Andrija PUHARICH Water Decomposition by AC Electrolysis

rexresearch.com
Home
Andrija PUHARICH
Water Decomposition by AC Electrolysis
A. Puharich: "Cutting The Gordian Knot of the Great Energy Bind"
USP # 4,394,230 ~ Method & Apparatus for Splitting Water Molecules
Dr Andrija Puharich reportedly drove his motor home for hundreds of thousands of
miles around North America in the 1970s using only water as fuel. At a mountain
pass in Mexico, he collected snow for water. Here is the only article he wrote on the
subject, plus his patent:
Cutting The Gordian Knot of the Great Energy Bind
by Andrija Puharich
(1) Introduction ~
It is hardly necessary to weigh the value of the World Energy bank account for any
sophisticated person, these days. It is grim. The oil reserves will dwindle away in a
score of years or so, and the coal reserves will be gone in some twelve score years. (
Ref. 1)
This is not to say that the outlook is hopeless. There is an abundance of alternative
energy sources, but the economics of development and exploitation present an
enormous short term strain on the world political and banking resources.
Visionary scientists tell us that the ideal fuel in the future will be as cheap as water,
that it will be non toxic both in its short term, and in its long term, effects, that it will
be renewable in that it can be used over and over again, that it will be safe to handle,
and present minimal storage and transportation problems and costs. And finally that
it will be universally available anywhere on earth.
What is this magical fuel, and why is it not being used? The fuel is water. It can be
used in its fresh water form. It can be used in its salt water form. It can be used in its
-1-
brackish form. It can be used in its snow and ice form. When such water is
decomposed by electrolytic fission into hydrogen and oxygen gases, it becomes a
high energy fuel with three times the energy output which is available from an
equivalent weight of high grade gasoline.
(Ref. 1 ) The interested reader should refer to the special issue of National
Geographic, "Energy", February 1981.
Then why is water not being used as a fuel? The answer is simple. It costs too much
with existing technology to convert water into gases hydrogen and oxygen. The basic
cycle of using water for fuel is described in the following two equations, familiar to
every high school student of Chemistry:
H2O Electrolysis + 249.68 Btu Delta G ==> H2 + (1/2)O2 per mole of water (1 mole
= 18 gms.). (1)
This means that it requires 249.688 Btu of energy (from electricity) to break water
by electrocal fission into the gases hydrogen and oxygen.
H2 and (1/2)O2 === catalyst ===> H2O - Delta H 302.375 Btu per mole of water.
(2)
This means that 302.375 Btu of energy (heat or electricity) will be released when the
gases, hydrogen and oxygen, combine. The end product (the exhaust) from this
reaction is water. Note that more energy (under ideal conditions) is released from
combining the gases than is used to free them from water. It is know that under ideal
conditions it is possible to get some 20% more energy out of reaction (2) above, then
it takes to produce the gases of reaction (1) above. Therefore, if reaction (1) could be
carried out at 100% efficiency, the release of energy from reaction (2) in an
optimally efficient engine (such as a low temperature fuel cell), there would be a net
energy profit which would make the use of water as a fuel an economically feasible
source of energy .
The cost of producing hydrogen is directly related to the cost of producing
electricity. Hydrogen as produced today is generally a byproduct of off-peak-hour
electrical production in either nuclear or hydroelectric plants. The electricity thus
produced is the cheapest way of making hydrogen. We can compare the cost of
production of electricity and the cost of producing hydrogen. The following table is
adapted from Penner (Ref. 2) whose data source is based on Federal Power
Commission, and American Gas Association Figures of 1970 and on a 1973 price
evaluation (just before OPEC oil price escalation.)
Table 1: Relative Prices in Dollars per 106 Btu . See Appendix 1 for definition of
British Thermal units (a) @ 9.1 mils/kWh
Cost Component ~ Electricity ~ Electrolytically-Produced H
Production ~ 2.67 (b) ~ 2.95 to 3.23 (b)
Transmission ~ 0.61 ~ 0.52 (c)
Distribution ~ 1.61 ~ 0.34
Total Cost ~ $4.89 ~ $3.81 to $4.09
-2-
If we compare only the unit cost of production of electricity vs Hydrogen from the
above table:
106 Btu H2 / 106 Btu El = $3.23 / $2.67, or 20.9% higher cost, H2
(Ref. 2) Penner, S.S. & L. Iceman: Non Nuclear Technologies, Vol II, AddisonWesley Publishing Company, 1977, Chap. 11, and Table 11.1-2 (Page 132).
It must also be noted that the price of natural gas is much cheaper than either
electricity or hydrogen, but because of the price fluctuations due to recent
deregulation of gas. It is not possible to present a realistic figure.
In the opinion of Penner (op. cit.), if the hydrogen production cost component of its
total cost could be reduced three fold, it would become a viable alternate energy
source. In order to achieve such a three-fold reduction in production costs, several
major breakthroughs would have to occur.
(1) ENDERGONIC REACTION ~ (1) supra. A technological breakthrough that
permits 100% conversion efficiency of water by electrolysis fission into the two
gases, Hydrogen as fuel and Oxygen as oxidant.
(2) HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, in situ. A technological breakthrough that
eliminates the need and cost of hydrogen liquefaction and storage, transmission, and
distribution, by producing the fuel in situ, when and where needed.
(3) EXERGONIC REACTION ~ (2) supra. A technological breakthrough which
yields a 100% efficient energy release from the combination of hydrogen and oxygen
into water in an engine that can utilize the heat, steam, or electricity thus produced.
(4) ENGINE EFFICIENCY. By a combination of the breakthroughs outlined above,
(1), (2), and (3) utilized in a highly efficient engine to do work, it is possible to
achieve a 15% to 20% surplus of energy return over energy input, theoretically.
It is of interest to record that a new invention is now being developed to realise the
above outlined goal of cheap, clean renewable and high grade energy.
A Thermodynamic Device has been invented which produces hydrogen as fuel, and
oxygen as oxidant, from ordinary or from sea water, eliminating the cost and hazard
of liquefaction, storage, transmission, and distribution. The saving of this aspect of
the invention alone reduces the total cost of hydrogen by about 25%.
This Thermodynamic Device is based on a new discovery --- the efficient
electrolytic fission of water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas by the use of low
frequency alternating currents as opposed to the conventual use of direct current, or
ultra-high frequency current today. Such gas production from water by electrolytic
fission approaches 100% efficiency under laboratory conditions and measurements.
No laws of physics are violated in this process.
This Thermodynamic Device has already been tested at ambient pressures and
temperatures from sea level to an altitude of 10,000 feet above sea level without any
-3-
loss of its peak efficiency. The device produces two types of gas bubbles; one type of
bubble contains hydrogen gas; the other type contains oxygen gas. The two gases are
thereafter easily separable by passive membrane filters to yield pure hydrogen gas,
and pure oxygen gas.
The separate gases are now ready to be combined in a chemical fusion with a small
activation energy such as that from a catalyst or an electrical spark, and yield energy
in the form of heat, or steam, or electricity --- as needed .When the energy is released
by the chemical fusion of hydrogen and oxygen, the exhaust product is clean water.
The water exhaust can be released into nature and then renewed in its energy content
by natural processes of evaporation, solar irradiation in cloud form, an subsequent
precipitation as rain on land or sea, and then collected again as a fuel source. Or, the
exhaust water can have its energy content pumped up by artificial processes such as
through solar energy acting through photocells. Hence, the exhaust product is both
clean and renewable. The fuel hydrogen, and the oxidant oxygen, can be used in any
form of heat engine as an energy source if economy is not an important factor. But
the practical considerations of maximum efficiency dictate that a low temperature
fuel cell with its direct chemical fusion conversion from gases to electricity offers
the greatest economy and efficiency from small power plants (less than 5 kilowatts).
For large power plants, steam and gas turbines are the ideal heat engines for
economy and efficiency. With the proper engineering effort, automobiles could be
converted rather easily to use water as the main fuel source.
(2) A Elementry Introduction to the Design & Operation of the Thermodynamic
Device to Electrolyse Water with AC ~
The Thermodynamic Device (TD) is made up of three principal components: An
electrical function generator, Component I, that energizes a water cell, the TD,
Component II and Component III , a weak electrolyte.
COMPONENT I: The Electrical Function Generator ~ See Fig 1.
Figure 1: Signal Generator Component Block ~
-4-
This electronic device has a complex alternating current output consisting of an
audio frequency (range 20 to 200 Hz) amplitude modulation of a carrier wave
(range: 200 to 100,000 Hz). The output is connected by two wires to Component II
at the center electrode, and at the ring electrode. See Fig1. The impedance of this
output signal is continuously being matched to the load which is the water solution
in Component II.
COMPONENT II: The Thermodynamic Device (TD). See Figure 2.
Figure 2: Thermodynamic Device (TD) ~
-5-
The TD is fabricated of metals and ceramic in the geometric form of a coaxial
cylinder made up of a centered hollow tubular electrode which is surrounded by a
larger tubular steel cylinder. These two electrodes comprise the coaxial electrode
system energised by Component I. The space between the two electrodes is, properly
speaking, Component III which contains the water solution to be electrolysed. The
center hollow tubular electrode carries water into the cell, and is further separated
from the outer cylindrical electrode by a porous ceramic vitreous material. The space
between the two electrodes contains two lengths of tubular Pyrex glass, shown in
Figures 2 and 3. The metal electrode surface in contact with the water solution are
coated with a nickel alloy.
COMPONENT III: the weak electrolyte water solution. Fig.3
Figure 3: The Water Cell Section of Component II ~
-6-
This consists of the water solution, the two glass tubes, and the geometry of the
containing wall of Component II. It is the true load for Component I, and its
electrode of Component II.
The Component III water solution is more properly speaking, ideally a 0.1540 M
Sodium Chloride solution, and such is a weak electrolyte. In figure 4 we show the
hypothetical tetrahedral structure of water molecule, probably in the form in which
the complex electromagnetic waves of Component I to see it. The center of mass of
this tetrahedral form is the oxygen atom. The geometric arrangement of the p
electrons of oxygen probably determine the vectors i (L1) and i (L2) and i (H1) and i
(H2) which in turn probably determine the tetrahedral architecture of the water
molecule. The p electron configuration of oxygen is shown in Figure 5. Reference to
Figure 4 shows that the diagonal of the right side of the cube has at its corner
terminations the positive charge hydrogen (H+) atoms; and that the left side of the
cube diagonal has at its corners the lone pair electrons, (e-). It is to be further noted
that this diagonal pair has an orthonormal relationship.
Figure 4: The Water Molecule in Tetrahedral Form ~
-7-
Hydrogen bonding occurs only along the four vectors pointing to the four vertices of
a regular tetrahedron, and in the above drawing we show the four unit vectors along
these directions originating from the oxygen atoms at the center. i(H1) and i(H2) are
the vectors of the hydrogen bonds formed by the molecule i as a donor molecule.
These are assigned to the lone pair electrons. Molecules i are the neighboring oxygen
atoms at each vertex of the tetrahedron.
Figure 5: Electron Orbitals ~
(3) Electrothermodynamics ~
We will now portray the complex electromagnetic wave as the tetrahedral water
molecule sees it. The first effect felt by the water molecule is in the protons of the
vectors, i (H1) and i (H2). These protons feel the 3 second cycling of the amplitude of
the carrier frequency and its associated side bands as generated by Component I.
This sets up a rotation moment of the proton magnetic moment which one can
clearly see on the XY plot of an oscilloscope, as an hysteresis loop figure. However,
it is noted that this hysteresis loop does not appear in the liquid water sample until all
the parameters of the three components have been adjusted to the configuration
which is the novel basis of this device. The hysteresis loop gives us a vivid portrayal
of the nuclear magnetic relaxation cycle of the proton in water.
The next effect felt by the water molecule is the Component I carrier resonant
frequency, Fo. At the peak efficiency for electrolysis the value of Fo is 600 Hz +/- 5
Hz.
This resonance however is achieved through control of two other factors. The first is
the molal concentration of salt in the water. This is controlled by measuring the
conductivity of the water through the built in current meter of Component I. There is
maintained an idea ratio of current to voltage I/E = 0.01870 which is an index to the
optimum salt concentration of 0.1540 Molal.
-8-
The second factor which helps to hold the resonant which helps to hold the resonant
frequency at 600 Hz is the gap distance of Y, between the centre electrode, and the
ring electrode of Component II.
This gap distance will vary depending on the size scale of Component II, but again
the current flow, I, is used to set it to the optimal distance when the voltage reads
between 2.30 (rms) volts, at resonance Fo, and at molal concentration, 0.1540. The
molal concentration of the water is thus seen to represent the electric term of the
water molecule and hence its conductivity.
The amplitude modulation of the carrier gives rise to side bands in the power
spectrum of the carrier frequency distribution. It is these side bands which give rise
to an acoustic vibration of the liquid water, and it is believed to the tetrahedral water
molecule. The importance of the phonon effect --- the acoustic vibration of water in
electrolysis --- was discovered in a roundabout way. Research work with Component
I had earlier established that it could be used for the electro-stimulation of hearing in
humans. When the output of Component I is comprised of flat circular metal plates
applied to the head of normal hearing humans, it was found that they could hear pure
tones and speech. Simultaneously, acoustic vibration could also be heard by an
outside observer with a stethoscope placed near one of the electrodes on the skin. It
was observed that the absolute threshold of hearing could be obtained at 0.16 mW
(rms), and by calculation that there was an amplitude of displacement of the eardrum
of the order of 10-11 and a corresponding amplitude of the cochlear basilar membrane
of 10-13 meter. Corollary to this finding. I was able to achieve the absolute reversible
threshold of electrolysis at a power level of 0.16 mW (rms). By carrying out new
calculations I was able to show that the water was being vibrated with a
displacement of the order of 1 Angstrom ( = 10-10 meters). This displacement is of
the order of the diameter of the hydrogen atom.
Thus it is possible that the acoustic phonons generated by audio side bands of the
carrier are able to vibrate particle structures within the unit water tetrahedron.
We now turn to the measurement problem with respect to efficiency of electrolysis.
There are four means that can be used to measure the reactant product of water
electrolysis . For simple volume measurements one can use a precision nitrometer
such as the Pregl type. For both volume and quantitative analysis one can use the gas
chromatography with thermal conductivity detector. For a continuous flow analysis
of both volume and gas species the mass spectrometer is very useful. For pure
thermodynamic measurements the calorimeter is useful. In our measurements, all
four methods were examined, and it was found that the mass spectrometer gave the
most flexibility and the greatest precision. In the next section we will describe our
measurement using the mass spectrometer.
Protocol
(4) Methodology for the Evaluation of the Efficiency of Water Decomposition by
Means of Alternating Current Electrolysis ~
Introduction ~
-9-
All systems used today for the electrolysis of water into hydrogen as fuel, and
oxygen as oxidant apply direct current to a strong electrolyte solution. These systems
range in efficiency from 50% to 71%. The calculation of energy efficiency in
electrolysis is defined as follows:
"The energy efficiency is the ration of the energy released from the electrolysis
products formed (when they are subsequently used) to the energy required to effect
electrolysis." (Ref. 1)
The energy released by the exergonic process under standard conditions
H2(g) + (1/2) O2(g) ===> H2O = 3 02.375 Btu
which is 68.315 Kcal/mol. or, 286,021 Joules/mol, and is numerically equal to the
enthalphy charge (Delta H ) for the indicated process. On the other hand the
minimum energy (or useful work input) required at constant temperature and
pressure for electrolysis equals the Gibbs free energy change (Delta G). (Ref 2)
(Ref. 1) S.S. Penner and L. Iceman: Energy. Volume II , Non Nuclear Energy
Technologies. Adison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.Reading Massachusetts,
1977 (Rev. Ed. ) chapter 11.
(Ref. 2) S.S. Penner: Thermodynamics, Chapter 11, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
Reading, Massachusetts, 1968.
Penner shows (op.cit.) that there is a basic relation derivable from the first and
second laws of thermodynamics for isothermal changes which shows that
Delta G = Delta H - T Delta S
(2)
where Delta S represents the entropy change for the chemical reaction and T is the
absolute temperature.
The Gibbs free energy change (Delta G) is also related to the voltage (e) required to
implement electrolysis by Faraday's equation,
e = (Delta G / 23.06 n ) volts
(3)
where Delta G is in Kcal/mol, and n is the number of electrons (or equivalents) per
mole of water electrolysed and has the numerical value 2 in the equation (endergonic
process),
H2O ===> H2 (g) + (1/2)O2 (g) + 56.620 kcal or + 249.68 Btu
(4)
Therefore, according to equation (2) at atmospheric pressure, and 300 degrees K ,
Delta H = 68.315 kcal/mol or H2O, and Delta G = 56.620 kcal / mol of H2O =
236,954 J/mol H20 for the electrolysis of liquid water.
In view of these thermodynamic parameters for the electrolysis of water into gases,
hydrogen and oxygen, we can establish by Eq.(2) numeric values where,
- 10 -
Delta G = 236.954 J/mol H2O
under standard conditions. Thus
n = Delta G (J/mol) / Delta Ge (J/mol) = <1
(5)
where Delta Ge is the electrical energy input to H2O (1) in Joules, and Delta G is the
Gibbs free energy of H2O. The conversion between the two quantities is one Watt
second (Ws) = one Joule.
Or, in terms of gas volume, as hydrogen, produced and measured,
n = Measured H2 (cc) / Ideal H2 (cc) = <1
(6)
In accordance with these general principles we present the methodology followed in
evaluating the electrolytic of alternating current on H2O in producing the gases,
hydrogen and oxygen. No attempt has been made to utilize these gases according to
the process of Eq.(1). It is to be noted that the process
H2 (g) + (1/2)O2 (g) ===> H2O (g)
(7)
yields only 57.796 kcal /mol. Eq.(7) shows that per mole of gases water formed at
300° K, the heat released is reduced from the 68.315 kcal/mol at Eq. (1) by the molar
heat of evaporation of water at 300° K (10.5 kcal) and the overall heat release is
57.796 kcal/mol if H2O (g) is formed at 300° K. (Ref. 1)
In the following sections we describe the new method of electrolysis by means of
alternating current, and the exact method and means used to measure the endergonic
process of Eq.(4) and the governing Eq.(2) and Eq.(5).
(Ref. 1) Op.cit., Ref. (1) page 3. page 299ff.
(5) Thermodynanic Measurement ~
In order to properly couple Component II to a mass spectrometer one requires a
special housing around Component II that it will capture the gases produced and
permit these to to be drawn under low vacuum into the mass spectometer. Therefore
a stainless steel and glass chamber was built to contain Component II, and provision
made to couple it directly through a CO2 watertrap to the mass spectrometer with the
appropriate stainless steel tubing. This chamber is designated as Component IV.
Both the mass spectrometer and Component IV were purged with helium and
evacuated for a two hour period before any gas samples were drawn. In this way
contamination was minimized. The definitive measurement were done at Gollob
Analytical Services in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey
We now describe the use of Component I and how its energy output to Component II
is measured. The energy output of Component I is an amplitude modulated
alternating current looking into a highly non-linear load, i.e., the water solution.
Component I is so designed that at peak load it is in resonance across the system --Components I, II, and III --- and the vector diagrams show that the capacitive
- 11 -
reactance, and the inductance reactance are almost exactly 180° out of phase, so that
the net power output is reactive (the dissipative power is very small). This design
ensures minimum power lossses across the entire output system. In the experiments
to be described, the entire emphasis is placed on achieving the maximum gas yield
(credit) in exchange for the minimum applied electrical energy.
The most precise way to measure the applied energy from Component I to
Component II and Component III is to measure the power, P, in watts, W. Ideally
this should be done with a precision wattmeter. But since we were interested in
following the voltage and current separately, it was decided not to use the watt
meter. Separate meters were used to continuously monitor the current and the volts.
This is done by precision measurement of the volts across Component III as root
mean square (rms) volts; and the current flowing in the system as rms amperes.
Precisely calibrated instruments were used to take these two measurements. A
typical set of experiments using water in the form of 0.9% saline solution 0.1540
molar to obtain high efficiency hydrolysis gave the following results:
rms Current = I = 25mA to 38 mA (0.025 A to 0.038 A.)
rms Volts = E = 4 Volts to 2.6 Volts
The resultant ration between current and voltage is dependent on many factors such
as the gap distance between the center and ring electrodes, dielectric properties of the
water, conductivity properties of the water, equilibrium states, isothermal conditions,
materials used, and even the pressure of clathrates. The above current and voltage
values reflect the net effect of various combinations of such parameters. When one
takes the product of rms current, and rms volts, one has a measure of the power, P in
watts.
P = I x E = 25 mA x 4.0 volts =100 mW (0.1 W)
and P = I x E =38 mA x 2.6 volts = 98.8 mW (0.0988 W)
At these power levels (with load), the resonant frequency of the system is 600 Hz
(plus or minus 5 Hz) as measured on a precision frequency counter. The wave form
was monitored for harmonic content on an oscilloscope, and the nuclear magnetic
relaxation cycle was monitored on an XY plotting oscilloscope in order to maintain
the proper hysteresis loop figure. All experiments were run so that the power in
watts, applied through Components I, II, and III ranged between 98.8 mW to 100
mW.
Since by the International System of Units 1971 (ST), one Watt-second (Ws) is
exactly equal to one Joule (J), our measurements of efficiency used these two
yardsticks (1 Ws = 1J) from the debit side of the measurement.
The energy output of the system is, of course, the two gases, Hydrogen (H2) and
Oxygen, (1/2)O2, and this credit side was measured in two laboratories, on two kinds
of calibrated instruments, namely gas chromatography machine, and mass
spectrometer machine.
- 12 -
The volume of gases H2 and (1/2)O2 was measured as produced under standard
conditions of temperature and pressure in unit time, i.e., in cubic centimeters per
minute (cc/min), as well as the possibility contaminating gases,such as air oxygen,
nitrogen and argon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor, etc.
The electrical and gas measurements were reduced to the common denominator of
Joules of energy so that the efficiency accounting could all be handled in one
currency. We now present the averaged results from many experiments. The
standard error between different samples, machines, and locations is at +/- 10%, and
we only use the mean for all the following calculations.
II. Thermodynamic Efficiency for the Endergonic Decomposition of Liquid Water
(Salininized) to Gases Under Standard Atmosphere ( 754 to 750 m.m. Hg) and
Standard Isothermal Conditions @ 25° C = 77° F = 298.16° K, According to the
Following Reaction:
H20 (1) _> H2(g) + (1/2)O2(1) + Delta G = 56.620 Kcal /mole
(10)
As already described, Delta G is the Gibbs function. We convert Kcal to our
common currency of Joules by the formula, One Calorie = 4.1868 Joules
Delta G = 56.620 Kcal x 4.1868 J = 236,954/J/mol of H2O where1 mole = 18
gr.
(11)
Delta Ge = the electrical energy required to yield an equivalent amount of energy
from H2O in the form of gases H2 and (1/2)O2.
To simplify our calculation we wish to find out how much energy is required to
produce the 1.0 cc of H2O as the gases H2 and (1/2)O2. There are (under standard
conditions) 22,400 cc = V of gas in one mole of H2O. Therefore
Delta G / V = 236,954 J / 22,400 cc = 10.5783 J/cc.
(12)
We now calculate how much electrical energy is required to liberate 1.0 cc of the
H2O gases (where H2 = 0.666 parts, and (1/2)O2 = 0.333 parts by volume) from
liquid water. Since P = 1 Ws= 1 Joule , and V = 1.0 cc of gas = 10.5783 Joules, then
PV = 1 Js x 10.5783 J = 10.5783 Js, or, = 10.5783 Ws
(13)
Since our experiments were run at 100 mW ( 0.1 W) applied to the water sample in
Component II, III, for 30 minutes, we wish to calculate the ideal (100% efficient) gas
production at this total applied power level. This is,
0.1 Ws x 60 sec x 30 min = 180,00 Joules (for 30 min.). The total gas production at
ideal 100% efficiency is 180 J/10.5783 J/cc = 17.01 cc H2O (g)
We further wish to calculate how much hydrogen is present in the 17.01 cc H2O (g).
17.01 cc H2O (g) x 0.666 H2 (g) = 11.329 cc H2(g)
- 13 -
(14)
17.01 cc H2O (g) x 0.333 (1/2)O2 (g) = 5.681 cc (1/2) O2 (g)
Against this ideal standard of efficiency of expected gas production, we must
measure the actual amount of gas produced under: (1) Standard conditions as
defined above, and (2) 0.1 Ws power applied over 30 minutes. In our experiments,
the mean amount of H2 and (1/2)O2 produced, as measured on precision calibrated
GC, and MS machines in two different laboratories, where SE is +/- 10%, is,
Measured Mean = 10.80 cc H2 (g)
Measured Mean = 5.40 cc (1/2) cc (1/2)O2 (g)
Total Mean = 16.20 cc H2O (g)
The ratio, n, between the ideal yield, and measured yield,
Measured H2 (g) / Ideal H2 (g) = 10.80 cc / 11.33 cc = 91.30%
(6) Alternative Methodology for Calculating Efficiency Based on the Faraday Law of
Electrochemistry ~
This method is based on the number of electrons that must be removed, or added to
decompose, or form one mole of, a substance of valence one. In water H2O, one
mole has the following weight:
H = 1.008 gr /mol
H = 1.008 gr /mol
O = 15.999 gr/mol
Thus, 1 mol H2O = 18.015 gr/mol
For a unvalent substance one gram mole contains 6.022 x 10-23 electrons = N =
Avogadro's Number. If the substance is divalent, trivalent, etc., N is multiplied by
the number of the valence. Water is generally considered to be of valence two.
At standard temperature and pressure (STP) one mole of a substance contains 22.414
cc, where Standard temperature is 273.15° K = 0° C = T . Standard Pressure is one
atmosphere = 760 mm Hg = P.
One Faraday (1F) is 96,485 Coulombs per mole (univalent).
One Coulomb (C) is defined as:
1 N / 1 F = 6.122 x 1023 Electrons / 96,485 C = one C
The flow of one C/second = one Ampere.
One C x one volt = one Joule second (Js).
One Ampere per second @ one volt = one Watt = one Joule.
In alternating current, when amps (I) and Volts (E) are expressed in root mean
squares (rms), their product is Power.
P = IE watts.
- 14 -
With these basic definitions we can now calculate efficiency of electrolysis of water
by the method of Faraday is electrochemistry.
The two-electron model of water requires 2 moles of electrons for electrolysis (2 x
6.022 x 1023 ), or two Faraday quantities (2 x 96,485 = 192,970 Coulombs).
The amount of gas produced will be:
H2 = 22,414 cc /mol at STP
(1/2)O2 = 11,207 cc / mol at STP
Gases = 33.621 cc / mol H2O (g)
The number of coulombs required to produce one cc of gases by electrolysis of
water:
193,970 C / 33621 C = 5.739567 C per cc gases.
Then, 5,739 C /cc /sec = 5.739 amp/sec/cc. How many cc of total gases will be
produced by 1 A/sec?
0.1742291709 cc.
How many cc of total gases will be produced by 1 A/min ?
10.45375 cc/min
What does this represent as the gases H2 and O2 ?
(1/2)O2 = 3.136438721 cc/Amp/min.
H2 = 6.2728 cc/Amp /min.
