten & Hasle, 1993
x
Cleve, 1883
Gran, 1897
(Gran) Gran, 1900
Van Heurck, 1885 emend. von Stosch, 1977
von Stosch, 1977
x
(Brihtwell) Van Heurck 1885 emend. Von
x
Stosch, 1977
Brightwell, 1858
Peragallo
x x
x
Gray, 1821
(Bailey) Van Heurck, 1885
Bailey, 1851
Gray, 1821
Grunow
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
Grunow ex van Heurck, 1885
x
x
H. Peragallo ex Schütt, 1896
(Ehrenberg) Hasle in Hasle & Sims, 1985
Ehrenberg, 1845
x
x
Phytoplancton
717
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Cerataulina compacta]
[Cerataulina daemon]
Cerataulina dentata 586v
Cerataulina pelagica 587v
[Zygoceros pelagica]
[Cerataulus bergonii]
[Cerataulina bergonii]
Cerataulina sp. 588v
Cerataulina sp.p. 589v
Cerataulus 590v
Cerataulus sp. 591v
cf. Cerataulus 592v
Cerataulus sp.p. 593v
Chaetoceros 594v
Chaetoceros aequatorialis 595v
[? Chaetoceros pendulus]
Chaetoceros affinis 596v
[Chaetoceros angulatum]
Chaetoceros anastomosans 597v
Chaetoceros atlanticus 598v
Chaetoceros atlanticus var.
neapolitana 599v
[Chaetoceros neapolitanus]
C. cf. atlanticus var.
neapolitana600v
Chaetoceros borealis 601v
C. cf. borealis 602v
Chaetoceros brevis 603v
[Chaetoceros pseudobreve]
Chaetoceros castracanei 604v
Chaetoceros ceratosporus 605v
Chaetoceros cinctus 606v
Chaetoceros coarctatus 607v
Chaetoceros concavicorne
f. volans 608v
[Chaetoceros volans]
Chaetoceros concavicornis 609v
Chaetoceros constrictus 610v
C. cf. constrictus 611v
Chaetoceros contortus 612v
[Chaetoceros compressus]
Chaetoceros convolutus 613v
C. cf. coronatus 614v
Chaetoceros costatus 615v
Chaetoceros curvisetus 616v
Chaetoceros dadayi 617v
Chaetoceros danicus 618v
Chaetoceros debilis 619v
C. cf. debilis 620v
Chaetoceros decipiens 621v
Chaetoceros decipiens f.
singularis 622v
Chaetoceros delicatulus 623v
Chaetoceros densus 624v
[Chaetoceros borealis var. densus]
Ostenfeld in Ostenfeld & Schmidt, 1901
(Greville) Hasle in Hasle & Syvertsen, 1980
Hasle in Hasle & Syvertsen, 1980
x x
(Cleve) Hendey, 1937
x x x x
Cleve, 1889
H. Peragallo, 1892
(H. Peragallo) H. Peragallo ex Schütt, 1896
x x
x x
Ehrenberg, 1843
x
Ehrenberg, 1843
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
Ehrenberg, 1844
Cleve, 1873
Karsten, 1905
Lauder, 1864
Schütt, 1895
Grunow in Van Heurck, 1880-1885
Cleve, 1873
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x
x x
(Schröder) Hustedt, 1930
x
x
Schröder, 1900
(Schröder) Hustedt, 1930
Bailey, 1854
Bailey, 1854
Schütt, 1895
Pavillard, 1911
Karsten, 1905
Ostenfeld, 1910
Gran, 1897
Lauder, 1864
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x x x
Gran, 1904
Ostenfeld, 1901
(Cleve) Cleve, 1901
Cleve, 1897
x
x x
x x x x
(Schütt) Hustedt, 1930
Schütt, 1895
Mangin, 1917
Gran, 1897
Gran, 1897
Schütt, 1895
Lauder, 1864
Castracane, 1886
Gran, 1897
Pavillard, 1911
Cleve, 1889
Pavillard, 1913
Cleve, 1889
Cleve, 1894
Cleve, 1894
Cleve, 1873
x
x
x
x
x x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x x x
x x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
M. Cabrini
718
*
Chaetoceros diadema 625v
[Syndendrium diadema]
[Chaetoceros distans var.
subsecunda]
[Chaetoceros subsecundus]
Chaetoceros dichaeta 626v
C. cf. dichaeta 627v
Chaetoceros didymus 628v
Chaetoceros didymus var.
anglica 629v
Chaetoceros diversus 630v
Chaetoceros eibenii 631v
Chaetoceros fragilis 632v
Chaetoceros gracilis 633v
C. cf. gracilis 634v
Chaetoceros holsaticus 635v
C. cf. holsaticus 636v
Chaetoceros insignis 637v
Chaetoceros laciniosus 638v
Chaetoceros laevis 639v
Chaetoceros lauderi 640v
Chaetoceros lorenzianus 641v
Chaetoceros messanensis 642v
[Chaetoceros furca]
Chaetoceros minimus 643v
[Rhizosolenia minima]
[Monoceros isthmiiformis]
Chaetoceros mitra 644v
[Dicladia mitra]
[Dicladia groenlandica]
Chaetoceros muelleri 645v
C. cf. muelleri 646v
Chaetoceros neglectus 647v
Chaetoceros paulsenii 648v
Chaetoceros pelagicus 649v
Chaetoceros perpusillus 650v
Chaetoceros peruvianus 651v
[Chaetoceros chilensis]
Chaetoceros pseudocrinitus 652v
Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus 653v
Chaetoceros radians 654v
C. cf. radians 655v
Chaetoceros radicans 656v
[Chaetoceros scolopendra]
Chaetoceros rostratus 657v
Chaetoceros saltans 658v
[Chaetoceros peruvianus var.
saltans]
Chaetoceros seiracanthus 659v
Chaetoceros similis 660v
Chaetoceros simplex 661v
Chaetoceros socialis 662v
Chaetoceros subtilis 663v
C. cf. subtilis 664v
(Ehrenberg) Gran, 1897
Ehrenberg, 1854
et al.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x x x
Grunow in Van Heurck, 1880-1885
(Grunow) Hustedt, 1930
Ehrenberg, 1844
Ehrenberg, 1844
Ehrenberg, 1845
x
x x x
(Grunow) Gran, 1908
x
x x
x
x
Cleve, 1873
Grunow in Van Heurck, 1880-1885
Meunier, 1910
Schütt, 1895
Schütt, 1895
Schütt, 1895
Schütt, 1895
x x x
x
Schütt, 1895
Leuduger-Fortmorel, 1892
Ralfs in Lauder, 1864
Grunow, 1863
Castracane, 1875
Cleve, 1897
(Levander) Marino, Giuffré, Montresor &
Zingone, 1991
Levander, 1904
Van Goor, 1924
(Bailey) Cleve, 1896
Bailey, 1856
Cleve, 1873
Lemmermann, 1898
Lemmermann, 1898
Karsten, 1905
Ostenfeld, 1901
Cleve, 1873
Cleve, 1897
Brightwell, 1856
Krasske, 1941
Ostenfeld, 1901
Mangin, 1910
Schütt, 1895
Schütt, 1895
Schütt, 1895
Cleve, 1896
Lauder, 1864
Cleve, 1897
x x x
x x x
x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x x x x
x
x
x x
x
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
Forti, 1922
Gran, 1897
Cleve, 1896
Ostenfeld, 1901
Lauder, 1864
Cleve, 1896
Cleve, 1896
x
x x
x x x
x x x
x
x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
Phytoplancton
719
*
Chaetoceros tenuissimus 665v
[Chaetoceros simplex var. calcitrans]
Chaetoceros teres 666v
Chaetoceros tetrastichon 667v
Chaetoceros throndsenii 668v
[Miraltia throndsenii]
Chaetoceros tortissimus 669v
Chaetoceros vixvisibilis 670v
Chaetoceros wighamii 671v
[Chaetoceros biconcavum]
Chaetoceros willei 672v
[Chaetoceros affine var. willei]
Chaetoceros sp. 673v
Chaetoceros sp.p. 674v
Corethron 675v
Corethron criophilum 676v
Coscinodiscus 677v
C. cf. asteromphalus 678v
Coscinodiscus centralis 679v
C. cf. centralis 680v
Coscinodiscus decrescens 681v
Coscinodiscus fimbriatus 682v
Coscinodiscus granii 683v
Coscinodiscus granulosus 684v
[Odontodiscus granulosus]
Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis 685v
Coscinodiscus perforatus 686v
Coscinodiscus radiatus 687v
Coscinodiscus vetustissimus 688v
Coscinodiscus sp. 689v
Coscinodiscus sp.p. 690v
Cyclotella 691v
Cyclotella atomus 692v
Cyclotella caspia 693v
Cyclotella catenata 694v
Cyclotella glomerata 695v
Cyclotella kützingiana 696v
Cyclotella litoralis 697v
Cyclotella meneghiniana 698v
Cyclotella ocellata 699v
C. cf. striata 700v
[Coscinodiscus striatus]
Cyclotella sp. 701v
Cyclotella sp.p. 702v
Cymatosira 703v
Cymatosira lorenziana 704v
Cymatosira sp. 705v
Cymatosira sp.p. 706v
Dactyliosolen 707v
Dactyliosolen antarcticus 708v
Dactyliosolen blavyanus 709v
[Guinardia blavyana]
Meunier, 1913
Paulsen, 1905
Cleve, 1896
Cleve, 1897
(Marino, Montresor & Zingone) Marino,
Montresor & Zingone, 1991
Marino, Montresor & Zingone, 1987
Gran, 1900
Schiller
Brightwell, 1856
Gran, 1897
Gran, 1897
(Gran) Hustedt, 1930
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x
x x x
x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
Castracane, 1886
Castracane, 1886
Ehrenberg, 1839 emend. Hasle & Sims, 1986
Ehrenberg, 1844
Ehrenberg, 1844
Ehrenberg, 1844
Grunow in Schmidt, 1878
Ehrenberg, 1844
Gough, 1905
Grunow in Cleve & Grunow, 1880
Grunow in Cleve & Grunow, 1880
Ehrenberg, 1841
Ehrenberg, 1845
Ehrenberg, 1841
x
Pantocsek
x
x
(Kützing 1833) Brébisson, 1838
Hustedt, 1937
Grunow, 1878
Brun
Bachmann, 1911
Thwaites, 1848
Lange & Syvertsen, 1989
x
Kützing, 1844
Pantoscek, 1901
(Kützing) Grunow in Cleve & Grunow,
1880
Kützing, 1844
x
x
Grunow, 1862
Grunow, 1862
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x x
Castracane, 1886
Castracane, 1886
(H. Peragallo) Hasle, 1975
H. Peragallo, 1892
x x
x x x
x x x
M. Cabrini
720
*
Dactyliosolen fragilissimus 710v
[Rhizosolenia fragilissima]
Dactyliosolen phuketensis 711v
[Rhizosolenia phuketensis]
Dactyliosolen sp. 712v
Dactyliosolen sp.p. 713v
Detonula 714v
Detonula confervacea 715v
[Lauderia confervacea]
Detonula pumila 716v
[Lauderia pumila]
[Thalassiosira condensata]
[Schroederella delicatula]
Detonula sp. 717v
Detonula sp.p. 718v
Ditylum 719v
Ditylum brightwelli 720v
[Triceratium brightwellii]
Ditylum sol721v
[Triceratium sol]
Ditylum sp. 722v
Ditylum sp.p. 723v
Endictya 724v
Endictya oceanica 725v
Eucampia 726v
Eucampia cornuta 727v
[Mölleria cornuta]
Eucampia zodiacus 728v
Eucampia zodiacus f.
cylidricornis 729v
Eucampia sp. 730v
Eucampia sp.p. 731v
Gossleriella 732v
Gossleriella tropica 733v
Gossleriella sp.p. 734v
Guinardia 735v
Guinardia cylindrus 736v
[Rhizosolenia cylindrus]
Guinardia delicatula 737v
[Rhizosolenia delicatula]
Guinardia flaccida 738v
[Rhizosolenia (?) flaccida]
Guinardia striata 739v
[Eucampia striata]
[Rhizosolenia stolterfothii]
Guinardia tubiformis 740v
[Rhizosolenia tubiformis]
Guinardia sp. 741v
Guinardia sp.p. 742v
Hemiaulus 743v
Hemiaulus hauckii 744v
[Hemiaulus delicatulus]
(Bergon) Hasle in Hasle & Syversten, 1996
Bergon, 1903
(Sundström) Hasle in Hasle & Syversten,
1996
Sundström, 1980
Schütt ex De Toni, 1894
(Cleve) Gran, 1900
Cleve, 1896
(Castracane) Gran, 1990
Castracane, 1886
Cleve, 1900
Pavillard, 1913
et al.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x
x x x x
x x x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
J.W. Bailey ex L.W. Bailey, 1861
(West) Grunow in Van Heurck, 1880-1885
West, 1860
Grunow in Van Heurck 1880-1885
Grunow in Van Heurck 1880-1885
x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x
Ehrenberg, 1845
Ehrenberg, 1845
Ehrenberg, 1839
(Cleve) Grunow in Van Heurck, 1880-1885
Cleve, 1873
Ehrenberg, 1841
x
x x x
x
Syvertsen & Hasle, 1983
Schütt, 1892
Schütt, 1892
x
x
H. Peragallo, 1892
(Cleve) Hasle in Hasle & Syversten, 1996
x
Cleve, 1897
(Cleve) Hasle in Hasle & Syversten, 1996
x
Cleve, 1900
(Castracane) H. Peragallo, 1892
x
Castracane, 1886
(Stolterfoth) Hasle in Hasle & Syversten,
x
1996
Stolterfoth, 1879
H. Peragallo, 1888
(Hasle) Hasle in Hasle & Syversten, 1997
Hasle, 1975
Heiberg, 1863
Grunow in Van Heurck, 1880-1885
Lemmermann, 1905
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
Phytoplancton
721
*
Hemiaulus sinensis745v
Hemiaulus sp. 746v
Hemiaulus sp.p. 747v
Hemidiscus 748v
Hemidiscus cuneiformis 749v
Hemidiscus cuneiformis var.
gibba 750v
[Euodia gibba]
Hemidiscus cuneiformis var.
recta 751v
[Euodia recta]
Hemidiscus cuneiformis var.
ventricosa752v
[Euodia ventricosa]
Hyalodiscus 753v
Hyalodiscus sp. 754v
Isthmia 755v
Isthmia sp.p. 756v
Lauderia 757v
Lauderia annulata 758v
[Lauderia borealis]
Lauderia sp. 759v
Lauderia sp.p. 760v
Leptocylindrus 761v
Leptocylindrus danicus 762v
Leptocylindrus danicus var.
