BEDFORD HOTEL, 108-110 BOOTHAM, YORK.

Transcription

BEDFORD HOTEL,
108-110 BOOTHAM,
YORK.
REPORT NUMBER: 2003/21
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION
BEDFORD HOTEL,
108-110 BOOTHAM,
YORK
A REPORT ON AN
ARCHAEOLOGICAL WATCHING BRIEF
by JANE McCOMISH
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
RESULTS
SPECIALIST REPORTS
CONCLUSIONS
ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
LIST OF SOURCES
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
List of Illustrations and Plates
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Site location map
Location of archaeological observations
Trench 1, south-east/south facing sections
Trench 1, north-west facing section
Trench 2, base of excavation
3
5
12
13
14
14
Plate 1
Plate 2
Plate 3
Trench 2, showing contexts 2013 and 2014
Trench 1, showing context 1024
15
15
16
© York Archaeological Trust: A registered charity
Cromwell House, 13 Ogleforth, York, YO1 7FG
Tel. (01904) 663000 Fax. (01904) 663024
e-mail: [email protected]
Bedford Hotel, 108-110 Bootham, York
ABSTRACT
In March 2003 York Archaeological Trust undertook an archaeological evaluation consisting of
the excavation of two small trenches at the Bedford Hotel, 108-110 Bootham, York. The remains
of a Roman road were present in the northernmost trench, with a large roadside ditch located in
the second trench to the south. These features were sealed by a build-up of between 1.50-2.0m of
horticultural soils, which were in turn beneath modern service trenches and the present car park
surface.
1.
INTRODUCTION
Between 12th to the 18th March 2003 York Archaeological Trust carried out an archaeological
evaluation at the Bedford Hotel, Bootham, York (NGR: SE 5975 5254, Figure 1). The works
consisted of two small trenches each approximately 2m x 2m in size. The site lies immediately
to the south of Bootham, in a car park to the rear of the Bedford Hotel.
The primary aim of the evaluation was to provide data concerning the character, composition,
date, extent and state of preservation of any archaeological deposits at the site. All works were
carried out on behalf of Blueroom Properties. The site records and finds are currently stored by
York Archaeological Trust under the Yorkshire Museum accession code 2003.250. The internal
York Archaeological Trust project code for the work is project 1092.
2.
METHODOLOGY
The evaluation consisted of the excavation of two small trenches situated in the car park to the
rear of the Bedford Hotel, Bootham, York. The car park slopes downwards towards the southern
end of the site. Trench 1 was located immediately behind the hotel, while Trench 2 was adjacent
to the entrance at the southern end of the car park.
Trench 1 was intended to be 2m x 2m in size, but ended up 2.1m x 1.8m in size in order to avoid
modern services, and the trench was excavated to a maximum of 2.34m in depth. Trench 2
measured 2.1m x 2.2m in size and was excavated to 1.6m in depth. The uppermost 1.5m of
deposits in Trench 1 and 1.6m of deposits in Trench 2 were excavated using a machine under
close archaeological supervision. The remaining deposits were excavated by hand. None of the
machine-excavated deposits were planned, though all were recorded in drawn sections. Trench 1
contexts began with number 1000 and Trench 2 with 2000.
The recording of all deposits in terms of plans, sections and written records followed the
procedures laid down in the York Archaeological Trust Context Recording Manual (YAT 1996).
A series of colour print photographs were taken during the course of the works.
3.
GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY
The drift geology of the area is of Boulder Clay above Warp and Lacustrine Clay with sand and
gravel that overlies a solid geology of Bunter and Keuper Sandstone (Geological Survey 1967).
The site was roughly rectangular, measuring c.30m x 19m and sloped from 15.57m Above
Ordnance Datum (AOD) at the northern side to 14.93m AOD at the southern side.
York Archaeological Trust, 2003 Field Report Number 21
11
0
Trench 2
0
10
8
Bo
ot
Trench 1
ha
m
50 metres
Figure 1 Site location map
4.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
This background to the site has been compiled from the results of previous archaeological
investigations and observations, easily accessible historical sources, and from cartographic
evidence.
4.1
Archaeological Background
The site lies in an area where a moderate amount of archaeological work has taken place,
although much of this has been small scale watching briefs that produced little of archaeological
interest. In addition a number of antiquarian observations were made in the area. Previous
investigations in the immediate area are shown on Figure 2 and are listed in full in the YAT
Gazetteer.
4.1.1 Prehistoric and Roman Periods (pre 1st century – 5th centuries AD)
There is currently no firm evidence from the immediate area for any activity belonging to the
prehistoric period.
Evidence of Roman date is relatively plentiful in the area. Throughout the Roman period the site
lay close to the junction of two major roads leading to the north-west gate of the fortress
(RCHMY1, 2-3; Approach Road 6 and 7). A third road, Approach Road 5 (RCHMY1, 2), was
located to the south of the present site and ran along the south-western side of the legionary
fortress. Approach Roads 5 and 7 were both aligned north-west to south-east. Approach Road 6
was aligned north-west to south-east at its southern end, but changed alignment roughly adjacent
to the present junction between Bootham and Queen Anne‟s Road, to run west-north-west to
east-south-east and link up with Approach Road 5. These roads were later renumbered in
Archaeology of York (AY 6/1, 93-99). The south-eastern part of RCHM Road 6 became Road 7.
An alternative course for Road 6 was also suggested (ibid., 93). This was based on observations
at Avenue Terrace (1973.7) where a thin spread of cobbles and 2.45m wide ditch were located.
While these could be interpreted as a road, the lack of metalling casts doubt on this
interpretation. In addition cobble surfaces were located to the immediate south of St Peter‟s
School Science Block in 1982 and again in the grounds of St Peter‟s School (1996.1066). The
function of these various cobble surfaces is unclear. It is possible they represent part of an
alternative approach road, but they could also represent roads giving access to the various burial
grounds lining Road 7 or yards for associated buildings forming a ribbon development along the
road (AY 6/2 in prep.). The location of these roads, together with the RCHM numbering
sequence is shown on Figure 2.
Road 7 has been observed on a number of occasions including outside the White House, Clifton,
in a trench across Clifton Green, in Clifton Gas Pipeline (YAT site code 1979.1018), at Queen
Anne‟s Road (1984.1007) and at 51-59 Clifton (1981.1015) (AY 6/1, 97; RCHMY1, 3). In
addition cobble surfaces interpreted as part of the road were observed at Clifton road works
(1976.1025), 21 – 23 Bootham (1987.29, 1991.1025 and 1992.175), and in Bell Cablemedia
trenches on Bootham – Clifton (1996.416). Approach Road 5 has been observed in several
places including 8B Greencliffe Drive, in a sewer trench at Water End and close to the
swimming baths of St Peter‟s School (AY 6/1, 99).