We can now develop a Table for values of current used in some of our
experiments,and disregarding the voltage as is done conventionally.
I. Calculations for 100 mA per minute:
Total Gases = 1.04537 cc/min
H2 = 0.6968 cc/min
(1/2)O2 = 0.3484 cc/min
30 min. H2 = 20.9054 cc/ 30 minutes
II. Calculations for 38 mA per minute:
Total Gases = 0.3972 cc/ 30 minutes
H2 = 0.2645 cc/min
(1/2)O2 = 0.1323 cc/min
30 min. H2 = 7.9369 cc/min
III. Calculations for 25mA per minute:
30 min. H2 = 5.2263 cc/ minute
(7) Conclusion ~
- 15 -
Figure 6 and 7 [not available] show two of the many energy production systems that
may be configured to include renewable sources and the present electrolysis
technique. Figure 6 shows a proposed photovoltaic powered system using a fuel cell
as the primary battery. Assuming optimum operating conditions using 0.25 watt
seconds of energy from the photovoltaic array would enable 0.15 watt seconds to be
load.
Figure 7 depicts several renewable sources operating in conjuncction with the
electrolysis device to provide motive power for an automobile.
US Patent # 4,394,230
Method & Apparatus for Splitting Water Molecules
Henry K. Puharich
(July 19, 1983)
Abstract ~
Disclosed herein is a new and improved thermodynamic device to produce hydrogen
gas and oxygen gas from ordinary water molecules or from seawater at normal
temperatures and pressure. Also disclosed is a new and improved method for
electrically treating water molecules to decompose them into hydrogen gas and
oxygen gas at efficiency levels ranging between approximately 80-100%. The
evolved hydrogen gas may be used as a fuel; and the evolved oxygen gas may be
used as an oxidant.
Inventors: Puharich; Henry K. (Rte. 1, Box 97, Delaplane, VA 22025)
Appl. No.: 272277 ~ Filed: June 10, 1981
Current U.S. Class: 205/341; 204/229.5; 204/260; 204/263; 204/266; 205/628
Intern'l Class: C25B 001/04; C25B 001/10; C25B 009/04
Field of Search: 204/129,228,260,263,266
References Cited [Referenced By] ~ U.S. Patent Documents:
3,563,246 Feb., 1971 ~ Puharich 331/47.
3,726,762 Apr., 1973 ~ Puharich 128/422.
4,107,008 Aug., 1978 ~ Horvath 204/129.
Primary Examiner: Andrews; R. L.
Schweitzer
~ Attorney, Agent or Firm: Mandeville and
Description ~
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
- 16 -
The scientific community has long realized that water is an enormous natural energy
resource, indeed an inexhaustible source, since there are over 300 million cubic
miles of water on the earth's surface, all of it a potential source of hydrogen for use
as fuel. In fact, more than 100 years ago Jules Verne prophesied that water
eventually would be employed as a fuel and that the hydrogen and oxygen which
constitute it would furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light.
Water has been split into its constituent elements of hydrogen and oxygen by
electrolytic methods, which have been extremely inefficient, by thermochemical
extraction processes called thermochemical water-splitting, which have likewise
been inefficient and have also been inordinately expensive, and by other processes
including some employing solar energy. In addition, artificial chloroplasts imitating
the natural process of photosynthesis have been used to separate hydrogen from
water utilizing complicated membranes and sophisticated artificial catalysts.
However, these artificial chloroplasts have yet to produce hydrogen at an efficient
and economical rate.
These and other proposed water splitting techniques are all part of a massive effort
by the scientific community to find a plentiful, clean, and inexpensive source of fuel.
While none of the methods have yet proved to be commercially feasible, they all
share in common the known acceptability of hydrogen gas as a clean fuel, one that
can be transmitted easily and economically over long distances and one which when
burned forms water.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
In classical quantum physical chemistry, the water molecule has two basic bond
angles, one angle being 104°, and the other angle being 109°28'.
The present invention involves a method by which a water molecule can be
energized by electrical means so as to shift the bond angle from the 104°.degree.
configuration to the 109°.degree.28' tetrahedral geometrical configuration.
An electrical function generator (Component 1) is used to produce complex
electrical wave form frequencies which are applied to, and match the complex
resonant frequencies of the tetrahedral geometrical form of water.
It is this complex electrical wave form applied to water which is contained in a
special thermodynamic device (Component II) which shatters the water molecule by
resonance into its component molecules --- hydrogen and oxygen.
The hydrogen, in gas form, may then be used as fuel; and oxygen, in gas form is
used as oxidant. For example, the thermodynamic device of the present invention
may be used as a hydrogen fuel source for any existing heat engine --- such as,
internal combustion engines of all types, turbines, fuel cell, space heaters, water
heaters, heat exchange systems, and other such devices. It can also be used for the
desalinization of sea water, and other water purification purposes. It can also be
applied to the development of new closed cycle heat engines where water goes in as
fuel, and water comes out as a clean exhaust.
- 17 -
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and for a greater
appreciation of its attendant advantages, reference should be made to the following
detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the electrical function generator,
Component I, employed in the practice of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the apparatus of the present invention, including
a cross sectional representation of the thermodynamic device, Component II;
- 18 -
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of Component III of the present invention, the water
cell section of Component II;
- 19 -
FIG. 4 is an illustration of the hydrogen covalent bond;
FIG. 4A is an illustration of the hydrogen bond angle;
FIG. 4B is an illustration of hybridized and un-hybridized orbitals;
FIG. 4C is an illustration of the geometry of methane ammonia and water molecules;
- 20 -
FIG. 5 is an illustration of an amplitude modulated carrier wave;
FIG. 6 is an illustration of a ripple square wave;
FIG. 6 A is an illustration of unipolar pulses;
- 21 -
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing ion distribution at the negative electrode;
FIG. 8 is an illustration of tetrahedral bonding orbitals;
- 22 -
FIG. 9 is an illustration of water molecules;
FIG. 10 is an illustration of productive and non-productive collisions of hydrogen
with iodine;
- 23 -
FIG. 11 is a wave form found to be the prime characteristic for optimum efficiency;
FIG. 12 is an illustration of pearl chain formation;
FIG. 13 is a plot of the course of the onset of the barrier effect and the unblocking of
the barrier effect; and
- 24 -
FIGS. 14A, B, and C are energy diagrams for exergonic reactions.
- 25 -
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION
Section 1 --- Apparatus of Invention
The apparatus of the invention consists of three components, the electrical function
generator, the thermodynamic device, and the water cell.
COMPONENT I. The Electrical Funtion Generator ~
This device has an output consisting of an audio frequency (range 20 to 200 Hz)
amplitude modulation of a carrier wave (range 200 Hz to 100,000 Hz). The
impedance of this output signal is continuously being matched to the load which is
the second component, the thermodynamic device.
The electrical function generator represents a novel application of circuitry disclosed
in my earlier U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,629,521; 3,563,246; and 3,726,762, which are
incorporated by reference herein. See FIG. 1 for the block diagram of Component I.
COMPONENT II. The Thermodynamic Device ~
- 26 -
The thermodynamic device is fabricated of metals and ceramic in the geometric form
of coaxial cylinder made up of a centered hollow tubular electrode which is
surrounded by a larger tubular steel cylinder, said two electrodes comprising the
coaxial electrode system which forms the load of the output of the electrical function
generator, Component I. Said center hollow tubular electrode carries water, and is
separated from the outer cylindrical electrode by a porous ceramic vitreous material.
Between the outer surface of the insulating ceramic vitreous material, and the inner
surface of the outer cylindrical electrode exists a space to contain the water to be
electrolysed. This water cell space comprises the third component (Component III)
of the invention. It contains two lengths of tubular pyrex glass, shown in FIGS. 2 and
3. The metal electrode surfaces of the two electrodes which are in contact with the
water are coated with a nickel alloy.
The coaxial electrode system is specifically designed in materials and geometry to
energize the water molecule to the end that it might be electrolysed. The center
electrode is a hollow tube and also serves as a conductor of water to the Component
III cell. The center tubular electrode is coated with a nickel alloy, and surrounded
with a porous vitreous ceramic and a glass tube with the exception of the tip that
faces the second electrode. The outer cylindrical electrode is made of a heat
conducting steel alloy with fins on the outside, and coated on the inside with a nickel
alloy. The center electrode, and the cylindrical electrode are electrically connected
by an arching dome extension of the outer electrode which brings the two electrodes
at one point to a critical gap distance which is determined by the known quenching
distance for hydrogen. See FIG. 2 for an illustration of Component II.
COMPONENT III. The Water Cell
The water cell is a part of the upper end of Component II, and has been described.
An enlarged schematic illustration of the cell is presented in FIG. 3. The Component
III consists of the water and glass tubes contained in the geometrical form of the
walls of cell in Component II, the thermodynamic device. The elements of a
practical device for the practice of the invention will include:
(A) Water reservoir; and salt reservoir; and/or salt
(B) Water injection system with microprocessor or other controls which sense and
regulate (in accordance with the parameters set forth hereinafter):
a. carrier frequency
b. current
c. voltage
d. RC relaxation time constant of water in the cell
e. nuclear magnetic relaxation constant of water
f. temperature of hydrogen combustion
g. carrier wave form
h. RPM of an internal combustion engine (if used)
i. ignition control system
j. temperature of region to be heated;
(C) An electrical ignition system to ignite the evolved hydrogen gas fuel.
- 27 -
The important aspects of Component III are the tubular vitreous material, the
geometry of the containing walls of the cell, and the geometrical forms of the water
molecules that are contained in the cell. A further important aspect of the invention
is the manipulation of the tetrahedral geometry of the water molecule by the novel
methods and means which will be more fully described in the succeeding sections of
this specification.
The different parts of a molecule are bound together by electrons. One of the
electron configurations which can exist is the covalent bond which is achieved by the
sharing of electrons. A molecule of hydrogen gas, H2 is the smallest representative
unit of covalent bonding, as can be seen in FIG. 4. The molecule of hydrogen gas is
formed by the overlap and pairing of 1s orbital electrons. A new molecular orbit is
formed in which the shared electron pair orbits both nuclei as shown in FIG. 4. The
attraction of the nuclei for the shared electrons holds the atoms together in a covalent
bond.
Covalent bonds have direction. The electronic orbitals of an uncombined atom can
change shape and direction when that atom becomes part of a molecule. In a
molecule in which two or more covalent bonds are present the molecular geometry is
dictated by the bond angles about the central atom. The outermost lone pair (nonbonding) electrons profoundly affect the molecular geometry.
The geometry of water illustrates this concept. In the ground state, oxygen has the
outer shell configuration
1s2 2s2 2p2x 2p1y 2p1z
In water the 1s electrons from two hydrogens bond with the 2py and 2pz electrons of
oxygen. Since p orbitals lie at right angles to each other (see FIG. 4A), a bond angle
of 90° might be expected. However, the bond angle is found experimentally to be
approximately 104°. Theoretically this is explained by the effect of lone pair
electrons on hybridized orbitals.
Combined or hybrid orbitals are formed when the excitement of 2s electrons results
in their promotion from the ground state to a state energetically equivalent to the 2p
orbitals. The new hybrids are termed sp3 from the combination of one s and three p
orbitals (See FIG. 4B). Hybrid sp3 orbitals are directed in space from the center of a
regular tetrahedron toward the four corners. If the orbitals are equivalent the bond
angle will be 109°28' (See Fig. 15) consistent with the geometry of a tetrahedron. In
the case of water two of the orbitals are occupied by non-bonding electrons (See
FIG. 4C). There is greater repulsion of these lone pair electrons which orbit only one
nucleus, compared to the repulsion of electrons in bonding orbitals which orbit two
nuclei. This tends to increase the angle between non-bonding orbitals so that it is
greater than 109°, which pushes the bonding orbitals together, reducing the bond
angle to 104°. In the case of ammonia, NH3 where there is only one lone pair, the
repulsion is not so great and the bond angle is 107°. Carbon forms typical tetrahedral
forms and components the simplest being the gas methane, CH4 (See FIGS. 4C and
8). The repulsion of lone pair electrons affects charge distribution and contributes to
the polarity of a covalent bond. (See FIG. 16)
- 28 -
As demonstrated in succeeding sections of this patent specification, a significant and
novel aspect of this invention is the manipulation, by electronic methods and means,
of the energy level of the water molecule, and the transformation of the water
molecule into, and out of, the geometrical form of the tetrahedron. This is made
possible only by certain subtle dynamic interactions among the Components I, II,
and III of the present invention.
Section 2 --- Electrodynamics (Pure Water) ~
The electrodynamics of Components I, II, and III described individually and in
interaction during the progress of purewater reaction rate in time. The reactions of
saline water will be described in Section 3. It is to be noted that the output of
Component I automatically follows the seven stages (hereinafter Stages A-F) of the
reaction rate by varying its parameters of resonant carrier frequency, wave form,
current voltage and impedance. All the seven states of the reaction herein described
are not necessary for the practical operation of the system, but are included in order
to explicate the dynamics and novel aspects of the invention. The seven stages are
applicable only to the electrolysis of pure water.
STAGE A
Dry Charging of Component II by Component I ~
To make the new system operational, the Component I output electrodes are
connected to component II, but no water is placed in the cell of Component III.
When Component I output is across the load of Component II we observe the
following electrical parameters are observed:
Range of current (I) output with (dry) load:
0 to 25 mA (milliamperes) rms.
Range of voltage (E) output with (dry) load:
0 to 250 Volts (AC) rms.
There is no distortion of the amplitude modulated (AM), or of the sine wave carrier
whose center frequency, fc'
Ranges between 59,748 Hz to 66, 221 Hz
with fc average = 62, 985 Hz
The carrier frequency varies with the power output in that fc goes down with an
increase in amperes (current). The AM wave form is shown in FIG. 5. It is to be
noted here that the electrical function generator, Component I, has an automatic
amplitude modulation volume control which cycles the degree of AM from 0% to
100%, and then down from 100% to 0% .congruent. every 3.0 seconds. This cycle
rate of 3.0 seconds corresponds to the nuclear spin relaxation time, tau/sec, of the
- 29 -
water in Component III. The meaning of this effect will be discussed in greater detail
in a later section.
In summary, the principal effects to be noted during Stage A -dry charging of
Component II are as follows:
a. Tests the integrity of Component I circuitry.
b. Tests the integrity of the coaxial electrodes, and the vitreous ceramic materials of
Component II and Component III.
c. Electrostatic cleaning of electrode and ceramic surfaces.
STAGE B
Initial operation of Component I, Component II, and with Component III containing
pure water. There is no significant electrolysis of water during Stage B. However, in
Stage B the sine wave output of Component I is shaped to a rippled square wave by
the changing RC constant of the water as it is treated;
There is an `Open Circuit` reversible threshold effect that occurs in Component III
due to water polarization effects that lead to half wave rectification and the
appearance of positive unipolar pulses; and
There are electrode polarization effects in Component II which are a prelude to true
electrolysis of water as evidenced by oxygen and hydrogen gas bubble formation.
Appearance of Rippled Square Waves ~
Phase 1: At the end of the Stage A dry charging, the output of Component I is
lowered to a typical value of:
I = 1mA. E = 24VAC. fc .congruent.66,234 Hz.
Phase 2: Then water is added to the Component III water cell drop by drop until the
top of the center electrode, 1', in FIG. 3 is covered, and when this water just makes
contact with the inner surface of the top outer electrode at 2'. As this coupling of the
two electrodes by water happens, the following series of events occur:
Phase 3: The fc drops from 66,234 Hz, to a range from 1272 Hz to 1848 Hz. The
current and voltage both drop, and begin to pulse in entrainment with the water
nuclear spin relaxation constant, tau =3.0 sec. The presence of the nuclear spin
relaxation oscillation is proven by a characteristic hysteresis loop on the X-Y axes of
an oscillscope.
I = 0 to 0.2mA surging at .tau. cycle
E = 4.3 to 4.8VAC surging at .tau. cycle
- 30 -
The sine wave carrier converts to a rippled square wave pulse which reflects the RC
time constant of water, and it is observed that the square wave contains higher order
harmonics. See FIG. 6:
With the appearance of the rippled square wave, the threshold of hydrolysis may be
detected (just barely) as a vapor precipitation on a cover glass slip placed over the
Component III cell and viewed under a low power microscope.
The `Open Circuit` Reversible Threshold Effect ~
Phase 4: A secondary effect of the change in the RC constant of water on the wave
form shows up as a full half wave rectification of the carrier wave indicating a high
level of polarization of the water molecule in tetrahedral form at the outer electrode.
With the already noted appearance of the rippled square wave, and the signs of faint
vapor precipitation which indicate the earliest stage of electrolysis, it is possible to
test for the presence of a reversible hydrolysis threshold. This test is carried out by
creating an open circuit between Components I and II, i.e., no current flows. This is
done by lowering the water level between the two electrodes in the region --- 1' and
2' shown in FIG. 3; or by interrupting the circuit between Component I and II, while
the Component I signal generator is on and oscillating.
Immediately, with the creation of an `open circuit` condition, the following effects
occur:
(a) The carrier frequency, fc, shifts from Phase 4 valve 1272 Hz to 1848 Hz to 6128
Hz.
(b) The current and voltage drop to zero on the meters which record I and E, but the
oscilloscope continues to show the presence of the peak-to-peak (p-p) voltage, and
the waveform shows a remarkable effect. The rippled square wave has disappeared,
and in its place there appear unipolar (positive) pulses as follows in FIG. 6A.
The unipolar pulse frequency stabilizes to ca. 5000 Hz. The unipolar pulses undergo
a 0 to 1.3 volt pulsing amplitude modulation with .tau. at 3.0 seconds.
Thus, there exists a pure open circuit reversible threshold for water electrolysis in
which the water molecules are capacitor charging and discharging at their
characteristic low frequency RC time constant of 0.0002 seconds. It is to be noted
that pure water has a very high dielectric constant which makes such an effect
possible. The pulsing amplitude modulation of the voltage is determined by the
Hydrogen Nuclear Spin Relaxation constant, where .tau..congruent.3.0 seconds. It is
to be noted that the positive pulse spikes are followed by a negative after-potential.
These pulse wave forms are identical to the classic nerve action potential spikes
found in the nervous system of all living species that have a nervous system. The fact
that these unipolar pulses were observed arising in water under the conditions of
reversible threshold hydrolysis has a profound significance. These findings
illuminate and confirm the Warren McCulloch Theory of water "crystal" dynamics
as being the foundation of neural dynamics; and the converse theory of Linus
- 31 -
Pauling which holds that water clathrate formation is the mechanism of neural
anesthesia.
Phase 5: The effects associated with reversible threshold electrolysis are noted only
in passim since they reflect events which are occurring on the electrode surfaces of
Component II, the Thermodynamic Device.
A principal effect that occurs in Stage B, Phase 3, in Component II, the
thermodynamic device, is that the two electrodes undergo stages of polarization. It
has been observed in extensive experiments with different kinds of fluids in the cell
of Component II , i.e., distilled water, sea water, tap water, Ringers solution, dilute
suspensions of animal and human blood cells, that the inner surface of the outer ring
electrode at 3' in FIG. 3 (the electrode that is in contact with the fluid) becomes
negatively charged. Referring to FIG. 7, this corresponds to the left hand columnar
area marked, Electrode .crclbar..
Electrode Polarization Effects at the Interface Between Components II and III ~
Concurrently with the driver pulsing of Component I at the .tau. constant cycle
which leads to electrode polarization effects in Component II, there is an action on
Component III which energizes and entrains the water molecule to a higher energy
level which shifts the bond angle from 104° to the tetrahedral form with angle
109°28' as shown in FIGS. 8 and 15. This electronic pumping action is most
important, and represents a significant part of the novel method of this invention for
several reasons. First, the shift to the tetrahedral form of water increases the
structural stability of the water molecule, thereby making it more susceptible to
breakage at the correct resonant frequency, or frequencies. Second, increasing the
polarization of the water molecule makes the lone pair electrons, S- connected with
the oxygen molecule more electronegative; and the weakly positive hydrogen atoms,
S+ more positive. See FIG. 9 and FIG. 22.
As the outer electrode becomes more electronegative, the center electrode
concomitantly becomes more electropositive as will be shown. As the polarity of the
water molecule tetrahedron increases, a repulsive force occurs between the two S+
apices of the water tetrahedron and the negatively charged electrode surface within
the region of the Helmholtz layer, as shown in FIG. 7. This effect "orients" the water
molecule in the field, and is the well-known "orientation factor" of electrochemistry
which serves to catalyse the rate of oxygen dissociation from the water molecule,
and thereby causes the reaction rate to proceed at the lowest energy levels. See FIG.
10 for an example of how the orientation factor works.
Near the end of Stage B, the conditions are established for the beginning of the next
stage, the stage of high efficiency electrolysis of water.
STAGE C
Generation of the complex wave form frequencies from Component I to match the
complex wave form resonant frequencies of the energized and highly polarized water
molecule in tetrahedral form with angles, 109°28' are carried out in Stage C.
- 32 -
In the operation of the invention active bubble electrolysis of water is initiated
following Stage B, phase 3 by setting (automatically) the output of Component I to:
I = 1mA., E = 22VAC-rms,
causing the rippled square wave pulses to disappear with the appearance of a rippled
sawtooth wave. The basic frequency of the carrier now becomes, fc = 3980 Hz.
The wave form now automatically shifts to a form found to be the prime
characteristic necessary for optimum efficiency in the electrolysis of water and
illustrated in FIG. 11. In the wave form of FIG. 11, the fundamental carrier
frequency, fc = 3980 Hz., and a harmonic modulation of the carrier is as follows:
1st Order Harmonic Modulation (OHM) = 7960 Hz.
2nd Order Harmonic Modulation (II OHM) = 15,920 Hz.
3rd Order Harmonic Modulation (III OHM) = 31,840 Hz.
4th Order Harmonic Modulation (IV OHM) = 63,690 Hz.
What is believed to be happening in this IV OHM effect is that each of the four
apices of the tetrahedron water molecule is resonant to one of the four harmonics
observed. It is believed that the combination of negative repulsive forces at the outer
electrode with the resonant frequencies just described work together to shatter the
water molecule into its component hydrogen and oxygen atoms (as gases). This
deduction is based on the following observations of the process through a low power
microscope. The hydrogen bubbles were seen to originate at the electrode rim, 4', of
FIG. 3. The bubbles then moved in a very orderly `pearl chain` formation
centripetally (like the spokes of a wheel) toward the center electrode, 1' of FIG. 3.
FIG. 12 shows a top view of this effect.
Thereafter, upon lowering the output of Component I, the threshold for electrolysis
of water as evidenced by vapor deposition of water droplets on a glass cover plate
over the cell of Component III, is:
with all other conditions and waveforms as described under Stage C, supra.
Occasionally, this threshold can be lowered to:
This Stage C vapor hydrolysis threshold effect cannot be directly observed as taking
place in the fluid because no bubbles are formed --- only invisible gas molecules
which become visible when they strike a glass plate and combine into water
molecules and form droplets which appear as vapor.
- 33 -
STAGE D
Production of hydrogen and oxygen gas at an efficient rate of water electrolysis is
slowed in Stage D when a barrier potential is formed, which barrier blocks
electrolysis, irrespective of the amount of power applied to Components II and III.
A typical experiment will illustrate the problems of barrier potential formation.
Components I, II, and III are set to operate with the following parameters:
This input to Component III yields, by electrolysis of water, approximately 0.1 cm3
of hydrogen gas per minute at one atmosphere and 289° K. It is observed that as a
function of time the fc crept up from 2978 Hz to 6474 Hz over 27 minutes. The
current and the voltage also rose with time. At the 27th minute a barrier effect
blocked the electrolysis of water, and one can best appreciate the cycle of events by
reference to FIG. 13.
STAGE E
The Anatomy of the Barrier Effect
Region A: Shows active and efficient hydrolysis
Region B: The barrier region effect can be initiated with taps of the finger, or it can
spontaneously occur as a function of time.
Phase a: The current rose from 1 mA to 30 mA. The voltage fell from 22 volts to 2.5
V.
Phase b: If component II is tapped mechanically during Phase a supra --- it can be
reversed as follows: The current dropped from 30 Ma to 10 Ma. The voltage shot up
from 5 volts to over 250 volts (off scale).
Throughout Phase a and Phase b, all hydrolysis has ceased. It was observed under
the microscope that the inner surface of the outer electrode was thickly covered with
hydrogen gas bubbles. It was reasoned that the hydrogen gas bubbles had become
trapped in the electrostricted layer, because the water molecule tetrahedrons had
flipped so that the S+ hydrogen apices had entered the Helmholtz layer and were
absorbed to the electronegative charge of the electrode. This left the S- lone pair
apices facing the electrostricted layer. This process bound the newly forming
H.sup.+ ions which blocked the reaction
H+ + H+ + 2e ==> H2 (gas)
STAGE F
- 34 -
Region C: It was found that the barrier effect could be unblocked by some relatively
simple procedures:
(a) Reversing the output electrodes from Component I to Component II, and/or:
(b) Mechanically tapping the Component III cell at a frequency T/2 = 1.5 seconds
per tap.
These effects are shown in FIG. 12 and induce the drop in barrier potential from:
Upon unblocking of the barrier effect, electrolysis of water resumed with renewed
bubble formation of hydrogen gas.
The barrier potential problem has been solved for practical application by lowering
the high dielectric constant of pure water, by adding salts (NaCl, KOH, etc.) to the
pure water thereby increasing its conductivity characteristics. For optimum
efficiency the salt concentration need not exceed that of sea water (0.9% salinity) in
Section 3, "Thermodynamics of the Invention", it is to be understood that all water
solutions described are not "pure" water as in Section B, but refer only to salinized
water.
Section 3 --- The Thermodynamics of the Invention (Saline Water) ~
Introduction (water, hereinafter refers to salinized water) ~
The thermodynamic considerations in the normal operations of Components I, II,
and III in producing hydrogen as fuel, and oxygen as oxidant during the electrolysis
of water, and the combustion of the hydrogen fuel to do work in various heat engines
is discussed in this section.
In chemical reactions the participating atoms form new bonds resulting in
compounds with different electronic configurations. Chemical reactions which
release energy are said to be exergonic and result in products whose chemical bonds
have a lower energy content than the reactants. The energy released most frequently
appears as heat. Energy, like matter, can neither be created nor destroyed according
to conservation law. The energy released in a chemical reaction plus the lower
energy state of the products is equal to the original energy content of the reactants.
