Chapter 8 Biological_Rev03

Transcription

Dubai LNG Regasification Project
Draft ESHIA Report
8
8.1
Biological Environment
Introduction
This section describes the existing biological environment in the vicinity of the proposed
LNG Regasification Project with particular emphasis on the marine and terrestrial ecology
of the immediate study area. Topics covered include protected areas and species,
sensitive habitats and a general overview of the status of the natural environment of the
marine, intertidal and terrestrial areas within the project study area, based on the results
of the baseline surveys carried out for the project. The baseline section has been collated
through a review of relevant literature sources, consultation with local experts and from
data collected during the baseline environmental survey.
8.2
Protected Areas & Species
There are no protected areas within the Jebel Ali Port site, but located approximately
5km south-east of the site is the Jebel Ali Wildlife Sanctuary, which was designated by
the FEA as a Protected Area (Local Order 2 of 1998). The Palm Jebel Ali Island has
recently been constructed within this sanctuary and management of the reserve is
understood to have been transferred to the development company Nakheel. Although
the extent of the impact on the sanctuary is not known, it is expected to have been
significant. Approximately 30km north-east from the Jebel Ali Port is the Ras Al Khor
Wildlife Sanctuary.
A number of species are present in the Dubai coastal area that are of conservation
interest. Table 8.1 shows a list of marine and coastal species that are included on the
IUCN Red List (2000) of Threatened Species, and occasionally reported to be present in
the area (International Environmental Consultants, 1998).
Table 8.1: List of IUCN Red List (2000) Species Present in the Marine and Coastal
Habitats off Dubai
Taxon
Reptiles
Chelonia mydas
Eretmochelys imbricata
Mammals
Dugong dugon
Sousa chinensis
Tursiops aduncus
Fish
Epinephilus coioides
Common Name
IUCN Red List (2004)
Status
Green Turtle
Hawksbill turtle
Endangered
Critically Endangered
Dugong
Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin
Bottlenose Dolphin
Vulnerable
Data Deficient
Data Deficient
Orange-spotted Grouper
Near Threatened
NB. The status of species on the IUCN list published in 2000 was updated in 2004
8.3
Dubai Coastal Area Marine Baseline Environment
8.3.1 Coastal Habitats
The marine ecology of the coastal Dubai Area has changed dramatically over the past
three years due to the significant near-shore dredging and reclamation projects including
Palm Jebel Ali, Palm Jumeirah, MegaMax Stage 1 and 2, and The World.
P180005
November 2007 Rev 03
Page 8-1
Draft ESHIA Report
A remote sensing study (Purkis and Riegl, 2005) produced a habitat map (shown in
Figure 8.1) of the area immediately to the south-west of the project site. Despite this
study being conducted during 2005, the input satellite data is older, and shows the
coastline prior to the commencement of construction of the Jebel Ali Palm. As such
despite the obviously degraded nature of the coral reef habitat within the marine
sanctuary in the image, much of the large scale dredging and reclamation works in the
Jebel Ali area have taken place since.
While Figure 8.1 does not describe the marine habitat of the exact project site, it gives
useful data on biotopes present that previously typified this stretch of coast, prior to the
large scale coastal projects construction.
Figure 8.1: A). Habitat Map of the area to the south-west of the Project Study
Area (Source: Purkis and Riegl, 2005). B): Shown in relation to the Dubai coast of
Jebel Ali and the project study area.
A).
P180005
Page 8-2
Draft ESHIA Report
Figure 8.1 B).
The following recorded habitats have been known to be present in the general area and
are described briefly. The LNG project marine and terrestrial environmental baseline
surveys undertaken confirm the most recent presence or absence of the following
habitats within the actual project study area (described in Section 8.4).
•
Sand beaches: in the intertidal, these are frequented by birds such as passage
migrants, small rodents and lizards; these may be also used as nesting sites for
green turtles (Chelonia mydas);
•
Coral reef: this constitutes a unique and under-represented habitat in the Dubai
coastal area. With 34 species of scleractinian coral recorded, the Jebel Ali reef
stands out among the coral reefs of the Gulf (Riegl, 1999). The corals in Jebel Ali
occupy a zone between approximately 2m and 7m deep. They provide important
habitat to a large diversity of coral reef fishes, encrusting and filamentous algae,
bivalves and molluscs, crabs and other crustaceans. It should be noted that since
the studies undertaken by Riegl, 1999, that the sensitive coral reef habitat in the
Jebel Ali area has been significantly impacted; much of what was the Jebel Ali
Wildlife Sanctuary (as described in Figure 8.1) is now the site of the Palm Jebel Ali;
•
Seagrass beds: seagrass (e.g. Halodule uninervis & Halophila ovalis) meadows
often harbour a rich benthic fauna and are important to green turtles and dugong;
•
Hard bottom substrates: caprock sometimes covered by a thin layer of
corralligenous sand (< 2cm) may have pearl oyster beds (Pinctada radiata) and sea
urchins (Echinometra mathaei) as common components;
•
Sand substrate: sand bottoms are formed and maintained in high-energy
environments and are characterized by an abundant meiofauna and larger species of
polychaetes, snails (Strombus decorus persicus); fish include Luther’s shrimp goby
(Cryptocentrus lutheri), mojarra (Gerres oyena) and banded Terapons (Terapon
P180005
Page 8-3
Draft ESHIA Report
puta). A less conspicuous species present in the area is the burrowing protochordate,
Branchiostoma spp. that is a primitive relative of the fishes;
•
Mud substrate: in areas where local hydrodynamic regime and topography permit
the accumulation of fine silty and clayey sediments, mud bottoms are found that are
devoid of attached macrophytes or corals, which are dominated by the molluscs
Cardium papyraceum and Murex kusterianus. Mud and sand bottoms are important
habitats for the adult commercial shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus after they leave the
seagrass beds or macroalgal beds where they spend their juvenile stage; and
•
Macroalgal Beds: four main types may occur, including Sargassum & Padina; these
are often associated with the reef.
8.3.2 Fisheries
Fisheries of the UAE are described as primarily artisanal in nature, with little large-scale
industrial fishing activity taking place (Morgan, 2004). Recreational fishing is increasingly
important and the number of private recreational fishing boats and a small charter fishing
boat fleet is increasingly rapidly targeting sport fishing species of large pelagic fish and
some demersal species.
Recent estimates by ERWDA in 2002 show that fish stocks, both commercial and noncommercial, have declined significantly in UAE waters over the past 25 years. The
reasons for this decline are not fully understood, although the extensive and rapid coastal
development in the UAE may well be a contributory factor. The number of registered
fishing vessels is decreasing and, in 2002, there were approximately 5000 vessels, whilst
this figure was closer to 8000 in 1998. Of these registered vessels, it is estimated that as
few as 20% actively undertake fishing operations. Recent laws requiring a UAE national
to be actually present in person onboard vessels during fishing operations has also
reduced the number of active vessels (previously much of the fishing operations were
carried out by Iranian, Bangladeshi or Indian fishermen, although vessels themselves
were owned by UAE nationals (Morgan, 2004)).
While very little economic value is placed on the fisheries in UAE, they are considered
important for the country’s heritage, as fishing was traditionally one of the more important
industries prior to the development of the UAE’s oil and gas industry.
The artisanal fishery is principally operated by two types of vessel; wooden dhows
(typically around 15m), which primarily deploy fish traps (known as Gargoors), and
outboard powered open fibreglass boats (8–10m), which deploy a range of fishing gear,
including fixed and floating gillnets, hand lines, and Gargoors. The Gargoor fishery
accounts for nearly 80% of fish landings by weight in the UAE. Important species fished
using Gargoors include Emperors (Lethrinidae), Groupers (Epinephelinae, known locally
as Hamoor), Jacks and Scads (Carangidae) and Sweetlips (Morgan, 2004).
In addition, there is some pelagic fishing that takes place further offshore, primarily for
Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus spp.) and other larger pelagics, as well as some
exploitation of shellfish resources, namely tropical rock lobster. After the Gargoor fishery,
the most important in terms of landings by weight is from coastal fish traps, or stake nets
known as hadra. Hadra are deployed from the shore, and placed in the intertidal zone
and shallow subtidal areas in inlets, or along beaches (Morgan, 2004).
P180005
Page 8-4
Draft ESHIA Report
The near shore waters of the Straits of Hormuz and off the coast of Ras-al-Khaimah are
considered the most productive in terms of fishery resources. Most hadra fishing takes
place away from coastal development, and increasing urbanization of the coastal regions
is resulting in a decline in this fishery.
Overall, the UAEs fishery resources, although not of great economic importance, are
considered overexploited, and vulnerable near shore stocks are further threatened by the
rapid coastal development. The project study area, within an area, which has already
been subject to development, is not considered to be of importance in terms of its fishery
potential.
8.3.3 Plankton Communities
The frequent exchange of the water masses of the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Gulf via
the Straits of Hormuz and the relatively short residence time of water within the Gulf,
results in a similar population structure amongst plankton communities between the Gulf
and the Indian Ocean. Exceptions to this exist in the extreme upper Northern Gulf where
high freshwater inputs allow certain estuarine influenced plankton populations to develop.
Overall, the Arabian Gulf has a more diverse plankton population than previously thought
(Kimor, 1973). Dorgham and Muftah (1986, 1989) recorded over 400 species and
Muftah (1991) added a further 120 new records, so that while biodiversity is still lower
than that in the Indian Ocean, it is richer than that found in either the Red Sea or Arabian
Sea.
A summary of phytoplankton primary productivity studies is given by Jones et al. (2002).
While there is considerable variation due to the shallow nature of the Gulf and methods
2
of estimation, average primary productivity is thought to be > 500mg C/m /d, which is
“medium to high” according to the Nixon index (Al-Yamani et al., 2004). Highest values
occur in Kuwaiti and Qatari waters and in the Straits of Hormuz (Jamel et al., 1979).
Unfortunately, the incidence of toxic or harmful algal blooms (HABS) is increasing in the
Gulf with over 50 species reported from western Gulf waters (Al-Muftah, 2002; Al-Yamani
et al., 2004).
Michel et al. (1986) recorded over 100 genera and species of zooplankton from the Gulf
with Copepoda dominating. Exotic Indian Ocean species occur including Sagitta
bedfordi, salps and doliolids indicating immigration through the Straits of Hormuz.
Highest dry weight biomass occurs in Kuwaiti waters with lower values for the central
-3