adriaticus 763v
[Leptocylindrus adriaticus]
Leptocylindrus mediterraneus 764v
[Lauderia mediterranea]
[Dactyliosolen mediterraneus]
Leptocylindrus minimus 765v
Leptocylindrus sp. 766v
Leptocylindrus sp.p. 767v
Lithodesmium 768v
Lithodesmium undulatum 769v
Lithodesmium sp. 770v
Lithodesmium sp.p. 771v
Melosira 772v
Melosira ambigua 773v
Melosira distans 774v
[Gaillonella distans]
Melosira dubia 775v
M. cf. dubia 776v
Melosira granulata 777v
Melosira moniliformis 778v
[Conferva moniliformis]
Melosira nummulloides 779v
Melosira varians 780v
Melosira sp. 781v
Melosira sp.p. 782v
Minidiscus 783v
Minidiscus comicus 784v
Minidiscus sp. 785v
Minidiscus sp.p. 786v
Greville 1865
Wallich, 1860
Wallich, 1860
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x x x
x x x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
(Bailey) Hustedt, 1930
x
Bailey in Pritchard, 1861
(Castracane) Hustedt, 1930
x
Castracane, 1886
(Castracane) Hustedt, 1930
x
Castracane, 1886
Ehrenberg, 1845
x
Agardh, 1832
x
Cleve, 1873
Cleve, 1873
Gran, 1900
x x x x
x
x
Cleve, 1889
Cleve, 1889
x x x x
(Schröder) Schiller
Schröder, 1908
(H. Peragallo) Hasle, 1975
H. Peragallo, 1888
(H. Peragallo) H. Peragallo, 1892
Gran, 1915
Ehrenberg, 1839
Ehrenberg, 1841
Agardh, 1824
(Grunow) Müller, 1903
(Ehrenberg) Kützing, 1844
Ehrenberg, 1836
Kützing, 1844
Kützing, 1844
(Ehrenberg) Ralfs, 1861
(Müller) Agardh, 1824
Müller, 1783
Agardh, 1824
Agardh, 1827
x x x x
x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x x
x x x
x
Hasle, 1973
Takano, 1981
x
x
x x
x
x
x x x x
x x x
x
x
x
M. Cabrini
722
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
Minutocellulus 787v
Minutocellulus polymorphus 788v
[Bellerochea polymorpha]
Neocalyptrella 789v
Neocalyptrella robusta 790v
Odontella 791v
Odontella aurita 792v
[Diatoma auritum]
[Biddulphia aurita]
Odontella longicruris 793v
[Biddulphia longicruris]
Odontella mobiliensis 794v
[Zygoceros mobiliensis]
[Biddulphia mobiliensis]
Odontella regia 795v
[Denticella regia]
[Biddulphia regia]
Odontella rhombus 796v
Odontella sinensis 797v
[Biddulphia sinensis]
Odontella sp. 798v
Odontella sp.p. 799v
Palmeria 800v
Palmeria hardmaniana 801v
[Hemidiscus hardmanianus]
Paralia 802v
Paralia sulcata 803v
[Gaillonella sulcata]
[Melosira sulcata]
Plagiogrammopsis 804v
Plagiogrammopsis vanheurckii 805v
[Plagiogramma vanheurckii]
Planktoniella 806v
Planktoniella sol 807v
[Coscinodiscus sol]
Podosira 808v
Podosira stelliger 809v
[Hyalodiscus stelliger]
[Podosira maculata]
[Melosira maculata]
Porosira 810v
Porosira sp. 811v
Podosira sp.p. 812v
Proboscia 813v
Proboscia alata 814v
[Rhizosolenia alata]
[Rhizosolenia alata f. gracillima]
Proboscia eumorpha 815v
[Rhizosolenia obtusa]
[Rhizosolenia alata f. inermis]
Proboscia indica 816v
et al.
Hasle, von Stosch & Syvertsen, 1983
(Hargraves & Guillard) Hasle, von Stosch
& Syvertsen, 1983
Hargraves & Guillard, 1974
Hernández-Becerril et Meave del Castillo
(Norman ex Ralfs) Hernández-Becerril &
Meave del Castillo
Agardh, 1832
(Lyngbye) Agardh, 1832
x
Lyngbye, 1819
(Lyngbye) Brébisson, 1838
(Greville) Hoban, 1983
x
Greville, 1859
(Bailey) Grunow, 1884
x
Bailey, 1851
(Bailey) Grunow in Van Heurck, 1880-1885
(Schultze) Simonsen, 1974
Schultze, 1858
(Schultze) Ostenfeld, 1908
(Ehrenberg) Kützing
(Greville) Grunow, 1884
x
Greville, 1866
x
Greville, 1865
Greville, 1865
(Greville) Mann, 1907
Heiberg, 1863
(Ehrenberg) Cleve, 1873
x
Ehrenberg, 1838
(Ehrenberg) Kützing, 1844
Hasle, von Stosch & Syvertsen, 1983
(Grunow) Hasle, von Stosch & Syvertsen,
1983
Grunow in Van Heurck, 1880-1885
Schütt, 1892
(Wallich) Schütt, 1892
Wallich, 1860
Ehrenberg, 1840
(Bailey) Mann, 1907
Bailey, 1854
Smith, 1856
Lagerstedt, 1876
Jørgensen, 1905
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
Sundström, 1986
(Brightwell) Sundström, 1986
Brightwell, 1858
(Cleve) Grunow, 1881
Takahashi, Jordan & Priddle, 1994
Hensen, 1887
(Castracane) Hustedt, 1930
(Peragallo) Drebes, 1974
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
Phytoplancton
723
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Rhizosolenia indica]
[Rhizosolenia alata f. indica]
Proboscia truncata 817v
[Rhizosolenia truncata]
[Rhizosolenia alata f. curvirostris]
Pseudoguinardia 818v
Pseudoguinardia recta 819v
Pseudosolenia 820v
Pseudosolenia calcar avis 821v
[Rhizosolenia calcar avis]
Rhizosolenia 822v
R. cf. acicularis 823v
Rhizosolenia acuminata 824v
[Rhizosolenia temperei var.
acuminata]
Rhizosolenia bergonii 825v
Rhizosolenia castracanei var.
castracanei 826v
Rhizosolenia clevei var. clevei 827v
Rhizosolenia curvata 828v
Rhizosolenia decipiens 829v
Rhizosolenia fallax 830v
R. cf. fallax 831v
Rhizosolenia firma 832v
Rhizosolenia formosa 833v
[Rhizosolenia styliformis var.
latissima]
Rhizosolenia hebetata f.
hebetata 834v
[Rhizosolenia hebetata f. hiemalis]
Rhizosolenia hebetata f.
semispina 835v
[Rhizosolenia semispina]
R. cf. hebetata f. semispina 836v
Rhizosolenia hyalina 837v
[Rhizosolenia pellucida]
R. cf. hyalina 838v
Rhizosolenia imbricata 839v
[Rhizosolenia shrubsolei]
[Rhizosolenia imbricata var.
shrubsolei]
Rhizosolenia pungens 840v
Rhizosolenia robusta 841v
Rhizosolenia setigera 842v
[Rhizosolenia hensenii]
Rhizosolenia simplex 843v
Rhizosolenia striata 844v
Rhizosolenia styliformis 845v
[Rhizosolenia styliformis var.
longispina]
Rhizosolenia temperei 846v
Rhizosolenia sp. 847v
Rhizosolenia sp.p. 848v
Skeletonema 849v
Skeletonema costatum 850v
H. Peragallo, 1892
(H. Peragallo) Ostenfeld, 1901
(Karsten) Nöthig and Ligowski
Karsten, 1905
Gran, 1900
von Stosch, 1986
von Stosch, 1986
x
Sundström, 1986
(Schultze) Sundström, 1986
x x x x
Schulze, 1858
Brightwell, 1858
Sundström, 1986
(H. Peragallo) H. Peragallo in H. & M.
x
Peragallo, 1897-1908
x
x x x x
x
H. Peragallo, 1892
H. Peragallo, 1892
x
H. Peragallo, 1888
x x x
Ostenfeld, 1902
Zacharias, 1905
Sundström, 1986
Sundström, 1986
Sundström, 1986
Karsten, 1907
H. Peragallo, 1888
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Brightwell in H. Peragallo, 1888
Bailey, 1856
x x x
x x x x
Gran, 1904
(Hensen) Gran, 1904
Hensen, 1887
(Hensen) Gran, 1904
Ostenfeld in Ostenfeld & Schmidt, 1901
Cleve, 1901
Ostenfeld in Ostenfeld & Schmidt, 1901
Brightwell, 1858
Cleve, 1881
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x x
x
x
(Cleve) Schröder, 1906
Cleve-Euler, 1937
Norman in Pritchard, 1961
Brightwell, 1858
Schütt, 1900
Karsten, 1905
Greville, 1864
Brightwell, 1858
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
Hustedt in Schmidt, 1914
H. Peragallo, 1888
Greville, 1865
(Greville) Cleve, 1878
M. Cabrini
724
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Melosira costata]
Skeletonema mediterraneum 851v
[Melosira mediterranea]
Skeletonema menzelii 852v
Skeletonema pseudocostatum 853v
Skeletonema tropicum 854v
Skeletonema sp. 855v
Skeletonema sp.p. 856v
Stellarima 857v
Stellarima stellaris 858v
[Coscinodiscus stellaris]
Stephanodiscus 859v
Stephanodiscus sp. 860v
Stephanopyxis 861v
Stephanopyxis turris 862v
[Creswellia turris]
Stictocyclus 863v
Stictocyclus sp. 864v
Thalassiosira 865v
Thalassiosira allenii 866v
Thalassiosira angulata 867v
[Orthosira angulata]
[Thalassiosira decipiens]
[no Thalassiosira decipiens]
T. cf. angulata 868v
Thalassiosira anguste-lineata 869v
[Coscinodiscus anguste-lineatus]
[Coscinodiscus polychordus]
[Thalassiosira polychorda]
Thalassiosira eccentrica 870v
[Coscinodiscus eccentricus]
Thalassiosira gravida 871v
Thalassiosira hyalina 872v
[Coscinodiscus hyalinus]
Thalassiosira leptopus 873v
[Coscinodiscus (lineatus var.?)
leptopus]
[Coscinodiscus lineatus]
[Coscinodiscus pseudolineatus]
[Coscinodiscus praelineatus]
Thalassiosira lundiana 874v
Thalassiosira mediterranea 875v
[Coscinosira mediterranea]
[Thalassiosira stellaris]
Thalassiosira mendiolana 876v
Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii 877v
T. cf. pseudonana 878v
[Cyclotella nana]
Thalassiosira punctigera 879v
[Ethmodiscus punctiger]
[Thalassiosira angstii]
T. cf. punctigera 880v
Thalassiosira rotula 881v
et al.
Greville, 1866
(Grunow) Brun
Grunow
Guillard, Carpenter & Reimann, 1974
Medlin et al., 1991
Cleve
x
x x x
x x
x
x x
Hasle & Sims, 1986
(Roper) Hasle & Sims, 1986
Roper, 1858
Ehrenberg, 1845
x x
x x
x
x
(Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, 1845
(Arnott & Greville) Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861
Arnott & Greville, 1857
Mann, 1925
x
x
Cleve, 1873 emend. Hasle, 1973
Takano, 1965
(Gregory) Hasle, 1978
Gregory, 1857
(Grunow) Jørgensen, 1905
(Grunow) Jørgensen in Hasle, 1979
(Gregory) Hasle, 1987
(Schmidt) Frixell & Hasle, 1977
Schmidt, 1878
Gran, 1897
(Gran) Jørgensen, 1899
(Ehrenberg) Cleve, 1904
Ehrenberg, 1841
Cleve, 1896
(Grunow) Gran, 1897
Grunow in Cleve & Grunow, 1880
(Grunow) Hasle & Fryxell, 1977
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
Grunow in Van Heurck, 1883
Ehrenberg, 1839
Pantocsek
Jousé, 1968
Fryxell, 1978
x
(Schröder) Hasle, 1990
x
Schröder, 1911
Hasle & Guillard in Frixell & Hasle, 1977
Hasle & Heimdal
Cleve, 1873
x
Hasle & Heimdal, 1970
Guillard clone 3H in Guillard & Ryther,
1962
(Castracane) Hasle, 1983
x
Castracane, 1886
(Gran) Makarova, 1970
(Castracane) Hasle, 1983
Meunier, 1910
x x x x
x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
Phytoplancton
725
*
Thalassiosira subtilis 882v
[Podosira (?) subtilis]
Thalassiosira unipunctata 883v
Thalassiosira weissflogii 884v
[Micropodiscus weissflogii]
[Thalassiosira fluviatilis]
Thalassiosira sp. 885v
Thalassiosira sp.p. 886v
Triceratium 887v
Triceratium antediluvianum 888v
Triceratium shadboltianum var.
elongata 889v
Triceratium sp. 890v
Triceratium sp.p. 891v
Trigonium 892v
Trigonium alternans 893v
Dinophyceae
Achradina894v
Achradina pulchra895v
Achradina sp.896v
Achradina sp.p.897v
Akashiwo 898v
Akashiwo sanguinea899v
[Gymnodinium sanguineum]
[Gymnodinium splendens]
[Gymnodinium nelsonii]
Alexandrium900v
Alexandrium angustitabulatum 901v
Alexandrium catenella 902v
[Gonyaulax catenella]
[Protogonyaulax catenella]
Alexandrium compressum 903v
[Protogonyaulax compressa]
Alexandrium concavum 904v
Alexandrium foedum 905v
A. cf. fundyense 906v
Alexandrium minutum 907v
[Alexandrium ibericum]
Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax 908v
[Goniodoma pseudogoniaulax]
[Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax]
Alexandrium tamarense909v
[Gonyaulax tamarensis]
[Gonyaulax tamarensis var.