The burning of hydrogen occurs rather violently to produce water as follows:
2H2 + O2 ===> 2H2O - .DELTA.H 68.315 Kcal/mol (this is the enthalpy, or heat of
combustion at constant pressure)
(18 gms) = 1 mol)
The chemical bonds of the water molecules have a lower energy content than the
hydrogen and oxygen gases which serve at the reactants. Low energy molecules are
- 35 -
characterized by their ability. High energy molecules are inherently unstable. These
relations are summarized in the two graphs of FIG. 14. It is to be noted that FIG. 14
(b) shows the endergonic reaction aspect of the invention when water is decomposed
by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen. FIG. 14 (a) shows the reaction when the
hydrogen and oxygen gases combine, liberate energy, and re-form into water. Note
that there is a difference in the potential energy of the two reactions. FIG. 14 (c)
shows that there are two components to this potential energy. The net energy
released, or the energy that yields net work is labelled in the diagram as Net Energy
released, and is more properly called the free energy change denoted by the Gibbs
function, -.DELTA.G. The energy which must be supplied for a reaction to achieve
(burning) spontaneity is called the activation energy. The sum of the two is the total
energy released. A first thermodynamic subtlety of the thermodynamic device of the
invention is noted in Angus McDougall's Fuel Cells, Energy Alternative Series, The
MacMillan Press Ltd., London, 1976, page 15 it is stated:
"The Gibbs function is defined in terms of the enthalpy H, and the entropy S of the
system:
G = H-T S (where .tau. is the thermodynamic temperature)
A particularly important result is that for an electrochemical cell working reversibly
at constant temperature and pressure, the electrical work done is the net work and
hence,
.DELTA.G = -we
For this to be a reversible process, it is necessary for the cell to be on `open circuit`,
that is, no current flows and the potential difference across the electrodes is the EMF,
E. Thus,
.DELTA.G = -zFE
(where F is the Faraday constant --- the product of the Avogadro Constant + NA =
6.022045 x 1023 mole-1, and the charge on the electron, e = 1.602 189 x 10-19 C --both in SI units; and z is the number of electrons transported.) when the cell reaction
proceeds from left to right."
It is to be noted that the activation energy is directly related to the controlling
reaction rate process, and thus is related to the Gibbs free energy changes.
The other thermodynamic subtlety is described by S. S. Penner in his work: Penner,
S. S. and L. Icerman, Energy, Vol, II, Non-Nuclear Energy Technologies. AddisonWesley Publishing Company, Inc. Revised Edition, 1977. Reading, Mass. Page 140
ff.
"It should be possible to improve the efficiency achieved in practical electrolysis to
about 100% because, under optimal operating conditions, the theoretically-attainable
energy conversion by electrolysis is about 120% of the electrical energy input. The
physical basis for this last statement will now be considered.
- 36 -
"A useful definition for energy efficiency in electrolysis is the following: the energy
efficiency is the ratio of the energy released from the electrolysis products formed
(when they are subsequently used) to the energy required to effect electrolysis. The
energy released by the process
H2 (gas) + (1/2)O2 (gas) ===> H2O (liquid)
under standard conditions (standard conditions in this example are: (1) atmospheric
pressure = 760 mm Hg and (2) temperature = 298.16° K. = 25° C. = 77° F.) is 68.315
Kcal and is numerically equal to the enthalph change (.DELTA.H) for the indicated
process. On the other hand, the minimum energy (or useful work input) required at
constant temperature and pressure for electrolysis equals the Gibbs free energy
change (.DELTA.G). There is a basic relation derivable from the first and second
laws of thermodynamics for isothermal changes, which shows that
.DELTA.G = .DELTA.H - T.DELTA.S
where .DELTA.S represents the entropy change for the chemical reaction. The Gibbs
free energy change (.DELTA.G) is also related to the voltage (E) required to
implement electrolysis by Faraday's equation, viz.
E = (.DELTA.G/23.06n) volts
where .DELTA.G is in Kcal/mol and n is the number of electrons (or equivalents)
per mol of water electrolyzed and has the numerical value 2.
"At atmospheric pressure and 300° K., .DELTA.H = 68.315 Kcal/mol of H2O (i) and
.DELTA.G = 56.62 Kcal/mole of H2O (i) for the electrolysis of liquid water. Hence,
the energy efficiency of electrolysis at 300° K. is about 120%."
"(When) H2 (gas) and O2 (gas) are generated by electrolysis, the electrolysis cell
must absorb heat from the surroundings, in order to remain at constant temperature.
It is this ability to produce gaseous electrolysis products with heat absorption from
the surroundings that is ultimately responsible for energy-conversion efficiencies
during electrolysis greater than unity."
Using the criteria of these two authorities, it is possible to make a rough calculation
of the efficiency of the present invention.
Section 4 --- Thermodynamic Efficiency of the Invention ~
Efficiency is deduced on the grounds of scientific accounting principles which are
based on accurate measurements of total energy input to a system (debit), and
accurate measurements of total energy (or work) obtained out of the system (credit).
In principle, this is followed by drawing up a balance sheet of energy debits and
credits, and expressing them as an efficiency ration, .eta..
- 37 -
The energy output of Component I is an alternating current looking into a highly
non-linear load, i.e., the water solution. This alternating current generator
(Component I) is so designed that at peak load it is in resonance (Components I, II,
III), and the vector diagrams show that the capacitive reactance, and the inductive
reactance are almost exactly 180° out of phase, so that the net power output is
reactive, and the dissipative power is very small. This design insures minimum
power losses across the entire output system. In the experiments which are now to be
described the entire emphasis was placed on achieving the maximum gas yield
(credit) in exchange for the minimum applied energy (debit).
The most precise way to measure the applied energy to Components II and III is to
measure the Power, P, in Watts, W. This was done by precision measurements of the
volts across Component II as root mean square (rms) volts; and the current flowing
in the system as rms amperes. Precisely calibrated instruments were used to take
these two measurements. A typical set of experiments (using water in the form of
0.9% saline solution = 0.1540 molar concentration) to obtain high efficiency
hydrolysis gave the following results:
rms Current = I = 25 mA to 38 mA (0.025 A to 0.038 A)
rms Volts = E = 4 Volts to 2.6 Volts
The resultant ratio between current and voltage is dependent on many factors, such
as the gap distance between the center and ring electrodes, dielectric properties of the
water, conductivity properties of the water, equilibrium states, isothermal conditions,
materials used, and even the presence of clathrates. The above current and voltage
values reflect the net effect of various combinations of such parameters. The product
of rms current, and rms volts is a measure of the power, P in watts:
P = I x E = 25 mA.times.4.0 volts = 100 mW (0.1 W)
P = I x E = 38 mA.times.2.6 volts = 98.8 mW (0.0988 W)
At these power levels (with load), the resonant frequency of the system is 600 Hz
(.+-.5 Hz) as measured on a precision frequency counter. The wave form was
monitored for harmonic content on an oscilloscope, and the nuclear magnetic
relaxation cycle was monitored on an X-Y plotting oscilloscope in order to maintain
the proper hysteresis loop figure. All experiments were run so that the power in
Watts, applied through Components I, II, and III ranged between 98.8 mW to 100
mW.
Since, by the International System of Units --- 1971 (SI), One-Watt-second (Ws) is
exactly equal to One Joule (J), the measurements of efficiency used these two
yardsticks (1 Ws=1 J) for the debit side of the measurement.
The energy output of the system is, of course, the two gases, hydrogen (H2) and
oxygen (1/2O2), and this credit side was measured in two laboratories, on two kinds
- 38 -
of calibrated instruments, namely, a Gas Chromatography Machine, and, a Mass
Spectrometer Machine.
The volume of gases, H2 and (1/2)O2, was measured as produced under standard
conditions of temperature and pressure in unit time, i.e., in cubic centimeters per
minute (cc/min), as well as the possibly contaminating gases, such as air oxygen,
nitrogen and argon; carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor, etc.
The electrical, and gas, measurements were reduced to the common denominator of
Joules of energy so that the efficiency accounting could all be handled in common
units. The averaged results from many experiments follow. The Standard Error
between different samples, machines, and locations is .+-.10%, and only the mean
was used for all the following calculations.
Section 5 --- Endergonic Decomposition of Liquid Water ~
Thermodynamic efficiency for the endergonic decomposition of liquid water
(salinized) to gases under standard atmosphere (754 to 750 m.m. Hg), and standard
isothermal conditions @ 25° C. = 77° F. = 298.16° K., according to the following
reaction:
H2O(1) ===> H2 (g) + (1/2)O2 (g) + .DELTA.G 56.620 KCal/mole
As already described, .DELTA.G is the Gibbs function (FIG. 14b). A conversion of
Kcal to the common units, Joules, by the formula, One Calorie = 4.1868 Joules was
made.
.DELTA.G = 56.620 Kcal x 4.1868 J = 236,954 J/mol of H2O (1) where, 1 mole is
18 gms.
.DELTA.G = the free energy required to yield an equivalent amount of energy from
H.sub.2 O in the form of the gases, H2 and (1/2)O2.
To simplify the calculations, the energy required to produce 1.0 cc of H2O as the
gases, H2 and (1/2)O2 was determined. There are (under standard conditions) 22,400
cc = V, of gas in one mole of H2O. Therefore,
The electrical energy required to liberate 1.0 cc of the H2O gases (where H2 = 0.666
parts, and (1/2)O2 = 0.333 parts, by volume) from liquid water is then determined.
Since P = 1 Ws = 1 Joule, and V=1.0 cc of gas = 10.5783 Joules, then,
Since the experiments were run at 100 mW (0.1 W) applied to the water sample in
Component II, III, for 30 minutes, the ideal (100% efficient) gas production at this
total applied power level was calculated.
- 39 -
0.1 Ws x 60 sec x 30 min = 180.00 Joules (for 30 min)
The total gas production at Ideal 100% efficiency is,
180.00 J / 10.5783 J/cc = 17.01 cc H2O (g)
The amount of hydrogen present in the 17.01 cc H2O (g) was then calculated.
17.01 cc H2O (gas) x 0.666 H2 (g) = 11.329 cc H2 (g)
17.01 cc H2O (g) x 0.333 (1/2)O2 (g) = 5.681 cc (1/2)O2 (g)
Against this ideal standard of efficiency of expected gas production, the actual
amount of gas produced was measured under: (1) standard conditions as defined
above (2) 0.1 Ws power applied over 30 minutes. In the experiments, the mean
amount of H2 and (1/2)O2 produced, as measured on precision calibrated GC, and
MS machines in two different laboratories, where the S.E. is +-10%, was,
______________________________________
Measured Mean = 10.80 cc H2 (g)
Measured Mean = 5.40 cc (1/2) O2 (g)
Total Mean =
16.20 cc H2O(g)
______________________________________
The ratio, .eta., between the ideal yield, and measured yield,
Section 6 --- Energy Release ~
The total energy release (as heat, or electricity) from an exergonic reaction of the
gases, H2 and O2, is given by,
It is possible (Penner, Op. Cit., p. 128) to get a total heat release, or total conversion
to electricity in a fuel cell, in the above reaction when the reactants are initially near
room temperature (298.16° K.), and the reactant product (H2O) is finally returned to
room temperature. With this authoritative opinion in mind, it is desirable to
determine the amount of energy released (ideal) from the exergonic experiment. The
total energy of 1.0 cc of H2O (1), as above is:
for H2 = 12.7687 x 0.666 = 8.509 J/0.66 cc H2 for O2 = 12.7687 x 0.333 = 4.259
J/0.33 cc (1/2)O2
- 40 -
The energy produced from the gases produced in the experiments in an exergonic
reaction was,
16.20 cc H2O (g) x 12.7687 J/cc H2O = 206,8544 J.
The overall energy transaction can be written as,
In practical bookkeeping terms the balance of debits and credits, n = (-.DELTA.H) (+.DELTA.G), so, n = 206.8544 J - 180.0 = + 26.8544 J (surplus).
Since, in the invention, the gas is produced where and when needed, there is no
additional cost accounting for liquifaction, storage, or transportation of the hydrogen
fuel, and the oxygen oxidant. Therefore, the practical efficiency, is
In practical applications, the energy output (exergonic) of the Component II System
can be parsed between the electrical energy required to power the Component I
System, as an isothermal closed loop; while the surplus of approximately 15% can
be shunted to an engine (heat, electrical, battery, etc.) that has a work load. Although
this energy cost accounting represents an ideal model, it is believed that there is
enough return (app. 15%) on the capital energy investment to yield a net energy
profit that can be used to do useful work.
Conclusion ~
From the foregoing disclosure it will be appreciated that the achievement of efficient
water splitting through the application of complex electrical waveforms to energized
water molecules, i.e. tetrahedral molecules having bonding angles of 109°28', in the
special apparatus described and illustrated, will provide ample and economical
production of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from readily available sources of water.
It is to be understood, that the specific forms of the invention disclosed and
discussed herein are intended to be representative and by way of illustrative example
only, since various changes may be made therein without departing from the clear
and specific teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, reference should be made to
the following appended claims in determining the full scope of the method and
apparatus of the present invention.
Top ~ Home
rexresearch.com
- 41 -
'lyE.,o'
REXRESEARCH
P O B O X1 9 2 5 0
JEAN
Nv 89019
USA
IITLE:
"l ovr T3cFflTtcH
J4-J0V
Milorad: TRANSMUTATI0N
__ Ethylene
0F CARBON
T0 0XYGEN
& acetylene werereactedwith phosphorus
or copperoxide, condensed"
and
analyzed. Elementalcarbonhadbeentransfonnedto 0xygeniThe
w a sr e p e a t e w
d i t h v a r i o u sr e a g e n t sa n ds i m i l a r r e s u i t s . - H e r ea r e i"iJ.iir.nr
p a p e r s- I N G E R M-A- Nr e p o r t i n gt h e i e n a r k a b l es i r n p l ee
x p e r i m e n t ao le t a l t s . . ' r n i s
p r o c e s sh a se n o r m o ui m
s p l i c a t i o n sf o r i n d u s t r y ,a g r i c u l t u r e , g e o c h e m i s t r y ,
e t c ..
a
($
c-
$
I
$
s-
r
c(
j
>
€
c.)
!
o
t-
<
Thc condensationProd,rctsof Ethylcnc and Acetyl.cncFormed through the Agency
of thc silcnt Electric Discherge. MIlon,rn Z. Jo vltscltltsct t. llcrgatr'.\katlenlie
i n l l c l g r : r < 1 .l l o r a l s h . , 2 9 ,5 - r 4 . - l l e r t h e l o t h a s s l r o w nt h a t a s i l e n t e l c c t r i cd i s c h a r g e
acting upon saturllted or unsatur{rtedlrydrtrarbons rvill split olT ltytlrogetl in varying quontities frorn llre ntolecttleantl, insteltl of Jxrlynlerizntir)trl)r{}(lrlcts,cotttlcttsa'
tion products will result. l'he arttlror rel)orts tlre wotk ttlxtrt ethylcne irn(l :rcetylene
under thesc conditions. The pure dry gases were introduced into a synthetizer, an
ozonizer with rrranonreterattachnlent. In the case of ethylene the condensrtion
product is solublein litoH tnd IitrO and gives a high nlolecular weight of 4zo. This
correspondsto a fornrttla approoclting CroH". The action of bromine and nitric acid
ulnn this product led to its classificationwith cyclic coml)orln(ls. The acetylcnecondensationproduct is extremely insoluble and hence no tttolecular rveight determination muld be dirtctly obtained. Thb conlpnund is similar in chetrtical Prop€rties
to the prccedingone, and is undoubtedly of ring structtlre. The deficicncy in percentnge of carlnn in these compounds is $orthy of note. An explanation for the
sanre is given by the author in the following abstract (llonatsh, z9' t-4).
Wn ur,ur J. H^LE.
Thc Myrtcrious Dcficicncy of Carbon in tho Condcnsation Products from Ethylene
llergatt-Aknderrrie in llelgrad'
Z. Jovtrsclrtrscll.
and Acctylcnc. Mtronrn
AIornlsh.,29, r-4.-Pure dry ethylene and acetylene were in turn brought under the
infiucnce of silent ilectric disclrarge, and the condensation product in each case ana'
lyzed. The purest chemicalreagentsn'ereemployed in the corrrbttstions. Iirorttrvernl
determinations the pcrc{ntage of carbon and hydrogen taken together fell below the
theorctical ra/o; in thc caseof the ethylene product a 7lo and in that of the ac€tylene
product a zz/o deficiencywas noted. This lrc in the amount of hydrogen and carbon reqrrired by the formulae of hydrocarbons has been accounted for by Berthelot
in the pcrssibilityof oxygen absorption from the atmosphere. The autltor has excluded this poasibility by workiog rvith dry gasesand preservingthe products in lter'
metically sealed tubes immediately uPon their formation. It is stated also that condenscd ethylene lcees no carbon on exPrsure to the air and that condensed acetvlene
is hardly affected by many weeks'standing. The analysis of the products frotn raled
tubesand those exposed for some time to the air were in agreement witheach other'
Tlre possibleintake of oxygen during the removal from the tubes is practically zrl'
osing to the ratlrer insoluble nature of the comporrndsand the absenceof any change
in their appearance. These facts pres€nt us with a scientific riddle, a chcmical
anomaly, rrhich the author believescan bc explained only through exl)erirnentalerrors or through the transfurmationof elements. As great care and lrrecisionwere taken
in alt of thc determinations, the author is Inore convinced of tlre latter pssibility,
strong
especiallysince these condensationproducts, notably that of ac'etylene,Possess
not
products,
may
considered,
as
sinlple
be
properties.
These
therefore,
radimctive
or
llere
of
witlt
known
ttnknown
elenrents
these
hydrocarlruns, but as compounds
brouglrt into existencethrough the action of the silent electric dirharge uPon gaseous
Wrllr,rrt I. H ^LE.
ethylene or acetylene.
coebei
Mangelan Kohlens-toff
Dui-rerselhalte
vonAt'hylen
den Kondensationsproduklen
und AcetYien
Milorad
Aus dem Ilttorstori8!
Z. Jovitsc-b itsch'
dcr Berglau-Ahadcli'
,.vorsclcgr in dc! sl!2uns lm 10- Oktoba
in Belgtad
l90? )
Der zu wiederholtem Male bedeulend geringer gefurdeoe
bierutrer
l{ohlenstoffgehalt bei diesen Produklen dt'iDgte mictr,
grii0te
die
ich
Auflilarung zu erhalteo. Vor allem beobacbtete
ais auch
Sorgfalt bei der Darstellung. Das AthYien sowohl
Synthetisatof
in
den
trocken
Yollkommen
daslcetylen wurden
Das
eingeftihrt, dessen Inhalt kaum lber 50'bis 60 cru' betrug'
gepriift'
das
l<ondensierte Athylen $'urde auf Sch\\'efeigehalt
negatiie:n
mit
kondensierteAcet-vlen.tuf Phosphor, beilemai
Erfolge
Dann schritt ich nit allen zu Gebote stehendenVorsichlszuerst
mrtteln zur \rerbrennun3. Die Verbrennunqen \vurden
mit
mit Kupferoxyd ausgefiihrt, indem die Substanzen innig
\'onist
Kupferoxyd'
das
lvaren;
diesem zusammengemischt
Kablbaum bezogen. Dann fi:hrte ich die Verbrennung i:n
welches
Sauerstoffstromund schlietsli;hmit Bleichromat aus'
F'illen
dieseq
alleD
ebenfalls von liahibaum herrohrte' in
rvaren die Resultatedieselben.
H i e r J i e G r e n z r v e r t ej e n e r z \ ' e i - { n a l l s e n d e s l i o ' J e l l '
sier.tenAthyiens, zlvischen denen Jie \\:erie aiier anJcrerl
Wasserstoff- ''Lrd iiohlenstoffzahlen einer und derselben Portion variierten:1
r Ich ctwartc,
scbiedcne
\\'erte
ch.oi.-Ilcft
fi!
\r
,.
cla3 je iach
Kohlcnslof
dcr Stromsl{rric f,iJ
gEfundln
linNirli!'gsdauer
\Ycrddr'
t
\'r-
.
i:!|5iit
ia;' ' +;;;:i::.;
!i;;
;i,r',,i;
i.
,
=;++';:
i; :it;';?;r.? ;r;'
:
:
a?i?ztililili;
' E: F 1 ; i i * : : 5 r 1 1 i
i i i + ; i i iii;;::,;: =j ii 1
;g ir it iiii+fliei ii+i i*pi!?;1ii;e1i.i*;;r=*:i; tE
'+ {'1:i'ii=i; ii:; ;i i;=
1:.!
:
iii
;=ii;
lstr€ig;xElt*$;riili:
7;'"
';?i;
-ii
uii; i+z;;
ttgit;;i96iflu:g3
iii
;ii iii?; +iiiii !
aiiiif,iIi3FF
l1ira*rdi., , . :
!
r\'i'.1,:|'
*
= e g r r 3 = 3 : - t l l
;?;r=ltFai?5t
;3 r3 gE ; f i 5 3 * '3- g
3 , i2
5'; - r 0
4 7
sP9-€.F"[#?:9=
S i z i + E F : * * j a e
${lgii 1*ii?l;
' ; t 4 r q i o 3 3 t i ' a
o
d En i- q i ' . - 3 P g.;
;;e+*t'=13-:l5l
-
" = 5 i l ^
g3;geniTF+?r;
o ; ' ' / i : : - ;
* 4 . ' d ?o =
; a a o a o
l"?;3i;?"-4Lt!
i
Q
:.
i'i
c: rj
2.2
=.,
a : : , - = ' = . = 37 5 i
j ? i e 9 ; 1 : ; a9 .x s= q
liura;ii;tfr51
4 + v i = 2 7 . 2" f 3 f i ;
;: 'c- *i *2 3
* 3 : E i p S i _ : " l i * 6 '
ii;7;A:-laqii4
'
'
i
^
.
,
3
e
'-:
ls
\r..:
l -
|
t-.
lz<1 i ? . ' -j
l>- l
_3
lxl
l
I 1-)
te
=
iF
-7
i
' - l
o o (
z
:
i
.r
5
o
l
-
4
.
-
a
3;--l::i.'o
-
'-
-
|
-
6
,)
!
r ) 3=I ni _) ?.n;
7i ? 1 ?l i i 7 , =7
: . t c l j
2 : 7 " - ; :
!
i'?+71'-7='24;i
7
^ 1 - a l .
; ; =
j ; , i .
t * s r i * i ; * : z* . ? 7 ? i 4 = + A 4 ,
= 2 1 i
-. */ .^ ;6 ==
i*t i t';;*tZ1i ; 7 3
- ; r . F
=
- .= : ?t <- r
-l
. - i
-
3A!
r t s ; t i F i ? * i3 g 3 r
--s
tn
+i;i i ' .
!3 f?;r ' l V
?{1t;1}={,
=
- -j
= . : ' 2
1 2 ; i l ' - i = )
e t : ; 3 ? a -
1 1 i " . t 4 !
* ' ' : * a a !
7- a^ Zr 4- i =t :: =r
=7E+-i;
Eii?ai=?i!;
=:zj+21
'9q F; !' i 7 - - r : i " - : 3 +
;
-
E : ' i . 0 6 ^ - ' - . a a ;
4 3 1 : * z ; 3 i ' 4 = .";6;3* '+ :
i g s 1 3 F % 5 s : B
elrfi;q.;sT*
,
: j
I
i 3 1 & ' d
3 , 33 - r i e
lf i:a?
i q 3i T
.?
+
=
^ i i = 1 = 5 4
> . 1
=
r ; . r
/ ) t t
-
F F . Egr $ F u 1 3 i
;nAAFa+dF+
e . B3 3
5T aF r o i
r, ; ill
F g g
f
!
I
e 9 g
==s
F$i'$i;g;EIAEir;i;+
r i l s f : i a s a i i l I'i i 1s1Ii i i
gii;lg.lil;iF;liii€ii;
t r 3iF
.x!
-if
f
- o o
i--
-
-:
r
F?tiastleli
;;*
fr
ii?.-riil?;';iitiiiii;
i
* i i ;g f ; i i s * i T i i \r; 1 +u;g
ii?iiiSlrEi+aii+iEii
*E
--t
jqiS;
g i l . " r i ? ' , ? ? = i i i t i ;.-- 4 . ^ ) :7: : , .
:E ; i =i ??i:ii i ' :i !i ' ii '
i Ii : '
: : Z i I;zi r t
t;i1i;ii;1i1
i*!i;;trt
iiifijif-lzriiif;ifi;i
i;
t!r;
iiiiii,*.
,',iii$i;Fi
u
tiirt?;t:tal
tri
iiiif; iiiirir
f#l '.
'; gi Ei iBati ;gF3 i: *i ..,i l i1: ,, .ri i. :i ;: i+,: ,: - - , ,I, ,,-tt ,i ', .,. r, , .; i:,i!i , *
",.?
rli,,,.
' : :: . : , r . , i , , ,i . ' ': ,1: . i i
; ; g : i ? r r i ' : 1 : ; :t +
,- .-' : ' = i :l i! a '
t ) v ; i . ? i+; :i: +
,
t
+
i
i
;
;
t
,
=
:
r
t
,
& i : 1 3I i ' 1 = , ' ' , ' t , t ; ; l * i i
, ; i t i i S A+; i
A?
'.
::=.E:=it
1il iEEtii;i
;:i?ii:iii',0='
*r
',
,',
i
i:?:ii i l iilt'-i!1ilt - t1i=;:iiii
; t : ti + *= i ! t i i+; *i = t :1: :; ,' ; ; i ;i a
i
lliii
;iiiii1;l
1z
iii:i;rri;riaiii
i:
lii ;I i*;1
i
1
i
3
j
1
?
l
;
i
:
;
+
i
'
1
.
A
2
u
'
i
.
? ; l i i r i i i = ! : :i ;' i2+ 21t 1 i 4; ? i i ; ; Z i
tr
/
i s i ; ; ; i i i i tf i rs i? ? i ii :i - + : z = = i i; .i ;: ;,
er q :
i ; i 3 ; i ; ; i ; i r i ; i t l i a i ;F3rH
;:i;i n 1ri i :
;ig-r$iic;+
r rf:Si5:iiiaifi i i! , : i +: z i
gr-r;$$gi+#iiiiSi5;i
F+ii;iiii
iii
r i s r ; : z i i = ; f g i F giiiiil!F; t;;iii;a i i
f : ; ; 3 i f i i : i z . ' t ; t l ;gr+t F{ ti f: ;1' i ;i i
$fFiiFfFifigiffiiF3iEi
FFfi;i;+
5$i
6 5 r sE
9 a
5 :
= . o
l a r E i ; 6- xt
-
=
H
;si#gF
- o: i e s H
<
>
liF
oit!
|
t 6
?
t ) '
Y
o
,.
-
; 5 9
tlrdi*
-^..F:i
- e 5 . - i :
f,T;if
f;+, ? I
r:5fr
I : E ? r"
3
" * ". ".
6 2 '
a d
e-:+;.-
-
=
:
: i r '
? ; Y
a
a L :* :
. tl D
o
g
t
:
3 : [ .
" r ;
-a -6 ll '*l o- :
..,t;
: .'' ? | ;
a2 {,|1-e
{:,
6 z
.):.
f"
-
( l :
j
, - t . ' :
- r e l - a
t
c A '
5 - ; 6 T E :
G i l
3
! ) >
5
-S
!
l
f.
o
o
l i
t '
;i;4i:iii?ii!':=':2
=
i= Ti,-t
1::
i,1=
) 1 i 3Z j s= 1 s ' li :r ; ' t ; I i I ' ! t = ! ' ,- ; , ' i l = ? :;
i ; , : t f, f ; t s t i t i 1 -i -,-i:_= ! i 2! ;: ;. 2t 1ii ;i,=1: i,=_- 17i :! + r
1 - : =2 +i ' : 1 ; 1
i = i 4 r . 'i ;
3
; i . , r1d - 1 ) i i . ; i z ^ : : ? :i j: i: += i
=;
r
i?+:i
1 . t . : 1i i i:ir t F ; 7 - = i ! ii ,?: "' ,+i ti ' u
= ;:; i t i
F ; i f i i q = + t 7 i 1 i - t ; : - : ' : i= t , i i
:;
t 1 :r t :
=
_
i
:
: q l = t s f A t l t = i \ Z l t : r i-=
=
* ; 1 i : ; . 1 7 , = - ) Ei : ' -r 6 u . =i i 7
il;;l*
i l t ; : . t : z7 t ' a i i ' ' ;
= ;. 1 i i 1 = + i i i
i = u t i ? is7i t,i1i i8a . = t : a l i21i 3 1 7 i
ii i:
n
u
i
d
l
i
a
a
*
? * . i, * t i z i . i _ : ; ; i i 1
i t?; i i : " , iI ,gii i i
id;,*E;fl3i*li+r?