Gulf. Mean standing stock for the Gulf is 85mg Cm , which is higher than the Gulf of
-3
-3
Aden (60mg Cm ), but lower than parts of the Arabian Sea (1000–2000mg Cm ) where
myctophids dominate. There is some seasonality in the plankton, with a peak in
spring/summer in Kuwait and Saudi Arabian waters, and lowest abundances in autumn.
Zooplankton is rich in copepods and meroplankton, which provide food for
ichthyoplankton. This is dominated by Engraulidae, Gobidae and Clupeidae in the
northern Gulf (Al-Yamani et al., 2004) and a wider range of species in the south (Houde
et al., 1986). Fish larval abundances are similar to those found in other Indian Ocean
-2
coastal waters (28–75m ) (Nellen, 1973).
P180005
Page 8-5
Draft ESHIA Report
8.4
Marine Baseline Survey
8.4.1 Introduction
A marine environmental baseline survey was undertaken at the Jebel Ali LNG
th
th
regasification plant study area between 12 and 15 June 2007. RSK commissioned
Nautica Environmental Associates (a registered environmental survey company, based in
Abu Dhabi) to undertake a full programme of marine, intertidal and terrestrial survey,
using a variety of techniques.
An initial desk-based review of available ecological information was conducted (Section
8.3.1), though little information on the marine and terrestrial habitats within the study area
was found. However, a relevant data set exists from the results of a marine ecological
study conducted by Nautica, approximately two kilometres to the east of the current
project study area in early 2007 (Nautica, pers comm.)
Due to ongoing dredging and reclamation activities in the vicinity of the project site, it was
difficult to establish a clear ecological baseline. Dredging and reclamation activities are
known to lead to loss of marine biodiversity due to the physical removal of substrate
during dredging; smothering of habitats during reclamation; and increased suspended
solid concentrations in the water column, resulting in increased turbidity and further
smothering of benthic communities. Hence, the marine ecology in the vicinity of project
site was impacted and impoverished at the time of project commission.
The in-field operations of the environmental baseline study comprised two principal
elements, marine, and intertidal and terrestrial. The intertidal and terrestrial surveys are
described together in Section 8.5.
8.4.2 Methods
Twenty marine survey stations were visited and at each station surface and seabed
observations were made, using real-time and recorded drop-down video techniques. The
use of SCUBA was not deemed appropriate for safety reasons, given the very turbid
conditions (resulting in very limited underwater visibility) that existed at the time of study.
At all 20 stations, the following observations were made:
•
Fish populations and incidental observations of marine mammals and reptiles;
•
Epibenthic flora and fauna (qualitative evaluations);
•
Substrate type and condition;
•
GPS position, date & time and environmental conditions; and
•
Benthic flora and fauna (qualitative evaluations).
Figure 8.2 shows the 20 sampling locations overlaid onto an Admiralty Chart extract of
the Jebel Ali port approaches.
As discussed in Chapter 7, at all 20 sample locations in situ seawater measurements of
temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen were recorded in the surface waters, at
mid-water and just above the seabed. Parameters were measured using a YSI Multiparameter probe, which was calibrated immediately preceding the in-field period.
P180005
Page 8-6
Draft ESHIA Report
Additionally, seawater turbidity measurements were recorded at each location by
lowering a Secchi disk through the water column.
At 10 of the 20 survey locations samples were taken of the seabed sediment for physico2
chemical analysis. Samples were taken using a 0.1m Van-Veen grab sampler. At the
same locations seawater samples were also taken for physico-chemical analysis, at mid
water depth, using a Van Doorn sampler. The results of this component of the infield
survey programme are discussed in Chapter 7-Physical Environment.
At 15 of the 20 survey locations duplicate samples for seabed sediment infauna were
2
taken using a 0.1m Van-Veen grab sampler. The sediment samples were sieved using
a 1mm sieve and preserved, prior to sorting and ID in a buffered solution of 4% formalin
in seawater.
Table 8.2 presents a complete list of the various parameters sampled at each survey
location. Figure 8.2 shows the locations of the sampling points.
Table 8.2: Location of Marine Sampling Stations and Parameters Evaluated at Each
ID
Decimal Degrees (WGS84)
BN
SW
SD
TS
IN
N176-1
55.076588
25.027968
-
-
N176-2
55.075500
25.023820
N176-3
55.078260
25.025870
-
-
N176-4
55.076010
25.025740
-
N176-5
55.074620
25.026700
-
-
-
N176-6
55.073334
25.028914
N176-7
55.071874
25.030149
-
-
-
N176-8
55.070135
25.031266
N176-9
55.072431
25.032895
N176-10
55.068970
25.033230
-
-
N176-11
55.067568
25.034937
N176-12
55.073281
25.037279
-
-
-
N176-13
55.068911
25.029111
-
-
N176-14
55.067707
25.030496
-
-
N176-15
55.066697
25.031510
-
N176-16
55.065599
25.032553
N176-17
55.064327
25.033799
-
-
N176-18
55.062804
25.029840
N176-19
55.060150
25.031940
-
-
N176-20
55.055550
25.029760
P180005
Page 8-7
Draft ESHIA Report
KEY:
BN – Benthic investigation (drop-down video)
SW – Seawater sampling (Van Doorn)
SD – Sediment sampling (Van Veen Grab)
TS – Temperature & salinity measurements
IN – Infaunal Sampling (Van Veen Grab)
P180005
Page 8-8
Draft ESHIA Report
Figure 8.2: Extract from the Jebel-Ali and Approaches Admiralty Chart showing the Survey Locations for the Marine Environmental Baseline
Survey and Key Offshore Project Infrastructure
Reproduced from ARCS chart 3739 by permission of the controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office and the UK Hydrographic Office (www.ukho.gov.uk) Not to be used for navigation
P180005
Page 8-9
Draft ESHIA Report
8.4.3 Review of Seabed Habitats
Benthic diversity over the majority of the study area was considered relatively low in
comparison with other near shore areas in the region. This can be principally attributed to the
fact that the survey area is surrounded by ongoing reclamation and marine-based construction
projects connected with the extension and development of the Jebel Ali Port and other landbased organizations that have, and continue to involve, dredging activities on a relatively large
scale.
All subtidal habitats investigated showed evidence of disturbance to varying degrees, either
from recent or past dredging activity in the immediate area, e.g. around sites N176-14 and
N176-20 or from anthropogenically influenced sediment deposition over the seabed (at all
other sites investigated).
Marine habitats investigated within the immediate project footprint area can broadly be
classified into four categories as summarized in Figure 8.3, dependent largely upon the
degree of anthropogenic impact. Their associated floral and faunal components are described
in the subsequent sections.
Figure 8.3: Subtidal Habitats Identified during the Field Survey
HABITAT TYPES & CHARACTERISTICS
SITE PLATES
Dredged area habitats
(1) < 12 metres depth. Generally flat and
homogeneous seabed, with 90%+ cover of fine (silty)
sediment, with occasional rubble mounds on surface.
Generally very sparse floral and faunal communities
with occasional beds of diatomaceous algae, sponges,
ascidians and small invertebrate fauna.
Sites: N176-20
P180005
Page 8-10
Draft ESHIA Report
HABITAT TYPES & CHARACTERISTICS
SITE PLATES
(2) Steeply sloping sides to dredged areas in the
vicinity of site N176-15 (6–16 metres). 30% cover with
bivalve growth, e.g. Chama sp. and Pinctada radiata.
Fouling filter feeders including species of ascidian and
sponge cover 10% of the exposed bedrock face. Fish
species more diverse around basal edges and
overhangs.
Sites: N176-15
Soft sediment with sparse epibenthos
Flat, generally homogenous seabed with 80-100%
soft, siltaceous sediment cover (depths vary) with
generally sparse epibenthic cover. Dominated by
microalgal species (diatomaceous mats) and
occasional macroalgal species in areas of greater
substrate exposure, (e.g. Chaetomorpha linum,
Padina boergensii., Hormophysa cuneiformis). In
scattered areas of more stable sediment occasional
seagrass patches occur (in very low densities (< 200
shoots/m²). Faunal species very sparse with
occasional small gastropods, small sponges, ascidians
and hydroid communities.
Sites: N176-9, 10, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 11, 12, 13, 14,
16, 17, 18 and 19
P180005
Page 8-11
Draft ESHIA Report
Artificial structures
Man-made structures such as pipelines and small
fixed platforms in the area with subtidal & intertidal
zones. The elevated seabed pipelines and vertical
pilings to small platforms provide a suitably stable
surface for a variety of fouling communities to develop.
Intertidal zones to pilings characterized by abundant
barnacle growth with turf algae. Subtidal zones to
vertical support pilings dominated by other filter
feeding invertebrates, e.g. sponges, hydroids, algae
(macro and micro species), bryozoans, bivalves and
Serpulid tube worms, base of structures provide
shelter to a variety of demersal fish species.
Sites: N176-8
Dredged area habitats
The dredged areas and steeply-sloping boundaries to undredged or less dredged areas are
relatively newly created habitats, known to exist at two locations investigated within the study
area. Site N176-20 to the west of the study area lies within a previously dredged channel
basin as part of the Jebel Ali Port facility at around 17 metres depth. The other location,
around site N176-15, is an area delineated for dredging as part of the overall project
development. At the time of study, only a small portion of this area had been dredged.
Both areas are characterized by a generally flat and homogeneous seabed, consisting of
>90% cover of fine (siltaceous) sediment, with occasional rubble mounds visible through the
sediment cover. Natural light conditions at these deeper depths were poor with a resulting low
visibility, likely a causal factor to the low diversity of floral and faunal communities recorded
here. Epibenthos was generally very sparse with occasional patchy films of diatomaceous
algae cover over the substrate. Other faunal species included isolated sponges, ascidians and
small invertebrate fauna (polychaete worm mounds were visible on the sediment in both
areas).
Possible evidence of siltation was also visible in the form of a light brown and very fine
siltaceous layer covering much of the existing seabed, which was readily re-suspended when
disturbed. The dredged area sides (Figure 8.5) had been colonized by ascidians (including
Didemnum sp. and Phallusia nigra) and bivalve molluscs (including Chama sp. and Chlamys
sp.). No fish species were recorded at these locations, although the steep-sided boundaries of
the dredged area at site N176-15 are thought likely to provide a potentially suitable habitat and
shelter for some demersal species, which may include gobies, snapper, bream and angelfish.
Sediment samples collected at these locations were dark grey in colour and possibly anoxic
(with a noxious smell when exposed to sunlight).
P180005
Page 8-12
Draft ESHIA Report
Figures 8.4 and 8.5: Site N176-20 (above left), the most westerly site investigated, lying at
a depth of ~17 metres. Low-light conditions recorded here and very sparse epibenthos.
Site N176-15 (above right) showing the recently created vertical face to the dredged area,
already being colonized by ascidian and bivalve communities
Soft sediment habitat with sparse epibenthos