1976.1025
1999.927
1975.11
RC
H
M
Ro
ad
7
1989.10
1983.1008
RC
HM
Ro
ad
1983.1027
1994.1812
6
1984.1007
1994.1780
RC
HM
1995.0290
Ro
ad
6
=
AY
1996.196
6/
1
Ro
ad
7
1992.7
AY
6 /1
Ro
ad
1991.1012
6
1991.1024
1984.1003
RC
H
M
Ro
ad
1985.1054
5
1996.2
1992.11
Figure 2 Location of archaeological observations
0
100 metres
KEY:
Alignments of Roman roads
Approx. extents of Roman cemeteries
Current site of observations
Location of archaeological observations
Approx. locations of archaeological evidence
Roman cemeteries were usually located along the main approach roads to settlements, and the
Bootham area conforms to this pattern. Along the north-eastern side of Road 7 burials have been
located at Avenue Terrace (2000.587, AY 6/2 in prep.). In addition a group of 2nd century
cremations were found at the junction of Burton Stone Lane and Clifton in 1884, and
excavations for the railway in Bootham in 1845 uncovered a grave group which included pottery,
a jet bead, and a coin dated to AD 312 – 315 (RCHMY1, 72-76). To the south-west of Road 7
Roman burials were present at Wentworth House, The Avenue Clifton, (1992.952), and in the
grounds of St Peter‟s School (ibid, 73). A burial was found at 3 Clifton with a coin dated to the
early 4th century (1994.1780) and an undated but probably Roman burial was present at 5-9
Clifton (1994.1812). Three burials of late 3rd century date were present at 26-28 Marygate, 90m
south-west of Road 7. This site is of interest in that the burials were relatively close to the
fortress just 200m away. There is some indication that during the 1st and 2nd centuries burials
were normally located at some distance from settled areas but that during the 3rd and 4th centuries
vacant land closer to settlements was used for burials. The Marygate burials seem to conform to
this pattern (AY 6/2 in prep.). A gritstone altar was found at the corner of St Mary‟s and Bootham
in 1875 (RCHMY1, 118).
There is relatively little evidence for building activity in the area. Debris including fragments of
daub of mid – late 2nd century date were present at 26-28 Marygate (1992.11) and suggest
structures in the area. As stated above the cobble surfaces in the grounds of St Peters School
could represent yards associated with ribbon development. There is very little evidence apart
from burials of any settlement activity in the late 3rd or early 4th centuries (AY 6/2 in prep.).
4.1.2 Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian Periods (5th – 11th centuries)
There is currently no firm evidence from the immediate area for any activity belonging to this
period.
4.1.3 Medieval Period (11th – 16th centuries)
Material of this period is quite frequent in the area. A site in Bootham Row (1991.6) produced
medieval pottery and a pit of the period was found at 57 Bootham (1992.7). A medieval path was
discovered at Bootham School, and a possible road surface at Bootham – Clifton.
4.5
Post-medieval Period (16th – 19th centuries)
Archaeological evidence for this era includes earlier road surfaces and various buildings (for
example at 1979.1024, 1984.1017, 1975.11 and 1981-83.1015).
4.6
Modern (19th – 21st centuries)
Evidence for this period is abundant. The buried evidence includes build-up deposits from 52
Bootham (1991.1024), a cellar and drain (1975.11), and earlier modern road surfaces below
Bootham – Clifton for example in the Bell Cablemedia trenches (1996.416).
4.7
Historical Background
Bootham, meaning place of the booths, lies over the main Roman road to the north-west of the
fortress, which may have been in use more or less continuously since the Roman period. A
document of the mid 12th century confirms that there were buildings along the north-east side
Bootham while part of St Mary‟s Abbey occupied the south-west side. A husgable roll of c.1282
records 19 tofts in Bootham and a document of the late 13th century records a complaint that the
paving of the street was broken up and the street foul with the smell of pigsties.
Sir Arthur Ingram constructed a hospital (alms houses) on Bootham between 1630-1632 which
incorporated an archway from the demolished part of Holy Trinity, Micklegate (RCHMY 4, 49).
The area suffered considerably during the Civil War with several assaults on the walls of St
Mary‟s Abbey. In the case of Ingram‟s hospital 5000 bricks were needed for repairs and much of
the timberwork had to be replaced following Civil War damage. From the late 17th to the late 19th
century Bootham was intensively redeveloped with large town houses, in addition a second
hospital, Wandesford House, was constructed between 1739-1743. All these buildings survive to
the present day and are described in detail by the Royal Commission for Historical Monuments
for England (RCHM). Many of these houses remain in use as residences, though some closest to
Bootham Bar are now given over to commercial use, and others, again close to Bootham Bar
have been acquired by Bootham School.
4.8
Cartographic Evidence
Many of the earliest maps of the city do not extend far enough to the north of the city walls to
cover the area of the present excavations. John Speed‟s map of 1610 shows an almost continuous
ribbon development with gardens and open ground to the rear on either side of Bootham.
Marygate and a second unnamed road parallel to Marygate is shown, together with a windmill to
the rear of the buildings fronting Bootham. Bootham seemed to experience little major change
for the next two centuries. James Archer‟s map of c.1682 shows a similar pattern of development
though the windmill and street parallel to Marygate are not depicted. Jacob Richards‟ map of
1685 is again similar, but extends further northwards and shows the area of the present
excavations in use as fields. Thomas Jeffrey‟s map of 1772 has Lord Irwin‟s Hospital marked
(the property is adjacent to the Bedford Hotel) but shows no adjacent buildings.
By 1864 the area had developed rapidly, with new streets lined with housing with yards/gardens
to the rear (St Mary‟s and Bootham Terrace) and a railway line from York to Malton
(R.H.Skaife‟s map of 1864). The 1909 1:2500 Ordnance Survey map shows a pattern of land use
broadly similar to that seen today. The buildings at 108 and 110 Bootham (now the Bedford
Hotel) each had an extension to the rear, and long back yard parallel to Queen Anne‟s Road. The
removal of one of these extensions (behind 110 Bootham) and the amalgamation of the two rear
yards of these properties created the car park area currently seen.
5.
RESULTS
5.1
Group 1
Group 1 was naturally occurring glacial deposits, which were only observed in Trench 2. The
natural consisted of moderately compacted rounded and sub-rounded gravels in a silty-sand
matrix with occasional sandstone and micaceous sandstone fragments (context 2014, Plate 2). It
must be noted that there is a possibility that this deposit represents slumping into the side of an
adjacent linear cut, but within the confines of such a small trench it was impossible to be sure.
5.2
Group 2
Group 2 consisted of features interpreted as a Roman road (within Trench 1) and associated
roadside ditch (within Trench 2). This clearly relates to Approach Road 6 as identified by the
RCHM, but implies that the road is located marginally to the south of the suggested position
(RCHMY1, 2). The confirmation of Approach Road 6 as identified in the RCHM casts doubt
upon the alternative access route suggested by Brinklow (AY 6/1, 97-99; Road 6) and is of
interest in relation to ongoing research into the development of the road system in the area (AY
6/2, in prep.).