; Ti ?, i, * i
i=
i,
:l1t,i?i,:
' i:;,ii;i i i
€I iefiiii+tsli?
Eiig;ii i ;:fi l i i ! i '?,:i"_tili7
i ' i ) " ' i ' ' ; 4g
",
: ::.iii;
itiiii
z+?i
;
l
i
' ' ; ' : ; i i ii i ; iI
i i l ? i + i ti ti:i , :i:;;lti+ti;
1?ii ii$:i5is
; i i:i
liigi
?:i;iiiiiiii; ;;iiEiitirit#
Aigl
.
i
i
:
f;:i!t;tg=ti'3i3 1-: !;s)!s
ii':iiii;
.;=.
ii;:{ji;i;i1]!11:
' , ii ai:t
; ;:,1:+
i F i : ; i ; i l l ai =)r it +
/ ' i=i, ; ; i t
r : : t ? F ii l+; i i 9 - " 1 ; ? .i ,: : : i \ t
'?titi:
i : i + s ; i ; 4? l:i + f5 i ; l ;
!
i:i\;
:!z;i
:
:i:):
liifr:iE:ifi
il*:+
:i+
ir'lti!
iiii5
i$?i;u*Fit
i5
t5
; ; F ; i +a
; g;i +
l g H ;i; : ; f 1 i i
Li'i
il*.*ij.
q
: :
i 9 r -
f
6
:
=
- 9 F " l
; " i ? . i ; a 3 :
. t
;
=g 11!;t;t;ti1;tt*t
c€
* i'+i?i [ i?ilii
3
-
i.
-:
a
1. r
I
!.
f
r
E :i i; a l ; ' 1 4 i i irr=' =
q
?ii i i;rii;iiil;iii?i
ii
a ' . ,
t
L g
:= .li' i 7ir ;x;iiil
;;
s e ; ieitTl?1;;+
Zt;ti*;t3:ili
':
O
t
.:]
2 '..
.at
3
?-
..1
tJ
.-:.
:
,':;{1tt=rAi_i:
i! .1
' , t:=:7
.::
.
oo
1j it'=-a-zLi3r;,'-
:-
,
o
1-+
\l- Z. .io!itschitsch
Kondcosrlioosprodtiltt
von .{!hl6n'
.,,",.;1",i'j'?ti'gi;iil""l'J"ir''ltf,r"i'?"k)'o't
; =
i"a c'"''"t''
i""?;iml::1", .o t'ot'"sauerstoffgehart
- "''i"".t".Tff 11""f'; derMuttersu
bstan
4 demT:rd.e]';
;T
"'
^"1r
i::ffTl"'.:fr
*l:;*j
"Tliil?i'lr:
;,:::il#
;;;;;;''";;i:':,:*":*lT*,":ii::::i".'"ili"11""
:::,:'il,';fi 11:1 :t.:'il;'
\litterluog.
genden
;' ;i; h in'rerior
NETU AGE SCIENCE J()URNAT
iutte 1976
MAGNA CUTTURE
)'- -'-'--
fIE LD CROPS
ANTE N NAE
PLA
------
NTER BOXES
FE NCES
World Federation Of Science And Engineering
MAGNA CULTURE
This issue is dedicated to agriculture in hopes
that the combined informaEion will be of help Eo the
farmers of the future, of which we feel will be ever-
yone.
With the increase in our population throughout
the $/orld and a decrease in the farming, it will become necessary for approxirnatly 40% of Ehe PeoPle !o
grow. their or^/n vegetables, that is if they wanE !o
surv rve
.
From the beginning of time on earEh' man has had
the privilage of-working with plants and Ehe discription of the first so called garden EhaE itas placed
here came with the instruclions of how to keep it in
good shape and let it produce L00"1 for the benefit of
mankind.
Yes, we are lalking about Ehe GARDEN OF EDEN.
A11 of Ehe exposed surface of che earth was covered
with plants and the Eden tha! it exisced in was the
atmosphere; the air, moisture, and frequency that
these plants grew into and in the middle of all of
this wis a spEcial kind of tree that was differeni
than the rest of lhe pl.ants, and iE was called the
TREE OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF LIFE, Why was it called
lhis and why was it differenc?
We feel that it was a system that helped disperse Ehe many Ehousaads of micro frequencies that are in
motion thr.oughout lhe atmosphere, thus giving each
plant a close relation with the count of frequency it
needed. This is referred to as Ehe R,F. count in most
professions that are working along these lines today.
it is a known facE today that each plant has its own
R.F. factor, even though they mighE yeild the same kind
of fruit thev have a different counE. This we refer Eo
as each plani with its own knowledge.
Let us review some of the facts that have been
recorded for the past 70 or so years from the research
in rhis direction.
-1-
RADIOFREQUENCY CATALYST FOR INSECT CONTROL
one of Ehe greatest boons to our society would
be insecE control by nonchemical or semichemical nethods Iacking polluting side effects, It is epi-sodic polluCion lhat captures public attention, The
recenE deaths of thousands of sheep in the vicinity
of a military EesEing ground are an example. However,.within the conEext of Ehe problem, perhaps
more imporEant are long-range cumulative effecLs produced by chlorinaced organic pesEicides such as aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, methoxychlor, and oEhers. The
dangerous philosophy prevails that if one cannoE see,
feel, smel1, or lasEe a pollutant, it does noE exist,
Nuclear hazards, for example, were frequently overlooked unEil obvious cases of radiari.on sickness were
reported. Here it took inventors to provi.de advanced insErumentaEion Ehat replaced lhe old spinthariscope
in this critical field,
'
Fossil records indicaEe that insects are the
oldesE inhabitants on earth. NinEy percenL of all
animals are insects, Silk, cochineal, honey, and
lac are insect products. A few hundred of the 500,
000 species known are harmful. Selective insecE control in agriculture and peripheral fields is imporEqnE.to effeclive plant growth and yeild. AlEh6ugh
the intrinsic natuie of insects is iot fully undeisEood, i.t appears that electronics could emerge as
a conErolling agenE.
Insects are susceptible to ultrasonic waves
and electromagnetic fields, If dense energy tra ins
are directed at a specimen, internal heating effects
tend to occur, and Ehe animal might boil and explode.
However, if gains are evaluated against cosEs, the
fact emerges lhat the use of electronic methods alone
is too expensive for practical applicaEions.
By contrast, chemicals are cheap, This invites
us to consider combinations of low-cost electronics
with inexpensive chemicals, possibly in a caEalytic
sense, Enzymes, for example, acE as catalysts in
r{tater, since many life sustaining compounds react
only in soluEions. Thus, electronic pulse trains
might be direcced aE insect populations that have
eaten caEalyst-type chemicals responsive to relatively weak eletromagnetic stimulation. Here, the
-2-
caEalyst \"rou ld give rise to abnormal endergonic
scates resulting in death. A normal endergonic
event is the cornbinalion of carbon dioxide and vrater
to form sugar wirhin a living system.
A basic approach is shown.in Fig: 1-1 . The endergonic-type organic catalyst is applied
to crops in
Ehe form of a spray. Aften the catalyst is taken up
by insects 12 or more hours later, radiofrequency
energy triggers it into acLion inside the body of the
insect, LeEhalicy will resulE from riretabolistic anomalies in populaEions thus radiated. The ideal spray
would funcEion as a catalyst only in small animal
life forms. It would have no effect on planEs per se,
nor would it be harmful if not irradiaued by R.F.
The following references provide a basic inErodution:
A, Hollaender, ed., Radiation Biology, Vols, I,
II, III, (New York; McGraw-Hill Book Company,
1956).
G. G, Simpson, Life: An Introduction to Biology (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1957).
INStCT POPIILATION
Fig.
Radio-frequency cataltsE
1-1
.
for insect
-3-
suppression
'
PTANT ELECTROCULTURE
pollution
In coniuncEion with environmental
of
nitrate
Eo the
-pollucion
prererable
"tteniioi"iS-ei;;;i"d
i"iLirir".t. New nethods,
;;;I;;i;;';r
plant
to stimulate
sro\^'th
;i;;;;i;;i;-.ie-a""i'.d
and yeild
'
lncrease the grol,Tth
tO lncfe'rsE
attem?ts- Eo.
torrcally, aLEemPES
torically,
century ' Dr, Mamof plants date bi6k to lhe.I8th
err---"--,
scoEland, . lPPafelrly was the first
euvLrq!rv,
eainburgtr,
DutllrrLrrF|rrr
Drav
ol
;;.i-;i
i'n tit+o',' Major experiments
;;-4.;;";;-""p"ii'it""t"
.,^-^
r-i
h.'
Dr
S
T,emstroem ln ! lnland ln
bY Dr. S' Lemstroem
^^^).,^
were conducted
obtained'
were
1t03, Exellent iesults
Dr, LemsEroem, a professor of physics at HelHis
Hrs
vbry rapid growth
ois.-""tn" to ihe belief thar
the shorl arcduring
polar
regions
in
electrical
to
sPe'i,al
ts.rfb"d
;i"';;il;;-"".-lo'l"
high.latiludes'
th6se
in
of the atmoiphere
rncreasrng
"""aiii."i
duplicated Lhese assumed condrtrons by
He
trom
passes
normally
which
Itre .l*osptteric current,
wlres
aEenna-EyPe
of
by
the-use
the air t; the planE, -An
VJimshurst
elecErostatic
olacea above Ehe .top.
grven
rirach ine was used for his purpose ' Results $'ere
and
Agriculture
rlei,tricity
book,
i"'iiil-r,"." tioem ' s(London, 1904).
and Horticullure,
Lemstroem's work and results gave rise-!o exPeriments on an international scale, as is reflected rn
the following literalure:
F, BasEy, Nouvaux Essais d'Electroculrure (Paris:
"irrnf
.i"i.""tition
C. Amat, 19I0).
an ElecV. H. Blackman' el al, "The Effect of
Ehe Rate
on
Intensity
Low
oi
Very
tric Current
Proc'
Barlev,"
of
ch"
coi"opEile
;i-ct;;lh-;i
1923.
B',
95,214-28'
Roy, Soc.
K, Stern, Eleklrophysiologie der^Pflanzen (Hei-
delberg-Berlin:
J
'- Springer
,
1924) '
me lhod s are known under the combinThe various
;'"f""iioi"fture,"
F:q. t-? shows a typical
i"e t"ir
oe exciring voltages are
ffre
elEccroculture system'
;;;;;;i;;;-uv-ti.r6 height of the feeding
-4-
antenna' but
rt\su LAToR{s}
6ALVANIZED
AMENNA
IRT
"4/
NDINC
PLATT
GROU
Fig. 1-2 Electroculture SYs tem.
usuallv are between 2000 and 70,000 volts' The following 6bservations have been made:
1. The true Percenlage of yield ir.rcrease for
a good field is 45 Percent maxlmum.
the,
2, ThE better a field 'has been plowed,
gteatet is the yield obtaineil through elecno
iroculture. If Ehe soil is too lean,
pronounced increase in yield can be observed .
to treatment un3. Some plants do noE respond l^taEered'
the
less iratered. If Ehey are
vield can be extremely high' Peas, carrots '
ind cabbage are EYPical .
to
4, Electroculture tr-eitment is ifdetrimental
on
conducted
many, probably all, plants
warm, sunnY daYs.
5. overliead aitenna wires should be arralged
high enough to permit convenient plowing.
In the vicinity of the p1ant, current densities
radiated by overhead discharge systems range-aPProximatelv frirm 10-12 A/cm2, Natural electrical current
aEnsities peak out between 10-16 to 10-15 A/crn2.' A1though theie cnrrent densities might apPear to be
extrEmelv 1ow. note that electroculture provides curEhan
ienr that are'abouE 1000 to 10,000 times higher
rn
be
used
those siven bv nature. Electrometers may
the fi;ld to 6stablish proper current levels-. |ighvoltages are niedi:d to comPensate for in"i-aii""
creased antenna height.
The domain of electroculture is wide open for
new inventions because experiments are not cornplete'
Specific needs for improvements reside -in the area
of-i":ii"ia high-volElge generation and application.
It is of interest. Eo reaLize that plant electroculture, in spite of its excellenE -promise, was
relegated Lo dormancy by the advent of i4expensive
case
nitr;te fertilizers.- H6re we have aintypical
c ornchemistry
in which a once-fabulous invention
too!)
ours,
(and
perhaps
*""""a-io dig its own grave
-5-
PSYCHOGALVANIC EFFECTS
IN LIVING
PLANTS
Although living planEs normally are not regarded
as more Ehan edibles or raw malerial for construcEr.on
purposes, new inventions and experiments are needed Eo
determine their sentient properEies.
Early in 1966, polygraph expert Cleve Backster of
New York created the background for an enEirely new science by accidental discovery. Employing the same kind
of polygraph (Iie deteclor) Ehat is used to resE emotional sEimulation in human subjects, Backster found that
plant specimens register fear, apprehension, pleasure,
and relief. Fulher, by using simple electronic methods,
it was found lhat plants reacE not only to overE Ehreats
to lheir sEate of well-being, but even more stunningly,
Eo the inEentions and feelings of other living crealures,
animal as well as human, with which they are closely associaEed.
It could be shown, for example, that simple house
plants, such as the Dracaena Massangeana or philodendron,
regisEer apprehension when a dog goes pasE them, reac!
violently when Iive shrimp are dumped into boiling r^raEer
and appaiently receive signals from dying cells in che
dryin! bolld of an accidentally cut finger, Plants even
appeai to respond Eo distress signals over a considerab
1e dis
Eance
.
e importance of what is now referred Lo
efiect" need not be underlined, The
phenomenon offers entirely new possibilities to inventors and research scientists, typically in areas of
communications heretofore closed to us.
The overall aspecEs of the "Backster effect" were
profiled in the following publicacions:
C. Backster, "Evidence of a Primary Perception in
Plant 1ife," International Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 10:4, Winter 1968, pp.329-48.
Anon,, "ESP: More Science, Less Mysticism, " Medical World News, Vol. 10:12, March 2L, 1969, pp. 20The
as the
inrnen
s
"Backs Eer
2L.
L. G. Lawrence, "Electronics and Parapsychology,
Electronics World, April 1970, pp. 27-29,
-6-
"
L. G. Lawrence, "Elecrronics and the Lining
PlanE," Elecltonic World, October 1969'
25-28.
Pp.
e effecr continues Eo be verified both here
and abroad, Its action cannot be blocked by Faraday screens, screen cages, lead-lined containers,
or'oEher shielding sErucEures positioned beEween
the plant and ext6rnal, Eest -obiects.. Therefore, cannot be added- to the inventory of
the bhenomenon
't
e 1e c romagn e t i c domains esEablished by classical
Ttr
physics.
does rhe effecE come about? Unfortunately,
there are no concise answers at this time. The
field is too new. However, the effect has a psychoealvanic characEer and can be varified by insErumentition baEEeries. A typical tesE sysEem is composed
a
of a variable Wheatslonb Uriage, a dc amplifier,
graphic
reand
Faraday cage for Ehe planE specimen,
a
permanenE
manner.
corder- for-collecting data in
ln operation. che cage-contained plant is connected by'a simple, leaf-ittached clamp electrode
lo Ehe W[reatscone 6ridee, and che readouE system is
energized. Then, by mentally projeccing physical.
the plinE, response curves may be elicharm"aeainst
"However,
ii Ehe treal is not followed up by
ited.
phvsical action (like burning, for example), the
;lant tends to adiust Eo Ehese "idle threaEs" and
How
Response profiles are not
form, changin! frorn one specimen to the next'
i""i"" to respondi
t""oo.t.e" 5nd7or delaved ieacEions occur in
uniNo
many
.."L", all of'which a?e imperfectly understood.
As a guide to inventors Ehe following egYip' scientific consi'dermenE systems, approaches, and
aEions are offered as prac Ercal alcls:
l.
Tb avoid industrial and domestic electrica1 interference' elecEronics-orienEed exoerimenEs wirh plancs should be conducted
ln shielded enciosures such as metallic
greenhouses. If, however, such a sErucEure
fs coo costly, an inexpeniive wooden design
mav be used,- Here. interference can be atteiuared by atEaching metallic.screen wire
Eo the wal1s, botEom, and ceiling of the
greenhouse. NoEe that light must be pet:tnl-
-7-
l-
to enter, since it is vital to PhotosynEhesis, Ii a given Faradqy-fyPe. enclosure is toEalIy opaque, artrtrclal rrrumination must b6 pioviaea. If lamps of the
fluorescent tyPe are imployed, light must
enter lhrough a rneshed meEal screen securelv grounded co a vraEer pipe. For informati6n-on lamps designed explicirly for livplants, con lac t:
ing
-Commercial
tEed
Engineering Departmen!
Lighting Division
Svlvania ElecEric Products Inc.
Silem. MassachusetEs
Reques c bulletins 0-262 ("Gro-Lux" fluoresienE lamp), 0-285 and 0-286. The visible
lieht soectrum required bv plants for suc-
,
celsfut'chlorophyil synthLs-is is between
4000 and 4800 angsEroms, ettectlve varues
peaking out at about 4500 angstroms.
For field operation involving testing of
plants, psychogalvanic equipment.must be
froused' in ?ugged, shielded conEainers.
This requirement is especially stringenE
in those cases in which susceptibilicy
tesEs are performed adjacent to power lines,
oooulaEed areas. or automotive servrce statib.r" g"t ".ating voltage transients. Electrically, plants may be regarded -as.organic
semiconiuctors and, regardless of size, have
orthodox antenna functions
4.
'
For dependable experimental resulEs, new
virgin- plants may be used. Fresh culEures
mav-be started conveiniently from packaged
srbwth kics such as "Punch"n Grow" provided
tv Northrup. Kins & Co', Minneapolis, Minneiota. Tha-kit dontains seeds and soil material in a plastic container. IEs cover may
be punched wi.th a blu4t too1, and waEer may
be added for seed activation.
In coniunction with item 3, seeds may be
stimulited and raised into Ehe seedling
stage under the influence of weak radiofre{uency fields. Apparatus for- this. puroos6 should oDerate below a wavelength of
i0 meters. Fbr information on RF siimulation of seeds, perusal of the following reports is sugges ted '
-8-
P. A.. Ark, "Application of High-Frequency ElecErostatic F iel ds in Agricu 1ture-, " QuarEerly Review of Biology 1940,
15:172-I9L
APPLICATION PLATT{S}
PLASTIC SACK
RF
GTNTRATOR
srtDs
(A) B.ric meihod.
ST
IMU I-ATE D {sHORT
IIME EASII
(8) Yi.ld p.xe.n!.
SIIMUI,ATTD {I-ONG TIMT 8AS€}
SEimulation
In
Ehe
Fig. 1-3.
of seeds by RF methods.
high-power stimulation phase, RF en-
ergy is applied for fractions of a second.
According to the scheme shown in Fi-g. 1-3,
seeds are contained in a plasric sack or
bowl and placed between application plates
connecEed^ to the RF generitor Eank circuit.
This process is most critical and should
noE be atEempted without background studies
-9-
Fig. L-4
stimulatoi for seeds and seedlings.
In the lgw-power stimulation phase, RF currents in Ehe rnicro-ampere or milIi-ampere
range are applied to a planted seed specimen. Apparatus is shown in Fig. 1-4. The
blower-cooled RF generator Eo the left feeds
energy into an interval switch at the bottom
of the quasi-Faraday cage. A nutrient feeder for seedlings, seen aE the upper right of
the illustration, furnishes weak auxin-type
soluEions or other growth hormones.
Because of its radio-frequency character,
equipmenE of this type mus! always be operated-within an electiomagnetically sh ie lded facility such as those outlined in item
Composite RI'
1.
As an experimental adjunct to RF methods,
seeds also can be stimulated successfully
by ultrasonic processes. A research paper
on the ultrasonic treatment of corn seeds
is available from:
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Washington, D,C.20250
- 10-
A piezoelectric-Eype ulLrasonic generator
is- shown in Fig. 1-5. Operacing at frequency of L65 kHz, the insErumenE requlres
no rectifier and drives Ehe crysEal at a
power of 17 watts.
In the ultrasonic mode, seeds to be treated
are placed in a sieve-type metal conEainer
and ilaced in a warer bath agitated by ultrasonil waves, Frequencies up Eo 900 kHz have
been used. According Eo re-ports, ultrasonics
6DQ'
P
l
1
0.01
,L
I75
'100(
,ql Lh l,,u
l215T
I
o.
---atwI,
MI
l1
CRYSTAT
or
i
cAl lrz"
1250
PIN
4
v
0.002
rrn ftTrfl
lMICA
olsla
600
Nt0t\
INTERLOCK
PIN5
ltSv
rNl
225r
v
PR IIV
PRIMARY
I
W
2t5-i
215'230V
sw
TRANSFOR/\1tR
PRIIMARY CONNICTION TABLT
NI.f CT LINt JOIN
INT VOLTS
(A5
,,.
rU
ml
CONNI
c0NNrclr0N
sH0!
N
IAND?
9d2I0
4
lr0.i
2T0
6
2r0
:
II
lJ-@{
I
NtoNl PINI
#ffir
IMERLOCK
PIN'
(B) s.hemltic.
Courrsy L & R l anuf.<turins
Fig. 1-5.
"Minisonic" ultrasonic
Co
sys tem.
are yeild-stimulating; i.e., seeds treaEed
by this method germinate better than conErols and render more produce. However,
within the context of the current problem,
the method is suggested primarily in order
to grow virgin plants fasE for experimental
purposes. As in the case of RF methods, no
inforrnation is available on the RF or ultrasonically s Eimulated plant properties differ
in the eipression of psychogalvanic phenomena in connection with the "Backster Effect."
-11-
(A) Currenr'controlled oscill.ror.
(g) U3e of clamp eledrode.
Fig.
(C) whearsrone.bridge der.cior.
1-6.
Basic acousEical planE response detector.
To commercialize an invention in this area,
given equipment should be small and funct-
ional
. Being a "discovery Eool" for others
(including studenls, engineers , gardeners,
hobbyists, etc.), new psychogalvanic cirsuitry should be developed to display plant
reactions with rhe leasc possible expense,
Fig. 1-6 shows one approach. A currentcontrolled oscillator (Fig. 1-6A) forces
a weak excitation current through a plant
leaf via a clamp elecLrode (Fig. I-68),
Variations in the conductance properties of
the plant, which may be regarded as an organic semiconductor, will "steer" currenrsensitive oscillator stage Q1. Thus, overall action is similar to thaE of Fig. 1-6c
a Wheatstone-type detector principle.
-t2-
ffi
r
t
t
i
I
i
I
I
i
i
i
I
I
I
i
I
i
i
I
I
I
i
I
I
t
t
t
tripod, the plant response detector might feature an elevated clamp elecErode
mounted on an exEension inserEed into the insfrumen! proper, Thus, plant structures can be
reached and observed as desired. During operaEion it is imperative thaE the electroie ii*Eure does no! move. !{ovemenEs or bending of
leaves inserted in!o Ehe clamp elecErode produce undesirable strain-gauge effects and' impair the quality of psycfiogilvanic data,
In conjunc tion wi th this and.related equipmen!, the inventor should realize that'plint
reactions, if any, cannot be predicted in
advance. Fire (injury !y acri of burning)
is the most powerful itimulant a plant can
experrence. It was the mental proiection of
Ehis very threat that led Mr. Bicki Eer to the
discovery o.f the effect named afler him. By
conErast, the act of cutting can bring somewhat delayed reactions, El6crrical piant behavior triggered by direct applicatiirn of force
produces weIl-known responses, cypically as
invesrigated in a specimen litie the Mim6sa
Pudica, DaEa and directions for exDerimencs
may be found in the following referince:
J. Bures, et a1, Electrophysioloeical
Methods in Biological Re3eirch (New york:
Academic Press Inc , 1967)
The function of organic semiconductors. if
considered alone, is discussed in good'depch
ln:
F. GuEmann, Organic Semiconductors (New
York: John l^liley & Sons , Inc . 1963) .
The behavior of living systems exposed Eo
sEimulus and excitation is given in the book:
G, Ungar, Excirarion (Sprinefield. Il1.:
publishei,
Arranged'on a
Charles C. Thomas,
An excellenE description of electron transport systems in plants has been given bv
Idalter D. Donner, Jr. of the Uniiersitv'of
Pennsylvania. His conEribution nay be- found
]'n:
Lrl. A. Jensen and L. G. Kaval.j ian (ed),
Plant Biology Today: Advanc6s and Chif-
i
I
I
;
I
1963),
- 13-
l
lenges (2nd ed., Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc ., L967) .
All.things cor.rsidered, the psychogalvanic effecc in plants is one of rhe ire?y bEst vehicles
for dramatic new discoveries and inslumants
available to invenEors today. The effects of
these phenomena on science bnd industrv no
doubt h'ill be considerable and of irrneise value
to socigty.at large. To that end, iE is hoped
Ehat definiEions of Ehe various aipects inv6lved poinr ways from which to starE:
I
-I4-
IT YOURSELF
The enthusiasm for home gardening t!at -sPrang
in
America three or four years ago amid fasEup
rising food prices has taken firm rooE'
For the first time since World I^Iar II, more
of all U.S. households, 51 percent, Pll+
half
than
to have a vegeEable garden in 1976. That's the trnding of the GalluP Poll.
Again Ehis spring, business is booming in seeds
and feicilizer, with supplies of both reported plantare
iful. Tools, iuch as mechanical soil tilers,
readily avaiiable, sometimes at bargain prices,
AII sisns indicaLe, too, that there will be
plentv of lids for canning jars Ehis season. A
finds Ehat
i"*"y by the DePartmenE of-Agriculture
iia"'.tty expbct to double-its production in 1976.
tft
"
GROW
i"
FAVORITE VEGETABLES
In many Parts of Ehe country, -tomatoes, aPpea!
by leaf
to be the mirst popular vegeEable, followed
letEuce and squash of all varretres.
of Ferry-Morse Seed
in Mountain-View, Calif.' reports that early
striimeits of all kinds of seeds are up "a liEEle
on"i l""t year, when we had record sa1es."
AE Ehe NorEhrup King Company, in Minneapolis,
I^/i11iam Foos, president
Comoanv
Vice President Howard Schuler seys lnqurrles abouE
sardenins are running 5 percent higher than last
i"".. HE estimatea [hat-home gardening will expand
6y abouc 2 percent Ehis Year.
A shift from days gone by is noted by Mr. Schgardening now are not Prruler. who says thaE thosepeople
Erying to save money'
.ariiv the impoverished
but middle cllss suburbaniti:s who want a hobby.