excavata]
[Gonyaulax excavata]
[Gessnerium tamarensis]
[Protogonyaulax tamarensis]
[Alexandrium excavatum]
A. cf. tamarense 910v
A. cf. taylorii 911v
Alexandrium sp. 912v
Alexandrium sp.p. 913v
Amphidinium 914v
(Ostenfeld) Gran, 1900
Ostenfeld, 1899
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
x
x x
(Grunow) Fryxell & Hasle, 1977
Grunow in Van Heurck, 1885
Hustedt, 1926
x
x x x
x x x x
Ehrenberg, 1839
(Ehrenberg) Grunow
x
Grunow, 1867
x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x
Cleve, 1868
(Bailey) Mann, 1907
Lohmann, 1903
Lohmann, 1903
x
x
x x x
x
x
x
Hansen & Moestrup, 2000
(Hirasaka) Hansen & Moestrup, 2000
Hirasaka, 1922
Lebour, 1925
Martin, 1929
Halim, 1960
Taylor in Balech, 1995
(Whedon & Kofoid) Balech, 1985
Whedon &Kofoid, 1936
(Whedon & Kofoid) Taylor, 1979
(Fukuyo Yoshida & Inoue) Balech, 1992
Fukuyo Yoshida & Inoue, 1985
(Gaarder) Balech, 1985
Balech, 1990
Balech, 1985
Halim, 1960
Balech, 1985
(Biecheler) Horiguchi ex Kita &
Fukuyo,1992
Biecheler,1952
(Biecheler) Horiguchi,1983
(Lebour) Balech, 1995
Lebour, 1925
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
Braarud, 1945
(Braarud) Balech, 1971
(Lebour) Loeblich III & L. Loeblich, 1979
(Lebour) Taylor, 1979
(Braarud) Balech & Tangen, 1985
(Lebour) Balech, 1992
Balech, 1994
x x x x
x x x
Claparède & Lachmann, 1859
x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
M. Cabrini
726
*
Amphidinium acutissimum915v
Amphidinium amphidinioides 916v
[Gymnodinium amphidinioides]
Amphidinium carterae 917v
Amphidinium conus918v
Amphidinium crassum919v
Amphidinium curvatum920v
Amphidinium elenkinii921v
[Amphidinium larvale]
Amphidinium extensum922v
Amphidinium flagellans923v
Amphidinium glaucum924v
Amphidinium globosum925v
A. cf. globosum 926v
Amphidinium herdmanii927v
[Amphidinium operculatum]
Amphidinium lacustriforme928v
[Amphidinium lacustre]
[Amphidinium schroederi]
Amphidinium lanceolatum929v
Amphidinium latum930v
Amphidinium lissae931v
Amphidinium longum932v
[?Amphidinium acutum]
Amphidinium operculatum933v
[Amphidinium klebsii]
Amphidinium pellucidum934v
Amphidinium prismaticum935v
[Trochodinium prismaticum]
Amphidinium sphenoides936v
Amphidinium stigmatum937v
Amphidinium turbo938v
Amphidinium sp.939v
Amphidinium sp.p. 940v
Amphidoma941v
Amphidoma caudata942v
[Oxytoxum tonollii]
[Oxytoxum margalefi]
Amphidoma nucula943v
[Murrayella spinosa]
[Amphidoma spinosa]
[Gonyaulax rouchii]
Amphidoma sp.p.944v
Amphisolenia945v
Amphisolenia bidentata946v
Amphisolenia globifera947v
Amylax948v
Amylax triacantha949v
[Gonyaulax triacantha]
Balechina950v
B. cf. coreulea951v
cf. Balechina 952v
cf. Balechina sp.953v
Blastodinium954v
Schiller,1933
(Geitler) Schiller,1933
Geitler,1924
Hulburt,1957
Schiller,1928
Lohmann,1908
Schiller,1928
Skvortzow,1925
Lindemann,1928
Wulff,1916
Schiller,1928
Conrad,1926
Schröder,1911
Schröder,1911
Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Herdman,1911
Schiller,1928
Stein,1883
Schiller,1928
Schröder,1911
Lebour,1925
Schiller,1925
Lohmann,1908
Lohmann,1920
Claparède & Lachmann,1859
Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Herdman,1922
(Conrad),Schiller
Conrad,1926
Wülff,1916
Schiller,1928
Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Stein,1883
Halldal,1953
Rampi,1969
Rampi,1969
Stein,1883
Kofoid,1907
(Kofoid) Kofoid & Michener,1911
Rampi,1948
et al.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x x
1195 Stein,1883
1196 Schröder,1900
Stein,1883
Meunier,1910
(Jørgensen) Sournia,1984
Jørgensen,1899
Loeblich Jr. & Loeblich III,1968
(Dogiel) Taylor,1976
Loeblich Jr. & Loeblich III,1968
x x
x
x
x
x
1221 Chatton,1906
Phytoplancton
727
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
*
Blastodinium sp.p.955v
Brachydinium956v
Brachydinium capitatum957v
Brachydinium sp.958v
Calciodinellum959v
Calciodinellum operosum960v
Centrodinium961v
Centrodinium maximum962v
Centrodinium sp.963v
Centrodinium sp.p.964v
Ceratium965v
Ceratium arietinum966v
[Ceratium bucephalum]
Ceratium azoricum967v
Ceratium brachyceros 968v
[Ceratium brachyceros]
[Ceratium hirundella var.
brachyceros]
Ceratium breve969v
[Ceratium breve var. parallelum]
Ceratium buceros970v
Ceratium candelabrum971v
[Peridinium candelabrum]
Ceratium candelabrum var.
depressum 972v
Ceratium carriense973v
Ceratium concilians974v
Ceratium contortum975v
[Ceratium arcuatum]
Ceratium contortum var.
karsteni 976v
[Ceratium karstenii]
Ceratium contrarium977v
[Ceratium tricocheros var.
contrarium]
Ceratium declinatum978v
Ceratium declinatum var.
normale 979v
Ceratium euarcuatum980v
Ceratium extensum981v
[Ceratium fusus var. extensum]
[Ceratium biceps]
Ceratium falcatiforme982v
Ceratium falcatum983v
Ceratium furca984v
[Peridinium furca]
Ceratium furca var. eugrammum985v
Ceratium fusum986v
Ceratium fusus 987v
[Peridinium fusus]
Ceratium fusus var. seta988v
[Ceratium seta]
Ceratium gibberum989v
Ceratium gravidum990v
Ceratium hexacanthum991v
Taylor,1963
Taylor,1963
Deflandre,1947
Deflandre,1947
1020 Kofoid,1907
1025 Pavillard,1930
x
x x
x
x
x
x
988 Schrank,1793
989 Cleve,1900
Cleve,1897
990 Cleve,1900
Daday,1907
Daday,1907
x
x
x
x
(Daday) Ostenfeld,1909
(Ostenfeld & Schmidt) Schröder,1906
(Schmidt) Jörgensen,1911
993 (Zacharias) Schiller,1937
(Ehrenberg) Stein,1883
Ehrenberg,1860
x x
x x x
x
x
x x x x
(Pouchet),Jørgensen
994 Gourret,1883
995 Jørgensen,1920
996 (Gourret) Cleve,1900
(Gourret) Cleve,1900
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
(Pavillard),Sournia
x x
Pavillard,1907
997 (Gourret) Pavillard,1905
x
x
x x
x
(Gourret) Schiller,1936
998 (Karsten) Jørgensen,1911
x x x
Jørgensen
1000 Jørgensen,1920
1001 (Gourret) Cleve,1901
Gourret,1883
Kofoid,1908
Jørgensen,1920
1002 (Kofoid),Jørgensen
(Ehrenberg) Claparède & Lachmann,1859
Ehrenberg,1836
(Ehrenberg) Jörgensen,1911
Ehrenberg
1003 (Ehrenberg) Dujardin,1841
Ehrenberg,1834
(Ehrenberg),Schiller
(Ehrenberg),Kofoid
1004 Gourret,1883
1005 Gourret,1883
1006 Gourret,1883
x x x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x
x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x x
M. Cabrini
728
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Ceratium reticulatum]
Ceratium hexacanthum var.
contortum992v
Ceratium hirudinella993v
[Bursaria hirundella]
Ceratium horridum994v
[Ceratium tripos var. horridum]
Ceratium inflatum995v
[Ceratium pennatum f. inflata]
Ceratium kofoidii 996v
Ceratium limulus 997v
Ceratium lineatum998v
[Peridinium lineatum]
C. cf. lineatum 999v
Ceratium longirostrum1000v
Ceratium longissimum1001v
Ceratium macroceros1002v
[Peridinium macroceros]
Ceratium macroceros var.
gallicum 1003v
Ceratium massiliense1004v
[Ceratium tripos var. massiliense]
Ceratium massiliense var.
armatum1005v
Ceratium massiliense var.
protuberans1006v
Ceratium minutum1007v
Ceratium pavillardii1008v
Ceratium pentagonum1009v
Ceratium pentagonum var.
subrobustum1010v
Ceratium pentagonum var.
tenerum1011v
Ceratium platycorne1012v
[Ceratium lamellicorne]
Ceratium pulchellum1013v
Ceratium setaceum1014v
Ceratium symmetricum1015v
C. cf. symmetricum var.
orthoceras1016v
Ceratium teres1017v
Ceratium trichoceros1018v
[Peridinium trichoceros]
Ceratium tripos1019v
[Cercaria tripos]
Ceratium tripos var. atlanticum1020v
C. cf. tripos var. atlanticum1021v
Ceratium vultur1022v
Ceratium sp.1023v
Ceratium sp.p.1024v
Ceratocorys1025v
Ceratocorys armata1026v
[Goniodoma acuminatum var.
armatum]
C. cf. armata 1027v
Ceratocorys gourreti1028v
et al.
(Pouchet) Cleve,1903
1008
1009
1010
1011
Lemmermann
x
(Müller) Bergh,1841
Müller,1773
(Cleve) Gran,1902
Cleve,1897
(Kofoid) Jørgensen,1911
Kofoid,1907
Jørgensen,1911
Gourret,1883
(Ehrenberg) Cleve,1899
Ehrenberg,1854
(Ehrenberg) Cleve,1899
Gourret,1883
(Schröder) Kofoid,1907
(Ehrenberg) Vanhöffen,1897
Ehrenberg,1840
x
x x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x x x x
(Kofoid),Sournia
x
1012 (Gourret) Jørgensen,1911
Gourret,1883
x x
x x x x
(Karsten) Jørgensen,1911
x
(Karsten) Jørgensen
1013 Jørgensen,1920
1015 Jørgensen,1911
1016 Gourret,1883
x
x
x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
Jørgensen
x
Jørgensen,1920
x
Daday,1888
Kofoid,1908
Schröder,1906
1018 Jørgensen
Pavillard,1905
x
x x x
x
x x
x x x
x
x x
(Jørgensen) Graham & Bronikovsky
1019 Kofoid,1907
(Ehrenberg) Kofoid,1908
Ehrenberg,1859
(Müller) Nitzsch,1817
Müller,1781
Ostenfeld,1903
Ostenfeld,1903
Cleve,1900
x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x
x x x
x x
983 Stein,1883
984 (Schütt) Kofoid,1910
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x
Schütt,1895
(Schütt) Kofoid,1910
985 Paulsen,1931
x
x x
Phytoplancton
Ceratocorys horrida1029v
Ceratocorys sp.1030v
Ceratocorys sp.p.1031v
Ceratoperidinium1032v
Ceratoperidinium yeye1033v
Ceratoperidinium sp.1034v
Ceratoperidinium sp.p.1035v
Citharistes1036v
Citharistes regius1037v
Cladopyxis1038v
Cladopyxis brachiolata1039v
Cladopyxis caryophyllum1040v
[Acanthodinium caryophillum]
Cladopyxis sp.1041v
Cladopyxis sp.p.1042v
Cochlodinium1043v
Cochlodinium achromaticum1044v
C. cf. pulchellum 1045v
Cochlodinium polykrikoides1046v
[Cochlodinium heterolobatum]
Cochlodinium pupa 1047v
Cochlodinium sp.1048v
Cochlodinium sp.p.1049v
Coolia1050v
Coolia monotis1051v
[Ostreopsis monotis]
[Glenodinium monotis]
Corythodinium1052v
Corythodinium constrictum1053v
[Pyrgidium constrictum]
Corythodinium diploconus1054v
[Oxytoxum diploconus]
Corythodinium michaelsarsii 1055v
[Oxytoxum michaelsarsi]
Corythodinium reticulatum1056v
[Pyrgidium reticulatum]
[Oxytoxum reticulatum]
C. cf. reticulatum1057v
Corythodinium tesselatum1058v
Corythodinium sp.1059v
Cymbodinium1060v
Cymbodinium elegans1061v
Cystodinium1062v
Cystodinium sp.1063v
Dinophysis1064v
Dinophysis acuminata1065v
[Dinophysis ellipsoides]
[Dinophysis borealis]
[Dinophysis lachmanii]
[Dinophysis boehmii]
[Dinophysis skagii]
Dinophysis acuta1066v
D. cf. amandula1067v
[Dinophysis amygdala]
729
*
986 Stein,1883
Margalef ex Loeblich III,1980
Margalef ex Loeblich III,1981
1202
1203
957
958
959
Stein,1883
Stein,1883
Stein,1883
Stein,1883
Kofoid,1907
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Schütt,1896
Lebour,1925
Lebour,1917
Margelef,1961
Silva,1967
Lebour,1925
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x
Meunier,1919
Meunier,1919
Lindemann,1928
Biecheler,1952
Loeblich Jr. & Loeblich III,1966
(Stein) Taylor,1976
Stein,1883
(Stein) Taylor,1976
1105 Stein,1883
(Gaarder) Taylor,1976
Gaarder,1954
(Stein) Taylor,1976
Stein,1883
1122 Bütschli,1885
(Stein) Taylor,1976
(Stein) Loeblich Jr. & Loeblich III,1966
x
x x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Cachon & Cachon,1967
Cachon & Cachon,1967
Klebs,1912
x
x
1132 Ehrenberg,1839
1133 Claparède & Lachmann,1859
Kofoid,1907
Paulsen,1949
Paulsen,1949
Paulsen,1949
Paulsen,1949
1134 Ehrenberg,1839
(Balech) Sournia
Balech
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
M. Cabrini
730
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Phalacroma ovum]
Dinophysis caudata1068v
Dinophysis dens1069v
Dinophysis dentata 1070v
Dinophysis diegensis1071v
Dinophysis exigua1072v
D. cf. exigua1073v
Dinophysis fortii1074v
Dinophysis hastata 1075v
Dinophysis mitra1076v
[Phalacroma mitra]
[Phalacroma dolichopterygium]
D. cf. ovata1077v
[Phalacroma ovatum]
Dinophysis ovum1078v
[Dinophysis brevisulcus]
Dinophysis parva1079v
[Dinophysis infundibulus]
Dinophysis parvula1080v
[Phalacroma porodictyum var.
parvula]
[Phalacroma parvulum]
[Prodinophysis parvula]
D. cf. parvula1081v
Dinophysis pugiunculus1082v
Dinophysis punctata1083v
Dinophysis rapa1084v
[Phalacroma rapa]
Dinophysis recurva 1085v
[Dinophysis lenticula]
D. cf. recurva1086v
Dinophysis rotundata1087v
[Dinophysis rotundata]
Schütt (no Dinophysis ovum Schütt)
1137 Saville-Kent,1881
Pavillard,1915
Schiller,1928
Kofoid,1907
Kofoid & Skogsberg,1928
Kofoid & Skogsberg,1928
Pavillard,1923
1143 Stein,1883
1145 (Schütt) Abé,1967
Schütt,1895
Murray et Whitting,1899
Claparède & Lachmann,1859
(Claparède & Lachmann) Jørgensen,1923
1150 Schütt,1895
Tai & Skogsberg,1934
Schiller,1928
Schiller,1928
1151 (Schütt) Balech,1967
x x x x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x
x
x
Schütt,1895
1152
1154
1155
1157
[Phalacroma rotundatum ]
Dinophysis sacculus1088v
[Dinophysis acuminata f. reniformis]
[Dinophysis pavillardi]
[Dinophysis reniformis]
[Dinophysis ventrecta]
[Dinophysis phaseolus]
Dinophysis schuettii1089v
Dinophysis similis1090v
[Dinophysis sphaerica]
Dinophysis sphaerica1091v
[Dinophysis vanhöffenii]
D. cf. sphaerica1092v
Dinophysis tripos1093v
D. cf. umbosa1094v
Dinophysis sp.1095v
Dinophysis sp.p1096v
Diplopelta1097v
Diplopelta parva1098v
[Dissodium parvum]
et al.
