Style Guide - Avondale College

Transcription

Assignment
Style Guide
Turabian Style to be used for all referencing
ASSESSMENT
All students must submit assessment tasks from time to time, and sit examinations if scheduled.
Specific details of the assessment schedule appear in the unit outline. Read these details as soon as
possible to enable you to plan your study effectively. Essays are to be formatted according to this style
guide unless directed otherwise by your lecturer.
Submission of Assessments
Assessments are to be uploaded on-line to Moodle. Any submissions after the due date will be subject
to a penalty.
Instructions for uploading assignments to Moodle
Step 1: In your Moodle site, click on the blue link that matches the name
of your assignment, next to the Upload assignment symbol
Step 2: Click on the Browse button to locate and choose the file on your
computer.
Step 3: Click on the Upload file button
Step 4: Click on the Send for marking button and then click Yes
You are required to keep an
appropriate copy of your
assessment (electronic or
hard copy). In case of
misadventure you are
responsible to supply a copy
on request.
Assessment Task Extensions
Assessment Extension Requests will be processed by the Faculty Officer. A link will be provided on all
Moodle sites for you to make application. Applications for extensions must be made in writing three
days before the extension is due. Obviously, some extenuating circumstances will prevent this, and
applications should still be submitted. Only unforeseen circumstances, such as sickness or a death in
the family will be considered justifiable reason for late assignments. Extensions will not be granted
beyond the last day of classes.
Late Assessments
Students who submit an assignment after the due date will be penalised 10% per day of the available
marks for that assignment for up to three working days. Should the effect of this late penalty lead to
an overall failure for the unit, students may be granted a Fail Supplementary grade (FS). Students
should also be aware that only four FS results may be permitted in a 32 unit degree.
Requirements for a Passing Grade
To receive a passing grade, you must attend 85% of all scheduled class meetings (including lectures
and tutorials) or under exceptional circumstances write a letter to the Teaching and Learning
Committee showing just cause for them to receive a passing grade for attending less than the required
85% of the unit classes.
You must also complete all required assessment tasks. A student who achieves a mark over 50% but
who has not submitted a required assessment will not be awarded a passing grade.
Avondale College of Higher Education Style Guide – Turabian
Updated January 2014
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ASSIGNMENT WRITING AND PRESENTATION
There are three major areas to be considered when preparing an assignment at tertiary level. These
are content, format and referencing.
1. Content
When writing a formal assignment it should not be written in point form but should follow a series of
logical steps. Here are some tips for writing a top scoring essay:
Answer the essay topic
The first step is to make sure you understand the topic and identify the main points to be answered. In
particular, note terms such as outline, describe, discuss, contrast, compare, analyse, what or why, and
present the information accordingly.
Organise ideas logically
Collect data from various sources and present the information in logical steps so that it is easy for the
reader to follow your ideas. Link ideas together and ensure that you show clearly how the information
presented relates to the overall topic. Do not just take slabs from various references, place them in
sequence, and then add a conclusion. Make frequent use of transitional phrases to help keep the
reader informed of the direction you are taking.
Comply with the word limit
Make sure you meet the word limit, but do not exceed it. Usually a latitude of 10% either side is
allowed. The total number of words does not include the title page, abstract, references used in the
actual essay, reference list, appendix or direct quotes.
Be aware of potential traps with web based material
If accessing web sites, ensure that the material is from a reputable site. For example if you are
researching diabetes care, a Google search will bring up a wide range of sites some of which look
reputable. The following two examples show what may appear as a result of a search. Both are titled
Diabetes Australia but are quite different with the first one being of unknown origins (no detail is
given on the site and this should make you suspicious) but the second is a professional association and
is therefore more likely to have reliable information.
Diabetes Australia
Learn What Foods Affect Your Blood
Sugar. We Are On Your Side!
(http://www.diabetes-symptoms-and-supplies.com/diabetes/diabetes-supply.html)
The above site is NOT as reliable as the following example but both are titled similarly.
Diabetes Australia
Australian Diabetes Educators Association (ADEA) http://www.adea.com.au/ ...
Dietitian’s Association of Australia
(http://www.daa.asn.au. Diabetes Centre)
Be well informed
Read widely. Look at both sides of any issue, and avoid bias. Choose the material you include carefully
and make sure it is relevant to the topic. As a rough guide, a 2000 word assignment should contain a
reference list of at least seven sources, using both books and current journal articles, if possible.
There are a number of options for locating relevant information for your study. This includes not only
web sites and PrimoSearch (the Library Catalogue), but also databases, which require you to use your
student log-in and password. Remember that PrimoSearch also accesses material from most of the
databases and will retrieve book titles as well as journal articles.
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On the library
homepage select either
Primo Search or, for a
more detailed search,
select individual
Databases to find
information. Three of
the largest databases,
ATLA (Theology),
CINAHL (Nursing) and
Proquest (General
information) have
quick links on the right
hand side of the page.
Formal Language
Tertiary assignments should be presented as professional papers; therefore take particular care with
the use of formal language, punctuation, sentence structure, spelling and tense.
Use formal language and terms in essays, avoiding jargon, clichés and slang. When identifying people
in the text of the essay do not refer to them by first name only. Surnames may be used on their own
or first names may be used with surnames, if desired. As a rule, write essays in the third person,
avoiding the use of first and second person pronouns such as ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘us’, ‘our’, etc., unless the topic
asks you to share your own experience. Use gender neutral language as appropriate.
Structure the content
The essay should have an introduction, a body and a conclusion:
The introduction forms the first paragraph and it should clarify the topic of the essay, define major
terms and outline what will be presented in the essay. It should be written in such a way that it
encourages the reader to read on.