W, Stanley Stuar!, Jr., vice.president of Ball
CorooraEion. at Muncie, Ind., estimates that Ehere
gardens durwili be about 35 million home vegeEable
ing 1976, up from 32'5 million lasE year'
- 15-
Moreover, Mr. SEuart-99Y9, about- 41 percer.rE of
households will do some home cannrng rn
American
all
1976, up from 37 Percent a Year ago.
To meet this expecced increase, Ball officials
to produce 65
ftr"" ee.iea manufacturing oPeration
caps and liks than Intere
o"a""it more replacement
plants will
5;i;;;; o"i-i"tL y""t. The'cornpanv's
a day,-seven days
;;;iL;"" to operate three shifts
January, 1975.
a weet, as thay have since
Supplies of gardening equipmmt are reported
plentiful, with some at lower prrces lh:.s year '
A. A. Malizia, presidenE of McDor,rough Power
Equipment, Inc. at McDonough, Ga' explarns:
indus"There are plenEy of soil tillers ' The
year,
so
Lrv overDroduced'bv 30 to 35 percent last
a good miny carry-overs on Ehe market'
irrl,t"
"rimake some good buYs.
You can
FRESH DIRECTIONS
Amone
the latest trends in back-yard gardening
cropping ip rhis sPring:
Built-up gardens are gaining,advocates'
4qi1or^ biicks are ofEen used as a low wall to
Advantage:
iaise the soil level by a foot or t\",o.
to work, t[re drainage is usually -improii;"-""ti"i
ved. and iE easier Lo build the soil to the desired'richness in such a confined area.
Drip irrigation, in which rnoisttlrg i-s slowly
metered but to-plants by means of a drip hose system,
is becoming more PoPular.
Soil tesring is becoming a sr,andard procedure
Ehrough cou4ty^or
for most new hom6 gardens, qften
fee of $3-,or
a
small
for
si"t"-igti"uIEural-officei
Texas A & M's
lo. Ho ever, says Huey Whitehur,st ofare
really
l.if"" expetitn"nt"l stltion: "These of.not
years,.
after a.couple
n"""t""tV, particularly
your
gotten
soil built up wrth organlc
when vou-'ve'
matter and fercilizer. "
road ties
-r6-
Mois!ure meEers, used initially for indoor
plants, are being installed in some outdoor gardens
of moisEure in Ehe ground and
is needed,
indicate
is catching on with qPartContainer gardening
-Inslead
flowers, lhese gardeners
of
dwellers.
menE
baskets, in.conin
hanging
vegeEables
are raising
and in window
on
lrellises
Eairways,
on"s
tainers
Lo
reaiure
Ehe amount
r.rhen
waEering
boxes.
Gardening in a buckeE is among lhe more origia retired
nal concepEs.- Milton Srnirh Burgess, Sr.,
year
planted
Ark.,
last
Rock,
in
Little
meat oacklr
ranging
in
conEainers,
90
vegetables
diTferent
22
frorn 5-ga1lon piint buckets to big garbage cons'
Mr. Burgess's technique is. simple. - He filled
iith leaves, ihrew in some lime and
buckets
Ehe
fertilizer, and topped it all off with abouE two
inches of leat mosi. "rt's really easy"' he explains
"Al1 vou hive to do is add abouE a quart of waEer
each Lvening and Ehen jusc sit back and watch- things
gror,r, Idith-peat moss, Ehere are..no weeds. Also, I
ion't have t6 spray for insecrs."
From 12 buckets of plants, he produced about
1,600 tomatoes lasE year. Another 16 buckers with
five sEalks of corn in each yielded enough lo last
all sununer, His wife canned 50 quarts of cucumber
pickles. ltris spring he is increasing his garden
to Il0
bucke
Es
-r7
-
ThC I./ORLD FEDERATION OF SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Ewo
has. as one of its major projects, for- the Pasl
exPerrbrt
ot
quiEe
extenslve
an
veais. been doing
irenting wich whaE vie have narned MAGNA CULTURE '
The head of the project is Dr' Norman Kellogg
a"a a""-to ftis dedication-Eo the project we have had
outsEanding results fiom Ehe various ar"o*"-""t"
i..t"e.et t" for plant environment, and we have proven
Eo 5urselves and Eo a few oEher interestgd.Partles,
with its own
ittai-eictt plant is a living creature
greatest
restricEhe
tfrat
and
;;;; ;i-i.'Eeltie"t."
and
around
to
move
inability
ti8n co life is-ics
ic
help
would
tha!
of
suroundings
r""i. ."t-ift" ivp.
h..r" . betEer i:nvironment to exist in '
There are three things that are very important
maKe
to all tvpes of plants: Frrst r-s nutrrcron,that
are
nuErienEs
the
normal
all
.u." rtr.'loi1 hal
r^tateryou
are
when
now
is
moisEure,
needed. Second
over do
i"n 'tro,.tt plants make sure that you do notfrequent
it,
make
do
under
do
not
iil 6t thit vou
an inch
io ""6 if the moisture is up to aboutdeeper
dry
"tt6"t"
it
is
bed,
if
Ehe
seed
of
irorn rhe Eop
Ehan one inih it should be watered'
The third is frequency, if a plant does not receive enouqh R'F. courit fr6m Ehe ground and Ehe atmosohere. iand ir takes both), then it will not ma30% of its
;;;5--;;;;";iv it 'i-rr onlv vi:ild around
exPect
only
farmers
mosE
why
is
ihac
oorentiai.
planE,
of
each
poEenEial
of
rhi:
to
40%
ibout 302
agree
t
dont
quite a \.taste,
You
'
Our research has proven Ehet by puEting Antennaes up at cer tain locit ion-s r \'te can enhance Ehe en',, ior.r*itt t enough to a1low. ttre plant-maxirnum R'F'
draw irom thus giving'us close to 100% yeild
;;;;-6
from all types of bearing Plants '
Have you ever wondeled why plants grovt larger
a wire fence. The fence is- acErng
and faster- along
'The
fence will enhance lhe freque-ncy
.r "tt .nt"trna'
on each side of it and if
feet
rit'"
oi
i;;
;;;;
of the soil on each
the
surface
below
down
"3" die itt" f"""" you wi1-l also find that the mois-
about the same
l"ie co"nt in the ioil is greater for
the fence
from
feet
"ia"-.?
or-20
15
about
Yet
Ji"i.""".
-18-
-::.
rr
rf
*
F
*
:t
-:li
.*
will have Eo go down five or six times as deep
f ind the same kind of mois Eure.
AnoEher observalion that gives you some idea
of what higher concentration of frequency can have on
Ehe hydro count is to seE a car next to the metal
poles' that hold the high tension wires that run asioss counEry, and park another car abouE lwo blocks
away, When- you come back in the morning the car
und-er rhe hiLh tension wires next to the pole will
you
-to
l;L:
I
I
I
i
I
t
i
I
i
i
I
have moisEure on the windows, which the one two
blocks away wi 11 noE,
This should give you some idea of what frequencies can do. IhE acm6sphere is loaded with miilions of frequencies and they are being used daily.
The funny thing is, that \"te are tolally unaware of
how much rraffic is going on all around us. Another thing that is amazing, is that we are only using about 2% of tlnis traffic.
With MAGNA CULTURE, we can use a small amount
of Ehese frequencies, we do not need Ehem all, as
long as we can atEract some of thern it will give
Ehe plants a much sEronger flow to draw from and
sinc6 each plant is a kiowledge in its own, it will
only use what it needs.
Some of the drawings and pictures on the next
few pages will give you some idea as lo how you can
gec 6eEter resui.Es from your planEs, of course,,it
iloes noE mean that this is the total ansvter. If
you can experimenE wiEh your own arrangements and
get better results, please do so and let us know
whaE your results are.
i
I
I
i
I
-19-
The I'IAGNA CULTURE anEennae recharge Ehe mineral s
plants or Erees using the frein Ehe soTTTs?-dTfiEeETHER
'
FIELD.
quency of che EARTH'S
PLANTS AND VEGETABLES
lp
GROUND
LEVEL
ls
*
l.'
O
n
A Q
I
Prepare ground as
for
normal
i1"",:ie*l:i.i:iri"isti,::ii;:u"'
or coaEing shourd
il:':;*ofll.o"t"t
Reshape co.: c hangers
for antennae as above.
'
desEru-Insectisides should not be needed as much, -as
by
tne colls'
Put out
ctive insecls do nol like the frequency
are
not
Constructive insects, such as Bees and Earth Worms CULTURE
under MAGNA
b;-ih";;4. In fact, Earth Worrns Ehrive
proven
have
experiments
as
our
'
conditions,
-20-
L
FRUIT
TREES
I
\
When
also
I
fill pipe
ith water.
9 turn
conical
coil
:I
8" to to^
- t{oatx 8r os
Ground
water ing
Level G
Detail of tree
Antenna.
Alwavs be careful noE to allow the antenna
Eg touch
the leaves of
Ehe
plants or
Chain Link
Barbbed hrire
Ground
Leve I
FENCES BECOME ANTENNA
-2r-
re s
bu__rqing could
resu1t,
FENCES
$tr
POTTED PLANTS OR PLANTER BOXES
Groun d
leve1
Planler box maY be any size convienent for area
available. Trel l ises can be atEached for climbing
plants - Peas , beans, tomatoes, etc. TheY maY also
be used indoors with Grow Lights.
Coils should be cleaned
twice vearlv. To do Ehis
imerse'in a- Pail of hot
9
\^rater in which t box of
soda has been disolved.
Eurns
of wire
to form
a conical
coil,
North of the Equator the
coils shou ld be COUNTER
CLOCKWISE.
-z z-
South
of
CLOCKWISE
the Equator
,
v
'I
It
fr
t
lt
iit
l{
t
do not recommend Eha! vou use commercial fertijunk. Plants
lizers, they are lolded wittr aitificial
and
is
no!
natural
it
are living cells of their own
to
feed
our plants
from a common sense direccion for us
something that ne know is unhealthy.
We
r
I
i
I
I
i
I
I
i
I
I
i
I
i
lf you will look at the labels on any of your complant fertilizers yorl i.rill see that
mercial lrtificial
danger
precauEion tha! iE is dangerous
give
you
a
they
bu!
r^re
don't
seem to realize t.haE even
Eo vour health.
plants
and then \,te eat the fruir
after we feed it Eo our
plant,
iE
still
be dangerous to our
thac
may
of that
hea l th
Take these three items and run them Ehrough your
mind. NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, and POTASSIUM. That is
fertilizers, would
the main ingredients of artificial
you sit down to a table with a plate full of Ehese so
ca l Ied life giving items?
For the pasr 30 to 40 years, our agriculture systems have grown to depend on the commercial ferlilizers
to Ehe poinr that 98"1 of our farming is artificial.
Now let us take some figures from anoEher direction and
see if we can still add 2 + 2 and come up \tith 4.
During lhis same period of time we find lhat there
has been a Eremendous increase in Ehree of the mosE disabiliting diseases that are known Eo man. Number one
is Heart Conditions, number two is Arthritis Condi!ions,
and the third is the most baffling of all - CANCER. I
am not a medical doctor, but I do-feel that 6ffiedica1
finds a way to counteracE che effects of what
-- research
poisons are
!he
chemical reactions of these artificial
'to the human body, they just might corne up with an antidote,
Through our research we have proven to our ortn saE.isfaction lhat by getting back !o basics and using nat*
ural organic fertilizers we have much healthier planEs
and fee I healthier ourselves.
There is more waste that comes ouE of the kitchens
of mos! homes than it would take to farm half the land
the country has, To name some of the iEems that could
be reused: old breas, coffee or tea, vegelable r^tas!e,
ciErus peels, old shopping bags or nelirspapers, yes old
newspapers, just shred it up and mix it into the soil
with all the rest of the left overs.
-23-
With a good. sysEem of recycling your normal organic waste and using the I'{AGNA CULTURE system of enhanci.ng Ehe frequency count around your garden, you can
get back on the righc track to good healih
of our Service Members just brought us a book
thaE is an outstanding piece of iesearch.- We recomment you read it, noE only is it a good book on plant
life but it is very good on basicall.y what life is all
abouE. Read it:
TiEIE: ''THE SECRET LIFE Of PLANTS".
By:
Peter Tompkins & Christopher
Bird.
Pub. :
AVON,
Found in mos E BooksEores.
One
We
also recommend, "ORGANIC
GARDENING
&
FARMING",
NewsEands
a monEhly magazine found.usually at Ehe local
or
li
1l
tores
.
I,rIe have talked quite a bit about what the frequencies that we exist in can do for planEs. So be piepared, because in our next issue wt will cover what
frequencies can do for the human body.
The next issue will be in SepEember 1976. If Ehis
is the firs! issue of the NEW AGE-SCIENCE JOURNAL rhat
you have read, then you may be interested in the firsE,
it
il
Drugs
was published
in March '76.
The NEW AGE SCIENCE JOURNAL is a quarterly publiCAtiON Of thc WORLD FEDEMTION OF SCIENCE & ENOINEERING,
TIiE.COST IS $3,00 an issue or 99.00 for a one year sub-
scrrpt]-on,
We publich a NevrsleEler rhat goes to our Service
Members each quarter in addition to the JOURNAL. There
is no charge for the NewsletEer. To become a Service
Member there is a life fee of $2.00.
WORLD FEDERATION OF
SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Dept. S, M.
5842 McFadden Suite "J"
Huntington Beach, Ca. 92649
-,:. /.:
-24-
-Xa1z
'fryE'o'
NFI.
REXRESEARCH
P O B O X1 9 2 s 0
JEAN
NV 89019
USA
f i \ 2 3m
- u6
I,tLE:
fY\U
ELL€R
flh3net lYtato.
irre:es,!
acontrovers
ia,
ff;ii,li,.Jf5hiii;,l"lSill,if,,ni:::jli?iiii!
-that
-;
jiffii.i'il".s.;l:i:iii
li,,' .l!
impu,
semotor
) t'jj:l;i'
)ilii,.Fnlfi
*f,j?,.'inji.r.i!
oistraim
J?ll;;,,,.P;;.;;""::::i! ir,ii,"-''niilli:irf,l
j*,jq,,tf
r#:i:ii.
iitf;ii;.,i,|:l;ii4;*,'iffiiiff.i:niri:i:i
l6-stoructrt rr* t' rtt ,
FreeEnergyFrom Revolutic
'--= hfrillf
::::,::i:r^,r:"";:;l:2 1-a
fh. srcrict on tA.e Pates vt
duthor.d by Ton vaLnud., t Cah
lodia.haied !@1.^ct )ounotBt a^d
to fi. SPOr'
.ontibutot
l.cqu,,t
LICHT.
L*--
,"?':;i:f;'r:r;:r,iil:iffr;
mH!ffi
i -
E3!-
t-E'
Fr'l h. iinorcd *h.r
ftfiilLtit:;1$:l'vii
;iliflf"'"iiiT"l:li"i.';f,i:l;
(r.t kirorlru),rr rlr rar. onr)rour
::l'l:,i'i:i$'fr:lii;Fi::':il;:i
,.r,n80rc aooqBl.ds Ey.onprir$n
ln.
. n . i 8 y p r o d u c u o no r
n.rgy r,.tre
, | i |2 h t a * | l (
onc da6rn. could..!l) p'o''o. r"
n.,d ,r o ? e.
rh. .,d,ncr' 'r,,otr.6.n,sor dB'/
rh<iar'rr, maen.nc
'"3::'T"';'j*'',
rharnovin!3uch li:\ffii:ru.*ff".'i:,,T*i';:;
psr ron co'hrourd th.' tr'qD
po*' ru' masnc's
;:liil;'. ';,;;" ;;' ;;;;;;";;;,;'
'"s;"'d'
ror3cvdtr
'd' bu,tr,$btunt,rh. '";;';;'-;;;;;:i
(uchar 1.,
orhd!.
man'
;;;.r;-,
;:'i'S""'fl"T:li,:'.ll-":#l';
:il"IX';:F"1'j.*,.Til;#'#:;
r. o"
otO..U.a.osr*r.
.,-.|,.ur.
Th. lo*.3r corl
:'^*::::t
*ti:::'t::::1:"i
-yA
n,,.. *:: f[:ff;lc*t]i;rtHl"*:ffht:"s#'*"fi,55[t
iii'Jil
t:i,i.",,1""i
-I"ilii'X,'"':::*'jSJl':..,."",,"
notcd thrt .i
r ;;;;;;i;.,";;;,.',;;'.;;ij,
hdsur.d dil{.anllt
by Mullcr
c.ll.d'rhno$rDL..p.rp.rud.Do'on.
t,r Erhblnhd.nr ph)!cnl\, In. ut or
rh...n!iptto'-'
E* h4.n.!,m16
. comPci.nl .nrrn..r,
r-E'*r'r""'"*'
IIEL-rE
i.rE
:--Ilr=I
^il:'A','3ffl:o,...d
*:.T:;;-fi:;;;i.i'Lliili!1n"i'-;
n
a,'cd F-";;.""""**"*:q*.lr*,:*-*:x.:t-":
i arica
rbc uDddryinser"ccpr
i;pr.r.a'r_ -.iiLr.
':.*.P"o\!, un r!
--
'fr
;iT1:',il:1'l:l'il:1T::'.rff:
*ri:ll*,:;?::';,,11,i1',ii::
"".J'i'"fr'"t'f"i:i1lriffT':il
o'|h'onrvrnajnt'n'nc'eoiidb'onrh'
ha'c prcvcoo"cr rnd ov.r,ha, Fssncr
i;;
or
unoun,
jJli-1",'I*","",,
,'.. ,,rirc.roru!,h.a,*.. .,g";.""io.,,ch!ndous
t,rc,r*,,y
,,#.tr::;l;91h.Ts:;"jf;:T..#l; Y;:,.,:ll.l
fi:':]:,t1:'.ilH"fnlT'ilJ:
consn5
o,,.,"* :lr:H:::ili:''il[YlsiJ',':;'
iilvl'.|L1v1,111v::..:'::ll:
{fi.?TiL'.:c.
po*'r
rh!cre''ic
,.?."..1,"i'i'.."iii'";0"..",0.
*. n, l"JTjil,"ooeo'v: eo,rH,fi#tiy;l;i'3i,T:::;?I
::T1""t.i:;:T:lls*i::::li:ri:
c;n,inu6,o dcnvhin ' Prt.nrroi ' :TjTI,ll:;'fri:i::,IlT;:';*:
!
,o d.mon!'ar.
uu'i'."" u. Muircipr.,!
.ii-io* i.i 'pin
_ r|srtu
-b;";,
mrch..
Tbc b|.tr drjtscoo..
Doil{
,.r
I L n r n.r,_ r. ,r- rnd.
Muuci!,!cnd:I",.:,tdL._::
",j
lX:#';;'t:"'ffI;lHil:
'nrchrn. B rn.,
b.n lof'v
T.:T:l
: :;;i-:i;;"*"..ip'oduc"0u\ncdot
ffiI::il;"J:i,iTll'::'ii':l;:::
or ' (oob'n(d
''-*"itLFrndc
tictl :l|.mrl|n!or
- ft!.d
(|lrel .l.c(nol clF
"i.iu.rh. 16 Fr..t
b', h.nd d6lrr.
;il,;;.;;;;d
inr n^d.t,ot
,o pai ,o coir.-r. r,ir uh.
on
coil! mounrcd opposn. rhc 6{nd!
"(F!o!.o'rhrnlthdr
l rr'lrd$ In t'b'u'rv
mon'rcrd bt
sponlor.d by
r hr $dJ+.ork
.d -rd.o-,
or rh. M,nd,
"Mft..n.
,
M.strct''. B.!arn.
|nd
EI0 in
^z Inoulta'!ihh ocrob<'i
I'n!'ulr'
Crlloio'r
'
Muller Wasn'tAlonein Field
i*+xi****m*
praa(, mr\rnB \.*run ! dct'c. 'n.I_
thos' rho hlrl ut. il
Th' ptoblcn n no{ on' of lcmsnlict
''
- M!lt.r'3.
---.
ficrenr bv comDrrtuonro
rh. nucld porc' srhc-1h. monon.
o, larenr p,oltrionor lov.rrmcnr-in lmoror
rhc
Mulcr
ma8ncric
whit.
.
fi;
#;;#;-"
olv\ norr lucr.tiv. sem in lg) v'm of
1h.- probl.n for all of tb.
fKrd()
p."i",s,n8 of a
p"rt,"p, ,r,i ..u
!16(nc orrc.r I proTr.dltioflll,
rh'
khcc-a
tlndttiot
mtnt tud r(d @minl for*lrd {or thr 'lalriol
tloulottm!!
i"h c " o v . r - u n i l y " m o t o t - 8 € n . r l l o r
duc.d br "puntin!
..1|cfi.|d.A.o||grconduclo.rtr.6conccDlsb.tnsglculalcdinth.pdlso.|aloe.dc.'hanywilhpst.ntspndnlyofth.|'ineu]0deonofuc
*f',1'"T:lirrry
ura,pro"cs
in,cnoon
p.J ,r,-,rr, ..'".tj. r*d, ;;;;;;;ou;; ;r ;li;;;;i,;"..".;d
:i:11.,:
"
orhcrs
numc,ous
roa"r, rr'.,.
":1:,,Ti.Aj:f1"'j]f:
i"';i';;j:;;;,;;;;;;,
*..;
::..:::,j:91:'1"::.lj"Hf;".bl,.l;
"'c
"ir,i,
ras,ri. lnd c6i crre,,\c*ourd,u,.r,
'n"'''' -'" .,;:, ii,lflJ;:T,:?,';n,;l"J ,,?Hil'i'"f"il ^ff9.?l'illll: "?'J,:i::'';li.'iiililillTi *-'|h.
@"end'|n.'
M^d.do*n
br H.'p.. rnd Ro$. tt ulr.d.bour' h.!.u. r rd par$r.phs
'o,..n.,sy rhd r.- *rs pubrtshcd
]'i,'i'llT,'"r.*
r,.,
," n,.p,"r.",.
,.' rr.|l. Thr mor. clccrriciyonc alnrs,
l"ir.
* i",#ih.i"-.,"
'^":iH:
io pure
;ii'il;:;;il
rhc
D.sn.t,.
ti.td, &d
ch.triciryour of
b e a u 5 . o f h a t | o 9
i.,' io;"n-'"
qurrcdttrutr th..quipmcnr,ha5r.rn.d
c o . i i d c ' r b l .r a ' n . b ; a s . o r r h ; u . s .
e cu orncc r.ruid ro a..nt h,dr. Drr.f,,.
3 d u c l o l 6 B 1 . | ' c .
hs notrct.ivcda r'4rn.d ofh.dia
r c n x o nb, u ri r r . u s{ h . t r o r yo Jt h . l $ r
r@ r.rB or sr,urrtcb<,w..nthoF*ho
.l.ctnc po*.r rnd
outa monopot,-zi
ftob Po*cl st'us!l'':
" T o d . v r b c . h r . i c i D d u ' t . vi 3 .
orrch*orr or contituour'rloMoorr.s
lt coneqsot 2lo' municin'l 'sd
'lmPossible'nng. in 3iz.ii. t'om
rh. cirY of Los
ros.n.'.'.I For
,r hu b6. 'hpo$'br<'
F,nr Those
w no SaY:
Day: Illlpulililurtr
I nose Who
I i"ia.i-.," n",r.i.r r."a.r-".
Do|.c|(lno|ylhanlh..mou'n"'t^"]-.-._l]:_:--...pulnFd
' o d l . : . Y 1 . ] T . . j I ' : : T ' " l l ' : l
,'rrd.
r,rorbn rrn ,r. 'dr --
Fv.r n.c. Mr.ha.t t.rrdry
Th. folto*rn8, taten Irom lhc Eni"i "i . .,.1;#;1;;""1:;i;il;;:t,;;,
,r,.i,,,.t*,,...,,..r
*l't,*;:r;lr:lll:
nrrn.r,. rr.r'rr)6 y..rr r8o. K'1G nrno artuc..p(rpcrual monon
L-rl or*-*
t'r. r.r.l dr
' ' r n n * n . r n a rr r r r r r . r ' i r ! r e x cm o r ' rhore - . - i b t c
wh.n rhc 'ubjc(r ol
'."i'":Tl:1ll:l
;;;fi;';;,";
-1.,::iJ;;$;j,:lir:ji;d;l-i"ll-:.:3:1"'"
;d ::o;;;'u;;,i';
!
':""1:""*;:":-":"":
x
cirrB. rlrd$r t.d.,rlrrcncr..
tro.
v i d e p o E rr o p u b l ' c . n dp r i r . , Gr D r . m s
-.*'.",1.::jilil::ilil
:T,:.1L"il'*,,," ^
t*.d.nd -o,td*,tu 4L r.!a
E!, comcsup.
3 o n o r N l l o l a I 6 | t , t h . 8 l c 2 i . 5 t . | d | ! U n o d t h . t U b h . . d |p()rt
n 8 o' t't"' ' D o l t l r '
c.t !.ruu*t tn iisror', b€. rbl.to *otl qutrd '- i"*
"-ttlicl't
'i"iY"iill'!Tl#
:;';:;.;;",
,i,h 'on. or loda' r hat.i,.r. lhc cos norto '''d'nc' i'|v'i:
dt
'i
tt-ii
Pb. r.tPtk Fr' L 'o'd 'ort
ccDtot.orcruniry milhr nlvc becofr.
"*-"
har 'ino
'ur.-na''-rt*'*r't-r
w i l h ' l m M ! l l c r ' 3i n v ' n t r o n
li i'.6'"."'-0" r"R,'",, .,r'.
"ii
*.*
dohinzn,d.rsr,ourc ot th.20thc.n'
. dr E..dr..l*:,::,1:i
ri. cn"yoop.fi:,-';:;i;#;;
'iil;;
tu'iutr.,.
'
di..
b briruenrin n,
",."on*,,
','ilf;i::,l';:li;:,:;
:,h:lix]
rnrr
om!
,,on,.oc,.,
rh6. por.r lyncd r. {'una ro'
;v'rhad $Mto'!{o' linc rnd 'om' a
ni o'.mir6-o.r dsrnburion*n6 d'
rvint 'tetricnt from 10199 ooe'r
Phnt!'
ih"l;;1,,";;fi;ilh;;I;*;;; 'll:,'i'.1ii,:qi:i:iqli! ;;l l*ii"'.j'#:t:;i:l',;:'.i.i,.;Yii:,1':i5.i::l'f;:'iiii'":';
.*i;c by pubri. ascnci6.rb. p.iwk
compenr6r'c ri' domin'riDtrorccin
raorucrfr rra x. ll1.l?
fiy SuperMagnetInvention
f Inquiry
It Won'tBeMonoPoiized
tI. Unit.d Str6, lupplyitt tt Frc.tl
olth. nrtion I .letrioty .nd dn&olun8
rh. trsrnison
tridr, ad ilou.icin!'
tuuch ot rhc totdnm.ntt
PoEr Fll-
''wilh,n thc rilntdi(ion
lridt, th.
.lElnc
small munrciprl .nd rtr.l
by lh.prrra!.
lysrcns u. oEBhdo*.d
compcnd .nd lh. t.d.r.l 9o*.t r!.n'
cr6 c
tufi@ndcd bt th.m Strl.
.- r.sulstory cotnmissioB. *hich rd.6.
rablishd.ir $ rt.mpl to conrtol rh.
in oc carlY l9Os. u.