This habitat was found to cover much of the project footprint, being recorded at seventeen of
the twenty sites investigated. Habitat characteristics consist of a uniformly flat, generally
homogenous seabed with an 80-100% cover of soft, siltaceous sediment (of variable depth)
with generally sparse epibenthic cover (Figures 8.6 and 8.7). These areas typically were
dominated by microalgal species (diatomaceous mats) and occasional macroalgal species in
small areas of greater substrate exposure, (e.g. Chaetomorpha linum, Padina boergensii and
Hormophysa cuneiformis at site N176-12 – Figure 8.8).
In isolated areas of more stable sediment, occasional small seagrass patches occur (in very
low densities of <200 shoots/m² - as at site N176-19 – Figure 8.9). The only species recorded
was Halodule uninervis, though the other two species known to exist in similar near shore soft
sediment habitats could potentially be present (Halophila ovalis and Halophila stipulacea),
though these species are more likely to occur in more sheltered near shore locations.
It is considered possible that this biotope would have occurred over a wider distribution within
the project footprint area prior to the extensive development of the Jebel Ali port areas, as
previous studies only a few kilometres to the east of the footprint area are known to contain
larger areas of this nonetheless regionally significant biotope (Nautica, pers comm.). The
species is sensitive to the effects of high turbidity and excessive siltation and it is probable that
the distribution and coverage of the biotope in the footprint area has diminished as a result of
direct or indirect effects of marine-based construction activity that has taken, and is taking,
place in the area in recent times.
P180005
Page 8-13
Draft ESHIA Report
Figures 8.6 and 8.7: Site N176-13 (above left) and N176-14 (above right) showing the
relatively flat nature to the seabed habitat with generally very sparse epibenthic cover.
Figures 8.8 and 8.9: Site N176-12 (above left) showing an area of substrate exposure that
has allowed sessile macroalgal species to develop. N176-19 (above right) showing very
sparse seagrass beds (Halodule uninervis dominant)
Faunal diversity was typically very low with occasional distribution of small gastropods, small
sponges, ascidians and hydroids. Polychaete worm mounds were visible at a number of the
survey locations (Figure 8.10).
Turbid conditions were predominant, as at the dredged locations, particularly close to the
seabed. At many of these locations, the existing sediment base was largely covered with very
fine, easily disturbed, yellow siltaceous sediment cover (Figure 8.11). Sediment samples
collected were dark grey in colour with a similarly distinctive odour when exposed to air and
sun, with other similar characteristics to the samples collected from the deeper dredged area
habitats.
Fish diversity and abundance was equally poor with only a few demersal species recorded at
relatively few locations within this habitat. Fish sightings were made particularly at the sites
where substrate exposure was greater allowing for the development of sessile species such
as macroalgae (e.g. Padina boergensii) and bivalves (e.g. Pinctada radiata – the pearl oyster)
at site N176-12). The poor visibility hampered effective video surveying and, as such, it is
considered likely that more species are present in these areas than those actually recorded.
P180005
Page 8-14
Draft ESHIA Report
Species recorded included snapper (Lutjanidae), jacks (Carangidae) and mojarra (Gerreidae).
Other species thought likely to be present include goatfish, gobies and bream. Other species
that may occur over this habitat include stingray and cuttlefish (Sepia sp.) and possibly shark
(a 1.5m live specimen was recorded in a similar near shore habitat ~2 kilometres to the east
on a previous study conducted by Nautica in 2006 (Nautica, pers comm.)).
At the shallower near shore, soft-sediment sites that were investigated, the sediment was of a
coarser nature and rippled in places, due to increased exposure to wave and surge action.
Despite these differing physical characteristics, a similarly impoverished floral and faunal
community base was supported.
No evidence of coral colonization was recorded at any of the sites investigated in this or other
habitats, although the presence of a low-profile, encrusting species, Siderastrea savignyana,
was recorded in close proximity, to the east of the study area (Nautica pers comm.). This
species is known for its tolerance to relatively disturbed conditions and could possibly occur in
those areas of greater substrate exposure such as at site N176-12 or around the exposed
basal edges to artificial structures such as pipelines and fixed jackets, which occur within the
project footprint. Other less-tolerant species such as Favid’s (from the genus Favia) could also
potentially occur in similar areas within the project area, though they are more prone to the
effects of smothering from excessive siltation. Given the relatively long-term nature and scale
of the marine-based developments taking place in the area, the continued survival of any of
these species present is considered to be doubtful.
Figure 8.10 and 8.11: Site N176-10 (above left) showing worm mounds visible over the
sediment. N176-18 (above right) shows the very fine yellow siltaceous cover to the
sediment found at the majority of locations investigated
It is likely that the sessile species diversity and abundance will benefit positively from the
introduction of the hard engineering structures proposed as part of the project. Limestone
rock armouring or concrete or steel pilings have proved to be very suitable surfaces for recolonization of a comparatively wide variety of coral species. Evidence for this can be seen
along the existing armoured breakwaters around the Abu Dhabi City coastline, where coral
regeneration and growth is progressing well in many places, particularly along the seaward
edges to these structures.
This habitat is of comparatively low diversity when compared to other, less disturbed habitats
to be found in similar near shore coastal waters of the UAE and, as a result, is not considered
to be of particularly high ecological or conservation value in its current state.
P180005
Page 8-15
Draft ESHIA Report
Artificial Habitats
A number of man-made structures such as pipelines and small fixed platforms exist in the
project study area. These can create both subtidal and intertidal habitat, which provides a
stable surface supporting the colonization by fouling communities of flora and fauna. Within
the intertidal zone, pilings are characterized by abundant barnacle growth and species of turf
algae. In subtidal areas, vertical support pilings are dominated by other filter feeding
invertebrates, e.g. sponges, hydroids, bryozoans, bivalves and Serpulid tube worms. In
addition, species of algae, (both macro and micro) are present. Although not visited during the
field study, these existing structures are likely to provide a suitable refuge for a variety of
demersal fish species, which are likely to include snapper, bream, emperor, angelfish and
possibly commercially important Hamour.
Seabed pipelines, e.g. at site N176-8 also provide a suitably elevated position over which a
similar array of fouling communities has developed (Figure 8.12). These species are all
common to the region and have been recorded on similar structures throughout the UAE. No
corals were recorded as present in this habitat, but, as indicated in the previous section, they
have been recorded in similar habitats during other investigations and could possibly develop
given time and a disturbance-free environment.
Figure 8.12: Site N176-8. Fouling community
assemblages over the existing pipeline
adjacent to the proposed new pipeline
route. Typically found on similar structures
throughout the UAE
Turbid conditions persisted at sites within this habitat and although the substrate immediately
surrounding the pipelines was noted to be coarser in nature, it was not possible to collect
sediment samples in these areas due to the proximity to the pipelines. Sediment samples
collected at a safe distance outside the pipeline corridor proved to have similar characteristics
to samples collected at all other locations throughout the project study area.
8.4.4 Results of Sediment Infaunal Study
A total of 334 individuals belonging to 48 species were collected during the infauna survey.
The raw infauna data can be found in Annex X. Table 8.3 shows the taxonomic breakdown of
the results. The most dominant taxon in terms of both number of species and number of
individuals was the Bivalves, represented by 199 individuals of 17 species. Table 8.4 shows
the various univariate community parameter values on a station by station basis.
P180005
Page 8-16
Draft ESHIA Report
Table 8.3: Taxonomic Breakdown of Infaunal Results
Taxon
№ of Species
№ of Individuals
Cnidaria
2
6
Annelida
6
28
Crustacea
15
38
Gastropoda
5
23
Bivalvia
17
199
Echinodermata
2
15
Chordata
1
25
Totals
48
334
Table 8.4: Various Univariate Community Parameter Values on a Station-by-Station
Basis
Station
No. of
Species
Mean No. of
Individuals (per
replicate)
Species
Richness
(Margalef)
Species
Eveness
(Pielou)
Shannon Weiner
Diversity (log e)
1
5
5.5
2.35
0.91
1.47
2
11
8
4.81
0.94
2.25
3
8
7
3.60
0.95
1.97
6
6
14.5
1.87
0.65
1.16
8
9
8
3.85
0.88
1.93
9
8
6
3.91
0.87
1.81
10
10
7.5
4.47
0.95
2.18
11
19
23
5.74
0.85
2.50
13
4
3
2.73
0.96
1.33
14
9
6.5
4.27
0.95
2.10
16
7
4
4.33
0.98
1.91
17
8
10.5
2.98
0.87
1.80
18
16
26
4.60
0.87
2.40
19
15
33.5
3.99
0.77
2.07
20
5
4
2.89
0.93
1.49
The highest number of species was found at Station 11, where 19 species were encountered.
The highest mean number of individuals occurred at Station 19, with 33.5 individuals per
replicate. The infaunal abundances at most stations are too low to allow meaningful
interpretation of the diversity indices, though Station 11 returned the highest figures for
species evenness and Shannon-Weiner diversity.
P180005
Page 8-17
Draft ESHIA Report
Figure 8.13 shows a dendrogram based on Bray-Curtis similarity for all stations. The figure
demonstrates the similarity in infaunal communities between stations. The more similar the
infaunal community at two stations, have a higher percentage similarity (y-axis of Figure 8.13).
Dendrograms can help with the identification of distinct benthic biotopes within the area of
interest.
Figure 8.13: Dendrogram Based on Bray-Curtis Similarity for all Stations
Owing to the low numbers of individuals collected during this survey, these results need to be
interpreted with a degree of caution. Stations N176-6, 2 and 3 form a distinct cluster on the
right of the dendrogram, splitting from all other stations at around the 10% level of similarity.
The gastropod Mitrella blanda was found at all of these stations, but otherwise they have little
in common with one another. The most similar stations to one another were stations N176-9
and 10, and within a separate cluster, 14 and 16.
Figure 8.14 shows a cumulative dominance curve (based on abundance) for the data from all
stations pooled. The slope of the curve is steep, indicating a relatively diverse community.
Typically, more stressed or disturbed infaunal communities tend to exhibit a higher, flatter
curve, as they tend to be more numerically dominated by fewer or even single species.
P180005
Page 8-18
Draft ESHIA Report
Figure 8.14: Cumulative Dominance Curve (Based on Abundance)
The most unusual aspects observed from the collected samples is the very low biomass and
diversity of polychaetes, with 28 individuals of only six families. It is very unusual not to have
