Trattamento SRS neurinoma dell`acustico def.def (4)(1)
Transcription
Trattamento SRS neurinoma dell`acustico def.def (4)(1)
Corso Teorico Pratico di Audiologia e Vestibologia La radiochirurgia stereotassica nel trattamento dei neurinomi vestibolari Dr.ssa T. Pironti Radioterapia Dr.ssa G. Iorio Neurochirurgia Benevento 20 Febbraio 2016 «... una tecnica, a cielo chiuso, di distruzione di un bersaglio intracranico predeterminato con una singola frazione , ad alte dosi, di radiazioni ionizzanti ed una precisione chirurgica, assicurata da un apparato stereotassico ...» Ma cosa significa allora trattamento stereotassico? Tecnica terapeutica utilizzata per il trattamento di lesioni individuate attraverso metodi stereotassici accurati che, avvalendosi delle tre coordinate spaziali (x, y, z) consentono di erogare una dose elevata di radiazioni alla lesione grazie all’elevato gradiente di dose che si crea fra il volume bersaglio e i tessuti sani circostanti. MODALITA’ RADIOTERAPICHE IN STEREOTASSIA Radiochirurgia (SRS): ü unica frazione e casco invasivo Radioterapia stereotassica frazionata (FSRT): ü più di una frazione e maschera riposizionabile 1951: Leksell e Larsson (Uppsala-Sweden): Ø termine e concetto di radiochirurgia stereotassica 1967: idea di sviluppare uno strumento per il neurochirurgo: Ø nasce la Gamma Knife (multiple sorgenti di cobalto radioattivo) 1969: primo trattamento con Gamma Knife di lesione APC (Leksell) ... DALLA METÀ DEGLI ANNI ‘90 AD OGGI: LINAC Gamma knife Cyberknife Tomotherapy Dispositivo di immobilizzazione/localizzazione: individuare posizione e rapporti relativi della lesione con strutture circostanti Il casco è fissato al capo del paziente con viti (infiltrazione di anestetico locale) in SRS Tecniche di fusione di immagine: ØTC-RMN ØRMN-RMN Collimatore micro-multilamellare: un attuatore multiasse, che agisce come obiettivo a geometria variabile 48 lamelle di tungsteno da 3 mm modificano la forma del fascio di fotoni per adattarsi alla forma del bersaglio. Grande uniformità di dose! Opzioni di trattamento MicroSurgery SRS WAIT and SCAN Improved preservation of hearing and facial nerve function in vestibular schwannoma surgery via the retrosigmoid approach in a series of 200 patients. Samii M, Gerganov V, Samii A. J Neurosurg. 2006 Oct;105(4):527-35. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2013 Oct;24(4):521-30. doi: 10.1016/j.nec.2013.06.002. Epub 2013 Aug 2. Radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas Régis J, Carron R, Delsanti C, Porcheron D, Thomassin JM, Murracciole X, Roche PH This article investigates the role of radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy in the management of vestibular schwannomas (VS), reviewing the authors' own prospective cohort and the current literature. For patients with large Stage IV VS (according to the Koos classification), a combined approach with deliberate partial microsurgical removal followed by radiosurgery to the residual tumor is proposed. The authors' cohort is unique with respect to the size of the population and the length of the follow-up, and demonstrates the efficacy and safety of VS radiosurgery, with particular regard to its high rate of hearing preservation. J Neurosurg Sci. 2013 Mar;57(1):23-44 Improving outcomes in patients with vestibular schwannomas: microsurgery versus radiosurgery. Sarmiento JM, Patel S, Mukherjee D, Patil CG. Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) account for 6% of all intracranial tumors. Historically, VSs have been treated with microsurgery (MS); however, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has emerged as a viable alternative. This review seeks to compare the tumor control rates, functional outcomes, and costs associated with these two modalities. A focused review of the published literature (19662012) was conducted comparing outcomes between MS and SRS in those with VS. Outcomes of interest included hearing preservation, facial nerve preservation, tumor control, and costeffectiveness. Three level 2 studies, eight level 3 studies, and several level 4 studies were reviewed and