The body of the essay is where the topic statement or question is actually answered. The main points
of the topic should be presented in logical order and each point elaborated on separately. Consider
the appropriate balancing of main points - at times they may need to be weighted equally within the
assignment, at other times some points may need more elaboration than others. Factors such as
relevance, word constraints and the purpose of the essay need to be kept in perspective when making
such decisions.
The conclusion of the essay constitutes the final paragraph and should bring together, in summary, the
major points presented in the body of the essay. The purpose is to sum up and reflect on the
information found in relation to the topic, therefore no new ideas should be presented in the
conclusion. The conclusion should be a concise statement of meaning drawn from your presentation
and should show how it has answered the question. In addition, the conclusion rounds off the
assignment, so that it does not finish abruptly. Avoid concluding with a quote.
Punctuation
Ensure that all punctuation is correct. This also applies to use of punctuation marks when identifying
sources and in the reference list. Please carefully follow the guidelines given in the referencing section
to ensure this is done correctly.
Special care needs to be taken with the use of apostrophes, especially in relation to their use to depict
ownership. Remember to place the apostrophe after the actual owner/s. For example, the nurse’s
uniform versus the nurses’ uniforms. Be aware also of the use of an apostrophe in the word it’s. It’s
refers to “it is”, whereas, its refers to “the possessive case singular of it”. Take care to also
differentiate between your (belonging to you) and you’re (you are). Do not use contractions such as
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can’t, haven’t etc. Exclamation marks are rarely appropriate unless they are part of a quote. Titles of
books and journals, and most foreign words, are in italics.
Words ending in ‘s’ will look like this:
Jesus’s disciples
A. T. Jones’s writings
Socrates’s philosophy
But you would not have Louis’s or Descartes’s because the ‘s’ in Louis and Descartes is not
pronounced. Their names would just have the apostrophe after the ‘s’ as in Louis’ or Descartes’.
Spelling
There should be no spelling errors. Use a dictionary or spell check to ensure that spelling is correct. Be
consistent - do not mix American and Anglicised forms.
Words frequently msispelled by students:
alter = change; altar = place of sacrifice
argument
consummation
benefit
deity [appears to break “i” before “e” except after “c”, but vowels are pronounced separately]
definitely
fulfilment [fulfillment is a US spelling]
occasion
precede (come before); proceed (go forward, continue)
referred, referring; cf. offering
science [vowels are pronounced separately - see deity above]
separate
supersede - but note proceed, precede (as above)
truly
“s” verbs from “c” nouns:
Practise (do something repeatedly); practice (doctor’s or lawyer’s business)
Prophesy (tell the future); prophecy (inspired utterance of a prophet)
License (legal permission); licence (the document giving legal permission)
Advise (make a proposal, e.g. I advise you …); advice (e.g. Let me give you a piece of advice.)
Sentence Structure
As a general rule, material in tertiary essays should be presented in complete sentences and
presentation of information in point form should be avoided. Ensure that correct grammar is used,
and check that each sentence contains a subject and a verb and is a complete sentence.
Tense
Avoid changes of tense within an assignment, and certainly within the one paragraph. Write in the
tense that is appropriate to the particular topic. For example, an essay on an historical topic should be
written in past tense, whereas one describing the status quo should be written in the present tense.
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2. Format
An assignment should be submitted in a form that makes it a pleasure to read and grade. Untidy
presentation and inconsistency in format can reduce the ease of reading the assignment and make it
difficult to assess the content. This can result in a reduced grade. The following guidelines should be
followed when preparing the final draft for submission.
Appendixes
Material which is deemed necessary to support information in the text of the assignment but which is
not considered appropriate for inclusion in the actual essay may be included as an appendix. Generally
such items as letters, tables, graphs, questionnaires etc. would be placed in the appendix. Appendixes
are placed at the back of the assignment, after the reference list. Each appendix included in the
assignment must be referred to in the actual text of the essay.
Abbreviations, numbers and numerals
Abbreviations may be used but only after they have initially been identified in full when first used.
For example: ......the King James Version (KJV). In the KJV we find.......
In general, spell out numbers from 1-100, but if they are in a series in the same sentence you may use
numerals. Spell out units of measure such as distance, volumes, degrees etc and don’t abbreviate (two
miles, 130 grams). If the number has two words, use a hyphen (thirty-six). Spell out rounded numbers
(one million) but use numerals for other numbers (220). Never begin a sentence with a numeral. Time
is listed in the form 11:00 a.m. or ten-thirty.
Dates are generally listed as month, day, year (Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963). If
you omit the day, take out the comma (March 1833).
Names
Use the full name of a person with the first reference, and from then on just the last name (John
Stevens was awarded custody. Later, Stevens mentioned…). If a person has a title, abbreviate it with
the full name, and then use just the last name thereafter (Sen. Barack Obama, and then Obama; or
Gen. Peter Cosgrove, and then Cosgrove). Use abbreviations after a name only with the full name
(Mervyn Warren Jr. and then Warren).
Any proper nouns such as names of books of the Bible, organisations, etc. should begin with a capital
letter when referred to in the assignment. Use the whole name of a Bible book in text, but abbreviate
when citing verses (Revelation records scenes … Rev. 3:20)
Do not capitalize pronouns that refer to God or Jesus
e.g. … and his name is Jesus,
NOT …and His name is Jesus.
Footnotes
Footnotes should be used to:
1.
show where you obtained certain information.
2.
cite other writers who agree with the point that you are making
3.
discuss a position which is related to what has just been said in the text of the essay, but
which would interrupt the flow of argument.
4.
discuss a position taken by another writer, especially where an important writer disagrees
with you and you wish to point out reasons you consider they are wrong.
Footnotes should be in size 10 font, indented, single spaced, with a double space between them.
Numbering is usually consecutive throughout the whole essay.
Extra material that you don’t want in the body of your essay may be included in footnotes, but use
these ‘substantive footnotes’ sparingly. If it’s not important enough to include in your assignment, the
reader may not think it important enough to read in a footnote!