any representatives of families such as Nereididae and Eunicidae, and extremely unusual for
Nephtyidae to be the best represented family. These results are in marked contrast to those
from another project conducted by Nautica in August 2006, from a site a few kilometres to the
north-east (Nautica, pers comm.). The reason for the scarcity of polychaetes is not known but
it probably reflects some anthropogenicic perturbation of the environment.
Crustaceans were generally well represented, although the numbers and diversity of true
crabs is low. The biomass and diversity of gastropod molluscs is low, but three of the four
species present are generally not common in infaunal samples from the southern Arabian
Gulf. In particular, Tornatina inconspicua, of which eight individuals were found from six
stations, has very rarely been recorded. The bivalves are particularly well represented, with
199 individuals of 18 species. Several of these are not common in infaunal samples in the
region, and it is particularly unusual for Musculista perfragilis to be so well represented (32
individuals from 9 out of 15 stations). Theora cadabra is also unusually well represented, and
Solen brevis and Paphia undulata can be regarded as rare species in infaunal samples from
this region.
In general, the abundances of infauna were low compared to similar (unpublished) studies in
the region. The high degree of disturbance from dredging activity, both through direct removal
of sediment and through more indirect effects such as siltation and resuspension of
contaminated sediments may explain the particularly low abundances of polychaete worms.
These are more typically the dominant taxon in shallow subtidal habitats in the Arabian Gulf
region. In addition, sediments were reported to be predominantly fine and anoxic, making
them far from ideal habitat for many species of polychaete worms.
It is concluded that the benthic infaunal communities sampled in this survey are not especially
unusual or diverse and are not considered of high conservation value. This is likely to be in
P180005
Page 8-19
Draft ESHIA Report
part due to the high degree of anthropogenic disturbance (particularly dredging activities) that
have taken place in the vicinity over recent years.
8.5
8.5.1
Review of Sensitive Marine Habitats and Species
8.5.1 Seagrass Beds
Observational evidence during the marine EBS suggests that in this region there may be a
poorly developed seagrass dominated community. Seagrasses are marine flowering plants
and are “rooted” in the substrate by a system of rhizomes. Seagrass beds are a key habitat in
the Arabian Gulf, and important for a number of reasons: they provide a major source of
primary productivity, are important as a nursery habitat for valuable commercial species (such
as penaid shrimp), and are principal food items of species of high conservation value (dugong
(Dugong dugon) and green turtle (Chelonia mydas)). While patchy seagrass can often be
found in degraded environments, dense beds are valuable ecosystem components. Seagrass
beds support a wide variety of flora and fauna, including a number of species of sea snake,
sponges, sea squirts (ascideans), molluscs and crustaceans. The upright growth form of
seagrasses result in frictional hydrodynamic drag, which results in further deposition of fine
particles from the water column. Sea grass beds are typically areas of net sedimentation and
as they mature can provide habitat for soft sediment infauna such as polychaetes, molluscs
and crustaceans that tend to favour fine-grained sediments.
Halodule uninervis and Halophila ovalis are common Arabian Gulf seagrass species, although
only Hadule universis was found within the project study area in relatively patchy and isolated
distribution (Section 8.4.3). It is important to consider that the areas of seagrass habitat within
the immediate study area are in a heavily impacted state, due to the elevated sediment load in
the water column and overall they are relatively isolated (due to extensive dredging of the
surrounding areas). As such, it is considered unlikely that the areas of seabed dominated by
Hadule universis within the study area will provide particularly valuable habitat for species of
higher conservation value.
There is continued modification of the coastal morphology of the UAE, particularly on the
western coast, due to the construction of harbours, breakwaters, artificial islands, jetties and
piers using dredging. This land reclamation and sediment borrow has detrimental impacts on
seagrass habitat and the associated ecosystems as a result of direct removal, smothering
during dredging or indirect impacts as a result of increased sediment load in the water column.
This sediment can settle out of suspension, covering seagrass beds, or reduce light
penetration throughout the water column, reducing the seagrass plants’ ability to
photosynthesize adequately.
8.5.2 Marine Turtles
While several marine turtle species have been recorded, the main turtle species in UAE
waters are the hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and green (Chelonia mydas) turtles. The
IUCN Red List currently records the hawksbill turtle as critically endangered and the green
turtle as endangered. At the local and regional level, the stocks of these species are
threatened and the number of foraging habitats and nesting grounds are continually declining
(Environment Agency Abu Dhabi, 2007).
Both species use UAE waters extensively for foraging, and the hawksbill is known to nest on
the sandy beaches of at least 15 offshore islands. Little published data are available on
nesting turtles in Dubai; however, in Abu Dhabi waters, nesting of hawksbill turtles is limited to
P180005
Page 8-20
Draft ESHIA Report
offshore islands only, while green turtles appear to only feed in the area, principally on
seagrasses (Environment Agency Abu Dhabi, 2007).
Green turtles nesting season typically commences around late June/early July (Miller, 1989).
The nesting season of hawksbill turtles is during the spring months, when they emerge on
scattered beaches covering a wide area.
There is evidence to suggest that hawksbill turtles are the more frequently observed species
of turtle of the two along Dubai’s coast. Nesting activities are believed to occur on some of the
beaches between the Dubai International Marine Club (DIMC) marina and Ghantout. Eggs
have also been found on beaches close to the Burj Al Arab hotel and on the outer breakwater
islands of the under-construction Palm Jebel Ali during the most recent nesting season (Major
Ali Saker Al Suwaidi, pers. comm.).
Further evidence suggests that turtles may previously have frequented the sandy beaches
adjacent to the DUGAS site, within the project study site. Hatchlings of hawksbill turtles have
been observed among the pipelines and outfalls at the DUGAS site in past years. However it
is generally believed that the current high levels of disturbance along this particular stretch of
coastline have rendered the project area much less suitable for nesting, since there have been
no recent sightings (Major Ali Saker Al Suwaidi, pers. comm.).
Prior to undertaking the marine environmental baseline survey, consultation occurred between
Nautica and the following parties, in addition to information being sought from a number of
reference books with regard to turtle nesting information along the shoreline adjacent to the
proposed pipeline landfall:
•
Emirates Marine Environment Group (EMEG);
•
Harbourmaster’s Office, Jebel Ali Port; and
•
CER Marine Atlas, 2005.
The intertidal beach areas within the project study area were investigated during a walkover
th
survey conducted as part of the environmental baseline studies for this project on 12 June
2007. The area studied included the beach area, from the new container port terminal
breakwater running north-eastwards to the small breakwater protecting the DUGAS outfalls.
No clear evidence of current turtle nesting activity was observed in these areas at this time,
although a small portion of the beach, towards the container port breakwater has a shore
profile that could be suitable for nesting.
No actual sea turtles or evidence of recent turtle activity was recorded during the terrestrial or
marine field survey programmes. These results were not unexpected, as nearly all turtle
nesting activity occurs at night-time, and the survey was confined to the hours of daylight and
conducted after the normal laying period for hawksbill turtles. There was no evidence of either
present or recent nesting activity. Research has shown that sea turtles in general tend to nest
on high-energy beaches that slope relatively steeply up to vegetation above the high tide line.
However, there are exceptions to this, both in UAE and globally.
A small percentage of the beach fits the general criteria of a sea turtle nesting beach with
regard to gradient, vegetation cover and wave energy. Overall, however, although the study
area at Jebel Ali has some potential to support nesting sea turtles, there appear to be many
P180005
Page 8-21
Draft ESHIA Report
hazards to both nesting females and hatchlings in terms of boat traffic, predators of both eggs
and hatchlings, rubbish on the beach and general human disturbance.
It is generally considered that given the long-term and large-scale marine and land-based
activity underway in the immediate area, any such nesting activity, if present, is likely to
decline if not cease altogether. In addition, evidence of extensive rodent activity (tracks) was
recorded along the supratidal fringe, amongst the halophytic plants that are prevalent here,
which is likely to significantly reduce the success rate of any nesting activity that may
potentially occur. These factors in combination with the significant levels of disturbance to the
shore from background noise and light disturbance and highly turbid and disturbed coastal
waters, which has resulted in significant habitat loss, mean that the potential for turtle nesting
activity within the project study area is minimal.
Due to evidence suggesting that the project area may have once been frequented by turtles, it
is possible that when the levels of construction and other anthropogenic disturbance is
reduced, that turtles may once again be observed and possibly nest in the area. However
presently the levels of anthropogenic disturbance are planned to increase markedly, in
particular as a result of the construction activities associated with the MegaMax development.
8.5.3 Dugongs
The dugong (Dugong dugon) is an herbivorous marine mammal that feeds exclusively on
seagrass and is classed as being of vulnerable status according to the IUCN Red List. While
the Arabian Gulf hosts the world's second largest population of dugongs, they are mostly
recorded from the shallow waters around the protected areas and islands of Murawah and Bu
Tina to the west of Abu Dhabi. Despite this concentration of populations, their range is known
to also extend further west to the border of Qatar and beyond, and there are still occasional
sightings further to the east around Jebel Ali, Umm-Al-Quwain and Ras al Khaimah. However,
in the context of existing habitat disturbance (e.g. from dredging) and the relative proximity of
more optimal habitat, it is deemed unlikely that dugongs would be anything other than an
occasional vagrant to the site.
These general conclusions are supported by observations made during the marine
environmental baseline survey. No sightings of dugongs were made and detailed study of the
subsea habitat concluded that the very limited distribution and degraded nature of the potential