assessed. Evidence from level 2 studies show that SRS (40-68%) results in higher rates of serviceable hearing compared to MS (0-5%), and higher rates of facial nerve preservation are likewise seen after SRS (98-100%) compared to MS (66-83%) in patients with tumors <3 cm in size. Complications vary as expected by treatment modality, with CSF leak, tinnitus, and trigeminal symptoms being among the most common complications following MS. Hydrocephalus, tinnitus, and trigeminal symptoms were reported in a small percentage of patients after SRS. Tumor control is comparable between MS and SRS for tumors <3cm in size. Total costs for MS can reach over two times higher than for SRS, although long-term follow-up data is needed. SRS has been shown to be efficacious and have a lower morbidity in most patients with tumors that are <3cm. SRS can be considered as the primary modality of choice for treatment of most VS that are <3cm. Linear accelerator radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas. Friedman WA, Bradshaw P, Myers A, Bova FJ. J Neurosurg. 2006 Nov;105(5):657-61. n July 1988 and August 2005, 390 patients with VSs were treated with LINAC-based radiosurgery n One- and 2-year actuarial control rates were both 98%, and the 5-year actuarial control rate was 90%. n Only four patients (1%) required surgery for tumor growth. n Seventeen patients (4.4%) reported facial weakness n 14 patients (3.6%) reported facial numbness after radiosurgery. n The risk of these complications rose with increasing tumor volume or increasing radiosurgical dose to the • tumor periphery. Since 1994, when doses were deliberately lowered to 1250 cGy, only two patients (0.7%) have experience facial weakness and two (0.7%) have experienced facial numbness. n Rischio di cancerogenesi n Inefficace? Mancano follow up lunghi n Deficit facciale e cocleare altrettanto frequenti che con la microchirurgia n Difficile operare dopo la radiochirurgia McIver JI, Pollock BE. Radiation-induced tumor after stereotactic radiosurgery and whole brain radiotherapy: case report and literature review. J Neurooncol. 2004 Feb;66(3):301-5. ü Shamisa A, Bance M, Nag S Tator C, Wong S, Noren G, Guha A. Glioblastoma multiforme occurring in a patient treated with gamma knife surgery. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 2001 May;94(5):816-21. ü Management of radiation/radiosurgical complications and failures. Roche PH, Noude Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2012 Apr;45(2):367-74 Epub 2012 ü Radiosurgery and carcinogenesis risk. Muracciole X., Resis J. Prog Neurol Surg.2008;21:207-13. Conclusions: the risk of radio-induced tumorigenesis is not clearly established with single-dose radiosurgical technique. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2014;92(5):323-33. doi: 10.1159/000365225. Epub 2014 Sep 23. The risk of malignancy anywhere in the body after linear accelerator (LINAC) stereotactic radiosurgery. Rahman M, Neal D, Baruch W, Bova FJ, Frentzen BH, Friedman WA. CONCLUSIONS: In a large population of SRS-treated patients, there was no increased risk of malignancy compared to the general population. World Neurosurg. 2014 Mar-Apr;81(3-4):594-9. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2013.10.043. Epub 2013 Oct 19. The risk of malignancy anywhere in the body after linear accelerator (LINAC) stereotactic radiosurgery. Rahman M, Neal D, Baruch W, Bova FJ, Frentzen BH, Friedman WA. CONCLUSIONS: In a large population of SRS-treated patients, there was no increased risk of malignancy compared to the general population. RISCHIO DI TUMORI INDOTTI DALLA RADIOCHIRURGIA World Neurosurg. 2014 Mar-Apr;81(3-4):594-9. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2013.10.043. Epub 2013 Oct 19. Secondary neoplasms after stereotactic radiosurgery. Patel TR, Chiang VL. CONCLUSION: The risk of developing an SRS-induced neoplasm is low but not zero. Thus, long-term surveillance imaging is advised for patients treated with SRS. n Rischio di cancerogenesi n Inefficace? Mancano follow up lunghi n Deficit facciale e cocleare altrettanto frequenti che con la microchirurgia n Difficile operare dopo la radiochirurgia Studio di meta-analisi che paragona risultati a distanza microchirurgia e radiochirurgia (GK). Kaylie DM, Horgan MJ, Delashaw JB, McMenomey SO. Laryngoscope. 