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Example of a substantive footnote:
5
For a more detailed discussion of this point see …
Reference List
The Reference List summarises all the works cited in the footnotes. Do not list the different versions
of the Bible used in the essay. If you wish to indicate which version of the Bible you used, at the first
time you cite a text you may make a footnote to the effect that: “This and subsequent references are
to the RSV unless otherwise noted.”
The Reference List appears at the end of the essay or thesis on a separate page. References are
arranged in alphabetical order of the author’s surname. The first line of each reference is flush with
the margin, while subsequent lines are indented.
Your Reference List should be indented, single spaced, with a blank line between entries. Do not list
journals separately – all journal and book entries will be in the one list.
Annotated Bibliography
If your annotation is a brief phrase, add it in brackets after the record:
Smith, David. A National Framework for Improving Health. Canberra: Sage, 2012.
[a brief summary of regulations]
If your annotation is a complete sentence use paragraph indentation:
Smith, David. A National Framework for Improving Healths. Canberra: Sage, 2012.
This framework is important as it outlines the necessity of health care for all minors.
Line spacing, margins and numbering pages
Typed assignments must be double-spaced. Handwriting is not acceptable. Print on one side of the
paper only. Use left justification. The Font Size should be 12 point and use either Arial or Times New
Roman.
A margin of approximately 2.54 centimetres all round, on the left and right edges of the page, as well
as the top and bottom, is essential. Pages of an essay must be numbered with the number centred at
the top of the paper. Do not number your title page - begin the assignment with Page 1.
Order of sections
The various sections of an assignment are to be bound together in the following order:
Title Page
Abstract (if required)
The actual essay
Reference List
Appendix/es (if applicable)
Paragraphs
Indent each paragraph. Each paragraph should be double spaced with no extra line between them. A
paragraph is a group of sentences that develops one main point or idea. Generally, the idea is
introduced in the key sentence and the successive sentences explain or illustrate the point that the
paragraph is making.
Ensure that there is continuity between paragraphs with one paragraph flowing logically on from the
previous one. Do not have paragraphs which consist of only one or two sentences. A paragraph should
be approximately 100 words in length, although a range of about 50 to 150 words is acceptable.
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Photocopies
As a general rule, do not include photocopied material in an assignment. If it is necessary to include
such material, ensure that it is referenced correctly. It is usually appropriate to include photocopied
material as an appendix rather than part of the actual essay.
Quotes
All quoted material must be identified as being quoted. A direct quotation is where you copy exactly
what you have read, word for word. There are several methods of doing this depending on the length
of the quote.
Where a quote is four lines or fewer it is to be included normally in the text of the essay and identified
by double quotation marks at the beginning and end of the actual quoted material. The source of the
quote must also be given in your footnotes.
Example of a quote at the end of a sentence:
Counterstorytelling is a tool for analyzing and challenging the stories of power and “is a natural part of
the dominant discourse.”23
Example of a quote mid sentence:
Counterstorytelling “is a natural part of the dominant discourse,”23 and is a tool for analyzing and
challenging the stories of power.
Or, if you paraphrase what the author has said it would appear as:
Counterstorytelling analyzes stories by giving an opposing narrative or explanation during the
storytelling experience. 23
Quotes which are 40 words or longer in length are to be indented. Quotation marks are not used and
the quote is single spaced. For example:
It is emphasised that,
Latina women’s resistance to this oppressive culture can be seen through their
counterstories. Counterstorytelling is a method of telling the story of those experiences
that have not been told (in other words, those on the margins of society).
Counterstorytelling is a natural part of the dominant discourse and can be used as a form
of popular education. 23
Jones goes on to say that …
Quotes should not be used in excess. They should be reserved for such items as definitions, brief
extracts that cannot be expressed adequately in another way, or for special emphasis. As a general
guide, quotes should constitute less than 10% of an essay.
When quoting, copy the original wording accurately and use the same spelling and punctuation as is
used in the original. If there is an error in the original this ncan be identified in the quote by placing
[sic] after the error. When including a quote in the text of an essay, make sure that the sentence is
grammatically correct. If it is necessary to include an extra word or phrase in a quote to ensure correct
sentence structure, place the word or phrase in square brackets.
If you omit part of the original work within a quote then indicate this with three ellipsis points as such
... with another full stop added if this is at the end of a sentence or between two sentences.
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Plagiarism
Please familiarise yourself with Avondale College policy on plagiarism (see www.avondale.edu.au
under information/policies/academic integrity or view the online tutorial at Library>Info Skills>Online
Tutorials>Avoid Plagiarism).
You cannot present another’s ideas as your own. All sources must be given credit for either quotes or
the ideas you have borrowed. It is best to reference more often than not.
Usually, it is more appropriate to paraphrase the information into your own words, avoiding
plagiarism by identifying the source of the paraphrased material and by providing a page number or
paragraph number.
If you fail to adequately reference in an academic paper, you may be required to re-submit the paper
after you receive some educational instruction from your lecturer. Please be aware that academic
penalties may apply for a resubmission and increase in severity as you progress through your degree.
Where instances of plagiarism are established, penalties as outlined in the Avondale Handbook 20112012, pp. 34-36 will be applied.
Title page
A title page is to be placed at the front of the assignment and must include a cover page including the
required signed statement regarding plagiarism and ownership of work. See the template at the end
of this guide.
3. Referencing
Material quoted from another author’s work needs to be acknowledged. Referencing correctly is
important for a number of reasons:
 It shows you have read widely
 It provides support for your own arguments
 It shows you understand the issues involved and can critically apply that understanding.
 It provides sufficient information for someone to locate the sources mentioned in your paper
 To acknowledge your sources and avoid plagiarism
Referencing (also known as citing) needs to be of a uniform style. This guide
explains the Turabian style of referencing.