habitat, coupled with the high level of overall construction disturbance and turbid conditions,
would render the project study area extremely unfavourable to dugongs.
8.5.4 Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin
The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) is sighted throughout the Arabian Gulf
and UAE waters, although more rarely on eastern coasts of the UAE. It is not a large dolphin,
rarely reaching more than 2.5m in length. It is one of the most frequently observed species of
cetacean in the UAE, commonly seen in groups of between 2 and 20 individuals. They tend to
be fairly shy and sedate, not easily approached by boat or by diver. In terms of habitat, they
are typically restricted to warm, shallow waters where they feed, primarily over sand, but also
over reefs.
8.5.5 Bottlenose Dolphin
The Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops adunctus) is frequently observed in the coastal
waters of the UAE, often in large pods, but is also observed in mixed pods with the IndoPacific humpback dolphin. Bottlenose dolphins are typically similar in size to Indo-Pacific
P180005
Page 8-22
Draft ESHIA Report
humpback dolphins, although size does vary with age and habitat. They are not quite as shy of
human disturbance and are known for their curiosity towards certain human activities. Despite
this, however they will tend to exhibit avoidance behaviour of the sorts of activities in the
project study area, particularly the large-scale construction disturbance experienced, coupled
with degraded habitat and highly turbid waters.
No cetacean sightings were made during the marine environmental baseline survey. Overall
the disturbed nature of the near shore waters of the study are likely to result in avoidance
behaviour by cetaceans. In addition there is very little favourable habitat due to the dredging
and land reclamation works, to support suitable prey species. As a result dolphins in the study
area must be considered occasional vagrants, simply passing through the area, or in some
way sick or injured.
8.5.6 Orange-spotted Grouper
The orange spotted grouper (Epinephilus coioides) is considered one of the most important
commercial species in the Arabian Gulf, and certainly the most important of the grouper
species (Randall, 1995). It is distributed throughout the waters of the Indian Ocean (including
the Arabian Gulf), South East Asia and the Red Sea and is generally considered to be
overfished in the waters of Gulf countries. It is globally considered to be of Near Threatened
status, listed on the current IUCN Red List.
The total catch of E. coiodes in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi during 2002 was 2,020 tonnes,
representing 35% of the total for all demersal species, thus highlighting its commercial
importance (Grandcourt et. al., 2003).
Despite the fact that much of the catch tonnage for this species is caught in near shore fish
traps and nets, rather than from boats further offshore, no groupers were observed within the
project study area during the field survey. It is threatened globally by a combination of
overfishing and habitat loss; it tends to remain in undisturbed near shore waters in habitat
such as mangroves, coral reefs and seagrass beds. It is likely that it was once an important
species along this section of Dubai’s coast, including the project study area. However, due to
the high levels of disturbance caused by large-scale dredging and reclamation activities, its
numbers have declined.
8.6
Terrestrial and Intertidal Baseline Environment
8.6.1 Background
The coastal zone along the Jebel Ali to Jumeirah coastal areas can be described as flat and
low-lying with few topographic elevations. Vegetation in these areas is dominated by
halophytic perennials and species of plants associated with desert vegetation communities.
In the last few decades, there has been a significant amount of heavy earth-moving in the
coastal area in the vicinity of Jebel Ali Port, and the original natural aspect of this uniform
stretch of coastline, with low dunes at the back of a high-energy beach exposed to the
prevailing westerly and north-westerly winds, has now all but disappeared. The hinterland of
the project area consists of the Jebel Ali Free Zone, which is heavily developed for commercial
and industrial projects. Despite this, however, there are areas between these industrial sites
and a small beach adjacent to the DUGAS site that support the flora and fauna typical of the
area.
P180005
Page 8-23
Draft ESHIA Report
The supratidal area between the two onshore breakwaters (Figure 8.17) supports a natural
remnant of native vegetation with a moderate level of botanical diversity. It is an area of low
coastal dunes formed primarily by natural accretion of wind-blown sand. Historically the beach
here was once fully exposed to the prevailing winds, so the vegetation has to be tolerant of
salt spray, and past violent storms are likely to have had significant impact on the landform.
Today, the wave energy has been reduced by the extension of port facilities into the sea, the
construction of an artificial island, the construction of breakwaters and the Jebel Ali Palm
Island. These developments intercept much of the wave energy that would formerly have
intercepted the coast.
Coastal sand dunes are not a common habitat type in the UAE, and the relatively small areas
of such habitat in Dubai and the eastern part of Abu Dhabi are threatened by increasing
coastal developments. It is a distinctive habitat, which is better developed in other parts of the
world; however, there are a great many species of plants and insects, which, globally, are
more common in coastal dunes than in any other habitat. The site at Jebel Ali is a relatively
poor example of such habitat, but its relative scarcity within the UAE increases its regional
significance.
The following sections describe the findings of the terrestrial ecology walkover survey carried
th
th
out between 12 and 15 June 2007.
The study area was compartmentalized (Figure 8.15) to illustrate any areas of difference in
terms of substrate, flora and fauna within the study area. The differences between the
compartments are described in Table 8.5. Two contrasting natural substrates are exposed in
the cliff formations in compartment B and F, in Figures 8.16 to 8.17, Figures 8.18 and 8.19
show a natural layer of beach rock that formed in intertidal conditions when the sea level was
approximately one metre higher than its present level.
P180005
Page 8-24
Draft ESHIA Report
Figure 8.15: Project Study Area indicating Compartmentalized Study Zones
F
G
E
C
D
B
A
Key:
Fence to Jebel Ali Free Zone
South area A
North area E
South area B
North area F
South area C
North area G
Central area D
P180005
Page 8-25
Draft ESHIA Report
Table 8.5: Terrestrial and Intertidal Study Area Individual Compartment Descriptions
Compartment
Transect
T1
(Restricted
Area)
B
T2
(Restricted
Area)
C
None
(restricted
Area)
None
(Unrestricted
Area)
Comment
Principal Plant Species
Gentle gradient at and above the high tide mark, leading into
a relatively densely vegetated stabilized supratidal area.
There is a stagnant pool of saline water beside the southern
breakwater. Possibility for nesting turtles
Halopyrum mucronatum, Zygophyllum qatarense,
Suaeda vermiculata, Salsola imbricata, Cornulaca
monacantha, Heliotropium kotschyi, Cynomorium
coccineum, Cistanche tubulosa, Zygophyllum simplex,
Cyperus conglomerates
Small cliff face 2m high close to breakwater, recent wave
action and erosion has caused cliff to partially collapse.
Harder substrate above cliff. Areas of dense vegetation,
gradient too steep for nesting turtles
Area close to Jebel Ali free zone fence, above high water
mark, includes track used for access to breakwater.
Vegetated area next to fence. Crested larks believed to be
nesting in the area
Human activity evident, small man-made shelter, close to
breakwater. A number of tracks from both birds and small
mammals close to shelter. Sandy substrate with slight
gradient, no vegetation cover
Zygophyllum qatarense, Sueada vermiculata,
Zygophyllum simplex, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Halopyrum
mucronatum, Salsola imbricate, Cynomorium coccineum,
Cistanche tubulosa, Polycarpaea spicata
Zygophyllum qatarense, Suaeda vermiculata,
Zygophyllum simplex
None recorded
E
None
(Restricted
Area)
Very sparse vegetation cover, anthropogenic influence small
man-made shelter and car tracks on beach
Suaeda vermiculata
F
T3
(Restricted
Area)
Steady gradient from lower intertidal to supratidal marks.
Abundant vegetation cover above gradient. Possibility for
nesting turtles.
Suaeda vermiculata, Salsola imbricata, Cornulaca
monacantha, Heliotropium kotschyi, Anabasis setifera,
Atriplex leucoclada, Zygophyllum simplex
G
T4
(Restricted
Area)
Natural steep cliff with patches of pearl oysters shells within
the cliff face. Outfall from free zone, rock boulders covered in
algae at lower intertidal area. Area of very sparse vegetation
close to the breakwater. Not suitable for nesting turtles
Zygophyllum simplex, Halopyrum mucronatum, Cyperus
conglomeratus, Zygophyllum qatarense, Suaeda
vermiculata
P180005
Page 8-26
Draft ESHIA Report
Figure 8.16: Steep Natural Cliff on Northern Beach, Compartment F, with
Established Vegetation Cover
Figure 8.17: Large Clumps of Naturally Deposited Pearl Oyster Shells Situated
within Cliff in Compartment F
P180005
Page 8-27
Draft ESHIA Report
Figure 8.18: Harder Material Forming Sheer Cliff on Southern Beach, in
Compartment B (the hard layer has been undermined by wave energy)
Figure 8.19: Collapsed Former Beach Rock at Base of Cliff within Compartment B
P180005
Page 8-28
Draft ESHIA Report
8.6.2 Vegetation
The ecological survey was conducted at a time of year during which it was not possible
to identify many annual plant species, as they had dried out over the previous few
months of very hot weather. In addition, the site was also likely to support a range of
animal species, which could not be observed during the brief survey period in mid
summer.
Fourteen plant species were recorded in the project area, between the high water mark
and the boundary fence for Jebel Ali Free Zone. Figure 8.20 shows the typical
vegetation coverage, with bean caper (Zygophyllum qatarense) being the most
abundant plant species throughout the area, and Figure 8.21 shows this species sub
dominant with Suweda (Suaeda vermiculata). The large blue-green plants of the latter
are a particularly conspicuous feature on the seaward margin of the site.
Figure 8.20: Typical Vegetation – Zygophyllum qatarense Being Most Dominant
Species
P180005
Page 8-29
Draft ESHIA Report
Figure 8.21: Relatively Dense Vegetation on Seaward Margin of Supratidal Area,
with Zygophyllum qatarense mixed with Suaeda vermiculata
A dominant species of vegetation is the dune grass (Halopyrum mucronatum). This
species appeared rather dry and sparse at the time of the survey, but it grows strongly
during the winter months, and is an important sand-binding native species that
occupies a similar niche to Marram Grass (Ammophila arenaria) on “white dunes” in
Europe. It is capable of growing both horizontally and vertically through mobile sand,
and thus plays an important colonizing and stabilizing role. The distribution of dune
grass in the UAE is virtually confined to a strip along the Arabian Gulf coast, from Al
Taweelah to Ras Al Khaimah. It is well adapted to saline conditions, salt spray and
mobile sand, but it does not compete well on dunes further inland.
In the project area at Jebel Ali, dune grass is not as abundant as bean caper and
