The Ngorongoro Crater as the biggest geotouristic attraction of the
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The Ngorongoro Crater as the biggest geotouristic attraction of the
Geotourism 1–2 (24–25) 2011: 3–26 The Ngorongoro Crater as the biggest geotouristic attraction of the Gregory Rift (Northern Tanzania, Africa) – geographical setting .UDWHU1JRURQJRURQDMZLĊNV]ąDWUDNFMąJHRWXU\VW\F]QąU\IWX*UHJRU\¶HJR SyáQRFQD7DQ]DQLD$IU\ND±XZDUXQNRZDQLDJHRJUD¿F]QH -HU]\ĩDED1, Krzysztof Gaidzik2 8QLYHUVLW\RI6LOHVLD)DFXOW\RI(DUWK6FLHQFHV'HSDUWPHQWRI)XQGDPHQWDO*HRORJ\ XO%ĊG]LĔVND6RVQRZLHF HPDLOMHU]\]DED#XVHGXSO2NJDLG]LN#JPDLOFRP WHVąZ]QDF]Q\PVWRSQLXX]DOHĪQLRQHRGZDUXQNyZORNDOQ\FK ]ZLą]DQ\FK ] Z\VWĊSXMąF\PL QD W\P REV]DU]H GHQLZHODFMDPL WHUHQX:REUĊELHNDOGHU\1JRURQJRURZ\VWĊSXMąZRG\VáRGNLH LVáRQH]DUyZQRSá\QąFHMDNLWZRU]ąFHVWDáH]ELRUQLNLRUyĪQ\P FKDUDNWHU]H2SUyF]ZDORUyZW\SRZRSU]\URGQLF]\FKWHJRREV]DUX QDV]F]HJyOQąXZDJĊ]DVáXJXMHDXWRFKWRQLF]QDOXGQRĞüORNDOQD 0DVDMyZ-HMREHFQRĞüSRGQRVLZ]QDF]Q\PVWRSQLXDWUDNF\MQRĞü DQDOL]RZDQHJRRELHNWXZQRV]ąFZDORU\NXOWXURZH=HZ]JOĊGX QDXQLNDOQHZDORU\SU]\URGQLF]HLWXU\VW\F]QHZREUĊELHNDOGHU\ 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