Please refer to this guide often to make sure your references have been set out
correctly.
This is only a brief guide. A more complete guide can be found on the Library
website under Referencing and will give you many more useful examples.
Bibliography vs
Reference List
Remember that a
bibliography is a list of
everything you have read
for an assignment while
a Reference List is a list
of only the items you
have quoted from or
referred to in your
assignment.
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Tables and figures
These must be referred to in the text of your essay. Do not refer to the ‘table below’ or the ‘figure
above’ or specify a page number as these often change with the final printing.
Tables
Refer to tables by their number: e.g. As shown in table 4, the results were conflicting...
Table number: e.g. Table 1, Table 2 is determined by the order in which that table is referred to in your
essay.
Title: Write the title beside the table number; sentence case; without a full stop
Footnote: Should include the source and any other notes.
Table 26.1. Selected churches in Four Corners, Boston
Church
Church of God
Faith Baptist
Apostolic
Religious tradition
Pentecostal
Baptist
Apostolic
Attendance
100
10
30
Ethnicity/origin
Caribbean, mixed
Southern Black
Haitian
Class
Middle
Middle
Working
Source: Data adapted from Omar M. McRoberts, Streets of Glory: Church and Community in a Black Urban Neighborhood
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 53.
Note: ‘Working class’ also includes those who are unemployed.
Figures
Examples: Graphs, charts, maps, drawings or photographs.
Refer to Figures by their number: e.g. As shown in figure 4, the temperature rose quickly …
Figure number : e.g. Figure 1, Figure 2 is determined by the order referred to in your essay. Place this
BELOW the figure.
In his painting The Banquet of Cleopatra (see fig. 10), Tiepolo portrays a famous contest where
1
Cleopatra wins a wager with Mark Antony
Figure 10. Giambattista Tiepolo, The Banquet of Cleopatra 1743–44,
National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Giambattista Tiepolo, The Banquet of Cleopatra, 1743-44, oil on canvas, 250.3 x 357.0 cm, National Gallery of
Victoria, Melbourne.
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Turabian Referencing Style Guide
This is only a brief guide. A more complete guide can be found on the Library website under
Referencing and will give you many more useful examples.
Books
Reference List
Notes
One
Author
Talbert, Charles H. Matthew. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker
Academic, 2010.
First Note:
Charles H. Talbert, Matthew (Grand Rapids, MI:
Baker Academic, 2010), 55.
Note the hanging indent for reference list items.
In titles of books and articles in reference lists, capitalize all the
major words. See p. 21 for capitalization.
Subsequent Notes:
Talbert, 85-90.
Where more than one place of publication is given, show only the
first listed place.
Two or
three
authors
McLaren, Brian, and Tony Campolo. Adventures in
Missing the Point. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan,
2006.
Appleby, Joyce, Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob.
Telling the Truth About History. New York:
Norton, 1994.
Four or
more
authors
or editors
First Note:
Brian Mclaren and Tony Campolo, Adventures in
Missing the Point (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan,
2006), 52-53.
Subsequent Notes:
Appleby, Hunt, and Jacob, 301-4.
First Note:
List all authors or editors
Evans, J., Peter Grimshaw, D. Philips, and S. Swain. 1.
J. Evans et al, Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights:
Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights: Indigenous
Indigenous Peoples in British Settler Societies
Peoples in British Settler Societies. Manchester:
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003),
Manchester University Press, 2003.
91-93.
Clements, Dave, Alastair Donald, Martin Earnshaw,
and Austin Williams, eds. The Future of
Community: Reports of a Death Greatly
Exaggerated. London, UK: Pluto Press, 2008.
Dave Clements et al, eds., The Future of
Community: Reports of a Death Greatly Exaggerated
(London, UK: Pluto Press, 2008), 54.
Subsequent Notes:
Evans et al, 121-23.
Clements et al, 34-35.
(Do not add ‘eds’)
Edited
book
Gibbs, J. T., and L. N. Huang, eds. Children of Colour:
Psychological Interventions with Minority Youth.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1991.
If there is no author on the title page of a work, list instead the
name(s) of the editor (ed. or eds.), compiler (comp. or comps.), or
translator (trans.).
The abbreviated forms appear in notes as well as in the
bibliography.
No
author or
editor
Handbook of Signs and Symptoms. 3rd ed. Ambler,
PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.
As there is no author, the title is placed in the position of the
author. Do not use “anonymous” unless the book uses that.
First Note:
J. T. Gibbs and L. N. Huang, eds., Children
of Colour: Psychological Interventions with Minority
Youth (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1991), 325-26.
Subsequent Notes:
Gibbs and Huang, 350.
(Do not add ‘eds’)
First Note:
Handbook of Signs and Symptoms, 3rd ed.
(Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009),
67-68.
Subsequent Notes:
Handbook of Signs, 76.
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Books(Cont.)
Reference List
Notes
Corporate
author
Victorian Department of Education. Schools of the
Future. Melbourne: Victorian Department of
Education, 1994.
First Note:
Victorian Department of Education, Schools of
the Future (Melbourne: Victorian Department of
Education, 1994), 54.
Subsequent Notes:
Victorian Department of Education, 59.
First Note:
J. Harmer, The Practice of English Language
Teaching, 3rd ed. (Essex, UK: Longman, 2001), 6-11.
Subsequent Notes:
Harmer, 15.
In this case the author and the publisher are the same.
Edition other Harmer, J. The Practice of English Language
than the first
Teaching. 3rd ed. Essex, UK: Longman, 2001.
Secondary
source
Encyclopedia
or Dictionary
Well known
Zukofsky’s journal article is mentioned in Costello’s book. This
is how it would be cited:
Zukofsky, Louis. “Sincerity and Objectification.”
Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269. Quoted in
Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary
Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1981.