1158
1161
1159
1164
(Schütt) Jørgensen,1923
(Schütt) Balech,1944
(Schütt) Balech,1967
(Jørgensen) Balech
Jørgensen,1923
(Stein) Balech,1967
Stein,1883
Kofoid & Skogsberg,1928
Pavillard,1916
Kofoid & Skogsberg,1928
Claparède & Lachmann,1859
Claparède & Lachmann,1859
(Claparède & Lachmann) Kofoid
Michener, 1911
Stein,1883
Pavillard,1905
Schröder,1906
(Pavillard) Kofoid et Skogsberg,1928
Schiller,1933
Silva,1952
Murray & Whitting,1899
Kofoid & Skogsberg,1928
Schütt,1895
Stein,1883
Ostenfeld,1900
Stein,1883
Gourret,1883
Schiller
x
x
x
x
x x x
x x x
x x
x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
&
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x x
x
x x
Stein ex Jørgensen,1912
(Abé) Matsuoka,1988
Abé,1941
x
x
x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
Phytoplancton
731
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
*
Diplopelta sp.p.1099v
Diplopsalis1100v
GROUP
Diplopsalis lenticula1101v
[Glenodinium lenticula]
[Dissodium lenticulum]
Diplopsalis sp.1102v
Diplopsalis sp.p.1103v
Diplopsalopsis1104v
Diplopsalopsis bomba 1105v
[Peridiniopsis asymmetrica]
[Glenodinium lenticula f.
asymmetrica]
Dissodinium1106v
[Dissodium asymmetricum]
Dissodinium pseudocalani1107v
[Sporodinium pseudocalani]
Dissodinium sp.p.1108v
Erythropsidinium1109v
Erythropsidinium sp.1110v
Glenodinium1111v
Glenodinium foliaceum1112v
[Kryptoperidinium foliaceum]
[Peridinium foliaceum]
Glenodinium mucronatum1113v
Glenodinium sp.1114v
Glenodinium sp.p. 1115v
Goniodoma1116v
Goniodoma polyedricum1117v
[Peridinium polyedricum]
[Triadinium polyedricum]
Goniodoma sphaericum1118v
[Heteraulacus sphaericus]
[Triadinium sphaericum]
Goniodoma sp.1119v
Goniodoma sp.p.1120v
Gonyaulax1121v
G. cf. africana 1122v
Gonyaulax diegensis1123v
Gonyaulax digitale1124v
[Protoperidinium digitale]
Gonyaulax fragilis1125v
[Steiniella fragilis]
Gonyaulax gracilis1126v
Gonyaulax hyalina1127v
Gonyaulax kofoidii 1128v
Gonyaulax minuta 1129v
[Gonyaulax minima]
Gonyaulax monacantha1130v
Gonyaulax monospina1131v
[Melanodinium nigricans]
Gonyaulax polygramma1132v
[Protoperidinium pyrophorum]
[Gonyaulax schuetti]
Bergh,1881
Bergh,1881
1060 Pouchet,1883
(Bergh) Loeblich III,1970
x x x x
x
x x x x
x x x
x x x
x
Meunier,1910
(Stein) Dodge & Toriumi,1993
Mangin,1911
x x
x x x
x
(Mangin) Schiller,1937
Klebs in Pascher 1916,
(Mangin) Loeblich III,1970
(Gonnert) Drebes,1978
Gonnert,1936
x
x
Silva,1960
x
1059 Ehrenberg,1837
Stein,1883
Lindemann,1924
Biecheler,1952
Conrad
x
x
x x
x
x
Stein,1883
(Pouchet) Jørgensen,1899
Pouchet,1883
(Pouchet) Dodge,1981
Murray & Whitting,1899
(Murray & Whitting) Loeblich III,1970
(Murray & Whitting) Dodge,1981
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x
961
962
966
967
Diesing,1866
Schiller,1925
Kofoid,1911
(Pouchet) Kofoid,1911
Pouchet,1883
968 (Schütt) Kofoid,1911
Schütt,1895
Schiller,1937
Ostenfeld & Schmidt,1901
Pavillard,1909
Kofoid & Michener
Matzenauer,1933
978 Pavillard,1916
Rampi,1951
Schiller,1937
973 Stein,1883
Pouchet,1883
Lemmermann,1899
x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
M. Cabrini
732
Gonyaulax scrippsae1133v
Gonyaulax sphaeroidea1134v
G. cf. sphaeroidea1135v
Gonyaulax spinifera1136v
[Peridinium spiniferum]
Gonyaulax turbynei1137v
Gonyaulax verior1138v
[Amylax diacantha]
[Gonyaulax diacantha sensu]
Gonyaulax sp.1139v
Gonyaulax sp.p. 1140v
Gymnodinium 1141v
Gymnodinium agiliforme1142v
Gymnodinium albulum1143v
G. cf. aureolum 1144v
[Gyrodinium aureolum]
Gymnodinium baccatum1145v
Gymnodinium biconicum1146v
Gymnodinium caput1147v
G. cf. caput 1148v
Gymnodinium catenatum1149v
G. cf. catenatum 1150v
Gymnodinium cinctum1151v
G. cf. conicum1152v
[Gymnodinium viridis]
Gymnodinium corii1153v
Gymnodinium elongatum1154v
Gymnodinium fuscum1155v
[Peridinium fuscum]
Gymnodinium fusus1156v
Gymnodinium impudicum1157v
[Gyrodinium impudicum]
Gymnodinium marinum1158v
Gymnodinium najadeum1159v
Gymnodinium nanum 1160v
Gymnodinium obesum1161v
Gymnodinium opressum1162v
Gymnodinium ostenfeldii 1163v
Gymnodinium paulsenii1164v
Gymnodinium pulchrum1165v
Gymnodinium pygmaeum1166v
G. cf. pygmaeum 1167v
Gymnodinium rubrum1168v
Gymnodinium semidivisum1169v
Gymnodinium simplex1170v
[Protodinium simplex]
Gymnodinium sphaericum1171v
[Gymnodinium gracile var.
sphaerica]
Gymnodinium uberrimum1172v
[Peridinium uberrima]
[Melodinium uberrimum]
[Gymnodinium mirabile var.
rufescens]
*
974 Kofoid,1911
975 Kofoid,1907
Kofoid,1907
(Claparède & Lachmann) Diesing,1866
Claparède & Lachmann,1859
976 Murray & Whitting
Sournia,1973
Meunier,1919
965 Schiller,1937
Stein,1878
Schiller,1928
Lindemann,1928
(Hulburt) Hansen,2000
Hulburt,1957
Balech,1965
Schiller,1928
Schiller,1928
Schiller,1928
Graham,1943
Graham,1943
Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Lebour,1917
Schiller,1928
Hope,1954
(Ehrenberg) Stein,1878
Ehrenberg,1834
Schütt,1895
(Fraga & Bravo) Hansen & Moestrup,2000
Fraga & Bravo,1995
Saville-Kent,1880-82
Schiller,1928
Schiller,1928
Schiller,1933
Conrad,1926
Schiller,1928
Schiller,1928
Schiller,1928
Lebour,1925
Lebour,1925
Koifoid & Swezy,1921
Schiller,1928
(Lohmann) Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Lohmann,1908
(Calkins) Kofoid & Swezy,1921
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x x x
x x x x
x
x
x x x
x x x x
Penard,1891
x
x x
x x x
x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
Calkins,1902
(Allman) Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Allman,1845
Kent,1880
et al.
x
x x
Phytoplancton
733
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Gymnodinium rufescens]
[Glenodinium uberrimum]
Gymnodinium variabile1173v
Gymnodinium veneficum1174v
Gymnodinium vestificii 1175v
G. cf. vitiligo 1176v
Gymnodinium voukii1177v
Gymnodinium wulffii1178v
Gymnodinium sp. 1179v
Gymnodinium sp.p. 1180v
Gyrodinium1181v
Gyrodinium biconicum1182v
Gyrodinium crassum1183v
[Gymnodinium crassum]
[Spirodinium crassum]
Gyrodinium estuariale1184v
Gyrodinium falcatum1185v
[Gymnodinium fusus]
Gyrodinium flagellare1186v
G. cf. flagellare 1187v
Gyrodinium fusiforme1188v
Gyrodinium hyalinum1189v
[Gymnodinium hyalinum]
Gyrodinium lachryma1190v
[Spirodinium lachryma]
Gyrodinium nasutum 1191v
[Spirodinium nasutum]
Gyrodinium pellucidum1192v
[Gymnodinium pellucidum]
Gyrodinium pingue1193v
[Gymnodinium spirale var. pinguis]
[Spirodinium spirale var. pingue]
Gyrodinium spirale1194v
[Gymnodinium spirale]
[Spirodinium spirale]
G. cf. spirale 1195v
Gyrodinium sp.1196v
Gyrodinium sp.p. 1197v
cf. Herdmania1198v
cf. Herdmania sp.1199v
Heterocapsa 1200v
Heterocapsa minima1201v
Heterocapsa niei1202v
[Cachonina niei]
[Cachonina hallii]
Heterocapsa rotundata 1203v
[Amphidinium rotundatum]
[Gymnodinium minutum]
[Massartia rotundata]
[Katodinium rotundatum]
[Katodinium rotundatum]
Heterocapsa triquetra 1204v
[Glenodinium triquetrum]
Lemmermann,1900
Schilling,1913
Herdman,1924
Ballantine,1956
Schütt,1895
Ballantine,1956
Schiller,1928
Schiller,1933
Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Kofoid & Swezy,1921
(Pouchet) Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Pouchet,1885
Lemmermann,1899
Hulburt,1957
Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Schütt,1895 (in part)
Schiller,1928
Schiller,1928
Kofoid & Swezy,1921
(Schilling) Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Schilling,1891
(Meunier) Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Meunier,1910
(Wulff) Schiller,1933
Wulff,1916
(Wulff) Schiller,1933
Wulff,1916
(Schütt) Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Schütt,1895
Lemmermann,1899
(Bergh) Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Bergh,1881
Entz,1884
(Bergh) Kofoid & Swezy,1921
x x x x
x
x x
x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x x x
x
x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x
Dodge,1981
x x
Stein,1883
Pomroy,1898
(Loeblich) Morrill & Loeblich III,1981
Loeblich,1968
(Freudenthal & Lee) Dodge,1982
(Lohmann) Hansen,1995
Lohmann,1908
Lebour,1925
(Lohmann) Schiller,1933
(Lohmann) Fott,1957
(Lebour) Loeblich III,1965
(Ehrenberg) Stein,1883
Ehrenberg,1840
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x
x x
M. Cabrini
734
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Peridinium triquetrum]
Heterocapsa sp. 1205v
Heterocapsa sp.p. 1206v
Heterodinium 1207v
Heterodinium rigdenae 1208v
Heterodinium schilleri 1209v
Histioneis 1210v
Histioneis alata 1211v
H. cf. depressa 1212v
Histioneis inclinata 1213v
H. cf. oxypteris 1214v
Histioneis striata 1215v
Histioneis sp. 1216v
Karenia 1217v
Karenia brevis 1218v
[Gymnodinium brevi]
[Ptychodiscus brevis]
K. cf. brevis 1219v
Karenia mikimotoi 1220v
[Gymnodinium mikimotoi]
[Gymnodinium nagasakiense]
Karenia sp. 1221v
Karlodinium 1222v
Karlodinium micrum 1223v
[Woloszynskia micra]
[Gymnodinium micrum]
[Gymnodinium galatheanum]
K. cf. micrum 1224v
Karlodinium veneficum 1225v
[Gymnodinium veneficum]
Karlodinium glaucum 1226v
[Spirodinium glaucum]
[Gyrodinium glaucum]
[Massartia glauca]
Katodinium 1227v
Katodinium sp. 1228v
Katodinium sp.p. 1229v
Kofoidinium 1230v
Kofoidinium velleloides 1231v
Kofoidinium sp. 1232v
Kofoidinium sp.p. 1233v
Lessardia 1234v
Lessardia elongata1235v
Lingulodinium 1236v
Lingulodinium polyedrum 1237v
[Gonyaulax polyedra]
Lingulodinium sp. 1238v
Mesoporos 1239v
Mesoporos adriaticus 1240v
Mesoporos bisimpressus 1241v
Mesoporos globulus 1242v
Mesoporos perforatus 1243v
[Exuviaella perforata]
et al.