JrnfiE(ompida
'h,sllr-inlh.ned
by rh.n FliUi.l
cloul."
ot ttE Po*.r .
dd.rirttlon
morc
At(
co'ntani6'..lour, thcr. ir t}r ldln!.n-
(,:
''Tb..biss6t |6.tit
WdJ Stldl'r in'
eolvcn.nt io t!tr..Fpir.. Prod!cjna and
i! tbc m6t
rrarsnixins.l6tricilr
c a n i r a l ' i n l . n s i vi.n d u n r t i n ( n c t o r l d ,
hiv.lon8 b.cn
and rh.po'fcompaii.3
kno*n |J lh. divid..d.o|rchil. ofw.Jl
"Th. privrl. powcr.omp| i6 lr!d;
tiomlly issuc hrlt ol all lh. n.v coBmon ind$i.id no.l c!.rt y..r rnd rbfinsnc'n8
rorb.r lhkd of illcoDor.t
A! nuch $ /lo Frccnt of I cot{suncrl
ro ply for nnscinl ch!t86.
bill t6
T h u 3 ,r l l r t c n u m b . . o i h r j o r b a n r . i !
and bfol.i! ruch as Ch6. MAnhalun
r n d M . r i l l L y n c h. . . e r f - t . d b y d e i '
sio$ conccmiq pow.r conprn'6.
WIIJIELU MUU.ER
. . . br..rd r.|| L! .brr,
"Hslf oI lhc inconc of maJo nvcsr
m.nt b.nl.6 i!.rima'.d ro.om! rrom
a
fin$cins pnvrt. po*!rcoDpani6.
r tourh In
wilhclrn Mull.r hs b..n inlci6lcd ih mrln.tkm d.t tinc. h. r
nhd.n t In p.I'
wnh th. po'cnli.l Pok
O.rm.nt Ho*cv.r, ht b<.h.olBrcd
man.nl htsnclBm aboul 20 y.!r lso eh.n. b.!l b.:rinr hc had tl3c.d in a
nod.fat.r] lars. flu( t'.ld b.r*dn l*o Frnrncnt h$n.r! lhot .cto$ | r@E
u d t h r o u s ha * r 1 1 .
As n.* and norc porc{ll m.!nd mrt.ri.k rc,. d.v.lor.d, b.!innin! rnh
M!I.r .r'
lhc r.t. .arrh nar.rials ruch d thc emtium{ob:ll
!..tr.iion,
p.rio.nl.d wrth *.yr lo !.t mor. poaar out rirh l.$ *orl 'nvolvcd
(h.
holdr numcio!. Crnldran
in *v...1 .r..t
Fin.lly, .ncr mod6t,ua4
prt.nrs on FiSn.ric d.,ias), Muuct ea tbl. lo contrrlct a S.ndator unn *ilh
rordt,
th.nls to th. nc*.!l
powd
in
nir
"ovcFunity"
oulprt,
so..t:cllar
! . n c r a r r o no f r n a S n . lh . t . n a l r .
N c o d t m , u mb a l . n l h . n i d . m d a l , ' n r h e 3 m c f . n ' l t r t u m r n u m I n r 9 t l
borh C.n(alMoroB and Sumitono M.tds ofJ.p.n r.tounc.d th.diroYcrv or
. por.nr maBn.tic .llor ol ncodvhiun, iton rnd boron.
This ncw n.rdia' has th. polcntid olprodlcin! ti.lds doubl. lh. ttr.nllh df
sanarw-Cobrll l].lds,
O. (.o.!.n
' Mullct told Th. SPOTLICHT in |n .tclusiv. inr.tvi.*
"tn rh. lElcl.
''Mich.cl F.r.dry s.l th. nlndtrd! thtr *. ttiu !o bv :odtv Bul p.man.nt
u. now po$ibl., ud h&lnc(! ot 20.q1
na8nc(s ol up ro @,000 c^t.dr
crr.d! ar. o. rh. sh.lf.
"Thc arr:clivc and r.tukit. Iorcd of th6. ncw matn.ts oPcn thc doot tor
chirgd in lhc pot..tialof rh. unipol.t motor t.ocrrlors
"Us.d in lh. old moror ddi8n. th. srrtic poiirioniq b.com6 . forc!, rhkh
r.qui,6.nornous lorquc to Dov.. This is whd. mr svrt.m ot utinl th. b6l
suitcd n.* hat.lrh show! th. rdvanta8c,
"By urn8 .n odd and .v.n nunb.! or iolorii.lor pol6 lnd b.qut. ot th.
rp.cial characl.risiicsol thd. nc* matcnrl3, th. n.lnclic rtlr.clio. wnhin lh.
350 d.!(cs eill balanc. mrsncrically lo r !.!o torqu. on th. rorot shetl
"Th. roror rill hov..l th. slirhl.st inpuli.. .nd continu. lo mot. rtln no
s r a r i cp o n r i o n ' n s T h . p o $ i b i l i l i 6 * . n i n d b o g S l i n S
M u l l . r o r o t i d . d T h . S P O T L I G H T * [ h . r t o I d r . * i n r s . n d h a sp t o h i s . d t o
do .r.rythrn! In hi por.i to rcp his r.tcrrch lrom bcir8 covd.d up or
' ' n o n o p o l r e d o u r o l l h . . h a n d so t l h . p . o p l (
t i
\-i.
r\-,/,/
n n \_./
T J - ' f-'- ) \ '
_J
Y r n ,
l O '
( ^ 0 6 : ,
^
v
J
_
)
t ^
-
*
Tm
-
- .
- ' o "
n
\
?
-.
d l
a f ) l
1
-
m -)- -r-)
7)
a /
\{
z -.t o
P 'ci o
NJ
t1
c -
$l s
,
!
TT)
$
C
d
i
m<ZT'
c)<
) c
\'\
\Y
I
n
-
?
O
l
-Yr -Tl
r/
(-
n
o
*
t
s
o:
:
Ct
r.
F
t(.
I
6\
\t1
F\
a
(t
t
6
!l
s
Q
5,
\
?
-a
7n
v
6 z
q -1
n
il
7
N
I
.{
;l
tl
tl
FI
t
''i
tn
R
z
f
N
\'
R
c\
e\
- ! ti
a t
3
- a r>= + in
p f !$ $
q ft\ Z" f
J
1 l
3
\
\-
P
q
,l
a
/.
c\
*- lor I
f
;i
i
E9 t
l
lii
Fr
t.
9 ) t
i( td
I F
E
y 6F
t s
5
E>9
)
E
N
:
d
rn)
r( x"
! I
rL .l/
E
Z
t
I
T
!
$\r
f
l s
!.r,
Itl
r
>
I'
t..
r
F
\
t6
I
l
n
lra
t;
R
n
It
f
s
!^ cf'
a
ir
,=
f.r
fB
l
>- an >o
: a F
r-I
\1,
c. ,:\
i-nu'
)
3
aw
t
t
l
l
U
e'
:.i
h.
;
:
i
I
I
N
) x
g
tr
7
N.
\
\
r\
L
I
U
I
. t t
trl
(/Gt
/
6
qcC
F
lr
f
Z
:i
- - _F
i s.h
q
6\.-\i
\-'l
E
15
5
J)
1
o
^
ri
ii
; h
o
,A..
I$
\, '. t.J
\.fr
/ lr)l
€i,'l
- \
io
\o
I
'--1
'
9R=o
----4
-.-.l
a
.. -\'zt.---f
\
\
iti
Pni
tt ll
f^u'
tt;
F in
l_1
c
l---^\!q--
a
q
v
I
i
tn
l-
2
K
D
5.'
$
R
m
IF
il
\J
,{>\:
\
\'
\
f
fr
l
L
.tt
6
It
l
;ii
t,
;l:
i(
li'
__l
4d--_-\- -
I
lgs
'w
sEiffi
€iA'\i
-:r
(-
-iq---\Y;.-t-j
\t...;---r
.
X"\
'^\
/
\
^\
\
bl
r-\
'O,,,
F '' il; 'O-/
W
,\ ,h
i
\
'.
T
-/
-:- ----'
,
i
n'l',..
l r | t :
I'
F
i
ir
I
0
N
Jl
2,,c9
f
{r.}'
;f ).r
: / i-o 1 , . -L
(q:
{
--r 9
ei
)\
9
f
$
P
\
rr1
x
|Jd Fc A r4^lliET
lo
tf$
>N
lc'
t-{
rF
tla\
> l
L
x'
l
9b
(tl
\s
:'>
t 0 'rO Dr
Tn>
I!
rn d p l _r,ili!
{H
.t
N
t : ir
-{
s ;ti
L
l-r
lz z
l
ft* i'.
\G tr
_ ,:,lr!
n
S
llB
frl5
|-rF---1
I lt
rF' F - *
I
lt\'t
r..---
l ^ .- -
*
A
,!
q
.
A
(n
zilt 6
A'th> t-
d
I|
o
v
$,E
f-
{;
r$
rs
a\
Rr
}P
In
'r B\
n
fi
-t: ! i
I
r?
( n)tr
> )
6
f
R
s
=.R
q\
-a
c
c
Lt
7-
N
I
6\
p
p
B
r)}--=-]-
6i
ZN
:\'
P
'
I
L
i
tid
t, q $
trrlEtrF
-t
sI r
I
r
x
s\
tr
.\
)
\
c
E
I
C
q
ri
a
:i
(R
>
l i
t.;
I
f-1,
fl\
I
v
i l
'r *':
-l
"
{
tr,
,;
{
c.
F
6
r l-'l
I
\h
r.>
: F
5
-rrrF
N
.! :!
lI |l n ; ! F.
m
^'r
z_ti
-
>:. r
arl
i!:
\i1: I.
b
n
t.
t
:l
n
q
l
; ('
{
I
'(r
€ " ! ' t
i \r- - ! ; /
\:t
t.' F
5it
x
r
n;t
)a rr
\tl
)i lJ I
EI rc\
fn
h
f.
\
s
/1
)
L
O v m
f,r
q
;{gil'^ J.'
3L i i
i -{.
(I
i d
,
\ . /
I(-
)
c
) '
N
1
d3
l - l r t rt 'i X
ICT\l
// L
// K
r{; r-s
v
/ /
IRa
'-t
-
!1 P
F
It L
t',-1
s lP
t7
rl
z
t;s
li I
t.-6
t\
I
fl
It
E
tI
K
(\
z
t
t ?C\
N
0)
)i
F
l-\
N
,i
\
I
I
7
f..
n
c
6
'l
E
t
$
o
K
'l
li
-:*
f -
t-: !
T\
ti
I
,.-
L
s
,€:> ii .s?'=a ^ ; 9
?, -.-\
|G>
'.--,i
N
ti>
ePl??
\.O
\_
>
a r Oa
,t
(
FFl
/t::J
/
(
g
f(_
F
(
t
I
o
z
\
(
t
t
6
I
{
I
' b€feqfiutrlATtor*ra? cFFrctC^Ky
rqN ArreLt'F(e)
oF cAn/A\
a,DttN
fiqQNcTr( PcoFuuStotv'
rlrsr6o\ (cqrnps)deNecnrqt
A t t o
-
i -
- ^ - . .
- .
- . 1
D::ETII)iA?IO}i
CF EI'FICiENCY OF
CANADIAN LrY?' IFIED
MicNETIC pROpUi,SIOit
Dr<.a
.z E
T i f r ^ ; ! , ^ -
t*
i
of
t*t.-
geie:ator
M!.
^ *
these tests
i:lven*-ei
Mark tsranie:.
wouii
and. develcped
lt
clai:nei,
car::ec
with
by I,i:-, Eill.
has hcped, b}, the
have an eff:c:enc),
gteaEer
than cr
p:'ope: devefopment,
ou'- by Mr.
l " - o v A' A N A r : : r ' T A
iim
.,he ef f i.ciency
of
lras to deterttne
iloover
ccRpoF-rriori at:he
Mul-Ier anC
itiventc:-s.
the nacir;re
eguai to
1003, ar.C was
rhar- it
and Mr,
a
wculd.
Gar..ei
Th€ tests
wer:e
Sc:r,ar. on behaif
resice:lce
of
rhe
rnve.rors
cf
:n
Penr-ic.,on, B.C. on licver,ber 29 and 30, 19E2.
-h la- e r - -j .
T \ c
- - h - - - i! .^. -
^r
v^
/^^-^---^ue:lc:
a 'U-
*,_-
_ _ . . - _ s - _ sc : - a : i a l u n i r . u r n r o t o r
c a n a - : r ^ F
^ ^ ^ - i ,
equall:/
t t
apar*, and d s-si-co! !''irh I5 pcies
apa!'t.
Rare-ea:-:h ccbal t
s:a:cr
pcles.
epoxy-type
:he
naterial.
1 -;. ii :as ^ ^ , i
r _ . : +- _
se::es
F^'
c:
sta:cr
ai:d w:rdings
The ce:le:a--c: is
:=s-Ls,
also
hcusei
:t--e 3er.eratc:
spaced
spaced. equalli,
De:;:,aaent iiri ait€ -r_
S are
poles
//"
l5 pcies
with
usei
icr
are elcased
in
the
ir
an
an ope:: alu:::u;:.
uas dr:ven
bv a 3 Hp
BaLdor single-phase ;norcr
J . $ . H co,rct( \
sc q r\art
e5
,P.
'Pc"
NovA.
a{ffi
Theolv
o:
O D er a - - i o n
As rirentionei i:
H qi - r! cr
:c ,+ r: c |e ^u, ! ni r^ u1 r e s e a c h c f
v-
ir:
the descripticn,
^q
there
cobal-t magne+-s. The rctcr
ianinated
i:on
!h ,: c; uI ul - E > , . L r - ! ! e s s t v e i y n - a a a r "
f :.eii
wini:.ngs,
The d:-ff e:e:ce
5Ct o:
padile
and 50t
in
voltages
w:-::iings ani
equa1l1, spaced
t s -_he iccor
:ur.s,
Oi s:atcr
poles ard
parrs
f i.eiC intensi-r!es.
int.ens:+-ies :iiuce
the
has l5
paCCies c:: ,,.he pe:i;heri,,.
change .-he nagret!c
equaJ.iy spa:ed
whiclt has f iel,i
pe:nanent
!r ov ts- !r !
are I6
These cha:.9es in
j.n tle
rn rotor-sta.,cr
associareo
pcle
the
i:,ag:-,er1c
f iel.d
nur,,bers resuits
be:.rE a-.r;a...ed :-;t the dlre:ticn
oi
rn
::oratron
the oppcsi!-e d:_rec*-:.cn. The lier coi seeuences a:e as
f c l l o w s:
.F\o
c:
Iiio:'lI
l-'.'--,rr^+
. l i v s + - e : e s : s- : s s e s
horsepcwer to
(b)
if
i ^-r
a j.oai rs
cur:ents
reCucei
wiLl
genela+-cr with
wrll
require
no i;aC
zero net
tcrque
r-o t:.e pcie
ap;1:ea
be such that
wlten a paddle
wo:k 1s t:ans:err:c
is
windings,
tre
nagnei.ic attracticn
(c)
anC zero
approachrr:g a pcle
set.
In
a
r n
:es_:ltr::s
w:jl
set
be
and
t h . i s w a r , .n. e c h a n r c a l
ilrcDor-_:ona+.ely to eiectrical
This pheromenonoDe!'s Farada1,,s l-aw anC Lenz's
a / - - - . F A F h c - i
no edCy
cDera-.€,
i n c : e a s e C w h e n f e a r , , i : r ga p c i e
o r
:ni
wc:x.
law cf
j . . _ r i ^ -
Lcsses in the f cr::, cf eii;'
l_osses cr
m a g n et i c f i e l i
a si;r,:-lar fas;jcn
s--:eng-,h t:
- 2 -
hirsie:esrs
!c
wrL
r;:a
{ l-. 1
D -.1n o.r r.- o
Tc c*
T\e
ohioe+irro
G F
r
:sr.E_q_s!
oereratcr
nr
.!,
+! .F, .e
rests
nas tc
- ,
) ^
r-u
_.1:-S, Fower
ca.:.cuia.-ethe efftciencv
0ut
weL j
as
ag
power
tjlto
o!
the
ttie
hac tc be cer::,ved,
: . t e m o : a : a n i g e : , e : a L c : a c : .: -: c . :r a t : c r . u s e : C u : r n g t h e : e s - _ : s
showx in:he
apDeniix.
s--a--a:, c3::s
:;
hea'.ing eienen:
i.ll
across
T:.e:€:3re,
al-L co: ls
:u:'eli'
;ere
faulti,
lcaC acrcss
tre
a:e e:e:--::c=_i1.
a s s i ^ . c w,l ' r 1 ! h o u t
:-cr each ccil
res:s-,:ve,
Fa;e:
f a:tcr
cur:en--
the notor.
The serj.es resistor,
neasur=nents
smail
resistor
in
out.
Iicwever.
when tie
shcrt
cilcuit
j:ci-
::.ie;e.-.ient
ai:-ect:rg
wlll
the o::ier
acrcss
cf
be us._c
Since the
ani
cclL
lcac
pcwe: ca:- be
cur:e:t.
taken
or, t..e l:::u-_ rc
acrcss which V, j.s taken,
chn,
and is
ncrmaliy
ts
a
shcrtei
: : . F u + _: r , e 3 s u : e r - i e t : t s w e r e b e i : . i g . _ a k e t . - . h e
* L h a ' -r e s l s t c r
an apprcxrnar.e verrfica:icn
L u e *r ^n5e^ -- - c r ri s
.re :;icy
were aisc
i
e::.--
the r:-,1:vicuai
was neasurei.
. n ' a sr e n c v e c .
c a i .c u I a . - : o- : -s- c a n b e p e : : c r m e i
rl.,^
ger-,erator ciiis.
a c3:-.::::ucus hes-_::.: e:enrer.: :cuiC
VcLr-age ard
^
ri -r r^ r' ,i +J u ! +r u
oi-.,-he ge:-reraicr
pu:eiY jes:s-_:r,.e
i
cb..a:nei by :rultiD:!.:i-.g vc!-tace ani
this:s
corls
!n:a-:e:E:.,
was useC f:r
Vol.',age a:ri current
:s
:;
::.:
::-. .-:.e s--:-,::
cc:ls
c--he:.
Ncre due tc
of
c:-:t:,cal
usir.g V.,
power :acto..
:n
V . , a : : , oV r c o o : \ . e
p.*].
t.hg a:-.aL,,,sis.
- 3 -
The reason :cr
:u.al=
cn :he
Iieasu:'emei+-9 we:'e takex
usiig
anmer-er and a Sanwa Vclr--Ohrn rneter.
','e::f:.ed
us::.c
s : _ : . .l:a r
pc!^/er probe
a TIF ligit3L
Tiese
equi;i:.e::E suFF::::
r.easurerea.ts wer.e
r1. -_r.e::....e:.i::s.
! . r e q u e n c y w a s l n e a s u r e i u s : _ : t ga D a t a p r e c l s r c r
w a v ej c r : r
was obser.,'ec us:ng a phrlips
as '*el I
ioais
as t:.e c;e:. circu:t
The no'-or was aLso iiscc:lnected
measu:enents -,aken whrie
Su:nr:arv o:
Results
Because cf
a iack
of
rr,easu:ements, Cue t:
par:rc'i:a:
jata
from
che nctor
inaccuracies
o::ler
c::3u::
of
f ere:-_
ccri:.-_:cr.s.
a : . 1 3i : - . p u t
t ] i e e . i . j r , e . r_ e c r : c a e
ani
ej:::ier.:v
nai:uf ac:urer.
!c
: - - a r uj = c : : r e : .
by c::parrng
c:rves
vers-ts
The rt:Du..
co:::eiate
--es--swe:e ai-us--ec acccri:r.;i1'.
and the
i:f
rnDu.. cur:en*,
resr- was ad;usted
ai jus--ne:rts was coni::::-ei
f actors
chree
tl-.e gene:a..cr
the
=ancef t:.e F:we:' ia:icr
cn ..he nc-Ic:i
csc:)-J_csc:pe.
\ras run:-.inc f ::ee.
conflder,ce ix
c : ' . ' e n - - a u s a ] ' r - : . e r , a- , : r
ail. ::e
Dual-tiace
ar.: sic:--
1oai. were obtai,neC irc;i, the r,otcr
c'ir:ent
Freque;rcl/ !1eie:- aai
n e a s , - : r e : i e n l - - sl r e r e - _ a k e n f c r
! u . . , i r - : - e r es e - , s c :
- ^ - ^ 1 ^ t ^
cl:p-cn
::.:.:t
r , n - : c i. . i e
Ju::e:.:s
lh.e je;:ee
r--.e cajcujate:
::r
c:
;cwe:
one sup;J-tei by the mo-,cr ;:ranua
f cturer.
Raw iata
obtained
tes'-s :s
as iollows:
is
incluied
in
-
the
{
-
apperCrx.
A s . . t r i , :rry, a c I
the
?:wer r:: (h'atts)
,]
123s
L""..a.*.!r..
-\{.!q!
''-
Power Out
...")
4.i /
\ \4..-*,-_,r'--l
4F
)
,
' I
J
t < .
L 7')
o-tJ
I-!_,in
1t-14
b
..he pcwer :n.-o the r,ctor
: q
qrr\!
.6r--
r.-ro^
- ^ h / r i + i ^ - -
-'
,
^ ^ , . ^ -
cehe-
The gene:a--or
Generator
,
' j .
rr.t:
i:.d
(?ower trt.
Ge::erator ef f icienc:.es
iu:rnq
C\:t
O:
a nc-lcai
r,3tir
i':ri;,E
? - ,
r,
i - I
(Tes-. i6 )
..he cther
--:.e :e.-.eraE.3r
ca:: L,e :cr-;a:ei.
as :cl:o\.'s:
lJctc:)
{Fc',re: iitc
Unloaiei
(Po\ner out c
C ; F : - : - ^ * l
:or
. .
ccnii+-ron
: a r . - _ : - € r -b e c a j c u L a t e c
ef i:::e:.:...
r.'.i
0
::'--3 ::'e
;:*e:
.:
| < i ^ 1 1 .
: a l
I!
\
z a t
I U O >
R
{ W : - _ : s)
-t#\"-
i,ici3r)
l o a C - , _ e s :a : e :
ine
I
J
Waveforir of
the
senelatc::
output
The ou*-pu'- \r'as a srne \rai'e with
of
was exarnrneC during
li.ttre
.i80 I.tz.
- 5 -
di.storticn
a;ii
Tes-. i.1.
a :resuenc.-,
Conclusions
Based on i.he test
effrciency
It
ani
significan:
statcr
ani
overall
it
less
h o H e . , , e/r j t
iieal,
est:na+-e cf
ani,
inceed,
dces nc.g apprcaci. l00t
Lcsses i.ue to
low efficiercl'.
thar
the -cen€ratcr does not have ar:
gfreate: tha;i lO0i
Ls believeC
rotor
resuL.,s,
frlcticnal
rn
l-osses ac.our.t
fo:
shourc be u:,de:stcoi
is
:eLt
.,he
ecC1,currents
..he
tes-. conei"tions were
E..:s a;.alysis
g:.ves a f ai:
.-he qene::a+_c!,s
ef f iclencv.
Recom:.enia:ic:ts
h'e bel-ieve a :urthe:
machine ani
a inc:easEd
lowereC by ut:jizirc
construc+-ion stage
is
use cf
:n crCer
to
Nc--e we do nct
grear-er than or
i f q
lt
100t.
wouid prcbably
because o:
s*.a::1ng tcrgue
w:.-- be
d,urieg the r,ac!]rlie
c.evelcprient, +,h:s m3chi.e
_-::.::a-_or a:-j :e
c:
ef ;icienc1,
3ecause cf
its
be r,cre usef ul
a ver.., s:,:F.I€
of
the nracnlne
hr_eh f requency
r!
. . h e o u r - _ p u r, " e : e
Cne applrcaij-cli
sinpie
t:iat
const:uc:ioli,
inCependence cn speed, is
wlnd gene:a!:on.
- 5 -
cculC
will_ ever be
The attract:veness
the nacnir.e,s
a::d apoarent
tie
reduce tol-erances.
:"ed ani. empioyeC as DC power.
to nj.ni,
ln
F::-ci:c:-.ai l:sses
belreve
,a _a_ n s . !r u c - "i c n .
c r n n r a
generatrcn,
rectif
equaL to
netal
1 a n . : : - , a t l o : : sw o u l d s : g n r i l c a : : t I y
our bel,ief , w:-.-hta:e prcper
ccns:ruc.-ion.
i n
the amcunt ci
g:eat.er ccntroi
be a :e:a--:'.'e-;,. .--:E:.::::::e:.c1.
i q
of
a dqi re
, - a
: n :z.t u .1 -, ._
,>
- .: e : e s :
=
s losses.
rc,lrrr.o
It
reCucsicn
ccr,es
low
re:loce
t
__
l
t-
1
f
\
n=L_{_
r_
_
--
a)
I
,l
'..\- _: -\
.
J1
i_
", ):\
= -
,1 .-
I -C_ O
- NFIGURATION'
I
D A T Ee z - r \ - 3 D
HeaT(^JG
T E S TN O . {
rr SE.D A S
EL-EHE,vT
IN PUT
OUTFUT
v2 P F .
23a
J.
q
23.
.:-,
L.oAD
i
PT
lz.o
r
+
q . 1 r rZ-r(
v2 PF:
YT
P r i t
A
" - i
''"1
2.2
3.?
z.?
3,??.o
8.oi
4,3
O a ,
J
).\
= ^
2,A
;.o
','si
tI)
r ', O" i
1
3.o
e.6
tjl
Y
I
L . a1
I
0
6.o I
1
r'"i
?,b
,'I
d
Vl
1co.+2.
COMM:NTS
A
C,r,ASES.
?A.-aoQ-
'-,AS
Elera€h./T
*e'Ai(r.Ja
AS.T-{r:i
o x./
r,.
e,
LoaC
o!Jr.!./r
-cA
!)5eO
rS
w,r'r
AS
Pu(LEly
r.:r r-L
GE
.5-,O
ft€ i .'l, t1^rJe.ftie3lrt
,-oao
l|Es
ActuSS
AL!
(.sT(vF/ Poc-6;1
a^O
!!A
S NCf
rne A5'JRJD.
F 1E f ' A J S
ou-r9()t
rla
At OT
r_- aO
Tr.rg
er.+S
JleD
a
tS
por^:F CL cFJLy
T
r
{
F
o
l
r
E
b
{
L
L-oAC
G-L\_lvAy't
A a . J O f . JO < d e A : ' g C L B D .
_--!
NOJA
I
33ffiF1++,,J
a
..-..:::
oA?a
crJliv
c'F
irDaS(JR!,
6g
__eg
CONFIGURATION
D A T EB ? - t r - 3 o
TI rl - c! )T |
ll l l'\ -n/ .
rr.JCJL€A5ED FGon
LoAD
?
INPUT
)\4
OUTPUT
v2 P F .
vT
<.> (-
J . C . I
{-{
I esf
I
T
l l P r
V2 | r r.
