Presentation

P. U. C. I Year
CHAPTER - 3
THE PLANT KINGDOM
Biology
gy Bridge
g Course Curriculum
for the Academic Year 2012 – 2013
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5 kingdom classification
y This classification was proposed by R.H.whittaker in the year 1969
y It includes the following kingdoms
I i l d h f ll i ki d
y 1.Monera: body has prokaryotic cell(s)
y 2.Protista: body has eukaryotic cell(s)
P ti t b d h k
ti ll( )
y 3.Fungi: body has eukaryotic cell(s)
y 4.Plantae: body is made of eukaryotic cell(s)
4 Plantae: body is made of eukaryotic cell(s)
y 5.Animalia: body made of eukaryotic cells
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CHAPTER – 3
PLANT KINGDOM
•
The
plants
are
made
of
a
single
cell
(unicellular)
or
made
of
many cells (multicellular).
•
Every plant cell has protoplasm which is surrounded by cell membrane and cell
wall both.
•
Protoplasm has a definite & complete nucleus in the cell .
•
Such cells are called eukaryotic cells
•
They
prepare
their
own
food
by
photosynthesis
and
so
they
are
called Autotrophs.
•
They
are
also
called
producers
in
our
living
world
(Biosphere) because they produce food for all other animals.
•
In
their
generation
life
and
cycle
a
they
Diploid
have
sporophytic
alternatively generation after
generation-. CET
Vikasana
a
Haploid
generation
2012
Gametophytic
which
go
on
Kingdom : Plantae
Embryophyta
Algae
Bryophyta
Pteridophyta
tracheophyta
Gymnospermae
Angiospermae
3 1 .class
3.1
l
1 :Algae
Al
• These are plants made of a single cell which live alone or live
g
together
in
a
group
g
p
called
colony
y
e.g.,
g,
chlamydomonas
y
&
volvox colony respectively.
• They have no leaves, no roots, no flowers, no stem and no
fruits.
• They live in water and so they are called Aquatic plants.
• The cell wall is made of cellulose.
• They reproduce by
¾ Vegetative Method (Fragmentation)
¾ Asexual Method(Spore formation)
¾ Sexual Method by
(i) Isogamy e.g.,
e g , Spirogyra;
(ii) Anisogamy e.g., Chlamydomonas;
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(iii) Oogamy e.g., Volvox,
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2012
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Classes of Algae with examples
1. Chlorophyceae
Examples
Chlamydomonas
Volvox colony
Ulothrix
Spirogyra
2. Phaeophyceae
Examples
Ectocarpus
Dictyota
Fucus
Sargassum
Laminaria
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3. Rhodophyceae
Examples
Polysiphonia
Porphyra
Gracilaria
Gelidium
Class: Chlorophyceae
(Gr. Chloros = Green coloured)
• These
h
algae
l
are green in colour.
l
• They live in water
• Some
S
examples
l are
1. Chlamydomonas
2 Volvox
2.
V l
colony
l
3. Ulothrix
4 Spirogyra
4.
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Class : Chlorophyceae
volvox
Chlamydomonas
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Class Chloroph ceae
Class : Chlorophyceae
Ulothrix
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spirogyra
Class : Phaeophyceae
(Gr Phaios = Brown coloured)
(Gr.
• These algae are brown in colour.
colour
• They live in sea water
• Some examples are
1. Ectocarpus
2. Dictyota
y
3. Fucus
4. Sargassum
g
5. Laminaria
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class : Phaeophyceae
Ectocarpus
p
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class
l
: Phaeophyceae
h
h
sargassum
Fucus
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Class: Rhodophyceae
(G Rhodon
(Gr.
Rh d = Red
R d or Rose)
R
)
• These
Th
algae
l
are Rose
R
or Red
R d in
i colour
l
• They live in sea water
• Some examples are
1. Polysiphonia
2 Porphyra
2.
3. Gracilaria
4 Gelidium
4.
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Class : Rhodophyceae
Polysiphonia
y p
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Class : Rhodophyceae
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Geledium
3.2 Bryophyta
• The plants belonging to this group are called Bryophytes.
• Bryophytes are also called Amphibians of plant kingdom
because they live on land but need water for their sexual
reproduction.
d ti
• Their life cycle has
(a) Haploid gametophyte
(b) Diploid sporophyte.
Haploid gametophyte stage is with antheridia (male) to
produce Antherozooids and Archegonia (Female) to produce
female gametes (eggs).
• Antherozoid
A th
id fuses
f
with
ith egg to
t produce
d
zygote.
t
• This zygote produces a multicellular sporophyte.