Well-known encyclopedias and dictionaries are usually cited
only in notes, with the edition specified but not all the
publication facts. It is not necessary to list them in
bibliographies.
Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,”
Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie
Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions
(Cambridge University Press, 1981), 78.
Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. “Sir
Francis Drake.”
The abbreviation "s.v." (sub verbo, Latin for "under the word") is
used to identify the article's title if there is no author for the
article.
Reference
works
Not well
known
Commentary
Reprint
Lesser-known encyclopedias should include publication details
in both notes and bibliographic entries.
Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual
History. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons,
2001.
Encyclopedia of American Cultural and
Intellectual History (New York: Charles Scribner’s
Sons, 2001), s.v. “Education in Early America.”
Parsons, Michael. Luther and Calvin on Old
Testament Narratives: Reformation Thought
and Narrative Text. Texts and Studies in
Religion 106. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen
Press, 2004.
First Note:
Michael Parsons, Luther and Calvin on Old
Testament Narratives: Reformation Thought and
Narrative Text, Texts and Studies in Religion 106
(Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2004), 167.
Subsequent notes:
Parsons, 195-99.
If there is more than one date, choose the date for the copy
you have read. If this was more than a year or two after the
original publication, you may cite it as a reprint.
Charles Dickens, Pictures from Italy (1846; repr.,
Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 2011), 67.
Dickens, Charles. Pictures from Italy. 1846. Reprint,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Article or
Didion, Joan. “Marrying Absurd.” In Twenty-Five
chapter in an
Great Essays, edited by R. DiYanni, 227-44.
edited book
New York: Pearson, 2008.
Include either the chapter (e.g. chap. 2 in notes, Chap. 2 in the
bibliography) or the chapter's page range.
First Note:
Joan Didion, “Marrying Absurd,” in Twenty-Five
Great Essays, ed. R. DiYanni, (New York: Pearson,
2008), 229.
Subsequent Notes:
Didion, 240.
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Books(Cont.)
Reference List
Notes
The Bible
Does not need to be cited in the references; be
sure to include the version you used in the first
footnote.
Lectures and
papers
presented at
meetings
Cole, Ross. “Biblical Ritual.” BBOT26200:
Pentateuch. Class lecture at Avondale College
of Higher Education, Cooranbong, NSW, March
13, 2012.
First Note:
Acts 10:17 (King James Version)
Subsequent Notes:
James 3:12
First Note
Ross Cole, “Biblical Ritual” (class lecture,
Avondale College of Higher Education, Cooranbong,
NSW, March 13, 2012).
No need for a bibliographical entry if the details are given in
the body of your essay as well as in the note.
Periodicals : Articles in Print
---- Journals, monthly and weekly magazines, and newspapers.
Periodicals
Reference List
Notes
One author
Jones, David Clyde. “The Westminster Confession
on Divorce and Remarriage.” Presbyterion 16,
no. 1 (Spring 1990): 17-40.
No author
named
Popular
magazine
article
“Spotlight: How We Give.” Christianity Today 55,
no. 1 (2011): 7.
Behr, R. “Minority Report.” New Statesman,
January 16, 2012.
All Notes
“Spotlight: How We Give,” 7.
R. Behr, “Minority Report,” New Statesman, January
16, 2012, 31.
Page numbers not required in bibliography, but may be added.
Weekly or monthly magazines are cited by date (month/year)
only, even if there is a volume/issue number on the cover.
Desai, Shweta. “Wrong Place, Wrong Colour.”
Indian Express, January 21, 2012.
Shweta Desai, “Wrong Place, Wrong Colour,” Indian
Express, January 21, 2012.
First Note
David Clyde Jones, “The Westminster
Confession on Divorce and Remarriage,”
Presbyterion 16, no. 1 (Spring 1990): 32.
Provide the full journal title in italics - do not abbreviate
Subsequent Notes
Jones, 39.
Two to three LeBlanc, Douglas, Jim Sheppard, and Gary D.
First Note
authors
Moore. “Should the Jobless Tithe on Their
Douglas LeBlanc, Jim Sheppard, and Gary D.
Unemployment Benefits? Stewardship
Moore, “Should the Jobless Tithe on Their
Dilemma.” Christianity Today 55, no. 3 (2011): Unemployment Benefits? Stewardship Dilemma,”
40-41.
Christianity Today 55, no. 3 (2011): 40.
Subsequent Notes
LeBlanc, Sheppard, and Moore, 41.
Four or more Diefenthaler, Jon, Albert Collver, Philip Krey, and
First Note
authors
Jane Fryar. “’A God Who Hides’: Four Views on
Jon Diefenthaler et al., “’A God Who Hides’:
God and Disaster.” Concordia Journal, 37, no. 1 Four Views on God and Disaster,” Concordia Journal,
(2011): 11-20.
37, no. 1 (2011): 19.
Subsequent citations:
List ALL authors
Diefenthaler et al., 20.
Newspaper
article
If the article is described in detail in your essay and included in
a note, there is no need to list the article in the bibliography.
Page 12
Reports, fact sheets etc
Reference List
Notes
Le Doyle, Brian. “Howling like Dogs: Metaphorical
Paper
Language in Psalm 59.” Paper presented at the
presented at
annual international meeting for the Society of
a meeting or
Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June 19-22,
conference
2002.
Pamphlets,
Brochures,
Reports etc.
Flickr
Cite these as you would a book. If you cannot find
author, publisher, etc . just give enough other
information to identify the document.
Do not include in your Reference List.
Artwork eg
paintings,
sculptures,
photographs,
ads,
cartoons,
maps etc
Italicise the titles of paintings and sculptures, but
place titles for other items (sculptures etc.) in
quotation marks. Identify the type of item if it is
unclear from the title.