VT
4,o',
.se
i
*
la.4
ra <tF
s . 6i
2,6
4,L
-,<|
-'-1
I
l ,
+.L
z.g
n . e l
e , "
+^ ,-5i
?.a
t , b
-1
. l l
6.b
'?t
s.+
",+
*
< e s r - t t r o q r r t x 6 c r o c . 1 A! ! r h <
c
!
ir'-!
!r
i lJc^,A
D ^r t
I
lffiElTi"u a
i
f'l
3.O
2,e
COMMENTS
I
i
;:;;;
ocr,B'{ gATA
f
C O N F I G U R A T I.O N
DATEBz-tl.:o
LoAD
O€cArASeD
tri?6r--1Tr--ST da
T E S TN O . 3
INPUT
OUTPUT
V 1l V 2 1 P F 1I
v r i v ,l v r j e n lj
,e
PT
l P l-
-
, + 1i l i . 1 l
<-t
r.+
i , i
q,.teai
t3.>
t , I
<,1
?.a
>.'t
j.4
A . '
?,o
4 q
t q
A
? ,+
,"\
?,o
b ,
t
COMMENTS
!"
\
;^'t
'il
c..gqg.-ro
i-l.T,a
AN AIIS ER TA
r.loTot
, ccflPoBAt-]OfJ
4
I
n As,,tA eFIAER t
OA-A
(
f
COI'JFIGURATION
D A T E8 z - r r - : o
T| t(r- Q\ . T
, I
N
n
rtv,
CPeFJ
a
-
gRC.l-,\T
INPUT
LOAD
v1
OUTPUT
v2 P F .
2 . 5 > 1 ^-t
1a
\
rr 4(
.1 a t'
l
:
l
v , 2 l r1 r1r , _ Il
YT
t
I
,
r
r - T , Il
4&tt
R 9
433
r a C
R.4
t^,.4
ta.5
E . (
It,o
(.E
€.c
8,o
COMMENTS
+- <al.r,Ecte9
'-r., A\.,r€ tr<&fi
!,-i AS
Dr..(Lr!6'<!-rrS
!\
!,r{r{
ExA H,r|./Eb oFJ
TLs'(.
j No1/A
: AN ALg:PTA
CORPOFaAnOtJ
?1oTo(L
-l"inE
ila!
e tAc'i-|t!n'J
OScrrr4s<.,c)oE
OatA
CONFIGURATION
ez-\t-3o
DATE
5 F+o(a< cr. tt-curT
T E S TN O . 5
INPUT
v2
1 1 4
OUTPUT
^ - l
ri r. I
I
VT
' T
I
Y2t r'r'
233 i .54r
'
pl- i r
'
€
Iro|+a
qsL+ l l l +
I
I
l ' { , "i
ie'"i
1 i - - i
i
1 t t . 1c
i
i
I
i7'"1
I
l
C
a
l i - ' - i
ie'ci
I
l
l
I
tio.o
I
i
i
i
I
I
I
I
i
I
i
i
i
i
il
i
i
l
*
COMMENTS
0\^i\
|
r'
I
,.lac':c
i;.-;;---------*i
r.
!'
,
\
c.ac.q.trc:to \,\rFr
.1::,.
I
rrtr./A
.'.Y'.? ^-^-.
ll:i r{1, E r.1| ,i -r
va qLJ*
. P[r /JrFi.Ara ' \ r ' ! ' r t r"
6ffihih,.,
tso-ra
rr -E
t!
I
4\ t
-E
I
f-"*
l
i
i
i
i
l
i
i
,.rr rJ,.rra<-;-,<rldso^1.a
l
r
l
C O N F I G U R A T I. O N
DATE 82 -r r-3o
No
TESTNO. L
!-€AD
o'J
|n c-roR
INPUT
VT
Z+o
vl
vZ
?,q,o ?3q
OUTPUT
a a.
v r l v r v?
| 't'
,".rI
suq
. t7
l
i
lr i i
i t t i
ilii
I
II
I
I
I
l
I
i
II
I
II
I
l
II
I
i
I
i
l
ii
i
^Ar,rf
-rf'?/^
*
u L . t/ Y t r Y i tl \r | J
<aeztc'ts
{-rs
Frar.6.
,.i
!v
D.'t
I
AIJ ALBEBTA
CORPORANOII
I l P r lf
PE
A
I
i^-"t'
l
Fra }re'r.c<JrL3
i
li tl
I
ii li
gt
0rrA
M:F-h
1
1Oa?
$e cisacr-a.r:*-aoecf ar oFE.s:_ig fierd callec the g6ck
E.M.F. can be el-::n-_
not ,-t-q
a r€€.e t Fast a ccil cr a ccil pas! a nia;net
f":q
I
as :_s de_<c:i-bed
rrt U.S- Patent *
Erai._d tc Jchn Ec.klin. The EcJcij",,idesrgn ho"rever
does not^ have a very s..Ls ian.-:
cu tg.r: as '1 :-s lirnr tec tc a ,,i.-r_.!,'ar.a,tc..:nt cf
":
Rotor Poies and stator co:-r.s beca..:se'of
'.he-s-.ac.c pressJre cf
the pci.e F,ieces
''Entrrg to ar*-.act '.c '-her: resp€c-ive r€€nets.
v,."-i"".
J---*f"
L el:ni.rate
thrs Fressure d 'nc:easLng tc arr cdd nurnier a pluralty
or
!a"t"i
rraqrrels
posi tionec arcunc an eve-..nuJrbe- cf Rotor pcles
ari ti:ui c*t-nf
a s ra€er.ie.t
of s'-aicr y4::e'-s ar.'cne.lt:: a-::z:ro mag::e
t:
pr;r;;
c
*:*.*.]*='i.L,
..,'
-t
f:eely '.i
nri''imal eifort.
*.s ,.s *"]i"[a
io cavear # :2, iSi-irr"a
"*_
Septenber15, 1962.
Mi.riral,. hysterisis lcsses in r_heRoror Fclas ia<
achieved ty utili_zlng Lhe
safie polar:' ty of aii stator na€ner--s,so that
a
ccn.orete
ir,a:netic charoe fl-cm
lbrth tc souL\ pores does nct occ..r thus errmi''a
tirrg ha.Lf ;f - n".*i
h1,ste:is:s
roop uhat reour-cocg':r shouli Lhe sta:cr uagr,e--s
be poiar:zed i:r an ar
a-rta-:r:t.r
!-.,4
-r;,r,-,
--h
north ard sou
f ashion
he r:nicrue <iesigr: of tlie gele:atcr
r.ien canstr.,uc..e,i wl th ef ec-:o ma:i1ecs
to the rear and beslie each StJtcr o.: tglt Coil
and ccnne:red i,r ser:es w: --h
each otSe: by r=a.'ls of b:-poicap.cricts
w:-11 ar.so pt""ic.
fa"-#
*.rr"
f crce ' tris oc3J'rs h41en Lhe Statci uag::eg:oup€d
-!o eac.1
are
crcse
erlouqin
'.jje
oLie! at
rotors edce so LhaE whs.r i F.otor pcie rras .;;
,gc fiow
;;;;t
in an Exc:'--,g or Drrv:J€ coir cn ..he rear
oi tt," st"'-"r Maq:1et i.t can b€ trarE_
fer-red to the adjacent Drrver cc:,l tra"uE
! capacitor and tr's caus ir€ a rnovefiEit
of the rotor'
the rotor ha.s tc b€ loiuJiy
t"tated and the
-GJ. Exci"il?
ri.nq coiLs
r'on,entarlly eee"rgizec io
Per.rr,1t j-nt*-nal n,ot-u. ro.c. ;.
,o.o.
can init:. ar.ty be br..Eht
to sceed rr uuir.iG
ll'cro prccessiii
*rJ"vr"-o
srriiches
sui tabi'y proq:'afimed to rrse ..he o-tgr*- c.rri
io *a -a r'ctcr n:rd-urgs and rha.r
-!he'n
rlrrn
back .'to qrtp,rt coi-rs. Tbe Dr:.ver co:.rs can-1"-*iliJirv
a'lerglzec { aisaharg:.ng an applcp!.raie D. c.
cacEcitcr into -*he *it:.nE co:-ts
lry means cf Dicdes ccnnected in str:es be:*een
,
ail Dri.ve:-s.
$w
ffi
7,:-7
1\^
tJ^
'i
r
a
i,j
ffi
4
o-
,l
ln
.T\
t\
N
I
f
J
F
<\
(-\
\
nr'
A
e--r
b
tr
I.r
l|l
\
vn)
-l
o
h
d
F
m
r-\
\
-i-\
n I
l\
F
c.
U
l)l)
({ ;^ i S, rb )
tiri
{xi.l
rIi
i \ n
lli
rit
/
i ii i
/ a' , - - t
,rr.
r
, / \
\
,
'
/
i
.
-
\
\...,/
,
\
i
t;. \
!:i .
..1!..
'
,'
.
tiliS
.-.-.---.--
iii i:
'.j
u',
('
,---"t'
rtt'
t,
t,
-----"-,t
",,
/
.^,
':,
./
\
//"/
,/
.,t
\
/
)'
/___.._
/
'/
\/'.,,'
i,i\\,
'
/
\
t
I -\.r
,\
- i
\.-r
d
.-\
t
I
. .i
\
{i ii
.
L- --]
, - - 1i i t
o
ii ;il
b
!0.;\:i___iti
rji
i . ; l l i : j
.\
I
t
t, l
1 l l
.:--'d
N
t, 0
!
I
\
:r
,'-.tl'\'
:\
:
> '|\
\
;u
rl >
i
.
.-r
J
PIEASI N]lICi;
N c r e c o n l e n d a t l o n w a s g i v e n b y i l O V Ao n t h e c c j - l r s s : z e a n C
nirrn l'6n
^4
vr
+,.-*
!qJ.i,l-.
^
Our generatcr has guess wcunci2CC-Z|A trrns
of #t5 wire
w h j - c h i s : t o t a n o! t i r n r c o i l _ . T L e b e s t c o i J . o u t p u t - w a s
read
'
1
0
at 15 vo1ts,
a n r p sw h i c h i s 1 j C w a t t p o w e r . T h a t a e a n s i f
we caLcul-ate the ;lrper
ccli
winding and slze it
shcuid
: . n c r e a s e t h e o u t p u t s u c s . " a r ti a l _ l - y . W i r e s i z e a n d c c l l
tu:ns
and ccrl
We beieive
that
nu::bs:'s ani cores can plcduoe any cutput
ccnventional- generator coil- wj_ndingsthat
trake a i1'.:x charge th:ough a g,0OO !(gauss) nagnet, cculd
be iurns of any size ui:e
cn a:ue
inch ccbalt masneiic
co:e that is :he s;::c-,:.: :;::.
w c u l _ d c r e a i e t h e r ! i r r , _ : J a . c : ; e r a g ea : . d v c l t a g e
It
cutput
j,f we adhealed. to the ccr-\ienit.nal
generator ccifrs
Nc reierence
to Newtcnts iaw
on Xinetic
Energy
ot on ter,Cs t.
i n
4 r r
h
^ + i
| ! v
v r
output J
stav
^ - \
9 l :
/
c4/2-/r.
?nceZ orI
Y:g:etrc
el:-iiir.aticn
al-l- non reluctart
er;lcying
nc*,:r Een€rat:rs
an even ::.::bel ci rctcr
nurnbe: o: siattcna:.:r
coils.
T h e r ej o r e ,
cv!12-':t a
T : y ' eq q r r r p
fcrward
and lei.arr',irg
? - -C - t -
SL:'-"
anlfc:
a::
Cdd
.-
ard
is
h,h:ch is
ses:enis
,_r
-a
:_-
l11--:rr
Cf
: ) -: _e ,2_ - i -t ,
-:. a. :u:t::-:
'rr;..--ir:
- . . - L _ _ . . - 1 t r *_eJ - - r
and tl-.:s is
aci._iev€aby
and ai. uLgven
Eaineis
ail
and
stattc
at:rc
sjtaced alcunl , anC,/cr
2-J
q . . _ /
r:i,a:'y
/--
c ' , r n . Ln-
_
r e : : . : i
_ : ,
fashi--n.
r_ avi . Lr Lr -4-r r . - -i .- =
S:"eS
y:-n
achieved by unequalrz:nt
^ :e
-'_
o d- s u . : - e j r . e i t t : 3 i : :- cJ, e
pq
fcr
-
r-+.n
i_el:-:t ;r:tper)-y
.-,-_:_:S
e
L ,v! c. .r ,
extlained
I e : : ; , a r . e n - "a : , J . 7 ' ; l e f e c t : ' c
r,et:-.eitcally eiininating
bea::::;s
toro-ue rx!ut,
_1.aqq':t
arcund a Shafi
-*^
a
n d -r -,-a* s : - e : - c - .
a
ZeT:
nagneric
i,l.".fi
f f ^
t(,et
!!
lf
' ilt"1
-Y.L=t1 it l
r'f i
o+f'.*r/tz
R:I:R
T3:
i:sche:
)rawtigs
: l ec t r : n : . s : :
3ne ani :"c
Enc1., letter,
Pnc.r
-3 or8
F,esu;l:,
rr.ci-epr.r--
Eo-.rr
:t:
Ihe rotor
i:T:F
:i:I:.r.:){!:
has ever. sesrer.ts ci
brass a::C :rcr- alte:r-a:-:y
fine
la;nrnaticr^s of
a : - - 1 , / r :c t h e : r a . i : . c : : :
na:er:a.ls,
woul-d da-rpex the eddre c:Lr.renls ar.ci L] s.,erts-s.
segre::s
a:'e ::f,e::e:
lhese
it:, a. r.::.-nag:.E:_c ar :::r.-:ar.:uct: ye
nat er i al .
?he rotc:'
an axel,
ve:i:cal
Rotcr
naterial-
car. be :n any directtcrcr hcl:zclta:,
col'e narertaL
of statot'
- - r L ri rLr :!*- '-r Jr !e o L f
s h o u . ' ' - dr e : l U A i
.:,e ::tcr_ r= .,
c h a n g e st r o u g h c c : t s .
\
ll\
tTt,
I::e:g1' -s s:::e:
asse:bI;.' at an]' s:ze.
+'t
rh2c<
rnri
. . ' i o t o rf o l c e
e'-roon
- no rcre
l_-
:atou:
rnllt
^rrjr;tr
-yl \/r
\v/
j:. t;.e
---l-
he^ix.
U.E1 I l. / t c ,lI l/,^.JJ'tr^)J'/
Ctr:li"::e:.:es
i,--_'-
in nass to the
rrj*
ff
f:
\x cL/
I I I ' x 4( -*/
Ie::et:c
along
o: an'; canb::taiicn ttereaj.
c o r - fs t - n a r e i a : ' n : n g
nbp
:nCefin::eiy,
r rJ
, ; - ^ r
r:/=-t
i <
|
t, t.
o+lL*/Y5
,
- ^ + ^ - L.LU-r} .r ! ! t -
r_
- rra rs_J
l a w s c f l h y s 1 cs )
r:
c+f:,,.ftz
t
?'AaE
+ o, I
Tli.r' G:]itD..j_laRcaILs,lli)
liliJ fH:Y tj.:
Wj"re shoulC be w:und in
:-a,,j
Sr
f -
a..12_
?o
ccre naterial
nr
of ccbalt
ra:'e e-th
t-'.-:.
-iha*r:----- -
,-
-Fq
rrrn,l
nagnets chaTgec i;
.
tLe
16-lerOOC Ce, cr cf an
cr iici
of t.C.
I:
gJ:Toscl?tc, cy::ti::-c3i,
w - v^ Ae r+ ,
ringed
t.arns
ccifs,
w c u n c io n n a g n e t i c
they a:e tben piaceo ar t.dxd an even mllteled
b:ass se;e::ec
Vt sF -' - i
dlrecticn,
n a q - n e t i c . a t r . i _ r . ea ; . a r . y v o l u : r e p ( g a u s s ) .
Us-ng an odd ninbel
cores,
the p:..ler
i
arnountof 8-10rCOa 3(;auss)
electlo
:CSiTl:];rI
-
.c "n-' L> -6 -- Ei -_ L^ :a: _ : ,
the larts;tere
lin:'_r,
qi.,c;
n-sc
anC/t: ar1' :::b:r.at-cr.
:j
el:;::cal,
_-,
--_-_-.
I
:r;r:
and
a:j;:r;
i.:r:,2:r.tal,
sLa:eci,
cr
::e:ecj
C\
I { }
o+fz;f tz
l , t / ,
A*
drl
!'^-^-r--*
! - ; -E L r c r r v c - :
I nil
i ^2+'^Fc
3::.:
J
l { o r w oo d ! ! e s s
rT q A
i','2 c c
Thc M: nL': I - rr
'r ' ch+
1Qa2
l>=c
1"Q
. / ' 1c -
or
;l
eat].'.'r\'
2iri
'.'r--ra-i
, - - e- .m t- h
- -d
r- i ^6 .' - i :
/ ,5.5. Jusr:.:1g & Cc. - Berwj.ck & Smith / Norwcod
3 c n ! a : ' . y ; I - c n d o nr l ' 1 3 c l , 1li-fa n & C o . , i t d .
Para::caln /
C h a p ' e, r 1 0 / I a r a d a y r s
/ Copy-
& ienzrs
ed
"',
ilil*";,:'*;Hl3i
:
:"=;;
=;:;'
ii;
5
:;;'r'rpi1ri
?.
r
lage 2 - thect;' oi lperaticn
lh l.
/ r a : a g r a"i3::t
:
?hysics ?ar',s i & I; / -..irthois, lavid i1ai1ica3, & Rcbert
Resnick
,Johe ,,jriey & Sons, . ig. - lie.; ycrk - lcndcr: - Slrcney f c:c.,t_
r...;1c)6^
1AC)
.-,::
|
?age 9iL /
Pncir-: . o r 5
.
J
l
,
Chaptel i>
/ lzrata
rs !ar'
,/ lrci ?aragraph
TC EXlLq.rl{ AI.{Y liUX
CI1-N::
(!,S!.-r-Di'i & L i;'S
Makitt
that
a iluj{
change:
by a flux
wi^:
cha.r-ge coDes --h.r:ulL r,
w:ll
cr:1y make -"he ma.g:.e
These two sentences ci
peJadox wlth
la:'a
each cther
bec
when we mcve a rDagnet ci
+hc
r.r.,ro
d'v.on+i
a.
,: n
? l e a s e : : v es : : ; a ' "e
p.anai2--rc
2n.:
-^---s.
a
l
n a ccll
n':+cFi.'
that:s
erre
c expl-aln the back !
with
- r , h eo u i ! u t
c.1
stati onary and when
I and we shcrt
circu
i +
-.r:-
r----
tng.
i
1^6
l
ir!
r-+
i +
iier-:y on paqe 1] 9
.r2-u.
:
or the ccil
\rr ;
is
^-tv
wcunC rn
a ma
d:._
\
/ ( )
t t J
1
f a]..l.i 'i-c
or
i|,e sa_Tedi:
.ls the pernanex.t la;.e:
it
-trlu
change, Cces nct
when ve a:'e in
',{e make our f 1'l'r:a
coif .
segnenteC iron
up c orre s pcnd j.tig magnetl,c f
flux
manner :.n a magnet i c
is; not Doving a nagnet
chalge by ncving
1L,/,')
\.enti c!ia1
IN C-ilLS
S A C KE
:s explaj-ned a'"ay by NOT mcviug a tragnet
tsack !.M.I.
segnents and/or
othe.
current
prcauced in
lernanent Dagnetic flux
d : r e c t : ' c r ' u h 1c h : t
ls
they are ]if,T oppcs:ngt as in a ccnven::cna1
d y r , a nrcc g e n e : a t . r .
l{ct-'l f :r:e )
(i:f::l:Cli".Meet::cn
t:
1 o a r . y c h a : i g e , w r - : . c h: e i e : s
34.'
change
: s : n t ] ' e s a i : ' ec : l E ' : - : :
as the originai
I _!U)(
The
whiLe the flux
the coit
w::i. a l:cv:r-g rJ:c:''
Therefore,
and brass
crr tbe outside oi tbe rctor'
has taken liaee
on.
iron
g.]J. past a ccil'
Eagnet: c Daierials,
on a Dagnetr statL.nal)electrical
faninated
change by rcta-'ing
we nake a flux
lheleicre
a magnetic field'
tbrough a coiL or a ccil- through
change a:ly way y.u
rak:-'.5 e-ect::c::;"
apll-y to ibe wcrd
wan+" coes nct
or:lv to the s:atemen" cf n:vir.g
':1'
a liagxe-! th::ugh,
c:
o+fzzftz
Tii3 EI-E3TRat{_r.GtifTlcM:T:P
C:IfS
rX?:,-r,:]i:l
1-zz't3
Itro col,:-s on each ccre (one A.C. - one D.J. ) seLf enelg: zeC
colt-at1'ea
^hr-.a
{
1
uhi
hv Jv
nl.
which in turn
r r i ^e -* ^
L,:
i n
+u. s
. n. r.
will
:rccesg:rs
i___
g-ve
a i \ d // :! r_
q..y
c t! rr -'_-_ - - . ! . ,
L
^rr-.rn
-e!qv
US :aS:.e--tZ:t- Cn iL€
give us puised oagnetic
r c t ? * r . t - cn c.f tne
ib,\il,,,[
D f*E.- r,].fr
Ttst- regtlts of the
F-uLlq:r.- Bcn6ra Lor lo Canada
eu5.,l$ept.87
g
?ot
ruttctta6
fllhatr
th. D..t .!ah:
tbr OevrloFlnt
fhlll.t
ot
th.
tlrrrl
Aotlv.
Dnth.
Latl.tlc
ot I
counttl/
lb't|('t lna Ltd' h"
by F'
aaDatatcr
Can.dl'
r-t
ttrun'ni
llvolv-'nt
Ltt.tl'rtir
to actlv.
tttot
l|llc"
v
l'rt"
r-!ia
tt.a
th.
.louna
tF4
talartlata
!..tl|ol.?.n..I'!.'...tr-irl.rr.a'tlrlttl.t4.8un1ty
tundrd'
1t tho 9Fot.c? |..r Dtolt'Flt
€oula b. aohlav.d
.'rd
Lt{(attal
Actlv.
Drovl ttat tEtctra
to thta rlr
th'
to
tr
C.3.
D.qul!a{
Fr.onn.l
DHtt.a.lor.l
on'
ar'{,"" ""lDllltv
hrn{tltra tot tha tForoot
rt tha G..hnololv.
aol llr..
.tltlar
-
to >'
1n locc€alca
tsaa ooGrttuctcd
tta r.ohlna
lrtarEllt
octanctt.
ttra
ltt
rllh
ot
at.t.
ilrll..
nlllacra
(erlat
lcl.atltlo
elatt
eLtl..
r..
coicrst.d
* rt.
ta.ttra
L.
.a tb
ratrlta
r .{tt llr
a F.t
.aalt.
o?ttrF
) sat il.
D?cvtdsal b.lortt
tra a{tclals
Erl ttlra
h[oFll!
tlllar
SaD.rrtctr
.....
tE
rGta
r?
AratF'i.
rtat.
t'ur
th.
to.f.a
{rutl|lt
rs!.
trlr.lrl.
'
'
ffrtllllf'&rl*x
.t
tO
catrtltaa
.
c6tt3Ertl6
fltr!
(lt
Gallt
a1-,
tat
.l..tt1!.1
F
Ja to oo?Ft,LF.
taa'rata
r.Gocd
tlra
outEut
tto|..!.
of .l.otrlcal
tha ltaa!.tloa
tt -eoLilt
A terPl
tttraa l r.tlnt
!4.
. 3r.lla8
os?l,as?attor
ltin
at1r, It
oatla
tgr
hoat
aroh$lf,a
dra 7 alurln?.l|r
aGtlala
tlulcr.
on ritrtllt
hrat!.nS sa.t
sDFa ul.d
ta ttca'Y16. tb.
rotott.
lath
4c .n6 Dc dtiva
r
Of aooo to 300!
a
Fotor
to
t.1itl!'n
F
ntsd.<l
9re{
lntu't POr.a
raa
art{an.d.
o;
F'
1t
G.t.bl.
A DC 6utPu? e.ctltl.r
ItI'
ton '
co"l'ls'i
th'
t"tr'd
on
3t'
t'!ll!rt'd
tnctaa
tfaa
Ooaf
tro
aot
DC
"F"'tot!
atot.
a .oll.t
Aulaa
AAtlllonally
gcta!
to
th.
tha
16
Fototr
Lttata
.,rd
colt.
?or.t dllvor
ualiS
alaetrloal
tan.!.totocnalala€
uaatt to varlfv
Patfallartoa.
aqul9lrnt
tatt
tl)r
.
ltft volt
r
?lr!.
dual trecr 60 tfls o.alllcrco9.r
ot I ltt.chl
rat6r.
arFsa
.tt.ot
rot.!.
rnd .h AtDtoD.-l"ooo Ac/tc lr.ll
th' 'l'ctrlc
oonclu6'd rlttr
taata r'rt'
Owat thtrty
ln
'I'Gtrt3':ly
tt't\s r'tchod
col'lt
Tha outgut
aanalator.
r1a1!1t'
to r'.r lq1t'
Port" outgut r,rd
pllol
to tartlnt
irflr
aC ostDut D'-tD
Dc
!'otl?ltrt
toth
Io.....
tt.n.l.nt
i*fo
"'
t'rt
trofi-1t6uot1v'
coaauctad urt nt vfrj'aa
5tia
f,tarutr-anta
uttrr'
ttll'
t"tot
?o8 to'r
ooFt'qt''d
tnDut Dor.aF La
lodt.
n'rl"]'
r
F r'|t'lrd
t"t'
of th'
?ha tatultt
eC Ctfrra aoto?a.
DC
o? o,!6 to! both A€
,rutgut to tnDut !)ar
rrtto
"r'
t
t
r
t
'
r
o
l
1
6
9ul"
t
h
'
r
l
t
h
t..tlna
LatuF-.nt..
Ircltft.C
it
'Dth"
tt'a'f
tc
'tt'n'lv'
6u'
atot auoc.aatul
rr|
lotor
'rl v'!
1r tL
!'€ t1'la
rat|.t
tb. Goll.Dtlna
Dv
Jr.a.ro.c
-cof
bv
tttl"'t
)'1G'
lt
tv'tttr. t6:,1C tt.t.
?F..ortl,
fr.
ccut'to!
D|:r|th rD6
a ao}a oonwantlonal
lro'tlit
th'"tt-'tr'|'ttloi
GAt atoa rlth
frF.
t..t.
?ltt.an
rrL
t|r't'
't'tt
t..dl'
'
aa r'11
tlsttatant
aoDtlnFrtl'oo.
"
ualtv
r"t
!3t
'r'r13r
ttr'
tt't
lndic.t.a
i..ult.
aonasitod.
tL
St'
ot
ortrLt
tD'
Barr+{F '
t..t'
t?.tal.!t
tb.
r"ii"r
"
D'
1nt3'r"
rt
atrld
r-tl
rttet
r?lttuD
.h..
li- i,rir...
3"fr
t3'ir
3t'..6t
Be
lrtlt
tdt'
dotelrl.
to &aousstaly
to O'6''
O'
t|.
fttl
t'
outltut to lnput lrt tcr !'nat
tndlc.tcd
1l'utt16
t'b
t'rtl!t'
8.4't't'!
lrl'ab.F thatr ttt
.tta!3lv
-'
of Ffar
avrE
rltl
?r.i
al
ra
raa
rgltar
CF
r'dll
"rx|rt
f,|clfi'.laltft'xllJ
-a
t.tl31.tt lrl
nailil.