various other halophytic sub-shrubs, this is because the process of dune stabilization
here is relatively advanced, and the ecological succession has allowed other species to
become well established. Ijlah (Halopyrum mucronatum) was also found in very low
numbers around the high tide line, principally due to its ability to colonize bare sand and
its tolerance to saline conditions. It has rhizomes spreading to several metres below the
sand and forms mounds where it colonizes.
Of the fourteen species recorded within the project area, five are members of the
goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae, namely Suweda (Sueada vermiculata), Ghadraf
(Salsola imbricate), Al Had (Cornulaca monacantha), Anabasis setifera and Rukhlah
(Atriplex leucoclada). These species all exhibit a degree of salt tolerance. Along with
bean caper (Zygophyllum qatarense), they can all be considered semi-succulent, i.e.
they have fleshy leaves that can hold a lot of water and have a low ratio of surface area
to volume. This is an adaptation to reduce water loss — an obvious physiological
necessity in this hyper-arid environment. The species are all common and widespread
P180005
Page 8-30
Draft ESHIA Report
along the coastal regions of the southern Arabian Gulf. Anabasis setifera and Atriplex
leucoclada were found to be less common than the others in the project area, occurring
only sparsely within the northern part.
There is a clear boundary line where the vegetation becomes well established: above
the high tide line. The elevation provides some protection from the harsh environmental
conditions that coincide with a moderate energy beach. Plants are able to establish
here due to a lower level of sand movement and well-established root systems that
help to stabilize the sand. There was a high percentage of vegetation that appeared to
be dead, but this is to be expected at the time of year that the survey was conducted.
Many of the plants should recover following the next rainfall.
There are two distinct vegetated areas above the high tide line: the immediate
supratidal area and a small area of approximately 20m width running parallel to the
Jebel Ali Free Zone boundary fence (Figure 8.22).
Figure 8.22: Area of Vegetation Close to Fence Behind Small Mound of Sand
(Visible to Right of Image)
In this latter area, the bindweed Ipomoea pes-caprae, from the Morning Glory family,
Convolvulaceae, was the dominant species. This plant is tolerant of high salinity and is
widely planted. It is rare in the UAE as a native species, and its presence at Jebel Ali is
most probably attributable to anthropogenic sources. Zygophyllum qatarense,
Zygophyllum simplex, Salsola imbricata and Halopyrum mucronatum were also present in
this area, but at a low density.
P180005
Page 8-31
Draft ESHIA Report
All indigenous or naturalized plant species recorded during the survey are listed in Table
8.6, arranged alphabetically by Latin name. This also gives their status in the Study Area
and within the UAE.
Table 8.6: Plant Species Found within the Study Area
Scientific
name
Common name,
growth form
Status in study
area
Status in UAE
Anabasis
setifera
A halophytic
perennial subshrub
Rare. Recorded
once in the
northern area
Very common in the
coastal zone
Uncommon. A
few plants
recorded in the
small sand
dunes along the
northern coast of
the study area
Locally common along
both coasts, occurs in
saline sand of coastal
areas. Used as a
fodder plant
Sparse
distribution away
from the high
tide mark.
Mainly old plants
found amongst
Zygophyllum
Common in coastal
areas of the Arabian
Gulf coast and on
inland saline sand
plains
Fairly common
within north and
south study
areas
Very widespread
A couple of
patches of old
spikes found
amongst
Zygophyllum
Fairly common but
mainly near the coast
Present in the
southern area,
even if at a low
density
Very common in both
desert and coastal
areas. Probably the
most common plant in
Abu Dhabi emirate
Fairly
widespread,
occurring mainly
within the well
vegetated area
but also close to
the high water
mark
Locally common along
the Arabian Gulf coast
form Jebel Ali to Ras
al Khaimah
Atriplex
leucoclada
Cistanche
tubulosa
Cornulaca
monacantha
Cynomorium
coccineum
Cyperus
conglomeratus
Halopyrum
mucronatum
P180005
Rukhlah (in Arabic).
Perennial shrub,
stems branching
from the base,
triangular leaves with
wavy edges densely
clustered along
branches. Contains
glands that secrete
salt
Thanoon (in Arabic)
Desert Hyacinth.
Parasitic plant, single
stem, covered with
sturdy scales.
Inflorescence
cylindrical, showy
flowers. In this area
parasitic on
Zygophhyllum
qatarense
Al had (in Arabic). A
low-growing spiny
subshrub
Red Thumb. A
parasitic plant that
attracts flies to
pollinate it. In this
area parasitic on
Zygophhyllum
Thenda (in Arabic).
Sedge, a sandbinding desert plant
that colonizes bare
sand and sends out
thin rhizomes just
below the surface
Ijlah (in Arabic).
Perennial with
rhizomes spreading
to several meters.
Stems stiff woody
and erect. Forms
mounds just above
highest tide mark
Page 8-32
Draft ESHIA Report
Scientific
name
Heliotropium
kotschyi
Ipomoea
pes-caprae
Polycarpaea
spicata
Salsola
imbricata
Suaeda
vermiculata
Common name,
growth form
Ramram (in Arabic).
Heliotrope. A lowgrowing subshrub
with very rough
leaves
Qulb Al-Ashiq (in
Arabic) Perennial
creeper, with purple
flowers, used in
horticulture, can exist
as an escapee
outside gardens,
very salt tolerant
Annual, stems fine,
erect up to 15cm.
Leaves forming
basal rosette.
Ghadraf (in Arabic).
Annual or perennial
stems erect, leaves
vary seasonally. One
of the first plants to
colonize coastal
landfills
Suweda (in Arabic).
Perennial, woody
base, stems
intricately branched.
Leaves alternating,
cylindrical and flat on
top
Status in study
area
Status in UAE
Fairly common,
in both areas
Very common near
the coast, but
sparsely distributed in
the south
Common in the
southern study
area, close to
the fenced
enclosure
Fairly rare in the UAE
as a native, but fairly
widely planted in
saline areas
Rare. Only
found once in
the Southern
area close to the
fence
Uncommon. Found in
scattered locations,
mainly northern
emirates. Usually
found on stable sand
or silt among rocks
Common,
particularly in
disturbed areas
Common along both
coasts, occurring in
saline sand, often on
disturbed ground
Very common
and widespread
in both northern
and southern
areas
Common in coastal
areas along the
Arabian Gulf. Also in
saline sand and fallow
fields
Very widespread and
common
Common in the
northern half of the
country
Zygophyllum
qatarense
Haram (in Arabic).
‘Bean Caper’. A pale
green succulent
subshrub
Very common.
The most
frequently
encountered
species. The
most common
species in
disturbed sandy
areas. Fairly
salt-tolerant
Zygophyllum
simplex
Girm (in Arabic). The
annual ‘Bean Caper’.
A low-growing
succulent with small
yellow flowers
A few plants
occurring in both
northern and
southern areas
8.6.3 Fauna
Mammals
The mammal species confirmed or believed to be present in the area are listed in Table
8.7, which also gives information on their status in UAE. This table includes rats and
P180005
Page 8-33
Draft ESHIA Report
mice, which are also undoubtedly present in, under and around the derelict residential
buildings within the Jebel Ali Free Zone. There were a number of tracks recorded close
to the unrestricted area D (Figure 8.17) where there was a small shelter with a quantity
of fish debris. The rat population is clearly kept under control to some extent by feral
cats, which are common in this area. These cats are also very likely to deter many
ground nesting birds.
The type and density of vegetation in an area can be a useful indicator of the presence
of certain mammals. Both the northern and southern areas contained the spiny
subshrub Cornulaca monacantha, which had clearly been grazed by the Cape hare.
This species shows a strong preference for C. monacantha. Hares were not seen
during the survey, but tracks and droppings were found. The Cape hare does not
excavate a burrow but instead spends much of the time sheltering from the sun
beneath a clump of vegetation. Although small in area, the project site is well suited to
the needs of the hare due to the abundance of well-established plants providing shelter
and the absence of other grazing livestock.
Tracks also revealed that the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is present throughout the entire
area. The fence to the free zone within the study area appeared to be relatively foxproof, indicating that their scavenging and nocturnal hunting activities could be limited,
but the fox is a very adaptable animal and will walk long distances in search of food. No
holes typical of those used by red foxes were found during the survey.
Table 8.7: Mammals Present in the Project Area
Species
Common
Name
Red Fox
Scientific name
Vulpes vulpes
Cape
Hare
Lepus capensis
House
Mouse
Mus musculus
Brown
Rat
Rattus norvegicus
Feral Cat
Felix domestica
P180005
Status in the study
area
Tracks were seen in
the northern area close
to the manmade shelter
Tracks were seen in
the southern area
within the supratidal
area
Tracks were found in
several areas.
Especially within the
unrestricted area. They
are likely to be common
Tracks were common,
both along the high tide
line at the top of the
beach and within the
vegetated area
Tracks would suggest
that cats regularly
patrol through the site
Status in UAE
Very common, mainly in
open desert but also
common around the
fringes of human
habitations, where they
can pick up scraps of food
Common and widespread
in sandy desert but
declining and becoming
more patchy in distribution.
Very common in most
urban areas
Very common in urban
areas, particularly where
there are poor standards of
hygiene
Generally common around
human settlements
Page 8-34
Draft ESHIA Report
Avifauna
The birds seen on or very likely to occur within the study area are listed in Table 8.8.
Relatively few birds were recorded during the field investigations, but as a result of past
research and knowledge of the flora and fauna of the site, it is possible to supplement
the observations made with some informed speculations about the birds utilizing the
area. Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) and crested lark (Galerida cristata) were
both present during the survey and both are likely to be breeding residents. The shore
will be visited regularly by other species of wader, and, in view of the lack of human
disturbance on the site, it is likely that both waders and gulls will use the areas as a
high-tide roost.
Other bird species that could possibly breed within the supratidal area are whitecheeked tern (Sterna repressa) and Saunders little tern (Sterna saundersi). Bridled tern
(Sterna anaethetus) was observed flying onshore from the northern area. All three
species are commonly seen fishing in coastal waters around Jebel Ali, and they
probably spend some time resting on the beach within the project area.
The southern supratidal area is well vegetated, with vehicle movements confined to a
single track, so ground conditions are well suited to nesting by crested lark and grey
francolin. A pair of crested larks (Galerida cristata) were seen close to the free zone
fence in compartment C. Their behaviour indicated the distinct possibility that they were
nesting in the area, but no nest or chick was found.
A small number of other bird species were seen during the survey, including common
mynah (Acridotheres tristis), house sparrow (Passer domesticus) and yellow-legged
gull (Larus cachinnans), all of which are common around Jebel Ali. Within the small cliff
face in compartment B in the southern area (Figure 8.17), a hole typical of those used