• This sporophyte produces spores.
• The spores germinate to form the gametophyte of next
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generation.
Classes of Bryophytes
1. Hepaticopsida
p
p
Example
Riccia
Marchantia
2. Anthocerotopsida
p
Example
Anthoceros
Notothylas
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3. Bryopsida
y p
Example
Funaria
Sphagnum
Polytrichum
Class: Hepaticopsida
• These Bryophytes are also called Liver worts
because of their liver like shape.
• Some of the examples are.
1 Riccia
1.
2. Marchantia
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Class : . Hepaticopsida
Marchantia
Riccia
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Class 2: Anthocerotopsida
p
• These bryophytes are also called horn worts
because of their horn like shapes.
• Some of the examples are
1. Anthoceros
2. Notothylas
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Class : Anthocerotopsida
Anthoceros
Notothylas
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Class 3: Bryopsida
• These bryophytes are also called mosses because of
th soft
the
ft carpett like
lik appearance that
th t spreads
d in
i large
l
number on moist surfaces.
• Some of the examples are:
1. Funaria
2. Sphagnum
3. Polytrichum
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Class : Bryopsida
S h
Sphagnum
P l t i h
Polytrichum
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Class : Bryopsida
funaria
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3.3 Pterodophytes
• These are the plants that appeared first on land.
land
• They have vascular tissue called xylem and phloem.
• The plant body is called a sporophyte which has roots, stem,
leaves etc.
• Majority of the sporophytes produce one kind of spores in
their sporangia and so they are called homosporous
p
pteridophytes
p y
• Some sporophytes produce 2 kinds of spores in their
p
g
sporangia
and
so
they
y
are
called
pteridophytes.
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heterosporous
p
Pt i d h t are divided
Pteriodphytes
di id d iinto
t 4 classes
l
Pteridophyta
d h
Cl
Class
1
Cl
Class
2
Psilopsida
Lycopsida
Sphenopsida
Pteropsida
Example
Example
Example
Example
Psilotum
Lycopodium
Equisetum
Nephrolepis
Selaginella
Cl
Class
3
Cl
Class
4
Pteris
Adiantum
Dryopteris
Class : Psilopsida
Psilotum
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Cl
Class
:L
Lycopsida
id
Lycopodium
y p
Selaginella
g
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Class : Sphenopsida
Equisetum
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Cl
Class
:P
Pteropsida
id
Nephrolepis
Pteris
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Cl
Class
: Pt
Pteropsida
id
Adiantum
y p
Dryopteris
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3.4 Gymnospermae
• They are also called naked seeded plants.
• The plant body is called a sporophyte.
• Gymnosperms are heterosporous.
• Gametophytes
p y
depend
p
on sporophytes
p p y
to complete
p
their alternation of generation of their life.
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Gymnospermae
The gymnosperms are divided into 3 classes.
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Cycadopsida
Coniferopsida
Gnetopsida
Example
Example
Example
Cycas
Pinus
Gnetum
Cedrus
Ephedra
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Class : Cycadopsida
Cycas
y
plant
p
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Class : Cycadopsida
Cycas
y
Male cone
Cycas
y
female cone
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Class : Coniferopsida
Pi
Pinus
Cedrus
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Cl
Class
:G
Gnetopsida
id
Gnetum
Ephedra
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Class
l
: Gnetopsida
d
ginkgo
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3 5 Angiosperms
3.5
A i
• These are also called flowering plants.
• The angiosperms produce fruits with seeds inside
the fruit.
fruit
• The angiosperm plants show double fertilization
and triple fusion before developing seeds and
fruits.
fruits
• Ovules develop into seeds and ovary develops
into a fruit.
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Angiosperms
Class 1
Dicotyledonae
Examples :
1.Mustard plant
2.Bengal gram plant
Class 2
Monocotyledonae
Examples :
1.grass plant
plant
2.Coconut p
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Angiosperms are divided into 2 classes.
Class 1: Dicotyledonae
• The angiosperms of this class produce seeds with
two cotyledons.
• Some examples are
1. Mustard plant
2. Bengal gram plant
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Class 2: Monocotyledonae
• The angiosperms of this class produce seeds with
a single cotyledon.
• Some examples are:
1. Grass plant
2. Coconut plant
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Monocot Plant
Dicot Plant
Dicot Flower
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Dicot Flower (Model)
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Vascular Tissue
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Seeds of Angiosperms
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Class : Dicotyledonae Mustard plant
p
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Class : Dicotyledonae
Bengal gram plant
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Class : Monocotyledonae
Grass plant
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Class : Monocotyledonae
Coconut plant
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