(Ehrenberg) Lebour,1925
x x x
x x x
1041 Kofoid,1906
Kofoid,1906
Pavillard
1166 Stein,1883
1167 Rampi,1947
Schiller,1933
Kofoid & Michener,1911
Schiller,1928
Kofoid & Michener,1911
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
Hansen & Moestrup,2000
(Davis) Hansen & Moestrup,2000
x x
Davis,1948
(Davis) Steidinger,1979
(Davis) Hansen & Moestrup,2000
(Miyake & Kominami ex Oda) Hansen &
x x
Moestrup,2000
Miyake & Kominami ex Oda,1935
Takayama & Adachi,1984
x
Larsen,2000
(Leadbeater & Dodge) Larsen,2000
Leadbeater & Dodge,1966
(Leadbeater & Dodge) Loeblich III,1970
(Braarud) Taylor,19921988
(Leadbeater & Dodge) Larsen,2000
(Ballantine) Larsen,2000
Ballantine,1956
(Lebour) Loeblich III,1965
x
Lebour,1917
(Lebour) Kofoid & Swezy,1921
(Lebour) Schiller,1937
Fott,1957
x
x
1224 Pavillard,1928
1225 Pavillard,1928
x x
x
Saldarriaga & Taylor,2003
Saldarriaga & Taylor,2003
Wall,1967
(Stein) Dodge,1989
972 Stein,1883
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x
1216 Lillick,1937
1217 (Schiller) Lillick,1976
(Schiller),Lillick
1218 (Schiller) Lillick,1937
(Gran) Lillick,1937
Gran,1915
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
Phytoplancton
735
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Porella perforata]
[Porella globulus]
[Porella asymmetrica]
[Porotheca perforata]
M. cf. perforatus 1244v
Mesoporos sp. 1245v
Mesoporos sp.p. 1246v
Metaphalacroma 1247v
Metaphalacroma sp. 1248v
Micracanthodinium 1249v
M. cf. claytonii 1250v
[Cladopyxis claytonii]
Micracanthodinium setiferum 1251v
[Cladopyxis setifera]
M. cf. setiferum 1252v
Micracanthodinium sp. 1253v
Micracanthodinium sp.p. 1254v
cf. Micracanthodinium 1255v
cf. Micracanthodinium sp. 1256v
Noctiluca 1257v
Noctiluca scintillans 1258v
[Medusa scintillans]
[Noctiluca miliaris]
Noctiluca sp. 1259v
Oblea 1260v
Oblea rotunda 1261v
[Peridiniopsis rotunda]
[Glenodinium rotundum]
Oblea sp. 1262v
Oblea sp.p. 1263v
Ornithocercus 1264v
O. cf. heteroporus 1265v
Ornithocercus magnificus 1266v
Ornithocercus splendidus 1267v
Ornithocercus sp. 1268v
Ostreopsis 1269v
Ostreopsis ovata 1270v
Ostreopsis sp. 1271v
Ostreopsis sp.p. 1272v
Oxyphysis 1273v
Oxyphysis oxytoxoides 1274v
Oxyphysis sp. 1275v
Oxytoxum 1276v
Oxytoxum aceratum 1277v
O. cf. aceratum 1278v
Oxytoxum adriaticum 1279v
O. cf. areolatrum 1280v
Oxytoxum brunellii 1281v
Oxytoxum caudatum 1282v
Oxytoxum constrictum 1283v
Oxytoxum coronatum 1284v
Oxytoxum crassum 1285v
Oxytoxum cristatum 1286v
Oxytoxum curvatum 1287v
Schiller,1928
Schiller,1928
Schiller,1933
(Gran) Silva,1960
(Gran) Lillick,1937
x
x
x x
x x
x
x x x x
Tai & Skogsberg,1934
x
Deflandre,1937
(Holmes) Dodge,1982
Holmes,1956
(Lohmann) Deflandre,1937
Lohmann,1902
(Lohmann) Deflandre,1937
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
Deflandre,1937
x
Suriray,1836 ex Lamarck,1816
(Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Macartney,1810
Suriray ex Lamarck,1816
x
x
x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
Balech ex Loeblich Jr. & Loeblich III,1966,
(Lebour) Balech ex Sournia,1973
Lebour,1922
Schiller,1937
1188 Stein,1883
Kofoid,1907
1191 Stein,1883
1194 Schütt,1893
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1032 Schmidt,1901
1033 Fukuyo,1981
1094 Stein,1883
1095 Rampi,1943
Rampi,1943
1096 Schiller,1937
Rampi,1943
1098 Rampi,1939
1099 Schiller,1937
1100 (Stein) Bütschli,1885
1101 Schiller,1937
1102 Schiller,1937
1103 Kofoid,1907
(Kofoid),Kofoid
x x x
x x x
x
Kofoid,1926
Kofoid,1926
x
x x
x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
M. Cabrini
736
Oxytoxum depressum 1288v
Oxytoxum elegans 1289v
O. cf. elongatum 1290v
Oxytoxum gladiolus 1291v
Oxytoxum globosum 1292v
Oxytoxum gracile 1293v
Oxytoxum laticeps 1294v
Oxytoxum longiceps 1295v
Oxytoxum longum 1296v
Oxytoxum mediterraneum 1297v
Oxytoxum milneri 1298v
[Oxytoxum challengeroides]
Oxytoxum minutum 1299v
O. cf. minutum 1300v
Oxytoxum ovale 1301v
O. cf. ovale 1302v
Oxytoxum parvum 1303v
[Oxytoxum tenuistriatum]
O. cf. parvum 1304v
Oxytoxum punctulatum 1305v
O. cf. punctulatum 1306v
O. cf. pyramide 1307v
Oxytoxum sceptrum 1308v
Oxytoxum scolopax 1309v
Oxytoxum sphaeroideum 1310v
Oxytoxum tesselatum 1311v
Oxytoxum turbo 1312v
Oxytoxum vaginulum 1313v
Oxytoxum variabile 1314v
Oxytoxum viride1315v
Oxytoxum sp. 1316v
Oxytoxum sp.p. 1317v
O. cf. pavillardinium 1318v
O. cf. pavillardinium sp.p. 1319v
[Murrayella sp.]
Pentapharsodinium 1320v
Pentapharsodinium dalei1321v
[Peridinium faeroense sensu]
[Scrippsiella faeroense sensu]
Pentapharsodinium 1322v
Pentapharsodinium tyrrhenicum1323v
[Peridinium tyrrhenoicum]
Pentapharsodinium sp. 1324v
Peridiniella 1325v
Peridiniella catenata 1326v
[Peridinium catenatum]
[Amylax catenata]
[Gonyaulax catenata]
Peridiniella danica 1327v
[Glenodinium danicum]
Peridinium 1328v
Peridinium balticum 1329v
[Glenodinium balticum]
*
1104 Schiller,1937
1106 Pavillard,1916
Wood,1963
Stein
1108 Schiller,1937
1109 Schiller,1937
1110 Schiller,1937
1112 Schiller,1937
Schiller,1937
1113 Schiller,1937
1114 Murray & Whitting,1899
Kofoid,1907
1115 Rampi,1943
Rampi,1943
1117 Schiller,1937
Schiller,1937
1119 Schiller,1937
1127 Rampi,1941
Schiller,1937
1120 Rampi,1941
Rampi,1941
Dodge & Saunders
1123 (Stein) Schröder,1906
1124 Stein,1883
1125 Stein,1883
1128 (Stein) Schütt
1129 Kofoid,1907
Schiller
1130 Schiller,1937
1131 Schiller,1937
et al.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x x x
x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
de Toni,1936
x
Kofoid,1907
Indelicato & Loeblich III,1986
Indelicato & Loeblich III,1986
Dale,1977
Dodge,1982
Indelicato & Loeblich III,1986
(Balech) Montressor Zingone & Marino,1993
Balech,1990
x
x x
x x
x
Kofoid & Michener,1911 emend. Balech,1977
(Levander) Balech,1977
Levander,1894
(Levander) Meunier,1910
(Levander) Kofoid,1911
(Paulsen) Okolodkov & Dodge,1995
Paulsen,1907
1062 Ehrenberg,1832
(Levander) Lemmermann,1910
Levander,1894
x
x
x
Phytoplancton
737
*
Peridinium bipes 1330v
[Glenodinium tabulatum]
[Peridinium tabulatum]
Peridinium quinquecorne 1331v
[Protoperidinium quinquecorne]
P. cf. quinquecorne 1332v
Peridinium sp. 1333v
Peridinium sp.p. 1334v
Phalacroma 1335v
Phalacroma cuneus 1336v
P. cf. porosum 1337v
[Phalacroma porosa]
Phalacroma sp. 1338v
Phalacroma sp.p. 1339v
cf. Phalacroma 1340v
cf. Phalacroma sp. 1341v
Pheopolykrikos 1342v
Pheopolykrikos sp. 1343v
cf. Pheopolykrikos 1344v
cf. Pheopolykrikos sp. 1345v
Podolampas 1346v
Podolampas bipes1347v
Podolampas curvatus 1348v
Podolampas elegans 1349v
Podolampas palmipes 1350v
Podolampas spinifera 1351v
Podolampas sp. 1352v
Podolampas sp.p. 1353v
Polykrikos 1354v
Polykrikos kofoidii 1355v
Polykrikos schwartzii 1356v
Polykrikos sp. 1357v
cf. Polykrikos 1358v
cf. Polykrikos sp.p. 1359v
Preperidinium 1360v
Preperidinium meunieri 1361v
[Diplopsalis lenticula f. minor]
[Diplopeltopsis minor]
[Diplopsalis minor]
[Glenodinium lenticula f. minor]
[Zygabikodinium lenticulatum]
Pronoctiluca 1362v
Pronoctiluca acuta 1363v
[Rhynchomonas acuta]
Pronoctiluca pelagica 1364v
Pronoctiluca rostrata 1365v
Pronoctiluca spinifera 1366v
[Rhynchomonas spinifer]
[Pronoctiluca tentaculata]
[Protodinifer tentaculatum]
Pronoctiluca sp. 1367v
Pronoctiluca sp.p. 1368v
Prorocentrum 1369v
Stein,1883
Ehrenberg,1838
(Ehrenberg) Claparède & Lachmann,1858
Abé,1927
(Abé) Balech,1974
Abé,1927
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
x
x x
x x x
Stein,1883
Schütt,1895
(Kofoid & Michener) Kofoid & Skogsberg,
1928
Kofoid & Michener,1911
x x
x
x
x x
x x x
x
x
x
x x x
x x x
Stein,1883
x
Chatton emend. Matsuoka & Fukuyo,1986
x
Chatton emend. Matsuoka & Fukuyo,1986
x
1085 Stein,1883
Stein,1883
Schiller,1937
1087 Schütt,1895
1088 Stein,1883
1089 Okamura,1912
Bütschli,1873
Chatton,1914
Bütschli,1873
x x
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
Bütschli,1873
x
Mangin,1913
(Pavillard) Elbrächter,1993
Paulsen,1907
Pavillard,1913
(Paulsen) Lindemann,1927
Schiller,1937
(Paulsen) Loeblich Jr. & Loeblich III,1970
Fabre-Domergue,1889
(Lohmann) Schiller,1933
Lohmann,1912
Fabre-Domergue,1889
Taylor,1976
(Lohmann) Schiller,1932
Lohmann,1920
(Kofoid & Swezy) Fabre-Domerque
Kofoid & Swezy,1921
1209 Ehrenberg,1833
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
M. Cabrini
738
*
Prorocentrum aporum 1370v
[Exuviaella apora]
[Exuviaella grani]
[Exuviaella antarctica]
Prorocentrum arcuatum 1371v
Prorocentrum balticum 1372v
[Exuviaella baltica]
[Prorocentrum pomoideum]
[Exuviaella aequatorialis]
P. cf. balticum 1373v
Prorocentrum cassubicum 1374v
[Exuviaella cassubica]
Prorocentrum compressum 1375v
[Pyxidicula compressa]
[Exuviaella compressa]
Prorocentrum cordatum 1376v
[Exuviaella cordata]
P. cf. cordatum 1377v
Prorocentrum dactylus 1378v
[Dinopyxis dactylus]
[Exuviaella dactylus]
Prorocentrum dentatum 1379v
[Prorocentrum obtusidens]
[Prorocentrum veloi]
[Prorocentrum monacense]
Prorocentrum emarginatum 1380v
Prorocentrum gracile 1381v
[Prorocentrum hentschelii]
Prorocentrum lima 1382v
[Cryptomonas lima]
[Exuviaella marina]
[Prorocentrum marinum]
Prorocentrum marinum 1383v
[Exuviaella marina]
Prorocentrum mexicanum 1384v
[Prorocentrum maximum]
P. cf. mexicanum 1385v
Prorocentrum micans 1386v
Prorocentrum minimum 1387v
[Exuviaella minima]
[Prorocentrum triangulatum]
[Exuviaella mariae-lebouriae]
Prorocentrum nanum 1388v
[Exuviaella pusilla]
Prorocentrum ovum 1389v
[Exuviella ovum]
Prorocentrum rostratum 1390v
Prorocentrum rotundatum 1391v
Prorocentrum scutellum 1392v
[Prorocentrum sphaeroideum]
[Prorocentrum robustum]
Prorocentrum triestinum 1393v
[Prorocentrum redfieldii]
et al.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
x x
x
x x
(Schiller) Dodge,1975
Schiller,1918
Gaarder,1938
Hada,1970
Issel,1928
x x x
1211 (Lohmann) Loeblich III,1970
x
Lohmann,1908
Bursa,1959
Hasle,1960
(Lohmann) Loeblich III,1970
x
(Woloszynska) Dodge,1975
Woloszynska,1928
(Bailey) Abé ex Dodge,1975
x x x x
Bailey,1950
(Bailey) Ostenfeld,1899
(Ostenfeld) Dodge,1975
Ostenfeld,1901
(Ostenfeld) Dodge,1975
(Stein) Dodge,1975
x
Stien,1883
(Stein) Schütt
Stein,1883
x x x
Schiller,1928
Tafall,1942
Kufferath,1957
Fukuyo,1981
x
Schütt,1895
x x x
Schiller,1933
(Ehrenberg) Dodge,1975
x x x x
Ehrenberg,1860
Cienkowski,1881
Dodge & Bibby,1973
(Cienkowski) Dodge & Bibby,1973 comb.
1215
invalid
Cienkowski,1881
Tafall,1942
x x
Schiller,1937
Tafall,1942
x
Ehrenberg,1833
x x x x
(Pavillard) Schiller,1933
x x x x
Pavillard,1916
Martin,1929
Parke & Ballantine,1957
Schiller,1918
(Schiller) Schiller,1928
(Schiller) Dodge
x x
Schiller
Stein,1883
Schiller,1918
x x x x
Schröder,1900
x x x
Schiller,1928
Tafall,1942
Schiller,1918
x x x x
Bursa,1959
x
x
x x
x
x x x x
x x
x
x x x
x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x x x
x
x x
x x x x
Phytoplancton
739
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Prorocentrum pyrenoideum]
Prorocentrum vaginulum 1394v
[Dinopyxis vaginula]
[Exuviaella vaginula]
Prorocentrum sp. 1395v
Prorocentrum sp.p. 1396v
Protoceratium 1397v
Protoceratium reticulatum 1398v
[Peridinium reticulatum]
[Gonyaulax grindleyi]
Protoceratium sp. 1399v
Protoceratium sp.p. 1400v
Protogonyaulax 1401v
Protogonyaulax sp. 1402v
Protogonyaulax sp.p. 1403v
Protoperidinium 1404v
Protoperidinium bipes 1405v
[Glenodinium bipes]
[Peridinium minusculum]
[Miniscula bipes]
Protoperidinium bispinum 1406v
[Peridinium bispinum]
P. cf. bispinum 1407v
Protoperidinium breve 1408v
[Peridinium steinii f. brevis]
[Peridinium breve]
[Protoperidinium pyriforme ssp.