The Roman road was not fully excavated to its lowest level, but the upper surface covered the
entire area of the base of Trench 1. The earliest road surface observed was a metalled surface of
compacted pebbles up to 0.03m in size and occasional cobbles up to 0.1m x 0.05m in a matrix of
orange gritty sand (context 1024, Plate 3). This surface had clearly been repaired on a number of
occasions. The earliest repair was a deposit of compacted pink-red clay with occasional grey
patches and occasional cobbles up to 0.05m in diameter (context 1023), which acted as a
levelling deposit for further metalling above. The uppermost road surface (context 1022) was
again a metalled surface of compacted pebbles up to 0.05m in size and occasional cobbles up to
0.05m x 0.08m in a matrix of orange gritty sand. Within this there was a patch of compacted red
clay at the north-eastern side of the trench and a patch of clean, yellow, coarse-grained sand
against the north-western side of the trench. These patches had metalling above and below them
implying that they also represented patching/repairs to the road surface.
In Trench 2 evidence for a massive ditch was present (context 2016). The ditch consisted of a
linear cut parallel to Bootham, i.e. north-west to south-east, which extended beyond the area of
excavation on the north-eastern, north-western and south-eastern sides. The cut could not be
fully bottomed during excavation for considerations of safety. The ditch was in excess of 2m
wide and 0.55m deep. The original profile of the south-western edge is difficult to determine as
natural deposits had slumped into the cut. The slumped natural (context 2015) was soft mid
brown to yellow silty sand with mid brown mottling containing moderate rounded and subangular stones on average 0.3m x 0.1m in size, occasional sandstone and micaceous sandstone
fragments and occasional large sandstone fragments up to 0.4m x 0.2m. Only part of the
uppermost fill of the ditch (context 2013, Plate 2) was excavated and this consisted of a soft mid
grey clayey silt with frequent charcoal flecks, occasional sub angular stones, occasional ceramic
building material fragments and occasional fragments of sandstone. Context 2013 contained
Roman pottery, a large fragment of opus signinum (a mixture of mortar and broken tiles used for
flooring or surface coatings) and Roman ceramic building materials (CBM). The context also
contained cattle bones which showed evidence for a method of butchery seen on Roman sites
(see 6.5.4 below).
5.3
Group 3
Group 3 comprised a single very compact deposit (context 1021) which was 60% dark brown
sandy clayey silt with occasional animal bone and charcoal flecks and 40% medium to large
irregular cobbles up to 0.2m x 0.2m in size but averaging 0.1m x 0.1m. The context contained
Roman pottery and Roman CBM The deposit may represent dumping above the Roman road of
Group 1 in an attempt to maintain some sort of road surface. It must be noted however, that the
cobbles within this deposit created a far from even upper surface if this was the case.
5.4
Group 4
Group 4 was a build-up of soils sealing the features above in Groups 2 and 3. These soils were of
homogeneous nature and contained mixed, often abraded, finds of Roman and medieval date.
This implies the ground was used for agricultural and was repeatedly ploughed. In the case of
Trench 1 this consisted of three horizontal deposits each roughly 0.2m thick (contexts 1020,
1019 and 1018). Context 1020 was moderately compact orange-brown slightly clayey sandy silt
with occasional cobbles up to 0.05m in diameter and occasional flecks of charcoal. This was
sealed by context 1019; a moderately compact dark brown clayey silt with moderate flecks of
charcoal mainly at the southern end of the deposit, occasional flecks of brick and occasional
shell. This was in turn beneath context 1018 a moderately compacted orange-brown slightly
clayey sandy silt with occasional fragments of brick and occasional cobbles up to 0.05m in
diameter. This context contained abundant Roman pottery including fragments from three
Samian ware bowls and two amphora handles, together with Roman CBM. The Roman material
was clearly residual as the context also contained a single fragment of a medieval plain tile of
13th -16th century date. In Trench 2 the build-up of agricultural soils consisted of a single deposit
roughly 1m in thickness (context 2012), which was compacted mid brown grey clayey sandy silt
with occasional sandstone fragments, occasional animal bone and a fragment of medieval or
post-medieval brick.
The Roman road and ditch of Group 2 had clearly gone out of use by this stage. The presence of
a single fragment of medieval tile from context 1018 suggests this group represented the use of
the area for fields during the medieval period. The three horizontal deposits in Trench 1
probably represent plough horizons, which disturbed a great deal of earlier Roman material.
5.5
Group 5
Group 5 comprises a build-up of c.1m in thickness of horticultural soils which were present in
both Trench 1 (context 1017) and Trench 2 (context 2011). Context 1017 was moderately
compacted dark brown clayey sandy silt with very occasional pebbles up to 0.01m in diameter.
Although residual Roman material was present within deposit 1017, there was also a fragment of
19th century pottery. This deposit may have accumulated throughout the post-medieval and
modern periods. Context 2011 was compact mid brown-grey sandy silt with occasional angular
and rounded pebbles up to 0.05m in diameter, occasional animal bone and a single fragment of
13th-16th century peg tile.
5.6
Group 6
Group 6 consists of a number of structural features of 19th-20th century date, all of which were
located in Trench 1. These clearly related to the extension to the rear of 110 Bootham visible on
the 1909 Ordnance Survey map.
The earliest of these deposits was a thin skim of mortar, which was only seen in the north-east
facing section of the trench (context 1009) and was truncated to the west and east by later cuts.
The horizontal nature and composition of this deposit suggest it could be a floor, possibly within
the original extension behind 110 Bootham, but equally it could be a spread of dumped mortar
associated with building or demolition works nearby. This was sealed by moderately compacted
dark brown clayey sandy silt with occasional flecks of mortar (context 1008). This may represent
a build-up within a garden, but is more probably a dump of redeposited garden soil (probably
originally context 1017) associated with building works.
Cutting context 1008 was a linear cut that was partly outside the area of excavation (context
1012). This had a vertical southern edge and flat base, and was truncated to the north by later
drain cuts. Cut 1012 was clearly the construction cut for a brick wall/footing (context 1010). The
wall consisted of five courses of bricks, and only the south-eastern side was visible within the
excavated area. The lowest three courses each stepped out by 0.05m and were clearly footings.
The bricks were 220mm x 105mm x 75mm in size and were bonded with white mortar. The wall
ran parallel to Queen Anne's Road, i.e. north-east to south-west, and given the dimensions of the
bricks, it was clearly of 19th -20th century date. Following construction of the wall the foundation
cut was then backfilled with moderately compacted dark brown clayey sandy silt with occasional
flecks of mortar which was numbered 1011 and 1025 to either side of the wall. This backfilling
is clearly a redeposited version of context 1017.
The wall 1010 was in turn truncated by a construction cut (context 1016). The cut was only
visible within the south-east facing section of the trench and its south-eastern side was removed
by machine. The north-eastern and south-western sides of the cut were vertical with a flat base.