2000 Nov;110(11):1850-6. Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3098, USA. Conclusions: Surgery should remain the therapy of choice for acoustic neuromas until tumor control rates can be established. Conservative management, Gammaknife radiosurgery, and microsurgery for acoustic neurinomas: a systematic review of outcome and risk of three therapeutic options; Iwao Yamakami et al, Dept.of Neurosurgery, Chiba, Japan 903 pt trattati con sola osservazione, 1475 con GK, 5005 con microchirurgia 38 studi Osservazione : (3,1 anni): 51% crescita (1,8mm/anno) 20%operati 1/3 perde udito utile GK: ridotto a 8% la crescita, ma il 4,6% viene in seguito operato Microchirugia: 96% asportazione completa,1,8% recidiva mortalità:0,6%, disabilità 2,9% Neurological Research, 2003 Conservative management, Gammaknife radiosurgery, and microsurgery for acoustic neurinomas: a systematic review of outcome and risk of three therapeutic options Iwao Yamakami et al, Dept.of Neurosurgery, Chiba, Japan In conclusione: ØQuesti tumori crescono lentamente, ma raramente evitano l’intervento. ØLa radiochirurgia arresta la crescita ed ottiene ottimo controllo di malattia. ØLa chirurgia offre il miglior controllo di malattia, ma a spese di mortalità e morbidità non trascurabili Neurological Research, 2003 The art of management decision making: from intuition to evidence-based medicine. Sheth SA, Kwon CS, Barker FG 2nd. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2012 Apr;45(2):333-51, viii. Epub 2012 Feb 23. Review. Conclusions: the article closes with a summary of the evidence-based findings and suggestions for further research. n Rischio di cancerogenesi n Inefficace? Mancano follow up lunghi n Deficit facciale e cocleare altrettanto frequenti che con la microchirurgia n Difficile operare dopo la radiochirurgia J Neurosurg. 2007 Nov;107(5):913-6. Effect of treatment plan quality on outcomes after radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma. Beegle RD, Friedman WA, Bova FJ Conclusions: «treatment volume and treatment dose are significant predictors of both facial weakness and facial numbness» Prog Neurol Surg. 2008;21:108-18. Facial nerve function insufficiency after radiosurgery versus microsurgery. Tamura M, Murata N, Hayashi M, Roche PH, Régis J. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Timone University Hospital, 264 boulevard Saint Pierre, Marseille Cedex 05, France Conclusions: «symptoms related to the eye and taste either due to the injury of the nervus intermedius or the VIIth motor nerve or both are much more frequent after MS than after RS». J. Clin Neurosci. 2012 Aug;19(8):1065-70. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.01.015. Epub 2012 Jun 15. Hearing preservation after LINAC radiosurgery and LINAC radiotherapy for vestibular schwannoma. Fong BM, Pezeshkian P, Nagasawa DT, De Salles A, Gopen Q, Yang I. Linear accelerators (LINAC) can deliver both radiosurgery and fractionated radiotherapy. In this systematic analysis, we compare hearing preservation in patients with vestibular schwannomas (VS) treated with either LINAC-based radiotherapy (SRT) or LINAC-based radiosurgery (SRS), with an emphasis on the prognostic implications of tumor size and patient age. A total of 400 patients met our criteria for LINAC SRS, with an average hearing preservation rate of 66.3%. Patients with smaller tumors (<3.0 cm(3)) treated with SRS had similar hearing preservation rates to those with larger tumors. However, younger patients (<55 years) demonstrated improved hearing preservation compared to older patients (≥55 years). When comparing LINAC SRS to LINAC SRT directly, hearing preservation was similar in patients with smaller tumors. However, patients with larger tumors (≥3.0cm(3)) who received SRT had higher hearing preservation rates than those who received SRS. A total of 629 patients met our criteria for LINAC SRT, with an average