breve]
Protoperidinium brevipes 1409v
[Peridinium brevipes]
Protoperidinium brochii 1410v
[Peridinium brochii]
P. cf. brochii 1411v
Protoperidinium cerasus 1412v
[Peridinium cerasus]
Protoperidinium claudicans 1413v
[Peridinium claudicans]
P. cf. claudicans 1414v
Protoperidinium conicum 1415v
[Peridinium conicum]
Protoperidinium crassipes 1416v
[Peridinium crassipes]
Protoperidinium curtipes 1417v
Protoperidinium curvipes 1418v
[Peridinium curvipes]
P. cf. curvipes 1419v
Protoperidinium depressum 1420v
[Peridinium depressum]
Protoperidinium diabolum 1421v
[Peridinium diabolus]
[Peridinium longipes]
[Protoperidinium longipes]
[Peridinium diabolus var. longipes]
P. cf. diabolum 1422v
Bursa,1959
(Stein) Dodge
Stien,1883
(Stein) Schütt
980 Bergh,1881
982 (Claparède et Lachmann) Bütschli,1885
Claparède et Lachmann,1859
Reinecke,1967
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
Taylor,1979
x x
x
Bergh,1881
(Paulsen) Balech,1974
Paulsen,1904
1076 Pavillard,1905
Lebour,1925
(Schiller) Balech,1974
Schiller,1937
(Schiller) Balech,1974
(Paulsen) Balech,1974
Paulsen,1905
(Paulsen) Paulsen,1907
x x x
x
x
x x x x
x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
x x
x x
x
(Paulsen) Balech,1971
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1074
(Paulsen) Balech,1974
Paulsen,1908
(Kofoid & Swezy) Balech,1974
Kofoid & Swezy,1921
(Kofoid & Swezy) Balech,1974
(Paulsen) Balech,1973
Paulsen,1907
(Paulsen) Balech,1974
Paulsen,1907
(Paulsen) Balech,1974
(Gran) Balech,1974
Gran,1902
(Kofoid) Balech,1974
Kofoid,1907
(Jørgensen),Balech
(Ostenfeld) Balech,1974
Ostenfeld,1906
(Ostenfeld) Balech,1974
(Bailey) Balech,1974
Bailey,1854
(Cleve) Balech,1974
Cleve,1900
Karsten,1907
(Karsten) Balech,1974
(Karsten) Taylor,1976
(Cleve) Balech,1974
x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x x
x
x x x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
x x x
x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x
x
M. Cabrini
740
*
Protoperidinium divergens 1423v
[Peridinium divergens]
Protoperidinium globosum 1424v
Protoperidinium globulum 1425v
[Peridinium globulus]
Protoperidinium grande 1426v
[Peridinium grande]
P. cf. grande 1427v
Protoperidinium granii 1428v
[Peridinium granii]
Protoperidinium leonis 1429v
[Peridinium leonis]
Protoperidinium maranense 1430v
Protoperidinium marielebouriae1431v
[Peridinium marielebouriae]
Protoperidinium mediterraneum1432v
[Peridinium steinii var.
mediterraneum]
[Peridinium mediterraneum]
Protoperidinium minutum 1433v
[Peridinium minutum]
[Peridinium monospinum]
Protoperidinium mite 1434v
[Peridinium mite]
[Peridinium granii f. mite]
P. cf. murrayi 1435v
Protoperidinium oblongum 1436v
[Peridinium divergens var.
oblongum]
Protoperidinium oceanicum1437v
[Peridinium oceanicum]
[Peridinium divergens var.
oceanicum]
P. cf. oceanicum 1438v
Protoperidinium ovatum 1439v
[Protoperidinium ovatum]
[Peridinium ovatum]
[Peridinium globulus var. ovatum]
Protoperidinium oviforme 1440v
[Peridinium oviforme]
P. cf. oviforme 1441v
Protoperidinium ovum 1442v
[Peridinium ovum]
Protoperidinium pallidum 1443v
[Peridinium pallidum]
P. cf. pallidum 1444v
Protoperidinium parthenopes 1445v
Protoperidinium pellucidum 1446v
[Peridinium pellucidum]
P. cf. pellucidum 1447v
Protoperidinium pentagonum 1448v
[Peridinium pentagonum]
[Peridinium sinuosum]
P. cf. pentagonum 1449v
(Ehrenberg) Balech,1974
1069 Ehrenberg,1840
(Gourret),Abé
(Stein) Balech,1974
1070 Stein,1883
(Kofoid) Balech,1974
1071 Kofoid,1907
(Kofoid) Balech,1974
(Ostenfeld) Balech,1974
1072 Ostenfeld,1906
(Pavillard) Balech,1974
1073 Pavillard,1916
Tolomio,1981
(Paulsen) Balech,1974
Paulsen,1930
(Kofoid) Balech,1974
et al.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x x x
x x x x
x
x
x x x x
Kofoid,1909
(Kofoid) Balech,1964
(Kofoid) Balech,1964
Kofoid,1907
Paulsen,1907
(Pavillard) Balech,1974
Pavillard,1916
(Pavillard) Schiller,1937
Kofoid,1907
(Aurivillius) Parke & Dodge,1976
x x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x
x x x x
x
Aurivillius,1898
(Vahöffen) Balech,1974
Vanhöffen,1897
x x
x
Ostenfeld,1899
(Vanhöffen) Balech,1974
Pouchet,1883
Pouchet,1883
(Pouchet) Schütt,1895
(Pouchet) Schiller,1937
(Dangeard) Balech,1974
Dangeard
(Dangeard) Balech,1974
(Schiller) Balech,1974
1077 Schiller,1911
(Ostenfeld) Balech,1973
1078 Ostenfeld,1899
(Ostenfeld) Balech,1973
Zingone & Montresor,1988
Bergh,1882
1080 Schütt,1895
Bergh,1882
(Gran) Balech,1974
Gran,1902
Lemmermann,1905
(Gran) Balech,1974
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
Phytoplancton
741
*
Protoperidinium punctulatum 1450v
[Peridinium punctulatum]
[Peridinium subinerme var.
punctulatum]
Protoperidinium pyriforme 1451v
[Peridinium steinii var. pyriformis]
[Peridinium pyriforme]
P. cf. quarnerense 1452v
Protoperidinium robustum 1453v
Protoperidinium solidicorne 1454v
[Peridinium solidicorne]
[Peridinium spiniferum]
[Protoperidinium spiniferum]
P. cf. solidicorne 1455v
Protoperidinium sphaericum 1456v
Protoperidinium steinii 1457v
[Peridinium steinii]
Protoperidinium steinii var.
mediterraneum 1458v
Protoperidinium subinerme 1459v
[Peridinium subinerme]
Protoperidinium trystilum 1460v
[Peridinium tristylum]
Protoperidinium tuba 1461v
P. cf. vulgare 1462v
Protoperidinium wiesneri 1463v
[Peridinium wiesneri]
Protoperidinium sp. 1464v
Protoperidinium sp.p. 1465v
Pseliodinium 1466v
Pseliodinium vaubanii 1467v
Pseliodinium sp. 1468v
Pseliodinium sp.p. 1469v
Pyrocystis 1470v
Pyrocystis gerbaultii 1471v
[Dissodinium gerbaultii]
Pyrocystis lunula 1472v
[Gymnodinium lunula]
Pyrocystis noctiluca 1473v
[Pyrocystis pseudonoctiluca]
[Dissodinium pseudonoctiluca]
Pyrocystis obtusa 1474v
Pyrocystis robusta 1475v
Pyrocystis sp. 1476v
Pyrocystis sp.p. 1477v
Pyrodinium 1478v
Pyrodinium sp. 1479v
Pyrophacus 1480v
Pyrophacus horologium 1481v
Pyrophacus steinii 1482v
[Pyrophacus horologium var. steinii]
Pyrophacus sp. 1483v
Pyrophacus sp.p. 1484v
Schuettiella 1485v
(Paulsen) Balech,1974
Paulsen,1907
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
(Paulsen) Schiller,1937
(Paulsen) Balech,1974
Paulsen,1905
Paulsen,1907
(Schröder) Balech,1974
Meunier,1910
(Mangin) Balech,1974
Mangin,1926
1081 Schiller,1935
(Schiller) Balech,1974
(Mangin) Balech,1974
(Murray & Whitting) Balech,1974
(Jørgensen) Balech,1974
Jørgensen,1899
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x x
x x x x
Kofoid
(Paulsen) Loeblich III,1969
1082 Paulsen,1904
(Stein) Balech,1974
Stein,1883
(Schiller) Balech,1974
Balech
(Schiller) Balech,1976
Schiller,1911
Sournia,1972
Sournia,1972
1034 Murray ex Haeckel,1890
Pavillard,1935
(Pavillard) Taylor,1976
1039 (Schütt) Scütt,1896
Schütt,1895
Murray ex Haeckel,1890
Wyville-Thompson in Murray,1876
Swift ex Elbrächter & Drebes,1978
Pavillard,1931
1040 Kofoid,1907
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
Plate,1906
1028 Stein,1883
1029 Stein,1883
(Schiller) Wall & Dale,1971
Schiller,1935
x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x
Balech,1988
x
M. Cabrini
742
*
Schuettiella mitra 1486v
[Steiniella mitra]
[Oxytoxum gigas]
[Gonyaulax mitra]
Scrippsiella 1487v
Scrippsiella faeroense 1488v
[Peridinium faeroense]
Scrippsiella precaria 1489v
Scrippsiella ramonii 1490v
Scrippsiella spinifera 1491v
Scrippsiella trochoidea 1492v
[Glenodinium trochoideum]
[Peridinium trochoideum]
Scrippsiella sp. 1493v
Scrippsiella sp.p. 1494v
Spatulodinium 1495v
Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca1496v
[Gymnodinium pseudonoctiluca]
Spatulodinium sp. 1497v
cf. Spatulodinium 1498v
cf. Spatulodinium sp. 1499v
Spiraulax 1500v
Spiraulax kofoidii 1501v
[Spiraulax jolliffei]
S. cf. kofoidii 1502v
Spiraulax sp. 1503v
Takayama 1504v
Takayama pulchella 1505v
[Gymnodinium pulchellum]
Thecadinium 1506v
Thecadinium sp. 1507v
Thoracosphaera 1508v
Thoracosphaera heimii 1509v
[Syracosphaera heimii]
Torodinium 1510v
Torodinium robustum 1511v
Torodinium teredo 1512v
[Gymnodinium teredo]
Torodinium sp. 1513v
Torodinium sp.p. 1514v
Triadinium 1515v
Triadinium sp.p. 1516v
Warnowia 1517v
Warnowia sp. 1518v
Warnowia sp.p. 1519v
Zygabikodinium 1520v
Zygabikodinium sp.p. 1521v
Chrysophyceae
Actinomonas 1522v
Actinomonas sp. 1523v
Actinomonas sp.p. 1524v
Aurosphaera 1525v
Aurosphaera sp. 1526v
(Schütt) Balech,1988
Schütt,1895
Kofoid,1907
(Schütt) Kofoid,1911
Balech ex Loeblich III,1965
(Paulsen) Balech & Soares,1967
Paulsen,1905
Montresor & Zingone,1988
Montresor,1995
Honsell & Cabrini,1991
(Stein) Loeblich III,1976
Stein,1883
1084 (Stein) Lemmermann,1910
et al.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
Cachon & Cachon,1976
(Pouchet) Cachon & Cachon ex Loeblich &
x x
Loeblich,1969
Pouchet,1885
x x
x
Cachon & Cachon,1976
x
1030 Kofoid,1911
Graham,1942
1031 (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid,1911
Graham,1942
x x
x
x
de Salas et al., 2003
(Larsen) de Salas Bolch et Hallegraeff,2003 x x
Larsen,1994
Kofoid & Skogsberg,1928
x x
Kamptner,1927
(Lohmann) Kamptner,1944
Lohmann,1920
Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Kofoid & Swezy,1921
(Pouchet) Kofoid & Swezy,1921
Pouchet,1885
x
x
x x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
Dodge,1981
x
Lindemann,1928
x
x
x
x
x x
Loeblich Jr. & Loeblich III,1970
x
Kent,1880-1882
x
x
x
x
Schiller,1925
x
Phytoplancton
743
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
Calycomonas 1527v
Calycomonas gracilis 1528v
Calycomonas sp. 1529v
[Codonomonas sp.]
Calycomonas sp.p. 1530v
[Codonomonas sp.p.]
Chromulina 1531v
Chromulina sp. 1532v
Dinobryon 1533v
Dinobryon coalescens 1534v
Dinobryon divergens 1535v
Dinobryon faculiferum 1536v
[Dinobryon petiolatum sensu]
Dinobryon porrectum 1537v
Dinobryon sp. 1538v
Dinobryon sp.p. 1539v
Kephyrion 1540v
Kephyrion spirale 1541v
Kephyrion sp. 1542v
Meringosphaera 1543v
Meringosphaera mediterranea 1544v
[Meringosphaera baltica]
Meringosphaera tenerrima 1545v
Meringosphaera sp. 1546v
Meringosphaera sp.p. 1547v
Ochromonas 1548v
Ochromonas marina 1549v
Ochromonas oblonga 1550v
Ochromonas sp. 1551v
Ochromonas sp.p. 1552v
Ollicola 1553v
Ollicola vangoori 1554v
[Calycomonas wulffii]
[Calycomonas vangoorii]
Pseudokephyrion 1555v
Pseudokephyrion sp. 1556v
Pseudokephyrion sp.p. 1557v
Syncrypta 1558v
Syncrypta volvox 1559v
Cryptophyceae
Chroomonas 1560v
Chroomonas sp. 1561v
Cryptomonas 1562v
Cryptomonas sp. 1563v
Hemiselmis 1564v
Hemiselmis sp.p. 1565v
Hillea 1566v
Hillea fusiformis 1567v
[Chlamydomonas fusiformis]
Hillea marina 1568v
Hillea sp. 1569v
Hillea sp.p. 1570v
Isoselmis 1571v
Isoselmis sp. 1572v
Lohmann,1908
Lohmann,1908
x
x
x
Van Goor,1925
x
Van Goor,1925
Cienkowski,1870
x
Ehrenberg,1834
Schiller,1925
Imhof,1980
(Willén) Willén,1992
Willén,1963
Schiller,1925
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
Wyssotski,1888
Lackey,1940
Carter,1937
x x
x
x x
Pascher,1911
(Lackey),Conrad
Lohmann,1902
Lohmann,1902
Lohmann
Schiller,1925
x
x
x
x
x x
x
Vørs,1992
(Conrad)Vørs,1992
Conrad & Kufferath,1954
(Conrad) Lund,1960
Pascher,1913
x x
x
x
x
Ehrenberg,1835
Ehrenberg,1835
x
Hansgirg,1885
x x
Ehrenberg,1832
x
x
Parke,1949
x
Schiller,1925
(Schiller) Schiller,1925
Schiller,1913
Butcher,1952
x x
x x
x
x
x x x
x
Butcher,1967
x
x
x
M. Cabrini
744
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
Leucocryptos 1573v
L. cf. marina 1574v
[Bodo marina]
[Chilomonas marina]
Leucocryptos sp.p. 1575v
cf. Leucocryptos 1576v
cf. Leucocryptos sp. 1577v
Plagioselmis 1578v
Plagioselmis sp. 1579v
Plagioselmis sp.p. 1580v
Proteomonas 1581v
Proteomonas sp.p. 1582v
Rhodomonas 1583v
Rhodomonas sp. 1584v
[Pyrenomonas sp.]
Teleaulax 1585v
Teleaulax acuta 1586v
[Cryptomonas acuta]
Teleaulax sp. 1587v
Dictyochophyceae
Apedinella 1588v
Apedinella spinifera 1589v
[Pseudopedinella spinifera]
[?Meringosphaera radians]
[Apedinella radians]
Apedinella sp. 1590v
Apedinella sp.p. 1591v
Dictyocha 1592v
Dictyocha crux 1593v
Dictyocha fibula 1594v
Dictyocha fibula var. pentagona1595v
Dictyocha speculum 1596v
[Distephanus speculum]
Dictyocha speculum var.
pentagonus 1597v
Dictyocha speculum var.
septenaria 1598v
Dictyocha staurodon 1599v
Dictyocha sp. 1600v
Dictyocha sp.p. 1601v
Octactis 1602v
Octactis octonaria 1603v
[Dictyocha octonaria]
Octactis octonaria var. pulchra1604v
Octactis sp.p. 1605v
Parapedinella 1606v
Parapedinella sp. 1607v
Parapedinella sp.p. 1608v
Pseudopedinella 1609v
Pseudopedinella pyriforme 1610v
[Pseudopedinella variabilis]
Pseudopedinella sp. 1611v
Rhizochromulina 1612v
Rhizochromulina sp. 1613v
et al.