The cut was filled with loosely compacted off-white crushed limestone (context 1015) which
acted as a bedding deposit for a ceramic drain (context 1014). This drain consisted of a vertical
ceramic drain pipe, with dark brown glaze, of square cross sectional shape and 'T' shaped profile,
with the upper portion 0.17m x 0.05m in size and the lower portion 0.13m x 0.20m in size. There
was a stamp in the shape of the letter L on the upper portion of the drain. The upper portion was
surrounded by a two course high brick wall, with headers 110mm x 65mm in size (no stretchers
were visible). The size of the brick headers again clearly shows this to be a 19 th-20th century
structure, which presumably represented the base of a down pipe or a grid for a drain pipe.
The drain subsequently went out of use and was backfilled with moderately to loosely compact
mid brown sandy silt with frequent mortar flecks, moderate limestone chippings and occasional
half bricks 75mm thick and 105mm broad (context 1013).
5.7
Group 7
Group 7 comprises a number of features in both Trenches 1 and 2 that related to the present hotel
and/or the present car park surface.
Within Trench 1 there were two service trenches. The first of these was a linear cut with vertical
sides and flat base, which ran slightly obliquely across the north-west facing section of the
trench. This contained a modern services cable (context 1006) and associated backfill of
moderately compact dark brown clayey sandy silt with occasional brick fragments up to 0.03m x
0.03m in size, limestone fragments up to 0.03m x 0.03m in size, flecks of mortar and flecks of
charcoal (context 1005). This backfill was clearly a redeposition of context 1017. The second
services trench was a linear cut running obliquely across the northern corner of the trench, only
the southern side of which was visible within the excavated area; this consisted of a vertical side
and flat base. Within the cut was a plastic drainage pipe (context 1003) and associated backfill of
dark brown moderately compact clayey sandy silt with moderate brick rubble, occasional
limestone chippings and occasional limestone flecks (context 1002). The brick rubble within the
fill almost certainly originated as part of wall 1010.
In Trench 2 there were three small pits visible in the north-western facing section of the trench
(contexts 2010, 2007 and 2005, Plate 1). All three occurred at the same heights AOD, were of
similar size (0.7m wide and 0.4m deep) and had very steep sides with flat bases. Context 2010
had two backfills; the earlier (context 2009) was loosely compacted sandy silt, black clinker,
charcoal and decayed iron with frequent ceramic building material fragments and occasional
mortar fragments, while the latter was loose mid yellow-white mortar and ceramic building
material fragments with crushed mortar and occasional charcoal flecks and occasional pieces of
broken ceramic drain pipe (context 2008). Context 2007 was backfilled with loosely compacted
grey silty sand and crushed mortar with frequent ceramic building material fragments, frequent
well rounded stones on average 0.10m x 0.05m x 0.05m in size and occasional charcoal flecks
(context 2006). Context 2005 was backfilled with loosely compacted mid yellow-white mortar
lumps and ceramic building material fragments in a matrix of crushed mortar with occasional
charcoal flecks (context 2004). The function of these cuts is unclear, but they seem to be related,
and of modern date. It is possible they represent fence posts, which were removed prior to the
creation of the present car park.
The three cuts were sealed by a deposit of compact dark grey brown sandy silt with frequent
charcoal flecks, moderate ceramic building material flecks and occasional charcoal and brick
fragments (context 2003). This deposit may be the result of redepositing the garden soils of
context 2011 in order to create a level surface prior to the construction of the present car park.
The car park surface consisted of levelling deposits of moderately compacted brick and concrete
rubble in a matrix of crushed mortar (context 2002) and rammed limestone chippings (part of
context 1001) beneath loose gravel (context 2001 and part of 1001).
W.
E/S.W
N.E
1001
1001
1013
1025
1002
1010
14.60m AOD
1014
1002
14.60m AOD
1003
1017
1012
1004
Cut 1016
1018
1018
1019
1019
1020
1020
1021
1021
1022
1022
South facing
South-east facing
0
1 metre
Figure 3 Trench 1 South-east/South facing sections
N.E
S.W
1000
Cut
1007
1006
1017
14.60 m AOD
14.60 m AOD
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1 metre
0
Figure 4 Trench 1 North-west facing section
N.E
S.W
2001
2002
2003
14.40 m AOD
14.40 m AOD
2004
2008
2006
2009
Cut
2005
Cut
2007
Cut
2010
2011
2012
2015
0
1 metre
Figure 5 Trench 2 North-west facing section
2015
Upper slumped
natural
subsoil
2013
2014
Slot dug
into 2013
Lower slumped
natural
subsoil
2013
2015
Upper slumped
natural
subsoil
2013
0
1 metre
Figure 6 Trench 2 Base of excavation
Plate 1 north-west facing section of Trench 2
Plate 2 Base of Trench 2 showing contexts 2013 and 2014
Plate 3 Base of Trench 1 showing context 1014
6.
SPECIALIST REPORTS
6.1
POTTERY
By A. Mainman
context
spot date
comments
1000
1017
no of
sherds
2
44
2nd century
2nd
century/19th c.
1018
27
2nd century
1021
2013
3
13
2nd century
2nd century
2 grey ware sherds
43 Roman sherds including Ebor wares,
samian, amphora, misc. grey wares; 1 sherd
of 19th cent. English stonewares
12 samian, 5 white slip including flagon top,
2 large amphora handles, 8 Ebor sherds
1 amphora frag., 2 grey wares
12 Roman sherds including samian, grey
wares, colour coat and Ebor. 1 unusual
handmade rim sherd in a calcareous fabric
similar to calcite-gritted ware but form
appears Anglo-Saxon
6.2
CERAMIC BUILDING MATERIALS
By J. McComish
Introduction
A total of 3.5kg of Ceramic Building Material (CBM) was examined from the Bedford Hotel
site. A number of forms were identified most of which were of Roman date including imbrex,
tegula, Roman brick, combed flue tile and a possible stone roof tile. A small amount of medieval
roofing tile of 13th-16th date and three tiny fragments of medieval or later bricks were recovered.
Methodology
The material was recorded on a proforma which noted the fabric type number, form name,
corners present, weight, length, breadth, thickness, presence of mortar, comments and whether
the fragments were retained or not. This information was transferred to the IADB (York
Archaeological Trust‟s Integrated Archaeological Database) to assist in the analysis of the
sample. The IADB contains all the fields listed above and the additional information fields of
flange height and overfired. In the IADB fields for mortar, reused, over fired and retained the
digit 1=Yes and 0=No. In all the measurement fields (length, breadth, thickness and flange
height) measurement was only taken if the full dimension was preserved; a 0 in these fields is a
null value (i.e. a measurement was not possible because the CBM was too fragmentary). The
measurements are in millimetres. On IADB all the forms are written in full except Roman brick
which is abbreviated to Rbrick.