for nesting by little green bee-eater (Merops orientalis) was found (Figure 8.26). They
are fairly common within the northern and eastern part of UAE and are steadily
spreading westward.
Many other birds will pass through the project area on migration, and intensive
observations over a prolonged period would probably produce a relatively long list of
bird species. Being fairly natural and undisturbed, the project area probably acts as a
valuable resting and feeding area for migrant passerines. The lack of fresh water may
be a limiting factor, but water is almost certainly available nearby within the Free Zone.
Nesting activity is likely to be restricted to some extent by predators such as foxes, feral
cats and snakes.
P180005
Page 8-35
Draft ESHIA Report
Table 8.8: Bird Species Present in the Jebel Ali Project Area and their Status in
the UAE
Species
Common
Name
Scientific name
Socotra
Cormorant
Phalacrocorax nigrogularis
Striated
Heron
Butorides striatus
Western
Reef
Heron
Egretta gularis
Status in the Jebel
Ali project area
Status in UAE
Common, feeding at
sea nearby
Common, though
suffering a longterm decline
Possibly a visitor to
feed around the
shoreline. Unlikely to
roost or nest in the
area
Not seen, possibly
feeds around the
shore
Osprey
Pandion haliaetus
Fairly likely to be an
occasional visitor to
the area, but not seen
Grey
Francolin
Francolinus pondicerianus
Likely to be breeding
in the project area
Bar-tailed
Godwit
Limosa lapponica
Curlew
Numenius arquata
Redshank
Tringa totanus
Turnstone
Arenaria interpres
Dunlin
Calidris alpina
Curlew
Sandpiper
Greater
Sand
Plover
Lesser
Sand
Plover
Calidris ferruginea
All these species of
wader are likely to be
at least occasional
winter visitors to the
area, feeding along
the shoreline and
possibly using the
higher vegetated area
to roost
Common resident
around the coast
Resident at a high
density along the
coast of Abu
Dhabi, but only
breeding on
islands
Very common. A
species that may
have originally
been introduced by
humans from the
Indian
subcontinent
Common winter
visitors and
passage migrants
Charadrius leschenaultii
Charadrius mongolus
Kentish
Plover
Charadrius alexandrinus
Breeding resident
Yellowlegged
Gull
Larus cachinnans
Very common in
winter, and sighted
during the study
P180005
Fairly common,
usually breeding in
mangroves
A resident wader
that breeds widely
but sparsely
around the coast
Common winter
visitors. A few
present all year.
Page 8-36
Draft ESHIA Report
Species
Status in the Jebel
Ali project area
Status in UAE
Larus ridibundus
Likely to be very
common around the
port and Free Zone in
winter
A very common
and widespread
winter visitor
Bridled
Tern
Sterna anaethetus
A summer visitor to
the area; one seen
flying over the
northern area
Whitecheeked
Tern
Sterna repressa
Common in the area,
and possibly breeding
in the project area.
Common
Name
Blackheaded
Gull
Scientific name
Saunders’
Little Tern
Sterna saundersi
Laughing
Dove
Streptopelia senegalensis
Little
Green
Bee-eater
Merops orientalis
Crested
Lark
Galerida cristata
Whitecheeked
Bulbul
Pycnonotus leucogenys
Graceful
Warbler
Cisticola juncidis
Indian
House
Crow
Corvus splendens
Common
Mynah
Acridotheres tristis
House
Sparrow
Passer domesticus
P180005
Seen feeding at sea
close to the project
area, and possibly
nesting
Common particularly
around the Jebel Ali
Free Zone
Not seen, but
possibly breeding on
site. A hole typical of
those made by this
species was found in
the southern area.
Assumed to be
breeding in the area
at time of the study
from behaviour. One
pair seen
Common close to and
within the Jebel Ali
free zone
Almost certainly
present within the
Free Zone, but not
seen during the
survey
Several individuals
seen around the free
zone
Seen flying over and
perched on the fence
in the northern area,
and common in the
Free Zone
Several individuals
seen perched on the
Free Zone fence
Summer visitor to
breeding grounds,
breeds mainly on
offshore islands.
Egg laying occurs
after mid-May
Common summer
visitor, nests on
small sandy
islands and
beaches
Fairly common
summer visitor
Very common and
widespread
A common resident
in the northern part
of the country.
A common and
widespread
resident
Very common,
particularly in
urban areas
Very common in
urban areas
Very common in
Dubai, generally
expanding and
increasing
throughout the
country
Very common,
especially in urban
areas
Very common,
especially in urban
areas
Page 8-37
Draft ESHIA Report
Insects
The survey was not intended to produce detailed data on insects, but some incidental
information was collected. The insect life within the study area appears to be quite
limited; the rather uniform habitat suggests that there would be low diversity of insects.
Very few insects can make use of the halophytic vegetation close to shores because
they have to be very specialized to tolerate seawater inundation and saline conditions.
The resident insect fauna is likely to include modest numbers of species of flies,
beetles, wasps, ants, moths and butterflies. Most species are likely to be common and
well adapted to such conditions as lack of water and flowers. There is, therefore, no
reason to suppose that any rare or important insect species are present. The
information is summarized in Table 8.9.
Table 8.9: Insects Present in the Project Area
Scientific
name
Isoptera
Common
name
Termites
Odonata
Dragonflies
Orthoptera
Grasshoppers
Lepidoptera
Butterflies
Coleoptera
Beetles
Formicidae
(Hymenoptera)
Ants
Muscidae and
Calliphoridae
(Diptera)
Houseflies
P180005
Status in Study Area
Termites were found to
be present beneath
several pieces or clumps
of discarded wood
A few dragonflies
(Anisoptera) were seen
within the supratidal
vegetation. These are
likely to be migrants
A few individuals were
seen, probably all of the
same species
One individual was seen
around the vegetation
close to the Free Zone
fence identified as the
Plain Tiger, Danaus
chrysippus
Observations of both
adults and tracks in sand
revealed that several
different ground-dwelling
beetles are present. One
individual seen in flight
was identified as Julodis
euphratica
More than one species
present, but few were
active during the survey
There were a few
different “house-type”
flies seen throughout the
study
Status in UAE
Common in all except
deep desert and
mountain areas
Most species occur in
mountain areas but
some have colonized
suburban and
plantation habitats
Common and
widespread
About 50 species are
known to occur in the
UAE, many sporadic in
occurrence and many
being true migrants
arriving after periods of
heavy rain when
populations are at their
highest
Beetles are very
diverse, common and
widespread in UAE.
Ubiquitous
Ubiquitous
Page 8-38
Draft ESHIA Report
An adult dragonfly (Odonata, Anisoptera) was seen flying over the southern area. It
was not possible to confirm the identification but it was thought to be Pantala
flavescens, or wandering glider as it is more commonly known. This long-distance
migrant is one of the most successful odonates in the world, and is present on most
continents. Dragonflies are strong fliers and can migrate thousands of kilometres in
search of new breeding grounds. They regularly break these journeys to feed, and this
is probably what the individual was doing in the project area.
The plain tiger butterfly (Danus chrysippus) was recorded in compartment C. This large
species is unlikely to be breeding in the study area, as the sole larval foodplant is
Sodom’s Apple, Calotropis procera, one of the poisonous milkweeds, Ascelepidaceae,
which was not found within the project area. It is very likely, however, to occur in close
proximity to the project area.
Reptiles
Two species of reptiles were evident within the study area. Both tracks and holes
typical of those of the white spotted lizard (Acanthodactylus schmidti) were found in
compartment A. The study area is well suited to the white spotted lizard, which is
usually found in areas of vegetated but fairly loose sand.
Snake tracks (Figure 8.23) were also recorded in compartment E, close to the
manmade hut. These were believed to belong to the Arabian Horned Viper (Cerastes
gasperetti), which is often found in sandy areas with salt bush scrub.
Figure 8.23: Track Belonging to the Arabian Horned Viper (Cerastes gasperetti)
P180005
Page 8-39
Draft ESHIA Report
8.6.4 Intertidal Baseline Environment
The surveys of the terrestrial and intertidal ecological sensitivities were undertaken
together. The areas of intertidal area in the project study area are detailed in Figure
8.17 and Table 8.5.
Overall, it was anticipated that the intertidal zone would be relatively species poor, as
well as limited in terms of overall abundances. The marine ecology has suffered
extensive disturbance in recent years due to the dredging activities that have taken
place, which have resulted in changes to the coastal dynamics (in particular, littoral
sediment transport, wave exposure and tidal energy). In addition to these changes, the
water quality will have been dramatically reduced as a result of the mobilization of
suspended sediments.
The intertidal area was surprisingly sparse as regards invertebrate life. There was
evidence of the ghost crab (Ocypode rotundata) within compartment A in the form of
towers of sand excavated from burrows. These are normally found within the upper
eulittoral zone of exposed sandy beaches. Male ghost crabs construct the towers as
territorial markers and to attract females.
The intertidal section of the study area would formerly have been a reasonably
moderate to high energy beach and certain species usually associated with these
conditions, such as the pebble crab Philyra sp., the gastropod Bullia mauritiana and the
surf clam Donax sp., would certainly have been present here within the last decade.
The construction of the breakwaters and islands will have affected the hydrological
conditions within the proximity of the study area, reducing the incident wave energy.
This is likely to have reduced the range of species utilizing the intertidal area.
It is also possible that strong winds associated with a shamal that occurred just prior to
the field study period may have affected the presence of certain species.
There were four intertidal transects conducted within Compartments A, B, F and G split
into four main sections: lower, middle and upper intertidal areas with the majority of
species recorded within the supratidal section. These are described in more detail in
Table 8.10.
The area to the south of the southern breakwater was photographed to show the extent
of negative impact resulting from the construction of the breakwater along with constant
human activity. Due to this, it was decided not to include the area in the field survey.
The photographic evidence for this area has been included in Figure 8.24.
8.7
Overall Conclusions
The coastline of Dubai is undergoing development at an extremely rapid rate. This is
resulting in marked changes in the coastal morphology, with resultant impacts for
coastal oceanographic processes, availability of marine and terrestrial habitat and
existing anthropogenic activities. Impacts occurring in the area should be considered in
the wider context of the extensive developments where construction is underway and
planned for the future, and those that are already established, along much of the coast
of the United Arab Emirates.
P180005
Page 8-40
Draft ESHIA Report
In summary, the marine study, area is within, and surrounded by, areas of ongoing land
reclamation and marine-based construction projects. In particular, the dredging and
reclamation activities connected with the extension and development of the Jebel Ali
Port.