.*?ri
rf.
ril"afif.
ttr |''Ue'a
dtl
tL
e'nt' ln'ritlt
.tr .dinstt.arr
l.{tcrttnc
rlullna atrttuD. tbrr,r'trt.
xrt
tha '-''
torraF !.tlc
cutgst./lnFut
lo3
ccr| f t' 3rrtrt(t '!o"
Jy'.ttb.
I)Flfaat
fn concltralsD
"
oot
'lo"
D?oY..
9t1n61til
and tha oddl'v'n
ovar-gnlty
otarrta
tld'
ca'F
oo'!?trt'o!.G
6u81h|i
to bt banaflolsl
Baaad an th.
rurpandad tundlna
1n6lc.t..
.vlOtto.
ruccatttullY.
af,ova r..utta.
fo! ?ht groJ'ct
t.oh:loto3y
th.
l r' l
lnt
Llltt
Act''v'
r
c
1
'nt1t1€
t
u
F
t
h
"
ulrtlt
b
'
6
'
v
'
l
a
"
d
c 'rt
Ftlld
Ltd.
-rLtl|ra
$tli
tha
lsy
to
t.t 1'n
ctcf
a lnaeta
ant
a
a.a
a.rtt
-o
cr lJlillF.rrt
as*?
rrta
fPt
lrffvlfrfa
.f.€
tli'lt
to 'rt't'tr
llr'
lur'F
tb'
'D'
t'l'tttl't'
?b'
toF t;'
trot"t'
'?t
rotlO'
o? tb'
rrJ cr e'..
d'
to th'
D' '!'tltuc'
to 'rtr..'
llt'
t rul6
Glaatrta'
ti
rho
Ftl6
tlr'
' !8{
aar<t ltTt|Fi:'rrt
ra y b|.flF:rt
"oun'
nlraltare-rra13.atslDt."ilotth't..trcloclt';Fn"l
rat
lrartrry--itl
F
aC tm
tlty
-t
tt
3.aaafi{ll.
3"
tr'l'tlcinl'
cr.alDflttt
tlE
r
iaC
|rilt'.
Dcal|t
"
bu'tr"'
D"c
/l€Glua taatLat laa 'r|6 tft'lt
b.ta,'ia
tuD et'
'!' "9'!1'nc"'
o'atl".l!'
'
y.s
dr6'drrtr
otas
?c
tinrr
'l}f
Ar..ol.talAattrr.
Lra.
frt
tllt
\'
EnergyConference Reports
Scienfis ts Express Amazetnent
of MuIIer D entonstrq.tion
CopyTrsht o 1990 by Jeane Manning
I
l
n
n
s*llching: a microprocessor controb
the processof flashingonent intotix
corl which tlren brjefly becomes an
dcti\ated elecnornagnet.ol a pohriry
to repel the fl9'r,,'hee..l
nragnet ard thf t
a
keeps the wheel rolling.
!a
r
('
-You're
uloloting the Laws o! Conservation of Energy,- o scienrist
M
a
r
yland, exc!almed to Bilt Mu er ol penrirtonl'A.C., Conado.
lom
oyons
group ol participants, ot rhe Sociery
/or S cientilic
le 1os
I
Explorotion (SSE) me-.:..g ir; Augt st, gothered oriund
o sma
experimentol apporatus. la @os si jng on the sidewalk
ourside o
bulld-ing on the Stonf ord lJniuersity compus, uhere rhe SS
E meeting
roosheld.
he snrall-ra-eexperimenthao
r been der.ased
by Muller ro resr
wfrat is happenrngin hrs larger rnachine. The expenmentalapparatus
contain€dnvo of the specially-wouno
'driwr'
coils (whichgo into Muller's
rnagnetmotor) sucked face-to.face,
two electrolyric
capacitorsancia luli
waw bridgefor DC (drrectcunenij,aL,
on a stripof Plexjglas.
f
AC (altematingcurrent)on a lineupof
components.inslenCof ha,,rngthe
n',agneis
passrngbg,the coils
El i m in at es Core [-osses
The matenalsInciude
amorphous
meral
c o r e si n s i d et h ec o i l sM u l l ew
r a so n eo f
the fint independentresearchers
ro
work wrth amorphousmetals.olhcr.
wts€ known as metaliicglassesThe
The researchers
had brough:testrr,g alloy was developed
to cut down an
€qupm€nt- a multimometer
andcur.
h€.t loss€sin transformersfor utrlity
r6t prob€- and showedonlookers c o m p a n i e s .
I n M u l l e r ' sm a c h i n er.n e
wtat happenedwhenthe cord on the
b€nelrt is that the amorphous-metal
rpparanawaspluggedinto an elecrL. core
do€snt oppox the nextoncomcal ostl€t ousrde the building
ingmagnet.
The equipmentshowed2.9 amperes
of the llguolt currenrgornginro the
uru€demonstratlon
apparatusMrit.plied,thatmeansthe inputwas333 5
vr'attsAC. But the outpul was mea.
nred at 2.5 amps and 153 voirs _
382.5 wattsDC - whichcausedheac,
Sratchingandamazement
amongSSE
Ir|€m0€rsand guests.
Muller and his engineerCerald Diel
cam€up with the expenmentin order
to pro\€ that t}|e malenaisthey useoc
,ooost or in otherwordsamplrly_
the powerflowrngthroughthem _s,.
allythe powercomesfromthe process
or rro!1n9sup€r.power{ul
magnerspa:r
tle specal corls tne researcr.ers
?,
plain.The experiment
wasto try'usln3
Displ ayed lrlagnet Motor
I
When Brll and llona MuilerandMulier
TecMologresengineerG€raldDd wer€
rn\,lredto the SSEmeeung,lhsyin tum
asked associatesin Glifomra, Ray
Carnaano andJamesWanhan,tokurg
a sampleof the Mullernotor/genera(or.
Dnranga van irom their homesin San
J o s e t o S I a n f o r d , C a m a a n oa n d
Wanhan hauledthe 8Gpo.nrdwrsron
which they had hrilt. Tlre van was
parked ne.r tlre SSE meetingpbce,
and there Muller and arsociales
denr
onstratedtheir hardwareto scoresol
SSE participants,in smallgralps.
Regardingwhetherhisrnachinecanb€
both a motor and a gen€ratorat th€
9ame time. Muller says..ultra.last
switching abrlity - nanor€condtim.
ing- is a key ro its b€r€ both. lt can
'generate
when a magnetapproaches
a coil, and 'rnotor' as tlc nragnct
Muller inventedthe brushless
magner pass€s
th€ coils.A compder contrds
motor and g€neratorin whrch a flywhen
the
dwice is opentirg asa mowheel
sup€rstrongmagners.
.rotates
tor
tuming
its shaft, and wh€n it is
spacedalong rrsp€nphery,pastcoris
generatrng
electricity.
The generated
contdnrngamorphous
metalcores.Tlie
m a c h t n ec o n t a r n sa n o d d - n u m o e r , z electricit! is storedmomenlanjyin crpacrtorsto be usedwhen tfu machine
even-numberconfiguratron
ol poies/
magnetsso that the wheei rs never sqtches to beinga motor.
stuck in one position.Over the vears
Muller refinedhis conceptinro a so- Muller saidhisown machrri€hastesled
phisticatedd€uce that has no srarrc at b€tweeneightto one ard
fiw to one
-over
(stopPed)
posrtronand thereforetums
unity" {more pou/er out than
easilydespire
thepowerlulholding
iorce goestnto a deuce).
o l t h € n e w m a g n e t sA f u r t h e r e { r n e . Whataboutthemachine
dernonstrated
m e n th a sb e e nt n ea o o r t r oont a r .e e c . t,oSSEpartrcrpants? .orer
ls rt
uniry.?
I r o m a g n ew
t h r c np e r r o d r c a lri,,c k sa
Camaano
r e p l r etdh a ft h eM u l l em
r odel
f l y n v h e eml a g n e rl o n * a r dl u s i a l t e r r r reproduced
rnSanJosebyhrmself
and
p a s s € st i e e r e . _ : r c r . n a 3Tn:e. .t ss p . : :
Wanha,r -hasnt b€en tesledunder
s e c o n dt i m r n gt s d c n e b y e t e c : r o i . . t i a
load But Brils (machrne)
has.
Vol ?, No 3, l99t
rorrlplr
71
ce R.eports
Scn Jos e Innouqtors
Design Neu Nlqchine
^l.L
CoFx/r€hr
e 1990by JeaneMannrng
Cnuld o 'free energy- cor ba
}ocrerylor s€ie ntiJic f,.,,16r"l,11rooch!nsoDer the horizon?At the
meeting' roum & zeit intercie,.'ed
,.t ctii1"r"i""" .i7"ti',2'it'"n
thev'could, in less rhon
y,"or, brild u"tir'-^""gi"i!u
o
m o t.b"tit'"
or to power a uehicle,
"
u, rjrc rlolor,/generator
u,hij€
it $ nm
n , l S l h e r e l o . e ,C u r r /
c r r l e ,r n , n c
aover,cc.motor,/gcnenton
rnoccor!
altadius€ble!rhilethernachine.6
rLt.r
nrng - a ieat that Lsimpossrb{e
for
conventtonal
commLtaloR!
"
.The
status of all fr-rncUons
cn be
contrnuousl5,
monrloreoby he per.
sonat computer, a,rd orre
the optraVCamaanoandJamesWarthan
murn.op€mtlng
FErarn€ters
ff
areenab.
croprocessorcontrol circuitwhrcn
f \ of
xsned, L\ls ctaA can be pennarcntJy
reJosehavealreadybuiha
!1
c e i v ed
s a t ai r o ma n o p l r a l
versronol lte motor,/g€n€rator,
encod:a
rs
programmedinto the
rn comiooprcressor
to^Lrle
magn€l/cor,.parrrelalronsnrp".
o p € r a t r ow
n t t hi r si n v € n r o r .
lor productionmcdels."
B . l lM _ l i e r r n e n , a c t N ? lrenso s i e l
( m e r aoj x i d es . l r .
o r t , e n t i c t o n ,8 . C . . C a n a d a .
W h e n c o n ! t e l de l l e c t
I
r
a
n
s
i s t osr*) r t c h e st o
in\ared
rorneSSErneeuns. € n e r g r z e
hvo r-rchers sayriur
i11!:i-Tr
L T ee i e c : r o m a g n e t s
pouenng
h€
askedhlst!r.\oSanJoseassocrates
]1:
to
*uid be fairly stra{irt-forrrard.
onng th.elrmachinelo Sranford.
1*r
Orh.
I ne exisringclutch,flyrhed
R1S-u.ta ne Muilermasnel
crwrse,Mullerwou,ohavehadto
ard sans.
rnoror,
trans- w h i c hu "g
.1t,,?n
s € sp o * . e d unl e o d h , , u m - r r c n .
-l be used .Aa adaprerplar
pon hls.own demonslration
rnclel
would need to be made
ooron,p€rrnanenl
throughthe bureaucracy
magnets.
lo moud rhe
Camaano
ol rhe rnrer.
motor
. *. re hamessrng
lo the Uansmisslar,
nauonalborder.
vonexes. He
ano rne
:, f
snalt ol the moror r,r.ould
on
marching
capacr.
need
ro be
:]:^ -.o.T:nl"d
ind-clance,and rJneo
Cy"i",
ro acc€pt the a<istrE fly.
a 27 yearoid machinrsr,/ :a.nce_Td.
c,r.
I',":n,^:9
rn€chanrc.
o,odTosreveryhrng
and Wanhan.a 45 vea,oro
*arh wh-eel,Motor speedan rlso be con)^'ll_
1l'u
resonanl
compder.programmer,
clrcujts.
tro ed by m rcroprocessor,r
Whenyou makea
saytheywould
o€ onjy about su months
fretd
resonare.
rjrepowerof
a*av hom
T:s,":rl.
r n e l t e t dg o € sw a y u p . .
car wrth lhe magn€rhoror
*. would have a fe€
llnlg
I
alsrgy
^I:i
€t€ctric
car!"
JtrHil"J,"#*ILffi;i:l
*.1:: g" of}1do{o* duohasspenr n ^ . \ - . . . . ^ - powenng
a srandard
\,\! Rabbrr
ars on ,"se.r.i.,,ng v" \,(( lJi
p.ck-; :,":'.li:
Iyy0, th€ innOrarors
d*,:" rharanyauromecnan.c an-olburldrng the macnine On
Irom san Jose gaw
therr
:q
:
rqtn&trl,
coujd
tr.l/O.
tnstallinto a !€ntcle rn a
doy or
a $5.000drnamerer
for
Ij.l_!"
:
rEJ,,rr9 neajrstrCalJy.
hOwg!€1,
a
runier update on aOvrb
of
Lrght
Engrneenngi-We ha,J€
a Ev, rnotor/
generator und€, con$!@n
thrt utrIlzesall the pnncrples
rr,,ehol ol, arr,.r
snouidproducefreeenerg
ratio far
rn exc€ssol thatwhtch
is lrosm at drrs
nm€_we are usingtrin
cr.l|1ter.ro{ato,1-t wrththe motor
=tion down
lng
{oward th€ cent"r of
tll€ Gcs andIi€
generatrngs€ction
out on the p€nph-
tlrg,t'
n1.
was to be the new
lurc.hase
mosretswhrchcan hanole
'o haveMo banenes
I.000 volrs
.3:
tnat :fth€ magnelmolor.ge one
orpr The powerful
neraror
masners,
:j]:y
rnoucrngculrentas
gurgesand one *rar it run-s
theyturn pa-slthe
ofi or
r rnlrg urcuJd
becontrolled
bya mrcro_ lI_"- lr. responsrblefor sprkesol
procesorControlcirCurt.
-Bralcng
current whrch previously
the
bumedout
car ton d€adsropwould
before
be no prob.
rhenewm;srers
-The
::^1T""11,
sars.
corlswoulo were ar,arlabre
und proteal,ono*,c",
:] as
| ,\.Jnaalo
ad
brakes- A 'coggrngeffecrwou,d
slow down rre car. fu rn
the rncunent
ery.
th" .,.ropro."rro,.-luou,oTheir mrcroprocessor
T:Il:
conlrol
crrcurt -What
sutc.\ themotor/Seneralor
to thegen- w r a s . d e s r g n e d .daenvoe l o p ebdv . t a c k
is requrredto genelnepor*er
eratormode.inducrng
ls
a brakrnqeiiecr j::1::T." for.
a
'regenerarrve
luctuarrng
Ens,nee,,ns
magnelicfid. ihe con_
u,
.Lrshr
brak,iq ,n
f;^1rt
compuny).
-.,os ventional\!ay to g€nerate
u)€ car.
:T?uno andWanhan.s
el€ctnctty
ts
conr,oi
oy mo\,tng magneE paS
r.,nri
ii"'",r*
ll.o^,1"
oevetop€cj
coils,
The
b5 the same company
probrem with this i5
tl,!t the rnore
Microprocessor C o n t r o l
porr.,eryou take
out
Tle
of
tlt generaror,
mrcroprocessor
Circuit
can b€ tntenaceO
Ine more torqueis requird
io nrm rhe
Canaano snalt,duelo L€nz's
lj,l,-1f ".::. ccmpLrer,
bw.
lilat
The s*rtchrngrs ccnrroiled
haooens
Throusr
th. p",'ronar rs, the,cori,repels
b y a m r - lill,li
- v . , , l J u L < rw e C a n
dre
nragret
comurg
COntroa
l r]lJ:CltanS
In. and holdsonto it goir!
away(ina
Vol.2.No 3. l99l rcurf-r.&
69
t
a
JJ
fTl
m
m
zm
F
o
EnergyConferenceRepofts
Researchers Share
Inf ormation
Mullerhascooperated
longdisrance
b5
sharinginformationwrththe npo San
Josemen as they builttheir modelol
his motor. Both th€ Canadiansand the
Califomiansare exp€rimenting
to f ind
t}tebestbalanceber*-een
voltageand
amperagelor doing work, Camaano
said.He andWanhanhavebuiltcorlsin
wtrkh theyaim {or hrgherr,oltageand
lc^{€ramp€rage.'Maybe 100 voltsar
ten arnps.'
mafie new macillnes ie.asrble Hrglr
c u r r e n l c 3 r ' ,b e s . . r t c l e c i n , * h a t e , e r
d r r e c l i o nC e s r r e : ! 1 u l , e :e r c L a r n s .s . :
!{e are nolr a3:e lC C:lslruCl geiTfLa_
n e r l n a g r e : r : . - : J r s . l . , . E Pc : s r : r j . .
t h a t a r e a l s o g e r e r a l o r sa i t h e s a r n e
time.'
'We
c a nn o w c i i r e cbt a c km o t r v ef o r c e s
t h a t a r e n o r r n a l l g , a 3 a r r tshi e m a g
n € l - b a c k r n t o l h e s a : r € d ] I e c t r o na s
l h em o l o r W , t l . c- :: : . i ' e o i o r u s h e s
-
carinnovators
thoseu'iththe
liacluding
Sianlord Uni\,€rsity
car, which, inciCentalLy,
won irrstpnze).At the SFIR
'*e
gathering
alsomet with Dr.
Krncheloe
aga:n."Dr.RobertKincheloe
isa StanfordUniversity
researcherwtro
has in the p3stdemonstrated
willingnessto examineseleaedunorthodox
energy-generating
hardware.
Muller began hrs career as an
e l e c t r o m e c h a n {i co r t n e g r a n tS r e m e n s
e l e a n c a lc o m p a n yo i W e s t C e r m a n ; .
w r t h t r a l n l n gr n h r g h - i r e q u e n cuyo r k
L - a t e rc h a l l e n g e s r r . c i u d e db r rn g r n g
F D \ 4 e rt O m r n e S : r r c n l e r n C : n a C . :
and then stanrng hrs ou.,napplrance
r e p a i r b u s i n e s sr n B n r r s h C o l u m b r a
His exp€nmenlatron\^ h magnelsgo€s
ln the Mullermotor,/generaror
modei
they took to Sraniorcj,the San Jose
res€archers
wereusrngiewermagners
- ergnt rnagn€tstumlng pasl s€ven
coils- in their fly^,vheel
than Muller
fu theyleamedfromMuller,Camaano
ard Wartlun were usingneodyrnium.
backto 1966
iron-boron(NdFeB)magnets.ol a siz€
tlo inchessquareandone inch tnrcx.
I n c r e as i ng R e c o g ni t i o n
whir:hCanraanosaidare37 megagauss
ln strength,This means,said Murrer
A u g u sot i 1 9 9 Cw a sa s r e pi o r * a r d r n
tlnt €.ch rnagner
hasa holdrngiorceoi
p u b l r rce c o g n r t r oonf M u l l eT
r echnolo2,000 bmesits own w€ight.
g r e sM
. u l l e sr s t , i rl e c e r v r nl egn e r sa n c j
phonecallsfrom peoplewho sawhrs
Orcr the !,rearsof his research,Muller
demonstrations
at Stanfordand. on
hasinformedthousandsof peopletf,,ar
AugustI 1 and l 2. al the SolarLrergg
e pernan€nt magnel is a p€rp€tual
E x p oa n dR a l l y( S E E Rr)n W r l l r r sC. a l r energy source, cnrrrlng'enorrnous
iomra.Mullermacienvoof thoseleners
alnp@re pressureswrthin itself.' Una v " i l a b lteo r c s m & r c l t
likc a battery,the new breedof superpc'*eriu.l permanentmagnet doesnt
Forexample,
onexienlrslwrtha Ph D .
losedrmglh overdecades,or wrthuse.
directorof a center{or leadrng-edge
research,wrote Muiler, '... I was rmpres-sed
wrth your demonsirations
Muller Educates
al
the SSEmeetingthrsAugust.'
As for the Law of Consenrationof
Errergy, Muller joins leading-edge An engineerirom Berkeleywritesto
'...
phpiclsts in descnbingthe uniwrse as
Muller:
a b o u ty o u r fa n r a s t i cm a an op€n *st€m. A more€utput-tian- c h i n e . T h e s r m p i r c r roy f h a r d w a r e
nput devicewould break the Law i{
c o u p l e dw l t h c c m p i e x r r yo f c o n r r o r
op€ratingwithin a clos€dsystem.
m a k e sy o u rd y n a n oa p p r o a c h
t h ec e ,
'
In addition to new rnaterialssuch as
signof nature.
psnnanent magner and amorphous
m€talsrnai{ng it rcssiblefor Mullerto
Ilona Mullerrepois lnar at the Solar
do what formeriyw"s not possroie. Energy
Lxpcsrrrcni:ei siro,r,eC
lie
ngw ao\"ancements
ln €lectronics
al50 Mullermolor-geret'a:or
to .nan,isc di
DRUGS
1
- l
I
I
I
I
il
t
)
(
EnergyConferenceRePorts
c o n v e n t i o n adl e s i E n ) . '
'Our
ne\! machtne does not do lhls
\\'e keep the magneB and coils stalionary in relationshipto each other' and
move Metglas{amorphousmetal) poie
piecesin b€hlreen,thus causing a fluc
tuating masnetic field which in tum
p r o d u c e sp } , ' e r B u t ! e B l r : t L et o r q u €
i s re q - ' re d l o g e r ( ' d t ? ; | : * ? : r , ' ; : f : : l : s
d es i g n
''The
m o t o r i n gs e c l i o ni s u n i q u ea l : o
\ U e h a v e a n a r r a n g e m e n lo l P e r m a
nent magnetsthat Prcducea slrght
m o t o n n g e i f € c l ,a r d ! r € o n l ! ' u s € ! e n
,il
J usf q
llrtlecurrentto enhanceth,emotoring
o f t h e di s c s".
'It
andthe or'
rs computer<ontrolled
cuitsarenowin de!€lopmentarrdstroH
be completedwithint\.,'€months.-
I
EnergyConferenceReports
tltl
l t l
m
m
ry
tb
m
E
R e s e o r c h e r sS h q r e
I nform ation
l'{ullerhascooperated
longdistarcet,,,,
.lJ sharinginlorrnaiionwith the r*\.oSan
o
Josc men as they burlttheir mqiel o{
hismotor.Both theCanadians
anorne
Califomiansare exp€rimenting
to fi;rd
the bestbalanceber*-eenvoltageand
amp€ragefor doing work, Camaano
said.He andWanhanhavebuiltccilsrn
u,irhhtheyaim for highervohageand
-Maybe
h,*,eramperage.
100 voltsat
ten amps."
n : a i . r en e i r n a c h r n e s f e e s r b i e H r g r
cui'ren: can b€ s"Lilch?Cir-r,.,,
hale,..'r
C . : r - t , oC
r ,e , : e - \ 1 - . : e . : , , -= . :
veeaIe no!r! acie lO Cori-<lrua:
pel-r-;
nerr rnagnel rrrqlors, Lat'seoi sraa
t h a t a r e a l s o g e . e r a t o r sa t t h e s a r i e
tirne."
"We can now drec! back rnotrvefcrces
- t h a t a r e n o r m a l l ga g a r r s li i e m a g
n e t - b a c k r n t o t h e s z : n ec t r e c l L o n
as
carinnovators
thosewiththe
{including
S r a n f o r dU n r r e r . , : ,c a r , w h r c h ,i n c i dentally.won iirstprize).At the SEER
'rle
gathering
also met with Dr.
Kinchelce
agaln."D. Rolxrt Kincheloe
isa SlanfordUniversity
researcher
wlro
has in the pas:demonstrated
willrng.
nels to examineseleaeiiunorthodox
energygeneraling
hardware.
l 5 e m c t o r \ . 1. ,t i .r " t l h e - s . c : o r i s t ( s
Muller began his career as an
e l e c t r o m e c h a n i oc r t h e g i a n tS r e m e n s
electncalcompany of West Ger-.nan;
$ . t h t r a r n r n gr n h r g h - f r e q u e n cuyo r ! .
L , a t e r c h a l i e n g e s i n c i u d e d b r r n cr n g
p o w € r t o r n r n e sr n n c a i e r n C a l a : . r
a n d t h e n s t a n r n gh r s o w n a p p l r a n c c
r e p a i r b u s i n e s sr n B n t r s h C o l u m b r a
His expenrnenlatron ullh magnetsgo€s
in the l,lullerm,oior,/aeneralor
mcdcl
tnq, tock to Sraniorc,the San Jose
res€-archers
w€reusrnglewerrnagnets
- eight magnetstuming pasr sev€n
coils- in their flg,rheelthan Muller
fu theyleamedfrom Muller,Camaano
and Warthanwereusrngneodymiun.
backto 1956.
iron-boron(NdFeB)r,ragnets.
o{ a srze
tu/oinchessquareandone inch thrck
I n c r e as i n g R e co g n i t i o n
whr-h Camaanosaidare37 megagauss
in strength.Thrs me:ns, said Murrer
A u g u soi t 1 9 9 0w a sa s l e p{ o r , , , a rLdn
tllat€.ch rnagnethasa holdrngiorceo:
p u b l i cr e c o g n r t r oonf M u l i e T
r echnolo2,000 bmesits own weight.
gies.Mullerrsstrilrec€r\4ng
ienersand
phonecallsfrom peoplewho sawhrs
O,rcrthe yearsof his research.Muller
demonstrations
at Stanfordand. on
hasinformedthousandsof peoplethar
August1l and I2, at the SolarE:rerg9
e p€rrnanent magn€t is a p€rp€tual
F : p o a n dR a l l y( S E E Rr)n W r l l r r sC. a l r .
en€rgy source, caryng -enorrnous
iomra.Mullern-,aoe
rwoof thoseleners
amp@re pressureswlthin itself ' Una t r a i l a btloe r s v m & : c l t
like a banery,the new breedof superpouerful grermanentrnagnet do€snl
Forexample,
onescientrst
wrtha Ph D.
loeestrenEhoverdecades,or with use. d i r e c t o ro f a c e n t e rf o r I e a d r n g - e d g e
r e s e a r c hw, r o t eM u l l e r :" . . . l w a s r m .
presscdwrth your demonsiralrons
Muller Educates
at
the SSEmeetingthis August."
fu for the Law of Consenrationof
Energy, Muller joins leading-edge Ar engineerfrom Berkeley*rites to
phpkists in derribing the uniwrse as
Muller:"... about your fantasticmaan op€n slstem.A mor€-output-than- c h i n e . T h e s r m p i i c r r yo f h a r d w a r e
input devicewould break the Law i{
coupledwtth complexrtyof conrro,
op€ratingwithin a closedsys.tem.
m a k e sy o u rd y n a m oa p p r c a c ht h ec . .
In addition to new matenalssuch as
signof nature.
P€rTnanentrnagnetsand amorphous
meta.lsrna.kingit possiblefor Mr.rllerto
I l o n aM u l l e rr e p o n st h a t a t t h e S o l a :
do what formeriywas not possible, L r e r g y E x p o s r r r c ni h. e ;
s n o , r e Cl i : e
new advancemenls
rn electronics
also M u l l e rm o t o r € e r e r a t al ro . n a n ,s; c , r :
72
tr,r'aslt
Voi 2,No 3. i99l
DRUGS