The CBM was examined by a x10 hand lens and matched with the York fabric series. The fabric
series is divided into Roman (R), Medieval (M), post-medieval (PO) and stone (S). These letters
are followed by a number to indicate the fabric concerned, where it was impossible to determine
the fabric the letters are followed by a 0. The post-medieval fabrics are not described in detail in
the York fabric sequence. Fragments were retained where the piece was a particularly good
example of its form or fabric. All other fragments were fully recorded and then discarded.
Tracings at 1:1 were taken of all tegula flanges.
Fabrics
Fabric
R6
R8
R9
R11
R12
R15
M4
M37
M69
PO
S0
Total weight
Weight
85
675
440
455
755
75
210
10
175
20
600
3500
Weight as a % of total
2.43%
19.29%
12.57%
13%
21.57%
2.14%
6%
0.29%
5%
0.57%
17.14%
Forms present
Imbrex, Rbrick
Tegula
Rbrick, Flue,
Imbrex, Rbrick, Tegula
Flue
Imbrex
Plain
Brick
Peg
Brick
Roof tile?
Table 1 Summary of fabrics present
The Roman material on site is in fabrics R6, R8, R9, R11, R12 and R15 (described in Table 2
below, these fabric descriptions are by S. Garside-Neville). The dominant fabrics are R8 and
R12. The quantity of material is too small to determine if there is any link between fabric and
form. All the Roman fabrics tend to be bright red in colour, are made from well-sorted clays with
few large or irregular inclusions, and the principal inclusion in all the Roman fabrics is quartz.
More research into Roman fabrics from excavations across York is needed to fully assess these
fabrics in terms of their distribution both spatially and chronologically.
Fabric
number
R6
R8
R9
R11
R12
R15
Description
Coarse sandy with subangular quartz 0.5-1mm in size, mica, grass/straw and ?grog
Coarser fabric with well-sorted angular quartz 0.5-1mm in size, grass/straw and ?grog.
Very fine with well-sorted angular quartz up to 0.5mm in size, with ?grog, limestone
and oolites.
Fairly sandy with frequent angular well-sorted quartz up to 0.5mm and mica
Fairly sandy with frequent angular well-sorted quartz up to 0.5mm, mica and ?grog.
Fairly sandy with subangular ill-sorted quartz up to 0.5mm, mica, limestone and ?grog.
Table 2 Roman fabric descriptions
Three medieval fabrics were present, each seen on only a single fragment. Fabric M4, which is a
dark red fabric, poorly compacted, with moderate angular quartz grains ranging from 0.3m x
0.3mm to 1.1m x 1.1mm and moderate-frequent oolites up to 1m x 0.6mm in size is very
common on other sites within York. Fabric M69 is an unusual light orange fabric, with very
frequent minute angular quartz and quartz voids up to 0.2mm in size. This fabric is used on well
made tiles, which are thicker and better made than most medieval roofing tiles. Fabric M37 is
one of the commonest brick fabrics from medieval and post-medieval York and consists of middark red with occasional limestone, silty bands and grog, and moderate angular quartz up to
0.5mm in size. As with the Roman fabrics more research is needed to assess the significance of
the medieval fabrics spatially and chronologically.
Forms
A number of forms were identified ranging from the 1st to 4th century in date with a single
fragment of medieval material.
Form
Imbrex
Tegula
Flue (combed)
Rbrick
Plain
Peg
Brick
Post medieval brick
Stone ?roof tile
Total weight
Total weight
Weight as a % of total
280
725
125
1355
210
175
10
20
600
3500
8%
20.71%
3.57%
38.71%
6%
5%
0.29%
0.57%
17.14%
Table 3 Forms present as a percentage of the total CBM on site
Roman forms
The Roman material consisted of imbrex, tegula, combed flue tiles and brick. Most of the
material recovered from the site was very fragmentary; no lengths or breadths were preserved
and in many cases it was impossible to obtain the original thickness of the fragment. Where it
was impossible to determine the form the fragment was classified as Roman brick. Most of the
forms present on site were in use throughout the entire Roman period, and they are therefore of
relatively little help in dating, however the flue tiles are 2nd century or later.
The commonest form on site was Roman brick which consisted of small fragments that could
have been either tegula or brick (but this could not be determined), together with larger
fragments which were clearly brick. Bricks could be used in a number of differing ways
including walling, as pilae in hypocausts, or for flooring. The bricks on site ranged from 2441mm in thickness. The roof tile was in the form of tegula and imbrex. The tegula were 2029mm thick with flanges 40-52mm high. The imbrex ranged from 16-20mm thick, which
conforms to the range suggested by Betts (Betts1985, 174).
Medieval and post-medieval forms
A single fragment of plain tile and another of peg tile were present, both of which date from the
13th-16th centuries. The plain tile is typical for York both in terms of its thickness and fabric. The
peg tile is more unusual being thicker than average (17mm thick) and in an unusual fabric
(M69). It is possible this fabric may be associated in some way with manufacture by or for
religious houses as it was present on the excavations at St Leonard‟s hospital, but more research
is needed to clarify this. A fragment of brick was present which could be either medieval or
post-medieval in date, and two fragments of post-medieval brick were recovered from
unstratified material removed by machine within Trench 2.
Conclusion
Although the quantity of material recovered is relatively small it contained some features of
interest. A wide range of forms was present, combed boxed flues, tegula, imbrex and Roman
brick, together with a tiny amount of medieval and post-medieval material. The presence of flue
tiles is of interest as these are relatively rare and come from high status buildings. More research
is needed into the Roman material from this site and other excavations within York to fully
understand the significance of the various fabrics used in CBM manufacture. The site is therefore
of use in the contribution it can make to building up a wider picture of the development of CBM
throughout the Roman period.
CBM records
W = weight, L = length, B = breadth, T = thickness
Context
Fab
ric
For
m
W
1000
R8
Tegula
575
0
0
29
1017
R15
Imbrex
75
0
0
19
1017
R12
Rbrick
625
0
0
41
1017
R12
Rbrick
30
0
0
0
1018
R6
Imbrex
25
0
0
20
1018
R6
Rbrick
10
0
0
0
1018
M4
Plain
210
0
0
14
1021
R9
Rbrick
50
0
0
30
1021
R9
Rbrick
25
0
0
40
2000
P0
Brick
10
0
0
0
2000
P0
Brick
10
0
0
0
2000
R6
Imbrex
50
0
0
16
2011
M69
Peg
175
2012
M37
Brick
10
0
0
0
14th-18th
2013
R9
Rbrick
25
0
0
24
1st -4th
2013
R9
Flue?