Butcher,1967
(Braarud) Butcher,1967
Braarud,1935
(Braarud) Halldal,1953
x
x
x x
Butcher,1967
x x
x
Butcher,1967 ex Hill,1990
x
x x
x x
x
Hill & Wetherbee,1986
x
Karsten,1898 emend. Hill & Wetherbee,1989
x
Santore,1984
Hill,1991
(Butcher) Hill,1991
Butcher,1952
x
x x
Throndsen,1971
(Throndsen) Throndsen,1971
Throndsen,1969
Lohmann,1908
(Lohmann) Campbell,1973
x x x
x
x
x
x
948 Ehrenberg,1837
Ehrenberg,1840
949 Ehrenberg,1839
Schulz
952 Ehrenberg,1839
(Ehrenberg) Haeckel,1887
x x
x x x x
x x x
x x
x x x x
x
x x x x
Lemmermann
x
(Ehrenberg) Hovasse
Ehrenberg,1844
Schiller,1925
(Ehrenberg) Hovasse,1946
950 Ehrenberg,1844
x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x
x
Pedersen & Thomsen in Pedersen Beech &
Thomsen,1986
x
x
Carter,1937
Carter,1937
Rouchijajnen,1968
x x
x
Hibbert & Chrétiennot,1979
x
x
x
Phytoplancton
745
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
Prymnesiophyceae - Haptophyceae
Chrysochromulina 1614v
Chrysochromulina alifera 1615v
Chrysochromulina camella 1616v
Chrysochromulina ericina 1617v
Chrysochromulina hirta 1618v
Chrysochromulina parkeae 1619v
Chrysochromulina polylepis 1620v
Chrysochromulina sp. 1621v
Chrysochromulina sp.p. 1622v
Corymbellus 1623v
Corymbellus aureus 1624v
Corymbellus sp.p. 1625v
Isochrysis 1626v
Isochrysis galbana 1627v
Phaeocystis 1628v
Phaeocystis pouchetii 1629v
[Tetraspora poucheti]
P. cf. pouchetii 1630v
Phaeocystis sp. 1631v
Phaeocystis sp.p. 1632v
Platychrysis 1633v
Platychrysis pigra 1634v
Prymnesium 1635v
Prymnesium parvum 1636v
Prymnesium sp. 1637v
Prymnesiophyceae - Coccolithophorids
Acanthoica 1638v
Acanthoica aculeata 1639v
A. cf. aculeata 1640v
Acanthoica quattrospina 1641v
[Acanthoica acanthifera]
Acanthoica sp. 1642v
Acanthoica sp.p. 1643v
Acanthosolenia 1644v
Acanthosolenia mediterranea 1645v
Acanthosolenia sp. 1646v
Algirosphaera 1647v
Algirosphaera bicornu 1648v
[Anthosphaera bicornu]
Algirosphaera oryza 1649v
[Anthosphaera oryza]
Algirosphaera quadricornu 1650v
[Syracosphaera quatricornu]
[Anthosphaera quadricornu]
Algirosphaera robusta 1651v
[Syracosphaera robusta]
Algirosphaera sp. 1652v
Algirosphaera sp.p. 1653v
Alisphaera 1654v
Alisphaera ordinata 1655v
[Acanthoica ordinata]
Lackey,1939
Parke & Manton in Parke Manton & Clarke,
x
1956
Leadbeater & Manton,1969
Parke & Manton in Parke Manton & Clarke,
x
1956
Manton,1978
x
Green & Leadbeater,1972
Manton & Parke,1962
x x
x x x
x x x
Green,1976
Green,1976
x x
Parke,1949
Parke,1949
Lagerheim,1893
(Hariot) Lagerheim,1893
Hariot in Pouchet,1893
(Hariot) Lagerheim,1893
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
Geitler,1930
Geitler,1930
Massart ex Conrad,1926
Carter,1937
Lohmann,1903
Kampter,1941
Kampter,1941
Lohmann,1903
Lohmann
Bernard,1939
Bernard,1939
Schlauder,1945 emend. Norris,1984
(Schlauder) Norris,1984
Schlauder,1945
Schlauder,1945
(Schlauder) Gaarder,1971
(Schiller),Norris,1984
Schiller,1914
(Schiller) Halldal & Markali,1955
(Lohmann) Norris,1984
Lohmann,1902
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x
x x x
x
x x
x x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Heimdal,1973
(Kamptner) Heimdal,1973
Kamptner,1941
x x
x
x
x
M. Cabrini
746
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Arisphaera ordinata]
Anacanthoica 1656v
Anacanthoica acanthos 1657v
Anacanthoica cidaris 1658v
Anacanthoica sp. 1659v
Anacanthoica sp.p. 1660v
Anoplosolenia 1661v
Anoplosolenia brasiliensis 1662v
[Cylindrotheca brasiliensis]
Anoplosolenia sp. 1663v
Anoplosolenia sp.p. 1664v
Calcidiscus 1665v
Calcidiscus leptoporus 1666v
[Coccosphaera leptopora]
[Coccolithophora leptopora]
[Coccolithus leptoporus]
[Cyclococcolithus leptoporus]
Calciopappus 1667v
Calciopappus caudatus 1668v
Calciopappus sp. 1669v
Calciosolenia 1670v
Calciosolenia granii 1671v
Calciosolenia mediterranea 1672v
Calciosolenia murrayi 1673v
[Calciosolenia sinuosa]
Calciosolenia sp. 1674v
Calciosolenia sp.p. 1675v
Calyptrolithina 1676v
Calyptrolithina multipora 1677v
[Corisphaera multipora]
Calyptrolithophora 1678v
Calyptrolithophora gracillima 1679v
[Calyptrosphaera gracillima]
[Sphaerocalyptra gracillima]
Calyptrolithophora papillifera 1680v
[Calyptrosphaera papillifera]
[Sphaerocalyptra papillifera]
Calyptrosphaera 1681v
Calyptrosphaera globosa 1682v
Calyptrosphaera incisa 1683v
Calyptrosphaera insignis 1684v
Calyptrosphaera oblonga 1685v
Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea 1686v
Calyptrosphaera sp. 1687v
Calyptrosphaera sp.p. 1688v
Caneosphaera 1689v
Caneosphaera molischii 1690v
[Syracosphaera molischii]
[Syracosphaera corrugis]
[Syracosphaera elatensis]
Ceratolithus 1691v
Ceratolithus cristatus 1692v
et al.
(Kamptner),Heimdal
Deflandre,1952
(Schiller) Deflandre,1952
(Schlauder) Kleijne,1992
x x
Deflandre,1952 in Grassé,1952
(Lohmann) Deflandre,1952
Lohmann,1919
x
x
x
x
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
Kamptner,1950
(Murray
&
Blackman)
Loeblich
&
x x
Tappan,1978
Murray & Blackman,1898
(Murray & Blackman) Lohmann,1902
5 (Murray & Blackman) Schiller,1930
(Murray & Blackman) Kamptner,1954
Gaarder & Ramsfjell,1954 emend. Manton
& Oates,1983
Gaarder & Ramsfjell,1954
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x x
Gran,1912 in Murray & Hjort,1912
x
2 Gran,1912
Schlauder in Halldal & Markali,1955
x
x x x x
x x
x x
x
x
Heimdal,1982
(Gaarder) Norris,1985
Gaarder,1980
Heimdal,1980
(Kamptner) Heimdal,1980
Kamptner,1941
(Kamptner) Throndsen,1972
(Halldal) Heimdal,1980
Halldal,1953
(Halldal) Halldal,1954
Lohmann,1902
18 Lohmann,1902
Schiller
Lohmann,1902
Schiller,1913
Gaarder,1977
(Schiller) Gaarder,1977
Schiller,1925
Okada & McIntyre,1977
Winter,1979
Kamptner,1950
Kamptner,1950
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
Phytoplancton
747
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
Coccolithus 1693v
[Ceratolithus telesmus]
Coccolithus pelagicus 1694v
[Coccosphaera pelagica]
Coccolithus pelagicus f.
hyalinus 1695v
[Crystallolithus hyalinus]
Coccolithus sibogae 1696v
Coccolithus tesselatus 1697v
Coccolithus wallichi 1698v
Coccolithus sp. 1699v
Coccolithus sp.p. 1700v
Corisphaera 1701v
Corisphaera gracilis 1702v
[Helladosphaera gracilis]
C. cf. gracilis 1703v
Corisphaera sp.p. 1704v
Coronosphaera 1705v
Coronosphaera binodata 1706v
[Syracosphaera mediterranea var.
binodata]
[Coccolithophora pelagica]
[Syracosphaera binodata]
Coronosphaera mediterranea 1707v
[Syracosphaera mediterranea]
Coronosphaera sp.p. 1708v
Dactylethra 1709v
Dactylethra pirus 1710v
[Calyptrosphaera pirus]
[Calyptrolithophora pirus]
Dactylethra sp.p. 1711v
Discosphaera 1712v
Discosphaera tubifer 1713v
[Rhabdosphaera tubifer]
Emiliania 1714v
Emiliania huxleyi 1715v
[Pontosphaera huxleyi]
[Hymenomonas huxleyi]
[Coccolithus huxleyi]
[Gephyrocapsa huxleyi]
Emiliania sp. 1716v
Emiliania sp.p. 1717v
Gephyrocapsa 1718v
Gephyrocapsa oceanica 1719v
Gephyrocapsa sp. 1720v
Halopappus 1721v
Halopappus adriaticus 1722v
[Syracosphaera corri]
[Michaelsarsia adriaticus]
H. cf. quadribrachiatus 1723v
Halopappus sp. 1724v
Halopappus sp.p. 1725v
Helicosphaera 1726v
Helicosphaera carteri 1727v
Schwarz,1894
Norris (Jordan & Young),1990
(Wallich) Schiller,1930
Wallich,1877
x x
(Gaarder & Markali) Kleijne,1991
x
x
Gaarder & Markali,1956
x
Lecal
(Lohmann),Schiller
x
x
x
x
x x
Kamptner,1936
Kamptner,1937
(Kamptner) Norris,1985
Kamptner,1937
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Gaarder,1977 in Gaarder & Heimdal,1977
(Kamptner) Gaarder,1977
x
Kamptner,1927
(Wallich) Lohmann,1902
(Kamptner) Kamptner,1937
(Lohmann) Gaarder,1977
15 Lohmann,1902
x x x
x
x x
x
Gartner,1969
(Kamptner) Norris,1985
Kamptner,1937
(Kamptner) Hallegraeff,1984
x
x
x
x
Haeckel,1894
7 (Murray & Blackman) Ostenfeld,1900
Murray & Blackman,1898
Hay & Mohler,1967
(Lohmann) Hay & Mohler,1967
11 Lohmann,1902
(Lohmann) Kamptner,1930
(Lohmann) Kamptner,1943
(Lohmann) Reinhardt,1972
x x x
x
x
x x x
x x x x
x
x
Kamptner,1943
Kamptner,1943
x
x
Lohmann,1912
Schiller emend. Manton Bremer & Oates,1984
Schiller,1925
(Schiller) Manton Bremer & Oates,1984
Schiller
x x
x
x x
x
Kamptner,1954
(Wallich) Kamptner,1954
x x x x
x x
x
x
x
M. Cabrini
748
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
[Coccolithus carteri]
[Helicopontosphaera kamptneri]
Helicosphaera hyalina 1728v
Helicosphaera pavimentum 1729v
Helicosphaera sp. 1730v
Helicosphaera sp.p. 1731v
Helladosphaera 1732v
Helladosphaera aurisinae 1733v
[Poricalyptra aurisinae]
Helladosphaera cornifera 1734v
[Syracosphaera cornifera]
Helladosphaera sp. 1735v
Helladosphaera sp.p. 1736v
Homozygosphaera 1737v
Homozygosphaera spinosa 1738v
[Corisphaera spinosa]
Homozygosphaera sp. 1739v
Homozygosphaera sp.p. 1740v
Lohmannosphaera 1741v
Lohmannosphaera adriatica 1742v
Michaelsarsia 1743v
Michaelsarsia elegans 1744v
Michaelsarsia sp. 1745v
Michaelsarsia sp.p. 1746v
Ophiaster 1747v
Ophiaster formosus 1748v
Ophiaster hydroideus 1749v
[Meringosphaera hydroidea]
Ophiaster sp. 1750v
Ophiaster sp.p. 1751v
Papposphaera 1752v
Papposphaera lepida 1753v
Periphyllophora 1754v
P. cf. mirabilis 1755v
[Calyptrosphaera (?) mirabilis]
Pontosphaera 1756v
Pontosphaera discopora 1757v
Pontosphaera steueri 1758v
Pontosphaera syracusana 1759v
Pontosphaera sp. 1760v
Pontosphaera sp.p. 1761v
Rhabdosphaera 1762v
Rhabdosphaera clavigera 1763v
[Rhabdosphaera stylifera]
Rhabdosphaera hispida 1764v
R. cf. multistylis 1765v
R. cf. subopaca 1766v
Rhabdosphaera tignifer 1767v
Rhabdosphaera sp. 1768v
Rhabdosphaera sp.p. 1769v
Scyphosphaera 1770v
et al.