First Note
Brian Doyle, “Howling like Dogs: Metaphorical
Language in Psalm 59” (paper presented at the
annual international meeting for the Society of
Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June 19-22,
2002).
Subsequent Notes
Doyle, 2002.
Do not include in your bibliography.
jimgoldstein, “Crater Lake Reflection,” Flickr image,
accessed October 15, 2009, http://www.flickr.com
/photos/jimgoldstein/423818813/
Pablo Picasso, Weeping Woman, 1937, National
Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.
Bill Brandt, “East End Girl, Dancing the Lambeth
Walk,” 1938, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.
Do not include in your bibliography.
Electronic media
Treat these items the same as for print material, but add the URL and date the item was acessed.
Online
Reference List
Notes
Online
journal
article
Brockopp, Jonathan E. “Islam and Bioethics.”
Journal of Religious Ethics 36, no. 1 (March,
2008): 25-29. Accessed May 23, 2012.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111
/j.1467-795.2008/full
Jonathan E. Brockopp, “Islam and Bioethics,”
Journal of Religious Ethics 36, no. 1 (March, 2008):
27, accessed May 23, 2012, http://onlinelibrary
.wiley.com/ doi/ 10.1111/ j.1467-795.2008/full
Electronic PP In general, follow the guidelines for print books, adding the
URL and the date you accessed the item.
book
White, Ellen G. Education. Mountain View, CA:
Pacific Press, 1952. Accessed December 2,
2011. http://www.whiteestate.org/books/ed
/ed.asp#35
Electronic
Root, Andrew. The Children of Divorce: The Loss of
book from a
Family as the Loss of Being. Grand Rapids, MI:
library
Brazos, 2010. Accessed May 2, 2011. EBL
database
Library.
Flickr
D No need to include in your reference list.
Ji
Ellen G. White, Education, (Mountain View, CA:
Pacific Press, 1952), under “Methods of Teaching,”
accessed December 2, 2011, http://www.whitestate
.org/books/ed/ed.asp#35
Andrew Root, The Children of Divorce: The Loss
of Family as the Loss of Being (Grand Rapids, MI:
Brazos, 2012), accessed May 2, 2011, EBL Library.
jimgoldstein, “Crater Lake Relection,” Flickr image,
accessed October 15, 2009, http://flickr.com
/photos/jimgoldstein/423818
Page 13
Websites, Videos, podcasts etc
Reference List
Notes
Website
Robinson, B. A. “Religions of the World:
Information About 40 Organized Religions and
Faith Groups.“ Religious Tolerance.org.
Accessed June 12, 2012.
http://www.religioustolerance.org/va_rel.htm
B. A. Robinson, “Religions of the World:
Information About 40 Organized Religions and Faith
Groups,“ Religious Tolerance.org, accessed June 12,
2012, http://www.religioustolerance.org/va_rel.htm
DVD/Movie
Heitler, Susan. The Angry Couple: Conflict-Focused
Treatment. DVD. Hicksville, NY: Newbridge
Communications, 1995.
Susan Heitler, The Angry Couple: Conflict-Focused
Treatment, DVD (Hicksville, NY: Newbridge
Communications, 1995).
In general, cite as for a book and indicate the media format
(DVD, VHS, etc).
Episode
from a TV
series
YouTube
E-mail
message
Cite TV, radio and other programs only in notes. Include at
least title and date you saw it. Can also include episode title
and number, names of key performers, broadcast venue and
date of original broadcast if different from when you saw it.
Italicise titles of programs but put titles of episodes in
quotation marks.
Do not include in your Reference List.
E-mail messages may be cited in running text (“In
an e-mail message to the author on October 31,
2005, John Doe revealed . . .”) instead of in a note.
They are rarely listed in a Reference List.
Interviews,
personal
communication
No Reference necessary
Sienfeld, season 5, episode 22, “The Opposite,”
aired May 19, 1994 on NBC.
Or you can quote this in your document and not bother with a
note e.g. The Seinfeld episode titled “The Opposite” (aired May
19, 1994) perfectly illustrates this story structure.
sup3rshing0, “poor french bulldog can’t roll
over,” YouTube video, 00:59, accessed May 15, 2009,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIKaIriiK8w
The following example shows the more formal
version of a note:
John Doe, e-mail message to author, October 31,
2011.
Ted White, interview by Ima Student, June 6, 2011.
Reference
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 8th ed. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2013.
Page 14
General Rules
1. Differences between the format of footnotes and bibliography entries
Bibliography
Footnotes
Author
Author’s name is in the format last name, first name
Indentation
Hanging indent
Punctuation
Page numbers
Use full stops to separate fields
Only include page numbers if they indicate the pages of a
complete article or chapter
Bibliography entries are alphabetized
If the same author has written a number of books, the
entries are then sorted according to date.
Author’s name is in the format first name
last name
First line indented with number, subsequent
lines flush to the left
Use commas to separate fields
Include specific page numbers for location of
information
Footnotes are numbered
Numbering
2. Titles
List and italicize the whole title, including subtitles. If there are two subtitles, use a colon before the
first and a semicolon before the second: Reading Revelation: Uncivil Worship and Witness; Following
the Lamb
Do not use ‘&’ in a title, even if it is listed like that in the book.
See p. 21 for more capitalization rules.
3. Footnotes
The first time a source is used, all the publication information should be listed within the footnote. For
subsequent references include the author’s last name, a shortened title, and the page number.
e.g. 4 Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis, 383.
If two or more works from the same author are used, include each author's first name and a
shortened title in the subsequent footnotes.
1
e.g.
Will Durant and Ariel Durant, The Age of Voltaire, 47.
2
Will Durant and Ariel Durant, A Dual Autobiography, 23.
If two consecutive references are from the same source, use the term “Ibid”
4
e.g.
Smith, 56.
5
Ibid, 58.