25
0
0
0
2013
R9
Rbrick
5
0
0
0
2013
R9
Rbrick
310
0
0
40
2013
R8
Tegula
100
0
0
20
Flange 40mm high
2013
S0
Stone
600
0
0
17
Micaceous sandstone. Heavily burnt
2013
R12
Flue
100
0
0
18
Combed flue
2013
R11
Imbrex
130
0
0
16
2013
R11
Rbrick
100
0
0
20
2013
R11
Rbrick
100
0
0
0
2013
R11
Rbrick
25
0
0
0
2013
R11
Rbrick
25
0
0
26
2013
R11
Tegula
50
23
2013
R11
Rbrick
25
0
6.3
L
B
T
Comments
17
Flange 52mm high
Date
1st -4th
1st -4th
13th-16th
Reused. Sooted
1st -4th
19th-20th
Circular peg hole 9mm x 9mm
13th-16th
Possible combed
Flange missing
ASSESSMENT OF SMALL FINDS
By N. Rogers
Summary
This very small assemblage of five finds unfortunately contributes nothing to aid further
understanding of the site; from a dating point of view, the vessel glass fragment may be
contemporary with the medieval tile found in the same level (1018), while the tobacco pipe is
likely to be contemporary with the 19th century pottery fragment found in the same context
(1019). It is perhaps surprising, given the amount of Roman tile and pottery recovered, that no
clearly Roman small finds were retrieved.
FIND
SF00001
SF00002
SF00003
SF00004
SF00005
6.4
CONTEXT
1019
1017
2000
1018
0
DESCRIPTION
Iron Bar
Fired Clay Tobacco Pipe
Copper Alloy Offcut
Glass Vessel Fragment
Iron Lump
CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT REPORT
By J. Jones
6.4.1. Aims and Objectives
This report aims to meet the requirements of Management of Archaeological Projects 2 (MAP2)
(English Heritage, 1991) to produce a stable site archive (Phase2: Fieldwork). This has involved
X-radiography and an assessment of the condition, stability and packaging of the finds.
The potential of the assemblage for further analysis and research is also discussed (MAP2 Phase
3: Assessment). The condition of the various classes of material is summarised and indicators of
unusual preservation are noted. There are recommendations for investigative conservation, for
additional specialist support, and topics for further research are raised.
6.4.2. Procedures
All metal finds and slag fragments were X-rayed using standard Y.A.T. procedures and
equipment. Two sheets of film were used to produce a duplicate for archive purposes, and given
a reference number in the YAT Conservation Laboratory series. The X-ray number was written
on the packaging and each image on the X-ray plate was labelled with its small find number. The
plates were packaged in acid-free archival envelopes. The plate number was added to the YAT
Online Photo Archive and linked to the IADB find record for each object.
All finds were examined under a binocular microscope at X20 magnification. The material
identification was checked and observations made on the condition and stability of the finds. An
individual assessment was recorded in the Conservation Work Record area on IADB for each
find, the information can be printed out through SQL Query.
6.4.3. Quantification
A total of 5 small finds was assessed and 1/2 X-ray plate produced. The number of objects in
each material category is listed below according to list sent with them:
Fired clay
Glass
Iron
Lead alloy
1 (tobacco pipe)
1
2
1
6.4.4. Assessment of Condition
An assessment of each individual find can be found on IADB and printed out as a list through
SQL Query (“Assess all”). This section contains an overview of the condition of the finds by
material type:
Metals and Metalworking
a. Iron
The bulky orange-brown corrosion found on the iron reflects well aerated soils, and did not
reflect waterlogged anaerobic environments. Sf1 was potentially unstable and requires storage at
less than 15%RH. SF5 was not magnetic, and looked more like a concretion than an iron object.
b. Non-ferrous Metals
SF3 was sent as lead alloy, but it is copper alloy, possibly scrap metal. There was an unusual
spheroidal corrosion product in addition to the green powdery corrosion which is potentially
unstable. If this find is to be retained, the condition should be monitored, or the find chemically
stabilised and lacquered.
Other inorganic materials
The fired clay tobacco pipe stem fragment is stable and robust.
Wet-packed material
Glass: SF4 is in poor condition; if it is to be retained it requires solvent dehydration and resin
consolidation. This is stored damp in the refrigerator until a decision can be made.
6.4.5. Statement of Potential
Indicators of preservation:
Metalwork: The corrosion evidence from the metalwork suggests that the metal finds were
retrieved from well aerated deposits; they were in poor condition. This is an aggressive
environment for the metal finds preserved in situ.
6.4.6. Recommendations
Further Investigative Conservation: No further work was required by N. Rogers for research. If
the copper alloy SF3 and the glass SF4 to be retained, they will require stabilisation.
Documentation will appear in digital form on IADB in the Conservation Work Record area.
Digital record photographs will be taken of any item treated; they will be added to the Online
Photo Archive and linked to the find record.
6.4.7 Storage
Packaging
The dry finds have been packaged appropriately for long term storage. All materials used are
archive stable and acid-free. Plastic bags have been pierced to allow airflow within
microclimates, reducing the risk of condensation and mould growth. 'Jiffy', (polythene) foam
inserts have been added to provide additional support and protect against mechanical damage
during transit. Any replacement of packaging materials should be carried out in consultation with
a conservator. Avoid paper or card labels in association with metals, especially lead and lead
alloys. Acid vapours will cause active corrosion, (Cronyn, 1990).
The wet-packed glass is stored temporarily in the refrigerator to await decision on further
treatment.
Storage Environment
Metals and slag are packed in a polythene 'Stewart' box with silica gel to provide a dry
microclimate of less than 15% Relative Humidity which will halt any further corrosion, (Knight,
1992). Each box should contain at least 6x100g bags of silica gel and a humidity indicator strip.
It is necessary to monitor the indicator strips regularly; if any part of the strip turns pink the
gel will need to be regenerated. The remaining finds are packed in a cardboard box in ambient
storage conditions.
6.5
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
By D. Jaques and J. Carrott of Palaeoecology Research Services with Dr. A. Hall of the
University of York
6.5.1 Summary
An archaeological evaluation excavation was carried out by York Archaeological Trust at Bedford Hotel
108-110 Bootham, York, during March 2003. A single sediment sample and a small amount of handcollected bone, recovered from deposits of Roman and medieval date, were submitted to PRS for an
evaluation of their bioarchaeological potential.
The sample gave only charred plant remains and a small quantity of unidentified mammal bone. The
small washover was almost entirely of charcoal, and of this almost all root/basal twig fragments of
heather; with it, were leafless charred twig fragments of heather, and at least one leafy shoot tip. These
remains, and the few other identifiable specimens present, point clearly to the burning of peat or turves,
perhaps most likely turves from an area of heathland.
Although preservation of the vertebrate remains was good, the presence of an isolated human shaft
fragment (Context 1021), and other artefactual evidence, suggests that most of the deposits contained
some redeposited or residual material. Additionally, the assemblage was too small for detailed analysis
but initial observations suggest that much of the material from the deposits of Roman date (Contexts 1021
and 2013) was a mix of butchery and domestic refuse. Very little bone was recovered from the later,
medieval, deposits. The remains demonstrate the potential for the survival of bone within these deposits
and the butchery techniques observed suggest that much of it may be of Roman origin.