hearing preservation rate of 75.3%. Patients with larger tumors who received SRT had better hearing outcomes than those with smaller tumors, while there was no significant difference in hearing preservation in younger patients compared to older patients. When comparing LINAC SRS to LINAC SRT directly, younger patients had similar hearing preservation rates. However, older patients who received SRT had improved hearing preservation compared to those who received SRS. In a direct comparison of average hearing preservation, patients who received SRT had higher hearing preservation rates than those who underwent SRS. Prospective studies will be needed to further characterize radiation dose and other variables. Patient outcomes after vestibular schwannoma management: a prospective radiosurgery. comparison of microsurgical resection and stereotactic Pollock B. Dept.of Neurological Surgery, MAYO CLINIC USA Studio prospettico non randomizzato: due gruppi omogenei per deficit uditivo, deficit associati e dimensioni della lesione 82 pz: 36 operati (età 48,2 ) 46 irradiati (età 53,9) Follow-up medio: 42 mesi (12-62) Facciale ed udito utile conservati nel gruppo SRS (migliore Dizziness Handicap Inventory scores) Il gruppo chirurgico: declino nel Health Status Questionnaire Nessuna differenza nel controllo di malattia Neurosurgery, 2006 Neurosurgery. 2006 Jul;59(1):77-85; discussion 77-85. Patient outcomes after vestibular schwannoma management: a prospective comparison of microsurgical resection and stereotactic radiosurgery. Pollock BE, Driscoll CL, Foote RL, Link MJ, Gorman DA, Bauch CD, Mandrekar JN, Krecke KN, Johnson CH Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. [email protected] …early outcomes were better for VS patients undergoing stereotactic radiosurgery compared with surgical resection (Level 2 evidence). Unless long-term follow-up evaluation shows frequent tumor progression at currently used radiation doses, radiosurgery should be considered the best management strategy for the majority of VS patients. J Neurosurg. 2011 Feb;114(2):400-13. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA. Decision analysis of treatment options for vestibular schwannoma Whitmore RG, Urban C, Church E, Ruckenstein M, Stein SC, Lee JY. Conclusions: patients treated with radiosurgery have an overall better QOL than those treated with either microsurgery or those investigated further with serial imaging. The authors found that the complications associated with wait-and-scan and microsurgery treatment strategies negatively impacted patient lives more than the complications from radiosurgery. n Rischio di cancerogenesi n Inefficace? Mancano follow up lunghi n Deficit facciale e cocleare altrettanto frequenti che con la microchirurgia n Difficile operare dopo la radiochirurgia NEURINOMA VESTIBOLARE Intervento dopo la radiochirurgia Ø 11 casi pubblicati da Pittsburgh sul JNS Ø Opinioni divise 50/50 Ø Esperienza negativa nella liberazione del facciale dalla superficie del tumore: Brakmann, Samii Ø No esperienza personale sui casi trattati LA RADIOCHIRURGIA STEREOTASSICA NEL TRATTAMENTO DEI NEURINOMI VESTIBOLARI: NOSTRA CASISTICA Dal 2008 a tutt’oggi n° casi trattati: 9 Età compresa tra 65 ed 82 anni Diametro volume lesione compreso tra 1.3 e 2.9 Media dose 12-14 Gy LA RADIOCHIRURGIA STEREOTASSICA NEL TRATTAMENTO DEI NEURINOMI VESTIBOLARI: NOSTRA CASISTICA DEFICIT N. CRANICI PREESISTENTI: acustico 1,7 % facciale 6,8 % trigemino 24,1 % DEFICIT N. CRANICI POST TRATTAMENTO: acustico 0% facciale 0% trigemino 0.15% CONTROLLO LOCALE 4 lesioni su 9 sono diminuite di volume 5 lesioni sono rimaste invariate, manifestando solo alterazione di segnale attribuibile a necrosi centrale Nessun caso è aumentato di volume S R S vs M S ü Take home message: ü Sovrapponibilità degli outcome come controllo locale ü Minore morbidità per la SRS per tumori < 3 cm ü Maggiori costi per la chirurgia ü Aumento rischio cancerogenetico a lunga distanza (?) Dunque ü Accurata selezione dei pazienti ü Necessità di un team multidisciplinare affiatato ü Disponibilità di tutte le metodiche nello stesso centro