4. Reference List
In the Reference list, do not repeat the name of the author/s if they are the same:
Durant, Will, and Ariel Durant. The Age of Voltaire. New York: Simon, 1965.
———. A Dual Autobiography. New York: Simon, 1977.
(For the underlined space, type ‘ctrl alt –‘ (minus) three times.)
Arrange reference list alphabetically. Ignore articles such as a, or the.
5. Authors

Spell out "and" in letters - do not use an ampersand "&" between the first and second
authors' names e.g. Smith, J. and Edwin Jones.

For works with more than three, and less than ten authors, all names should be fully
cited in the bibliography.
In the footnote or endnote, however, only the first author's name needs to be fully
cited; the rest of the names can be replaced by the phrase "et al."
Page 15

An organization as author may be an organization, association, corporation,
committee, city, etc. If there is no personal author's name on the title page, provide
the organization as author in the bibliography even if the organization is also the
publisher.

If there is no author on the title page of a work, list instead the name(s) of the editor
(ed. or eds.), compiler (comp. or comps.), or translator (trans.).

Write abbreviations such as Sr., Jr., III (or 3rd) without commas before them. Use them
only after a full name, not with the surname alone.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
William J. Kaufamnn III Mary II
e. g. Gates, Henry Louis Jr. America Behind the Color Line: Dialogues with
African Americans. New York: Warner Books, 2004.
But NOT Gates Jr., 78.

If a forward or introduction is written by someone other than the author, do not
include them, unless you are using information from there. Ignore descriptions such as
“Edited with an Introduction and Notes by…” and just cite the editor.

For someone with a professional title or degrees e.g. Dr. John Hammond, Senator
Barack Obama, Rev. Jane Schaefer, John Smith, MA, B Ed (Science) omit the degrees
and titles.

If an author’s name is in the title omit the author’s name and begin with the title in
the Notes. Cite as normal in the Bibliography eg:
Footnote
Horace Walpole: Memoirs and Portraits, ed. Matthew Hodgart, rev. ed.
(London: B. T. Batsford, 1963), 56.
Bibliography
Walpole, Horace. Horace Walpole: Memoirs and Portraits. Edited by Matthew
Hodgart. Rev. ed. London: B. T. Batsford, 1963.
6. Place of publication
It is not necessary to include the state or country for well-known locations like New York, Oxford, or
Chicago. For less well-known cities, include the state or country.
If a work contains more than one place of publication, only include the first place listed. If the place
of publication is not well known or could be confused with another place with the same name then
add the state without periods separating the letters (e.g. Cambridge, MA).
7. Date of publication
Use the copyright date. Revised editions may have more than one copyright date. Use the most
recent. e.g. “©1975, 1985, 2001” use 2001 as the date.
8. Publisher
List the publisher exactly as it appears on the title page. Omit The and abbreviations such as Inc., Ltd.,
Co., Publishing Co. etc
University of Chicago Press
NOT
The University of Chicago Press
Houghton Mifflin
NOT
Houghton Mifflin Co.
Wordsworth
NOT
Wordsworth Publishing Co.
Page 16
9. Page Numbers
Numbers
1-99
100 (or multiples of 100)
101-109, 201-209, etc.
110-199, 210-299, etc.
Rule
Use all digits
Use all digits
Use the changed part only
Use two digits
Use more digits if the part changes
Examples
3-10, 71-72, 96-118
100-104, 1100-1113
101-7, 505-24, 1106-8
345-49, 115-23
478-501, 1067-198, 1386-411
10. Book Editions
"Revised edition" should be abbreviated as "Rev. ed." and "Abridged edition" should be abbreviated as
"Abr. ed." "Second edition, revised and enlarged" can be abbreviated simply as "2nd ed." The edition
can usually be found on the title page, as well as on the copyright page, along with the edition's date.
Smith, John. The Sample Book. 2nd ed. Pittsburgh: BibMe, 2008.
Smith, John. The Sample Book. Rev. ed. Pittsburgh: BibMe, 2008.
11. Reprint
If the book is a reprint edition and is a newly republished version of an older book, include the original
year of publication after the book title. Place the word "Reprint" and a comma before the publication
city. The publication year at the end of the citation should be the year of the book's reprinting.
Smith, John. The Sample Book. 1920. Reprint, Pittsburgh: BibMe, 2008.
12. Internet sources
Use the same information as you would for printed material but add a URL and the date you
downloaded the material. Include as much of the following information as possible:






Author’s name
Title of document in quotation marks
Title of website in italics
Information about the source or contributors (journal title, volume, issue, editor, etc.)
URL
Date of access
13. URL
The URL must NOT have the underlining that Word automatically applies. Correct this if it happens
e.g.
http://www.abs.gov.au/
Incorrect
http://www.abs.gov.au/
Correct
If the URL does not fit onto a line, break it to make it fit better. Do this before punctuation.
e.g.
http://search.ebscohost.com/vuid&profile=ehost
/login.aspx?authtype=ip,uid&profile=ehost&defaultdb=rfh
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AgpxLBIFRgG9dDBva3hNc1BGTEp5TUF
.udFFjVTM2bnc&usp=drive_web#gid=15
Page 17
14. General Rules for a Book with Multiple Additional Elements
When citing a book that involves a combination of editors, translators, multiple volumes, multiple
editions, a series title, etc., build the citation piece by piece in the following order:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Name of author(s)
Title of book
Name of translator(s) and/or editor(s)
Edition designation (if not the first)
Volume number cited or total count of volumes [in bibliography only]
Series title and enumeration (if given)
Facts of publication
Volume and page numbers cited [in notes only]
2
footnote
Walther Zimmerli, Ezekiel: A Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel, trans. Ronald E.
Clements, ed. Frank Moore Cross and Klaus Baltzer with Leonard Jay Greenspoon,
Hermeneia (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979–83), 1:142.