No further work is required on the sample or the hand-collected vertebrate remains, but any development
at this site should take account of the potential of deposits to furnish biological remains with a significant
archaeological information content and appropriate sampling and bioarchaeological investigation
should be undertaken.
6.5.2 Introduction
An archaeological evaluation excavation was carried out by York Archaeological Trust at
Bedford Hotel, 108-110 Bootham, York (NGR SE 5975 5254), during March 2003. A single
sediment sample („GBA‟ sensu Dobney et al. 1992) and a small amount of hand-collected bone
were submitted to PRS for an evaluation of their bioarchaeological potential.
6.5.3 Methods
SEDIMENT SAMPLE
The sediment sample was inspected in the laboratory and its lithology recorded, using a standard
pro forma, prior to processing, following the procedures of Kenward et al. (1980; 1986), for the
recovery of plant and invertebrate macrofossils. The washover resulting from processing was
examined for plant and invertebrate macrofossils. The residue was examined for larger plant
macrofossils and other biological and artefactual remains.
Hand-collected vertebrate remains
For the hand-collected vertebrate remains records were made concerning the state of
preservation, colour of the fragments, and the appearance of broken surfaces („angularity‟).
Other information, such as fragment size, dog gnawing, burning, butchery and fresh breaks, was
noted, where applicable.
Fragments were identified to species or species group using the PRS modern comparative
reference collection. The bones, which could not be identified to species, were described as the
„unidentified‟ fraction. Within this fraction fragments were grouped into a number of categories:
large mammal (assumed to be cattle, horse or large cervid), medium-sized mammal (assumed to
be caprovid, pig or small cervid) and totally unidentifiable.
6.5.4 Results
Sediment sample
Archaeological information, provided by the excavator, is given in square brackets. A brief
summary of the processing method and an estimate of the remaining volume of unprocessed
sediment follows (in round brackets) after the sample number. No invertebrate remains were
recovered from the sample.
Context 2013 [upper fill of a large cut feature, perhaps a ditch, of Roman date]
Sample 1/T (3 kg sieved to 300 microns with washover; approximately 6 litres of unprocessed
sediment remain).
Moist, mid to dark grey-brown, crumbly to unconsolidated (working soft and slightly plastic),
slightly sandy clay silt, with some charcoal and bone fragments present.
There was a moderately large residue of about 200 cm3 of sand and gravel (to 35 mm) including
some ceramic building material (to 5 mm). There were also some glassy slag-like fragments (to
15 mm) which may have come from burning plant material. The small washover of about 80 cm3
was almost entirely of charcoal, and of this almost all root/basal twig fragments (to 20 mm) of
heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull); with it, were leafless charred twig fragments of heather, and
at least one leafy shoot tip. These remains, and the few other identifiable specimens present point
clearly to the burning of peat or turves, perhaps most likely turves from an area of heathland.
This sample also produced 26 small fragments of bone (6 g) which were all unidentified, but
represented the remains of large and medium-sized mammals. One fragment was burnt.
Hand-collected vertebrate remains
Eight deposits, representing both Trenches 1 and 2, produced a total of 61 fragments of handcollected bone. Contexts 1000 and 2000 were described by the excavator as unstratified and the
material (11 fragments) recovered from these contexts has been excluded from this report. The
remaining 50 fragments were recovered from deposits of Roman and medieval date, with
Context 2013 (upper most fill of Roman roadside ?ditch) producing the bulk of the assemblage.
Preservation of the vertebrate remains was, on the whole, good, with little evidence of erosion or
surface damage. Some fresh breakage was noted, however. Evidence of butchery was observed
on a number of bones. Two cattle scapulae from Context 1017 had been heavily chopped around
the glenoid cavity and additionally, on the more complete example, it was noted that the spine,
which runs down the blade of the scapula, had also been removed in part. This technique of
butchery tends to be characteristic of the Roman period and has been observed on cattle scapulae
from many sites of Roman date, including those from 4th century deposits at Wellington Row,
York (Carrott et al. 1995), from 1st century deposits at Holmes grain warehouse, Lincoln
(Dobney et al. 1996) and from Heybridge, Essex (Johnstone and Albarella 2002). The scapulae
with trimmed glenoid cavities and chopped spinae from Lincoln were interpreted as possibly
representing brined and cold smoked joints, the trimming allowing access for the salt into the
muscle mass (Dobney et al. ibid. pp. 26-27).
Cattle remains were the most numerous of the identified fragments, with sheep/goat and pig also
present. Single fragments of horse and dog were identified from Context 1021, whilst this
deposit also produced a human tibia shaft fragment. Most of the „unidentified‟ fraction consisted
of large mammal shaft, rib and vertebra fragments, which probably represent cattle. Initial
observations suggest that much of the material from the deposits of Roman date (Contexts 1021
and 2013) was a mix of butchery and domestic refuse. Very little bone was recovered from the
later, medieval horticultural build-up deposits.
Three fragments were measurable and one mandible with teeth in situ was noted.
6.5.5 Discussion and statement of potential
The data from the charred plant remains add to the growing body of evidence for exploitation of
heathland habitats in the Roman period in the southern and central Vale of York (Hall 2003),
perhaps reflecting a landscape by this period largely devoid of trees and necessitating the use of
peatland resources for fuel, as previously pointed to by the evidence of raised-bog peat in the
fills of the Roman wells at Skeldergate (Hall et al. 1980) and The Bedern (Kenward et al. 1986).
The material also represents a very rare example of the survival of biological remains in this part
of York and, in particular, in the vicinity of a major Roman road to the city.
Although preservation of the vertebrate remains was good, the presence of an isolated human
shaft fragment (Context 1021), and other artefactual evidence, suggests that most of the deposits
contained some redeposited or residual material. Additionally, the assemblage was too small for
detailed analysis, with few fragments available for the reconstruction of age-at-death profiles and
the size and shape of the animals represented. However, the remains do demonstrate the potential
for the survival of bone within these deposits and the butchery techniques observed suggest that
much of it may be of Roman origin.
6.5.6 Recommendations
No further work is required on the sample or the hand-collected vertebrate remains, but any
development at this site should take account of the potential of deposits to furnish biological
remains with a significant archaeological information content and appropriate sampling and
bioarchaeological investigation should be undertaken.
6.5.7 Retention and disposal
All of the current material should be retained for the present.
6.5.8 Archive
All material is currently stored by Palaeoecology Research Services (Unit 8, Dabble Duck
Industrial Estate, Shildon, County Durham), along with paper and electronic records pertaining
to the work described here.
Table 1. Hand-collected vertebrate remains (excluding unstratified material) from excavations
at Bedford Hotel, 108-110 Bootham, York.