All subtidal habitats investigated showed evidence of disturbance to varying degrees,
either due to recent or historic dredging activity in the immediate area. Very turbid
conditions were encountered, particularly close to the seabed at the majority of
locations investigated. In addition, at the majority of locations the existing sediment
base was largely covered by very fine, easily disturbed, yellowish coloured siltaceous
sediment that had been recently deposited. Sediment samples collected were dark grey
in colour and in some cases seemed largely anoxic, with a distinctive odour when
brought to the surface.
It is likely that the disturbed benthic communities and fish populations will gradually reestablish themselves in the dredged areas, although diversity and biomass may remain
reduced. Once dredging and reclamation work for the MegaMax project is completed,
the benthic communities where land reclamation work occurs will be permanently lost.
Many of the species known to occur in the coastal areas may colonize the port area.
However, species diversity within the port is always likely to be limited due to vessel
movement, reduced water quality associated with shipping channels, and maintenance
dredging activities. The more diverse marine habitat in the areas along the pipeline
corridor, however, will continue to be less disturbed where dredging is not permitted,
though there may be some degradation by increased suspended sediments in the
water and the resultant smothering of benthos and reduced light attenuation.
The timings of the baseline survey were such that they provide only a snap shot of the
baseline conditions in the project study area at the particular moment. In this, instance
the middle of June.
Certain species that potentially could be present in the study area have particular
geographical and seasonal sensitivities. Dugongs, dolphins and sea turtles have
particular requirements with regards suitable habitat and home range. The degraded
nature of the habitats within the project study area is particularly apparent, in that
during April, May and June is the time of maximal growth of sea grasses, when it would
be expected that biomass of the standing stock would be at its greatest. However, as
was observed, the seagrass communities were extremely poorly developed at this time,
due to anthropogenic disturbance. As mentioned previously mammals and sea turtles
are particularly sensitive of human disturbance, this can be from noise, vibration, and
general activities, but also indirectly by impacts on habitat. Sea turtles breeding occurs
during the Spring months (in the case of hawksbill turtles), and during June and July (in
the case of green turtles). As such, the marine EBS occurred at a time when some
breeding by these species is occurring in UAE waters. However the short duration of
egg laying, the fact that it tends to occur at night and that evidence could be removed
during a single tidal cycle, meant that no evidence was observed during the intertidal
surveys. In addition, it was considered that overall there is was little potential as a haul
out site within the study area and the degraded nature of the near shore habitat,
highlights the sensitivities of these species.
With regards the sensitivities of terrestrial species, it can be expected that a differing
variety and numbers of species may be present during the study area at different times
P180005
Page 8-41
Draft ESHIA Report
of the year, particularly with regards avifauna. It is likely that the area may be more
important for migratory species of wading birds and other winter migrants during the
winter months, and there is the potential for them to be observed feeding along the low
tide mark, and roosting in the vegetated areas backing the beach. Those bird species
that were observed or expected during the EBS will be those that are considered
resident all year round, or those that are considered summer visitors. Summer visitors
include a number of species of tern. As such, it can be seen that at least among the
avifauna in the project study area, a very different population structure will exist
between summer and winter.
The vegetation that backed the beach was typical for the region, and although many of
the annual plants had died back, the dominant perennial shrubs and other vegetation
were still clearly apparent. During the winter months, the same dominant species
would be expected to still be observed. However, a number of annual species,
particularly grasses would also be observed during this time. The increase in subdominant species of annual plants in winter months will give help to support a number
of animal species that were not observed during the summer survey. An example is
the Cape Hare, although evidence of this species was observed, during the winter
months it is likely to be considerably more active, as there will be less need for it to
shelter from the heat, and there will be much greater abundance of its favoured food.
Despite the constraints of the EBS due to obvious seasonal differences likely to be
observed within the study area, it provides an important description of the biological
environment of the area for the summer months. Without a longer-term period of
monitoring, it would not be possible to definitely confirm the presence or absence of
certain occasional visiting species to the study area or those that are resident during
the winter months only. As such, assumptions have been made based on local
knowledge of the environment from other sources.
P180005
Page 8-42
Draft ESHIA Report
Table 8.10: Study Area Transect Descriptions
Transect 1
Transect 2
Transect 3
Transect 4
Sub
Narrow gently sloping
shoreline, coarse calcareous
sand substrate with sparse
coral and shell debris
Slightly steep sloping shoreline,
coarse calcareous sand and shell
fragments
Gently sloping beach, coarse
calcareous sand substrate with shell
and coral substrate
Isolated rocky substrate, likely
to be manmade. Small outfall
from the power station, with
engineering debris.
Fl
None recorded
None recorded
None recorded
Algal growth on rocks
Fa
None recorded
None recorded
None recorded
None
Soft calcareous sand substrate on
sloping beach, with coarse shell and
coral debris
None recorded
Gentle sloping, beach with a high
density of shell debris, large amount
of bivalve shells
None recorded
Narrow gently sloping beach,
soft calcareous sand substrate,
fine grain size
Fl
Soft calcareous sand substrate
fine sand grains, with coral and
shell debris
None recorded
None recorded
Fa
None recorded
Ghost crabs – Ocypode rotundata
None recorded
None recorded
Sandy calcareous substrate leading
into a steep bank, stabilized by flora
root systems in supratidal area
Broad gently sloping beach, soft
calcareous sandy substrate.
Macroalgal debris washed ashore
Prominent ridge at high tide line
indicating recent strong wave
action, shell and coral debris
None recorded
None recorded
None recorded
None recorded
None recorded
Densely vegetated sand dunes,
sandy calcareous substrate
stabilized by root systems
Dense vegetation, Zygophyllum
qatarense, Suaeda vermiculata,
Cornulaca monacantha,
Heliotropiom kotschyi, the dominant
species
Tracks found of the red fox, Cape
hare and Arabian horned viper.
Bridled tern seen flying.
Sparser vegetated area, behind
2m cliff containing large clumps
of pearl oyster shells
LI
Sub
MI
Sub
UI
ST
Fl
Very soft calcareous sand
substrate, with many coral and
shell debris and flotsam and
jetsam
Very sparse patches of Sueada
vermiculata and Halopyrum
mucronatum
Fa
None recorded
Sub
Dense vegetated area with
sandy calcareous substrate
stabilized by plant roots
Fl
Zygophyllum simplex and
Salsola imbricata.
Fa
Evidence of the white spotted
lizard
Lots of tracks of brown rat and
house mouse at the base of the
steep bank
Dense vegetated area, on
calcareous sand substrate stabilized
by root systems
Cornulaca monocantha, and
Heliotropium kotschyi dominant
species
Crested lark possibly nesting, house
sparrow, jewel beetle, Cape hare
tracks, dragonfly seen flying.
Halopyrum mucronatum,
Zygophyllum qatarense,
Suaeda vermiculata are the
dominant species.
Common mynah and yellowlegged gull both seen flying in
the area.
Sub – substrate, Fl – flora, Fa - fauna
P180005
October 2007 Rev 02
Page 8-43
Draft ESHIA Report
Figure 8.24: Newly Constructed Breakwater
P180005
October 2007 Rev 02
Page 8-44
Draft ESHIA Report
References
Al-Yamani, F.Y; Bishop, J; Ramadhan, E; Al-Husaini, M; and A.N. Al-Ghadban. 2004.
Oceanographic Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research,
2004. ISBN: 99906-41-19-6.
Dorgham, M.M. and A. Muftah. 1986. Plankton Studies in the Arabian Gulf. I.
Preliminary list of Phytoplankton Species in Qatari waters. Arab Gulf Journal Scient.
Agric. Biol. Sci. 4 (2): 421–436.
Grandcourt E.M., Francis F., Al Shamsi A.T., Al Ali K., Al Ali S. (2003) Annual fisheries
statistics for Abu Dhabi Emirate 2002. Environmental Research and Wildlife
Development Agency Project 02-23-0001(Government of Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates) 91 pp.
Hellyer, P and S. Aspinall (eds) 2005. The Emirates, A Natural History. Wildlife of the
United Arab Emirates. Trident Press Limited. 2005. ISBN: 1-905486-02-2.
Houde, E.D.; S. Almatar; J.C. Leak; and C.E. Dowd. 1986. Ichtyoplankton abundance
and diversity ion the Western Arabian Gulf. Kuwait Bulletin of Marine Science 8: 107–
393.
Jamal, A.H.H., and V. Pavlov. 1979. Introduction to phytoplankton study in the Arabian
Gulf. Fisheries Research Administration, Ministry of Public Works, Kuwait (in Arabic),
pp. 78.
Jones, D.A.; A.R.G. Price; F. Al-Yamani; and A. Zaidan. 2002. Coastal and Marine
Ecology, pp.65-103. In: Chapter 5: Biology. The Gulf Ecosystem: Health and
Sustainability. N.Y. Khan, D. Al-Ajmi and M. Munawar (eds), Backhuys Publishers,
Leiden, the Netherlands.
Kimor, B. (1973). Plankton relations in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea. In:
Zeitzschel, B., Gerlach, S. A. (eds.) The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Ecological
Studies 3. Springer. Heidelberg, pp. 221–232.
Michel, H.B.; M. Behbehani; D. Herring; M. Arar; M. Shoushani; and T. Brakonieki.
1986. Zooplankton diversity, distribution and abundance in Kuwaiti waters. Kuwait
Bulletin of Marine Science. 8:37-105.
Morgan, G. (2004) Country Review: UAE. In: Review of the state of world
marine capture fisheries management: Indian Ocean. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper
488. De Young, C. (ed.) Rome, FAO. 2006. 458p.
Nellen, W. 1973. Kinds and abundance of fish larvae in the Arabian Sea and the
Persian Gulf. Pp. 413-430 in Zeitzschel, B. (ed.). The Biology of the Indian Ocean,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
P180005
October 2007 Rev 02
Page 8-45
Draft ESHIA Report
Purkis S.J., B. Riegl (2005) Spatial and temporal dynamics of Arabian Gulf coral
assemblages quantified from remote-sensing and in situ monitoring data (Jebel Ali,
Dubai, U.A.E.). Marine Ecology Progress Series 287: 99-113
Randall, J.E. 1995. Coastal Fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
Riegl B (1999) Coral communities in a non-reef setting in the southern Arabian Gulf
(Dubai, UAE): fauna and community structure in response to recurrent mass mortality.
Coral Reefs 18(1):63-73
P180005
October 2007 Rev 02
Page 8-46

Chapter 8 Biological_Rev03

Transcription

Similar documents

megawave - James Law Cybertecture

The Galleries at Downtown Jebel Ali

Profile New_Dr Zulekha D

Dubai Today - Gulf for Good

Administrative Assistant - m/f - Dubai

lng vessels/buques gnl

AKELC brochure in English

Renate Herrmann`s report

DUBAI COLLEGE

Bar Bites at Left Bank, Souk Al Bahar (Grazia)