(Wallich) Kamptner,1941
Hay & Mohler,1967
Gaarder,1970
Lohmann
x
x
x
x
Kamptner,1936
Kamptner,1941
(Kamptner) Kleijne,1991
(Schiller) Kamptner,1937
Schiller,1913
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
Deflandre,1952 in Grassé,1952
(Kamptner) Deflandre,1952
Kamptner,1941
x
x x
x
x
Schiller,1913
Schiller,1913
Gran,1912 emend. Manton Bremer &
Oates,1984
Gran, 1912 emend. Manton Bremer &
x x
Oates,1984
x
x
x x
x x x
x
Gran,1912 emend. Manton & Oates,1983
Gran,1912 sensu Gaarder emend. Manton &
Oates,1983
(Lohmann) Lohmann emend. Manton &
x
Oates, 1983
Lohmann,1903
x
x
Tangen,1972
Tangen,1972
Kamptner,1936
(Schiller) Kamptner,1937
Schiller,1925
Lohmann,1902
Schiller,1930
Kamptner
Lohmann,1902
x
Haeckel,1894
Murray & Blackman,1898
13 Lohmann
Lohmann
Schiller
Bernhard
Schiller
Lohmann,1902
x
x x
x
x
x x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x x x
x x
x x x
x
x
x
x
Phytoplancton
749
*
Scyphosphaera apsteinii 1771v
Scyphosphaera sp. 1772v
Sphaerocalyptra 1773v
Sphaerocalyptra quadridentata1774v
[Calyptrosphaera quatridentata]
Sphaerocalyptra sp. 1775v
Syracolithus 1776v
Syracolithus clypeatus 1777v
Syracolithus dentatus 1778v
Syracolithus grundi 1779v
Syracolithus quadriperforatus 1780v
[Syracosphaera quadriperforata]
[Homozygosphaera quadriperforata]
Syracolithus shilleri 1781v
[Syracosphaera schilleri]
Syracolithus sp. 1782v
Syracolithus sp.p. 1783v
Syracosphaera 1784v
Syracosphaera adriatica 1785v
Syracosphaera apsteinii 1786v
Syracosphaera nodosa 1787v
[Syracosphaera histrica]
Syracosphaera pirus 1788v
S. cf. pirus 1789v
Syracosphaera prolongata 1790v
Syracosphaera pulchra 1791v
Syracosphaera sp. 1792v
Syracosphaera sp.p. 1793v
Tergestiella 1794v
Tergestiella adriatica 1795v
Thorosphaera 1796v
Thorosphaera elegans 1797v
Umbellosphaera 1798v
Umbellosphaera irregularis 1799v
Umbellosphaera tenuis 1800v
[Coccolithus tenuis]
Umbellosphaera sp. 1801v
Umbellosphaera sp.p. 1802v
Umbilicosphaera 1803v
Umbilicosphaera sibogae 1804v
[Coccosphaera sibogae]
[Umbilicosphaera mirabilis]
[Cyclococcolithus mirabilis]
Zygosphaera 1805v
Zygosphaera amoena 1806v
Z. cf. debilis 1807v
Zygosphaera hellenica 1808v
[Laminolithus hellenicus]
Z. cf. regalis 1809v
Zygosphaera sp. 1810v
Zygosphaera sp.p. 1811v
Raphidophyceae
Chattonella 1812v
Lohmann,1902
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
x
x
x
Deflandre,1952 in Grassé,1952
(Schiller) Deflandre,1952
Schiller,1913
x x
x
(Kamptner) Deflandre,1952 in Grassé,1952
(Lecal) Bernhard & Rampi
(Schiller) Rampi & Bernard
(Kamptner) Gaarder,1980
Kamptner,1937
(Kamptner) Gaarder,1962
(Kamptner) Norris,1985
Kamptner,1927
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
Lohmann,1902 emend. Gaarder,1977
Lohmann,1902 emend. Gaarder,1977
Lohmann,1902
x x
Kamptner,1941
x
Kamptner,1941
Halldal & Markali,1955
x
Halldal & Markali,1955
Gran ex Lohmann emend. Heimdal &
x
Gaarder, 1981
16 Lohmann,1902
x x
x x
x x
Kamptner,1941
Kamptner,1941
Ostenfeld,1910
Ostenfeld,1910
Paasche,1955 emend. Gaarder,1981
Paasche,1955
(Kamptner) Paasche,1955
Kamptner,1937
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x
Lohmann,1902
(Weber-van Bosse) Gaarder,1970
Weber-van Bosse,1901
Lohmann,1902
(Lohmann) Kamptner,1954
Kamptner,1936 emend. Heimdal,1982
Kamptner,1937
Kamptner
Kamptner,1937
(Kampter) Heimdall,1980
Lecal
Biecheler,1936
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
M. Cabrini
750
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
x
*
Chattonella sp. 1813v
Fibrocapsa 1814v
Fibrocapsa japonica 1815v
Fibrocapsa sp. 1816v
Heterosigma 1817v
Heterosigma sp. 1818v
Heterosigma sp.p. 1819v
Olisthodiscus 1820v
Olisthodiscus luteus 1821v
Chlorophyceae
Actinastrum 1822v
Actinastrum sp.p. 1823v
Ankistrodesmus 1824v
Ankistrodesmus angustus 1825v
Ankistrodesmus falcatus 1826v
[Micrasterias falcata]
Ankistrodesmus subtilis 1827v
Ankistrodesmus sp. 1828v
Ankistrodesmus sp.p. 1829v
Brachiomonas 1830v
Brachiomonas sp. 1831v
Brachiomonas sp.p. 1832v
Carteria 1833v
Carteria sp. 1834v
Chlamydomonas 1835v
Chlamydomonas sp. 1836v
Chlamydomonas sp.p. 1837v
Chlorella 1838v
Chlorella sp.p. 1839v
Chlorococcum 1840v
Chlorococcum sp. 1841v
Chodatella 1842v
Chodatella sp. 1843v
Closterium 1844v
Closterium aciculare 1845v
Closterium kuetzingii 1846v
Closterium sp. 1847v
Crucigenia 1848v
Crucigenia quadrata 1849v
Crucigenia tetrapedia 1850v
[Staurogenia tetrapedia]
[Tetrapedia kirchneri]
[Lemmermannia tetrapedia]
Crucigenia sp. 1851v
Desmodesmus 1852v
Desmodesmus sp. 1853v
Diplostauron 1854v
Diplostauron elegans 1855v
Dunaliella 1856v
Dunaliella salina 1857v
[Haematococcus salinus]
Dunaliella tertiolecta 1858v
Dunaliella sp. 1859v
Dunaliella sp.p. 1860v
et al.
Toriumi & Takano,1973
Toriumi & Takano,1973
Toriumi & Takano,1973
Hada,1968
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
Carter,1937
Carter,1937
x x
Lagerheim,1882
x
Corda,1838
Bernard,1908
(Corda) Ralfs,1848
Corda,1835
Hindák
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x x
Bohlin,1897
x x
x x
Diesing,1866
x x x
Ehrenberg,1834
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
Beyerinck,1890
x x
x
Meneghini emend. Starr,1955
x
Lemmermann,1898
x
Nitzsch ex Ralfs,1848
West,1860
Brébisson,1856
Morren,1830
Morren,1830
(Kirchner) West & West,1902
Kirchner,1880
Lemmermann,1899
(Kirchner) Lemmermann,1904
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
(Chodat) An Friedl & Hegewald,1999
x
Korschikov,1925
Skuja,1927
1493 Teodoresco,1905
1494 (Dunal) Teodoresco,1905
Dunal,1838
Bucher,1959
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x
Phytoplancton
751
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*
Hyaloraphidium 1861v
Hyaloraphidium sp. 1862v
Kirchneriella 1863v
Kirchneriella sp. 1864v
Monoraphidium 1865v
Monoraphidium contortum 1866v
[Ankistrodesmus contortum]
Monoraphidium tortile 1867v
[Ankistrodesmus tortilis]
Monoraphidium sp. 1868v
Oltmannsiella 1869v
Oltmannsiella lineata 1870v
Oltmannsiella sp. 1871v
Oltmannsiella sp.p. 1872v
Oltmannsiellopsis 1873v
Oltmannsiellopsis viridis 1874v
[Oltmannsiella virida]
Pediastrum 1875v
Pediastrum borianum 1876v
[Helierella boryana]
[Pediastrum bidentulum]
Pediastrum duplex 1877v
[Pediastrum pertusum]
Pediastrum simplex 1878v
[Pediastrum clathratum]
Pediastrum sp. 1879v
Pediastrum sp.p. 1880v
Pyramichlamys 1881v
Pyramichlamys sp. 1882v
Scenedesmus 1883v
Scenedesmus obliquus 1884v
[Achnanthes obliquus]
Scenedesmus quadricauda 1885v
Scenedesmus sp. 1886v
Scenedesmus sp.p. 1887v
Sphaerocystis 1888v
Sphaerocystis sp. 1889v
Staurastrum 1890v
Staurastrum gracile 1891v
Staurastrum sp. 1892v
Tetraedon 1893v
Tetraedon minimum 1894v
[Polyedrium minimum]
Tetraedon sp. 1895v
Tetraedon sp.p. 1896v
Ulothrix 1897v
Ulothrix sp. 1898v
Euglenophyceae
Euglena 1899v
Euglena acus 1900v
Euglena acusformis 1901v
Euglena proxima 1902v
Euglena viridis 1903v
Euglena sp. 1904v
Pascher & Korshikov,1931
x
Schmidle,1893
x
Komárková-Legnerová,1969
(Thuret) Komàrková-Legnerová,1969
Thuret,1856
(West & West) Komárková-Legnerová,1969
West & West,1912
x x
x
x x
Zimmermann,1930
Zimmermann,1930
x x
x x
x
x
Chihara & Inouye,1986
(Hargraves & Steele) Chihara & Inouye,1986 x
Hargraves & Steele,1980
Meyen,1829
(Turpin) Meneghini,1840
Turpin,1828
Braun,1855
Meyen,1829
x x
Kützing,1845
Meyen,1829
x
(Schröter) Lemmermann,1897
x x
x
x
H. Ettl and O. Ettl,1959
x x
Meyen,1829
(Turpin) Kützing,1833
Turpin
Chodat
x
x
x x x
x x x
x
x
x
Chodat,1895
x
Meyen ex Ralfs,1848
Ralfs,1848
x
x
Kützing,1845
(Braun) Hansgirg,1888
Braun
x
x
x
x
Kützing,1833
x
Ehrenberg,1838
Ehrenberg,1830
Schiller,1925
Dangeard,1901
Ehrenberg,1830
x x
x
x x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x x x x
M. Cabrini
752
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x x x x
x x x x
*
Euglena sp.p. 1905v
Eutreptia 1906v
Eutreptia lanowii 1907v
Eutreptia pertyi 1908v
Eutreptia viridis 1909v
Eutreptia sp. 1910v
Eutreptia sp.p. 1911v
Eutreptiella 1912v
Eutreptiella braarudii 1913v
Eutreptiella eupharyngea 1914v
Eutreptiella hirudoidea 1915v
E. cf. hirudoidea 1916v
Eutreptiella marina 1917v
E. cf. marina 1918v
Eutreptiella sp. 1919v
Eutreptiella sp.p. 1920v
Lepocinclis 1921v
Lepocinclis sp. 1922v
Phacus 1923v
Phacus pyrum 1924v
[Euglena pyrum]
Phacus sp. 1925v
Trachelomonas 1926v
Trachelomonas sp. 1927v
Prasinophyceae
Cymbomonas 1928v
Cymbomonas tetramitiformis 1929v
Cymbomonas sp. 1930v
Halosphaera 1931v
Halosphaera viridis 1932v
Halosphaera sp. 1933v
Halosphaera sp.p. 1934v
Micromonas 1935v
Micromonas sp.p. 1936v
Nephroselmis 1937v
Nephroselmis sp. 1938v
Pachysphaera 1939v
Pachysphaera marshalliae 1940v
Pachysphaera pelagica 1941v
Pachysphaera sp. 1942v
Pachysphaera sp.p. 1943v
cf. Pachysphaera 1944v
cf. Pachysphaera sp. 1945v
Pseudoscourfieldia 1946v
Pseudoscourfieldia marina 1947v
[Scourfieldia marina]
Pseudoscourfieldia sp. 1948v
Pterosperma 1949v
Pterosperma sp.p. 1950v
Pyramimonas 1951v
Pyramimonas adriaticus 1952v
Pyramimonas amylifera 1953v
Pyramimonas grossii 1954v
et al.
Perty,1852
Steuer,1904
Pringsheim,1953
Perty,1852
x x
x
x
x
x x x
x x
da Cunha,1914
Throndsen,1969
x x
Moestrup & Norris in Walne Moestrup
Norris & Ettl,1986
Butcher,1961
x x
Butcher,1961
da Cunha,1914
x x x
da Cunha,1914
x x x
x x x
Perty,1849
x
Dujardin,1841
(Ehrenberg) Stein,1878
Ehrenberg,1838
x
Ehrenberg,1833
x
Schiller,1913
Schiller,1913
Schmitz,1878
20 Schmitz,1878
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x x x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
Manton & Parke,1960
x
Stein,1878
x x
Ostenfeld,1899
Parke,1966
Ostenfeld,1899
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
Ostenfeld,1899
x
Manton,1975
(Throndsen) Manton,1975
Throndsen,1969
x
x x
x
x
x
Pouchet,1893
x
Schmarda,1850
Schiller,1913
Conrad,1939
Parke,1949
x x
x x
x x
x x
Phytoplancton
753
1 2
Butcher ex McFadden Hill & Wetherbee,
x x
1986
Butcher,1959
Moestrup & Hill,1991
x x
x x
x x
Stein,1878
x
(Kylin) Butcher,1959
x x
Kylin,1935
Butcher,1959
x
(Schiller) Throndsen in Throndsen &
x x
Zingone, 1988
Schiller,1913
x x
x x
Stein,1878
*
Pyramimonas orientalis 1955v
[Pyramimonas orientalis]
Pyramimonas propulsa 1956v
Pyramimonas sp. 1957v
Pyramimonas sp.p. 1958v
Tetraselmis 1959v
Tetraselmis adriatica 1960v
Tetraselmis gracilis 1961v
[Platymonas gracilis]
Tetraselmis striata 1962v
Tetraselmis wettsteinii 1963v
[Carteria wettsteinii]
Tetraselmis sp. 1964v
Tetraselmis sp.p. 1965v
cf. Tetraselmis 1966v
cf. Tetraselmis sp. 1967v
Ebriidea
Ebria 1968v
Ebria tripartita 1969v
[Dictyocha tripartita]
Ebria sp. 1970v
Ebria sp.p. 1971v
Hermesinum 1972v
Hermesinum adriaticum 1973v
Kinetoplastidea
Rhizomonas 1974v
Borgert,1891
(Schumann) Lemmermann,1899
Schumann,1867
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x x
22
x
Zacharias,1906
24 Zacharias,1906
x x
Rhizomonas setigera 1975v
[Solenicola setigera]
Rhynchomonas 1976v
Rhynchomonas nasuta 1977v
[Heteromita nasuta]
Solenicola 1978v
Solenicola sp. 1979v
Incertae sedis
Commation 1980v
Commation cryoporinum 1981v
Telonema 1982v
Telonema subtile 1983v
Ciliati autotrofi
Mesodinium 1984v
Mesodinium rubrum 1985v
Filosea
Paulinella 1986v
Paulinella ovalis 1987v
[Calycomonas ovalis]
P. cf. ovalis 1988v
* Specie elencate anche nella tabella dei Protozoa.
Species listed also in Protozoa table.
Kent,1880
(Pavillard) Patterson Nygaard Steinberg &
Turley,1993
Pavillard,1912
Klebs,1893
(Stokes) Klebs,1892
Stokes,1888
Pavillard,1916
x
x x x
x x
x x x
x
x x
x x x x
x
x x
x
x
Thomsen & Larsen,1993
Greissmann,1913
Greissmann,1913
x
x x
Stein,1863
Leegaard,1915
Lauterborn,1895
(Wulff) Johnson Hargraves & Sieburth,1988
Wulff,1919
(Wulff) Johnson Hargraves & Sieburth,1988
x
x
x
x