3
G. V. Lechler and K. Gerok, Theological and Homiletical Commentary on the Acts
of the Apostles: Specially Designed and Adapted for Ministers and Students, ed. J. P.
Lange, trans. Paton J. Gloag, 2nd ed., Clark's Foreign Theological Library (Edinburgh: T. &
T. Clark, 1869), 1:52.
Zimmerli, Walther. Ezekiel: A Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel. Translated by Ronald
E. Clements. Edited by Frank Moore Cross and Klaus Baltzer with Leonard Jay
Greenspoon. 2 vols. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979–83.
bibliography
Lechler, G. V., and K. Gerok. Theological and Homiletical Commentary on the
Acts of the Apostles: Specially Designed and Adapted for Ministers and
Students. Edited by J. P. Lange. Translated by Paton J. Gloag. 2nd ed. 2 vols.
Clark's Foreign Theological Library. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1869.
15. Using the Bible
When referring to whole chapters or books in your assignment, spell the complete name – do not
shorten, underline, italicize or put in quotations e.g.
- The Old Testament contains books of poetry.
- This passage is taken from the New American Standard Bible
- Exodus 20 contains the Ten Commandments
When citing verses use abbreviations in both text and in notes and identify the version being used. List
the version in the first citation and mention in the footnote that all Bible sources will be the same
version unless otherwise stated; after that the version does not need to be listed in the text. If the
reference is given in the sentence, no footnote is necessary e.g.
- Gen. 3:15 NKJV. All subsequent Scripture quotations are taken from the New King
James Version unless otherwise stated.
Use commas for separate verses. Use hyphens to indicate a series of verses e.g.
Rom. 12 : 1, 4 (only verses 1 and 4 are being cited)
Rom. 12 : 1-4 ( every verse from 1 to 4 is being cited)
It is not necessary to include facts of publication (city, publisher, date) in a Bible reference:
Footnote 5 Ps. 150 : 4 KJV (King James Version).
Bibliography Not necessary, but if you feel you need to it would appear as:
The Holy Bible, King James Version.
Page 18
16. Abbreviations for books of the Bible
Old
Testament
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1 Samuel
New
Testament
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Romans
Abbreviation
Book
Abbreviation
Gen.
Kings
Kings
Exod.
Lev.
Num.
Deut.
Josh.
Judg.
Ruth
1 Sam. etc
Abbreviation
Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Book
Matt.
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Rom.
1 Corinthians
2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
Book
Abbreviation
Book
Abbreviation
Song of Sol.
Obadiah
Obad.
Chron.
Ezra
Neh.
Esther
Job
Ps.
Prov.
Eccles.
Abbreviation
Song of
Solomon
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Book
Isa.
Jer.
Lam.
Ezek.
Dan.
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Abbreviation
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Book
Jon.
Mic.
Nah.
Hab.
Zeph.
Hag.
Zech.
Mal.
Abbreviation
1 Cor.
2 Cor.
Gal.
Eph.
Phil.
Col.
Thessalonians
Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
Thess.
Tim.
Titus
Philem.
Heb.
James
Peter
John
Jude
Revelation
Pet.
John
Jude
Rev.
17. Abbreviations for American States and Territories
Alabama AL
Alaska AK
American Samoa AS
Arkansas AR
California CA
Canal Zone CZ
Connecticut CI
Delaware DE
District of Columbia DC
Georgia GA
Guam GU
Hawaii HI
Illinois IL
Indiana IN
Iowa IA
Kentucky KY
Louisiana LA
Maine ME
Massachusetts MA
Michigan MI
Minnesota MN
Missouri MO
Montana MT
Nebraska NE
New Hampshire NH
New Jersey NJ
New Mexico NM
North Carolina NC
North Dakota ND
Ohio OH
Oregon OR
Pennsylvania PA
Puerto Rico PR
South Carolina SC
South Dakota SD
Tennessee TN
Utah UT
Vermont VT
Virginia VA
Washington WA
West Virginia WV
Wisconsin WI
Arizona AZ
Colorado CO
Florida FL
Idaho ID
Kansas KS
Maryland MD
Mississippi MS
Nevada NV
New York NY
Oklahoma OK
Rhode Island RI
Texas TX
Virgin Islands VI
Wyoming WY
15. Typing international characters with Word
à è ì ò ù or À È Ì Ò Ù
CTRL+`(Accent_Grave), the letter
á é í ó ú or Á É Í Ó Ú
CTRL+’(Apostrophe), the letter
â ê î ô û or Â Ê Î Ô Û
CTRL+SHIFT+^(Caret), the letter
ä ë ï ö ü or Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü
CTRL+SHIFT+(Colon), the letter
ß
CTRL+SHIFT+&, S
Page 19
Rules for Capitalization in Turabian
Do not capitalize the second part (or subsequent parts) of a hyphenated compound unless it is a
proper noun or adjective e.g. Self-reliant, Twenty-first-century but you would capitalize MidAtlantic, Un-American.
Do not capitalize parts of proper nouns that are normall in lowercase (van in Ludwig van
Beethoven)
Capitalize prepositions only if they are used adverbally (part of a verb ie Looked Up a Word
where Up is a preposition but is part of the verb Looked) or used adjectivally (part of an
adjective ie The On Button).
The words in blue below are prepositions.
On the whole, do not capitalize these words:
a
aboard
about
above
across
after
against
along
amid
among
an
and
anti
around
as
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
between
beyond
but
by
concerning
considering
despite
down
during
except
excepting
excluding
following
for
from
in
inside
into
like
minus
near
nor
of
off
on
onto
opposite
or
outside
over
past
per
plus
regarding
round
save
since
so
than
the
through
to
toward
under
underneath
unlike
until
up
upon
versus
via
with
within
without
yet
Page 20

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