Species
Canis f. domestic
Equus f. domestic
Sus f. domestic
Bos f. domestic
Caprovid
Homo sapiens
Large mammal
Medium-sized mammal
Unidentified
Total
dog
horse
pig
cow
sheep/goat
human
Number of fragments
1
1
2
10
2
1
28
4
1
50
7.
CONCLUSIONS
The evaluation has shown that a sequence of well stratified deposits from the Roman to modern
periods, generally around 2.0m deep, survives across the site.
7.1
Prehistoric (to 1st century A.D.)
No finds or activity relating to this period were encountered.
7.2
Roman (1st – 5th centuries A.D.)
Evidence of this period was encountered within the lower reaches of both trenches. These
comprised remains of a major Roman road and an associated roadside ditch. The road can be
identified as part of Approach Road 6 (RCHMY1, 2-3). This road formed a link road running
diagonally, i.e. west-north-west to east-south-east, between Approach Road 5 and Road 7 (ibid.,
2; AY 6/1, 93-99). Approach Road 5 and Road 7 were aligned north-west to south-east and gave
access to the south-west and north-west gates of the fortress respectively.
In addition to the presence of the road and ditch a surprisingly large assemblage of Roman
pottery for the size of the trenches was found, particularly in Trench 1. Although much of this
was clearly disturbed by later ploughing, it clearly indicates the presence of other Roman activity
in the vicinity.
7.3
Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian (5th – 11th centuries A.D.)
No datable Anglo-Scandinavian levels were present.
7.4
Medieval (11th – 16th centuries A.D.)
It would seem that throughout the medieval period the site was only used as fields, leading to a
build-up of roughly a 1m thick deposit of horticultural-derived soils.
7.5
Post-medieval and modern (16th – 20th centuries)
No firmly dated post-medieval deposits were seen, implying that the site remained in use as
fields. The only structural evidence from this period consisted of part of a demolished 19th or
early 20th century wall, services relating to the Bedford Hotel and the present car park surface.
8.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
It is clear that significant deposits of the Roman date survive at this site. The remains consist of
a Roman road and associated ditch. In addition the presence of an isolated human bone may
indicate the presence of burials nearby. The abundant residual Roman pottery within Trench 1
could represent either dumping of waste from within the city, or may relate to structures nearby.
The upper surfaces of the Roman deposits survive at c.1.5m below the modern surface.
As the proposed designs for the site include an underground car park careful reconsideration of
the designs is clearly warranted. The proposed underground car park would clearly have a
considerable effect upon the archaeological remains present. Full excavation of the site prior to
redevelopment would be one solution or amendment of the plans to reduce below ground
disturbance to an acceptable depth.
9.
LIST OF SOURCES
Bayley, J., 1992. Non-ferrous Metalworking from Coppergate, The Archaeology of York 17/7
Betts, I., 1985. (unpublished) A Scientific Investigation of the Brick and Tile Industry of York to
the Mid Eighteenth Century, PhD. thesis, University of Bradford.
Brinklow, D., Hall, R. A., Magilton, J. R. and Donaghey, S., 1986. Coney Street, Aldwark and
Clementhorpe, Minor Sites and Roman Roads, The Archaeology of York 6/1
Carrott, J., Dobney, K., Hall, A., Issitt, M., Jaques, D., Johnstone, C., Kenward, H., Large, F.,
McKenna, B. and Milles, A., 1995. Assessment of biological remains from excavations at
Wellington Row, York (sitecode 1988-9.24). Reports from the Environmental Archaeology Unit,
York 95/14
Cronyn, J. M., 1990. The Elements of Archaeological Conservation
Dobney, K., Jaques, D. and Irving, B., 1996. Of Butchers and Breeds. Report on Vertebrate
Remains from Various Sites in the City of Lincoln. Lincoln Archaeological Studies 5
Dobney, K., Hall, A. R., Kenward, H. K. and Milles, A., 1992. „A working classification of
sample types for environmental archaeology‟. Circaea, the Journal of the Association for
Environmental Archaeology 9 (for 1991), 24-6.
English Heritage, 1991. Management of Archaeological Projects
Geological Survey, 1967. Geological Survey of Great Britain (England & Wales,) Solid and
Drift, Sheet 63
Hall, A., 2003. „Recognition and characterisation of turves in archaeological occupation deposits
by means of macrofossil plant remains‟, Centre for Archaeology Report 16/2003
Hall, A. R., Kenward, H. K. and Williams, D., 1980. Environmental evidence from Roman
deposits in Skeldergate. The Archaeology of York 14 (3), 101-56. London: Council for British
Archaeology
Johnstone, C. and Albarella, U., 2002. „The Late Iron Age and Romano-British mammal and
bird bones from Elms Farm, Heybridge, Essex (site code: HYEF93-95)‟. Centre for Archaeology
Report 45/2002
Kenward, H. K., Hall, A. R. and Jones, A. K. G., 1980. „A tested set of techniques for the
extraction of plant and animal macrofossils from waterlogged archaeological deposits‟. Science
and Archaeology 22, 3-15
Kenward, H. K., Hall, A. R. and Jones, A. K. G., 1986. Environmental Evidence from a Roman
Well and Anglian Pits in the Legionary Fortress. The Archaeology of York 14/5
Kenward, H. K., Engleman, C., Robertson, A. and Large, F., 1986. „Rapid scanning of urban
archaeological deposits for insect remains‟, Circaea the Journal of the Association for
Environmental Archaeology 3, 163-172
Knight, B., 1990. 'A review of the corrosion of iron from terrestrial sites and the problem of postexcavation corrosion', The Conservator 14, 37-43
Ottaway, P., in prep., Excavations on Blossom Street, at 16-22 Coppergate and Other Sites,
The Archaeology of York 6/2
RCHMY.
Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England). An Inventory of the
Historical Monuments in the City of York 1: Eburacum, Roman York (1962); 4: Outside the City
Walls East of the Ouse (1975) (HMSO, London)
10.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Excavation Team
Michael Andrews, Maria Vinnels, Jane McComish
Finds Processing
Katherine Bearcock
Illustrations
Russell Marwood
Editor
Patrick Ottaway
Y OR K
A RC H A E O L OG I C A L
T RU ST
York Archaeological Trust undertakes a wide range of urban and rural archaeological
consultancies, surveys, evaluations, assessments and excavations for commercial, academic and
charitable clients. It can manage projects, provide professional advice and monitor
archaeological works to ensure high quality, cost effective archaeology. Its staff have a
considerable depth and variety of professional experience and an international reputation for
research, development and maximising the public, educational and commercial benefits of
archaeology. Based in York its services are available throughout Britain and beyond.
York Archaeological Trust
Cromwell House
13 Ogleforth
York YO1 7FG
Telephone: 01904 663000
Fax: 01904 663024
E-mail: [email protected]
Internet: http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk
York Archaeological Trust is a
Registered Charity, No. 509060
A company limited by
guarantee without share capital
Registered in England No. 1430801

BEDFORD HOTEL, 108-110 BOOTHAM, YORK.

Transcription

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